Title: TheEconomist_2K-4K (part 2)

Word: boot
Front: boot
[bu:t] (高研四雅 2347/2176 -K3)
Vocabulary: boot
(once / 158 pages)
1nv 2v 3n
A boot is the kind of shoe that can rise as high as your knee, like riding boots, or just up to your ankle, like silver-studded Beatle boots. To boot means to kick something (with or without the fancy footwear).
Like most fashionable things, the word boot comes from the Old French bote. It used to refer only to riding boots, but now any big ol’ high-rise shoe kind of thing is a boot. Since boots are for feet, when you boot someone, you kick them. If you give someone the boot, you’re kicking him out. A totally different type of booting involves starting up an operating system on a computer.
WORD FAMILY
boot: booted, booting, bootless, boots, reboot +/bootless: bootlessly/ reboot: rebooted, rebooting, reboots
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last year, Boots reduced the price of "feminine" razors to bring them in line with male equivalents.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
We were walking across the hillsides when my father scuffed a pebble with his boot.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
On this evidence Robert Snodgrass’ left boot should be among the primary exhibits.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 长靴，皮靴; 防护罩; [多用于英国]行李箱; [俚语]解雇，激动
vt. 穿（靴）; 踢; [俚语]解雇; [计算机科学]引导
vi. 帮助或益处
时态：booted, booting, boots
分布：靴子(44%)，踢(24%)，解雇(22%)，猛踢(6%)，逐出(3%)，穿靴子(1%)
→1.靴子，来自beat , 击，打，踢。
n.靴;(汽车后部的)行李箱;解雇After a shot the foot began to root and shoot in the boot.打了一针后,脚开始在靴子里生根发芽.
noun
SHOE 鞋
 IMPROVER countable
■a type of shoe that covers the whole foot and the lower part of the leg 靴子
• wellington boots 长筒胶靴
• walking boots 轻便靴
• riding boots 马靴
[bu:t] noun
CAR 车
countable UK (US trunk)
■a covered space at the back of a car, for storing things in （汽车后部的）行李箱
[bu:t] noun
END 结束
the boot only singular informal
■when your job is taken away from you, usually because you have done something wrong or badly 解雇，开除（通常指因犯错误或表现差而失去工作）
• She got the boot for stealing money from the till. 她因为从收银机里偷钱而被解雇了。
• Williams has been given the boot from the team. 威廉斯已经被开除出队了。
[bu:t] noun
KICK 踢
countable informal
■a kick with the foot 猛踢，猛踹
• He gave the ball a good boot. 他猛地踢了球一脚。
[bu:t] noun
WHEEL 车轮
countable (also Denver boot) US
■a wheel clamp 车轮固定夹
[bu:t] noun
put the boot in informal
■to kick someone when they are already on the ground （在对方已倒地后）继续踢打
■to make a bad situation worse, by criticizing or being unkind 雪上加霜
• After he lost his job, his wife put the boot in by announcing she was leaving him. 他失去工作后妻子又说要离开他，真是雪上加霜。
[bu:t] noun
the boot / shoe is on the other foot
■the situation is now the opposite of what it was, especially because someone who was weak now has power 情况完全反了过来；此一时，彼一时
[bu:t] noun
to boot old-fashioned
■in addition; also 除此以外，而且，加之
• He's kind, handsome and wealthy to boot. 他善良、英俊，还很富有。
[bu:t] verb
KICK 踢
transitive usually + adverb or preposition informal
■to kick someone or something hard with the foot 猛踢，猛踹
• They booted him in the head. 他们猛踢他的头部。
[bu:t] verb
COMPUTER 电脑
intransitive or transitive (also boot up) specialized
■When a computer boots (up), it becomes ready for use by getting the necessary information into its memory, and when you boot (up) a computer, you cause it to do this. （使）（电脑）启动
vt. 引导；踢；解雇；使穿靴
 - aim, kick
n. 靴子；踢；汽车行李箱
 - kick

Word: survival
Front: survival
[səˈvaɪvl] (高研四六托雅 2656/2584)
Vocabulary: survival
(once / 702 pages)
n
As a wise man once said, “The history of the world, my sweet, is who gets eaten and who gets to eat.” That’s survival in a nutshell. It’s the act of continuing to live, usually when others fail.
As the Bee Gees put it in disco’s heyday — survival means “staying alive.” If you look closely, you’ll spot viv in the middle of survival. That’s part of the Latin verb vivere, meaning “to live.” You might recognize it from words like vivid "lively" and vivacious "full of life." Combine it with sur- (over) and you’ll grasp the essence of survival: to keep existing despite hardship or after others die. Charles Darwin’s term survival of the fittest means that only the best equipped live will reproduce and survive.
WORD FAMILY
survival: survivalist, survivals+/survivalist: survivalists/ survive: survival, survived, survives, surviving, survivor / survivor: survivors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Survival for Venezuelans such as Diaz is becoming a matter of flight.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Francis once wrote that he wanted to fight for “the survival of whites as a people and a civilization.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Wildlife trafficking threatens the sustainability and survival of hundreds of species worldwide.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 幸存，生存; 幸存者; 遗物; 遗风
分布：生存(88%)，幸存(8%)，幸存者(4%)
幸存,生存(sur+viv活＋al→经过事故活着→幸存)[sur-表示"超过,在上面"]
存活下来[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
生存,幸存(sur后+viv活+al→事故后活下来→幸存)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
n.幸存,生存;幸存者,残存物We need food and water for survival.我们为了生存需要食物和水.
US [sɚ-] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when a person, organization, etc. continues to live or exist 继续生存，存活，幸存
• The doctors told my wife I had a 50/50 chance of survival. 医生告诉我妻子，我有50%生存机会。
• His main concern is to ensure his own political survival. 他主要关心的还是保住自己的政治前途。
• England are fighting for survival (= trying not to be defeated) in the match. 这场比赛中，英格兰队为继续存活而战。
countable
■something that has continued to exist from a previous time 遗留物，幸存物，残存物
• Most of these traditions are survivals from earlier times. 这些传统大多都是以前流传下来的。
UK [sə'vaɪ.vəl] US [sɚ-] adjective
■continuing to exist or wanting to continue to exist 继续生存，存活，幸存
• We all have a strong survival instinct. 我们都有强烈的求生本能。
• The survival rate for people who have this form of cancer is now more than 90%. 这种癌症患者的存活率现在已经超过90％。
life, creature, maintenance, survival, existence
life: 生命，生活
creature: 生物，动物，人
maintenance: 保持，保养，维修，一般不指人；
survival: 在困难中的生存、幸存；
existence: 艰难或无聊的生活方式
n. 幸存，残存；幸存者，残存物
 - remanet, leavings

Word: plug
Front: plug
[plʌg] (高研四六雅 5586/5970 -K2)
Vocabulary: plug
(once / 732 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4nv
A plug is something that blocks a hole, particularly one that water normally flows through. For some reason, it also means to promote something. If you plug your new book, you sneak it into every conversation.
You can buy a plug at a hardware store — it might be made of rubber, so it fits snugly in your kitchen sink drain. There are also accidental plugs that block the flow of water through a pipe, and plugs that fit securely in wall sockets. These plugs form a connection between an electrical source and an appliance, rather than stemming the flow. And to plug means to stop up or block, or alternately, to try hard to promote something.
WORD FAMILY
plug: plugged, plugger, plugging, plugs, unplug+/plugger: pluggers/unplug: unplugged, unplugging, unplugs
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of my customers suggested that I put them in an old medicine bottle taped to the plug cord.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
They transmit data wirelessly to an adapter that plugs into the car’s diagnostic port near the steering wheel.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Plugging that shortfall, while debating the next two-year state budget Walker will introduce in February, will drive legislative debate for the year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 塞子; 插头; 消防栓; （内燃机的）火花塞
vt. & vi. 插上插头
vt. 以（塞子）塞住; 插入; 〈俚〉枪击，殴打
vi. 填塞，堵; 〈俚〉勤苦工作，用功
时态：plugged, plugging, plugs
分布：塞(40%)，插头(25%)，堵(16%)，塞子(8%)，火花塞(6%)，宣传(2%)，插上插头(1%)，苦干(1%)，推销(1%)
→来自中古荷兰语plugge,塞子，孔塞，词源不详，可能同pluck,拔。由拔的动作引申为拔的对 象。
n.塞子,插头v.堵,塞,插上,插栓The ugly druggist gauged the huge plug in the refugee's rug.丑陋的药剂师测量了难民毛毯中的巨大插头.
noun countable
ELECTRICAL OBJECT 电的物品
 IMPROVER
■a small plastic or rubber object with two or three metal pins which is fixed to the end of a wire on a piece of electrical equipment, and which is pushed into a special opening in a wall in order to connect the equipment to a supply of electricity 插头
• a three-pin/two-pin plug 三相／两相插头
• to fit/change a plug 安装／更换插头
• If a plug is wired incorrectly, it can be dangerous. 如果插头接线接错的话会很危险。
 IMPROVER mainly UK informal
■an electric socket 插座
• Is there a plug in the bedroom that I can use for my hairdryer? 卧室里有没有插座让我用一下吹风机？
US for * jack plug
informal for * spark plug
[plʌg] noun countable
FOR HOLE 用于孔洞
■a small piece of rubber, plastic, wood, etc. that fits into a hole in order to close it 塞子，栓子
⇒ See also earplug
■a round piece of rubber or plastic that fits into the hole in a sink or a bath （洗涤槽或浴缸的）塞子，栓
• a bath plug 浴缸塞
• Put the plug in the sink and run some water. 把水槽排水孔塞上，然后放些水。
■a small piece of plastic or wood that you put into a hole in a wall before putting a screw into it （打入墙上孔内以旋进螺丝钉的）螺钉楔子，螺钉栓塞
■a small, tightly twisted or squeezed piece of material such as cotton wool 棉球，药棉
[plʌg] noun countable
ADVERTISEMENT 广告
■the act of telling people publicly about a product, event, etc 宣传；推荐
• She never misses an opportunity to get in a plug for her new film. 她从来不会错过向大众宣传自己新片的机会。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
ADVERTISE 做广告
■to advertise something by talking about it a lot or praising it, especially on the radio or television （尤指透过广播或电视）宣传，推广
• That interview was just a way for him to plug his new book. 那次采访只是宣传他的新书的一种方式。
• They're plugging this new chocolate bar everywhere at the moment. 此时他们正在到处宣传这种新巧克力。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
SHOOT 射击 US slang
■to shoot someone with a gun 射击，射杀
• Sure, boss, we plugged the guy (full of lead). 是的，老大，我们（乱枪）打死了那家伙。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
FILL HOLE 填满洞口
■to fill a hole with a piece of suitable material 堵；塞；填
• Have you plugged that leak (= stopped it by filling the hole) in the pipe? 你把管子上的裂缝堵起来了吗？
• My nose was bleeding and I plugged it with cotton wool. 我鼻子流血了，便塞了棉球止血。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  plug away informal
■to work hard and in a determined way, especially at something that you find difficult 坚持不懈地做（尤指困难的事情）
• Katie has been plugging away at her homework for hours. 凯蒂已经做了好几个小时的作业了。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  plug (sth) in/plug (sth) into sth
■to connect an electrical device to an electrical system or device so that it can be used, by pushing its plug into a socket 给…接通电源；把（某一电器）与（另一电器）接通
• Of course the radio isn't working - you haven't plugged it in! 你没有插电源，收音机当然不响了！
• I want to plug the kettle into the right-hand socket. 我想把水壶插到右手边的插座上。
• Can you show me where the microphone plugs into the tape recorder? 你能指给我看麦克风接在答录机哪里吗？
• The keyboard plugs in at the back of the computer. 键盘接在电脑背后。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  plug (sth/sb) into sth informal
■to make something or someone fit well or have good connections with something （使）适应，成功融入
• This new product line should be able to plug into our existing distribution network. 这条新生产线应该能与我们现有的销售网路相适应。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  plug into sth informal
■to get to know and receive information about something, or to start using or being involved in it 开始认识，开始收取相关资讯；开始使用、参与
• Andy is really plugged into the popular music scene. 安迪真的踏入流行音乐界了。
• We also plug into the research facilities available, and license technology from independent sources. 我们也开始使用可用的研究设施，并从独立来源获得技术的许可权。
n. [电] 插头； [核] 塞子；栓
 - male connector, tampion
vi. 塞住；用插头将与电源接通
 - stop up
vt. 插入；塞住； [电] 接插头
 - build in, add on

Word: phrase
Front: phrase
[freɪz] (高研四六托 2589/2081 -K3)
Vocabulary: phrase
(once / 151 pages)
1nv 2nv
The verb phrase means to articulate. You should be careful how you phrase your criticism of your boss. Saying he can be demanding is probably okay. Saying he is an ogre is probably not.
In grammar, a phrase is a group of words that is part of a sentence but can't stand alone. In the sentence, "We should go to your house," "to your house" is a phrase. A phrase can also be an idiomatic saying. If you told a foreign exchange student to "get off the fence" and pick a side in the debate, he might look puzzled at the phrase and say, "But I'm nowhere near a fence!"
WORD FAMILY
phrase: phrasal, phrased, phrases, phrasing, rephrase +/phrasing: phrasings/ rephrase: rephrased, rephrases, rephrasing/rephrasing: rephrasings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It became their own little phrase and I engraved it onto a charm for them,” she says.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He preferred the all-encompassing phrase “people on the move”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Shore giggled at the anecdote and said Michaels still quotes his father’s phrase as a sign-off from phone calls.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. <语>短语; 成语; 说法; 乐句
vt. 叙述，措词
vt. & vi. 划分乐句，分乐节（尤指为奏乐或歌唱）
时态：phrased, phrasing, phrases
分布：短语(89%)，措辞(4%)，习语(4%)，措词(3%)
→来自拉丁语phrasis,措辞，表达，来自希腊语phrazein,表达，告知，说话，可能来自phren,思考，意志，智慧，来自gwhren,思想，思考，词源同frantic,frenetic.
n.短语,词语,习语In occasional case the phrase emphasizes the importance of the phase to the laser.在偶然情况下该短句强调了相位对于激光的重要性.
【记】该词就是词根“词语”
noun countable
GRAMMAR 文法
 ESSENTIAL
■a group of words which is part rather than the whole of a sentence 片语
[freɪz] noun countable
EXPRESSION 表达方式
 ESSENTIAL
■a short group of words which are often used together and have a particular meaning 说法；用语；警句
• We are governed, in Lord Hailsham's famous phrase, by an 'elective dictatorship'. 引用一下海尔什勋爵的名言，我们被“选举出来的独裁者”统治着。
⇒ See also phrasebook
[freɪz] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐 specialized
■a small group of notes forming a unit of a tune 乐句；乐节
[freɪz] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to express something with a particular choice of words 用…方式表达，以…措辞表达
• The declaration was carefully/cleverly/tactfully, etc. phrased. 宣言措辞谨慎／巧妙／圆滑等。
n. 成语；习语；措词
 - idiom, diction

Word: confront
Front: confront
[kənˈfrʌnt] (研六托雅宝 2415/3105 -K3)
Vocabulary: confront
(once / 276 pages)
v
Confront means either to face a situation that makes you uncomfortable, or to say something to someone about something they've done that bothers you. Rather than letting things go, when people are rude to you you should confront them.
Confront derives from the Latin con- "with" and -front "front." You can confront a sad truth, you can confront a person by calling them on their behavior, you can confront someone with the fact that they have terrible breath. You can be confronted, too—on the trip through the mountains, we were confronted by the impassibility of the road.
WORD FAMILY
confront: confrontation, confronted, confronting, confronts+/ confrontation: confrontational, confrontations/ confrontational: confrontationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Baseball officials refused to confront the problem for years, then became more aggressive than other pro leagues in policing the use of illicit drugs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Investigators believe the Tunisian cook, 26, confronted Daniel R after he and another Pole stole two bottles of drink from the premises on Saturday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The Look of Silence, meanwhile, focuses on the story of one man whose brother was murdered and who confronts his killers.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 面对; 使面对面，使对质; 碰到，遇到; 比较
时态：confronted, confronting, confronts
分布：面临(56%)，对抗(33%)，遭遇(11%)
→con-, 强调。-front, 前面，前线。
面临,对抗(con互相,共同+front→互相面对→对抗)[front=forehead表示"前额"]
v.使面临,使遭遇;面对(危险等)The minority of us are confronted with difficulty in the frontier of the major.我们少数人在该专业尖端领域面临困难.
【记】con共同，front面，面对－共同面对－对抗
【参】affront（v /n 公开侮辱；冒犯）；effrontery（n 厚颜无耻）confrontation（n 对抗；对质；面对面）
【反】sidestep（v 回避问题；躲避打击）；cower（v 畏缩）；circumvent（v 围绕；智取）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to face, meet or deal with a difficult situation or person 面对，面临；遭遇；直面，正视
• As she left the court, she was confronted by angry crowds who tried to block her way. 她离开法庭时，愤怒的人群试图拦住她的去路。
• It's an issue we'll have to confront at some point, no matter how unpleasant it is. 不管它有多讨厌，我们终究要面对这个问题。
• I thought I would remain calm, but when I was confronted with/by the TV camera, I became very nervous. 我以为我会保持镇静，可是面对电视镜头，我却变得紧张万分。
[kən'frʌnt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  confront sb with sth
■to tell someone what they do not want to hear, often because it is something bad that they have done or because it needs an explanation 跟（某人）对质，跟（某人）当面对证
• I know it's her that made the error, but I don't want to confront her with it in case she breaks down. 我知道是她出了错，但我不想跟她当面对质，以免她受不了。
face, encounter, meet, contact, confront
这组词都有“遇见，会见，碰见”的意思，其区别是：
face: 侧重双方静止地面对面，或指指充满勇气、信心和决心正视人或事。
encounter: 通常指遇到困难或挫折，也指偶然或意外地相遇。
meet: 普通用词，本义指双方或多方从不同方向或相反方向作向对运动，最终相碰(遇)。
contact: 多指通过书信、电话或直接会面和别人联系。口语用词。
confront: 不可避免的，面对面的相遇。也指敢于正视困难或问题的决心和信心。
vt. 面对；遭遇；比较
 - front, compare

Word: load
Front: load
[ləʊd] (高研四六托 2901/2212 -K3)
Vocabulary: load
(once / 96 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n 6v
A load is a bundle of stuff that has to be carried. You might spend your days hauling loads of hay into a barn and your evenings dragging loads of dirty clothes into the laundry room.
Loads need to be picked up and hauled somewhere, like a load of firewood in a pickup truck or a load of supplies in a hiker's backpack. There are figurative loads too — the responsibility, hardship, or worry that you carry around with you: "Her teaching load is light, which is good because her sick cat is a heavy load on her mind." As a verb, load means "fill," like when you load your lunch box with Twinkies.
WORD FAMILY
load: loaded, loader, loading, loads, overload, reload, superload, unload +/loader: loaders, self-loader/loading: loadings, self-loading/ overload: overloaded, overloading, overloads/reload: reloaded, reloading, reloads/ unload: unloaded, unloading, unloads/unloading: unloadings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The company said that in the short term, it plans to change the way it loads fuel.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
SpaceX plans to eventually change the design of the vessels to prevent buckles, which the company said will allow for faster loading operations.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They no longer need to load the line of scrimmage to stop the Seahawks.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 负荷; 负担; 装载; 工作量
vt. 使担负; 装填; 把…装入或装上; 装满，堆积
vi. 加载; 装载; 装货
时态：loaded, loading, loads
分布：负荷(62%)，装载(26%)，重担(7%)，装载量(5%)
→来自古英语lad,道路，航程，携带，来自leit,向前，前进，词源同lead.后引申词义负载，装载，并逐渐取代lade.词义演变比较way,vehicle,wagon.
v.装(货),装载n.装载(量),负荷(量);(一)担They loaded the cart with rice.他们把米装上大车.
US [loʊd] noun
AMOUNT CARRIED 携带的数量
 IMPROVER countable
■the amount of weight carried, especially by a vehicle, a structure such as a bridge, or an animal （尤指车辆、桥梁、动物等的）负重，负荷，载重
• The maximum load for this elevator is eight persons. 这部电梯的最大载客量为八人。
• One truck involved in the accident was carrying a heavy load of coal. 事故中的一辆货车上装了大量煤炭。
a load (also loads) informal
 ADVANCED
■a lot 许多，大量
• I've got a load of work to get through before tomorrow. 明天之前我要完成很多工作。
• There were a load of people there. 那里有许多人。
• Have some more food - there's loads. 再吃点吧——有很多呢。
• She looks loads better with her new haircut. 她做了新发型后好看多了。
countable specialized
■in an electrical system, an electrical device which takes power, or the electrical power put into the system 电负荷，电负载
UK [ləʊd] US [loʊd] noun
AMOUNT TO DO 工作量
countable
■the amount of work to be done by a person 工作量，工作任务
• If we share the organization of the party, that will help spread the load a bit. 如果我们都分担一些派对的组织工作，那么就不至于忙不过来了。
• I've got a heavy/light teaching load this term. 这学期我的教学任务很重／轻。
⇒ See also caseload;workload
only singular
■a painful, difficult or tiring situation to deal with 压力，负担
• I wish I could do something to lighten your load (= make your situation easier). 我真希望能做点甚么帮你减轻一些负担。
UK [ləʊd] US [loʊd] noun
Get a load of that! slang
■used to tell someone to pay attention to a person or thing that is interesting, surprising or attractive 快来看看这个！
• Get a load of that, lads! Very nice. 小伙子们，快来看看这个！多漂亮啊。
UK [ləʊd] US [loʊd] noun
a load of crap/nonsense/rubbish, etc. UK informal
■something that is not true, or something of very bad quality 一派胡言／一堆垃圾等
• Who said they were cheaper - what a load of rubbish! 谁说便宜来着——简直就是一堆垃圾！
• He liked the second series and I thought it was a load of crap. 他喜欢第二辑，但我却觉得很糟糕。
UK [ləʊd] US [loʊd] verb
CARRY 装
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to put a lot of things into a vehicle or machine 装，装载
• How long will it take to load this sand onto the lorry? 把这些沙子装上货车需要多长时间？
• Let's load up the car and then we can go. 把东西都装上车吧，这样我们就可以走了。
• to load the dishwasher/washing machine 把洗碗机／洗衣机装满
⇒ See also overload Opposite unload
be loaded down with sth
■to have too much to carry, or too much work to do 承受太多的（重量或工作），负担的（重量或工作）太多
• I was loaded down with shopping. 我带着重重的一堆买来的东西。
be loaded with sth
■to contain a lot of something 含有大量的…，富含
• Most fast foods are loaded with fat. 速食食品大多都富含脂肪。
UK [ləʊd] US [loʊd] verb
PUT INTO 放入
transitive
■to put film in a camera or bullets in a gun 装上（底片）；上（子弹）
• Do not load the film (= put it into the camera) in bright light. 不要在光线亮的地方装底片。
burden, load, cargo
这组词都有“负担，负荷”的意思，其区别是：
burden: 指沉重、令人不快的负担；指精神负担时常有不堪忍受的意味。
load: 普通用词，含义广泛，指人、畜、车、船等负载的东西，指精神负担时，可与burden换用，但无感情色彩。
cargo: 指用轮船、车辆或飞机长距离运载的货物。
n. 负载， [电] 负荷；工作量； [交] 装载量
 - charge, working capacity
vi. [力] 加载； [交] 装载；装货
 - charge up
vt. 使担负； [军] 装填
 - chamber

Word: preference
Front: preference
[ˈprefrəns] (高研四六托雅 3022/2642 -K2)
Vocabulary: preference
(once / 392 pages)
n
If you have a strong liking for something, you have a preference for it. You might have a preference for apples, but there are some days when you're stuck eating a banana instead.
If you grant favors to one person over another, then you are showing a preference or bias. The United States often gives preference to traditional allies like Britain or Canada. In your science class, it's clear that the professor has a preference for certain students and calls on them more often. Preference also refers to a choice or the right to choose — your friend might have a strong preference for which movie you'll see tonight.
WORD FAMILY
preference: preferences, preferential +/ prefer: preferable, preference, prefering, preferment, preferred, preferring, prefers/ preferable: preferably / preferential: preferentially/preferment: preferments/ preferred: preferredly
USAGE EXAMPLES
We also understand that administrations and their preferences change, and we celebrate that part of our democracy.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
It is a subject that tends to surface periodically in the preferences of Academy voters.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
For some it was their income or living situation, for others it was simply their preference or convictions.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 偏爱; 优先权; 偏爱的事物; （债权人）受优先偿还的权利
分布：优先(55%)，偏爱(33%)，优惠(11%)，喜爱物(1%)
→来自prefer,偏好，-ence,名词后缀。
偏爱,优先权(prefer+ence)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
n.(for,to)偏爱,喜爱;优惠;优先选择I prefer the preferable preference you referred to in the reference books.我更喜欢你在参考书中提到的那个更可取的优先权.
US ['-ɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you like something or someone more than another person or thing 偏爱；爱好；喜爱
• Her preference is for comfortable rather than stylish clothes. 她更注重衣服的舒适性，而非时髦的款式。
• I have a preference for sweet food over spicy. 比起辛辣食物我更喜欢甜食。
• Choosing furniture is largely a matter of personal preference. 挑选家俱主要是个人喜好的问题。
• It would be wrong to discriminate against a candidate because of their sexual preference (= the sex of the people they are sexually attracted to). 出于应聘者的性倾向而对他们有所歧视是错误的。
■an advantage which is given to a person or a group of people 优先（权），偏袒
• We give preference to those who have worked with us for a long time. 我们优先考虑那些和我们长期共事的人。
• Special preferences were offered initially to encourage investment. 给予特殊优先权最初是为了鼓励投资。
in preference to sth
■If you choose one thing in preference to another thing, you choose it because you like or want it more than the other thing 优先于；而不是
• He studied chemistry in preference to physics at university. 出于喜好，他大学里学的是化学而非物理。
election, preference, choice, alternative, selection, option
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
election: 强调目的和达到目的判断能力。
preference: 侧重因偏见、爱好或判断等而进行选择。
choice: 侧重指自由选择的权利或特权。
alternative: 指在相互排斥的两者之间作严格的选择，也可指在两者以上中进行选择。
selection: 指作广泛的选择，着重选择者的识别力或鉴赏力。
option: 着重特别给予的选择权利或权力，所选物常常相互排斥。
n. 偏爱，倾向； [经] [计] 优先权
 - tendency, liability, priority, trend, favour

Word: universe
Front: universe
[ˈju:nɪvɜ:s] (高研四六托 2120/2905 -K3)
Vocabulary: universe
(once / 72 pages)
n
The universe is a big word — in fact, it includes all matter and all of space.
We can't see or know much about the outer limits of the universe, but we know that it has them, and the idea of matter contained within boundaries gives us other meanings for the word. You might refer to a "universe of ideas," or when conducting a scientific study, create "a universe of data." Universe can also mean a defined set of something — the five blocks between the playground and home can be the whole universe for a small child.
WORD FAMILY
universe: universal, universes+/ universal: universalise, universalism, universality, universalize, universally, universals/universalise: universalised, universalises, universalising/universalism: universalisms, universalist, universalistic/universality: universalities/universalize: universalized, universalizes, universalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The distinction between fact and fiction was erased, creating a sprawling universe of competing claims.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The technology universe seems poised to grant that wish.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It was more like I was collecting my own weird artifacts from a pretend universe where Fig-Leaf Man was a real comic.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 宇宙; 天地万物; 经验领域
分布：宇宙(86%)，世界(11%)，万物(3%)
→来自拉丁语universum, 所有，全人类，全世界，uni-, 一，-verse, 转。即转为一体的，引申义宇宙。比较cosmos.
宇宙(uni一个+vers+e→统一旋转→宇宙)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.宇宙,万物The cosmic verse on the reverse of the paper is very welcome in Universe University.纸张背面的宇宙韵文在宇宙大学很受欢迎.
US [-vɝ:s] noun
 IMPROVER only singular
■everything that exists, especially all physical matter, including all the stars, planets, galaxies , etc. in space 宇宙；天地万物；万象
• Is there intelligent life elsewhere in the universe? 宇宙中其他地方存在有智慧的生命吗？
countable
■a universe which could be imagined to exist outside our own （想像中的）人类世界以外的另一个世界
• Scientists have speculated about the possibility of parallel universes. 有科学家思考过平行世界存在的可能性。
only singular
■the world, or the world that you are familiar with 世界；领域；范围
• The characters in his novels inhabit a bleak and hopeless universe. 他小说中的人物生活在一个悲凄无望的世界里。
• His family is his whole universe (= everything that is important to him). 他的家庭就是他的整个世界。
cosmos, space, universe
这组词都有“宇宙，太空”的意思，其区别是：
cosmos: 源于希腊语，指和谐的有秩序的宇宙，与chaos(天地开辟前的浑沌状态)相对。
space: 指大气层或太阳系之外的极高的天空，即太空之意。
universe: 指包括地球及其他天体的广大空间。
n. [天] 宇宙；世界；领域
 - world, domain, province, territory, kingdom

Word: ideological
Front: ideological
[ˌaɪdɪə'lɒdʒɪkl] (托 4216/4059 -2)
Vocabulary: ideological
(once / 2260 pages)
adj
You can use the word ideological to describe shared ideas or beliefs, and the word breaks down to ideo- (not "idea," but close) and -logical. An ideological stand for equal rights made Rosa Parks stay in her seat at the front of the bus.
Ideological is an adjective that describes political, cultural, or religious beliefs. An ideology is a body of ideas, and those who agree with the main idea of something take an ideological stand to support it. Unlimited freedom is a strong ideological belief in countries like the United States, and communism was once the ideological foundation in parts of Europe. Some follow ideological ideals that are logical, while others take stands that seem, well, idiotic or illogical, like racism.
WORD FAMILY
ideological: ideologically+/ideologist: ideologists/ ideology: ideologic, ideological, ideologies, ideologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump was not tied to any preëxisting political movement, or to any firm ideological commitments.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Because it won’t be Trump’s first Supreme Court pick who will seal the court’s ideological direction for a generation.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The danger to the new country, Hamilton argued, wasn’t ideological disputes, but the possibility that an unprincipled man would exploit public passions.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 思想的; 意识形态的
分布：意识形态的(74%)，思想上的(26%)
US [-'lɑ:.dʒɪ-] adjective
■based on or relating to a particular set of ideas or beliefs 思想体系上的，意识形态上的
• ideological differences 意识形态上的差异
• There are some fairly profound ideological disagreements within the movement. 该运动内部在意识形态上存在一些比较严重的分歧。
adj. 思想的；意识形态的
 - think, ideaistic

Word: productive
Front: productive
[prəˈdʌktɪv] (研四六托雅 3966/4557 -2)
Vocabulary: productive
(once / 402 pages)
adj
If you're productive, that means you do a lot — you create or produce large amounts of something. A productive worker makes more widgets than the shirker who keeps sneaking out to gossip and drink coffee.
The word productive often describes a person's capability to do a lot of work, but is can refer to anything that produces a lot. The land in your area might be the most productive in the state, meaning crops grow very well there. Productive can be used more broadly to describe something that produces a positive result. For example, you might have a productive conversation with your mom about your college plans, or you might make a productive investment.
WORD FAMILY
productive: counterproductive, nonproductive, productively, productiveness, productivity, unproductive+/counterproductive: counterproductively/overproduce: overproduced, overproducing, overproduction/overproduction: overproductions/ produce: overproduce, produced, producer, produces, producing, production, productive, underproduce/produced: self-produced/ producer: producers/ production: productions/underproduce: underproduced, underproduces, underproducing, underproduction/unproductive: unproductively, unproductiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The truth remains that Cousins was a highly productive passer this season for a team with obvious flaws in other areas, particularly on defense.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She’s one of the most watchable filmmakers around, and luckily for us, she’s also one of the most productive.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
“In fact, the majority of those on welfare who are not children, aged or disabled are people who want the opportunity to be productive.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 富有成效的; 多产的; 生产性的; 具有创造性的
分布：有成效的(43%)，多产的(37%)，生产的(20%)
→来自product,生产，产品。
生产的;多产的(product+ive)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
a.生产(性)的,能产的,多产的The producer introduced a productive technological product into production.制造者把一项多产的技术成果引进到生产中.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■resulting in or providing a large amount or supply of something 多产的，富饶的
• In order to turn the deserts into fertile and productive land, engineers built an 800-mile canal. 为了把沙漠变成肥沃富饶的农田，工程师们修建了一条800英哩长的运河。
• He had an amazingly productive five years in which he managed to write four novels. 五年内他写了四部小说，如此多产真让人难以置信。
Opposite unproductive
 IMPROVER
■having positive results 富有成效的
• We had a very productive meeting - I felt we sorted out a lot of problems. 我们开了一个极有成效的会议——我觉得我们解决了很多问题。
• Theirs was a very productive partnership. 他们之间的合作很有成效。
adj. 能生产的；生产的，生产性的；多产的；富有成效的
 - fruitful, procreative

Word: silence
Front: silence
[ˈsaɪləns] (中高研四六托雅 1820/1653 -K3)
Vocabulary: silence
(once / 47 pages)
nv
Silence is quietness, or a lack of sound. When you silence a noisy movie-goer, you shush her.
When there's silence, nothing is heard. Silence is empty, the opposite of a noisy racket. A library is one place where there's supposed to be silence so people can concentrate. To silence someone is to hush him up or tell him to be quiet. Silence also has a more disturbing meaning: if someone threatens you to keep you from saying something, she's trying to silence you. Censorship silences free speech.
WORD FAMILY
silence: silenced, silencer, silences, silencing+/silenced: unsilenced/silencer: silencers/silent: silence, silenter, silentest, silently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her reason: Obama hadn’t silenced talk, based on findings of the CIA and FBI, that Russia meddled in the election to aid Trump.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But in some cases, the silence was deafening, and what wasn’t explained provided fodder for conversation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Should that happen, then it is likely the carefully maintained silence of Mr Corbyn's opponents within the Parliamentary Labour Party will break.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 沉默，无言，无表示，无声，沉静，肃静，寂静，缄默; 无音信，失去联系，忘却，湮没，无表示，无音讯; [乐]停止
vt. 使安静; 使沉默; 压制
时态：silenced, silencing, silences
分布：沉默(66%)，寂静(28%)，使安静(4%)，使沉默(2%)
→来自 silent,安静的，-ence,名词后缀。
n.寂静,沉默v.使沉默,使安静There must be silence in the library so that people can work.图书馆里必须安静,以便人们学习.
【反】din（v /n 喧闹）
noun
QUIET 安静
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a period without any sound; complete quiet 宁静；寂静
• A loud crash of thunder broke the silence of the night. 一声响雷打破了夜晚的宁静。
• Silence reigned (= There was complete silence) in the church. 教堂里一片寂静。
['saɪ.lənts] noun
NO SPEAKING 不说话
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a state of not speaking or writing or making a noise 无声；沉默；缄默
• The soldiers listened in silence as their captain gave the orders. 指挥官下达命令时，士兵们静静地听着。
• "Silence (= Stop talking) " shouted the teacher. “安静！”老师喊道。
• My request for help was met with silence (= I received no answer). 我的求助没有得到答覆。
• Her silence on/about what had happened to her surprised everyone. 她对自己的遭遇保持沉默，这令每个人都感到吃惊。
• Their mother's angry words reduced the children to silence. 母亲生气的训斥让孩子们都默不作声了。
• I don't expect to hear from her now, after three years' silence (= three years in which she has not spoken or written to me). 三年杳无音讯后，我如今不再指望能有她的消息。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a period of time in which there is complete quiet or no speaking 安静，无人说话
• Their conversation was punctuated by uncomfortable silences. 他们的会谈中不时出现令人难堪的沉默。
['saɪ.lənts] noun
Silence is golden. saying
■said to mean it is often better to say nothing 沉默是金。
['saɪ.lənts] verb transitive
■to make someone or something be quiet 使安静；使沉默
• The teacher raised his voice to silence the class (= to make them stop talking). 老师提高嗓门让学生们安静下来。
• Her remark about his appearance completely silenced him (= made him unable to answer). 她对他外貌的评价使他哑口无言。
• figurative Al Capone silenced his opponents (= prevented them from opposing him) by killing them. 阿尔‧卡彭杀死了他的那些对手好让他们永远闭嘴。
• figurative The enemy's guns were silenced (= made to stop firing) in a surprise attack. 敌人的枪炮在突袭中停止了。
n. 沉默；寂静；缄默；不谈；无声状态
 - still, quiescence
vt. 使沉默；使安静；压制；消除噪音
 - becalm, extinguish

Word: entertainment
Front: entertainment
[ˌentəˈteɪnmənt] (高研四六托雅 2350/3187 -K3)
Vocabulary: entertainment
(once / 207 pages)
n
Entertainment is amusement, usually involving a performance. The clown at a birthday party, a Broadway show, a stadium rock concert, your friends fighting over the last potato chip––these are all forms of entertainment.
Entertainment is from the Old French word entretenir meaning hold together or support. It was associated with hospitality––when you entertained a guest, you were keeping them happy. From there, it came to mean amuse or distract. The entertainment is the amusement or the distraction––we talk about theatrical entertainment as shows, visual entertainment as the stuff you like to look at, and audio entertainment as mostly music.
WORD FAMILY
entertainment: entertainments+/ entertain: entertained, entertainer, entertaining, entertainment, entertains/ entertainer: entertainers/ entertaining: entertainingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The school’s annual holiday play and volleyball games are some of the community’s primary entertainment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Displays of Nazi symbols for commerce or entertainment also occur in mainland China, South Korea and Thailand.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In entertainment news, “Game of Thrones” once again wins the coveted Emmy Award for Drama Series With the Most Naked People.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 娱乐，消遣; 招待，款待; 娱乐节目
分布：娱乐(100%)
娱乐,款待(entertain+ment)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
n.招待,款待;表演文娱节目After the entertainment the captain obtained an entrance fee.娱乐表演之后,船长获得了一笔入场费.
US [-tˌɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■shows, films, television, or other performances or activities that entertain people, or a performance of this type 娱乐，娱乐节目；娱乐表演
• There's not much in the way of entertainment in this town - just the cinema and a couple of pubs. 这个城镇没多少娱乐活动——也就只有这家影院和几家酒馆。
• formal This season's entertainments include five new plays and several concerts of Chinese and Indian music. 这一季的演出节目包括五部新剧和几场中国和印度音乐的音乐会。
fun, recreation, entertainment
fun: 嬉戏，玩耍
recreation: 多指在工作之后通过逗乐或刺激的活动使某人的身心得到恢复，强调自身的放松和消遣；
entertainment: 娱乐（业），供消遣的事物（尤指公众娱乐活动），侧重别人的款待或表演使你得到娱乐；
n. 娱乐；消遣；款待
 - recreation, pleasure, sport, occupation, amusement

Word: greenhouse
Front: greenhouse
[ˈgri:nhaʊs] (研四六宝 5166/5450 -2)
Back: n. 温室，花房; [军]<俚>周围有玻璃的座舱，轰炸员舱
分布：温室(98%)，暖房(2%)
n.温室The teenagers in the canteen are keen to see the queen sitting between the green screens in the greenhouse.食堂里的少年们巴望见到坐在温室里的绿色屏风间的女王.
noun countable
■a building with a roof and sides made of glass, used for growing plants that need warmth and protection 温室；暖房
• Gladys grows a lot of tomatoes in her greenhouse. 格拉迪丝在她的温室里种了好多番茄。
n. [园艺] 温室
 - heated housing, glasshouse

Word: alcohol
Front: alcohol
[ˈælkəhɒl] (高研四 2191/2654 -K3)
Vocabulary: alcohol
(once / 357 pages)
n
Alcohol is a distilled or fermented drink that can make you drunk. Beer, wine and vodka are all kinds of alcohol.
Scientifically, alcohol is a liquid made up of distilled hydrocarbons that's also known as ethyl alcohol or ethanol — the same stuff found in solvents and car fuel. At the bar, alcohol is something you drink (as long as you're at least 21). Alcoholic beverages like whiskey and lager are produced by the fermentation of yeast, sugar and starches and have the power to make a person intoxicated.
WORD FAMILY
alcohol: alcoholic, alcoholise, alcoholism, alcoholize, alcohols+/ alcoholic: alcoholically, alcoholics, nonalcoholic/alcoholism: alcoholisms/alcoholize: alcoholized, alcoholizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say Robert Stevens didn’t appear to be impaired by alcohol or drugs, and it wasn’t immediately clear what caused the car to accelerate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He says 10 arrests were of motorists accused of driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs - up from six last year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In Iowa, fatal crashes involving alcohol or drugs increased 27 percent between 2011 and 2015, while overall fatal traffic accidents fell.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 乙醇，酒精; 含酒精的饮料
分布：酒(63%)，酒精(33%)，乙醇(4%)
→来自阿拉伯语。al, 阿拉伯定冠词。-cohol, 同kohl, 眼影粉末，由矿物质提炼而来，喻指精华。转指酒，由谷物提炼的精华。
n.酒精,乙醇;含酒精的饮料How can I persuade you to keep off alcohol?你怎么样才能不喝酒呢?
【源】alcohol来源于阿拉伯语，如同 algerbra和 alkali。al是阿拉伯语的定冠词与英语中 the相对应的。cohol在阿拉伯语中写作 kuhl，是一种用锑精研而成的粉末，妇女们用它来涂黑眼睑。阿拉伯的化学家们开始把al-kuhl这个词指通过蒸馏而得到的精华，英语alcohol的这一含义最早出现于1672年。其中有一种被称为“酒精”的蒸馏产物是可以醉人的发酵液体的组成部分。
US [-hɑ:l] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a colourless liquid which can make you drunk, and which is also used as a solvent (= a substance that dissolves another) and in fuel and medicines 酒；酒精，乙醇
• Most wines contain between 10% and 15% alcohol. 大多数的葡萄酒酒精含量都在10%到15%之间。
• I could smell the alcohol on his breath. 我能闻到他呼出的酒气。
• an alcohol- free lager 不含酒精的淡啤酒
n. [有化] 酒精，乙醇
 - ethanol, ethylalcohol

Word: tobacco
Front: tobacco
[təˈbækəʊ] (高研四六托 3010/4278 -2)
Vocabulary: tobacco
(once / 210 pages)
n
Tobacco refers to the leaves of the tobacco plant that have been dried and processed for people to roll up and smoke. Tobacco is the main ingredient in cigarettes, and of course, chewing tobacco.
Tobacco was used for fun in the Americas way before the Europeans came, but it was cultivated in France in the 1500s, and is still going strong. The word tobacco probably came from the Caribbean. The name Tobacco Road is from a novel by Erskine Caldwell, but is used to describe a section of North Carolina that produced a lot of tobacco. Tobacco is mainly used in cigarettes, which are really bad for your health.
WORD FAMILY
tobacco: tobaccoes, tobacconist, tobaccos+/tobacconist: tobacconists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The four Tobacco Road schools hit quite a speedbump Saturday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They include “burdensome” school lunch standards, tobacco regulations, laws that set higher wages for contractors and elements of the Paris climate-change agreement.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
This is important if you’re trying to break a chemical addiction — to tobacco or alcohol, for instance — but also if you’re just plain struggling.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 烟草，烟叶; 烟草制品; 卷烟; 纸烟
分布：烟草(100%)
→来自西班牙语 tobaco,烟草，该词或来自阿拉伯语 tabaq,一种草药植物，或来自南美某土著语 词的拼写俗化。
n.烟草,烟叶Put the spotless potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco atoms into the hot pot.把无斑点的土豆,番茄和烟草微粒放进热锅里.
【记】读：特白口，没有了tobacco嘴中没有味道－特白口。
US [-oʊ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a substance which is smoked in cigarettes, pipes, etc., which is prepared from the dried leaves of a particular plant 烟草，烟叶
• Twenty-eight per cent of people asked thought that the advertising of tobacco (= tobacco and products made from it, such as cigarettes) and alcohol should be banned. 受访者中有28%的人认为应该禁止烟草和酒类广告。
cigarette, cigar, tobacco
这组词都有“烟”的意思，其区别是：
cigarette: 指纸烟。
cigar: 指雪茄烟。
tobacco: 指烟草，烟叶、烟丝。
n. [作物] 烟草，烟叶； [轻] 烟草制品；抽烟
 - smoke, baccy

Word: reportedly
Front: reportedly
[rɪˈpɔ:tɪdli] (4397/4447 -2)
Back: adv. 据报道，据传说
分布：据报道(70%)，据说(30%)
US [-'pɔ:r.tˌɪd-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■according to what many people say 据传闻，据称
• New York is reportedly a very exciting place to live. 人们都说在纽约生活很令人振奋。

Word: holy
Front: holy
[ˈhəʊli] (高研四六 2375/2701 -K3)
Vocabulary: holy
(once / 54 pages)
nadj
Something that is sacred can be described as holy, like the Holy Bible. So can anything associated with God, like a holy day that is observed by attending worship ceremonies.
The adjective holy comes from the Old English word hālig and is related to the German word heilig, meaning “blessed.” There is a relationship between holy and whole, and the religious sense probably developed from keeping believers spiritually whole — and pure. A place, object, or person who has been blessed can be described as holy, meaning "associated with God."
WORD FAMILY
holy: holier, holies, holiest, holily, holiness, unholy+/holiness: holinesses/unholy: unholier, unholiest, unholily, unholiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Sunday, it claimed an attack by five suicide bombers in the Shiite holy city of Najaf, killing eight people and wounding nearly two dozen.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The police and hospital officials said the Sunday attack near the holy Shiite city of Najaf also wounded 22.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
After Klein graduated from Holy Cross Leo High School, he decided to attend Cedar Rapids Barber School through a classmate who chose the profession.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 神圣的; 值得尊敬的，值得推崇的; 圣洁的，圣徒般的; 宗教的
级别：holier, holiest
分布：神圣的(68%)，圣洁的(31%)，令人敬仰的(1%)
→来自古英语halig,神圣的，来自Proto-Germanic*hailaga,来自kailo,完整的，未受伤的，词源同whole,hail,health.其词义演变可能是完整的，完美的，完人，圣人，神圣的。
a.神圣的,圣洁的Who made a whole hole in the holy holiday?谁在神圣的假日里打了一个完整的孔?
US ['hoʊ-] adjective
RELIGIOUS 虔诚的
 ADVANCED
■related to a religion or a god 神圣的；上帝的
• holy scriptures/rites 圣经／神圣的仪式
■very religious or pure 虔诚的；圣洁的
• a holy person 圣洁的人
UK ['həʊ.li] US ['hoʊ-] adjective
EMPHASIS 强调
Holy cow/mackerel/shit, etc! mainly US informal
■used to show surprise, fear, etc （表示惊讶、恐惧等）天哪！
• Holy cow! How did you get that black eye? 天哪！你的眼睛怎么瘀血了？
divine, holy, sacred
这组词都有“神圣的”的意思，其区别是：
divine: 指来源于神或神有关，侧重神性；在现代英语中指绝妙或非人世所有的事物。
holy: 可与sacred换用，但holy侧重于内含一种神圣的本质，使之值得崇拜，通常具有传统、世袭或固有的性质。
sacred: 指由于是献给上帝或神的事物，因而是神圣的，不容亵渎；也指被普遍视为神圣不可侵犯的东西。

Word: manner
Front: manner
[ˈmænə(r)] (高研四六 1818/1366 -K3)
Vocabulary: manner
(once / 26 pages)
n
Your way of behaving or acting is your manner. Your parents might be fooled by your best friend's quiet, polite manner, but you know that she's capable of being incredibly rude — and hysterically funny.
A manner is also a style of doing something. You may not like the manner in which your boss at the coffee shop does things, but you have to admit she makes a perfect latte. Manner also means the kind or sort. If you find yourself working with people who enjoy stabbing each other in the back, you may wonder what manner of people you are working with.
WORD FAMILY
manner: mannerism, mannerly, manners +/ mannerism: mannerisms/mannerly: unmannerly/ manners: mannerses, mannerss
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rollins still needs to undergo more tests, but “everything is progressing in a positive manner,” McCarthy said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schmidt said the manner in which the suspects got inside the stadium was part of the ongoing probe.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said Hong Kong’s judges would deal with it “in a fair, just and professional manner”.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 方式，方法，做法; 态度，样子，举止; 礼貌，规矩; 风俗，习惯，惯例，生活方式
分布：方式(62%)，举止(27%)，礼貌(10%)，习俗(1%)
→来自拉丁语manus,手，词源同manual.引申词义手的姿势，举手投足，举止，礼仪等。
n.方式;举止;(pl.)风度,礼貌;规矩;风俗The manly Roman woman manager by the banner had man's manner.军旗旁那位有男子气概的古罗马女经理具有男子风度.
US [-ɚ] noun
WAY 方式
 IMPROVER only singular
■the way in which something is done 方式，方法
• She stared at me in an accusing manner. 她以责备的目光注视着我。
• He was elected in the normal manner. 他依正常程式当选。
• It was the manner of her death that stuck in the public's mind. 她的死亡方式使公众很受触动。
in the manner of sth
■in the style of something 以…的风格
• Her latest film is a suspense thriller very much in the manner of Hitchcock. 她的最新影片是部悬疑惊险片，与希区考克的风格很相似。
UK ['mæn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
BEHAVIOUR 行为
 IMPROVER only singular
■the usual way in which you behave towards other people, or the way you behave on a particular occasion 态度；举止
• She has a rather cold, unfriendly manner. 她的态度相当冷淡、不友善。
• As soon as he realized that we weren't going to buy anything, his whole manner changed. 他一发觉到我们不会买任何东西，态度就彻底改变了。
UK ['mæn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
POLITE BEHAVIOUR 有礼的行为
manners
 ADVANCED [plural]
■polite ways of treating other people and behaving in public 风度；礼貌；礼仪
• He needs to be taught some manners. 他需要学些礼仪。
• It's bad manners to eat with your mouth open. 张着嘴吃东西是不文雅的。
• It's considered good manners in some societies to leave a little food on your plate. 在某些社会中，人们认为在碟中剩下少许食物是礼貌的表现。
UK ['mæn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
TYPE 种类
uncountable formal
■a type 种类，类型
• Very little is known about the new candidate - what manner of man is he? 人们对新候选人所知甚少——他是哪一种人？
UK ['mæn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
all manner of sth
■a lot of different types 各种各样的
• There are all manner of architectural styles in the capital. 首都汇集了各种建筑风格。
UK ['mæn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
as (if) to the manner born formal
■If you do something as (if) to the manner born, you do it very well and very naturally as if it is usual and easy for you. 似乎天生就适合
UK ['mæn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
in a manner of speaking formal
■used for saying that something is partly true 不妨说，可以说；在某种意义上
• She's his partner, in a manner of speaking. 在某种意义上，她是他的伙伴。
UK ['mæn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
not by any manner of means UK old-fashioned
■not in any way 决不，无论如何也不
• I'm not satisfied with his excuse - not by any manner of means. 我不满意他的辩解——一点也不满意。
attitude, manner, air
这组词都有“态度、风度”的意思，其区别是：
attitude: 普通用词，指对人或事情的看法和采取的行为，多有某种不很明确或不便明说的感情色彩。
manner: 多指某人在某一场合的言谈举止等。
air: 含义广泛。单数形式指某人脸上表现出的心理活动，或言谈举止；复数形式指某人故意做作而摆出的架子。
fashion, means, approach, way, method, manner, mode
这组词都有“方法、方式”的意思，其区别是：
fashion: 着重独特的程序或方式，尤指个人的偏爱或习惯。
means: 指为达到某种目的或目标而采用的方法、手段或途径。
approach: 指从事某事的特别方法、途径。
way: 普通用词，可指一般的方法，有时也指个人的方法或方式，也可指特殊的方式或方法。
method: 指有系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法。
manner: 多指行动的特殊方式或独特的方法。
mode: 书面用词，常指因个人爱好或传统习俗等因素而遵循的方法。
conduct, behavior, manner
这组词都有“行为，举止”的意思，其区别是：
conduct: 较正式用词，泛指某人的行动。侧重根据社会道德标准和责任感。
behavior: 普通用词，侧重指某人在特定场合对他人或在他人面前的行为、举止。
manner: 主要用来指人的习惯行为。
n. 方式；习惯；种类；规矩；风俗
 - way of, mode, category, variety, nature

Word: arise
Front: arise
[əˈraɪz] (高研四六托雅 2581/1043 -K3)
Vocabulary: arise
(once / 66 pages)
1v 2v
Arise is a verb that means to get up, maybe to stand or get out of bed, like when you arise in the morning to get ready for the day.
The verb arise can apply to people when they get up but it can also apply to issues or situations that come up, like problems that arise when a leader takes away people's rights. What happens next? People might arise, meaning they rebel, protesting the leader's actions, maybe even declaring that they are no longer under his or her rule. If this happens, a new political party will likely arise, meaning "come into existence."
WORD FAMILY
arise: arisen, arises, arising, arose
USAGE EXAMPLES
The issue arose again in September, he said, when he hesitated because of a daughter’s upcoming wedding.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The statement says if no complications arise, he shouldn’t face any additional surgeries for six to eight months.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But then the drought arose, a product of both Nebraska’s zone and Maryland’s tentativeness in trying to protect its lead.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. & vt. 产生; 出现; 起身，起立; 起源于，产生于
时态：arose, arisen, arising, arises
分布：出现(62%)，发生(20%)，起来(7%)，升起(6%)，上升(5%)
→古英语前缀a-, 来自uz, 向上，向外，词源同out. 单词rise, 升起。
v.发生,出现,升起;(from)由...引起,由...产生The rising risk arises from the surprised fund raiser's praise of the appraisal.上升的风险起因于受惊的资金聚集者对评估的赞美.
[ə'raɪz] (arose, arisen)
verb intransitive
HAPPEN 发生
 ADVANCED formal
■to happen 发生；产生；出现
• Should the opportunity arise, I'd love to go to China. 要是有机会的话，我很想去中国。
• Could you work on Saturday, should the need arise (= if it were to be necessary) ? 万一有需要，你可以在星期六工作吗？
• Are there any matters arising from (= caused by) the last meeting? 上次会议有没有引出甚么问题？
[ə'raɪz] (arose, arisen)
verb intransitive
GET UP 起床 literary
■to get out of bed 起床
• We arose early on Christmas morning. 圣诞节早上，我们早早地起了床。
arise, result, originate
这组词都有“起源，源自”的意思，其区别是：
arise: 多与from连用，侧重指从无到有的产生，表一种因果关系。
result: 侧重变化的最终结果。
originate: 强调产生变化的起源。
arise, raise, rise, lift
这组词都有“上升，举起”的意思，其区别是：
arise: 书面用词，多用于诗歌或比喻中，具有特殊的修辞色彩。
raise: 及物动词，常用词，多指把某物从低处升到高处，有时作引申用。
rise: 普通用词，指具体的或抽象的事物由低向高移动。
lift: 语气比raise强，指用体力或机械的力举起或抬起某物。
arise, raise, rise, arise from, give raise to
arise: vi 出现，发生
raise: vt 提高
rise: vi 上升，升起
arise from: 由….引起
give raise to: 引起
vi. 出现；上升；起立
 - occur, raise, figure, offer, come out

Word: careful
Front: careful
[ˈkeəfl] (中高托 1952/1777 -K4)
Vocabulary: careful
(once / 49 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you consider all consequences and do a task thoughtfully, take your time and watch what you are doing, you are being careful. Can you ever be too careful? If you're a stunt man, yes. If you're an accountant, no.
Being cautious has always been wise, and the word careful has been an admonishment since before the Tenth Century. In Old English, the word cearful meant "mournful" or "full of care or concern," the second meaning not too far from our current definition, that of "using care." While we are often warned to be careful about things in our life, Ralph Waldo Emerson observed that "A man is usually more careful of his money than he is of his principles."
WORD FAMILY
careful: carefuler, carefulest, carefully, carefulness, overcareful+/ care: cared, careful, careless, cares, caring /carefulness: carefulnesses/ careless: carelesser, carelessest, carelessly, carelessness/carelessness: carelessnesses/ caring: caringly, carings, uncaring/overcareful: overcarefully/uncaring: uncaringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though he was sacked five times, Browning was careful not to be critical of his line.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The careful orchestration of TV news, like the delineation of newspapers into sections, was perhaps, all along, a sort of protection.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Careful vetting of those international migrants who request asylum is one important step, officials say.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 仔细的，小心的; 周到的; 慎; 心细
分布：精心的(47%)，慎重的(30%)，小心谨慎的(23%)
a.小心的,仔细的;细致的,精心的The careful man is scarcely scared by the scarce parcel.细心男子勉强被罕见的包裹吓了一下.
【参】careless（adj 粗心的）＝thoughtless
【反】derelict（adj 玩忽职守的）；inadvertence（n 漫不经心）－careful attention（小心留意）
US ['ker-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■giving a lot of attention to what you are doing so that you do not have an accident, make a mistake, or damage something 仔细的；小心的；认真的
• Be careful with the glasses. 小心玻璃杯。
• Be careful wh ere you put that hot pan. 要注意把热锅放在合适的地方。
• Be careful to look both ways when you cross the road. 过马路时要注意向两边看。
• Michael is a very careful worker. 迈克尔工作起来很细心。
• After careful consideration of your proposal, I regret to say that we are unable to accept it. 仔细考虑了你的建议后，我很遗憾地告诉你我们不能接受。
• He's in a really foul temper so be careful (about/of) what you say to him. 他心情很糟，所以跟他说话要当心。
UK ['keə.fəl] US ['ker-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  carefulWarning: Common word-building error! Adjectives which end in the suffix -ful have only one 'l'. Don't write 'carefull', write careful.
careful, cautious, attentive, prudent
这些形容词均含有“小心的，谨慎的”之意。
careful: 侧重做事谨慎、留心，特别注意一些细节地方。
cautious: 着重考虑事情的后果，谨慎留意，防止出差错。
attentive: 指认真地注意地倾听别人的意见，留心别人的需要等。
prudent: 指遇事审慎，思考计划周密，不贸然行事。
adj. 仔细的，小心的
 - aborative, elaborative

Word: wheel
Front: wheel
[wi:l] (中高研四六雅 1999/2175 -K3)
Back: n. 轮子; 旋转; Wheels 汽车; 有…轮子的汽车（或自行车等）
vi. 转动，旋转; 突然转变方向
vt. 推; 拉（车）; 使变换方向; （使）迅速转身
时态：wheeled, wheeling, wheels
分布：车轮(38%)，方向盘(22%)，转动(21%)，旋转(15%)，用车运(3%)，周期(1%)
→来自古英语hweol,轮子，来自kwel,转，圈，词源同cycle,collar。引申义轮子。
n.轮,车轮The feeble man feels an ache on his heels and knees when he kneels on the steel steering wheel.当虚弱男子跪在钢舵轮上时他的脚跟和双膝感到疼痛.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a circular object connected at the centre to a bar, which is used for making vehicles or parts of machines move 轮子；车轮
• I got my bag caught in the wheel of my bicycle. 我的书包被绞进了脚踏车车轮里。
• He lost control of his car when a front/rear wheel hit a stone as he approached the first bend. 在快到第一个转弯处时，他的汽车前／后轮碰到了一块石头，失去了控制。
⇒ See also Ferris wheel;flywheel;waterwheel
on wheels
■Something that is on wheels has wheels under it so that it can be pulled or pushed along 装有轮子的
• My suitcase is on wheels so that makes life a little easier. 我的旅行箱装有轮子，所以用起来省力一些。
• I bought my niece one of those toy dogs on wheels. 我给我侄子买了个那种带轮子的玩具狗。
the wheel
■a steering wheel (= a wheel inside a vehicle, which the driver turns to make the vehicle go in a particular direction) （车辆的）方向盘
• Keep your hands on the wheel!, 手不要离开方向盘！
• I never feel safe with Richard at/behind the wheel (= driving). 李察开车我就从没有放过心。
• Do you think you could take the wheel (= drive) for a couple of hours? 你能不能来开几个小时车？
countable
■a wooden or metal wheel which is turned to make a ship go in a particular direction （船的）舵轮
wheels [plural] old-fashioned informal
■a car 汽车
• I've got to get some wheels - this public transport system's a joke! 我得买辆车了——这公共交通系统真是糟糕！
[wi:l] noun
a fifth/third wheel US
■someone who is in a situation where they are not needed or are ignored by most people 冗员，不需要的人；无足轻重的人
[wi:l] noun
set the wheels in motion
■to do something which will cause a series of actions to start 使运作起来
• I thought a phone call to the right person might set the wheels in motion. 我想，给管事的人打个电话或许就会起作用。
[wi:l] noun
wheels within wheels
■hidden or unknown things that influence a particular situation, making it more complicated than it at first seems 错综复杂的事物
[wi:l] verb
PUSH 推
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to push an object that has wheels so that it moves in a particular direction 推，推动（有轮子的东西）
• I saw her last night wheeling a buggy along Green Lane. 昨天晚上，我看见她推着婴儿车沿着格林小道走过。
• Halfway through the talk someone wheeled in a trolley laden with drinks. 会谈进行到一半，有人推进来一辆装满饮料的手推车。
• Doctors put her on a respirator and wheeled her downstairs to intensive care. 医生给她戴上呼吸器，把她推到楼下的特别护理病房。
[wi:l] verb
FLY IN CIRCLES 盘旋
intransitive
■to fly repeatedly in a circular pattern 盘旋
• She watched a flock of seagulls wheeling high above her. 她注视着一群在她头顶盘旋的海鸥。
[wi:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wheel sth out disapproving
■to use something or someone that you have used many times before in a way that is boring for other people 反复使用（致使他人厌烦）；重施故技
• Every time we have this argument you wheel out the same old statistics, and I'm still not convinced! 每次我们争论这个问题你都搬出那一套老掉牙的数据，我还是不服气！
• Year after year they wheel out the same third-rate celebrities to entertain us. 年复一年，他们一直让那群三流明星为我们演出。
[wi:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  wheel round UK (US wheel around)
■to turn round quickly 快速转身
• She wheeled round to face him and saw him take out a gun. 她快速转身面对他，看到他掏出了手枪。
n. [车辆] 车轮；方向盘；转动
 - cartwheel, steering control
vt. 转动；使变换方向；给…装轮子
 - turn, roll
vi. 旋转；突然转变方向；盘旋飞行
 - circle, spin

Word: unique
Front: unique
[juˈni:k] (高研四六托雅宝 1726/2090 -K3)
Vocabulary: unique
(once / 357 pages)
adj
If something is unique, it's the only one around. You might think getting a nose ring would make you unique, until you see five other people on the street with the same piercing.
If someone calls you unique you know that you are very special. The reason is that the Latin prefix uni- means "one." (Technically speaking, it isn't possible to be "very unique" — you either are or you're not.) Think of the prefix in unicorn for a creature with one horn and unicycle for a cycle with one wheel.
WORD FAMILY
unique: uniquely, uniqueness, uniquer, uniquest+/ uniqueness: uniquenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The age gap closes because we’ve been through this unique experience together.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Friends of mine throughout the country regularly remind me that there is something unique about Seahawks fans.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Louis is not the first celebrity with an app, and the sales and communication functions of his app are not particularly unique.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 唯一的，仅有的; 独一无二的，独特的; 不平常的，特别的; 超绝
分布：独特的(72%)，独一无二的(26%)，稀罕的(2%)
→un-, 一，词源同unit,-que, 形容词后缀。
独一无二(uni[uni-表示"一个,单一"]+que表形容词)
独特的(uni+que表形容词→单一的→独特的)[un,uni=one,表示"单一,一个"]
a.唯一的,独一无二的For unity the units united into a unique union.为了统一,这些单位联合成一个独特的联盟.
【记】uni一个，que表形容词－独特的
【反】ubiquitous（adj 到处存在的）；stock（adj 普通的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■being the only existing one of its type or, more generally, unusual or special in some way 独一无二的；与众不同的；唯一的；独特的；罕见的
• Each person's genetic code is unique except in the case of identical twins. 每个人的遗传密码都是独一无二的，同卵双胞胎除外。
• I'd recognise your handwriting anywhere - it's unique. 无论在哪里，我都能认出你的笔迹——它太与众不同了。
• Do not miss this unique opportunity to buy all six pans at half the recommended price. 购买全部六个平底锅只需半价——不要错过这难得的机会。
• As many as 100 species of fish, some unique to (= only found in) these waters, may have been affected by the pollution. 有多达100种鱼类可能已经受到污染，其中有些在别的水域已绝迹。
unique, single, only, alone, sole
这组词都有“唯一的”的意思，其区别是：
unique: 非正式用词，侧重在一类中唯一无可匹敌、无与伦比的特征。
single: 语气较强，强调仅此一个，再无第二个。
only: 普通用词，常可与sole换用，但侧重仅限于指定的人或物，而不需要更多。
alone: 着重专指某人或某物，而不是别的。
sole: 语气强于only，指仅有一个或一群，只考虑这一个或这一群。
typical, unique, rare, common, particular, special
typical: 典型的
unique: 唯一的
rare: 罕见的，珍贵的
common: 共同的
particular: 特定的，特殊的
special: 特殊的，特别的
typical, unique, particular, unusual
typical: 典型的
unique: 独一无二的，其同类中唯一现存的
particular: 特别的 一整体或类别中单一可区分的部分或个体，侧重同类中某一个有别于其他的独特性质，或在一般情况下所有的独特性质
unusual: 不同寻常的
especial, peculiar, distinctive, unique, particular, special
especial: 特别的，含有优越或偏好的意义，多用于书面语。
peculiar: 独特的，独有的，强调某一个体或某一集团所独有的、与众不同的，常与介词about, in, to等搭配。
distinctive: 特别的，有特色的
unique: 独特的，强调独一无二的
particular: 特殊的，过于讲究的，强调同类中某一个体所具有的独特性质，常与介词about, as to, over, to搭配。
special: 特设的，专门的，着重指某事物具有自己特有的性质、性格或个性，与同类明显相异的，常与介词about, to搭配。
adj. 独特的，稀罕的； [数] 唯一的，独一无二的
 - distinct, individual, one, sole, picturesque

Word: beach
Front: beach
[bi:tʃ] (中高研四雅 1937/1900 -K3)
Vocabulary: beach
(once / 143 pages)
nv
You know that wide, flat patch of sand that leads down to the sea, or maybe even the lake? That's a beach, one of the most beautiful places in the world. During a long, stormy winter, a beach can erode and move.
The word beach can also be used more generally to describe a town or vacation spot along the ocean or sea. In New Jersey, they call it the shore. But in lots of other places, people say they're going to the beach when they mean they are taking a trip to the seaside for vacation. Of course, if you beach your boat, you might not be overjoyed: that means you've run it aground, usually on a choice pile of sand.
WORD FAMILY
beach: beached, beaches, beaching
USAGE EXAMPLES
The councilman accused media outlets of incorrectly reporting his proposal, which he said emulated similar laws in Santa Monica, New York and Miami Beach.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Central Michigan was hammered, 55-10, by Tulsa in the Miami Beach Bowl.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It plans a special about singer Jenni Rivera, who grew up in Long Beach and died in a 2012 plane crash.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 海滩，海滨; 岸上的沙子和卵石
vt. 将…拖上岸; 将滑艇拖到小屋前面的岸边
时态：beached, beaching, beaches
分布：海滩(68%)，沙滩(23%)，海滨(9%)
→词源不详，原义表示小石子。
n.海滩,湖滩,河滩Each pea and peach on the beach can be reached by the peacock.海滩上的每一颗豌豆和桃子孔雀都能触及.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an area of sand or small stones near the sea or another area of water such as a lake 海滨，湖滨；海滩，沙滩
• We spent the day on the beach. 我们在海滩渡过了一整天。
• a beach café 海滨咖啡厅
• a beach towel 沙滩浴巾
[bi:tʃ] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  beachWarning: use the correct preposition! Don't say 'in the beach', say on the beach :
✗ We spent the whole day playing in the beach.
[bi:tʃ] verb transitive
■to pull or force a boat, etc. out of the water onto the shore 把船从水里拖到岸上
• The boat had been beached near the rocks. 船已经被拖到了礁石附近。
shore, bank, seaside, beach, coast
这组词都有“岸”的意思，其区别是：
shore: 指紧靠大湖泊或海洋的陆地边缘或靠海的休养地。
bank: 多指有一定坡度的河岸、湖岸或堤岸。
seaside: 尤指疗养地、游览地区的海边。
beach: 指倾斜度小，被海、湖或河水冲刷而有沙或卵石积存的地方。
coast: 地理学上的名词，专指被视为边界的沿海陆地的尽头。
n. [海洋] 海滩；湖滨
 - seabeach, foreshore
vi. 搁浅；定居
 - take the ground, make one's pitch

Word: bolster
Front: bolster
[ˈbəʊlstə(r)] (托宝 6692/9591 -2)
Vocabulary: bolster
(once / 1343 pages)
vn
When you cheer up a friend who's feeling down, you bolster them. To bolster is to offer support or strengthen.
A bolster is also the name of a long pillow you might use to make your back feel better. And the two uses are not dissimilar. When you bolster your friends, you support them and prop them up, just like the pillow does for your back. When you're trying to bolster your credibility, you find people and/or documents that support you or your view. Bolster efforts to learn this word!
WORD FAMILY
bolster: bolstered, bolstering, bolsters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Higher living standards would bolster democratic ideas and institutions.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The ninth division was joined by units of the militarized federal police, while the 16th was bolstered by army units.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The 9th Division was joined by units of the militarized Federal Police, while the 16th was bolstered by army units.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 支持; 支撑; 鼓励; 援助
n. 长枕; 垫枕; 衬垫; 支持物
时态：bolstered, bolstering, bolsters
分布：支持(80%)，鼓励(11%)，长枕(8%)，靠垫(1%)
→词源同ball, 原来指鼓起来的垫子，枕头，护垫等，主要作名词使用。后来做动词使用，指支持，保护。
【记】读：抱死他。如果他抢了你的女朋友，就用这招－用枕头从后头抱死他。既不会惊动邻居，又不会留下指纹，妙！！！
【反】undermine（v 削弱）；decrease support of（减少支持）；sap（v 使衰竭）；thwart（vt 反对；阻碍）
US ['boʊl.stɚ] verb transitive
■to support or improve something or make it stronger 支撑；加固；提高，改善
• More money is needed to bolster the industry. 需要更多的钱来扶持该行业。
• She tried to bolster my confidence/morale (= encourage me and make me feel stronger) by telling me that I had a special talent. 她说我有特别的才能，想要增强我的信心。
• They need to do something to bolster their image. 他们需要设法改善他们的形象。
UK ['bəʊl.stər] US ['boʊl.stɚ] noun countable
■a long firm cylindrical pillow 长枕；长垫枕；长靠枕
n. 支持；长枕
 - holding, support, adhesion, backing
vt. 支持；支撑
 - encourage, second, carry, hand, champion

Word: pa

Word: surrounding
Front: surrounding
[səˈraʊndɪŋ] (高 4398/3969 -K)
Back: n. 环境，周围的事物
adj. 周围的，附近的
v. 包围( surround的现在分词 ); 与…紧密相关; 围绕; 喜欢结交（某类人）
分布：周围的(38%)，环境(35%)，周围的事物(27%)
→surround,包围，围绕，-ing,形容词后缀。
环境(surround+ing→被围起来的状态→环境)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在…下面"]
VERB
围绕;环绕
If a person or thing is surrounded by something, that thing is situated all around them.
例：The small churchyard was surrounded by a rusted wrought-iron fence...不大的教堂墓地周边围着一圈生锈的熟铁栅栏。
例：The shell surrounding the egg has many important functions.蛋壳有许多重要的功能。
VERB
包围;围住
If you are surrounded by soldiers or police, they spread out so that they are in positions all the way around you.
例：When the car stopped in the town square it was surrounded by soldiers and militiamen...当汽车停在城镇广场时立刻被士兵和民兵包围了。
例：He tried to run away but gave up when he found himself surrounded...他试图逃跑，但发现已被包围时只好放弃了这个念头。
VERB
与…密切相关;围绕
The circumstances, feelings, or ideas which surround something are those that are closely associated with it.
例：The decision had been agreed in principle before today's meeting, but some controversy surrounded it...该决定在今天的会议之前就已达成原则上的共识，但围绕这一决定还存在一些争议。
例：Once the euphoria surrounding this victory subsides, reality must return.这场胜利的喜悦退去后，人们将不得不回归现实。
VERB
喜欢结交(某类人);确保身边总有(某类东西)
If you surround yourself with certain people or things, you make sure that you have a lot of them near you all the time.
例：He had made it his business to surround himself with a hand-picked group of bright young officers...他总会亲手挑选一批聪明而年轻的军官常伴他左右。
例：They love being surrounded by familiar possessions.他们喜欢身边都是自己熟悉的物品。
N-COUNT
(壁炉等的)边饰，围饰
The surround of something such as a fireplace is the border, wall, or shelves around it.
例：...a small fireplace with a cast-iron surround.有铸铁边饰的小壁炉
N-PLURAL
周围的事物;环境
Your surrounds are your surroundings .
例：The entire team enjoyed hot showers in the spacious surrounds of a new, modern village hall.全队都在新建的现代化村会所的宽敞洗浴间享受了热水淋浴。
adj. 周围的，附近的
 - environmental, ambient
n. 环境，周围的事物
 - context, circumstance, setting, condition

Word: reporter
Front: reporter
[rɪˈpɔ:tə(r)] (高研四六 1286/3671 -4)
Vocabulary: reporter
(once / 169 pages)
n
A reporter is a journalist who goes out and gets the scoop on the news and informs the rest of us. If there’s a news conference or a train crash, a reporter is probably there getting the lowdown.
If you want to be a reporter one day, you might study journalism in college, learning to write accurate and informative stories. Many reporters research, write, and edit articles about politics or current events, but you could also be a pop culture reporter or a tech reporter. The newspaper sense of reporter dates from 1798 — earlier it simply meant "one who gives an account."
WORD FAMILY
reporter: reporters+/ report: reportable, reportage, reported, reporter, reporting, reports/reportable: reportably, unreportable/ reported: reportedly, unreported/reporting: reportings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Players are off until tomorrow morning,” McAdoo said on a conference call with reporters.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The weather reporters, he added, didn’t seem that interested in the finer points of the science.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I was told by my boss that I will no longer be working with Rex,” Whaley told reporters.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 记者
分布：记者(100%)
→来自 report,汇报，报道。
n.报告人,通讯员;记者,报导者With the reporter's support, the sportsmen are transported to the airport.在记者的支持下,运动员们被运送到了机场.
US [-'pɔ:r.tˌɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person whose job is to discover information about news events and describe them for a newspaper or magazine or for radio or television 记者；通讯员
n. 记者
 - journo, newsperson

Word: twist
Front: twist
[twɪst] (高研四六托雅 3759/3673 -K3)
Vocabulary: twist
(once / 179 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4n 5n
When you twist something, you turn it in a different direction. You might twist off a bottle cap, or you might even twist the plot of a story you are writing.
A kite's tail twists in the wind, curling around itself, and a baker twists a piece of dough into a pretzel shape. You can also twist out of someone's grasp (to escape your godmother's cheek pinching), or twist your ankle hurrying away. As a noun, twist means a bent and curved shape, like the twist of a curl or a twist of soft serve ice cream. In a book or movie plot, a twist is a shocking development.
WORD FAMILY
twist: twisted, twister, twisting, twists, untwist+/twisted: twistedest, twistedly/twister: supertwister, twisters/twisting: twistingly, twistings/untwist: untwisted, untwisting, untwists
USAGE EXAMPLES
But just like in any good TV script, a twist was in store.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think we created something new, something of a twist on horror movies on the independent scale that we haven’t seen yet.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There will doubtless be new twists on the fitness tracker too.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 扭成一束; 搓，捻; 绕，卷; 连结，交结
vi. 被搓揉; 蜿蜒，曲折; 扭曲身体，扭动; 旋转，转动
n. 揉搓之物; 丝线; 烟草卷; 旋转
时态：twisted, twisting, twists
分布：扭曲(38%)，捻(32%)，拧(12%)，搓(8%)，缠绕(5%)，弯曲处(3%)，盘旋(2%)
→可能来自 two,二，-st,表反复。引申词义缠绕在一起，旋转，转动等。
v.捻;拧;扭曲;蜿蜒曲折而行n.拧;歪曲;曲折On the Christmas the Christian's assistant fisted Pistol Piston and twisted his wrist.在圣诞节,基督徒的助手拳击了"手枪活塞"并扭了他的手腕.
verb
TURN 转动
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to turn something, especially repeatedly, or to turn or wrap one thing around another 转动，旋转；缠绕，盘绕
• The path twists and turns for over a mile. 这条小路弯弯曲曲，长达一英里多。
• She sat there nervously twisting the ring around on her finger. 她紧张地坐在那里，不停转着手指上的戒指。
• She twisted her head (round) so she could see what was happening. 她扭过头来，想看看发生了甚么事。
• Twist the rope tightly round that post over there. 把绳子紧紧缠在那根柱子上。
transitive
■If you twist a part of your body, such as your ankle , you injure it by suddenly turning it 扭伤（脚踝等）
• She slipped on the ice and twisted her knee. 她在冰上滑了一跤，结果扭伤了膝盖。
[twɪst] verb
CHANGE 改变
transitive disapproving
■to change information so that it gives the message you want it to give, especially in a way that is dishonest 曲解，歪曲
• This report shows how she twisted the truth to claim successes where none, in fact, existed. 这份报告表明她扭曲事实，她所宣称的那些成就其实根本不存在。
• You're twisting my words - that's not what I said at all. 你在扭曲我的话——我根本不是那样说的。
[twɪst] verb
twist sb's arm
■to persuade someone to do something they do not want to do 强迫（某人），向（某人）施加压力
• I didn't want to go but Linda twisted my arm. 我并不想去，可琳达非要我去不可。
[twɪst] verb
twist sb around/round your little finger
■to be able to persuade someone to do anything you want, usually because they like you so much 任意摆布，任意左右（通常指十分喜欢自己的人）
• He'd do anything for you. You've got him twisted around your little finger. 他会为你做一切。你已经完全左右了他。
[twɪst] noun
TURN 转动
countable
■when you twist something 扭动，转动
• She gave the cap another twist to make sure it was tight. 她又扭了一下盖子，以确保盖紧。
• an Elvis-style twist of the hips 猫王艾维斯式的臀部扭动
countable
■the shape of or a piece of something which has been twisted 螺旋状（物）；麻花状（物）；辫子形（物）
• a twist of hair 麻花辫
• a twist of lemon 螺旋柠檬皮
countable
■a tight bend 急转弯
• a path with many twists and turns 蜿蜒曲折的小路
[twɪst] noun
CHANGE 改变
countable
■a change in the way in which something happens 变化；转折；改变
• The story took a surprise twist today with media reports that the doctor had resigned. 媒体报道该医生已经辞职，使事情在今天有了惊人的转折。
• The incident was the latest twist in the continuing saga of fraud and high scandal in banks and stockbroking firms. 此事件是银行和股票经纪公司持续不断的诈骗和高层丑闻的最新发展。
• But for a cruel twist of fate/fortune , he could now be running his own business. 要不是时运不济，他现在可能正在经营自己的公司了。
• There's an unexpected twist in/to the plot towards the end of the film. 电影结尾部分的情节出人意料。
countable
■a complicated situation or plan of action 复杂的形势；复杂的行动计划
• the twists and turns of fate 命运的曲折变化
• It has proved very difficult to unravel the twists and turns and contradictions of the evidence. 事实已经证明，要理清复杂且矛盾丛生的证据的确不容易。
[twɪst] noun
DANCE 跳舞
the twist only singular
■a dance in which people stay in one place and twist their bodies from side to side to music 扭摆舞
[twɪst] noun
be/go round the twist (also send sb round the twist) old-fashioned
■to be, become or make someone else become angry or unable to behave in a reasonable way （使）愤怒，（使）发怒；（使）疯癫，（使）发疯
• If I'd stayed there any longer, I'd have gone round the twist. 如果我在那里再多留一会儿，我会发疯。
curve, crook, twist, bend, bow
这组词都有“弯、弯曲”的意思，其区别是：
curve: 指变成曲线或弧线状的动作或状态。
crook: 指不规则的弯曲，也指按照规则或模型弯曲某物。
twist: 指通过转动、拧或扭使某物成弯曲状。
bend: 普通用词，指把某物变成曲线或角形。用于人时，指头部或身躯弯下。
bow: 指把头部或上身弯向前方的动作，也指社交中的礼节性动作。
vt. 捻；拧；扭伤；编织；使苦恼
 - screw, harry
n. [力] 扭曲；拧；扭伤
 - distortion, strain
vi. 扭动；弯曲
 - bend, double up

Word: formula
Front: formula
[ˈfɔ:mjələ] (研四六托雅宝 3340/2600 -K3)
Vocabulary: formula
(once / 290 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A formula is generally a fixed pattern that is used to achieve consistent results. It might be made up of words, numbers, or ideas that work together to define a procedure to be followed for the desired outcome.
Formulas, the patterns we follow in life, are used everywhere. In math or science, a formula might express a numeric or chemical equation; in cooking, a recipe is a formula. Baby formula is made up of the nutrients necessary for maintaining healthy growth, and the right formula for a fuel mixture is critical for a racing car's best performance. Everyone has their favorite formula for success. J. Paul Getty once gave his as "rise early, work hard, strike oil."
WORD FAMILY
formula: formulae, formularise, formularize, formulary, formulas, formulate +/formularise: formularised/formularize: formularized/formulary: formularies/ formulate: formulated, formulates, formulating, formulation, reformulate / formulation: formulations/ reformulate: reformulated, reformulating
USAGE EXAMPLES
Exploitative TV shows that reinforce the misguided formula of cutting calories / increasing exercise do almost everyone - - Personal Trainers included - - a disservice.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
He also appeared to warn the incoming Trump administration against changing the successful formula.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
To critics, it’s a formula for kleptocracy at best and disastrous mistakes at worst.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 公式，准则; 客套话; 方案; 婴儿食品
分布：公式(77%)，配方(20%)，规则(2%)，方程式的(1%)
→来自form, 模式，样式。用于数学和化学名词。
公式;信条(form+ula表名词→形成的东西→公式)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
n.(pl.formulae)公式;规则;分子式;药方The form of the former formula is formally formulated.前一个分子式的形式得到正式表述.
【记】form（n 形状；表格；形式）
【参】formulate（vt 用公式表示；明确简洁系统地表达）
US ['fɔ:r-] noun (plural formulas or formulae)
UK ['fɔ:.mjʊ.lə] US ['fɔ:r-] noun (plural formulas or formulae)
METHOD/RULE 方法／规则
 IMPROVER countable
■a standard or accepted way of doing or making something, the things needed for it, or a mathematical rule expressed in a set of numbers and letters 惯例；配方；处方；公式；方程式；分子式
• We have changed the formula of the washing powder. 我们已经更换了洗衣粉的配方。
• We had to learn chemical formulae at school, but I can only remember H 2 O for water. 我们上学时都得学习化学分子式，但是我现在只记得 H2O 是代表水。
• There's no magic formula for success. 成功没有窍门。
UK ['fɔ:.mjʊ.lə] US ['fɔ:r-] noun (plural formulas or formulae)
BABY'S MILK 婴儿奶
uncountable
■artificial milk which can be given to babies instead of milk from their mother （婴儿）配方奶
n. [数] 公式，准则； [化工] 配方；婴儿食品
 - criterion, expressions

Word: presumably
Front: presumably
[prɪˈzju:məbli] (研四六托雅 4288/2522 -K3)
Vocabulary: presumably
(once / 744 pages)
adv
Presumably you are reading these word blurbs because you're interested in learning some useful words. You can add presumably to any statement that you think is true — it indicates a logical conclusion for which you don't have definite proof.
When you add presumably to whatever you're saying, you're giving notice that you think what you're saying is true but telling your listener not to ask for the evidence. You might watch beer commercials and say to yourself, "Presumably advertisers think people will find this commercial amusing and want to run out and buy tubs of this beer." The adverb presumably is related to the nouns presumption and assumption, which are also notions you accept without proof.
WORD FAMILY
presumable: presumably +/ presume: presumable, presumed, presumes, presuming, presumption, presumptive / presumption: presumptions, presumptuous / presumptive: presumptively/ presumptuous: presumptuously, presumptuousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But when the figure turned around, it was a young man — presumably the young Noah.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But what the world heard from Times Square was a backing track awaiting a lead vocal — presumably a live one.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Two locals were arrested with a marble tablet and stone seal from Nimrud, presumably to sell.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 据推测; 大概; 可能; 想来
分布：大概(40%)，可能(35%)，据推测(25%)
→来自presume,假设，假想。
ad.推测起来,大概The perfume consumer presumably assumes that the volume is resumed.香水消费者假定地设想音量已恢复.
US [-'zu:-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■used to say what you think is the likely situation 据推测，大概，可能
• They can presumably afford to buy a bigger apartment. 他们大概买得起一间大一点的公寓。
• Presumably he just forgot to send the letter. 他可能是忘了寄信。
adv. 大概；推测起来；可假定
 - probably, possibly, maybe

Word: tune
Front: tune
[tju:n] (高研四六托雅 3646/3770 -K3)
Back: n. 曲调，曲子; 和谐，调谐; 语调; 心情
vt. 调整; 使和谐，使一致; 调整（频率）; 为…调音
vi. 协调; [无线]调谐
时态：tuned, tuning, tunes
分布：曲调(29%)，调整(18%)，和谐(15%)，调子(15%)，协调(11%)，调音(7%)，数量(3%)，调整频率(1%)，为 ... 调音(1%)
→来自 tone 拼写变体，引申诸相关词义。
n.调子,曲调;和谐,协调vt.调音,调节,调整He tuned his radio to the police frequency.他把无线电调到警方的频率.
US [tu:n] noun
MUSICAL NOTES 曲调
 IMPROVER countable
■a series of musical notes, especially one which is pleasant and easy to remember; a melody 曲调，曲子；旋律
• He was humming a tune as he dried the dishes. 他边哼着调子，边擦干碗碟。
• a theme tune 主题曲
• That's a very catchy (= easy to remember and pleasant) tune. 那是一首很容易上口的曲子。
in tune
■singing or playing notes that are at the right pitch (= level) or that agree with others being sung or played 合调，入调
out of tune
■singing or playing notes that are at the wrong pitch (= level) or that do not agree with others being sung or played 走调
• I'm afraid the piano is out of tune. 恐怕这架钢琴走调了。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] noun
UNDERSTANDING 理解
be in/out of tune with sb/sth
■If you are in tune with people or ideas, you understand or agree with them, and if you are out of tune with them, you do not 与…协调／不协调，与…相／不相契合
• Much of his success comes from being in tune with what his customers want. 他的成功很大程度上归功于他契合了顾客的需要。
• Her theories were out of tune with the scientific thinking of the time. 她的理论与当时的科学思想不符。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] noun
AMOUNT 数量
to the tune of
■to the stated amount 总额达，总计
• The City Council had financed the new building to the tune of over 4 million pounds. 市政会为建这座新大厦已经出资了400多万英镑。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] noun
ENGINE 发动机，引擎
countable usually singular UK
■a tune-up
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] verb transitive
INSTRUMENT 乐器
■to change a part of a musical instrument so that the instrument produces the correct sounds when played 为（乐器）调音（或定弦）
• Get into the habit of tuning your guitar every day before you practise. 要养成习惯，每天练习前给吉他调一下音。
• She tuned (up) her violin before the concert. 音乐会前，她给她的小提琴调了弦。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] verb transitive
RADIO 无线电
■to move the controls on a radio or television, etc. so that it receives programmes broadcast from a particular station 给（收音机、电视等）调谐，为…调频率，调频道
• Press this button and the video will automatically tune itself to the next channel. 按一下这个按钮，录像机会自动调到下一个频道。
• His radio is constantly tuned to KROQ-FM, the local rock station. 他的收音机总是锁定在当地摇滚乐台 KROQ-FM上。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] verb transitive
ENGINE 发动机，引擎
■to change the setting of particular parts of an engine, especially slightly, so that it works as well as possible 把（发动机）调试到最佳运转状态
• The engine certainly needs tuning but there's nothing wrong with the car. 引擎确实需要调试了，但汽车没毛病。
• Could you tune (up) the engine for me, please? 请帮我调试一下引擎好吗？
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  tune in
TV/RADIO
■to watch or listen to a particular television or radio programme or station 收看；收听
• Be sure to tune in to next week's show. 一定要收看下周的节目。
• Millions of viewers tune in every weekday for 'News at Night'. 每个工作日都有数百万的电视观众收看“晚间新闻”。
UNDERSTANDING
be tuned in
■to have a good understanding of what is happening in a situation or what other people are thinking 了解，明白
• She just doesn't seem to be tuned in to her students' needs. 她似乎根本不了解学生的需要。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  tune (sb/sth) out US informal
■to ignore someone or not give your attention to something or to what is happening around you 不理睬，对…置之不理
• He talks such garbage that I just tune him out. 他讲的全是废话，所以我干脆不去理睬。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  tune (sth) up
INSTRUMENT
■If musicians who are preparing to play tune up their instruments, they make small changes to them so that they produce the correct notes 调节，调试（乐器）
• After the orchestra had tuned up, the conductor walked on to the stage. 管弦乐队调试好音准之后，指挥走上台。
• He began to tune up his violin. 他开始调试他的小提琴。
ENGINE
■to tune an engine 调节引擎
song, theme, melody, tune
这组词都有“乐曲、曲调”的意思，其区别是：
song: 多指配有歌词的歌曲。
theme: 指主旋律。
melody: 指悦耳的曲调旋律。
tune: 指曲调，与配有歌词的歌曲相对。
n. 曲调；和谐；心情
 - accordance, breast, air, concert
vt. 调整；使一致；为…调音
 - adjust, coordinate, accord, restructure
vi. [电子] [通信] 调谐；协调
 - sort, concert

Word: sentiment
Front: sentiment
[ˈsentɪmənt] (研六雅宝 4051/5275 -2)
Vocabulary: sentiment
(once / 85 pages)
n
Your opinion that most comedies are terrible and that you'd rather watch any other kind of movie could be described as your sentiment, or your attitude, about films.
Sentiment means a view or opinion, but it can also mean an emotion. Maybe you prefer tragic movies because you enjoy the sentiment of sadness. This meaning of sentiment is taken to an extreme in yet another version of the word, meaning something like "overdone, exaggerated feelings, especially of sadness or nostalgia." An overly soppy tragedy is a good example of this kind of sentiment; it's the kind of film that might make you cringe instead of cry.
WORD FAMILY
sentiment: presentiment, sentimental, sentimentise, sentimentize, sentiments+/ presentiment: presentiments/ sentimental: sentimentalest, sentimentalise, sentimentalism, sentimentality, sentimentalize, sentimentally, unsentimental/sentimentalise: sentimentalisation, sentimentalised, sentimentalises, sentimentalising/sentimentalism: sentimentalisms, sentimentalist/sentimentalist: sentimentalists/ sentimentality: sentimentalities/sentimentalization: sentimentalizations/sentimentalize: sentimentalization, sentimentalized, sentimentalizes, sentimentalizing/unsentimental: unsentimentally
USAGE EXAMPLES
None of these boded well for investor sentiment or subsequent returns.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The archbishop echoed the sentiment of Prime Minister Theresa May, who called for unity following June's "divisive" vote in her new year message.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
When combined, these sentiments yield a volatile brew of anger and resentment, which Trump, though a billionaire, understands and exploits.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 感情，情绪; 情操; 意见，观点; 感伤
分布：情绪(66%)，感情(21%)，观点(10%)，感伤(3%)
→来自拉丁语 sentire,感觉，感知，词源同 sense.-ment,名词后缀。原指客观的感觉，后词义感 情化，多用于指伤感，哀伤。
感情(senti+ment→感觉→感情)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
n.感情,柔情;看法;感觉They have hostile sentiments towards us.他们对我们怀有敌意.
US [-tˌə-] noun
IDEA 思想
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable formal
■a thought, opinion or idea based on a feeling about a situation, or a way of thinking about something 观点；意见；看法；情绪
• Nationalist sentiment has increased in the area since the bombing. 爆炸案发生以来，该地区的民族主义情绪开始高涨。
• I don't think she shares my sentiments. 我认为她不同意我的观点。
• His son was overwhelmed by the sentiments of love and support in the cards and letters he received. 他儿子陶醉在自己所收到卡片和信件所表达的爱意和支持之中。
• formal "It's a very bad situation." "My sentiments exactly (= I completely agree)." “情况很糟。”“我也这么认为。”
UK ['sen.tɪ.mənt] US [-tˌə-] noun
FEELINGS 感情
uncountable often disapproving
■gentle feelings such as sympathy, love, etc., especially when considered to be silly or not suitable （尤指愚蠢的或不合适的）温情，伤感
• The film is flawed by slightly treacly sentiment. 这部电影的缺点在于其有点过于伤感滥情。
sentiment, sensation, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: n.思想感情，情绪，感情色彩，指由于某种思想唤起的感情，强调主观作用，有时候也带有理智成分。
 • When our grandmother died, we remembered her life with strong sentiment.   当祖母逝世时，我们深深地怀念她的一生。
sensation: n.指人体感官受到外部刺激时产生的感觉，知觉。
 • When she watched the film, she had the sensation that she was in a moving car.   她看电影时，感觉自己正坐在一辆开动的汽车上。
feeling: n.指一般的情绪、感觉，它一般不反映感情的本质和强度。
passion: n.激情，热情，欲望，极度的仇恨，指强烈的爱好、愤怒或情欲。
 • He spoke with passion about the love of freedom.   他满腔热情地谈论着对自由的热爱。
emotion: n.情感，感情，指喜怒哀乐等较激动的情绪，表示某物引起的激动。
 • He felt mixed emotions when he thought of her.   当他想起她时便产生一种复杂的感情。
sentiment, affection, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: 一般指由一种思想激起的感情，含较大的理智因素。
affection: 指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情。
feeling: 普通用词，含义广。多指具体的或内心的感受，或表露出来的强烈情感。
passion: 指极强烈的感情、尤指愤怒、爱好等。也常指两性间的爱情。
emotion: 普通用词，词义中性。泛指因外界刺激而引起思想情感从细微变化到最强烈的发作。
sentiment, idea, opinion, view
这组词都有“意见，看法，见解”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: 着重指基于情感而非推理所得出的，已经固定了的看法，常用复数形式。
idea: 普通用词，通常指凭感觉和想象所形成的看法或意见。
opinion: 普通用词，使用广泛。多指初步的或缺证据支持因而不十分肯定的意见或看法。
view: 侧重指个人对较广泛或重大问题所持的看法，常用复数形式。
n. [心理] 感情，情绪；情操；观点；多愁善感
 - mood, emotion, viewpoint, affection, heart

Word: unprecedented
Front: unprecedented
[ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd] (六托宝 4401/6047 -2)
Vocabulary: unprecedented
(once / 899 pages)
adj
Something that is unprecedented is not known, experienced, or done before. If you've never gone on a family beach vacation but you're planning one now, you could refer to it as an unprecedented decision.
The root of this word is precedent, a noun referring to something done or said that is used as an example to be followed in the future. In law, a precedent is a legal decision that is used as a standard in future cases. So the adjective unprecedented, meaning "having no precedent," was formed from the prefix un- "not," the noun precedent, and the suffix –ed "having."
WORD FAMILY
unprecedented: unprecedentedly+/precedented: precedentedly, unprecedented
USAGE EXAMPLES
The “unprecedented” personal wealth of Trump’s nominees warrants the delays, one senior Democratic aide said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
This was unprecedented, and it held a strange appeal.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The U.S. semiconductor industry is facing an unprecedented wave of consolidations, with mergers and acquisitions in the sector valued last year at over $100 billion.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 前所未有的，无前例的; 空前的; 无比的; 新奇的，崭新的
分布：前所未有的(69%)，空前的(31%)
【记】un不，precedent（n 先例），ed：没有先例的
US [-tˌɪd] adjective
 ADVANCED
■never having happened or existed in the past 史无前例的，空前的；绝无仅有的
• This century has witnessed environmental destruction on an unprecedented scale. 环境在本世纪遭到了空前的破坏。
adj. 空前的；无前例的
 - unheard-of, all-time

Word: meat
Front: meat
[mi:t] (中高雅 1788/2283 -K3)
Vocabulary: meat
(once / 120 pages)
n
Use meat to mean any food that comes from the flesh of an animal. Bacon is meat. Cupcakes are not meat.
You can refer to hamburgers, pork chops, and barbecued ribs as meat. It's okay to call chicken and turkey meat too, although formally it's known as poultry, while the flesh of fish is simply called fish. Sometimes the edible part of a nut is also called meat, although it's 100 percent vegetarian. If your grandmother thinks you're too skinny, she may feed you "to put some meat on your bones." In Old English, mete was just "food."
WORD FAMILY
meat: meatless, meats, meaty +/ meaty: meatier, meatiest, meatily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Any product with more than 8 percent foreign meat must say where the animal was born, raised and butchered.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There was no meat, no sugar, no pasta.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The team, Billitier said, was “dying for some fresh meat.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 肉; 食物; 实质
adj. 重要的; 基本的
分布：肉(99%)，主要或重要部分(1%)
→来自古英语mete,食物，来自Proto-Germanic*mati,来自mad,湿的，多汁的，词源同mate,mastoid.后词义限定为肉，其原义见中古英语词grene-mete,蔬菜，即green meat.
n.(食用)肉类He repeatedly repeats, "Eat meat."他再三重复说:"吃肉."
noun
FOOD 食物
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the flesh of an animal when it is used for food （可食用的）肉
• I don't eat meat. 我不吃肉。
• raw meat 生肉
• red/white meat 红／白肉
countable
■a type of meat （某一种）食用肉
• a buffet of cold meats and cheeses 冷肉及起司自助餐
[mi:t] noun
INTEREST 兴趣
uncountable
■important, valuable or interesting ideas or information 要点，实质；令人感兴趣的内容
• It was a nicely written article and quite amusing but there wasn't much meat to it. 这是篇文笔优美又饶有趣味的文章，但没甚么实质内容。
[mi:t] noun
be meat and drink to sb
■If a difficult or unpleasant activity is meat and drink to someone, they enjoy doing it very much and find it easy. 对（某人）来说是乐趣
[mi:t] noun
meat and two veg UK
■a traditional British meal of cooked, hot meat with two types of vegetables 英国传统餐食（煮肉配两种蔬菜）
[mi:t] noun
One man's meat is another man's poison. saying
■said to emphasize that people like different things 萝卜青菜各有所好。
flesh, meat
这组词都有“肉”的意思，其区别是：
flesh: 主要指人体或动物身上的肌肉组织，是从生理角度着眼的。也指动物的肉食。
meat: 是肉类的总称，指食用的肉，但不包括鱼类的肉。
n. [食品] 肉，肉类（食用）
 - flesh, carne

Word: stamp
Front: stamp
[stæmp] (中高托宝 5139/3923 -K3)
Vocabulary: stamp
(once / 179 pages)
1vn 2vn 3nv 4nv 5v
When you stamp, you step hard, either on the ground or on some object. If you're terrified of bugs, you might be tempted to stamp on a big, weird looking beetle.
You can stamp your foot when you're angry, or stamp out a small campfire after you've finished toasting marshmallows. Another way to stamp is to apply a mark or pattern to something — you might stamp your classmates' hands with ink as they enter the school dance, or stamp your return address onto an envelope. Stamp comes from Middle English, with a Germanic root — it's closely related to the German word stampfen, or "stamp with the foot."
WORD FAMILY
stamp: stamped, stamper, stamping, stamps+/stamper: stampers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Anti-poverty groups are now focused on preventing cuts to food stamp and welfare programs rather than trying to expand them as planned.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The family receives $68 in monthly food stamps and no other public assistance.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Everyone should read “Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America,” which shows how racism adapts to every anti-racist victory.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 邮票; 标志，印记; 跺脚; 特征
vt. 盖章于…; 贴邮票于…; 标记; 用脚踩踏
vi. 捣碎; 跺脚
时态：stamped, stamping, stamps
分布：邮票(59%)，印(26%)，跺脚(8%)，图章(4%)，盖章(3%)
→来 自 中 古 英 语 stampen, 踩 踏 ， 捣 ， 来 自 古 英 语 stempan, 捣 ， 碾 碎 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*stampijana,踩踏，击打，来自 stemp,踩踏，践踏，鼻音化自 stebh, 踩踏，词源同 step,stomp,stump.最终来自 sta,站立，词源同 stand.引申诸相关词义。
n.邮票;印;跺脚;标志v.跺脚,顿足;盖章He stamped on the stamps and slammed the lamp on the damp dam.他用脚踩邮票并将灯砰地摔在潮湿的坝上.
noun
LETTER 信函
 ESSENTIAL countable (formal postage stamp)
■a small piece of paper with a picture or pattern on it which is stuck onto a letter or parcel before it is posted to show that postage has been paid for 邮票
• I stuck a 50p stamp on the envelope. 我在信封上贴了一枚50便士的邮票。
countable UK
■A stamp is also a small piece of paper worth a particular amount of money which you can buy repeatedly as a way of paying for something over a period of time 印花（税票）
• vehicle licence stamps 机动车牌照印花税票
[stæmp] noun
MARK 标记
countable
■a tool for putting a mark on an object either by printing on it or pushing into it, or the mark made in this way 印，戳，章；印记，戳记
• A date stamp inside the front cover of a library book shows when it should be returned. 图书馆藏书封面背部上的日期戳标明了应还书日期。
[stæmp] noun
QUALITY 特性
uncountable
■a particular quality in something or someone, or a quality in something which shows it was done by a particular person or group of people 标记，特征；痕迹，烙印
• Although this painting clearly bears the stamp of genius, we don't know who painted it. 虽然这幅画明显是天才之作，但我们却不知其出自谁手。
• Each manager has left his or her own stamp on the way the company has evolved. 每一位经理都在公司的发展道路上留下了自己的印记。
[stæmp] noun
FOOT 脚
countable
■an act of putting the foot down on the ground hard, or the noise made in doing so （常指为表示生气）跺（脚）；重踏，重踩
• With a stamp of her foot she stormed out. 她一跺脚，冲了出去。
[stæmp] verb
MARK 标记
 ADVANCED transitive
■to put a mark on an object either by printing on it or pushing into it with a small tool 盖印；印上标记
• It is necessary to stamp your passport. 护照上必须盖章。
• Every carton of yoghurt is stamped with a sell-by date. 每盒酸乳酪上都盖有最迟销售日期。
[stæmp] verb
MOVE FOOT 脚的动作
intransitive or transitive (US also stomp)
■to put a foot down on the ground hard and quickly, making a loud noise, often to show anger （常指为表示生气）跺（脚）；重踏，重踩
• The little boy was stamping his foot and refusing to take his medicine. 那个小男孩跺着脚不肯吃药。
• She stood by the road, stamping her feet to stay warm. 她站在路边，跺着脚让自己暖和些。
• I wish those people upstairs would stop stamping (about/around). 我希望楼上那些人别再乱跺脚了。
• Why did you stamp on that insect? 你为甚么要踩那只虫子？
Compare stomp
[stæmp] verb
SHOW QUALITY 标示素质
transitive
■to mark with a particular quality or show that someone has a particular quality 归类；分类
• Our new administrator seems to be trying to stamp her authority on every aspect of the department. 我们的新主管似乎想在部门每个层面上都施展她的权威。
[stæmp] verb
stamped on sb's memory
■If a particular event, etc. is stamped on someone's memory, the person will always remember it 铭刻于（某人）的记忆中
• The awful sound of the crash will be stamped on her memory forever. 撞车时那可怕的声音将永远留在她的记忆中。
[stæmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stamp on sth
■to use force to stop or prevent something that you consider to be wrong or harmful 压制；镇压
• Any opposition to the new government was immediately stamped on by the army. 对新政府的任何反抗都立即被军队镇压了下去。
[stæmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stamp sth out
■to get rid of something that is wrong or harmful 消除，消灭
• The new legislation is intended to stamp out child prostitution. 新的立法旨在消除雏妓问题。
n. [邮] 邮票；印记；标志；跺脚
 - symbol, impression, print, seal, flag
vt. 铭记；标出；盖章于…；贴邮票于…；用脚踩踏
 - brand, heart
vi. 跺脚；捣碎；毁掉
 - break down, go to sticks and staves

Word: unfair
Front: unfair
[ˌʌnˈfeə(r)] (高四六托雅 4493/3625 -K3)
Back: adj. 不公正的，不公平的; 违反规则或准则的
分布：不公平的(100%)
US [-'fer] adjective
 IMPROVER
■not treating people in a equal way, or not morally right 不公平的，不公正的；不正当的
• an unfair system 不公平的制度
• [+ to infinitive] It's unfair to blame Roger. 责备罗杰是不公平的。
adj. 不公平的，不公正的
 - partial, unjust, inequitable, unequitable

Word: deadline
Front: deadline
[ˈdedlaɪn] (高研雅 4032/5295 -3)
Vocabulary: deadline
(once / 1207 pages)
n
A deadline is a date or time when something must be finished. At work and school, most projects have deadlines. If you don’t get your paper in by the deadline, you won’t get a good grade.
If you think missing a deadline and getting a low grade is bad, think about how this word came to be: It was a line that went around a prison and if a prisoner crossed it, he could be shot. Now that’s a deadline! A deadline sounds scary, and it does frighten a lot of people — if you don't get a paper in by the deadline, you could lose points or fail. But hey, you’ll live.
WORD FAMILY
deadline: deadlines
USAGE EXAMPLES
Expect hundreds more, however, once the Legislature settles in the in the first few weeks, and before filing deadlines.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While new deadlines, limits and rules will offer guidelines, the real needed change is in the culture.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Deadlines are regularly set, and flaws are relentlessly investigated.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 最后期限; 截止期限; 死线; 原稿截止时间
vt. 通过设定一时间期限来统治
分布：最后期限(90%)，截止时间(10%)
→死亡日期，引申义截止日期。
n.最后期限The deadline is next Monday.截止日期是下周一.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a time or day by which something must be done 最后期限；截止日期
• There's no way I can meet that deadline. 我根本无法在那个期限内完成。
• We're working to a tight deadline (= We do not have much time to finish the work). 我们的工作期限很紧。
• I'm afraid you've missed the deadline - the deadline for applications was May 30th. 恐怕你已经错过了规定的期限——申请的截止日期是5月30日。

Word: shirt
Front: shirt
[ʃɜ:t] (中高 1771/2401 -K3)
Back: n. 衬衫，衬衣; 内衣，汗衫
分布：衬衫(99%)，给…穿上衬衫(1%)
→来自古英语 scyrte,衬衣，短袍，来自 Proto-Germanic*skurtjon,短衫，来自 sker,切，分开， 词源同 shear,skirt,short.
n.衬衫The virtueless girl's duty is to wash the dirty shirts and skirts in the outskirts.无美德女孩的职责就是在郊区洗脏衬衣和裙子.
US [ʃɝ:t] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a piece of clothing worn, especially by men, on the upper part of the body, made of light cloth like cotton and usually having a collar and buttons at the front （尤指男式）衬衣，衬衫
• a striped/white shirt 条纹／白衬衫
• a short-/long-sleeved shirt 短袖／长袖衬衫
• You've spilled something down your shirt front. 你把甚么东西洒在衬衫前襟上了。
⇒ See also nightshirt;sweatshirt;T-shirt
UK [ʃɜ:t] US [ʃɝ:t] noun countable
keep your shirt on (UK also keep your hair on) informal
■said to tell someone to stop being so angry or upset 别生气
• Keep your shirt on! Your car isn't badly damaged! 别生气！你的车受损不严重！
UK [ʃɜ:t] US [ʃɝ:t] noun countable
put your shirt on sth UK informal
■to feel very certain that something will happen 确信…会发生
• I'd put my shirt on the President being re-elected. 我肯定总统会再次当选。
UK [ʃɜ:t] US [ʃɝ:t] noun countable
the shirt off sb's back informal
■the last thing that someone has left （某人）仅剩的家当
• He's the kind of man who'd give you the shirt off his back. 他是那种能为你付出一切的人。
n. [服装] 衬衫；汗衫，内衣
 - singlet, undershirt

Word: distinguish
Front: distinguish
[dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ] (高研四六托雅 3246/2265 -K2)
Vocabulary: distinguish
(once / 73 pages)
v
To distinguish means to tell apart. If you win the lottery, you’re going to need to learn to distinguish between people who really like you and people who like your money.
To distinguish is to discern, which means to perceive or recognize the way something differs from what’s around it. It takes discerning taste buds to distinguish between Coke and Pepsi. Distinguish also means to separate yourself out from the pack, usually in a good way. You might distinguish yourself at a Comics Convention with your encyclopedic knowledge of Krazy Kat.
WORD FAMILY
distinguish: distinguishable, distinguished, distinguishes, distinguishing+/ distinguishable: distinguishably, indistinguishable, undistinguishable/ distinguished: distinguishedly, undistinguished/ indistinguishable: indistinguishability, indistinguishably/undistinguishable: undistinguishably
USAGE EXAMPLES
She said that distinguishes the brand from standard wine advertising, which involves bottles “in the kitchen with cheese.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Of course, there's a lot of crud too - the challenge is to distinguish the potential hits from the glitch-ridden flops.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Many great football coaches are distinguished by specific philosophical bents.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 区分，辨别，分清; 辨别是非
vt. 区分，辨别，分清; 辨别出，识别; 引人注目，有别于; 使杰出，使著名
时态：distinguished, distinguishing, distinguishes
分布：区别(83%)，辨认(9%)，使显著(8%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-sting, 刺，做标记，词源同sting, stick. 即分开标记的，区分清楚的。
区别;辩出(dis分开+stingu[=sting]+ish→把刺分开→区别)[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
v.(from)区别,辨别;辨认出;使杰出In this district I can strictly distinguish the distinct distinctions of bees' stings by instinct.在该地区我能靠直觉严格分辨蜜蜂刺的明显特征.
【记】dis分开，sting刺－以刺眼的记号明白分开－区分
【参】distinguished（adj 著名的；高贵的）＝celebrated＝eminentinstigate（v 鼓动）；extinguish（vt 熄灭；压制）
【反】eminent（adj 杰出的）－undistinguished（adj 平凡普通的）
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [not continuous]
■to notice or understand the difference between two things, or to make one person or thing seem different from another 区分，分辨；使有所区别
• He's colour-blind and can't distinguish (the difference) between red and green easily. 他是色盲，很难分清红色和绿色（的不同）。
• I sometimes have difficulty distinguishing Spanish from Portuguese. 我有时很难分清西班牙语和葡萄牙语。
• It's important to distinguish between business and pleasure. 分清哪是正事、哪是娱乐非常重要。
• It's not the beauty so much as the range of his voice that distinguishes him from other tenors. 他与其他男高音大不相同，并非因为他那华美的声音，而是他宽广的音域。
distinguish yourself [R]
■to do something so well that you are admired and praised for it 使自己出类拔萃，表现突出
• He distinguished himself in British theatre at a very early age. 他很小时就在英国戏剧界崭露头角。
discriminate, discern, distinguish
这组词都有“区别、辨别”的意思，其区别是：
discriminate: 语气强，指从十分相似的事物中辨出差异，尤其把好坏区分开来。
discern: 语义较笼统，着重精深与准确的观察力，不一定有能分辨关系密切的各项事物的含义。
distinguish: 普通用词，指辨别者的能力或实际观察到的区别，强调辨别所需的技巧。
vt. 区分；辨别；使杰出，使表现突出
 - tell apart, differentiate
vi. 区别，区分；辨别
 - differentiate, tell from

Word: palace
Front: palace
[ˈpæləs] (中高雅 4678/1935 -K3)
Vocabulary: palace
(once / 80 pages)
n
A palace is a beautiful, large house where someone important, like a king, lives.
Have you ever seen Buckingham Palace? That's where the Queen of England lives, and it's an enormous, ornate, heavily guarded building, which is typical of palaces. Palaces are lavish and over-the-top, because they are usually the home of a ruler such as a king, queen, or dictator. If you don’t live like a king, take comfort in this quote from the English poet John Donne: “Be thine own palace, or the world’s thy jail.”
WORD FAMILY
palace: palaces, palatial +/ palatial: palatially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Outside Caesars Palace, a group of people preaching Christianity yelled judgments at the pedestrians with bullhorns.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Crystal Palace goalkeeper Wayne Hennessey: There seem to be a lot of wonder goals recently.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The palace announced on Dec. 20 she would step down as patron of several charities and other organizations to reduce her workload.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 宫，宫殿; （主教）邸宅，宏伟大厦; 华丽的娱乐场所
分布：宫殿(94%)，王室(4%)，豪华住宅(2%)
→来自拉丁语palatium,王宫，宫殿，来自Mons Palatinus,即the Palatine Mountain,古罗马七座山丘之一，凯撒大帝原住所，后罗马皇帝尼禄在此大兴土木，建立宫殿。该词字面意思可能是围栏，围场，来自palus,木桩，词源同pole,palisade.
n.宫,宫殿The lace placed in the palace is replaced first, and displaced later.放在皇宫的带子先被替换,后来被转移.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a large house that is the official home of a king, queen or other person of high social rank 宫殿
• a royal/presidential palace 王宫／总统官邸
• The Queen has agreed to open Buckingham Palace to the public. 女王同意对外开放白金汉宫。
■old-fashioned
■used in the names of large buildings, such as cinemas or places where people go dancing （用于电影院、舞厅等大型建筑物的名称中）
• An old movie palace is being restored. 一家豪华的老电影院正在修复中。
n. 宫殿；宅邸；豪华住宅
 - mansion, puri

Word: mouse
Front: mouse
[maʊs] (中高研四六 3305/2845 -K2)
Vocabulary: mouse
(once / 297 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A small rodent with a pointy face, rounded ears, and a long tail is called a mouse. A mouse may be kept as a pet, or it may be an uninvited guest in your home.
A person who is timid and shy can also be called a mouse. In computer terms, a mouse is a corded or wireless device that moves your computer's cursor while you move the mouse. In most cases, the plural of mouse is "mice," but more than one computer mouse can also be called "mouses." Mouse can also be a verb in this context, like when you mouse over an icon to select a link.
WORD FAMILY
mouse: mice, mouse-colored, moused, mouselike, mouses, mousey, mousing, mousy +/ mousy: mousiest, mousily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fish are much cheaper than the mice traditionally used in such experiments.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Basically you sew together an obese mouse that is missing leptin with a slim mouse, surgically attaching their circulatory systems.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
A new study with mice fills in one piece of that puzzle.
New York Times(Jun 15, 2016)
Back: n. 老鼠; 鼠标; 羞怯[胆小]的人; [非正式用语] 眼部青肿
vi. 捕鼠; 窥探，偷偷地寻找
时态：moused, mousing, mouses
分布：鼠标(55%)，老鼠(42%)，捕鼠(2%)，胆小如鼠的人(1%)
→来自mus,老鼠，词源同muscle,mussel.引申词义鼠标。
n.(pl.mice)鼠,耗子The mouse's tearing the blouse and trousers aroused the housewife's anger.老鼠撕咬短衫和裤子激起了主妇的怒火.
noun (plural mice)
ANIMAL 动物
 IMPROVER countable
■a small mammal with short fur, a pointed face, and a long tail 鼠
• a field mouse 田鼠
• a pet mouse 宠物鼠
[maʊs] noun (plural mice)
COMPUTER 电脑
 IMPROVER countable
■a small device which you move across a surface in order to move a cursor on your computer screen （电脑的）滑鼠
[maʊs] noun (plural mice)
PERSON 人
countable usually singular
■a shy, quiet, nervous person 腼腆害羞的人
mouse, rat
这组词都有“老鼠，耗子”的意思，其区别是：
mouse: 一般指体形较小的家鼠。
rat: 一般指生活在室外体形较大的一种老鼠。
n. [计] 鼠标；老鼠；胆小羞怯的人
 - ratton
vi. 捕鼠；窥探
 - rat, pry about

Word: diet
Front: diet
[ˈdaɪət] (高研四六托雅 2139/1964 -K4)
Vocabulary: diet
(once / 288 pages)
1nv 2n
Diet means the usual food and drink consumed by a person or animal. A healthy diet for your pet is not the same as your diet, so you shouldn't feed your dog all your table scraps.
If you limit the number of calories you eat in order to lose weight, or restrict certain foods for your health, you can also call this a diet. If you want to lose 10 pounds by summer, you might have to go on a diet. In certain countries, the word diet, though pronounced the same, has a non-food related meaning: the diet is the legislative branch of the government in countries like Japan.
WORD FAMILY
diet: dietary, dieted, dieter, dietetic, dietetical, dietician, dieting, dietitian, diets+/dietary: dietaries/dieter: dieters/dietetic: dietetically/ dietician: dieticians/dietitian: dietitians
USAGE EXAMPLES
The same men also donated pads after wearing them on a garlic-free diet.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Their diet mainly consists of bread, rice and tea.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After our conversation, Mom put me on a diet.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 日常饮食; 规定饮食
vt. & vi. （使）节制饮食
vi. 节食; 进规定饮食
时态：dieted, dieting, diets
分布：节食(85%)，规定饮食(10%)，喂食(3%)，照规定饮食(1%)，日常食物(1%)
→来自拉丁语dieta, 一日的工作，饮食，作息。
n.饮食,食物The lying liar lied to the dying diet maker that the tie was dyed blue.躺着的说谎者对临死的食疗制作者谎称带子染成了兰色.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the food and drink usually eaten or drunk by a person or group （日常）饮食
• Diet varies between different countries in the world. 世界各国的饮食各不相同。
• a healthy/balanced/varied diet 健康／均衡／多样化的饮食
• Rice is the staple diet (= most important food) of many people in China. 在中国大米是很多人的主食。
• The children seem to exist on a diet of burgers and chips. 孩子们好像离不开汉堡包和炸薯条。
 IMPROVER countable
■when someone eats less food, or only particular types of food, because they want to become thinner or for medical reasons 节食，限制饮食
• I'm going on a diet next week and hope to lose two kilos before Christmas. 下周我要节食，希望在圣诞节之前能减掉两公斤。
• a crash/strict/calorie-controlled diet 突击／严格／控制热量的节食
• The doctor put me on a low-salt diet to reduce my blood pressure. 为了降低血压，医生规定我要低盐饮食。
only singular
■a particular type of thing that you experience or do regularly, or a limited range of activities 程式，套路；有限的几种活动
• He was brought up on a diet of political propaganda from birth. 他一出生就开始接受老一套的政治宣传。
• The TV only offers a diet of comedies and old movies every evening. 每天晚上电视播放的都是有限的几部喜剧片和老电影。
['daɪ.ət] adjective [before noun]
■describes food or drink that contains much less sugar or fat than the usual type, and is often sweetened artificially （食物或饮品）健康的，低脂的，低糖的
• diet cola 健怡可乐
['daɪ.ət] verb intransitive
■to limit the food and/or drink which you take, especially in order to lose weight （尤指为减肥而）节食，控制饮食
• You should be able to reduce your weight by careful dieting. 透过小心控制饮食你应该可以减轻体重。
provisions, diet, food
这组词都有“食物”的意思，其区别是：
provisions: 指即时应用或储藏备用的食物或粮食。
diet: 指规定的或惯常的食物，尤指维持健康的定量或定质食物，也指疗养时规定的食物。
food: 普通常用词，泛指一切能充饥和补充人或动物身体消耗的食物。
n. [食品] 饮食；食物； [医] 规定饮食
 - eating, food and drink

Word: unexpected
Front: unexpected
[ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd] (研四六 3567/3366 -K3)
Vocabulary: unexpected
(once / 166 pages)
adj
Use the adjective unexpected to describe something that takes you by surprise. An unexpected knock on your front door might make you jump.
When you don't anticipate something, and have no clue that it's coming, you can call it unexpected. A successful surprise party is always unexpected, and an unexpected visitor can be exciting or inconvenient, depending on who it is. If you expect an event, you know it's going to occur, but if it's unexpected, it seems to come from nowhere. The Latin root is expectare, "await, look out for, desire, or hope."
WORD FAMILY
unexpected: unexpecteder, unexpectedly, unexpectedness+/ expect: expectable, expectant, expectation, expected, expecting, expects/expectable: expectably/expectancy: expectancies/ expectant: expectancy, expectantly/ expectation: expectations/ expected: expectedly, expectedness, unexpected
USAGE EXAMPLES
After their unexpected success in November's elections, Republicans will control both houses in the new session of the US Congress.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
A path determined by these resolutions may lead to unexpected places, maybe not to a sty, but perhaps to a stable and a star.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“Expect the unexpected,” said Sabine Kaiser, founder of SKadvisory, which advises family offices on venture capital and private equity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 想不到的，料不到的; 意外的; 忽然的; 突然的
分布：想不到的(54%)，意外的(46%)
a.想不到的,意外的,未预料到From the experiment the experienced expert gained an unexpected expertise.有经验的专家从实验中获得一项意外技能.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■not expected 出乎意料的，想不到的
• Well, fancy seeing you here! This really is an unexpected pleasure ! 哇，真想不到在这里碰上你！真是个意外之喜！
adj. 意外的，想不到的
 - sudden, surprising

Word: poorly
Front: poorly
[ˈpɔ:li] (5136/6339 -1)
Back: adv. 穷困地; 差劲地; 看不起地
adj. 身体不舒服的; 健康欠佳的
分布：贫穷地(32%)，身体不舒服的(26%)，贫乏地(17%)，心情恶劣的(17%)，不充份地(8%)
US ['pʊr-] adverb
■not well 糟糕地，不好地
• A business as poorly managed as that one doesn't deserve to succeed. 像那样管理不善的企业就不该成功。
UK ['pɔ:.li] US ['pʊr-] adverb
think poorly of sb/sth old-fashioned
■to have a low opinion of someone or something 对…评价低；看不上
UK ['pɔ:.li] US ['pʊr-] adjective [after verb] UK informal
■ill 身体不舒服的，健康不佳的
• He says he's feeling poorly and he's going back to bed. 他说他觉得不舒服，要躺回床上去。
adv. 贫穷地；贫乏地；不充分地
 - barely, sparsely
adj. 身体不舒服的；心情恶劣的
 - off-colour, ailing

Word: horror
Front: horror
[ˈhɒrə(r)] (研四六托 3318/2937 -K3)
Vocabulary: horror
(once / 112 pages)
n
The noun horror means intense fear, so you can use it when you describe the horror you felt when you dreamed you were flying on a bumpy airplane with a bunch of clowns.
Horror is a powerful word that refers to a powerful feeling, either of terror, disgust, or shock. You might reel back from the horror of a smelly locker room, or gasp in horror at a gory scene in a movie. Horror can also be used to describe the genre of film that might make you gasp: a horror movie. The Latin word horror means "bristling, roughness, rudeness, shaking, or trembling."
WORD FAMILY
horror: horrify, horrors+/horrified: horrifiedly/ horrify: horrified, horrifies, horrifying / horrifying: horrifyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Culture Secretary Karen Bradley said it was important to remember the "horrors" of the Ypres battlefields, and honour the memories of the many who died.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The film progresses from that to the horrors of mass criminalisation and the prison industry.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think we created something new, something of a twist on horror movies on the independent scale that we haven’t seen yet.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 恐怖，可怕的事物; 嫌恶，痛恨; 讨厌的人或事; 〈口〉非常丑恶
分布：恐怖(78%)，恐怖的(9%)，震惊(6%)，厌恶(4%)，战栗(3%)
→来自拉丁语horrere,因恐惧而毛发竖立，颤抖，来自ghers,竖立的毛发，硬毛，词源同hair.引申词义厌恶，恐惧。
n.恐怖,战栗He was filled with horror at the sight.他看见那种情景吓得发抖.
US ['hɔ:r.ɚ] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■an extremely strong feeling of fear and shock, or the frightening and shocking character of something 恐惧；震惊；（…的）震惊性，恐怖性
• The crowd cried out in horror as the car burst into flames. 当汽车突然起火时，人群发出一阵惊恐的叫声。
• The thought of speaking in front of so many people fills me with horror. 一想到要在那么多人面前讲话，我心里就不由得一阵害怕。
• I then realized to my absolute horror, that I had forgotten the present. 那时我惊恐地意识到，我把礼物给忘了。
• What the book does convey very successfully is the horror of war. 那本书的确成功描绘出战争的恐怖。
horrors [plural]
■things that are very shocking or frightening 威胁；令人震惊的事
• The population now faces the horrors of starvation. 人们现在正面临着饥饿的威胁。
• Nuclear war is one of the horrors that face the modern world. 核子战争是当今世介面临的几大威胁之一。
countable UK informal
■a child who behaves very badly 淘气鬼，捣蛋鬼
• Her youngest boy is a little horror. 她最小的儿子是个小淘气。
UK ['hɒr.ər] US ['hɔ:r.ɚ] noun
have a horror of sth
■to hate something very much or be very frightened of something 憎恨；非常害怕
• It may be childish but I have a horror of worms. 这可能有些孩子气，可是我真是非常害怕虫子。
UK ['hɒr.ər] US ['hɔ:r.ɚ] noun
horror of horrors UK humorous
■said when you are telling someone about a very bad or embarrassing situation 极其糟糕
• Then I went to the toilets and, horror of horrors, discovered that my zip had been undone. 最糟糕的是，当我上厕所的时候发现裤子的拉链一直开着。
alarm, fear, fright, horror, panic, terror, dread
这些名词均含“恐惧、惧怕、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 强调突然意识到有危险而产生的恐惧心理。
fear: 普通用词，侧重指面临危险或灾祸时内心所引起的恐惧心情。
fright: 通常指一阵突然的、令人震惊的短暂恐惧，有时含夸张意味。
horror: 侧重指因看到令人讨厌或危险的东西或情景而引起的厌恶情绪、极度恐惧心情或战栗的动作。
panic: 常指因突如其来的外界威胁使人群出现惊慌、恐惧或混乱。
terror: 指极大的恐惧和惊骇，语气最强。
dread: 可与fear换用，着重害怕的心理，但dread常指胆怯和丧失勇气。
n. 惊骇；惨状；极端厌恶；令人恐怖的事物
 - fright, naupathia

Word: grey
Front: grey
[ɡreɪ] (研四六 37508/1899 -K5)
Vocabulary: grey
(once / 227 pages)
1adjnv 2nadj 3adj 4n
Grey is an alternate spelling for the word gray, which is a color derived from mixing white and black. The word has also come to stand in for other mixtures as well. A person in a grey mood feels gloomy.
If you are commanding a military force and you’re not sure whether you should attack a crowd that is half enemy fighters and half innocent citizens, you could say the decision falls in a grey zone. Grey can be a verb too. When you get old, your hair will grey if you don’t go bald first.
WORD FAMILY
grey: greyed, greyer, greyest, greying, greyingly, greyish, greyness, greys
USAGE EXAMPLES
“New Year’s morning in Beijing, I thought I was blind,” said another, attaching a photo of a window completely darkened with grey haze.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
It looks longer, possibly greyer… He’s just got different hair.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In contrast her mother was Alfred Hitchcock’s ideal, remote “woman in grey” and represented highly-strung perfection in Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo and Marnie.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 灰色的; 灰白的
vt. 使变成灰色; 使变老
vi. 变成灰色; 老化
n. 灰色
时态：greyed, greying, greys
分布：灰色(80%)，灰色的(19%)，变成灰色(1%)
→来自gray的拼写变体。
n./a.(gray)灰色(的)She is going grey.她的头发变灰白了.
(US usually gray) [greɪ] adjective
COLOUR 颜色（的）
 ESSENTIAL
■of the colour that is a mixture of black and white, the colour of rain clouds 灰色（的）；灰白色（的）
• a grey sky 灰暗的天空
■having hair that has become grey or white, usually because of age （通常因年老而）头发灰白的
• He started to go/turn grey in his mid-forties. 他45岁左右头发就开始变得灰白了。
■describes the weather when there are a lot of clouds and little light （天气）昏暗的，阴沉的
• Night turned into morning, grey and cold. 黎明驱走夜色，天气阴沉而寒冷。
(US usually gray) [greɪ] adjective
BORING 郁闷的
■boring and sad 单调乏味的；忧郁的；郁闷的
• He saw a grey future stretch ahead of him. 在他眼中，未来一片黯淡。
(US usually gray) [greɪ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the colour that is a mixture of black and white, the colour of rain clouds 灰色（的）；灰白色（的）
• She was dressed in grey. 她穿着灰色的衣服。
dim, dark, vague, grey, obscure, black, gloomy
这组词都有“完全地或不完全地缺少光亮”的意思，其区别是：
dim: 指光线不足或视力较差，不能清晰地看见物体。
dark: 最普通用词，指缺乏自然光线或人工照明，使某物漆黑无光或光线十分微弱。
vague: 通常作借喻用，形容抽象事物。
grey: 与dark意思相近，但侧重阴暗单调的意味。
obscure: 指因光线不充足而使物体灰暗不清，失去光泽或若隐若现。作借喻时指因复杂、深奥或含糊而难于理解。
black: 侧重颜色是黑色的，有时也指无光的黑暗。
gloomy: 指光线不足或部分光线受阻而出现的阴暗。
adj. 灰色的；灰白的
 - gray, cinereous
vt. 使变成灰色；使变老
 - age
vi. 变成灰色；老化
 - grizzle
n. 灰色
 - gray, grigio, Pixel Toy Remix

Word: quota
Front: quota
[ˈkwəʊtə] (研托雅宝 6055/4604 -2)
Vocabulary: quota
(once / 1392 pages)
n
A quota is a specific number of things. If a quota is placed on the total number of apples each visitor can pick at an orchard, it means that once you've picked a certain number of apples, you have to stop.
Usually a quota places an upper limit on the total number or amount of some item. There are quotas placed on all kinds of things, like immigrants entering a country, goods exported, or students admitted to a particular school. Quota comes from the Latin phrase quota pars, or "how large a part".
WORD FAMILY
quota: quotas
USAGE EXAMPLES
In October Mr Orban held a referendum of his own, calling on Hungarian voters to reject the EU's refugee quotas.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
As well as the right to marry and inherit property, they are also eligible for quotas in jobs and educational institutions.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The authorities face an imminent test as the clock is reset on individuals’ annual foreign-exchange quotas.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （正式限定的）定量，定额; 配额; 指标
分布：配额(71%)，定额(15%)，限额(13%)，最低票数(1%)
→来自拉丁语quot,多少，来自kwo,疑问代词词干，词源同quality,quantity.用于指战士或士兵的供给定额或配额，后词义通用化。
n.(生产,进出口等的)配额,(移民的)限额Each has his quota of work.每个人都有自己的工作.
【记】源于：quantity（n 数量）
【参】quorum（n 法定人数）
【反】unlimited number（不限额）
US ['kwoʊ.tˌə] noun countable
■a fixed, limited amount or number that is officially allowed 定额，限额，配额
• The country now has a quota on immigration. 该国目前对外来移民人数有限额。
• figurative The class contains the usual quota (= number) of troublemakers. 班上也有那些捣乱的人。
n. 配额； [经管] 定额； [经] 限额
 - norm, allowance

Word: lane
Front: lane
[leɪn] (研四六雅 4136/1758 -K3)
Vocabulary: lane
(once / 183 pages)
n
A lane is a relatively narrow street or road. Most country lanes never get backed up with rush hour traffic.
There's the kind of lane that meanders through wooded, hilly countryside, and then there's the lane that's one particular row of traffic on the a busier road. This second kind of lane is sometimes just one of many options, like on an eight-lane highway. You might also choose a lane in a swimming pool, if you swim competitively or among many lap swimmers.
WORD FAMILY
lane: lanes, multilane
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Yellow Jackets struggled badly in the lane, unable to capitalize on 13 offensive rebounds in the first half.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After a timeout with 41.8 seconds left, Powers drove the right side of the lane to tie it at 86.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The San Ysidro plan also calls for new bicycle lanes and pedestrian improvements to encourage people to stop commuting by car.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 小路，小巷; 航道，空中走廊，规定的单向行车道; 车道; [篮球]罚球区
分布：小巷(38%)，小路(35%)，航道(11%)，跑道(8%)，行车道(8%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*lano,小巷，通道，来自le,走，移动，词源可能同lead.
n.小路,小巷,行车道In the lane the planer saw a planet airplane under the crane.在巷道里,刨工看见了起重机下的行星飞机.
noun countable
ROAD 路
 IMPROVER
■a narrow road in the countryside or in a town 乡间小路；小巷，小街，胡同
• He drives so fast along those narrow country lanes. 在那些狭窄的乡间小路上他把车开得飞快。
• I live at the end of Church Lane. 我住在教堂巷的最里面。
[leɪn] noun countable
STRIP 条带
■a special strip of a road, sports track or swimming pool that is used to keep vehicles or competitors separate 车道；（田径比赛的）跑道，泳道
• a bus/cycle lane 公车／脚踏车车道
• The northbound lane is closed because of an accident. 北上的车道因发生事故已经封闭。
• I find driving in the fast lane rather stressful. 我发现在快车道行驶时精神非常紧张。
• The British runners/swimmers are in lanes 4 and 6. 英国径赛／游泳选手处在第四道和第六道。
■a route through the sea or the air which ships or aircraft regularly sail or fly along 航道，航线
• The English Channel is the busiest shipping lane in the world. 英吉利海峡是世界上最繁忙的水运航道。
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
n. [交] 车道；小巷； [航] [水运] 航线
 - vector, driveway

Word: consortium
Front: consortium
[kənˈsɔ:tiəm] (托 8081/6238 -2)
Vocabulary: consortium
(once / 3445 pages)
n
Consortium is a fancy word for a group you form for an enterprise beyond what any one member could do alone. All the grocery stores in your neighborhood might form a consortium for the promotion of local strawberries.
Consortium comes from the verb consort, which means "to accompany or associate." Consortium used to mean "fellowship, participation, society," but these days you're more likely to hear consortium for an association of different institutions like schools or companies than, say, a consortium of philosophical frog lovers. Still, consortiums usually preserve the ideals of fellowship, with every member institution chipping in to reach a common goal.
WORD FAMILY
consortium: consortia, consortiums
USAGE EXAMPLES
The largest agency consortium in America says travel will remain affordable next year.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The legislation creates a grants program for which companies, nonprofit organizations, and academic-industry consortia would be eligible as well as universities.
Science Magazine(Dec 29, 2016)
Israel re-created a mural of local flora and fauna that he showed at the Consortium in Dijon, France, in 2013.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 财团; 组合，共同体; [法]配偶的地位和权利; <美>大学联盟协定
分布：财团(78%)，联合(21%)，合伙(1%)
→con-, 强调。-sort, 种类，类型，词源同series, sort. 即同类型的，形成团体的。
US [-'sɔ:r.tˌi-] (plural consortiums or consortia)
noun countable
■an organization of several businesses or banks joining together as a group for a shared purpose （数家公司或银行联合组成的）联营企业；财团；银团
• a consortium of textile manufacturers 纺织企业联合集团
n. 财团； [生物] 联合；合伙
 - alliance, partnership, combined with, combination, unity, union, association

Word: nerve
Front: nerve
[nɜ:v] (研四六宝 3083/3005 -K3)
Vocabulary: nerve
(once / 66 pages)
1n 2nv
A nerve is a group of fibers that send sensation or physical feeling to the brain. Back pain can sometimes be caused by a damaged or pinched nerve.
Your body depends on your nerves for sensing pain, heat, and cold — not to mention making it possible for you to move your muscles. You can also use the word nerve to mean bravery or daring: "She didn't know if she'd have the nerve to skydive when she was finally up in the plane." In the 1500s, to nerve was "to ornament with threads." All of these come from a Latin root, nervus, "sinew, tendon, cord, or bowstring."
WORD FAMILY
nerve: nerved, nerveless, nerves, nerving, nervous, nervy, unnerve+/nerveless: nervelessly, nervelessness/ nervous: nervouser, nervously, nervousness/nervousness: nervousnesses/ nervy: nervier, nerviest, nervily/unnerve: unnerved, unnerves, unnerving / unnerving: unnervingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Farmer, who started at outside linebacker in place of the suspended Manny Bowen, said the nerves disappeared after his first collision on special teams.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But other Navy officials, who spoke on background with The Times, said nerves are on edge over Mr. Duterte’s negative posturing toward the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It just kind of struck a nerve with me,” said Kevin Cooney, a voter from The Courier Times in Bucks County, Pa.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 神经; 勇气，胆量; [植] 叶脉; 中枢
vt. 鼓励，激励; 鼓起勇气
时态：nerved, nerving, nerves
分布：神经(83%)，勇气(12%)，鼓起勇气(3%)，叶脉(1%)，敏感处(1%)
→来自拉丁语nervus,跟腱，肌筋，来自sneu,跟腱，肌筋，来自sne,缝制，编织，词源同needle,net.后用于指人体的筋脉，引申词义神经，神经质，勇气，气魄等。
n.神经;勇敢,胆量She is all nerves.她太神经过敏.
【参】neurology（n 神经学）；neurosis（n 神经症）
【反】appall（v 使胆寒）；diffidence（n 缺乏自信）
US [nɝ:v] noun
BODY 身体
 IMPROVER countable
■a group of long thin fibres (= structures like threads) that carry information or instructions between the brain and other parts of the body 神经
• the optic nerve 视神经
• a spinal nerve 脊神经
• nerve damage 神经损伤
• nerve fibres 神经纤维
UK [nɜ:v] US [nɝ:v] noun
BRAVERY 勇敢
uncountable
■bravery or confidence necessary to do something difficult, unpleasant or rude 勇气；胆量；魄力
• It takes a lot of nerve to be a bomb disposal expert. 当拆弹专家需要极大勇气。
• I wanted to ask her out, but I lost my nerve and couldn't go through with it. 我曾想约她出来，但我失去了勇气，说不出口。
• [+ to infinitive] I didn't have the nerve to tell him what I really thought of his suggestion. 我没胆量告诉他我对他的建议的真实看法。
UK [nɜ:v] US [nɝ:v] noun
WORRY 紧张
nerves [plural]
■worry or anxiety about something that is going to happen 紧张不安；提心吊胆
• I never suffer from nerves when I'm speaking in public. 我当众讲话从不紧张。
• She was a bundle of nerves (= very nervous) before the audition. 她试演之前非常紧张。
• I always have a cigarette to calm/steady my nerves (= make me less nervous) before I go on stage. 我在上台前总会抽支烟来稳定自己的情绪。
get on sb's nerves
■to annoy someone a lot 使（某人）心烦
• We really got on each other's nerves when we were living together. 我们住在一起时确实闹得不可开交。
• Please stop making that noise! It really gets on my nerves. 请不要再发出那种噪声了！它吵得我很心烦。
UK [nɜ:v] US [nɝ:v] noun
RUDENESS 粗鲁
[S or U]
■the rudeness to do something that you know will upset other people 厚颜无耻，厚脸皮
• [+ to infinitive] She's late for work every day, but she still has the nerve to lecture me about punctuality. 她天天迟到，居然还有脸教训我要准时。
• That man has such a nerve! He's always blaming me for things that are his fault. 那人真是无耻！有些事明明是他的过错，他却总来责备我。
• She drove the car into a tree and then told me it was my fault for not concentrating, of all the nerve! 她开车撞到树，却怪我精神不集中，真亏她说得出来！
UK [nɜ:v] US [nɝ:v] noun
have nerves of steel
■to be very brave 极有胆量
• You need to have nerves of steel to be a fighter pilot. 当战斗机飞行员需要有过人的胆量。
UK [nɜ:v] US [nɝ:v] noun
hit / touch a (raw) nerve
■to upset someone 触到痛处
• She touched a raw nerve when she mentioned that job he didn't get. 她提到那份他没有得到的工作，触到了他的痛处。
UK [nɜ:v] US [nɝ:v] verb
nerve yourself [R] UK to make yourself brave enough to do something 鼓足勇气
• [+ to infinitive] It took her several months before she eventually nerved herself (up) to invite him to her house. 她过了好几个月才终于鼓足勇气邀请他去自己家。
bravery, courage, nerve, backbone
这组词都有“勇气、胆量”的意思，其区别是：
bravery: 指在危险中表现出的无所畏惧精神或在逆境中仍能坚持下去的毅力。
courage: 普通用词。指面对危险或困难时无所畏惧的精神和敢于奋斗的进取心。
nerve: 侧重指面临危险或在冒险的情况下具有冷静、清醒的头脑和坚定无畏的勇气。
backbone: 指性格倔强，意志坚定，有骨气，有顽强的决心去做某事。
n. [解剖] 神经；勇气； [植] 叶脉
 - courage, heart
vt. 鼓起勇气
 - take courage, get up the courage

Word: blind
Front: blind
[blaɪnd] (中高研四六雅 2716/2926 -K3)
Vocabulary: blind
(once / 81 pages)
1adjvn 2adj 3n
Someone who's blind can't see. People who are blind can often get around easily with the aid of a cane and sometimes a service dog.
You might get hit by a baseball and end up blind in one eye, or be temporarily blind after a trip to the eye doctor. The word also means "without looking," as in a blind taste test of three different brands of chocolate milk. A figurative way to be blind is to refuse or be unable to see the truth: "He was blind to the reality of the situation." This tendency can be called a person's "blind side."
WORD FAMILY
blind: blinded, blinder, blindest, blinding, blindingly, blindly, blindness, blinds+/blinder: blinders/ blinding: blindingest/blindness: blindnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
"They should be starting with the outcome that they want and working backwards. Right now they are literally just kind of flying blind."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
It’s been building up for years, and now the contrasts in America are so glaring as to be blinding.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“New Year’s morning in Beijing, I thought I was blind,” said another, attaching a photo of a window completely darkened with grey haze.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 失明的; 盲目的，轻率的; 供盲人用的; 隐蔽的
vt. 弄瞎，使失明; 蒙蔽，欺瞒; 使变暗; 使昏聩
n. 掩饰; 借口; 百叶窗
adv. 盲目地; 看不见地
时态：blinded, blinding, blinds
分布：盲目的(39%)，百叶窗(18%)，瞎的(13%)，盲目地(11%)，隐藏(10%)，使失明(7%)，未察觉的(1%)，幌子(1%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 照耀，闪光。指闪光，炫目，使看不见的。瞎是词义发展的结果。词源同blend.
a.盲的,瞎的;盲目的vt.使失明n.百叶窗At the windy window, the widow finds a blind snake winding.在当风的窗口,寡妇发现有条瞎眼蛇在游动.
adjective
SIGHT 视力
 ESSENTIAL
■unable to see 瞎的，盲的，失明的
• She's been blind since birth. 她天生失明。
• He started to go (= become) blind in his sixties. 他在60多岁时失明了。
[blaɪnd] adjective
NOT CONSCIOUS 盲目
■describes an extreme feeling that happens without thought or reason 盲目的
• blind anger/faith/prejudice 无名怒火／盲目信任／盲目的偏见
• He was blind with fury (= so angry that he could not behave reasonably). 他暴跳如雷，丧失了理智。
be blind to sth
■to not be conscious of something or to refuse to notice something that is obvious to others 没有注意到…；对…视而不见
• She seems blind to his faults. 她似乎对他的缺点视而不见。
[blaɪnd] adjective
(as) blind as a bat informal humorous
■unable to see well 视力不佳
• I'm as blind as a bat without my glasses. 不戴眼镜我就看不清。
[blaɪnd] adjective
not take a blind bit of notice UK informal
■not to pay any attention 一点儿也不注意
• He didn't take a blind bit of notice of what I said. 他对我说的话毫不在意。
[blaɪnd] verb transitive
DAMAGE SIGHT 失明
■to make someone unable to see, permanently or for a short time 使变瞎；使失明
• She was blinded in an accident at an early age. 她早年在一次事故中失明了。
• Turning the corner the sun blinded me, so I didn't see the other car. 转弯时阳光太刺眼，所以我没有看见另外那辆车。
[blaɪnd] verb transitive
NOT CONSCIOUS 盲目
■to make someone unable to notice or understand something 蒙蔽；使无辨别力
• We mustn't let our prejudices blind us to the facts of the situation. 我们一定不能让偏见蒙蔽自己而看不清实际形势。
[blaɪnd] verb transitive
blind sb with science UK
■to confuse someone by using difficult or technical words to describe something 用专业术语唬（某人）
[blaɪnd] noun
WINDOW 窗户
countable (US shade)
■a cover for a window made of a single piece or strips of cloth, paper or plastic that is pulled up or down by a string 百叶窗；窗帘
• a roller blind 卷帘
• a Venetian blind 软百叶窗
[blaɪnd] noun
SIGHT 视力
the blind
[plural]
■people who are unable to see 盲人
• She trains guide dogs for the blind. 她为盲人训练导盲犬。
[blaɪnd] noun
the blind leading the blind
■used to describe a situation where a person who knows nothing is getting advice and help from another person who knows almost nothing 盲人教瞎子；外行指导外行
[blaɪnd] noun
In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king. UK saying
■said about a difficult situation in which someone with only a few skills is in a better position than those people who have none 在困难的环境里，身怀一技之人的处境比一无所长的人好
adj. [生物] 盲目的；瞎的
 - eyeless, visionless
adv. 盲目地；看不见地
 - invisibly
n. 掩饰，借口； [建] 百叶窗
 - excuse, mask

Word: attach
Front: attach
[əˈtætʃ] (高研四六托雅宝 2320/1849 -K3)
Vocabulary: attach
(once / 97 pages)
1v 2v
Use the verb attach when you need to join things together, like a stamp that you attach to a letter.
When you attach something, you join it or tie it to something else. The word can be used to show physically joining things, like a printer that you attach to your computer, or to show a strong personal connection. For example, you can attach yourself to a political cause or to a group of friends.
WORD FAMILY
attach: attachable, attached, attaching, attachment +/ attached: attachedly, unattached / attachment: attachments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Electrodes were attached to the activist’s fingertips and small cameras trained on his pupils while he was asked questions.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Early in her career, she was as an engineer for a research institute attached to the Chinese army’s Second Artillery Corps.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The cloth is attached to the frame by snaps.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 贴上，系; 附上
vt. （有时不受欢迎或未受邀请而）参加; 把…固定; 把…归因于; （使）与…有联系
vi. 从属; 附着; 伴随而来; 联在一起(to, upon)
时态：attached, attaching, attaches
分布：附上(46%)，贴上(22%)，使附属(12%)，系上(8%)，使依附(7%)，使附着(5%)
→前缀at-同ad-，在字母t开头词根前同化为at-. - tach来自stake, 木桩，指固定在木桩上，或钉木桩以宣称所有权，此处s脱落。
附上;依恋(at+tach接角→接触上→附上)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
附上;使属下(at=tach→钉子→附上)[tach=nail表示"钉子"]
v.系,贴,装,连接;使成为一部分;使依恋The bachelor is detached to attach tags to the yacht.学士被派遣去给游艇贴标签.
verb transitive
CONNECT 连接
 ESSENTIAL
■to fasten, join or connect; to place or fix in position 系，绑；连接；使附着；附上；固定
• I attached a photo to my application form. 我在我的申请表上贴了一张相片。
• Use this cable to attach the printer to the computer. 用这条数据线连接列印机和电脑。
• In Britain, packets of cigarettes come with a government health warning attached to them (= on them). 在英国，香烟的包装盒上都印有政府的健康警告。
• slightly formal I attach (= am sending, usually with a letter) a copy of our latest report. 兹附上我们的最新报告一份。
Compare detach
[ə'tætʃ] verb transitive
COMPUTING 电脑技术
 ADVANCED
■to join a file such as a document, picture or computer program, to an email 把…作为电子邮件的附件
[ə'tætʃ] verb transitive
TAKE GOODS 拿走物品 UK legal
■to officially take someone's money or the things that they own, or to arrest them, usually because they have failed to pay money that they owe （通常因为债务人不能偿还债务而）扣押（债务人或其财产）
[ə'tætʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  attach sth to sth slightly formal
■To attach a particular quality to something is to consider it to have that quality 认为…有（重要性、价值、意义等）
• I don't attach any importance/significance to these rumours. 我不把这些谣传当作一回事。
• She attaches great value to being financially independent. 她特别看重经济独立。
[ə'tætʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  attach to sb/sth mainly UK formal
■If you say that a particular quality attaches to someone or something, you mean that they have that quality …具有（特性）；与…有关联
• Don't worry - it was an accident and no blame attaches to either of you. 别担心——这纯属意外，谁也不会怪责你们俩。
• [+ -ing verb] Great honour attaches to winning this award. 获得该奖是莫大的荣誉。
[ə'tætʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] attach yourself to sb/sth
■If you attach yourself to a person or group, you join them, usually for a limited period of time （通常在有限的时间内）与…在一起，成为…的成员，参加
• Being on his own, he attached himself to a noisy group at the bar. 因为独自一人，他跟酒吧里一群闹哄哄的人搭上了话。
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
append, affiliate, attach, link
这组词都有“附加”的意思，其区别是：
append: v.增加，附加(与attach的意思比较接近)。
 • The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.   律师在合同后又附加了两页。
affiliate: v.加入，成为……一部分。
 • an affiliated middle school   一所附属中学
attach: v.将某物系在、贴在、附在另一物上。
 • I attached a note to my report with a paper clip.   我用别针将一张字条别在报告的后面。
link: v.将人或物连接起来。
 • The crowd linked arms to form a barrier.   群众臂挽着臂组成人墙。
vt. 使依附；贴上；系上；使依恋
 - stick on, piece on
vi. 附加；附属；伴随
 - to accompany, be with

Word: excuse
Front: excuse
[ɪkˈskju:s] (中高托雅 3484/3182 -K3)
Vocabulary: excuse
(once / 102 pages)
1nv 2v 3n 4n
An excuse is an explanation for something that went wrong. When we give an excuse, we're trying to get someone to cut us some slack.
When you finish dinner and ask, "May I be excused?" you've used one of many meanings of this word. It’s generally a reason for behavior: A note from your parents saying you have a doctor’s appointment can excuse you from school for the day. If your dog is sick, he has an excuse for barfing in the house. But be careful — making excuses can get awfully close to whining.
WORD FAMILY
excuse: excusable, excusatory, excused, excuser, excuses, excusing+/ excusable: excusably, inexcusable /excused: unexcused/excuser: excusers/ inexcusable: inexcusably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even Reid, who rarely uses injuries as an excuse, discussed the importance of health on Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jack’s wife excuses his behavior by saying, “This is just Jack being Jack.”
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Eastern Kentuckians tend to empathize with coal mine owners and excuse the unchecked abuse they receive.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 原谅; 为…申辩; 免除，宽免; 给…免去
n. 借口，托辞; 道歉，歉意; 辩解; 请假条
vi. 作为借口; 请示宽恕; 表示宽恕
时态：excused, excusing, excuses
分布：借口(46%)，原谅(27%)，理由(18%)，辩解(9%)
→ex-, 向外。-cus,原因，词源同causal, because.
v.原谅,宽恕,免除n.借口,辩解He had an amusing excuse for executing the executive.对于处决决策人,他有一个可笑的理由.
verb transitive /ɪkˈskjuːz/
 IMPROVER
■to forgive someone 原谅；宽恕
• Please excuse me for arriving late - the bus was delayed. 我来迟了，请原谅——因为公车延误了。
• Nothing can excuse that sort of behaviour. 无论如何那种行为都是不可原谅的。
• No amount of financial recompense can excuse the way in which the company carried out its policy. 这间公司竟如此执行制度，这种行为无论赔多少钱都不能宽恕。
• We cannot excuse him for these crimes. 我们无法原谅他犯下的这些罪行。
• I asked the teacher if I could be excused from (= allowed not to do) football practice as my knee still hurt. 我的膝盖仍然很痛，因此我向老师请假希望可以不参加足球训练。
• Please excuse me from (= allow me to miss) the rest of the meeting - I've just received a telephone call which requires my immediate attention. 请原谅我不能继续出席会议——我刚接到电话，有急事要立即处理。
Excuse me
 ESSENTIAL
■a polite way of attracting the attention, especially of someone you do not know （用于礼貌地引起他人、尤其是陌生人的注意）劳驾，打扰，请原谅
• Excuse me, does this bus go to Oxford Street? 打扰一下，请问这辆公车会去牛津大街吗？
 ESSENTIAL
■used to politely ask someone to move so that you can walk past them （用于礼貌地请求别人让路）借过，劳驾，对不起
• Excuse me, can I just get past? 不好意思，请让我过一下。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to tell someone politely that you are leaving （用于礼貌地辞别）抱歉，失陪
• Excuse me a moment, I'll be with you shortly. 抱歉，失陪一会儿，我马上回来。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to say sorry for something you have done by accident （用于无意做了某事后致歉）对不起
• Did I take your seat? Do excuse me. 我坐了你的座位吗？太对不起了。
 IMPROVER
■said before disagreeing with someone （用于表示异议）请原谅，对不起
• Excuse me but aren't you forgetting something? 请原谅，但你是不是忘记了些甚么？
 IMPROVER US (UK Pardon?) (I beg your pardon?)
■used to politely ask someone to repeat something they have said because you have not heard it （用于没听清楚某事礼貌地请别人重复）对不起，请再说一遍
noun countable /ɪkˈskjuːs/
 ESSENTIAL
■a reason that you give to explain why you did something wrong （辩解的）理由，借口
• He'd better have a good excuse for being late. 他迟到最好有正当的理由。
• I've never known him to miss a meeting - I'm sure he'll have an excuse. 据我所知，他从来没有缺席过会议——我敢肯定他不来是有原因的。
• There's no excuse for that sort of behaviour. 根本没有借口为那种行为开脱。
 IMPROVER
■a false reason that you give to explain why you do something （虚假的）理由，借口，托词
• [+ to infinitive] She was just looking for an excuse to call him. 她只是找个借口打电话给他。
• Any excuse for a holiday! 只要可以去渡假，任何借口都不成问题！
make your excuses
■to explain why you cannot be present somewhere 因为不能到场表示歉意
• Please make my excuses at the meeting on Friday. 我不能参加星期五的会议了，请代我致歉。
make excuses
 IMPROVER
■to give false reasons why you cannot do something 找借口；编理由
• You're always making excuses for not helping me. 你总是找各种借口不来帮我。
noun countable /ɪkˈskjuːs/
a miserable/poor, etc. excuse for sth
■a very bad example of something …的拙劣样本；蹩脚的…，极糟糕的…东西
• It was a miserable excuse for a meal. 这顿饭真是太难吃了。
pardon, overlook, forgive, excuse
这组词都有“原谅”的意思，其区别是：
pardon: 比excuse正式，指原谅或宽恕严重的过失或法律上的犯罪行为；在社会交场合则指对打搅他人表示歉意。
overlook: 语气较弱，指宽容或不计较无关大局的过失。
forgive: 侧重从心里宽恕某人，暗示放弃一切愤恨和要求报偿的权利。
excuse: 口语常用词，语气较轻。指原谅轻微的过错、疏忽或过失。
cause, reason, excuse
这组词都有“原因”的意思，其区别是：
cause: 指直接导致事情发生的原因，与所发生的事个有因果关系。
reason: 强调指从逻辑推理上得出的结论性原因，不是直接说明起因。
excuse: 指为自己辩解，希望得到谅解时所提出的种种理由，是借口性的理由。
n. 借口；理由
 - reason, sake, account, blind, occasion
vt. 原谅；为…申辩；给…免去
 - forgive, pardon for
vi. 作为借口；请求宽恕；表示宽恕
 - beg for mercy

Word: selection
Front: selection
[sɪˈlekʃn] (研四六托雅 2133/1511 -K3)
Vocabulary: selection
(once / 227 pages)
n
Selection is all about choosing. Think about a salad bar: you can make a selection from among several choices, with croutons always being a popular selection.
Inside selection is the word select, "to choose." Selection means the act of choosing, the thing chosen, or the offerings to be chosen from among. Selection can also mean a passage excerpted (or selected) from a longer text. Church services often involve reading a day's selection from the Bible.
WORD FAMILY
selection: selections+/ select: selected, selectest, selecting, selection, selective, selectly, selector, selects/ selected: unselected/ selective: selectively, selectivity, unselective/selector: selectors/unselective: unselectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Donald, a Pro Bowl selection in each of his first three seasons, finished with eight sacks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
District Court in Boston, with jury selection expected to get underway Friday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the Fiesta Bowl, he tore knee ligaments and dropped to a second-round selection by the Dallas Cowboys.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 选择; 被选中者; 可供选择的事物
分布：选择(89%)，挑选(10%)，挑选出来的人或事(1%)
→select,选择，-ion,名词后缀。
选择,精选(select++ion)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
n.选择,挑选;选集,精选物In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when someone or something is chosen 选择；挑选
• the selection process 挑选过程
• Success is achieved by the careful selection of projects. 成功是靠仔细慎选计划而取得的。
• The coach made her selection (= chose who she wanted) for the team. 教练为球队挑选了她的意中人选。
 IMPROVER countable
■a choice, range, or different types of something 可供挑选的东西
• Most schools would have a good selection of these books in their libraries. 大多数学校的图书馆都有许多这样的书供选择。
• The larger shops are able to stock a wider selection of goods. 大一点的商店可供挑选的产品种类会更多。
countable
■a person or thing which has been or will be chosen 被选中的东西（或人）；入选者
• Their music was a mix of old stuff and selections from the new album. 他们的音乐是老歌与新唱片选曲的一种混合。
election, preference, choice, alternative, selection, option
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
election: 强调目的和达到目的判断能力。
preference: 侧重因偏见、爱好或判断等而进行选择。
choice: 侧重指自由选择的权利或特权。
alternative: 指在相互排斥的两者之间作严格的选择，也可指在两者以上中进行选择。
selection: 指作广泛的选择，着重选择者的识别力或鉴赏力。
option: 着重特别给予的选择权利或权力，所选物常常相互排斥。
n. 选择，挑选；选集；精选品
 - chose, choice, pick

Word: drama
Front: drama
[ˈdrɑ:mə] (研四六托雅 2631/2308 -K3)
Vocabulary: drama
(once / 89 pages)
n
Drama is highly emotional. It can happen on stage, like a performance of "Hamlet," or in a gaggle of 7th grade girls, breathlessly dissecting why so-and-so broke up with what's-her-name.
The word drama comes directly from Greek, meaning "action" or "a play." Which is no surprise, since ancient Athens was a hotbed of dramatic theater. The earliest recorded actor was a Greek named Thespis, and actors today are still called "thespians" in his honor. Drama doesn't always take place on the stage, though. You can use the word, sometimes with a roll of the eyes, to describe behavior or a reaction to a situation that appears a little overly emotional.
WORD FAMILY
drama: dramas, dramatic, dramatise, dramatist, dramatize +/ dramatic: dramatically, undramatic/dramatisation: dramatisations/dramatise: dramatisation, dramatised, dramatises, dramatising, overdramatise/ dramatist: dramatists/ dramatization: dramatizations/ dramatize: dramatization, dramatized, dramatizes, dramatizing, overdramatize/overdramatize: overdramatized, overdramatizes, overdramatizing/undramatic: undramatically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite his stubborn refusal to be alarmist, Mass admits there’s climatological drama on our horizon.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Adding to the drama of the new Congress will be high-profile confirmation hearings for Trump’s nominee for the Supreme Court.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But is there an appetite among viewers for the drama of process as opposed to that of a plane crash?
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 戏剧，剧本; 戏剧效果; 戏剧文学[艺术]; 戏剧性事件[场面]
分布：戏剧(83%)，剧本(9%)，戏剧性事件(5%)，戏剧艺术(3%)
→来自dere, 工作，创作，来自dhe 的扩大形式，词源同do. 用来指戏剧。
戏剧[dra=perform( 表演)]
n.剧本,戏剧;戏剧性事件或场面Elizabethan drama.伊利莎白时代的戏剧.
US ['dræm.ə] noun
THEATRE 戏剧
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a play in a theatre or on television or radio, or plays and acting generally 戏剧；话剧；表演
• She's been in several television dramas. 她演过几部电视剧。
• He's the drama critic for the Times. 他是《泰晤士报》的戏剧评论员。
• She studied English and drama at college. 她在大学里学的是英语和戏剧。
 IMPROVER
■used in expressions which refer to the type of play or film 剧
• a courtroom drama 法庭剧
• a historical drama 历史剧
UK ['drɑ:.mə] US ['dræm.ə] noun
EXCITEMENT 兴奋
 ADVANCED countable
■an event or situation, especially an unexpected one, in which there is worry or excitement and usually a lot of action （尤指突然的）戏剧性场面，戏剧性事件
• We had a little drama last night when the oil in the pan caught fire. 昨晚我们有一个小插曲——锅里的油着火了。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the excitement and energy that is created by a lot of action and arguments 戏剧效果
• As a lawyer, he positively revelled in the drama of the courtroom. 作为律师，他真的非常喜欢法庭上出现的那种戏剧效果。
n. 戏剧，戏剧艺术；剧本；戏剧性事件
 - stage, theater, scenario

Word: hostility
Front: hostility
[hɒˈstɪləti] (托宝 5211/3996)
Vocabulary: hostility
(once / 366 pages)
n
Hostility is the state of ill will and bad feeling. If a teacher embarrasses you in front of the whole class, you will probably regard him or her with hostility for the remainder of the school year.
Hostility can be used to describe aggressive relations between two countries as well as between people. The issue of territorial borders can often cause hostility between neighboring countries. If actual fighting breaks out, use the word hostilities to refer to the violent actions between them. The ordinary citizens of the countries involved will look forward to the end of hostilities when the two governments are able to work together for peace.
WORD FAMILY
hostility: hostilities+/ hostile: hostilely, hostiles, hostility
USAGE EXAMPLES
He’d like to see forces deployed in Poland and the Baltic States to ward off Russian hostilities.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For the major countries and military groups fighting in Syria, the cessation in hostilities reveals a variety of interests.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Their gradual military escalation and counter-escalation was the principal reason for the ultimate collapse of the February cessation of hostilities agreement.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 敌意，敌对状态; 战争行动; 愤怒反对，愤怒反抗
分布：敌意(92%)，敌对状态(7%)，公开战争(1%)
→来自hostile,恶意的，敌对的。
敌对[host=enemy(敌人)]
US [hɑ:'stɪl.ə.tˌi] noun
UNFRIENDLINESS 不友好
uncountable
■when someone is unfriendly or shows that they do not agree with or like something 敌意，不友好
• They showed open (= obvious) hostility to/towards their new neighbours. 他们对新邻居公然表现出敌意。
UK [hɒs'tɪl.ɪ.ti] US [hɑ:'stɪl.ə.tˌi] noun
FIGHTING 战斗
hostilities
[plural] formal
■fighting in a war 战斗；战争行为
• Hostilities began/broke out just after midnight. 刚过午夜，战斗便开始了。
• Hostilities were suspended (= fighting stopped temporarily) during the talks. 和谈期间暂时停战。
hospitality, hostility
这是一组形近易混词。
hospitality: n.热情招待，殷勤好客。
 • We enjoyed the hospitality of friends at their country home.   朋友们在乡下的居所热情地招待了我们，使我们过得很愉快。
hostility: n.来自与形容词hostile(不友善的，敌对的)，敌意，对抗。
 • You can feel the hostility coming from that man.   你可以感觉到那个人的敌意。
n. [心理] 敌意；战争行动
 - hatred, enmity

Word: intelligent
Front: intelligent
[ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt] (研四六托雅 3709/3621 -K3)
Vocabulary: intelligent
(once / 70 pages)
adj
Scientific findings that squirrels are intelligent animals sounded nutty at first, but now that doctors are encouraging people to eat more nuts because they're such healthy food, those squirrels are looking pretty smart. Pigs are considered intelligent too, and they eat garbage.
People and computers are intelligent when they show a high level of understanding. Intelligent comes from the Latin "to understand, to gather," and intelligent creatures gather and make sense of information easily. Many people who aren't labeled intelligent show creativity with resources, or an intelligent use of space, money, or time. While not everyone is considered intelligent — there are even smart vs. dumb computers — most do things that are intelligent, just as intelligent people can do things that are dumb.
WORD FAMILY
intelligent: intelligence, intelligentest, intelligently, unintelligent +/ intelligence: counterintelligence, intelligences/ unintelligent: unintelligently
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is emotionally intelligent, expertly achieved and beautifully written.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Describe him in three words Friendly, interesting, intelligent.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Intelligent people tend to be messier and swear more than others.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 聪明的; 理解力强的; 有智力的; [计]智能的
分布：聪明的(83%)，智能的(17%)
→intel-,在中间，来自inter-的变体，-leg,选择，选出，词源同collect,eligible.引申词义智力，才智，即聪明的，有才智的。词义演变比较science.
a.聪明的,明智的,理智的The diligent teller told a tedious story about the intelligent satellite.勤奋的出纳讲述了一个关于智能卫星的乏味故事.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■showing intelligence, or able to learn and understand things easily 有才智的；聪颖的，理解力强的
• a highly intelligent young man 聪颖过人的年轻人
• an intelligent remark 妙语
• Helen had a few intelligent things to say on the subject. 对于这个主题，海伦有一些颇有见地的想法要说。
intelligent, bright, wise, ingenious, brilliant, clever, smart, shrewd
这组词都有“聪明的”的意思，其区别是：
intelligent: 正式用词，指在理解新的、抽象东西或处理解决问题时，智力超过一般常人。
bright: 口语常用词，多指年轻人，尤指小孩思路敏捷，理解力强，机灵等。
wise: 侧重不是一般的聪明伶俐，而是有远见，有智慧，能明智地处理问题。
ingenious: 指思路敏捷，并暗示有创造与发明的才能和技巧。
brilliant: 指人的才华出众，思路敏捷，常令人赞叹不已。
clever: 强调头脑灵活，接受新事物快，有智有谋，但不一定暗示全面妥当地考虑问题。
smart: 普通用词，与bright和clever的意思很相近，但更强调机灵。
shrewd: 指精明老练，有头脑，善于判断，把握有利机会。
adj. 智能的；聪明的；理解力强的
 - wise, bright, clever, smart, understanding

Word: hugely
Front: hugely
[ˈhju:dʒli] (11576/9565)
Back: adv. 非常
分布：巨大地(50%)，非常地(50%)
→huge,巨大的，-ly,副词后缀。
adverb
■to a great degree; extremely 非常；极度
• He gave her a hugely expensive diamond ring. 他送给她一枚十分昂贵的钻戒。
• Their business has been hugely successful. 他们的生意极为成功。
adv. 巨大地；非常地
 - considerably, enormously, remarkably

Word: dioxide
Front: dioxide
[daɪˈɒksaɪd] (高六托雅 5712/4653)
Back: n. [化]二氧化物
分布：二氧化物(100%)
→di-, 二。oxide, 氧化物。
二氧化物(di+ox氧＋ide→二氧化物)[di-①表示"两个,双"②表示"使…变成,分开,离开"]
US [-'ɑ:k-] specialized
noun uncountable
■a chemical substance consisting of two atoms of oxygen combined with one atom of another element 二氧化物
• carbon/sulphur dioxide 二氧化碳／硫

Word: analyse
Front: analyse
[ˈænəlaɪz] (研四六 12788/2142 -K2)
Vocabulary: analyse
(once / 2086 pages)
1v 2v
To analyse (analyze is U.S. English) something is to consider it in detail so you can figure out its workings or meaning.
Analyse comes from Greek roots meaning "loosen." If you analyse something, it's as if you're untying it and letting the different parts separate so that you can study them. If you've got some mystery substance, you can analyse it by performing chemical reactions to break it into its parts. If you analyse a poem, you look at it word-by-word and even sound-by-sound. But remember that analyse is a British spelling, with analyze as the American version.
WORD FAMILY
analyse: analysed, analyser, analysing+/analyser: analysers
USAGE EXAMPLES
More than 300 articles published in UK national newspapers were analysed.
BBC(Dec 27, 2016)
Royal Marsden Hospital doctors analysed patient samples and case notes, which were preserved at the museum named after him - the Hunterian in London.
BBC(Dec 25, 2016)
Stalin 'used secret laboratory to analyse Mao's excrement'
BBC(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. 分析; 分解; 细察
na. “analyze”的变体
时态：analysed, analysing, analyses
分布：分析(98%)，细察(2%)
→前缀ana-, 向上，向后。词根lys, 松开，同lose, loose. 即松开进行分析。
vt.(analyze)分析,分解The coach tried to analyse the cause of our defeat.教练努力设法分析我们失败的原因.
UK (ALSO US analyze) ['æn.əl.aɪz] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to study or examine something in detail, in order to discover more about it 分析
• Researchers analysed the purchases of 6300 households. 研究人员对6300个家庭的购物消费作了分析。
• Water samples taken from streams were analysed for contamination by chemicals. 对水质样本进行分析，来测定溪流是否已受到化学品的污染。
vt. 分析；分解；细察
 - study, break down

Word: resemble
Front: resemble
[rɪˈzembl] (高研四六托雅 3058/3822 -2)
Vocabulary: resemble
(once / 108 pages)
v
Have you noticed that many pet owners resemble their pets? Or is it that pets resemble their owners? Either way, it’s downright strange how they often look alike.
Derived from the old French word sembler, “to appear,” the verb resemble can imply a whole spectrum of likeness. For example, you might closely resemble your schnauzer or, hopefully, only vaguely resemble each other. It’s not just about appearance, either. This concept can include all kinds of characteristics. Two companies can resemble each other and the same could be said of two philosophies.
WORD FAMILY
resemble: resemblance, resembled, resembles, resembling+/ resemblance: resemblances
USAGE EXAMPLES
Erickson, now a paleontologist at Florida State University in Tallahassee, noticed more than 900 fine lines resembling tree rings on the tooth.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
He no longer resembles the roly-poly image on official posters.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Perhaps the topper is meant to resemble a wing, but there’s no sense that the woman is about fly away.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 与…相像，类似于
时态：resembled, resembling, resembles
分布：像(99%)，与…相似(1%)
→re-,表强调，-semble,一样，词源同 same,assemble.
类似,像...一样(re再+semble→再一样→类似)[simil,simul,sembl=alike,same表示"相类似,一样"]
和-相像[sembl=belike(相像)]
v.像,类似The brothers resemble each other in taste.那对兄弟兴趣相似.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to look like or be like someone or something 像；看起来像；与…相似
• You resemble your mother very closely. 你长得很像你妈妈。
• After the earthquake, the city resembled a battlefield. 地震过后，这座城市看上去就像战场一般。
vt. 类似，像
 - favor

Word: copper
Front: copper
[ˈkɒpə(r)] (研四六托 5053/3656 -2)
Back: n. 铜; 铜币; 紫铜色; 警察
adj. 铜制的
vt. 镀铜
时态：coppered, coppering, coppers
分布：铜(92%)，铜币(3%)，镀铜(2%)，警察(2%)，紫铜色(1%)
→来自拉丁词Cyprian, 因产自Cyprus而得名。
n.铜;铜币,铜制器I hope to make copper copies of the telescope and microscope for hobby in the lobby.我希望制作望远镜和显微镜的铜质复制品.
US ['kɑ:.pɚ] noun
METAL 金属
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a reddish-brown metal used especially for making wire and coins, or the reddish brown colour of this metal 铜；红棕色，紫铜色
• copper wire/pipes 铜丝／管
• a copper alloy 铜合金
• Rosie's hair shone copper (= reddish brown) in the sunlight. 罗茜的头发在阳光下闪着红褐色。
countable usually plural UK informal
■a brown coin of low value 铜板，铜币
• I gave him a few coppers. 我给了他几个铜板。
UK ['kɒp.ər] US ['kɑ:.pɚ] noun
OFFICER 警官
countable UK old-fashioned informal
■a police officer
n. [化学] 铜；铜币；警察
 - police, pig
adj. 铜的
 - cupreous

Word: reformer
Front: reformer
[rɪˈfɔ:mə(r)] (托 6701/6726)
Back: n. 改革者; 改良者; 选举法修正论者
分布：改革家(94%)，改革运动者(6%)
→来自 reform,改革，改正。
US [-'fɔ:r.mɚ] noun countable
■someone who tries to improve a system or law by changing it 改革者；革新者；改良者
• a social reformer 社会改革家
n. 改革家；改革运动者；改良者
 - ameliorator

Word: resignation
Front: resignation
[ˌrezɪgˈneɪʃn] (四六雅宝 5762/3144 -3)
Vocabulary: resignation
(once / 422 pages)
1n 2n
Resignation can mean either stepping down from a job or accepting an unpleasant but inevitable situation. You could even feel resignation as you announce your resignation.
Once you've announced or handed in your formal resignation to a job, organization, or political office, you're finished. You've formally quit or stepped down. If you've left the position due to budget cuts, you'll probably leave with a feeling of resignation — acknowledging that there's absolutely nothing you can do about it.
WORD FAMILY
resignation: resignations+/ resign: resignation, resigned, resignedly, resigning, resigns
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such resignation points to the reform that is truly needed.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Taiwanese are starting to understand the impacts of displaying Nazi symbols, Yarden says, pointing to the presidential apology and the school principal’s resignation offer.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s a plead, a protest, a refutation, a resignation, and many other things.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 辞职; 辞职书; 顺从; 听从
分布：辞职(81%)，辞呈(15%)，顺从(4%)
→来自 resign,辞职。
辞职;听天由命[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
辞职;听从(re后退+sign签字...辞去职位)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
noun
JOB 工作
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when someone tells their employer that they are leaving their job 辞职；辞去（职务）；放弃（工作）
• There have been calls for his resignation. 一直有人要求他辞职。
• I handed in/gave in/sent in my resignation this morning. 我今天上午提交了辞职信。
[ˌrez.ɪg'neɪ.ʃən] noun
ACCEPTING 顺从
uncountable
■when you accept something that you do not like because you cannot easily change it 听任；顺从
• They received the news with resignation. 消息传来，他们听天由命接受了一切。
n. 辞职；放弃；辞职书；顺从
 - compliance, demission

Word: cent
Front: cent
[sent] (中高研四六 -/10111 -K2)
Vocabulary: cent
(once / 96 pages)
n
A cent is a very small unit of money. In the US, one cent is the same thing as one penny.
A cent is 1/100 of a dollar — in other words, there are 100 cents in a dollar. Many other currencies have a cent as well, including the European Union, Estonia, and Hong Kong, representing 1/100 of the basic unit of money. The word cent comes from the Latin centum, "hundred." In Middle English, cent meant "one hundred," but by the 1600s it came to mean "one hundredth."
WORD FAMILY
cent: cents
USAGE EXAMPLES
International Brent crude oil LCOc1 was yet to trade after closing up 68 cents at $56.82 per barrel on Friday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Prices for the wild-caught, “natural Japanese” eels served at upscale restaurants like Nodaiwa climbed even higher, by as much as fifty or sixty per cent.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
The results of another study suggest that, on average, about twenty to twenty-five per cent of the waking day is spent in self-talk.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 分; 一分钱的硬币; 零钱; （作单位的）百
分布：分(100%)
→来自词根cent, 百，百分之一，词源同hundred. 用于货币单位指分。
n.分(币);百percent百分之"Ten percent of the cents are made in recent centuries," he said with strong accent."百分之十的分币是最近几个世纪制造的,"他带着浓重的口音说.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a unit of money worth 0.01 of the US dollar and of the main monetary unit of many countries, or a coin with this value 美分；分；分币
n. 分；一分的硬币；森特（等于半音程的百分之一）
 - minute, penny

Word: bother
Front: bother
[ˈbɒðə(r)] (雅 2189/2132 -K3)
Vocabulary: bother
(once / 294 pages)
vn
The word bother has many shades of meaning, but most of them involve trouble of some sort. You might wonder why you should bother to follow a recipe, until you taste what you've made without one.
As a verb, bother can mean that you take the trouble to do something. It’s often presented as a negative: you might not bother to lock the house, or you may wonder why you should bother reading the instructions that came with your phone. Bother can also mean that you’re bugging someone or causing a minor inconvenience. The word can also have a sense of deeper worry, especially when something is bothering you, like a nagging sense of guilt.
WORD FAMILY
bother: botheration, bothered, bothering, bothers, bothersome+/ botheration: botherations/bothersome: bothersomely
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He didn’t let anything around him bother him. He was in the zone and seemed pretty sharp those games.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rant to those who don’t bother to learn the facts.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
If she is bothered now, she wondered, how would it be in a few more years?
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 烦扰，打扰; 使…不安，使…恼怒; 使迷惑; 烦恼
vi. 操心; 麻烦; 烦恼
n. 麻烦，操心; 累赘; 烦扰，吵闹; 讨厌的人
时态：bothered, bothering, bothers
分布：麻烦(57%)，费心(16%)，烦扰(16%)，使不安(4%)，焦急(4%)，使恼怒(3%)
→同pother, 忙乱。来自put, 推。-er, 表反复。
vt.打扰,麻烦vi.担心,烦恼n.烦恼,焦急Don't bother yourself about the kids.别为孩子们操心.
【记】bo读：抱，ther＝her。抱她－她在好好背单词呢，你抱她不是打搅，打扰她吗？
US ['bɑ:.ðɚ] verb
MAKE AN EFFORT 作出努力
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to make the effort to do something 努力，尽力；费心
• [+ to infinitive] He hasn't even bothered to write. 他甚至根本就没动笔。
• You could have phoned us but you just didn't bother. 你本可以给我们打电话的，可你就是懒得打。
• [+ -ing verb] Don't bother making the bed - I'll do it later. 不用麻烦你铺床——回头我来铺。
• [+ -ing verb or + to infinitive] You'd have found it if you'd bothered look ing/to look. 如果你去找的话你早就找到了。
• You won't get any credit for doing it, so why bother? 你做这件事不会受到任何赞扬的，为甚么还要做呢？
can't be bothered UK informal
■If you can't be bothered doing/to do something, you are too lazy or tired to do it 懒得（做）；不想费力
• I can't be bothered to iron my clothes. 我懒得烫衣服。
• Most evenings I can't be bothered cooking. 大多数晚上我都懒得做饭。
UK ['bɒð.ər] US ['bɑ:.ðɚ] verb
WORRY 担心
 ADVANCED transitive
■to make someone feel worried or upset 使担心，使焦急；使烦恼
• Does it bother you that he's out so much of the time? 他出去了那么长时间，你不担心吗？
• Living on my own has never bothered me. 独自生活从来没有让我感到担心。
• I don't care if he doesn't come - it doesn't bother me. 如果他不来我也不在乎——我无所谓。
• [+ that] It bothers me that he doesn't seem to notice. 让我感到烦恼的是，他似乎没有注意到甚么。
UK ['bɒð.ər] US ['bɑ:.ðɚ] verb
ANNOY 打扰
 ADVANCED transitive
■to annoy or cause problems for someone 烦扰，打扰
• Don't bother your father when he's working. 你父亲工作时不要打扰他。
• I'm sorry to bother you , but could you direct me to the station? 对不起打扰你了，你能告诉我去车站的路吗？
• I didn't want to bother her with work matters on her day off. 我不想在她休假时还拿工作上的事烦她。
• The noise was beginning to bother us, so we left. 噪音开始干扰我们，于是我们就离开了。
• She threatened to call the police if he didn't stop bothering her. 她威胁说如果他继续纠缠她，她就报警。
UK ['bɒð.ər] US ['bɑ:.ðɚ] noun
EFFORT 尽力
uncountable
■trouble or problems 麻烦，烦恼；问题
• I can take you - it's really no bother. 我可以带你去——一点都不麻烦。
• Some people don't get married because they don't want the bother (= they don't want to make the effort that is necessary). 有些人不结婚，因为他们不想找麻烦。
• Please don't go to any bother on my account (= don't make any special effort for me). 请不要为我费心。
• It hardly seems worth the bother to go all that way just for two nights. 仅仅为了呆两个晚上就费劲去那么远的地方似乎一点也不值。
• UK I had a bit of bother getting hold of his phone number. 我费了一点工夫才弄到他的电话号码。
UK ['bɒð.ər] US ['bɑ:.ðɚ] noun
ANNOYING 麻烦
only singular UK
■an annoying person or an annoying piece of work 讨厌的人；麻烦活儿
• I'm sorry to be a bother, but could I have that number again? 对不起打扰你了，请你再告诉我一遍那个号码好吗？
UK ['bɒð.ər] US ['bɑ:.ðɚ] exclamation UK old-fashioned
■used to express anger 讨厌的；非常，极
• Oh bother! It's raining and I left my umbrella at home. 啊，讨厌！下雨了，可我把伞忘在家里了。
vex, trouble, annoy, disturb, bother, irritate
这组词都有“使人不安或烦恼”的意思，其区别是：
vex: 侧重指因不断的干扰而引起的烦恼，有时含激怒的意味。
trouble: 指给人在行动上带来不便或在身心上造成痛苦。
annoy: 强调因被迫忍受令人不快、讨厌的事而失去平静或耐心，多指一时的打拢或恼怒。
disturb: 较正式用词，多用被动态。指拢乱，使人不能平静或妨碍别人工作、思维或正常秩序，是程度较深的烦恼。
bother: 指使人烦恼而引起的紧张不安或感到不耐烦。
irritate: 语气比annoy强得多，指激怒，使发怒，多指一种短时间的反应。
vt. 烦扰，打扰；使……不安；使……恼怒
 - eat, burden
vi. 操心，麻烦；烦恼
 - worry, go to trouble
n. 麻烦；烦恼
 - trouble, worry, headache

Word: landscape
Front: landscape
[ˈlændskeɪp] (六托雅 1827/2264 -K3)
Vocabulary: landscape
(once / 263 pages)
1nv 2n
To landscape is to enhance a space with plants. If you landscape your yard with flowering plants and trees — and you have a green thumb — you'll end up with a beautiful garden.
If you paint nature scenes, like mountains, lakes, or fields, your art is called landscape painting. If you don't paint that well, however, and the perspective on your landscapes is always a little bit off, you can try landscape photography instead. Any expanse of natural scenery that can be seen from one viewpoint is also called a landscape. The artistic meaning of landscape is the earliest, dating from the 1600s.
WORD FAMILY
landscape: landscaped, landscapes, landscaping, landscapist+/landscapist: landscapists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The policy was working here — until Mr. Duterte’s electoral victory last year upended the political landscape.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Even if he accomplishes only half, the landscape of American politics and policy will be radically altered.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Planned work on the 161-year-old home includes mechanical system upgrades, landscape and grounds improvements, security enhancements and interior and exterior restoration work.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 风景; 风景画; 乡村风景画; 地形
vt. 对…做景观美化，给…做园林美化; 从事庭园设计
vi. 美化（环境等），使景色宜人; 做庭园设计师
时态：landscaped, landscaping, landscapes
分布：风景(58%)，山水(26%)，风景画(15%)，美化景观(1%)
→land,陆地，-scape,形状，状况，词源同shape.原用于绘画术语指自然风景画，后来由该词衍生后缀-scape,表示风景。
noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a large area of countryside, especially in relation to its appearance 乡间，野外；（尤指乡村的）风景，景色
• a rural/barren landscape 乡村／荒原
• The landscape is dotted with the tents of campers and hikers. 乡间散布着宿营者和远足者搭起的帐篷。
• The cathedral dominates the landscape for miles around. 大教堂在方圆数英里的乡间高高耸立着。
countable or uncountable
■a view or picture of the countryside, or the art of making such pictures 乡村风景；乡村风景画；乡村风景绘画
• a watercolour landscape. 水彩风景画
• J.M.W. Turner is one of Britain's best-known landscape painters. J.M.W.特纳是英国最著名的风景画画家之一。
['lænd.skeɪp] verb transitive
■to change the appearance of an area of land, especially next to a building or road so that it looks more like natural countryside 给（建筑物周边）做园林美化；对（道路周边）做景观美化
['lænd.skeɪp] adjective
■describes a computer document which is to be printed with the longer side of the paper at the top and bottom 横向列印的 Compare portrait
sight, scene, scenery, view, landscape
这组词都有“景色、风景”的意思，其区别是：
sight: 侧重指旅游观光的风光，包括城市景色或自然风光景色。也指人造景物或奇特的景色。
scene: 指具体的、局部的或一时的景色，可以是自然形成的，也可人工造成的。
scenery: 指一个国家或某一地区的整体自然风景。
view: 普通和词，多指从远处或高处所见的景色。
landscape: 多指在内陆的自然风光。
n. 风景，景色；山水画
 - scenery, view, picture, prospect, outlook

Word: biography
Front: biography
[baɪˈɒgrəfi] (高研托雅 4875/5647 -2)
Vocabulary: biography
(once / 315 pages)
n
A biography is an account of somebody's life written by somebody else, complete with details of the most important parts.
These days, anyone, of any age, can be the subject of a biography: Justin Bieber, at the tender age of 17, had one written about his life. A biography is not to be confused with an autobiography, an account of someone's life written by the subject himself. You'll find biographies in printed form (remember books?), but also increasingly in the form of e-books, TV dramatizations, and cinematic "bio-docs."
WORD FAMILY
biography: biographer, biographical, biographies+/ biographer: biographers
USAGE EXAMPLES
She was a major scholar of Thomas Jefferson and wrote a brief biography of him, published in 2003.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In “20th Century Women,” the five main characters periodically narrate their own and one another’s biographies.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Her first book was a biography of his wife, Ruth Graham.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 传记; 档案; 传记体文学; 个人简介
分布：传记(100%)
→词根bio, 生命。词根graph, 写。
传记(bio+graphy写→写生命→传记)[bio,bi=life,表示"生命,生物"]
传记(文学)(bio生命+graph+y→写生命→传记)[graph,gram=write,表示"写,图"]
n.传记;传记文学By the biography, the biologist's playing the violet violin violently violated rules.据传记记载,生物学家猛奏紫罗兰色的小提琴违犯了规矩.
【记】bio生命，graphy写－写个人的生命－传记
US [-'ɑ:.grə-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the life story of a person written by someone else 传记
• He wrote a biography of Winston Churchill. 他撰写了温斯顿‧丘吉尔的传记。
Compare autobiography ; hagiography
n. 传记；档案；个人简介
 - file, record

Word: bury
Front: bury
[ˈberi] (高研四 2398/2650 -K3)
Vocabulary: bury
(once / 82 pages)
v
When you dig a hole in the ground, put an object in the hole, and cover it up with dirt, you bury it. Your dog might prefer spending the majority of his time digging holes to bury his toy collection.
You can bury something to hide it, or it can be part of a funeral ritual to bury a person who's died. You could also predict that the coming snow will bury the city, or you might bury your face in your hands if you were feeling dejected. The root of bury is the Proto-Indo-European word bhergh, "to protect or preserve." If you bury your money in the yard, maybe you're trying to protect it from thieves.
WORD FAMILY
bury: burial, buried, buries, burying, rebury +/ burial: burials/buried: buriedest, unburied/burying: buryings, reburying/ rebury: reburial, reburied, reburies
USAGE EXAMPLES
College scout teams consist of scholarship players who are buried on the depth chart and walk-ons who volunteer to be tackling dummies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, I buried it, pretended that it did not exist.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Quinton Adlesh buried a 3 from the wing to put Columbia up by 20 points with 11:16 left and the Lions never looked back.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 埋葬，葬; 为…举行葬礼; 隐藏，埋藏，遮盖，掩蔽; 专心致志于，埋头于，沉溺于
n. 布里
时态：buried, burying, buries
分布：埋葬(94%)，抛弃(3%)，专心致志(2%)，隐匿(1%)
→来自PIE *bhergh, 保护，埋藏。词源同harbor, 港口。
v.埋(葬),安葬;埋藏,遮盖They returned in turn to bury the luxuries burnt in the burst.他们依次返回来埋藏在爆炸中烧毁的奢侈品.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to put a dead body into the ground, or to put something into a hole in the ground and cover it 埋；埋葬，安葬
• His father is buried in the cemetery on the hill. 他的父亲葬在山上的墓地里。
• The dog trotted off to bury its bone. 那只狗颠儿颠儿地跑到一边去埋它的骨头。
• buried treasure 埋藏的财宝
⇒ See also burial usually passive
■to cover something or someone completely with a large quantity of something 掩埋，埋藏
• If an avalanche strikes, skiers can be buried alive by snow. 如果发生雪崩，滑雪者可能会被雪活埋。
■to put something in a place where it is difficult or impossible to find or see 埋藏，隐藏
• I found the article buried (away) in the business section of the newspaper. 我在报纸的商务版找到了这篇文章。
• She buried her face in her hands and began to sob. 她双手掩面开始啜泣。
■to intentionally forget an unpleasant experience 埋藏，忘却（不快的经历）
• He'd had to bury his pain over the years. 多年来他不得不将痛苦埋在心底。
■old-fashioned
■If someone says they buried someone, usually a close relation, they mean that the person died 失去（亲人）
• She buried both her parents last year. 去年她的父母都过世了。
['ber.i] verb transitive
bury the hatchet
■to stop an argument and become friends again 言归于好
• Can't you two just bury the hatchet? 你们俩难道就不能言归于好吗？
vt. 埋葬；隐藏
 - lock, pocket

Word: infect
Front: infect
[ɪnˈfekt] (研四六托雅 5200/6144 -K3)
Vocabulary: infect
(once / 274 pages)
v
To infect is to spread an illness to another person. If you sneeze on your friend, you may inadvertently infect her with your germs.
When a disease moves from person to person, it infects them. Most diseases only spread within one species, although there are some, like avian flu, that can infect both humans and other animals. Another way to infect someone is to deeply affect them with an idea or emotion: "His enthusiasm for music infects the class with excitement." The Latin root, inficere, means "to spoil or stain" and "to dip into."
WORD FAMILY
infect: disinfect, infected, infecting, infection, infective, infects, superinfect+/ disinfect: disinfectant, disinfected, disinfecting, disinfection, disinfects/disinfectant: disinfectants/ infected: uninfected/ infection: infections, infectious, superinfection/ infectious: infectiously, noninfectious
USAGE EXAMPLES
Unlike some of Trump’s other national security advisers, though, Kelly does not appear to be infected with bizarrely virulent anti-Muslim prejudice.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A picture of muddy children’s gloves reminds you of the utter squalor that infected the whole site.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
The brain defect may occur when a mother is infected with Zika while pregnant.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使受影响，感染; 传染，散布病毒，侵染; （电脑病毒）使（电脑的）存储器[数据]受到感染
时态：infected, infecting, infects
分布：感染(79%)，传染(21%)
→in-,进入，使，-fect,做，产生，词源同affect,effect.引申词义做进去的，传染，感染，影响。
传染;感化(in进入+fact→做进去→传染进去)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
vt.传染,感染;影响(思想等)His flu infected his wife.他把流行性感冒传染给妻子.
verb transitive
DISEASE 疾病
■to pass a disease to a person, animal or plant （疾病）传染，感染
• The ward was full of children infected with TB. 病房里住满了感染结核病的孩子。
• All the tomato plants are infected with a virus. 所有的番茄植株都染上了一种病毒。
[ɪn'fekt] verb transitive
FEELING 情感
■to make someone have the same feeling or emotion as you （情感）感染（别人）；使受影响
• Her optimism seemed to infect all those around her. 她的乐观情绪似乎感染了周围所有的人。
[ɪn'fekt] verb transitive
COMPUTERS 电脑
■to pass harmful programs from one computer to another, or within files in the same computer （电脑病毒）感染
• A computer virus may lurk unseen in a computer's memory, calling up and infecting each of the machine's data files in turn. 电脑病毒可潜伏在电脑记忆体中，依次调出并感染电脑中的每一个资料文档。
vt. [医] 感染，传染
 - affect, contract, catch, disease, communicate

Word: underground
Front: underground
[ˈʌndəgraʊnd] (中高托雅 5341/5281 -K3)
Back: adj. 地下的; 秘密的; 先锋派的; 隐蔽的
分布：地下(72%)，在地下(11%)，地铁(8%)，地下的(5%)，地道(1%)，秘密地(1%)，秘密的(1%)，秘密活动(1%)
地下的(under+ground地)[under-①表示"在…下"②表示"不足,不够"③表示"副手"]
a.地下的;秘密的n.地铁ad.在地下The blunder made the underground instrument undergo an undermining of the thunderbolt.这个失策让地下仪器经受了一次雷电的破坏.
US [-də˞-]
BELOW EARTH 在地面以下
 ADVANCED
■below the surface of the Earth; below ground 在地下（的），在地面以下的
• an underground cave/passage/cable 地下洞穴／通道／电缆
• Moles live underground. 鼹鼠生活在地下。
adjective adverb UK [ˌʌn.dəˈgraʊnd] US [-də˞-]
PEOPLE 人
■describes an activity that is secret and usually illegal 秘密的（地）；地下的（地）
• an underground newspaper/movement 地下报纸／运动
• The Communist Party was forced (to go)underground, and its leaders went into hiding. 共产党被迫转为地下活动，其领导人也隐藏了起来。
noun UK [ˈʌn.də.graʊnd] US [-də˞-]
TRANSPORT 交通
the underground only singular (also the tube) UK
■a railway system in which electric trains travel along passages below ground 地铁
• the London Underground 伦敦地铁
• They went on the underground. 他们乘地铁去的。
noun UK [ˈʌn.də.graʊnd] US [-də˞-]
PEOPLE 人
uncountable
■people in a society who are trying new and often shocking or illegal ways of living or forms of art 先锋派团体
• In Britain and the USA in the 1970s, the underground was a powerful subversive force. 20世纪70年代，先锋派团体在英国和美国是一支强大的颠覆力量。
the underground
■a group of people who secretly fight against the government （反政府的）地下组织
• He was a member of the underground, harassing the invading army. 他是袭扰侵略军的地下组织成员。
subway, tube, underground
这组词都有“地铁”的意思，其区别是：
subway: 指城市中的地铁或通道，主要用于美国。
tube: 主要用于英国口语中。
underground: 一般用词，指城市中的地铁，主要用于英国。
adv. 在地下；秘密地
 - quietly, privately, secretly
adj. 地下的；秘密的；先锋派的
 - secret, chamber, inside, cabinet
n. 地下；地铁；地道；地下组织；秘密活动；先锋派团体
 - sub, metro, subway

Word: storage
Front: storage
[ˈstɔ:rɪdʒ] (高研四六托雅 2941/2703 -2)
Vocabulary: storage
(once / 999 pages)
n
Storage refers to storing something, like in a basement or attic. People keep all sorts of things in storage — from fur coats to bowling trophies.
When you store something, you put it away somewhere safe, so storage is the act of storing. Squirrels gather nuts and put them in storage by hiding them. A grocery store might use a stockroom for storage. If you have canned food in the basement, that's storage. Some storage is for emergencies, while other storage is for things you might want to look at another time, like old photos. Things in storage are being saved for later.
WORD FAMILY
storage: storages+/ store: storage, stored, stores, storing
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Pemex spokesman said relatively few gasoline stations were affected, although protesters temporarily blocked storage terminals, delaying the delivery of gasoline to retail points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Wrap fragile ornaments in leftover tissue paper or newspaper, or invest in storage containers like archival ornament boxes from the Container Store.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
The two promptly put all their possessions in a storage unit and moved into a Texas apartment with the barest of essentials.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 贮存; 贮藏; 储藏处，仓库; 贮存器，蓄电（瓶）
分布：贮藏(40%)，仓库(29%)，保管(18%)，保管费(13%)
→store,贮存，储存，-age,名词后缀。
n.贮藏(量),保管;库房After an explosion the explorer restored the storage of the explosive in the exploiter's storehouse.爆炸过后勘探者恢复了剥削者的仓库里炸药的储量.
US ['stɔ:r.ɪdʒ] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the putting and keeping of things in a special place for use in the future 储存；储藏；储备
• We've had to build some cupboards to give us more storage space. 我们不得不做了些壁橱来增加储藏空间。
in storage
■If things such as furniture are in storage, they are being kept safe in a special building while they are not needed. （不再使用的家俱等）存放着
n. [计] 存储； [建] [经] 仓库； [贸易] 贮藏所
 - warehouse, repository

Word: consist
Front: consist
[kənˈsɪst] (高研四六托雅 2190/1493 -3)
Vocabulary: consist
(once / 76 pages)
v
Almost always used with the preposition "of," the verb consist means to be made up of, or composed of something. A heated conversation might consist of only two words: "yes" and "no."
If you're talking about something that is made up of other things, consist is your word. A molecule consists of atoms and their bonds. Consist is often used in the past tense, so you're likely to hear it used in a sentence like "the game consisted of fourteen players and one stick." But you can use it in the present tense too. Grammar consists of many, many different rules, all of which are applied differently, depending on whether you're speaking or writing. The clubs all consist of singers, and singers only. If you play an instrument, look elsewhere, bud.
WORD FAMILY
consist: consisted, consistence, consistency, consisting, consists+/consistence: consistences/ consistency: consistencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its visible geothermal features are nowhere near as striking as Yellowstone’s geysers and consist mainly of above-ground, pungent smelling sulphur springs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The containers consist of an aluminum liner with an outer layer of strong carbon fibers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their diet mainly consists of bread, rice and tea.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 由…组成; 在于; 符合
时态：consisted, consisting, consists
分布：构成(71%)，在于(15%)，符合(12%)，由 ... 组成(2%)
→con-, 强调。-sist, 站，词源同exist, stand.
由…组成;与...一致(con共同+sist→站到一起→组成)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
v.(in)在于,存在于;(of)由...组成,由...构成The chemist and the mistress insist that the mist consists of several chemicals.化学家和女教师坚持认为薄雾由几种化学物品构成.
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [L not continuous] consist in sth formal
■to have something as a main and necessary part or quality 在于，存在于
• The beauty of air travel consists in its speed and ease. 乘飞机旅行的好处在于快捷、舒适。
• [+ -ing verb] For her, happiness consists in watching television and reading magazines. 对她来说，幸福就是看电视和读杂志。
[kən'sɪst] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [L not continuous] consist of sth IMPROVER
■to be made of or formed from something 由…组成，由…构成；包含
• The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans. 该队由四个欧洲人和两个美国人组成。
• It's a simple dish to prepare, consisting mainly of rice and vegetables. 这道菜很容易做，主料是米饭和蔬菜。
constant, continual, consist, frequent
constant: 恒久不变的
continual: 多次重复的，不间断的
consist: 由…组成
frequent: 日常的，频繁的
constitute, cover, consist, contain, involve, compose
constitute: 制定，设立，任命
cover: 覆盖，涉及
consist: 在于，存在于
contain: 包含，强调包容关系，既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西
involve: 包含，所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申
compose: 创作（乐曲、诗歌等）
constitute, consist, compose, comprise, include
这组词都有“组成，包含”的意思，其区别是：
constitute: v.构成，组成(整体)。
 • Crime and illegal drugs constitute the city's major problems.   犯罪和非法毒品买卖是这个城市面临的主要问题。
consist: v.组成，构成,由……组成(后接of，常用于主动语态)；(后接in)在于，存在于。
 • The problem consists of two parts.   问题由两部分组成。
 • The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.   这计划的好处就在于简单易行。
compose: v.构成(整体)，组成；由……组成(后接of，常用于被动语态)；创作(作曲、诗歌等)。
 • The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.   委员会主要由教师和学生家长组成。
comprise: v.包含，包括，由……组成(整体)；组成，构成。
 • Our company's product line comprises 2,500 different items.   我们公司的生产线是由2,500个不同的组成部分构成的。
include: v.包括，包含，把……列入。
 • The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.   大会代表中有来自海外的代表。
vi. 组成；在于；符合
 - make up, be composed of

Word: guy
Front: guy
[gaɪ] (研四雅宝 364/2409 -K4)
Vocabulary: guy
(once / 255 pages)
1n 2nv 3v
A guy is a dude, a boy, a man, or really anybody. It's an informal way to refer to a person, especially a male. But a group of people can be guys, even if they’re all female.
Hey guys! Another meaning of guy comes from a guy rope, which is basically a rope that supports something like a tent to a pole. What a guy! So to guy means “to support,” or “tied to” and not just physically. It’s almost like “guide.” The word comes from Guy Fawkes, who famously plotted to blow up Parliament in 1605 and is still burned in effigy yearly on the British Guy Fawkes Day.
WORD FAMILY
guy: guyed, guying, guys
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is a special group of guys. Oh, man, this is the time to step up.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Washington did a fine job limiting Harden but couldn’t keep the “other guys” down in the Rockets’ 101-91 win at Toyota Center.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Dear Amy: I appreciated your advice to “Worried Future Mother-in-Law,” whose daughter was marrying a guy whose mother was belligerent when drunk.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 家伙，伙计; （架设天线、支撑帐篷等用的）牵索; [复数]各位; 一群男人（或女人）
vt. （用牵索等）牵拉; （用拉索等）固定; 开…的玩笑; 取笑
vi. [俚语]逃亡，逃走; 乱演某角色
时态：guyed, guying, guys
分布：家伙(91%)，嘲笑(4%)，拉索(3%)，牵索(2%)
→来自17世纪初Guy Fawkes，其策划炸死国王，炸毁国会大厦。后其名字就作为勇气，胆量的代名词，指小伙，家伙。其字面意思为向导，来自guide的拼写变体。
n.家伙,人The exhausted man and the trustful guy thrust a knife into the rusty crust.精疲力竭的男子和深信不疑的家伙将一把刀子刺向生锈的外壳.
noun
MAN 男人
 ESSENTIAL countable informal
■a man 男人；人
• He's a really nice guy. 他真是个好人。
• Do you mean the guy with the blonde hair and glasses? 你说的是那个满头金发戴眼镜的男人吗?
guys [plural] mainly US
■used to address a group of people of either sex （用于称呼不论男女的一群人）大家，各位，伙计们，兄弟姐妹们
• Come on, you guys, let's go. 快点，伙计们，我们走吧。
countable
■in the UK, a model of a man that is burnt on a large fire on Guy Fawkes Night 盖伊‧福克斯之夜（11月5日，英国人在这天晚上焚烧盖伊‧福克斯模拟像并放烟花以纪念挫败1605年盖伊‧福克斯企图炸毁英国议会的阴谋这一事件）
[gaɪ] noun
ROPE 绳
countable (also guy rope) (US also guyline)
■a rope which at one end is connected to a tent or pole and at the other end is fastened to the ground by a peg , keeping the tent or pole in position （一头拴住帐篷或帐篷支撑杆，另一头固定在地上的）固定拉绳，牵索，支索
n. 男人，家伙
 - boy, apple, customer, he, man
vt. 嘲弄，取笑
 - poke fun at, monkey
vi. 逃跑
 - make a break for it, run off

Word: fun
Front: fun
[fʌn] (中高 1888/2497 -K4)
Vocabulary: fun
(once / 88 pages)
1n 2n
When you are having fun, you are having a good time. Watching little kids jump around inside an inflatable bouncy house, you can instantly tell how much fun they're having.
There is no mistaking fun when you're having it, and it's generally used to mean exactly what it sounds like, some activity or experience that's purely enjoyable. When fun takes the form of an adjective, it's informal, not strictly grammatically correct. So while you can say, "Being with her is so much fun," you can't correctly say, "She is such a fun girl." Fun turns a little bit mean when you're making fun of, or teasing, your friend. In this case, it might be fun for you, but it's probably not very much fun for him.
WORD FAMILY
fun: funning, funny, funs+/ funny: funnier, funnies, funniest, funnily, funniness, unfunny/unfunny: unfunnily
USAGE EXAMPLES
She describes her sound as "really bassy, full of fun and full of energy".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“Acting with a green screen is really fun and interesting,” Proksch said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said she likes the program because it’s fun.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 乐趣; 娱乐活动; 嬉戏，嬉闹; 有趣的事
adj. 使人愉快的; 开心的
vi. 嬉闹; 开玩笑
分布：乐趣(49%)，有趣的(46%)，玩笑(5%)
→可能来自fonnen, 傻瓜，糊弄，词源同fond. 引申词义享乐。
n.玩笑,娱乐;有趣的人(或事物)I wasn't serious; I only did it for fun.我不是当真的,我只不过是闹着玩.
noun uncountable
PLEASURE 快乐
 ESSENTIAL
■pleasure, enjoyment, entertainment 乐趣；快乐；享受
• Have fun (= Enjoy yourself) ! 玩个痛快！
• Having fun (= Are you enjoying yourself) ? 玩得痛快吗？
• I really enjoyed your party - it was such good fun. 参加你们的派对我很开心——真是好玩。
• She's great fun to be with. 跟她在一起你会觉得很有意思。
• Mark was ill for most of the holiday so that took all the fun out of it. 假期里大多数时间马克一直在生病，所以没甚么乐趣。
• It's no fun] not much fun (= not enjoyable) having to work on Saturdays. 星期六还得工作真是让人不痛快。
• a fun -loving girl 爱玩闹的小姑娘
• "We're going on a picnic at the weekend." " What fun (= how enjoyable) !" “本周末我们要去野餐。”“真开心！”
• The relationship was never going to work, but it was fun while it lasted. 这段感情是注定不会有结果的，不过过程很开心。
See common learner error at funny
for fun (also for the fun of it)
 ESSENTIAL
■for pleasure 为了好玩
• I ran but just for fun. 我跑步只是为了好玩。
make fun of sb/sth
■to make a joke about someone or something in a way that is not kind 取笑；拿…开玩笑
• The other children were always making fun of him because he was fat and wore glasses. 别的孩子总是取笑他，因为他胖而且还戴着眼镜。
[fʌn] noun uncountable
PLAYFUL ACTIVITY 好玩的活动
 IMPROVER
■playful and often energetic activity 嬉戏；玩闹
• The children are always full of fun. 孩子们永远是活泼可爱的。
• I didn't mean to upset her - it was just a bit of fun. 我并不想惹她生气——只是闹着玩而已
• I didn't mean what I said, it was only in fun (= a joke). 我说的不能当真，只是开个玩笑。
[fʌn] noun uncountable
have fun and games humorous
■to have difficulty doing something 有困难
• We had real fun and games trying to bath the dog. 给这条狗洗澡可难坏了我们。
[fʌn] noun uncountable
not be all fun and games
■If an activity is not all fun and games, parts of it are difficult or unpleasant 不是随便闹着玩的
• It's not all fun and games being a tour representative. 做旅游代理可不是闹着玩的。
[fʌn] adjective [before noun]
■enjoyable 有趣的；令人愉快的
• There are lots of fun things to do here. 这里有很多有趣的事可做。
fun, recreation, entertainment
fun: 嬉戏，玩耍
recreation: 多指在工作之后通过逗乐或刺激的活动使某人的身心得到恢复，强调自身的放松和消遣；
entertainment: 娱乐（业），供消遣的事物（尤指公众娱乐活动），侧重别人的款待或表演使你得到娱乐；
enjoyment, joy, pleasure, fun, rapture, dlight
这组词都有“愉快、快乐、高兴”的意思，其区别是：
enjoyment: 比pleasure, joy和delight的语气轻，但更着重行为或乐事的本身，而不是感情。
joy: 语气弱于rapture，强于pleasure，多指情感充溢，喜形于色的强烈的欢乐情绪。
pleasure: 最普通常用词，常指不表露出来的满意或喜悦情绪，也指强烈的愉快或兴奋感。
fun: 普通用词，指任何能给予喜悦的娱乐，或指娱乐本身。
rapture: 书面语用词，指极端的欣喜、大喜或狂喜。
dlight: 指强烈的、活泼的、显而易见的快乐和高兴。
n. 乐趣；玩笑；有趣的人或事
 - joke, joy, sport, sweet, enjoyment
vi. 开玩笑
 - fool, kid around, to play a joke, to joke

Word: joseph
Front: joseph
['dʒəʊzɪf] (-/2716)
Back: n. <古>连帽大氅
分布：名词(100%)

Word: devise
Front: devise
[dɪˈvaɪz] (研四六托雅宝 4960/3220 -2)
Vocabulary: devise
(once / 359 pages)
vn
To devise is to figure out a plan. Men twirling long mustaches might devise a plan to tie someone to the railroad tracks.
To devise a plan is more than just making one; there's a lot of figuring out to do, such as: "Phoebe devised a bus route that picked up kids in alphabetical order." There's a method to the madness of devising. The chemistry class devised a plan to make the fire alarm go off. Devise can be positive, too, meaning to find a creative solution: "The design team devised a plan to make the trailer home look like a medieval castle."
WORD FAMILY
devise: devised, devisee, deviser, devises, devising+/devisee: devisees/deviser: devisers/devising: devisings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Devising a nozzle for the aeroponic sprayer proved a tougher problem.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Daly says the league is devising two separate schedules for the 2017-18 season, one of which would feature an Olympic break.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The year ahead will test how well the system devised by our founders works under stress.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: v. 设计; 发明; 策划; 想出
n. 遗赠; 遗赠的财产; 遗赠的条款
时态：devised, devising, devises
分布：设计(81%)，发明(12%)，遗赠(7%)
→来自拉丁语dividere,词源同divide。即分开，展开，后词义引申为发明，设计。
设计,想出(由古义"分开"转化而来)[vid,vis=separate,表示"分开"]
vt.设计;发明;图谋;作出(计划);想出(办法)The vice-adviser advised the reviser to devise a device for getting rid of vice.代理顾问建议校订者想出一个根除恶习的计策.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to invent a plan, system, object, etc., usually cleverly or using imagination 巧妙构思；巧妙设计；发明
• He's good at devising language games that you can play with students in class. 他善于设计可供师生在课堂上使用的语言游戏。
• The cartoon characters Snoopy and Charlie Brown were devised by Charles M. Schultz. 卡通人物史诺比和查理‧布朗是由查尔斯设计的。
formulate, devise, conceive
这组词都有“设计、设想”的意思，其区别是：
formulate: 与conceive相反，指在devise之后的具体设计活动。
devise: 侧重设计的临时性和权宜性，并隐含有更多的设想可用。
conceive: 强调在制定计划之前的先有设想构思。
vt. 设计；想出；发明；图谋；遗赠给
 - design, engineer, style, project, frame
n. 遗赠
 - legacy, bequest

Word: verdict
Front: verdict
[ˈvɜ:dɪkt] (研六托雅宝 4245/4163 -3)
Vocabulary: verdict
(once / 468 pages)
n
A verdict is a decision made after a lot of considering, usually made by the jury in a courtroom. If you've finally decided that the test was unfair, that's your verdict and you should talk to the teacher about it.
Although verdicts are usually announced in a courtroom, any time someone makes a judgment about something, it's a verdict. The truth lies in the root of this word: ver comes from the Latin verus, meaning "true." Ver shows up in other words — to verify something is to prove that it's true, and veracious is an adjective meaning "truthful." And the truth is exactly what the judge needs when he's trying to decide the verdict of a case.
WORD FAMILY
verdict: verdicts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The court will hear the case on December 2nd and may hand down a verdict by January.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Greaves, 23 in 1989, who now runs a courier company in his native Heswall, said the verdicts lifted a weight of 27 years.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The jury in his first trial failed to reach a verdict.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （陪审团的）裁决; 裁定; （经过试验、检验或体验发表的）决定; 意见
分布：裁决(89%)，定论(11%)
→ver-,真实的，词源同verify,-dict,说，词源同dictionary.引申词义公正，裁决。
裁判,判决(ver真实+dict→说真实话→裁决)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
裁决(ver+dict说一说真话→裁决)[uer=true,表示"真实"]
n.(陪审团的)裁决,判决;判断;定论He depicted the conviction that contradicted the verdict.他描绘反驳裁决的定罪.
【记】ver真实，dict说－真实地说－判决
US ['vɝ:-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an opinion or decision made after judging the facts that are given, especially one made at the end of a trial （根据事实作出的）意见，决定；（尤指）判决，裁决
• The jury reached/returned a unanimous verdict of (not) guilty. 陪审团一致判定有罪／无罪。
• Voters gave their verdict on the government's economic record last night by voting overwhelmingly for the opposition. 昨晚选民们以压倒性的多数票支援反对党，由此可以看出他们对本届政府在经济上的作为的评判。
⇒ See also open verdict
n. 结论；裁定
 - conclusion, ruling

Word: upgrade
Front: upgrade
[ˌʌpˈgreɪd] (研六托宝 5927/6186 -2)
Back: n. 向上的斜坡
vt. 提升; 使（机器、计算机系统等）升级; 提高（设施、服务等的）档次; 提高（飞机乘客、旅馆住客等）的待遇
时态：upgraded, upgrading, upgrades
分布：升级(85%)，提高(10%)，改善(3%)，上坡(1%)，向上地(1%)
上升,升级(up向上+grade→向上升级)[grad=step,grade,表示"步,级"]
升级;上升(up+grade等级→升级)[up=up,over表示"向上"]
v.提升,使升级The degraded undergraduate upgraded the underlying virus program.被降职的大学生升级基础的病毒计划.
verb transitive /ʌpˈgreɪd/
 ADVANCED
■to improve the quality or usefulness of something, such as a machine or a computer program, or give a person a more important job or state that their job is more important than it was in the past 使（机器、电脑程式等）升级；提升，提拔（某人）
• It's quite simple to upgrade the indexing software. 升级索引软体很简单。
• Congratulations, I hear you've been upgraded to divisional manager. 祝贺你啊，听说你被提升为部门经理了。
Opposite downgrade
noun countable /ˈʌp.greɪd/
 ADVANCED
■a piece of software or equipment that improves the quality or usefulness of a computer or machine 能提高电脑、机器的品质或效能的软体或设备
• a hardware upgrade 硬体升级
• The upgrade to version 5.0 costs $395. 升级到5.0版本要花费395美元。
update, upgrade, upholder, upset
update: 更新；
upgrade: 升级，提升；
upholder: 抬高，举起，支持，鼓励，赞同，拥护；
upset: 推翻，颠覆，使不安
vt. [计] 使升级；提升；改良品种
 - promote, prefer
n. [计] 升级；上升；上坡
 - rise, raise, updates, ascension
adj. 向上的
 - upward, up

Word: pitch
Front: pitch
[pɪtʃ] (研四六托雅宝 3157/2652 -K3)
Vocabulary: pitch
(once / 109 pages)
1nv 2nv 3vn 4nv 5nv 6nv 7nv 8v 9n
In baseball, the ball is pitched (thrown). Elsewhere, writers, salesmen, and other folks make pitches (proposals).
There's a long list of pitches, both nouns and verbs. A salesman can give you a sales pitch, when he tells you all the reasons you should buy what he's selling. A high, short golf shot is a pitch. If you are singing the right notes to a song then you are on pitch. A rocking boat is pitching. The only way to know which pitch is meant is to look at the situation and who's using the word.
WORD FAMILY
pitch: pitched, pitcher, pitches, pitching, pitchy+/pitcher: pitcherful, pitchers/pitcherful: pitcherfuls/pitching: pitchings/pitchy: pitchiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Internet Governance Forum, a series of events sponsored by the UN, offers a place for all “stakeholders” to pitch in.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Snell pitched in the minor leagues for five years before being called up to the Rays in June.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
At the other end of the pitch, the two keepers with the best shots-to-saves record do not belong to a top-six club.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 场地; 最高点; 音高; 说教
vt. 用沥青涂; 扔，投; 树起，搭起; 定位于
vi. 抛，扔; [棒球]当投手; 搭帐篷; 向前跌或冲
时态：pitched, pitching, pitches
分布：球场(30%)，投(24%)，沥青(14%)，推销(9%)，音调(7%)，程度(5%)，树脂(3%)，颠簸(3%)，投掷(3%)，搭帐篷(1%)，松脂(1%)
→来自中古英语pikken,刺，插，词源同peck,pike.引申词义扔，抛，投球，球场，倾斜等诸多词义。插入字母t,比较bake,batch,piece,patch.pitch 沥青，柏油
n.沥青;掷v.用沥青覆盖;投掷,扔The pitch made me itch. I pitched the switch into the ditch around the kitchen.沥青使我发痒.我把开关抛进围绕厨房的水沟里.
【记】pit小坑，ch吃：把路上的小坑吃了，用沥青填上就行了。
【反】off-key（走调的）－at the proper pitch（音调合适的）
noun
SPORTS FIELD 运动场
 IMPROVER countable UK (US field)
■an area painted with lines for playing particular sports, especially football 运动场地；（尤指）足球场
• a football/hockey/cricket pitch 足球／曲棍球／板球场
• Supporters invaded (= ran onto) the pitch. 球迷都跑进了球场。
[pɪtʃ] noun
LEVEL 水准
countable or uncountable
■the level or degree of something 水准；程度
• The piano and organ were tuned to the same pitch (= note). 钢琴和风琴被调校到同一音调上。
• If you teach children and adults in the same class, it's difficult to get the pitch (= level of difficulty or interest) right. 如果你把孩子和成人放在同一个班里教，就很难完全找出适合学生的难度和他们的兴趣。
only singular
■the level of a feeling （感觉的）程度
• By this time their disagreement had reached such a pitch that there was no hope of an amicable conclusion. 此时，他们的歧见已大得不可能善罢甘休。
• The children were at fever pitch (= very excited) the day before the party. 派对的前一天孩子都特别兴奋。
[pɪtʃ] noun
PERSUASION 说服
countable
■a speech or act which attempts to persuade someone to buy or do something 推销用语；推销
• The man in the shop gave me his (sales) pitch about quality and reliability. 商店里的那个男人向我大谈最高品质，信誉可靠之类的推销行话。
• She made a pitch for the job but she didn't get it. 她竭力争取这份工作，但没有成功。
• [+ to infinitive] The city made a pitch to stage the Olympics. 该市竭力争取主办奥运会。
countable UK
■a place in a public area where a person regularly sells goods or performs 摊位
• The flower seller was at his usual pitch outside the station. 那个卖花人就在车站外他平时的摊位上。
[pɪtʃ] noun
SLOPE 斜坡
only singular
■the amount of slope, especially of a roof （尤指屋顶的）坡度
• This roof has a very steep/high/gentle/low pitch. 这个屋顶很陡／坡度很大／相当平缓／坡度很小。
[pɪtʃ] noun
BLACK SUBSTANCE 黑色物质
uncountable
■a thick black substance which was used in the past to make wooden ships and buildings waterproof 沥青，柏油
[pɪtʃ] noun
BASEBALL 棒球
countable
■a throw in a baseball game 投球
• a good/bad pitch 好／差的投球
[pɪtʃ] noun
TENT 帐篷
countable UK (US site)
■the piece of ground on which you can put up a tent 露营地
• We chose a large level grassy pitch for our caravan. 我们选了一片大而平坦的草地停下我们的旅行拖车。
[pɪtʃ] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to move or be moved suddenly, especially by throwing （使）突然移动；（尤指）投，扔
• She pitched the stone into the river. 她把石头扔到河里。
• He pitched the ball too short and the batsman hit it for six. 他把球投得太近，让打击手击出了一个六分球。
• The ball pitched (= landed) short. 球投到了不远处。
• The bike hit a rut and I was pitched (forward) onto the road. 脚踏车卡进地上的车辙凹痕，我重重地（向前）摔在路上。
• The ship pitched up and down/from side to side in the rough seas. 船在汹涌的海浪里上下／左右颠簸。
[pɪtʃ] verb
BASEBALL 棒球
intransitive or transitive
■in baseball, to throw a ball towards the player with the bat in order for them to try to hit it 投（球）
• Who will be pitching first for the White Sox this evening? 今晚谁是白袜队的第一个投球手？
[pɪtʃ] verb
TENT 帐篷
transitive
■to put up a tent and fix it into position 支，搭（帐篷）
• We pitched camp/our tent in the shade. 我们在阴凉处扎营／搭起帐篷。
[pɪtʃ] verb
LEVEL 水准
transitive
■to express or set something at a particular level 调校至某一水准
• The tune was pitched (= the notes in it were) too high for me to reach the top notes. 调定得太高，我唱不上去。
• A teacher's got to pitch a lesson at the right level for the students. 老师必须把课程的难易度定得与学生的水准相符。
[pɪtʃ] verb
PERSUADE 劝说
intransitive or transitive mainly US
■to try to persuade someone to do something 竭力劝说
• She pitched her idea to me over a business lunch. 她在一次吃商业午餐时竭力游说我接受她的想法。
• They are pitching for business at the moment. 目前他们正在招揽生意。
[pɪtʃ] verb
SLOPE 斜坡
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to slope 倾斜
[pɪtʃ] verb
be pitched into sth
■to suddenly experience a bad feeling 突然有（某种不好的感觉）
• He was pitched (headlong) into despair by what happened to him in his final year at college. 大学最后一年发生的事使他一下子绝望了。
[pɪtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pitch in informal
■to start to do something as part of a group, especially something helpful 投入；参与；（尤指）支援
• If we all pitch in together, it shouldn't take too long. 如果我们齐心协力，那并不需要很长时间。
• [+ to infinitive] When I bought this house, all my friends pitched in to help fix it up. 我买下这栋房子时，所有的朋友都来帮忙整理。
• My brother pitched in with an offer of transport. 我弟弟主动提议要负责运输。
• After we had seen the video everyone started pitching in with comments on its faults. 看完录影后，我们大家都纷纷评论其不足之处。
[pɪtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pitch into sb/sth informal
■to criticize or attack someone or something forcefully 批评，攻击，大骂
• He pitched into me as soon as I arrived, asking where the work was. 我一到他劈头就对我大骂，问我作品在哪里。
[pɪtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pitch up informal
■to arrive in a place 到达
• Gerald finally pitched up two hours late. 杰拉德终于到达，比原定时间晚了两个小时。
fling, throw, cast, heave, toss, hurl, pitch
这组词都有“抛、投、掷”的意思，其区别是：
fling: 指用力投掷，或因感情激动而粗暴地或漫无目的地扔东西。
throw: 普通用词，使用广泛，仅指用力抛掷，不涉及动作方式或感情色彩。
cast: 常可与throw互换，指迅速扔出一个重量较轻的物体。
heave: 指把重物举起后扔出。
toss: 指无什么目的地、轻轻地、随意地掷或扔，所扔掷的东西一般都比较轻。
hurl: 通常指用力投掷，动作迅猛，所投掷的距离也较远。
pitch: 指随意地、轻轻地掷或扔，侧重方向性和有明确的目标。
vi. 倾斜；投掷；搭帐篷；坠落
 - slope, throw, lean
vt. 投；掷；定位于；用沥青涂；扎营；向前倾跌
 - throw, cast, camp
n. 沥青；音高；程度； [松脂] 树脂；倾斜；投掷
 - extent, degree, resin, putting, measure

Word: yen
Front: yen
[jen] (托雅 10461/9329 -3)
Vocabulary: yen
(once / 995 pages)
1n 2nv
Besides being the name of the Japanese currency, yen (a different yen) means a casual desire. You can have a yen for sushi, and if you're in Japan, you can pay for the sushi with the yen in your wallet.
Yen is a casual word––think of it like "hankering." If you have an easy time remembering rhymes, think "I sometimes have a yen, to go back home again." Sometimes yen can even work as a verb––you can yen for pancakes, or yen for truffles, or yen for a time when you yenned for things other than food.
WORD FAMILY
yen: yenning, yens
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was also 1 percent higher on the day at 123.45 yen.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
That is its worst in five years, with the yen's 22 percent surge in the first half of the year slamming the index.
Reuters(Dec 29, 2016)
Investors boosted gold as the yield on 10-year US bonds fell while the dollar fell to a 15-day low against the yen.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 日元; 渴望，热望
vi. 渴望
分布：日元(98%)，上瘾(1%)，对 ... 上瘾(1%)
→日元最终来自汉语圆，瘾来自广东话烟瘾，鸦片瘾。
【记】外来语，读：瘾
[jen] (plural yen)
noun
MONEY 钱
   countable
■the standard unit of money used in Japan 日元
[jen] (plural yen)
noun
WISH 渴望
   countable usually singular informal
■a strong feeling of wanting or wishing for something 渴望，热望
• I have a yen for travelling. 我渴望出去旅行。
n. 日元（日本货币单位）；渴望
 - aspiration, hunger
vi. 渴望
 - rare, aspire, long for, yearn for, die for

Word: movie
Front: movie
[ˈmu:vi] (中高研四雅 576/2856 -K4)
Vocabulary: movie
(once / 155 pages)
n
A movie is a film that you watch at a theater or at home on your TV, laptop, or tablet. Movie is short for "moving picture," which was pretty exciting in the late 1800s.
You can rave about your favorite movie — whether it's "Citizen Kane" or "The Lion King" — and you can also talk about "the movies," or films in general and the industry that makes them. You might dream of working in the movies, for example. Before about 1912, movies were called "motion pictures." Movie is a shortened form of the phrase, which some people abbreviate into the more old-fashioned sounding "pictures."
WORD FAMILY
movie: movies
USAGE EXAMPLES
It will, however, show how Lucas spent some of his filmmaking fortune and that his interest in art extends beyond movies.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For Saroo Brierley , that separation was real and lasting— a story so extraordinary and harrowing that it carries an excellent movie called “Lion.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Not only was it so beautiful over there doing that movie, it was great to be with a lot of kids.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 电影; 电影院; 电影业
分布：电影(100%)
→缩写自moving picture.
电影(mov移动+ie)[-ie表名词"小东西或人"]
n.电影,电影院The motive of the emotional movie is to move the removed men.那部情感电影的动机在于感动被开除的人.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable mainly US for
■a cinema film 电影，影片
• My favourite movie is 'Casablanca'. 我最喜爱的电影是《北非谍影》。
the movies
 ESSENTIAL [plural] mainly US
■a cinema or group of cinemas 电影院
• What's on/showing at the movies this week? 这个星期电影院有甚么电影上映？
• Shall we go to the movies tonight? 今晚去看电影好吗？
picture, film, cinema, movie
这组词都有“电影”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 从原义指银幕或电视屏幕上的图像引申指影片。
film: 指电影、影片，普通用词。
cinema: 与the连用指(上映的)电影，电影工业；可指电影院；在英国与the连用还可指电影艺术。
movie: 美国英语中的口语用词。
n. [电影] 电影；电影院；电影业
 - film, cinema, theater
adj. [电影] 电影的
 - motion-picture, cinematic

Word: charm
Front: charm
[tʃɑ:m] (研六雅宝 4768/4348 -2)
Vocabulary: charm
(once / 63 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A charm is a magical spell or an object that brings luck: it's also a quality of being attractive and pleasing. To charm someone is to attract them.
There are several types of charms, but they mostly relate to attraction and good luck. A lucky coin is a charm. The spell of a witch that entrances you is a charm. People with magnetic personalities, who make you want to hang out with them, have charm and are therefore considered charming. Also, to charm someone is to attract them and win them over. Popular politicians charm the masses, and teachers' pets charm their teachers.
WORD FAMILY
charm: charmed, charmer, charming, charms+/charmed: charmedly/charmer: charmers/ charming: charmingest, charmingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
His detractors accuse him of excessive charm, but it may be more accurate to say that he edits brutality from his world view.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The appeal of the outdoor game lies in the sport's roots, anchored by romantic nostalgia and wintery charm.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
The charming canine stories and photographs guided me through those dark years, to a happier job and happier days.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 魔力; 魅力; 咒文; （表链等的）小装饰品
vt. 使陶醉; 诱惑; 对…行魔法; 令人陶醉
时态：charmed, charming, charms
分布：魅力(85%)，迷人(8%)，吸引力(5%)，施魔法(1%)，美貌(1%)
→来自拉丁词carmen, 唱歌，念咒，来自词根can, 吟唱，词源同chant, cantata. 字母n在m前r化，比较germ, germane, 来自词根gen, 生育。
魅力吸引力(harm的变体)[harm=fitting(适合)]
n.吸引力,魅力v.迷人,(使)陶醉;施魔法于The alarm harmed the charming harmony of the ceremony.警报声损害了典礼迷人的和谐.
US [tʃɑ:rm] noun
ATTRACTION 吸引力
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a quality which makes you like or feel attracted to someone or something 魅力；吸引力
• a woman of great charm 魅力十足的女人
• It's a town with a lot of old-world charm. 这是座极具古朴魅力的城镇。
• Even as a young boy he knew how to turn on the charm (= be pleasant intentionally) when he wanted something. 即使在小时候，他也知道在想要东西时怎样施展魅力。
• I had to use all my charms to get them to lend us the hall. 我不得不施展出所有魅力让他们把礼堂借给我们。
UK [tʃɑ:m] US [tʃɑ:rm] noun
LUCKY OBJECT 幸运物
countable
■an object or saying which is thought to have magical powers, such as the ability to bring good luck 护身符；符咒，咒语
• He keeps a rabbit's paw as a lucky/good luck charm. 他保留着一只兔爪作为能带来好运的护身符。
UK [tʃɑ:m] US [tʃɑ:rm] noun
JEWELLERY 首饰
countable
■a small, especially gold or silver, object worn on a chain as jewellery （首饰链上的）小饰物（尤指金制或银制）
UK [tʃɑ:m] US [tʃɑ:rm] verb transitive often passive
■to attract someone or persuade someone to do something because of your charm 吸引；迷住；使着迷
• We were charmed by his boyish manner. 我们被他天真烂漫的男孩气质迷住了。
UK [tʃɑ:m] US [tʃɑ:rm] verb transitive often passive
charm the pants off sb slang
■to make someone like you very much, especially when they meet you for the first time （尤指初次见面）使（某人）着迷，极讨（某人）喜欢
• "How did your sister's boyfriend get on with your mum?" "Oh, he charmed the pants off her." “你姐姐的男友跟你妈妈相处得怎么样？”“噢，他很讨她的欢心。”
attract, charm, enchant, fascinate, tempt
这些动词均含有“吸引，引诱”之意。
attract: 普通用词，指客观上吸引人的注意力。
charm: 侧重迷住某人或使之高兴。
enchant: 着重指有能力引起被迷住者的欢乐或赞美。
fascinate: 通常含使人无法拒绝、无法摆脱的意味。
tempt: 指吸引力很强，强调欲望被唤醒。
n. 魅力，吸引力；魔力
 - grace, appeal, fascination
vt. 使陶醉；行魔法
 - intoxicate

Word: smooth
Front: smooth
[smu:ð] (中高研四六托雅宝 2422/2682 -K3)
Vocabulary: smooth
(once / 112 pages)
1adjvn 2adjv
Something smooth is free of roughness, stubble, or other imperfections that you can feel with your hands. If your wooden table is giving you splinters, use a sander to smooth it down and make it smooth. As you can see, smooth works as both a verb and an adjective.
Smooth has lots of interesting uses: Caught in a wind storm? Better smooth out your hair when you head inside. Got a friend who's good with the ladies? Try imitating his smooth moves. Need help to smooth out a dispute between two friends? Invite them out for coffee and offer to help them smooth out their differences. Some pianists prefer ivory keys to plastic because they're less smooth, and their fingers don't slip. The best dancers can move smoothly from one move to another.
WORD FAMILY
smooth: smoothed, smoother, smoothest, smoothing, smoothingly, smoothly, smoothness, smooths, unsmooth+/smoothed: unsmoothed/smoother: smoothers/smoothness: smoothnesses/unsmooth: unsmoothly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It is so smooth that in some respects it doesn’t even look dictatorial,” he said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Backstage, he gravely smoothed his lapels, now a matter of concern.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The elder Word predicts the transition will be smooth.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 光滑的; 流畅的; 柔软的; 温和的，安详的
vt. 使平滑; 排除，消除; 安抚，平息; 使优雅
vi. 变平和，变缓和
n. 平地，平面
时态：smoothed, smoothing, smooths
分布：光滑的(47%)，消除(16%)，流畅的(9%)，平稳的(8%)，圆滑的(7%)，均匀的(7%)，可口的(2%)，使光滑(2%)，安祥的(1%)，安慰(1%)
→来自中古英语 smoothe,来自古英语 smothe,平的，光滑的，词源不详，可能来自辅音丛 sm-
a.光滑的;顺利的;柔和的v.(over)掩饰By the spoon you'll soon see the smooth tooth of the moon above the booth.借助勺子你可以立刻看到电话亭上方月亮的光滑牙齿.
【反】corrugated（adj 起皱的）；serrated（adj 锯齿状的）；spiny（adj 多刺的）
adjective
REGULAR 规则的
 ESSENTIAL
■having a surface or substance which is perfectly regular and has no holes, lumps or areas that rise or fall suddenly 光滑的，平滑的
• a smooth surface/texture/consistency 光滑的表面／平滑的质地／平滑而浓稠
• This custard is deliciously smooth and creamy. 这种蛋塔细腻润滑、香浓可口。
• Mix together the butter and sugar until smooth. 把奶油和糖混合调匀。
• The road ahead was flat and smooth. 前面的路平坦光滑。
• This cream will help to keep your skin smooth. 这种护肤霜有助于保持皮肤光滑。
[smu:ð] adjective
NOT INTERRUPTED 未打断的
■happening without any sudden changes, interruption, inconvenience or difficulty 顺利的，流畅的
• We had a very smooth flight with no turbulence at all. 我们的飞行很顺利，没有碰到乱流。
• The car's improved suspension gives a much smoother ride than earlier models. 这辆车改良过的避震装置让它行驶起来比以前的型号更加平稳顺畅。
• An efficient transport system is vital to the smooth running of a country's economy. 高效的交通系统对一个国家经济的稳定发展至关重要。
[smu:ð] adjective
TASTING PLEASANT 口感好的
■having a pleasant flavour which is not sour or bitter 醇厚的，香醇的
• This coffee is incredibly smooth and rich. 这种咖啡的味道香醇浓郁。
[smu:ð] adjective
INSINCERE 不真诚的
■very polite, confident and able to persuade people, but in a way that is not sincere 圆滑的，能言善道的
• The foreign minister is so smooth that many of his colleagues distrust him. 这位外交部长非常圆滑，他的很多同事都不信任他。
• In job interviews, the successful candidates tend to be the smooth talkers who know exactly how to make the right impression. 在求职面试中，成功的应征者往往是那些能言善道、清楚知道如何给人留下良好印象的人。
[smu:ð] adjective
as smooth as silk /a baby's bottom
■extremely smooth 非常光滑
• Her skin was as smooth as silk. 她的皮肤如丝一般光滑。
[smu:ð] verb
MAKE FLAT 铺平
intransitive or transitive
■to move your hands across something in order to make it flat 抚平；（使）平整
• He straightened his tie nervously and smoothed (down) his hair. 他紧张地整了整自己的领带，顺了顺头发。
[smu:ð] verb
REMOVE PROBLEMS 解决疑难
transitive
■to remove difficulties and make something easier to do or achieve 使顺利，使顺畅
• We encourage parents to help smooth their children's way through school. 我们鼓励父母帮助自己的孩子为求学之道铺路。
• We must do more to smooth the country's path to democratic reform. 我们必须再接再厉，为国家的民主改革铺路。
[smu:ð] verb
RUB 擦
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to cover the surface of something with a liquid, cream or wax, using gentle rubbing movements 擦，抹
• Pour some oil into the palm of your hand and then smooth it over your arms and neck. 在手掌里倒一点油，然后把它轻轻涂在手臂和脖子上。
[smu:ð] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smooth sth away
■to remove the difficulties from something 克服（困难）
• My mother was always there to smooth away my fears. 我母亲总会帮我克服恐惧。
[smu:ð] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smooth sth out
■to reduce the difficulties or changes in a process or situation 消除，缓和
• By investing small amounts regularly, you can smooth out the effects of sudden rises and falls in the stock market. 定期小额投资能够减少股市突然涨跌所造成的影响。
[smu:ð] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smooth sth over
■to make problems, difficulties or disagreements less serious or easier to solve, usually by talking to the people involved （通常透过交谈沟通的方式）缓和，调解
• Would you like me to try to smooth things over between you and your parents? 需要我来尝试缓和一下你和你父母之间的关系吗？
smooth, level, flat, even
这组词都有“平的，平坦的”的意思，其区别是：
smooth: 侧重指表面十分平滑，无任何粗糙的感觉。引申作圆滑解。
level: 强调没有高低之处，且在同一水平面，可引申指才能相等或与相邻某物平行。
flat: 指光滑平整的表面，但不一定是水平的。
even: 通常指平面上的各点或一条直线的各点处在同一平面或直线上。
adj. 顺利的；光滑的；平稳的
 - glabrous, favourable
vt. 使光滑；消除（障碍等）；使优雅；缓和
 - eliminate, avoid, relax
adv. 光滑地；平稳地；流畅地
 - quietly, glossily

Word: junior
Front: junior
[ˈdʒu:niə(r)] (高研四六雅 2451/2820 -K3)
Back: adj. 较年幼的，较年小的; 三年级的，低年级的; 资历较浅的; 后进的
n. 年少者，青少年; 晚辈; 三年级生; 职位较低者
分布：年少者(26%)，晚辈(22%)，下级的(14%)，资历较浅的(13%)，年少的(10%)，地位较低者(10%)，三年级生(5%)
→来自拉丁语junior,小的，缩写自juvenior,年青的，来自iuvenis的比较级，词源同young,juvenile.
年少的(jun年轻)[-ior表形容词"较…的"]
a./n.年少的/者,三年级的/学生,下级(的)The junior and senior of the senate all have driver's licenses.参议院的年长者和年少者都有驾驶执照.
US [-njɚ] noun
LOW RANK 低级别
countable
■someone who has a job at a low level within an organization 地位（或等级）较低者；年资较浅者，晚辈
• an office junior 下级军官
UK ['dʒu:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] noun
STUDENT 学生
countable UK
■a student at a junior school 小学生
countable US
■a student in the third year of a course that lasts for four years at a school or college （美国四年制中学或大学的）三年级学生
the juniors UK * junior school
• Lewis has just moved up to the juniors. 路易士刚上小学。
UK ['dʒu:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] noun
YOUNGER 较年幼者
countable
■a young person below a particular age who is involved in an activity, especially sport 初级者（参与某项活动，尤其是体育活动时低于特定年龄的年青人）
• Saturday morning sessions are for juniors only. 周六早上的课节只为大学三年级学生而设。
three/eight, etc. years your junior
■three/eight, etc. years younger than you 较年幼者（比你小3/8岁）
• My brother is five years my junior. 我弟弟比我小五岁。
• My sister is my junior by three years (= My sister is three years younger than me). 我妹妹比我小三岁。
Compare senior
UK ['dʒu:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] noun
SON 儿子
only singular mainly US
■used to refer to your son （用于指自己的）儿子
• Come on, Junior, time for bed. 来，儿子，该上床睡觉了。
UK ['dʒu:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] adjective
LOW RANK 低级别
 IMPROVER
■low or lower in rank 地位（或等级）较低的；年资较浅的
• I object to being told what to do by someone junior to me. 我不愿意让资历比我低的人告诉我该怎么做。
• a junior doctor/partner 资历较浅的医生／资浅合伙人
Compare senior
UK ['dʒu:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] adjective
YOUNGER 较年幼的
■connected with or involving young people below a particular age 初级的（低于特定年龄的）
• junior orchestra 初级组管弦乐团
• Junior members are not permitted to compete. 不允许初级会员参加比赛。
■(US written abbreviation Jr) (mainly UK written abbreviation Jnr)
■used after a man's name to refer to the younger of two men in the same family who have the same name （置于姓名后表示家庭同名两人中的较年幼者）小
• Sammy Davis, Jr 小萨米‧戴维斯
adj. 年少的；后进的；下级的
 - inferior, lower

Word: sand
Front: sand
[sænd] (中高研四六 2205/2470 -K3)
Back: n. 沙; 沙滩; 沙色
vt. 撒沙于; 用砂纸磨光
时态：sanded, sanding, sands
分布：沙(67%)，沙子(22%)，沙滩(10%)，以沙掩盖(1%)
→来自古英语 sand,沙，来自 Proto-Germanic*samdaz,沙，来自 sem,倾泻，涌出。引申动词 词义磨砂，用砂纸打磨。
n.沙;(pl.)沙滩,沙地Sand is insoluble in water.沙在水中是不溶解的.
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a substance that is found on beaches and in deserts, which is made from very small grains of rock 沙，沙子
• a grain of sand 一粒沙
• The children played all day in/on the sand. 孩子们玩了一整天沙子。
• coarse/fine sand 粗／细沙
• Mix one part sand to three parts cement. 将一份沙和三份水泥混合。
sands [plural]
■large flat areas of sand near the sea 沙滩
• miles of golden sands 绵延数哩的金色沙滩
[sænd] noun
the sands of time are running out literary saying
■used to say that there is not much time left to do something 时间不多，期限将到（沙漏里的沙要跑完了，是说做某事剩下的时间不太多了）
[sænd] verb transitive
■to make something smooth by rubbing it with something rough, especially sandpaper (= strong paper with sand fixed to it) （尤指用砂纸）打磨，磨光
• Sand the door (down) thoroughly before starting to paint. 粉刷之前要把门用砂纸彻底磨光。
n. [土壤] 沙；沙地；沙洲；沙滩；沙子
 - dene, hurst

Word: countryside
Front: countryside
[ˈkʌntrisaɪd] (中高雅 5320/2249 -K3)
Back: n. 乡村; 郊野; 乡下的全体居民
分布：农村(65%)，乡下(35%)
n.乡下,农村The county councilor encountered the accountant at the counter of a countryside shop.县委委员在一乡村商店的柜台边碰到了会计师.
noun [S or U]
 IMPROVER
■land not in towns, cities or industrial areas, which is either used for farming or left in its natural condition 农村，乡下；郊外
• The countryside around there is lovely. 那周围的乡村很美。
• The mansion is set in 90 acres of beautiful, unspoilt countryside. 那所官邸占地90英亩，坐落在未遭破坏的美丽乡村。
• Every summer thousands of people flock to the countryside. 每年夏天成千上万的人涌向乡村。
['kʌn.trɪ.saɪd] noun [S or U]
  Common Learner Errors  countrysideRemember : you usually use the before countryside.
✗ They live in a beautiful cottage in countryside. They live in a beautiful cottage in the countryside. But before another noun, you do not have to use 'the'. The cottage is in a countryside location.
n. 农村，乡下；乡下的全体居民
 - ruralarea, campagna

Word: grumble
Front: grumble
[ˈgrʌmbl] (六托雅宝 8559/8731 -1)
Vocabulary: grumble
(once / 450 pages)
vn
When you grumble, you complain about something clearly but quietly, in a low mutter. Some people grumble a hundred times a day, about everything from the weather to the traffic to their bad luck at bowling.
The verb grumble is a great example of onomatopoeia, a word that sounds just like what it means. When you say "grumble" out loud, you're practically already grumbling about something. The origin of grumble is the Middle French word grommeler, or "mutter through the teeth." Just think about the things in life that make you want to mutter through your teeth and you'll probably start to grumble.
WORD FAMILY
grumble: grumbled, grumbler, grumbles, grumbling+/grumbler: grumblers/grumbling: grumblingly, grumblings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The poem talks about how: "We hate orange barriers/As they dig up the town/We all like to grumble/As we traverse around."
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
This is not a grumble, though, it is a fact of life.
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
When he missed three of his first four shot attempts, the crowd grumbled.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: vi. 抱怨; 发牢骚; 嘟囔; （雷等）隆隆响
vt. 喃喃地说出
n. 抱怨; 牢骚; 咕哝; （雷等的）隆隆声
时态：grumbled, grumbling, grumbles
分布：抱怨(58%)，牢骚(16%)，发牢骚(13%)，怨言(8%)，轰隆声(4%)，轰鸣(1%)
→拟声词，模仿咕哝的声音。比较grouch, grouse,grunt.
【记】源于mutter（n /v 咕哝；嘀咕）rumble（v 隆隆声；低沉地说）读：grow ball－长成一个ball的形状，重200ton－粗鲁地抱怨
【参】grouch骨肉吃；grouse骨肉死，groan骨肉嗯（2个抱怨，一个呻吟）
verb intransitive
■to complain about someone or something in an annoyed way 发牢骚；抱怨；嘟囔
• She spent the evening grumbling to me about her job. 她整晚都在向我抱怨她的工作。
• [+ speech] "You never hang your coat up, " she grumbled. “你就从来不会把外套挂起来。”她埋怨道。
■If your stomach grumbles, it makes a low continuous noise, usually because you are hungry. （通常因为饿而）肚子咕咕叫
['grʌm.bl] verb intransitive
mustn't grumble UK humorous
■something you say to mean that your life is not bad and that you should not complain about it 没有甚么好抱怨的；日子过得还不错
• "How's it going then, Mike?" "Oh, all right. Mustn't grumble." “那么，一切还好吧，麦克？”“哦，不错，没有甚么好抱怨的。”
['grʌm.bl] noun countable usually plural
■a complaint 抱怨；牢骚
• If I hear any more grumbles about the food, you can do the cooking yourself! 要是再让我听到你抱怨饭不好吃，你就自己做！
grumble, complain, murmur
这组词都有“抱怨、埋忽”的意思，其区别是：
grumble: 指因对处境、待遇不满或其他个人因素而愤愤不平地向他人诉苦或自言自语。
complain: 侧重因对处境不满、待遇不公或自己有痛苦等而向别人诉说、埋怨。
murmur: 多指因不满某人或某事而背着人自言自语地发怨言。
vi. 抱怨；嘟囔
 - beef about, repine
n. 怨言
 - earful, querimony
vt. 喃喃地说出
 - mouth

Word: upset
Front: upset
[ʌpˈset] (高研四六托雅 3388/3776 -K3)
Vocabulary: upset
(once / 296 pages)
1vnadj 2vnadj 3vnadj 4vn
To be upset is to be disturbed or very unhappy. You can be upset, and you can also upset someone — but you probably didn’t mean to.
Upset has multiple senses. It generally refers to something that has been knocked over, turned upside down, or disturbed. Just as your coffee cup can be upset — knocked over or disturbed –- so can your emotions –- and your stomach. Upset can also refer to an unexpected victory. You might be so upset by the upset of your favorite team that you upset your table in frustration.
WORD ROUTES
Debunking the Legend of "Upset"
Some stories about word origins recall the old Italian saying, se è non vero, è ben trovato: even if it is not true, it is well invented. One such too-good-to-check story involves the sporting usage of upset, which, it is said, came to be because an unfavored horse named Upset beat the great thoroughbred Man o' War.
It's true that Man o' War did lose the only race of his career to Upset, at Saratoga’s Sanford Memorial Stakes in 1919. And it was truly an upset, though Man o' War lost the race chiefly due to a mix-up at the start of it, when the horses were not lined up properly. (There were no starting gates in horse-racing back then.) But as I explain in my "Word on the Street" column for The Wall Street Journal, Upset didn't beget upset to refer to the defeat of a heavily favored competitor.
The story that Upset was responsible for the use of upset in sports was, for a time, a plausible one. When the sporting sense was added to the Oxford English Dictionary's entry for the noun upset in 1993, the first citation given came from 1920, in an article about a Canadian indoor tennis championship. One might conjecture that the Sanford race the year before really was the reason that upset was being used for tennis (just as it was used to describe all the upsets at Wimbledon this year).
But in the time since the OED editors worked on that entry, the story of upset has been greatly filled out, as we can follow the trail of the word on sports pages in digitized newspaper databases. In February 2002, in a post on the Usenet newsgroup alt.usage.english, I surveyed New York Times articles that used the word upset, and it was clear that it was already in use in horse-racing and other sports like baseball before the famous 1919 race.
Later in 2002, the New York University librarian George A. Thompson looked into the matter more comprehensively in a post on the American Dialect Society mailing list. Thompson found unequivocal use of upset as a noun in horse-racing as early as 1877. In that year, The New York Times reported that a program at New Jersey's Monmouth Park racetrack "indicates a victory for the favorite in each of the four events, but racing is so uncertain that there may be a startling upset."
For my Wall Street Journal column, I kept looking into the early history of upset in sporting journals, and I found that the use of the verb to mean "defeat unexpectedly" goes back another couple of decades. Here are a few examples:
At the York August meeting, there were only four runners for the Chesterfield Handicap of 208 sovs., one mile, and the favorite, Ellermire, 5 yrs., 7st. 121b., was upset by the Dipthong colt, 3 yrs. 6st. 2lb. —Spirit of the Times, Sept. 5 1857, p. 355
Throughout the day the fielders had the best of it, as only two favorites won, while many which were heavily backed were upset. —Turf, Field, and Farm, Sept. 7, 1867, p. 146
In nearly every race the favorite was upset. —Turf, Field, and Farm, Aug. 7, 1868, p. 515
(It's notable that the horse doing the upsetting in the 1857 citation was named Dipthong, suggesting a long history for the misspelled version of diphthong noted here by Neal Whitman for its often pejorative use.)
Looking for these early uses of upset, it's important to distinguish the novel sense from meanings that were already circulating in the nineteenth century. The original, literal meaning of upset was "to topple" (as a verb) or "an act of toppling" (as a noun). So a horse could be upset if it fell over and didn't finish the race. But in the examples above, the upsets do not appear to have been achieved by a horse being literally toppled.
There were also more figurative uses of upset floating around, relating to things being thrown into disarray. If a horse won a race when he wasn't expected to, one could say that he upset expectations, or upset the calculations of the oddsmakers. Both the literal and figurative meanings were likely at play when upset was extended to usage for unexpected defeats.
There are still some unanswered questions in the upset story. First, why was Upset so called in the first place? Was it just a matter of wishful thinking? Was it a kind of onomastic determinism, with Upset serving as an aptonym like the sprinter Usain Bolt or the writer Francine Prose?
I'm partial to the theory floated by Dorothy Ours, author of Man o' War: A Legend Like Lightning. Ours notes that Upset's mother was the foal Pankhurst (Emmeline Pankhurst was famous British activist for women's suffrage) and Pankhurst's father was Voter. So it would make sense if Upset was honoring this naming legacy with a political meaning of upset rather than a sporting one. At the very least, the word worked as a kind of double entendre by the time the horse was named in 1917.
Another question that remains is how the etymological legend of Upset spread. Contemporary descriptions of the 1919 race, as well as later descriptions from the '20s onwards, simply noted that Upset was "aptly" or "appropriately" named. Only later was the name Upset built into an origin story. A commenter on Joe Posnanski's blog remembers it from a question in the original Trivial Pursuit game in the 1980s. Regardless, the legend became firmly entrenched in the '90s and '00s.
I did find a weaker version of the legend in a 1962 column by Washington Post sports columnist Bob Addie: "The term 'upset' in sports gained considerable stature back in 1919 when a horse actually named Upset beat the wonder horse, Man o' War." That may in fact be true: certainly upset gained traction in sports reporting starting in the '20s, and Upset may have had something to do with that. So let's give some credit to the scrappy colt, even if he didn't achieve full-fledged eponym status.
Ripley's Believe It or Not, Aug. 19, 1947
For more on upset, check out my interview on the NPR show "Here and Now."
WORD FAMILY
upset: upsets, upsetted, upsetter, upsetting+/upsetter: upsetters/upsetting: upsettingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Donald Trump defeats Hillary Clinton in the biggest upset in US history.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Tell him you were upset your children were prevented from meeting their cousin and ask him to forgive you for your pettiness.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Happily, if any were upset by it, none said so to me.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 打翻，弄翻; 打乱，打搅
vt. 打乱，搅乱; 推翻，弄翻; 使心烦意乱; 使翻倒
n. 翻倒，颠覆; 心烦意乱; 混乱
adj. 难过的; 失望的; 沮丧的; （肠胃）不舒服的
时态：upset, upsetting, upsets
分布：打乱(31%)，颠覆(10%)，不安的(10%)，翻倒(10%)，混乱(10%)，推翻(9%)，心烦的(9%)，不适的(4%)，苦恼的(4%)，使心烦(3%)
→原义为set up,固定。现词义实际上是overset的部分词义转移给upset。
打翻a不安心的(up向上+set→[把底]向上放→打翻)[set=fix,表示"安置好"]
v.使...心烦意乱;打翻,推翻a.难过的;不安的The upset supplement supplier went up with the puppet to the upper room for supper.心烦意乱的增刊供给者与傀儡一起到上面的房间吃晚餐.
【记】up上，set放置：上下倒置－颠覆
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
WORRY 烦忧
 ESSENTIAL
■to make someone worried, unhappy or angry 使心烦意乱；使难过；使生气
• It still upsets him when he thinks about the accident. 一想起那次事故他仍很恼火。
• [R] Don't upset your self by thinking about what might have been. 别再去想原本可能会怎样了，何必自寻烦恼。
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
CHANGE 变化
■to change the usual or expected state or order of something, especially in a way which stops it from happening or working 打乱；搅乱
• Any mechanical problems would upset our plans of driving across the desert. 哪怕是很小的机械故障都有可能搅乱我们驾车穿越沙漠的计划。
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
KNOCK 撞
■to push or knock something out of its usual position, usually by accident, especially causing it to fall 推；撞；（尤指）打翻，碰倒
• Our dog upset the picnic table, spilling food everywhere. 狗撞翻了野餐桌，把我们的食物弄得到处都是。
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
ILLNESS 疾病
■to make someone feel slightly ill 使不适
• He can't eat grapes - they upset him/his stomach. 他不能吃葡萄——他的胃受不了。
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
upset the apple cart
■to cause trouble, especially by spoiling someone's plans 制造麻烦；（尤指）打乱计划
adjective]ʌpˈset/
WORRIED 烦忧
 IMPROVER [after verb]
■worried, unhappy or angry 使心烦意乱；使难过；使生气
• Don't get upset about the dress - there's only a little stain on it. 不要为这件衣服难过了——上面只有一个小污点而已。
• [+ to infinitive] She was very upset to hear that the holiday had been cancelled. 听说假期取消了，她很沮丧。
• [+ that] He was very upset that you didn't reply to his letters. 你没给他回信，他很失望。
adjective]ʌpˈset/
ILL 疾病 informal
■If you have an upset stomach you feel slightly ill, especially because of something you have eaten or drunk 形容肚子不舒服（尤其因为吃喝的东西引起的不适）
• I've got an upset stomach/tummy - serves me right for eating so much. 我肚子不舒服——我这是自作自受，谁让自己吃得太多。
noun]ˈʌp.set/
CHANGE 改变
uncountable
■confusion and problems 混乱；麻烦
• How much upset will the new monitoring procedures cause? 新的监控程式将会带来多大的混乱?
countable
■when someone beats the team or player that was expected to win 爆冷门
• It would be quite an upset if the favourite didn't win. 如果这个夺标大热门没有获胜，那就真是爆冷门。
noun]ˈʌp.set/
ILLNESS 疾病
countable informal
■a slight illness of the stomach 肠胃不适
• Melanie's got a stomach/tummy upset so she won't be going to school today. 梅兰妮肚子不舒服，所以今天不去上学了。
upset, perturb, agitate, disturb
这组词都有“使不安，使心烦意乱”的意思，其区别是：
upset: 最普通，最通俗用词，侧重失去精神上的平静，心理上完全丧失平衡。
perturb: 书面语用词，指使人焦急烦恼，扰得心情不安。
agitate: 侧重指内心的焦虑，难于控制，表露于外。
disturb: 指因某人的行动、扰乱、妨碍安静等而使人不得安宁。
update, upgrade, upholder, upset
update: 更新；
upgrade: 升级，提升；
upholder: 抬高，举起，支持，鼓励，赞同，拥护；
upset: 推翻，颠覆，使不安
vt. 使心烦；颠覆；扰乱
 - disorder, subvert
vi. 翻倒
 - tip, keel over
adj. 心烦的；混乱的；弄翻的
 - chaotic, troubled, confused
n. 混乱；翻倒
 - disorder, chaos, confusion, turmoil, involvement

Word: enhance
Front: enhance
[ɪnˈhɑ:ns] (研四六托雅宝 2331/2669 -3)
Vocabulary: enhance
(once / 638 pages)
v
Many people use the expression "enhance your chance" to point out ways to increase your chances of winning or earning a contest or prize. When you enhance something, you heighten it or make it better.
"Hance" is not a word, but the addition of "en-" does something to enhance it and improve its sound. You can enhance the size of something, too, by altering it or raising it, which is what the word original meant (the "hance" part came via French from Latin altus, meaning "high"). When you enhance something you take it to a higher level, like adding salt to French fries to enhance flavor or adding words to enhance your vocabulary.
WORD FAMILY
enhance: enhanced, enhancement, enhancer, enhances, enhancing+/ enhancement: enhancements/enhancer: enhancers
USAGE EXAMPLES
And she’s not opposed to using technology in museum exhibits, as long as interactive screens and other bells and whistles enhance the interpretation for visitors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many athletes talk to themselves as a way of enhancing performance; Andy Murray yells at himself during tennis matches.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“This certainly enhances your ‘bold city’ image,” Hartzog told the locals.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 提高，增加; 加强
时态：enhanced, enhancing, enhances
分布：提高(57%)，加强(32%)，增加(11%)
→来自拉丁语inaltare, 来自词根alt, 高，见exalt, altitude. -ance, 现在分词。
v.提高,增强The alliance enhanced the reliability of the applicable alloy appliances.盟友增强了适用的合金用具的可靠性.
US [-'hænts] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to improve the quality, amount or strength of something 提高；增加；增强；增进
• These scandals will not enhance the organization's reputation. 这些丑闻并不会提高这个组织的声誉。
enhance, cement, strengthen
enhance: 使…看起来更好；提高；美化
cement: （比喻）将…结合在一起；加强；巩固。如cement a friendship表示“加强友谊”
strengthen: 使…更强
enhance, raise, heighten, intensify, aggravate
enhance: 提高，增强：靠增添某种能增强物质的价值、魅力或声望的东西以指某物超出常规水平或通常的喜人程度或吸引力
raise: 提高，增强，养育，种植，饲养
heighten: 提高到超出平常、陈腐或平庸之辈的承程度，并在尖锐和深刻方面有所增强，表示常规合习惯，现状的升级，侧重加强加深加重
intensify: 一物的加深加强强化到很显著、罕见的深度式强度，尤其是在其特性方面
aggravate: 明显加强了那已是令人不快、困难重重的环境，条件的严重性，说明严重性的增加，要求给与注意
enhance, raise, feed
enhance: 增强，提高，美化（多用于抽象意义）
raise: 养育（孩子），饲养（家畜），生产（作物）,提高，上升，养育
feed: 给（人或动物）食物
vt. 提高；加强；增加
 - raise, cement, boost, muscle, gain

Word: repay
Front: repay
[rɪˈpeɪ] (研六 7971/5271 -2)
Vocabulary: repay
(once / 403 pages)
v
When you give someone money that you owe them, you repay them. A bank may loan you money to buy a new car, but you'll have to repay the money, plus interest.
You might repay a bank loan, or repay your brother the dollar you borrowed last week. You can also repay things other than money: "How will I ever repay your kindness and support?" Repay comes from the French repaier, with its "back" prefix re- and payer, "to pay."
WORD FAMILY
repay: repaid, repayable, repaying, repayment, repays+/nonpayment: nonpayments/overpay: overpaid, overpaying, overpayment, overpays/overpayment: overpayments/ pay: overpay, payable, payee, payer, paying, payment, pays, prepay, repay, underpay/payable: payables/ payee: payees/payer: payers/paying: non-paying, payingest/ payment: nonpayment, payments/prepay: prepaying, prepayment, prepays/prepayment: prepayments/repayment: repayments/underpay: underpaid, underpaying, underpayment, underpays/underpayment: underpayments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Under California law, each of those parties on the supply chain is initially listed as being responsible to help repay the lost wages.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Perhaps Mr. Obama wanted to repay Mr. Reid for blocking so much GOP legislation.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
To the point where we can’t really afford to repay you.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 偿还; 付还; 报答; 酬报
vi. 偿还，补偿
时态：repaid, repaying, repays
分布：偿还(76%)，报答(22%)，还钱给(2%)
→re-,向后，往回，pay,支付。
v.偿还,报答When will you repay him the money?你打算什么时候还他钱?
(repaid, repaid)
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to pay back or to reward someone or something 付还，偿还；酬报，报答
• He had to sell his car to repay the bank loan. 他不得不卖了车还银行贷款。
• She repaid the loan to her mother. 她还了从妈妈那里借的钱。
• [+ two objects] She repaid her mother the loan. 她还了从妈妈手里借的钱。
• How can I ever repay you for all your kindness? 你对我这么好，我怎么才能报答你呢？
[rɪ'peɪ] (repaid, repaid)
verb transitive
repay your effort/time/attention, etc. mainly UK
■If an activity, book, etc. repays your effort/time/attention, etc., it is worth the effort or time, etc. that you spend on it 值得花心机／时间／精神去做某事
• You should read this article - it would repay your time. 你应该读这篇文章，确实不虚一读。
• If you think of these children growing into adults who enjoy and appreciate classical music, then that repays our effort. 只要想到这些孩子长大成人后会鉴赏玩味古典音乐的话，我们的努力就显然没有白费了。
vi. 偿还；报答；报复
 - return, make the payments
vt. 回报；报复；付还
 - get back on, get even with

Word: proud
Front: proud
[praʊd] (中高研四六 1983/2579 -K3)
Vocabulary: proud
(once / 73 pages)
adj
When you are proud, you are feeling pride, or satisfaction with yourself. The word proud can also mean too much of this feeling––sometimes saying someone is proud is the same as saying they're arrogant.
It's also possible to feel proud of someone else. If your best friend gets the lead in the school play, you may find yourself feeling as happy for him as if you'd got the lead yourself. When you graduate from college, your "proud parents" will want to be there to watch. The maxim "Pride comes before a fall" plays on the fact that when you are proud of what you have, you are also at risk: having something means you have something to lose.
WORD FAMILY
proud: overproud, prouder, proudest, proudly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But after resounding defeat in elections early this year, the KMT struggles for relevance on an island that is proud of its separateness from China.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Gwenna Cook, 8, said she was especially proud of her candy roofing work.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sometimes even exceptional defenders can't afford to be too proud to do what needs be done.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 自豪的，得意的; 光荣的，高尚的; 傲慢的; 有自尊心的
级别：prouder, proudest
分布：自豪的(78%)，自尊的(16%)，自傲的(3%)，壮观盛大的(3%)
→来自古英语prud,卓越的，壮观的，傲慢的，高傲的，可能来自古法语prud,勇敢的，英勇的，缩写自拉丁语prodesse,有用的，起作用的，来自pro-,向前，在前，代替，esse,存在，成为，词源同essence.
a.(of)自豪的;引以自豪的;妄自尊大的Riding on the ridge of the bridge, the proud bride shouts loudly to the cloud.骄傲的新娘骑在桥脊上对着云大声喊.
adjective
SATISFIED 满意的
 ESSENTIAL
■feeling pleasure and satisfaction because you or people connected with you have done or got something good 自豪的，得意的
• You must be very proud of your son. 你一定为你的儿子感到非常自豪。
• We're particularly proud of our company's environmental record. 我们为我们公司在环保方面的良好记录感到特别自豪。
• When she received her prize I think I was the proudest parent on the face of the Earth. 她领奖时，我感到我是世界上最自豪的父母。
• [+ to infinitive] I'm very proud to have been involved in this project. 我为能参与这项计划而感到非常自豪。
• [+ (that)] I was so proud (that) my son had been chosen for the national team. 我太自豪了，我儿子入选国家队了。
⇒ See also houseproud
[praʊd] adjective
RESPECTING YOURSELF 自尊的 approving
■having or showing self-respect 有自尊心的，自尊的，自重的
• We Albanians are a proud people. 我们阿尔巴尼亚人是个有自尊心的民族。
• He might be poor but he's also proud, and he won't be pushed around by anyone. 他可能很穷，可是他也有自尊心，他不会受任何人摆布的。
[praʊd] adjective
FEELING IMPORTANT 觉得重要的 disapproving
■feeling that you are better and more important than other people 骄傲的，傲慢的，自负的
• Come on, admit you're wrong and don't be so proud. 得了，承认错误吧，别那么高傲。
• She knows she's lost, but she's too proud to admit it. 她知道自己失败了，可是她太自负了，不肯承认。
[praʊd] adjective
do sb proud UK old-fashioned
■to treat someone who is visiting you very well, especially by giving them a lot of food 盛情款待
• We had a lovely tea - Sheila did us proud. 我们一起吃了可口的茶点——希拉对我们真热情。
informal
■to make someone proud of you by doing something very well 为…争光
• Once again, the armed forces have done us proud. 武装部队又再一次为我们争光。
[praʊd] adjective adverb mainly UK specialized
■sticking out from the surrounding area 隆起的（地）
• Sand the surface with abrasive paper until no flakes of paint stand proud of the surface. 用砂纸磨擦表面，直到表面没有隆起的漆点。
haughty, arrogant, vain, proud
这组词都有“骄傲的，傲慢的”的意思，其区别是：
haughty: 较正式用词，多用于贬义。指对身份或地位比自己低的人采取冷淡、轻视或鄙互的态度。
arrogant: 用于贬义，指过高估计自己，以致骄傲自大或傲慢无礼，目中无人。
vain: 指一个对自己的外表或对自己留给别的印象太过分地关注，以致自命不凡，自鸣得意。
proud: 含义广，普通用词。褒义指自豪和荣耀以及强烈的自尊；贬义则指傲慢，自以为是或自鸣得意。
adj. 自豪的；得意的；自负的
 - beamish, complacent

Word: alter
Front: alter
[ˈɔ:ltə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2889/2121 -K3)
Vocabulary: alter
(once / 120 pages)
v
After eating too many gingerbread cookies, she no longer fit into her uniform, so she had a seamstress alter it. It looked pretty much the same.
The verb alter can also mean to neuter or spay. Think of a cat that has just been spayed: the cat you pick up from the vet is the same cat that you dropped off there, only perhaps a little groggy and unable to reproduce. While the cat has been altered, it's not a different cat.
WORD FAMILY
alter: alterable, alteration, alterative, altered, altering, alters+/ alterable: alterability, inalterable, unalterable / alteration: alterations/ altered: unaltered /altering: alterings/inalterable: inalterably/ unalterable: unalterability, unalterably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even if he accomplishes only half, the landscape of American politics and policy will be radically altered.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
The stunt was a throwback to Jan. 1, 1976, when the prankster Daniel N. Finegood altered the letters in the same way.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Browning acknowledged Alabama’s defense alters a normal game plan.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 改变; 更改; 改建（房屋）; （人）变老
vi. 改变; 修改
时态：altered, altering, alters
分布：改变(83%)，更改(14%)，阉割(2%)，切除卵巢(1%)
→词根al, 异，不同。-ter, 比较级后缀。
变更,改变(alter其他的→变成(其它的))[alter,altern,ali=other,to change表示"其他的,改变状态"]
vt.改变,更改;改做(衣服)vi.改变,变化The tilted salt filters halt alternately for altering.倾斜的盐过滤器交替地停下以便改造.
【参】altercation（n 争论，口角）；alternation（n 交替，间隔）
US ['ɑ:l.tˌɚ] verb
CHANGE 改变
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to change something, usually slightly, or to cause the characteristics of something to change （通常指轻微地）改动，修改；改变，（使）变化
• We've had to alter some of our plans. 我们不得不对一些计划作出改动。
• Although long-distance phone calls are going up, the charge for local calls will not alter. 尽管长途电话费涨价，本地电话费将不会有变动。
• Giving up our car has radically altered our lifestyle. 弃车不用使我们的生活方式发生了根本性的变化。
transitive
■to change the size of clothes so that they fit better 改（衣服使其更合身）
• I took the coat back to the shop to have it altered. 我把外套拿回店里去改一下。
UK ['ɒl.tər] US ['ɑ:l.tˌɚ] verb
REMOVE ORGANS 去掉器官
transitive US polite word for
■ castrate or spay
turn, transform, change, modify, convert, vary, alter
这组词都有“变化，改变”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 指外形、颜色、气味、性质等方面的变化，比change更通俗。
transform: 指人或物在形状、外观、形式、性质等方面发生的彻底变化，失去原状成为全新的东西。
change: 指任何变化，完全改变，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。
modify: 强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。
convert: 指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。
vary: 暗示不规则或断断续续地变。
alter: 常指轻微的改变，强调基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
fluctuate, alteration, change, modify, convert, shift（in）, alternation, alter, variations
fluctuate: 没有规律的上下波动
alteration: 强调细节的变化
change: 强调某种本质的变化
modify: “更改，修改”程度略小并有趋缓之意
convert: 用途上的改变，也作态度和信仰的变化
shift（in）: 转换，转变
alternation: 轮流，交替（take turn）
alter: 细枝末节的修改，而非脱胎换骨
variations: 指不规则的或断续的改变，或指一种东西改成了不同样式
vt. 改变，更改
 - influence, fashion, shift, vary, modify
vi. 改变；修改
 - modify, veer from

Word: wisdom
Front: wisdom
[ˈwɪzdəm] (高研四六雅 2954/4281 -2)
Vocabulary: wisdom
(once / 199 pages)
n
Wisdom is the combination of experience, knowledge and careful judgment. If you've got it, you're "wise." If you haven't, well don't worry, most of us don't either.
Wisdom is also the term we give to the sum total of a culture's knowledge and application of that knowledge, acquired over time. We talk about "the wisdom of the ancient Greeks," for example, meaning everything about their culture from their scientific and philosophical discoveries to the art and culture they created. Don't confuse wisdom with knowledge — which is merely the accumulation of facts with no sense of what meaning to make from them.
WORD FAMILY
wisdom: wisdoms+/unwise: unwisely, unwiseness, unwiser, unwisest/ wise: unwise, wisdom, wisely, wiseness, wiser, wises, wisest
USAGE EXAMPLES
For instance, Aiava was asked what words of wisdom her mother imparted after the historic win.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
It rapidly became the source of conventional left-liberal wisdom on the treaty.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Mencken’s timeless wisdom: A martini is “the only American invention as perfect as the sonnet.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 智慧，明智; 常识，好的判断力; 知识，学问; 古训
分布：智慧(81%)，聪明(7%)，明智(6%)，才智(4%)，至理名言(2%)
→wis-,智慧，词源同wise,-dom,抽象名词后缀。
智慧(wise智慧的)[-dom表名词"状态或领域"]
n.智慧,明智;名言,格言The wise man used his wisdom in the vertical advertisement device.聪明人把智慧用在垂直的广告装置上.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the ability to use your knowledge and experience to make good decisions and judgments 智慧；明智
• One certainly hopes to gain a little wisdom as one grows older. 人们当然希望自己随着年龄的增长而获取一些智慧。
• He's got a weekly radio programme in which he dispenses wisdom (= gives his opinions) on a variety of subjects. 他每周有个广播节目，就各种话题发表他的看法。
• I tend to doubt the wisdom of separating a child from its family whatever the circumstances. 不管出于甚么情况，将一个孩子与家人分开，我都会怀疑这样做是否明智。
• Did we ever stop to question the wisdom of going to war? 我们有否曾经停下来想一想参战是否明智？
• Before I went off to university my father gave me a few words of wisdom. 在我上大学之前，父亲告诉我一些至理名言。
• Conventional/Received/Popular wisdom has it (= Most people think) that women are more emotional than men, but in my experience it often isn't the case. 一般的看法认为女性比男性更易动情，但依我的经验来看，事情往往不是这样。
['wɪz.dəm] noun uncountable
in his/her/their wisdom humorous
■something that you say when you do not understand why someone has done something stupid 以他／她／他们的智慧（用于表示不明白为甚么某人要做蠢事）
• The council, in their wisdom, decided to close the library and now the building stands empty. 委员会以他们的智慧决定关闭那所图书馆，于是现在那座大楼里空空如也。
['wɪz.dəm] noun uncountable
with the wisdom of hindsight
■with the knowledge that experience gives you 透过事后理智地回顾
• With the wisdom of hindsight we now know that the old-fashioned aerosol sprays were a mistake. 透过事后理智地回顾，我们现在知道生产那种旧式的喷雾剂是个错误。
mind, intellect, intelligence, brains, wit, wisdom
这些名词均有“智力，智慧”之意。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
intellect, wit, wisdom, mind, brain, intelligence
这组词都有“智力，智慧”的意思，其区别是：
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
n. 智慧，才智；明智；学识；至理名言
 - wit, scholarship

Word: guess
Front: guess
[ges] (中高 862/2218 -K4)
Vocabulary: guess
(once / 68 pages)
vn
When you don't know the answer but you have to say something, you're taking a guess.
When you don't know the answer on a test, you have to guess. People on game shows guess when they're not sure. There are wild guesses (when you have no idea) and educated guesses (when you have some information to work with). Trying to guess someone's age or weight is usually a bad idea, especially if you guess too old or heavy. If the teacher doesn't show up, you could say, "I guess there's no class today.”
WORD FAMILY
guess: guessed, guesser, guesses, guessing+/guesser: guessers/guessing: guessings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jurors would later see a video of Roof confessing to the crime — “Well, I killed them, I guess,” he said — and offering a racist rationale.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Leading rusher Latavius Murray ran just five times for 11 yards, prompting second guesses from Del Rio.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What the Trump administration will do with carbon capture is, at this point, anyone’s guess.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 推测; 猜测，臆测; 猜中; 假定，认为
vi. 猜，猜测; 猜对
n. 猜测; 推断
时态：guessed, guessing, guesses
分布：猜测(56%)，猜想(21%)，推测(14%)，猜中(7%)，以为(2%)
→词源同get, 得到。
v./n.猜测,推测;以为;猜想[同]surmiseI guess the guest's gesture suggested that he could not digest well.我猜想客人的手势暗示了他消化不良.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to give an answer to a particular question when you do not have all the facts and so cannot be certain if you are correct 猜测；推测；估计
• I didn't know the answer, so I had to guess. 我不知道答案，所以只好猜了。
• On the last question, she guessed right/wrong. 最后一道题目她猜对／错了。
• [+ question word] Guess when this was built. 猜一猜这是甚么时候建造的。
• [+ (that)] I guessed (that) she was your sister. 我猜她是你妹妹。
• She asked me to guess her age. 她让我猜她的年龄。
• I guessed the total amount to be about £50,000. 我估计总额约为五万英镑。
 ESSENTIAL
■to give the correct answer or make the correct judgment 猜中；猜对；猜到
• [+ question word] I bet you can't guess how old he is. 我打赌你猜不出他多大了。
• She guessed the answer first time. 她第一次就猜中了答案。
• "You've got a new job, haven't you?" "Yes, how did you guess?" “你换新工作了，是吗？”“对呀，你怎么猜出来的？”
Guess what? ADVANCED informal
■used before telling someone something interesting or surprising （用来告诉某人有趣或令人惊奇的事情）你猜怎么着?
• Guess what? We won the match 4-0. 你猜到吗？我们4比0赢了比赛。
I guess informal
■used when you believe something is true or likely but are not certain （表示没有把握）我想，我认为
• [+ (that)] I guess (that) things are pretty hard for you now. 我想你现在的日子过得不太好吧。
[ges] verb intransitive or transitive
keep sb guessing
■to not tell someone what you are going to do next 让（某人）捉摸不定；让（某人）猜不透
[ges] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  transitive guess at sth
■to try to imagine something when you have little knowledge or experience of it 猜测；推测；想像
• There are no photographs of him so we can only guess at what he looked like. 没有他的照片，所以我们只能猜测他的长相。
[ges] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an attempt to give the right answer when you are not certain if you are correct 猜测；推测
• Go on - have/make/ US take a guess. 来啊——猜一猜嘛。
• Both teams made some wild guesses (= ones which were made without much thought) , none of which were right. 两个队都是瞎猜一通，没有一个猜对的。
• "What's the time?" "It's about 5 o'clock, at a guess (= without knowing exactly)." “几点了？”“差不多五点吧，我猜的。”
■someone's opinion about something which is formed without any knowledge of the situation 猜想
• "I wonder why she's not here." "My guess is that her car has broken down." “我奇怪她为甚么不在这儿。”“我猜她的车抛锚了吧。”
be anyone's guess
■If a piece of information is anyone's guess, no one knows it 谁也不知道；谁也拿不准
• "So what's going to happen now?" "That's anyone's guess." “那现在又会发生甚么呢？”“那谁知道。”
[ges] noun countable
Your guess is as good as mine. informal
■something you say when you do not know the answer to a question 我跟你一样也不知道
• "What's he doing?" "Your guess is as good as mine." “他在做甚么啊？”“我也不知道。”
presume, suppose, guess, postulate, assume
这组词都有“假设，猜想，推测”的意思，其区别是：
presume: 侧重以过去经验或根据现实的某些感觉把某事认定为是事实。
suppose: 常用词，意义较广泛，指缺乏确切事实，根据一些现象进行的推测，也可指为论证而提出合乎逻辑推理的某种假定，有时仅表示自己的意见。
guess: 常用词，指毫无根据仅凭个人主观臆断或碰运气的猜测。
postulate: 指为证实一个理论的正确性而进行的假设。
assume: 指有很少或完全无根据的武断推测或不合逻辑的推理。
vt. 猜测；认为；推测；猜中
 - expect, count, find, feel, make
vi. 猜；推测；猜中
 - speculate
n. 猜测；推测
 - speculation, theory, projection

Word: divorce
Front: divorce
[dɪ'vɔ:s] (高研四六托雅 2978/3853 -K3)
Vocabulary: divorce
(once / 279 pages)
nv
A divorce is a formal ending of a marriage. It’s more permanent than a separation and involves a legal process. If you get a divorce, that means the marriage is officially over.
Divorce has both a noun and a verb form. The noun describes the thing you get — "you are getting a divorce." And the verb describes the thing you do — "you are divorcing your spouse." Divorce can also be used more broadly to describe any major separation. You might know of a politician who divorces himself from a controversial issue — that means he doesn’t want to be associated with it at all.
WORD FAMILY
divorce: divorced, divorcee, divorcement, divorces, divorcing+/divorcee: divorcees/divorcement: divorcements
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new nod to modernity in French laws eases the rules for people who want to divorce.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Her first marriage, to the art historian Mark Lansburgh Jr., ended in divorce.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The prime minister says she will kick-start divorce proceedings by the end of March.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 离婚; 分离
vt. 与…离婚; 分离
vt. & vi. 与（某人）离婚，判（某人）离婚
时态：divorced, divorcing, divorces
分布：离婚(93%)，分离(4%)，使分离(2%)，与 ... 离婚(1%)
→词源同divert, 转开。引申词义离婚。
离婚(di+vorce=vert转→从(丈夫身边)转开→离婚;参考:divert转开)[di-①表示"两个,双"②表示"使…变成,分开,离开"]
v./n.离婚,分离The enforced law reinforced that forced divorce is forbidden.实施的法律强化了禁止强迫离婚.
US [-'vɔ:rs] noun
PEOPLE 人们
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when a marriage is ended by an official or legal process 离婚
• The last I heard they were getting a divorce. 上次我听说他们正在办理离婚手续。
• Divorce is on the increase. 离婚呈上升趋势。
• Ellie wants a divorce. 埃莉想离婚。
• What are the chances of a marriage ending in divorce? 一桩婚姻以离婚而告终的几率有多大？
UK [dɪ'vɔ:s] US [-'vɔ:rs] noun
SUBJECTS 主题
countable formal
■a separation 分离，分隔
• Why is there such a divorce between the arts and the sciences in this country's schools? 为甚么在这个国家学校把艺术和科学完全分隔开来呢？
UK [dɪ'vɔ:s] US [-'vɔ:rs] verb
PEOPLE 人们
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to end your marriage by an official or legal process （与…）离婚
• She's divorcing her husband. 她正在和丈夫闹离婚。
UK [dɪ'vɔ:s] US [-'vɔ:rs] verb
SUBJECTS 主题
transitive
■to separate two subjects 割裂，分割（主题）
• How can you divorce the issues of environmental protection and overpopulation? 你怎能把环境保护和人口过剩这两个议题分割开来呢？
separate, divorce, divide, part
这组词都有“分开”的意思，其区别是：
separate: 指把两个人或物分开，着重从原属一个整体中移居一部分或把两者隔开。
divorce: 特指两个或更多的互为依赖的事物的分离，尤指婚姻的合法解体。
divide: 指把一个整体按要求分成几个部分，暗示分配之意；也可指分开两个对立的事物。
part: 多指使紧密相连的人或物分开，往往暗示最后分离的意味。
vt. 使离婚，使分离；与…离婚
 - separate, split
n. 离婚；分离
 - separation, detachment

Word: triple
Front: triple
[ˈtrɪpl] (研六雅 7063/8696 -2)
Vocabulary: triple
(once / 638 pages)
1adjnv 2nv
Triple means to multiply by three. If you triple the number two, you get six, and six is the triple of the number two.
In triple, you see tri which means three. You see this prefix in tricycle (three wheels), tripod (three legs), and triplet (three siblings born at the same time). To triple is to increase threefold, just as to double means to increase twofold, quadruple fourfold and quintuple fivefold. In each of these pairs, the former word is Latin based and the latter has Old English origins.
WORD FAMILY
triple: tripled, tripler, triples, triplicate, tripling, triply+/triplicate: triplicated, triplicates, triplicating/tripling: triplings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officials expressed dismay over the scenes of slaughter in the Compaj prison, which held more than 1,200 inmates, about triple its official capacity.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last winter, volunteers submitted more than 2,000 reports about more than 38,000 turkeys, nearly triple the previous year’s total.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Because the family’s rent is tied to income, the rent tripled in August, to about $770 a month from $245.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 三倍的，三方的，三部分的
vt. & vi. （使）增至三倍
n. 三倍的数[量]; 三个一组; [棒]三垒安打
时态：tripled, tripling, triples
分布：三倍的(65%)，三个一组(23%)，三倍之数(7%)，有三部分的(5%)
→tri-, 三，-ple,倍数，词源同 fold,treble.
三倍的(tri[tri-表示"三"]+ple=ply表示增加)
n.三倍数a.三倍的;三部分构成的v.使成三倍He tripled his income.他使他的收入增至三倍.
adjective
■having three parts of the same type, or happening three times 三部分的；发生三次的
• Her trainer is a triple Olympic champion. 她的教练是三届奥运会冠军。
• There's a triple bill of Hitchcock films (= three films) on at the cinema next Sunday. 下周日将有三部希区考克的影片在这家电影院上映。
triple sth
■three times as large as something 三倍于
• The number of one-parent U.S. households reached 10.1 million in 1991, nearly triple that of 1971. 1991年美国单亲家庭的数量达到1010万，几乎是1971年的三倍。
['trɪp.l] verb intransitive or transitive
■to increase three times in size or amount, or to make something do this （使）成三倍，（使）增加两倍
• We have tripled our output over the past two years. 过去两年里，我们的产量增加了两倍。
• The workforce has tripled in size since the new factory opened. 自新工厂开工以来，劳动人数已经增加了两倍。
adj. [数] 三倍的；三方的
 - trinary, threefold
n. [数] 三倍数；三个一组
 - ternion, triad
vi. 增至三倍
 - trifold
vt. 使成三倍
 - treble

Word: brutal
Front: brutal
[ˈbru:tl] (研六托雅宝 4697/6402 -2)
Vocabulary: brutal
(once / 288 pages)
adj
Use brutal to describe something beastly and harsh, like training for a triathlon, a really cold winter in the Arctic, or a mean bouncer at a club who throws people out for no reason.
First used in the mid 15th century to refer to the brutish nature of animals, brutal is now also used to describe other things like human behavior, weather, or even music. “Rock ‘n Roll,” said Frank Sinatra, “is the most brutal, ugly, desperate, vicious form of expression it has been my misfortune to hear.” If someone is brutal, watch out — she's violent and mean. The truth can be brutal, too, if it's something you don't want to hear.
WORD FAMILY
brutal: brutaler, brutalest, brutalise, brutality, brutalize, brutally+/brutalise: brutalisation, brutalised, brutalises, brutalising/ brutality: brutalities/brutalization: brutalizations/brutalize: brutalization, brutalized, brutalizes, brutalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s a brutal scene, and one that leaves John a widow, just like in the Conan Doyle stories.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Hens recalls ruefully that she did not try to shield her sons from their brutal father.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In 1884, Harvard tried to ban it for being “brutal, demoralizing to teams and spectators, and extremely dangerous.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 野蛮的; 残忍的; 不讲理的; 无情的
分布：野蛮的(63%)，残暴的(37%)
a.残忍的;严峻的;严酷的I acutely and resolutely refuted the brutal persecution of mute commuter.我尖锐而坚决反驳默默的通勤者的野蛮的迫害.
【记】brut野兽－野蛮残忍的。参：brutality（n 残酷，兽行）
US [-tˌəl] adjective
 ADVANCED
■cruel, violent and completely without feelings 野蛮的，残忍的；兽性的
• a brutal dictator 残暴的独裁者
• He had presided over a brutal regime in which thousands of people had 'disappeared'. 在他残暴的统治下，成千上万的人“失踪”了。
• He was imprisoned in 1945 for the brutal murder of a 12-year old girl. 1945年，他因残忍杀害了一名12岁女孩而入狱。
■not considering someone's feelings 直截了当的；不顾及他人感受的
• She spoke with brutal honesty - I was too old for the job. 她毫不留情地直接告诉我，我年纪太大，不适合这份工作。
brutal, ruthless, savage, fierce, inhuman, barbarous, cruel
这组词都有“残忍的”的意思，其区别是：
brutal: 指极端的残忍，强调无情或缺乏同情心，含不择手段的意味。
ruthless: 与cruel同义。强调为达到目的，对别人的痛苦毫无怜悯之心。
savage: 指缺乏文明人应有的教养，尤指在动怒或冲动时表现出的粗野蛮横，含野蛮意味。
fierce: 指天性凶恶，令人害怕。
inhuman: 着重缺乏同情心、仁爱等人类特有的良好的品质。
barbarous: 专指只有原始或未开化的人才会有的残忍行为。
cruel: 一般用词，指行动或态度的残忍。
adj. 残忍的；野蛮的，不讲理的
 - wild, cruel, inhuman

Word: mirror
Front: mirror
[ˈmɪrə(r)] (中高研四六 1853/2086 -K3)
Vocabulary: mirror
(once / 219 pages)
nv
A mirror is a glass surface backed with a metallic coating that reflects images that are in front of it. When you gaze at yourself in a mirror, your own face gazes right back at you.
"Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the fairest of them all?" asks the evil queen in "Snow White," as she admires her reflection. Ordinary mirrors can't answer this question, but they can show you how you look in your new hat or whether you have spinach between your teeth. And the verb mirror means "reflect," as when the surface of a lake mirrors the sky.
WORD FAMILY
mirror: mirrored, mirroring, mirrorlike, mirrors
USAGE EXAMPLES
At one point in the season, the two teams appeared to be mirror images of each other.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Like the protagonists of those shows, the main character shares his name and the show mirrors, somewhat, his own life.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
What is needed is to hold the mirror up to society and understand why we deem some forms of dress acceptable and others unacceptable.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 镜子，反光镜; 真实的写照; 反映，借鉴; 榜样
vt. 反映; 反射
时态：mirrored, mirroring, mirrors
分布：镜子(80%)，反映(11%)，反射(9%)
→来自古法语mirer,观察，沉思，照镜子，来自拉丁语mirari,惊叹，吃惊，词源同smile,miracle.因镜子在古代社会常常带有神秘和迷信色彩，甚至打碎一面镜子都会被认为是不祥之兆。引申词义反映，反射。
镜子(mirr+or→能看见自己的东西→镜子)[mir=wonder,look,表示"惊奇,看"]
n.镜子;反映,反射v.反映,反射The miracle mirrors a horrible error made by the terrorists in the terrible territory.这件奇事反映了恐怖分子在这一可怕地区犯的可怕错误.
US [-ɚ] noun
GLASS 玻璃
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a piece of glass with a shiny metallic back which reflects light, producing an image of whatever is in front of it 镜，镜子
• the bathroom mirror 浴室镜子
• She was looking at her reflection in the mirror. 她正看着自己在镜中的影像。
UK ['mɪr.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
REPRESENT 呈现
be a mirror of sth
■to be an honest representation of something 是…的写照；是…的真实反映
• The movie is a mirror of daily life in wartime Britain. 这部电影真实地反映了英国人在战时的日常生活。
UK ['mɪr.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive
■to represent something honestly 反映
• Our newspaper aims to mirror the opinions of ordinary people. 我们的报纸旨在反映普通民众的意见。
■to be very similar to something 与…很相似
• Her on-screen romances seem to mirror her experiences in her private life. 她在银幕上的浪漫故事似乎与她的个人经历很相似。
n. [轻] 镜子；真实的写照；榜样
 - example, lead
vt. [光] 反射；反映
 - glass, image, echo

Word: poison
Front: poison
[ˈpɔɪzn] (高研四六托 5542/5601 -K2)
Vocabulary: poison
(once / 148 pages)
nv
Poison is a substance that can harm or even kill you. If you get a spider bite, hopefully it doesn't also have poison in it. (You knew you shouldn't have slept in that creepy old mansion.)
Poison can mean the harmful substance itself, or the act of giving it to someone. Poison is always a great device if you're going to write a murder mystery. We also use poison metaphorically for things that tend to ruin something. Your really obnoxious friend who always insists that he knows more than everyone else might poison the atmosphere at a dinner party. Jealousy can poison a good relationship.
WORD FAMILY
poison: counterpoison, poisoned, poisoner, poisoning, poisonous, poisons+/poisoner: poisoners/poisoning: poisonings/ poisonous: non-poisonous, nonpoisonous, poisonousest, poisonously
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was also the first time poison gas was used on the Western front.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Four minors died from chemical gas poisoning after a resident tried to fumigate a home in Amarillo, Texas with pesticide, fire officials told local media.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 50 cases of food poisoning are being linked to a Cumbrian farm selling raw milk, health officials say.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 毒药; 酒; 极糟的食物; 极有害的思想（或心情等）
vt. 毒死; 污染; 放毒于; 对…有不良影响
adj. 有毒的
时态：poisoned, poisoning, poisons
分布：毒药(59%)，毒害(21%)，中毒(12%)，有毒的(4%)，危险的(2%)，败坏道德之事(1%)，摧毁(1%)
→来自古法语poison,饮料，尤指药饮，来自拉丁语potare,饮水，饮用，词源同potion,symposium.后词义过渡为毒物，毒药。
n.毒物,毒药v.放毒,毒害,污染The newly imprisoned prisoners poisoned poisonous moisture are hoisted out from the prison.中了有毒湿气毒的新近关押的囚犯被从监狱吊出.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a substance that can make people or animals ill or kill them if they eat or drink it 毒；毒药，毒物
• The pest control officer put bowls of rat poison in the attic. 虫害防治官员在阁楼里放了几碗老鼠药。
• Her drink had been laced with a deadly poison. 她的饮料里掺进了致命的毒药。
['pɔɪ.zən] noun countable or uncountable
Name your poison. (also What's your poison?) humorous
■used to ask what type of alcoholic drink someone would like （用于询问想喝的酒）你想喝甚么？
['pɔɪ.zən] verb transitive
ADD SUBSTANCE 下毒
■to kill a person or animal or to make them very ill by giving them poison 毒杀，毒害，使中毒
• Four members of the family had been poisoned, but not fatally. 这家中有四口人被人下毒，但未致命。
■to put poison in someone's food or drink 在…放毒，在…下毒
• He said that someone had poisoned his coffee. 他说有人在他咖啡里下了毒。
■to add dangerous chemicals or other harmful substances to something such as water or air 使（水、空气等）受污染
• The chemical leak had poisoned the water supply. 化学品的外泄污染了供水。
['pɔɪ.zən] verb transitive
SPOIL 破坏
■to spoil a friendship or another situation, by making it very unpleasant 破坏，伤害（友谊等）
• The long dispute has poisoned relations between the two countries. 长期的纠纷损害了两国关系。
['pɔɪ.zən] verb transitive
poison sb's mind disapproving
■to make someone believe unpleasant things about another person which are not true 使（某人）产生厌恶感
• Don't listen to her lies - she's just trying to poison your mind against me. 别听她撒谎，她就是想破坏你对我的印象。
vt. 污染；使中毒，放毒于；败坏；阻碍
 - slow, pollute
n. 毒药， [毒物] 毒物；酒；有毒害的事物； [助剂] 抑制剂
 - wine, liquor, drink
adj. 有毒的
 - toxic, virous, venenous

Word: confuse
Front: confuse
[kənˈfju:z] (高研四六托雅 3518/4666 -K2)
Vocabulary: confuse
(once / 86 pages)
v
If you confuse two things, you are not correctly identifying them. If you confuse heartburn with a heart attack, you might end up at the emergency room instead of in the antacid aisle of the drugstore.
To confuse can also mean to bewilder. If you tell a teacher that she's confusing you, you probably mean that she's being more complex than you can handle. A lot of people get confused by the differences among "their," "they're," and "there." To confuse the situation even further, there's "theirs" and "there's."
WORD FAMILY
confuse: confusable, confused, confuses, confusing, confusion +/ confused: confusedly, confusedness, unconfused/ confusing: confusingly/ confusion: confusions/unconfused: unconfusedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“People were confused about the issue,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She is declared the winner of the Iowa caucuses via a controversial and confusing process that, in some precincts, involves dodgeball.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“We would leave, allowing these confusing Americans to watch on their own.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使困窘; 使混乱; 使困惑; 使更难于理解
vi. 使糊涂
时态：confused, confusing, confuses
分布：混淆(85%)，使混乱(8%)，使困惑(7%)
→con-, 强调。-fus, 流，倾泻，词源同fusion, foundry. 即流到一起的，难以区别的。
使混乱(con共同+fuse→流到一起→混合,混乱)[fus=pour,表示"流,泻"]
v.使混乱,混淆I often confuse you and your brother.我常把你和你哥哥弄错了.
【记】con共同，fuse流－流到一起－混淆
【参】confused（adj 困惑的；烦恼的）；confusing（adj 令人迷惑）
【反】orient（vt 使朝东；使适应；确定方向）
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to mix up someone's mind or ideas, or to make something difficult to understand 使困惑，使糊涂；使混乱
• You're confusing him! Tell him slowly and one thing at a time. 你把他搞糊涂了！慢慢跟他讲，一次说一件事。
• Stop confusing the issue (= making the problem unnecessarily difficult) ! 别再把事情越搞越乱！
 ESSENTIAL
■to mix up two separate things or people in your mind, imagining that they are one 将…混同，将…混淆
• You're confusing me with my sister, - she's the one studying drama. 你把我当成我姐姐了——她才是学戏剧的那个。
• It's easy to confuse his films, because he tends to use the same actors. 他的影片很容易混淆，因为他老是用相同的演员。
puzzle, confound, bewilder, perplex, confuse, distract, embarrass, baffle
这组词都有“使困惑、迷惑、糊涂、伤脑筋”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 侧重使人难于理解、困惑、伤脑筋。
confound: 常指人惊慌失措和狼狈不堪。
bewilder: 语气强烈，指因迷不解或惊愕而慌乱，不知所措，无法清醒地思考。
perplex: 除困惑外，还含焦虑或缺乏把握之意，因而难于作出决定，无从下手处理。
confuse: 语气较弱，指由于混淆、混乱而糊涂。
distract: 主要用于注意力分散、思想矛盾或过分激动时产生的昏乱。
embarrass: 常指因处境或困难问题而感到窘迫、局促不安或焦急而不知所措。
baffle: 语气最强，多指遇见奇怪情景或复杂困难情况时所产生的惶恐困惑心理。
vt. 使混乱；使困惑
 - cloud, discombobulate

Word: steer
Front: steer
[stɪə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 4623/4927 -K2)
Vocabulary: steer
(once / 252 pages)
1vn 2n
In defining steer, I would steer clear of complicated examples and just say: to steer is to control which direction one is going.
Everyone who owns a car has learned to point his car in the right direction using the steering wheel. It's a bad idea to let your five year-old steer; you might end up in a sandbox. But the use of steer doesn't need to be limited to wheels and handle bars. If you have a friend torn between whether or not to go to college, you can help steer her towards the right decision. The President's job is "to steer the Ship of State."
WORD FAMILY
steer: steerable, steerage, steered, steerer, steering, steers+/steerage: steerages/steerer: steerers/steering: steerings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Asked about the role cybersecurity policy will play in his administration, he steered Americans toward bike messengers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
They transmit data wirelessly to an adapter that plugs into the car’s diagnostic port near the steering wheel.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The fish followed right along, swimming in the direction the researchers steered them.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 驾驶; 操纵，控制; 引导
vt. 掌（舵）
vi. 行进
n. 阉公牛，肉用公牛; 〈美俚〉建议; 关于行路（或驾驶）的指示
时态：steered, steering, steers
分布：引导(48%)，驾驶(25%)，操纵(16%)，掌舵(11%)
→来自古英语 steran,驾驶，操纵，引领，指导，来自 Proto-Germanic*steurjan,驾驶，操纵，来 自*steuro,舵，来自 sta,站立，建立，词源同 stand.steer 阉公牛，肉用公牛
vt.驾驶,为...操舵;引导vi.驾驶The feeble man feels an ache on his heels and knees when he kneels on the steel steering wheel.当虚弱男子跪在钢舵轮上时他的脚跟和双膝感到疼痛.
【记】一头steer，steer着汽车冲下steep的悬崖就steep了
US [stɪr] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to control the direction of a vehicle 驾驶（交通工具）；掌方向盘
• She carefully steered the car around the potholes. 她小心开车绕过那些坑洞。
• This car is very easy to steer. 这辆车很容易开。
intransitive or transitive
■If a vehicle steers, it follows a particular route or direction （交通工具）行驶，沿（特定路线或方向）行进
• The ship passed Land's End, then steered towards southern Ireland. 船绕过兰兹角，接着向爱尔兰南部驶去。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to take someone or something, or cause them to go, in the direction in which you want them to go 引导，带领
• She steered her guests into the dining room. 她把客人们引到餐厅。
• I'd like to steer our discussion back to our original topic. 我想请大家重新回到我们原来讨论的话题。
• The main task of the new government will be to steer the country towards democracy. 新政府的主要任务是将国家引向民主。
UK [stɪər] US [stɪr] verb
steer a course/path
■to take a series of actions, usually of a particular type, carefully and intentionally 采取一系列行动；遵循路线
• It will be difficult to steer a middle course between the competing claims of the two sides in the conflict. 在冲突双方互相对立的主张之间很难保持中立。
UK [stɪər] US [stɪr] verb
steer clear of sb/sth
■to avoid someone or something which seems unpleasant, risky or dangerous 绕开，避开（令人不快或危险的人或事物）
• Her speech steered clear of controversial issues. 她的讲话避开了有争议的问题。
• They warned their children to steer clear of drugs. 他们告诫孩子要远离毒品。
UK [stɪər] US [stɪr] noun countable
■a young male of the cattle family that has had its sex organs removed, and which is usually kept for meat 阉公牛；食用公牛
vt. 控制，引导；驾驶
 - possess, contain, regulate, bit, bottle
vi. 驾驶，掌舵；行驶
 - to navigate

Word: bulk
Front: bulk
[bʌlk] (研四六托雅宝 4660/3369 -2)
Vocabulary: bulk
(once / 316 pages)
nv
Don’t be intimidated by the bulk of the dictionary on your desk. If you look in it, you’ll see that bulk is a small word used to talk about large things.
Bulk has a variety of meanings that all involve something large, like the bulk of a ship in the harbor, or the excess bulk of your overweight cat. Bulk can also mean “majority,” as when the bulk of your diet is tater tots and guacamole. You can expect to put on a lot of bulk if you eat like that.
WORD FAMILY
bulk: bulked, bulking, bulks, bulky +/ bulky: bulkier, bulkiest, bulkily, bulkiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rookie Derrick Henry, the 2015 Heisman Trophy winner, got the bulk of the workload late with 15 carries for 65 yards and a touchdown.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But the bulk of the collection consists of dead-tree artifacts, some of them charmingly weird.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In 1959, Raymond Williams described the seemingly insurmountable gulf between the progressive intellectuals of his day and the great bulk of the population.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （大）体积; 大块，大量; 大多数，大部分; 主体
vt. & vi. 变得越来越大（或重要）
vi. 显得庞大; 形成大块; 堆积起来
vt. 使凝聚成一团或形成一堆
adj. 大批的，大量的; 散装的
时态：bulked, bulking, bulks
分布：大部分(35%)，体积(19%)，大量的(11%)，大块(9%)，散装的(5%)，容积(5%)，大批(4%)，显得重要(4%)，膨胀(3%)，使膨胀(3%)，使成堆(2%)
→词源同ball, 膨胀，鼓起，球。
n.体积,容积;主体,大批,大量,大块The bulk of the ruby rubbish on the pebble bubbles when stirred by bulbed rubber club.小卵石上的大部分红宝石废料在用有球状突起的橡胶短棍搅动是会起泡.
【记】读：宝库。既有体积，又有数量。
noun
countable usually singular
■something or someone that is very large 巨大的东西；大块，大团
• She eased her large bulk out of the chair. 她缓缓地将她那庞大的身躯从椅子上挪开。
uncountable
■large size or mass 大规模；大量
• It was a document of surprising bulk. 这是一份篇幅惊人的文件。
in bulk
■in large amounts 大量，批量
• The office buys paper in bulk to keep down costs. 办公室大量买进纸张以减少成本。
the bulk of sth
■most of something 大部分
• In fact, the bulk of the book is taken up with criticizing other works. 事实上，这本书大部分篇幅都是在批评其他作品。
bulk buy
■to buy in large amounts 大批购买
• Because we're such a large family we find it cheaper to bulk buy foods we eat a lot of. 因为我们是一大家人，我们发现大批量购买消耗量大的食物更便宜。
[bʌlk] verb
bulk large literary
■to be present and important 显得重要
• Fears of his death bulked large in her thoughts. 对他可能会去世的恐惧和担忧一直笼罩在她心头。
[bʌlk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bulk sth out
■to make something bigger or thicker by adding something 使增大；使增厚
• I added some potatoes to the stew to bulk it out. 我往炖菜里加了些马铃薯，使它量更足。
n. 体积，容量；大多数，大部分；大块
 - most of, volume, content
vt. 使扩大，使形成大量；使显得重要
 - exaggerate, broaden

Word: enforcement
Front: enforcement
[ɪn'fɔ:smənt] (2288/4872)
Vocabulary: enforcement
(once / 788 pages)
n
Enforcement is when someone in a position of power makes sure you follow the rules, whether it’s a police officer pulling over a speeding car, or your brother catching you cheating at checkers.
Most people benefit from the enforcement of laws, because it prevents criminals from taking advantage of others. You can see the word force inside enforcement, and it usually takes a little force to keep people from breaking rules. Enforcement may not make you a popular person – think of a hall monitor – but it does make for an obedient and organized life.
WORD FAMILY
enforcement: enforcements+/ enforce: enforceable, enforced, enforcement, enforcer, enforces, enforcing, reenforce/enforceable: unenforceable/ enforced: enforcedly, unenforced/enforcer: enforcers/ force: enforce, forced, forceful, forceless, forces, forcible, forcing/forced: forcedly, unforced/ forceful: forcefully, forcefulness, unforceful/forcible: forciblest, forcibly/reenforce: reenforced, reenforcement, reenforces, reenforcing/reenforcement: reenforcements/unforced: unforcedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Worth reflecting on is the city’s upswell in violence last year that followed political protests against law enforcement and a pullback in policing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
"Morales remains at large and is being intensively sought by law enforcement," they said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
According to WTOP-TV, the piece was criticized as an insult to law enforcement.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 强制，实施，执行
分布：执行(57%)，实施(24%)，强制(19%)
N-UNCOUNT
执行;实施
If someone carries out the enforcement of an act or rule, they enforce it.
例：The doctors want stricter enforcement of existing laws, such as those banning sales of cigarettes to children.医生们希望加大现行法律的执行力度，如禁止向孩童出售香烟。
n. 执行，实施；强制
 - execution, implementing, administration, performance, conduct

Word: respectively
Front: respectively
[rɪˈspektɪvli] (四六托 3726/2622 -2)
Vocabulary: respectively
(once / 630 pages)
adv
Respectively is used to indicate order, like if you said "Michael Phelps and Michael Jordan excelled in swimming and basketball, respectively."
You can think of respectively as a word that lines things up in order so they match. You might say that pizza and meatloaf are your favorite and least favorite foods, respectively. If you and your sister were voted Most Improved and MVP in a baseball league, respectively, then you got better and your sister was the best. This word doesn't have much to do with respect, but it is respectful to write clearly, and respectively helps with that.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
respectfully / respectively
If you kiss the mob boss's ring, do it respectfully, or full of respect and admiration. But respectively means "in the order given," so if you have to kiss up to the rest of the mob, make sure to shake hands and high five Jimmy Rags and Tommy Two Face, respectively because Jimmy prefers a handshake, but Tommy loves a good high five.
To show respect is to show how you admire something or someone, to show deference or obedience. Therefore, when you do something respectfully, you're being polite because you do it full of respect:
Mr. Ruck listened, as he always listened, respectfully. (Henry James)
"So tonight, we are respectfully asking the candidates to try to put aside the talking points," he says. (Time)
The servants bowed respectfully, and retired in silence. (Bernhard Severin Ingemann)
Respectively, on the other hand, means in a manner that treats several things individually, one by one, in a sequence. It's a way to keep lists parallel, and it rescues sentences from extra words:
By comparison, Mitalas said fellow Metro League schools Seattle Prep and Lakeside had 70 and 40 turn out, respectively. (Seattle Times)
That's easier to say than "Seattle Prep had a turn out of 70 and Lakeside had a turn out of 40." Same goes for this quote from an obituary of actor Cliff Robertson:
His TV performances in "Days of Wine and Roses" and "The Hustler," for example, were filmed with Jack Lemmon and Paul Newman, respectively. (Washington Post)
Sign your emails "respectfully yours" if you're full of respect for the person you're writing to, and save respectively for singling things out. The grammar mob appreciates your attention to these details.
WORD FAMILY
respective: irrespective, respectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Monday morning, the NBA announced Wall and Harden as the Eastern and Western Conference players of the week, respectively.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The approval numbers for Barack Obama, George W. Bush and Bill Clinton’s transitions were 75 percent, 65 percent and 67 percent, respectively.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Adrian and Jacob, both considered juniors, are from Germany and Denmark, respectively.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 各自地; 各个地; 分别地
分布：各自地(54%)，分别地(46%)
ADV
分别地;各自地
Respectively means in the same order as the items that you have just mentioned.
例：Their sons, Ben and Jonathan, were three and six respectively...他们的儿子，本和乔纳森，分别是3岁和6岁。
例：They finished first and second respectively.他们分获一二名。
adv. 分别地；各自地，独自地
 - separately, alone, in several

Word: physics
Front: physics
[ˈfɪzɪks] (中高研四六 3417/3720 -K2)
Vocabulary: physics
(once / 77 pages)
n
Physics is a kind of science, specifically the science of matter and energy and how they interact.
Physics is the study of physical matter, energy, and how they work together. Kinetic energy and potential energy are part of physics. Although it may sound really advanced — and it is — physics is involved in everything we do. Champion pool players have a good understanding of how physics influences the movement of the balls. People who design roller coasters better know their physics. And if you've ever rigged up a pulley or a lever, then you've done basic physics.
WORD FAMILY
physics: physical, physicist +/ physical: nonphysical, physicalism, physicality, physically, physicalness/physicality: physicalities/ physicist: physicists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jim Al-Khalili is a broadcaster and a professor of physics and public engagement in science at the University of Surrey.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The philosopher Roger Scruton, writing in this newspaper, thoroughly undid this argument simply by asking, “But what created the laws of physics?”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Dr. Goldwasser, who was long associated with the University of Illinois, helped pioneer the use of powerful particle accelerators in American physics.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 物理学; 物理现象; 物理成分
分布：物理学(100%)
→来自physic,自然，自然科学，-ics,学说。引申词义物理学。
n.物理(学)She was professor of physics at Chicago University.她曾是芝加哥大学的物理教授.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the scientific study of matter and energy and the effect that they have on each other 物理学
• nuclear physics 核子物理学
• a physics lab 物理实验室

Word: craft
Front: craft
[krɑ:ft] (研四六托雅宝 2839/3022 -K3)
Vocabulary: craft
(once / 172 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
If someone practices a craft, it means that she knows how to make something with her hands, like wooden furniture or hand-knit socks.
There are many different meanings of the word craft, but most of them involve skill, whether it's the craft of cheese making or crafting tiny dollhouse furniture or being crafty — good at fooling people. Another meaning of the noun craft is "vehicle," especially a boat or an airplane. The Old English root word, cræft, originally meant "power or physical strength."
WORD FAMILY
craft: crafted, crafter, crafting, crafts, crafty +/crafter: crafters/ crafty: craftier, craftiest, craftily, craftiness, craftyly
USAGE EXAMPLES
These days, such deliberately crafted products are simply too costly to compete for a mass market.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Shining a laser pointer at an occupied air craft is now a misdemeanor offense.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A lot of intricate craft pieces, artwork, paintings.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 手艺; 诡计; 飞行器; 船
vt. 手工制作; 精巧地制作
时态：crafted, crafting, crafts
分布：工艺(74%)，手艺(16%)，手工制作(3%)，精心制作(2%)，行会成员(2%)，狡诈(1%)，船舶(1%)，航空器(1%)
→原义为力量，强健，词源同hard, democracy. 现词义主要为工艺，技术，来自sker, 弯，转，编织，词源同cradle, crib. 比较texture, technology.
n.工艺,手艺,技巧;飞机,飞船Craft of all kinds come into this port.各种船只进入这个港口.
【参】craftsman（n 工匠；艺术家）
US [kræft] noun
SKILL 技术
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable (plural crafts)
■(a job or activity needing) skill and experience, especially in relation to making objects （尤指制作东西的）工艺，手艺；技术
• the craft of furniture making/boat building/glass blowing 家俱制作／造船／玻璃吹制工艺
• political/literary craft 政治手腕／文学手法
• rural/ancient/traditional crafts 乡村的／古老的／传统的手艺
• craft workers (= skilled workers) 熟练工人，工匠
UK [krɑ:ft] US [kræft] noun
VEHICLE 交通工具
countable (plural craft)
■a vehicle for travelling on water or through the air 船，艇；飞行器，航空器
• naval/civilian/patrol/rescue craft 军舰／民用船／巡逻艇／救生艇
• Eighteen craft (= boats) set out in the race. 比赛出发时有18艘船。
⇒ See also aircraft;hovercraft;spacecraft
UK [krɑ:ft] US [kræft] verb transitive often passive
■to make objects, especially in a skilled way （运用技巧）制作某物
• These bracelets were crafted by native Americans. 这些手镯是美洲印第安人制作的。
• a beautifully crafted silver brooch 做工精美的银质胸针
craft, vessel, ship, canoe, steamer, boat
这组词都有“船”的意思，其区别是：
craft: 船只的集合名词，但可指单独的船只。
vessel: 多指运货或运人的大船。
ship: 含义广，一般指大轮船，如航海船只，内河航运船只。
canoe: 指长而轻，用桨的小舟、独木船。
steamer: 指靠蒸汽发动机为动力的船只。
boat: 泛指任何大小的船只，尤指靠划桨或风帆行进的无篷小船。
craft, skill, art
这组词都有“技艺、技巧”的意思，其区别是：
craft: 和art同义，指手脚灵巧，有技术和技能。
skill: 语气较强，指某人具有专门知识，精通业务，而且经验丰富又很熟悉。
art: 最普通用词，侧重指某人完成某项工作的能力或操作技巧。
n. 工艺；手艺；太空船
 - technology, hand, ship, workmanship

Word: inherit
Front: inherit
[ɪnˈherɪt] (研四六托雅宝 4471/3786 -2)
Vocabulary: inherit
(once / 174 pages)
v
When your grandmother dies, you might inherit her tea set. Regardless of her death, you might inherit her sense of humor or rather large nose. To inherit is to receive from a predecessor.
When you are talking about property, inherit is always used to describe something you get after someone else has died. However, there doesn't have to be a death involved to use the word inherit. When you start a new job, you might inherit less than pleasant tasks from the person who had the job before you. You might also quickly inherit their desire to find a new place to work.
WORD FAMILY
inherit: disinherit, inheritable, inheritance, inherited, inheriting, inheritor, inherits+/ disinherit: disinheritance, disinherited, disinheriting, disinherits/disinheritance: disinheritances/inheritable: noninheritable/ inheritance: inheritances/inheritor: inheritors
USAGE EXAMPLES
The new study also shows that more Americans than ever are buying their firearms as opposed to inheriting or receiving them as gifts.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He will be inheriting an economy that is doing well.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The women’s wealth gap would be even worse without inherited fortunes.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 继承
vt. 经遗传获得（品质、身体特征等），继任
时态：inherited, inheriting, inherits
分布：继承(93%)，遗传(7%)
→in-,进入，使，-her,继承，词源同heir,heredity.即使继承，引申词义遗传。
vt.继承(金钱等),经遗传而得(性格,特征)On the orbit, the rabbits habitually inherited the merits of the inhabitants.在轨道上,兔子习惯性地继承了居民们的优点.
verb
FROM DEAD PERSON 继承
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to receive money, a house, etc. from someone after they have died 继承
• Who will inherit the house when he dies? 他死后由谁继承房子？
• All her children will inherit equally. 她所有的子女将平分遗产。
[ɪn'her.ɪt] verb
QUALITY 品质
transitive
■to be born with the same physical or mental characteristics as one of your parents or grandparents 经遗传而得
• Rosie inherited her red hair from her mother. 罗茜那头红发遗传自她母亲。
[ɪn'her.ɪt] verb
PROBLEM 问题
transitive
■to begin to have responsibility for a problem or situation that previously existed or belonged to another person 接手，承担（遗留的问题等）
• When I took on the job of manager, I inherited certain financial problems. 我担任经理时接手了一些遗留的财务问题。
vt. 继承；遗传而得
 - succeed to, take sth over

Word: tender
Front: tender
[ˈtendə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 4225/4672 -2)
Vocabulary: tender
(once / 65 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3adj 4adj 5vn 6n
If you're tender, it means you're fragile, sensitive, easily bruised or gentle. Young, easily cut beef and a sentimental heart can both be called tender.
The many meanings attributed to tender developed over time. In the early 13th century, the word meant soft or easily injured. About a hundred years later, its meaning expanded to include kind and loving. Skip forward another century, and tender could also imply a lack of maturity.
WORD FAMILY
tender: tendered, tenderer, tenderest, tendering, tenderise, tenderize, tenderized, tenderly, tenderness, tenders+/ tend: tended, tendency, tender, tending, tends/tended: untended/ tendency: tendencies, tendencious, tendentious / tendentious: tendentiously, tendentiousness/tenderise: tenderisation, tenderised, tenderiser/tenderize: tenderization, tenderizer, tenderizes, tenderizing/tenderizer: tenderizers/tenderness: tendernesses/tending: tendings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The round £1 will be legal tender alongside the new, more-secure coin until October 15.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
That led the Peruvian government to announce on Wednesday that the company would not be permitted to participate in the country's future public works tenders.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
This is a tender, moving tribute to a great author.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 纤弱的; 嫩的; 温柔的; 疼痛的
n. （正式）提出; 投标; 供应船，联络船; 照看者
vt. 正式提出; 使变脆弱; <古>温柔地对待
时态：tendered, tendering, tenders
分布：投标(56%)，温柔的(16%)，嫩的(11%)，提出(5%)，脆弱的(3%)，亲切的(3%)，敏感的(2%)，煤水车(2%)，补给船(1%)，痛的(1%)
→tend-,延伸，伸长，词源同 tend,extend.引申词义投标，建议。tender 嫩的，柔软的，亲切的，和善的
a.嫩的;敏感的;温柔的v.提出,提供;投标The tenderer surrendered her tremendously slender tender fingers.投标者交出了她异常纤细娇嫩的手指.
【记】tender作为“温柔的”意思大家都熟悉，温柔的提出才能让人接受
【参】tenderize（v 使嫩）
【反】withdraw（vt 收回）
US [-dɚ] adjective
GENTLE 温柔的
■gentle, loving or sympathetic 温柔的；温情的；关怀的；慈爱的
• a tender look/smile 温柔的眼神／微笑
• What you need is some tender loving care. 你需要的是体贴入微的关怀。
UK ['ten.dər] US [-dɚ] adjective
PAINFUL 疼痛的
■(of part of the body) painful, sore or uncomfortable when touched （身体部位）疼痛的，一触即痛的
• My arm was very tender after the injection. 打针后，我的胳膊一碰就痛。
UK ['ten.dər] US [-dɚ] adjective
SOFT 柔软的
■(of meat or vegetables) easy to cut or chew (= crush with the teeth) （肉或蔬菜）嫩的，软的
• My steak was beautifully tender. 我的牛排做得很嫩，好极了。
■describes plants which are easily damaged by cold weather （植物）娇嫩的，不抗寒的
UK ['ten.dər] US [-dɚ] adjective
YOUNG 年轻的 literary
■young 年幼的；未成熟的
• He was sent off to boarding school at the tender age of seven. 他在七岁就被送去上寄宿学校了。
UK ['ten.dər] US [-dɚ] verb
intransitive
■If you tender for a job, you make a formal offer to do it for a stated price 投标
• Five companies have tendered for the hospital contract. 已有五家公司投标承建该医院。
intransitive specialized
■If you tender for something such as shares , you make a formal offer to buy them for a stated price. 出价购买（股票等）
transitive formal
■to give or offer something 提出；提供
• Please tender the exact fare. 请如数交费。
• The health minister has tendered her resignation (= has offered to leave her job). 卫生部长已提交辞呈。
UK ['ten.dər] US [-dɚ] noun countable
OFFER 提供
■a written or formal offer to supply goods or do a job for an agreed price 投标（书）
• The council has invited tenders for the building contract. 市政会已经为建筑工程招标。
■specialized
■a written offer to buy or sell shares in a company （期货交易中的）交割意向通知书
put sth out to tender UK
■If you put work out to tender, you ask people to make offers to do it 对…招标
• Education departments in all the prisons are being put out to tender. 现在正在对所有监狱的教管部门进行招标。
UK ['ten.dər] US [-dɚ] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器 specialized
■a vehicle used for transporting water, wood or coal, especially one which is pulled behind a railway engine or used by the fire service, or a small boat used for transporting people or goods between a larger boat and the coast （尤指挂在火车头后的）煤水车；勤务船，供给船
gentle, moderate, tender, mild, soft
这组词都有“温和的，柔和的”的意思，其区别是：
gentle: 指温柔、亲切、优雅。常含有节制和意味。
moderate: 中性词，指温和稳健，有节制，不走极端。
tender: 和gentle意思很接近。指人的感情细腻、温情慈爱和有同情心，侧重心理素质。也可指物的柔嫩等。
mild: 用于人时，指天性温顺，脾气好，不放肆粗野；用于物时，主要指适度，程度上相当缓和给人以愉快感觉。
soft: 侧重柔软或安稳、光滑，使人不感到粗糙或严酷。
adj. 温柔的；柔软的；脆弱的；幼稚的；难对付的
 - soft, fond
n. 偿付，清偿；看管人；小船
 - boat, payback
vt. 提供，偿还；使…变嫩；是…变柔软
 - afford, replace, lend, put up
vi. [贸易] 投标；变柔软
 - bid for a project, base bid

Word: bob
Vocabulary: bob
(once / 127 pages)
1vn 2nv 3nv 4n 5n
To bob is to dip up and down, the way something does when it floats on the surface of water. A lobster buoy bobs in the ocean, marking the spot where a lobsterman's trap is set.
Your friend stands out when her red hat bobs among a crowd of people, and so does a red boat as it bobs on a lake. You might bob your head to indicate agreement or get a short haircut that's also called a bob. The motion bob comes from the Old English bobben, "to strike," while the hair style stems from the earlier bobbe, or "cluster," and first referred a trimmed horse's tail.
WORD FAMILY
bob: bobbed, bobber, bobbing, bobs+/bobber: bobbers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Boyd is replacing commissioner Bob Stump, who was forced by term limits to leave the commission that regulates utilities.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Better to opt for the petite pool, where an inflatable gold swan bobs next to the chic lounge.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Swansea’s miserable form continued in the first game following Bob Bradley’s firing.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)

Word: electorate
Front: electorate
[ɪˈlektərət] (宝 8624/5470 -2)
Vocabulary: electorate
(once / 2471 pages)
n
An electorate is a body of people allowed to vote in an election. In the United States, when you turn eighteen, you may join the electorate and help choose a president.
The word electorate is especially important for those people who are not a part of it. For instance, women in the United States were not part of the electorate until they were allowed to vote in 1920. Being a part of the electorate is important because it gives you a chance to elect — or choose — who you want to represent you in your government.
WORD FAMILY
electorate: electorates+/ elect: elected, electing, election, elective, electly, elector, electorate, elects, reelect /elected: nonelected/ election: electioneer, elections, electoral /electioneer: electioneered, electioneering, electioneers/electioneering: electioneerings/ elective: electively, electives, non-elective, nonelective/elector: electors/ electoral: electorally/ reelect: reelected, reelecting, reelection, reelects/reelection: reelections
USAGE EXAMPLES
Voter Registration More voting access would lead to a more progressive electorate.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
For other pollsters, 2018 represented a fresh start, without a Democratic candidate whose post-State Department unpopularity and negative story lines scrambled the electorate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There are myriad accounts of why large segments of the electorate in many developed democracies are rebelling against the status quo.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 选民（全体）; 选举区; [史]选帝侯的爵位[领土]
分布：名词(100%)
全体选民(elector选举人+ate→全体选举人)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
全体选民(elect选举)[-ate 1.表动词"做,造成"2.表形容词"具有…的"3.表名词"人或地位"]
【记】elector（n 有权选举的人）；elect（v 选举；选择）
US [-tɚ-] noun countable usually singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■all the people who are allowed to vote 全体选民
• The present voting system distorts the wishes of the electorate. 现行的选举制度不能表现选民的真实意愿。
n. 选民；选区
 - constituent, precinct

Word: hybrid
Front: hybrid
[ˈhaɪbrɪd] (托宝 6840/10195 -2)
Vocabulary: hybrid
(once / 994 pages)
nadj
A hybrid is a mixture of two different things, resulting in something that has a little bit of both — like the rare zedonk, a hybrid of a donkey and a zebra.
The word hybrid gets thrown around often these days — ever heard of hybrid cars that run on both electricity and fuel? Or hybrid films that are half animation, half live action? But hybrid is really most at home in the realm of genetics and crossbreeding. It actually comes to us from the Latin hybrida, meaning the offspring of two dissimilar animals, specifically a tame sow and a wild boar.
WORD FAMILY
hybrid: hybridise, hybridize, hybrids+/hybridise: hybridisation, hybridising/hybridization: hybridizations/hybridize: hybridization, hybridized, hybridizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr Younger also warned that "hybrid warfare", which included cyber-attacks and subverting democracy, was becoming an "increasingly dangerous phenomenon".
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Naturally, with all that power, unlike today’s energy-efficient hybrids, these cars are among the greatest gas guzzlers in automotive history.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
And solo drivers who bought their way into the HOV lanes by purchasing hybrids will lose their exemption.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 杂种; 杂交生成的生物体; 混合物; 混合词
adj. 混合的; 杂种的
分布：杂种(52%)，混合的(21%)，混合物(12%)，混血儿(9%)，杂种的(6%)
→来自拉丁语hybrida,家猪和野猪杂交的后代。引申词义杂种，杂交。
【记】读：high bird－飞得高的鸟，因为不是近亲结合，而是杂种。
【反】of unmixed extraction（纯血统）；purebred（adj 纯种的）
noun countable
■a plant or animal that has been produced from two different types of plant or animal, especially to get better characteristics, or anything that is a mixture of two very different things （动物或植物的）杂交种，混合种
• The garden strawberry is a large-fruited hybrid. 人工栽种的草莓是一种果实较大的混合品种。
(also hybrid car)
■a vehicle with an engine that uses both petrol and another type of energy, usually electricity 用汽油以及其他形式的能源（通常为电力）一同发动的车辆
n. [遗] 杂种， [人类] 混血儿； [生物] [语] [化学] 混合物
 - mixture, compound
adj. [生物] [语] 混合的； [遗] 杂种的
 - mixed, compound

Word: dictatorship
Front: dictatorship
[ˌdɪkˈteɪtəʃɪp] (7643/8984 -2)
Vocabulary: dictatorship
(once / 1904 pages)
n
A dictatorship is a government or a social situation where one person makes all the rules and decisions without input from anyone else.
Dictatorship implies absolute power — one person who takes control — of a political situation, a family, a classroom or even a camping expedition. In government, a dictatorship leaves no room for input from anyone who is not the top guy or gal. The noun comes from the late 14th century Latin word, dictare, which means to "repeat or say often." In a dictatorship, one person keeps repeating the same command: "My way or the highway."
WORD FAMILY
dictatorship: dictatorships+/ dictate: dictated, dictates, dictating, dictation, dictator / dictation: dictations/ dictator: dictatorial, dictators, dictatorship /dictatorial: dictatorially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Alvarez agreed to hand over power to an elected civilian government in 1984 as the wave of dictatorships in the region was starting to recede.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Matheson says during his time at the organisation it turned into a dictatorship with a "management style based on fear and favour".
BBC(Dec 23, 2016)
The cardinal became famous for challenging leaders of the brutal military dictatorship of 1964-1985 and for his fight against torture in Latin America.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 独裁，专政; 独裁权; 执政者的职位（任期）
分布：专政(100%)
独裁专政(dictator独裁者)[-ship 1.表示某种关系或状态2.表示某种技能]
US [-tˌɚ-] noun
countable
■a country ruled by a dictator 独裁统治国家
• a military dictatorship 军事独裁统治国家
uncountable
■the state of being, or being ruled by, a dictator 独裁；独裁统治
• The dictatorship of General Franco lasted for nearly 40 years. 佛朗哥将军的独裁统治持续了将近40年。

Word: prop
Front: prop
[prɒp] (托宝 5845/6444 -2)
Vocabulary: prop
(once / 612 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A prop is something you use as a support, like a broom that serves as a prop to hold a door open. A prop is also something that goes on stage, like a garbage can in a Beckett play.
When you use a prop, you can say you prop something, or prop it up: "Here, prop your blanket fort up with this chair." This handy word also means "a moveable object used on the set of a movie or play." If you get a film job as a prop master, you'll be in charge of placing props in the correct spot before a scene is shot. This theatrical meaning is actually a shortened form of properties.
WORD FAMILY
prop: propped, propping, props
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some, like General Motors Co. and railroad CSX Corp., borrowed to prop up pension plans.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A few hours in, Mills chatted with Lindsey Jacobs, his on-set dresser—the person who wrangled the furniture and the props.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Ted Turner bought the film library, which left the studio grounds and all its holdings, including props, costumes, scripts and ephemera.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 支柱，支撑物; 支持者，后盾，靠山; 道具; （橄榄球中的）支柱前锋
vt. 支撑，支持，维持; 使倚靠在某物上
时态：propped, propping, props
分布：支撑(38%)，支柱(24%)，道具(21%)，维持(6%)，支持者(5%)，推进器(3%)，螺旋桨(2%)，倚靠人(1%)
→来自中古荷兰语proppe,葡萄藤蔓支撑架，支撑，词源不详。可能来自拉丁语propago,放置，固定，来自pro-,向前，-pag,固定，词源同page,compact.
【记】pro前，p屁：前面也有屁股，怎么样都可以靠！
US [prɑ:p] verb transitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
■to support something physically, often by leaning it against something else or putting something under it 支撑；支持
• I propped my bike (up) against the wall. 我把自行车靠在墙上。
• She was sitting at the desk with her chin propped on her hands. 她双手托着下巴坐在书桌旁。
• This window keeps on closing - I'll have to prop it open with something. 这扇窗老是开了又关——我得用甚么东西撑着不让它关上。
UK [prɒp] US [prɑ:p] verb transitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] prop sth up
■to lift and give support to something by putting something under it 支撑，撑住
• He was sitting upright in his hospital bed, propped up by pillows. 他靠着枕头，直挺挺地坐在医院的病床上。
• There were the usual bunch of drinkers propped up at (= leaning against) the bar. 有一群常客斜靠在吧台上。
■to give support to something, especially a country or organization, so that it can continue to exist in a difficult situation 支持，维持
• How long is the government likely to survive without the US military force there to prop it up? 没有美国的军事力量在那里支撑，那个政府还能维持多久？
UK [prɒp] US [prɑ:p] noun
FILM/THEATRE 电影／戏剧
countable usually plural
■an object used by the actors performing in a play or film 道具
• The set is minimal and the only props used in the show are a table, a chair and a glass of water. 布景极其简单，剧中所用的道具只有一张桌子、一把椅子和一杯水。
UK [prɒp] US [prɑ:p] noun
AIRCRAFT/SHIP 飞机／轮船
countable informal for
■ propeller
UK [prɒp] US [prɑ:p] noun
SUPPORT 支持
countable
■an object which is used to support something by holding it up 支撑物
• I need some sort of a prop to keep the washing line up. 我需要一个东西来撑起晾衣绳。
• figurative A lot of people use cigarettes as a sort of social prop (= to make them feel more confident). 许多人抽烟是为了使自己感觉更有自信。
(also prop forward)
■a player in a rugby team who is large and strong, and who supports the scrum 支柱前锋（橄榄球队球员，该球员体壮有力，可支援并列争球）
vt. 支撑；维持
 - maintain, support, uphold, sustain
n. [矿业] 支柱；支持者
 - leg, backbone, stay, advocate, mainstay

Word: ruin
Front: ruin
[ˈru:ɪn] (高研四六托 4197/5346 -K3)
Vocabulary: ruin
(once / 70 pages)
1nv 2v 3v
To ruin means to wreck or destroy. If you're wearing a long dress, make sure your clumsy brother stays away from you. If he steps on it, it'll rip and be ruined.
Bad news always ruins your day and a guest's bad behavior can really ruin a party and all your fun! Be careful when adding salt to your food — too much will ruin it. Often you will see ruin used as a noun that means the state of ruin, the action that causes it or the destruction itself. If you are a ruin of your former self, you're in pretty bad shape. Use ruins for the remains of old castles and Roman structures.
WORD FAMILY
ruin: ruination, ruined, ruiner, ruining, ruinous, ruins+/ ruined: ruineder/ruiner: ruiners/ruinous: ruinously
USAGE EXAMPLES
More than anything, Fuller wonders why Castro ruined “such a rich treasure of an island.”
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
They risk financial ruin if their homes and belongings are destroyed.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
"My life has been ruined until the age of 43," Woodward, a former Crewe player, said in his Guardian interview.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 破坏，毁灭; 使破产; 使没落，使堕落; 变成废墟
n. 毁灭，灭亡; 废墟，遗迹; [灭亡]的原因，祸根; 损失
vi. 被毁灭; 破产; 堕落
时态：ruined, ruining, ruins
分布：毁灭(52%)，废墟(23%)，毁坏(16%)，崩溃(9%)
→来自拉丁语 ruina,倒塌，毁坏，来自 ruere,倒塌，崩塌，来自 reue,击，打，撕开，词源 同 rag,rough.字母 g 脱落，比较 regulate,rule.
v.毁灭;(使)破产n.毁灭,崩溃;(pl.)废墟It's evident that the evil devil inevitably goes to ruin.很明显,邪恶的魔鬼必然灭亡.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to spoil or destroy severely or completely （完全）毁掉，毁坏；破坏；糟踏
• Huge modern hotels have ruined this once unspoilt coastline. 庞然大物般的现代旅馆已经完全毁掉了这片曾经如世外桃源般的海岸。
• Her injury ruined her chances of winning the race. 她受了伤，毁掉了赢得比赛的机会。
■to cause a person or company to lose all their money or their reputation 使破产；使身败名裂；毁灭
• Cheap imported goods are ruining many businesses. 廉价的进口商品使众多公司正走向破产。
• If there's a scandal I'll be ruined! 如果出了丑闻，我就会身败名裂！
['ru:.ɪn] noun
uncountable
■when something is spoilt or destroyed 毁掉，毁坏，破坏
• The car accident meant the ruin of all her hopes. 这场撞车事故使她的一切希望都彻底破灭了。
• They let the palace fall into ruin. 他们听任那座宫殿沦为一片废墟。
uncountable
■when a person or company loses all their money or their reputation 破产；身败名裂；毁灭
• Many companies are on the edge/brink/verge of ruin. 很多公司濒临破产。
• Alcohol was my ruin (= the thing that spoiled my life) 酒毁掉了我的一生。
countable
■the broken parts that are left from an old building or town 废墟；残垣断壁；倒塌的建筑物
• We visited a Roman ruin. 我们游览了一处古罗马遗址。
• the ruins of the ancient city of Carthage 迦太基古城遗址
be/lie in ruins
■(of a building or city) to be extremely badly damaged so that most of it has fallen down （建筑物或城市）沦为一片废墟，成为一片残垣断壁
• The town lay in ruins after years of bombing. 数年的轰炸已把这座城镇变成一片废墟。
■to be in an extremely bad state 完全毁坏；严重受损；垮掉
• The economy was in ruins after the war. 战后经济完全陷于崩溃之中。
destroy, break, wreck, ruin, spoil, damage
这组词都有“破坏，损坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，含导致无用，不能或很难再修复的意味。
break: 普通用词，指某物因被打破或撕破而受到破坏，可指有形或无形的破坏。
wreck: 侧重指船只、车辆、房屋等受到严重破坏或完全毁坏，也可指计划、健康受到损害。
ruin: 多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭，侧重破坏的彻底性，也可用于引申意义。
spoil: 强调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值，而且会导致不可避免的毁灭。
damage: 多指对无生命物体的损害，造成降低价值、破坏功能等后果。
destroy, harm, ruin, damage
这组词都有“破坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 指十分彻底的毁坏，破坏。如：The whole city was destroyed in the earthquake.( 地震中整个城市被毁了。)
harm: 多指带来悲痛，产生恶果的伤害，可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如：Doctors say smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。)
ruin: 为正式用词，强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏，用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏名声，期望等。如：She poured water all over my painting and ruined it. (她把水倒在画上，把它毁了。)另外，ruin的复数形式ruins表“废墟”。
damage: 一般指部分性的破坏，含可修复使用。
n. 废墟；毁坏；灭亡
 - demolition, disruption
vt. 毁灭；使破产
 - devastate, go to the dogs
vi. 破产；堕落；被毁灭
 - fail, go bankrupt

Word: relevant
Front: relevant
[ˈreləvənt] (高研四六托雅 2814/1241 -K3)
Vocabulary: relevant
(once / 398 pages)
adj
Something is relevant if it's appropriate or connected to the matter at hand. Relevant things are helpful and on point.
Relevant things are appropriate and make sense at that particular time. In the middle of history class, your teacher loves to get relevant questions: questions that have to do with the material. The teacher won't be thrilled to get a question about math: that's not relevant. You can also say a song or movie is relevant if it's connected to current events or issues people are talking about. When something is relevant, it just fits what is happening.
WORD FAMILY
relevant: irrelevant, relevance, relevancy, relevantly+/ irrelevance: irrelevances/irrelevancy: irrelevancies/ irrelevant: irrelevance, irrelevancy, irrelevantly/relevancy: relevancies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The final part of the season is about positioning and staying relevant, but the Knicks must not falter before then.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Such efforts, said Mr. Murphy, the system’s chief executive, will remain “highly relevant” even if the Affordable Care Act is repealed.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This is where the repatriation plan passed by Bush — which reduced the top corporate tax rate to 5 percent instead of 10 percent — becomes relevant.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有关的，中肯的; 相关联的; 确切的; 有重大意义[作用]的，实质性的
分布：相关的(85%)，中肯的(8%)，切题的(7%)
→来自拉丁语 relevare,减轻，来自 re-,表强调，levare,举起，词源同 lever,lighten,relieve.即减轻 的，起作用的，引申诸相关词义。
中肯的;有关的(re再→lev+ant→再举起→有关的)[lev,live=raise,lighten,表示"提高,举起,变轻"]
a.有关的,中肯的,相应的,实质性的Elevate the eleventh level to relevant height.提高第11步到相关的高度.
【反】immaterial（adj 非实质的）；extraneous（adj 无关系的）
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■connected with what is happening or being discussed 有关的；相关联的；切题的
• Education should be relevant to the child's needs. 教育应和孩子的需要挂钩。
• For further information, please refer to the relevant leaflet. 欲知详情，请参阅有关广告单张。
• The point is highly relevant to this discussion. 这一点和这次讨论的议题密切相关。
• I'm sorry but your personal wishes are not relevant (= important) in this case. 我很遗憾，你的个人愿望与本案无关。
Opposite irrelevant
 ESSENTIAL
■correct or suitable for a particular purpose 正确的；适宜的
• plans to make schooling more relevant to life beyond school 使学校教育更有利于学生毕业后走向社会的计划
['rel.ə.vənt] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  relevantWarning: choose the correct adjective! To say that something has great effect or influence, don't say 'relevant', say important :
✗ Childhood is the most relevant period in a person's life. Childhood is the most important period in a person's life.
adj. 有关的；中肯的；有重大作用的
 - concerned, involved

Word: logic
Front: logic
[ˈlɒdʒɪk] (研四六托雅 3469/3193 -K2)
Vocabulary: logic
(once / 202 pages)
1n 2n
Some people think of logic as cold in its insistence on reasoning based only on what can be proven. But without logic's systematic thinking, most mathematical and scientific advances would never have been made.
Over time, the meaning of logic has expanded to include any system of thought––you might talk about the "three-year-old logic that puts lollipops ahead of safety," or talk about the "flawed logic of thinking that anyone you meet on the Internet must be cool."
WORD FAMILY
logic: illogic, logical, logician, logicism, logics, logistician+/illogic: illogics/ illogical: illogicality, illogically, illogicalness/illogicality: illogicalities/ logical: illogical, logicality, logically, logicalness, unlogical/ logician: logicians/logistician: logisticians
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here is what Hughes purported to be her logic:
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
This is the logic of many video game sequels: Over time, they become more about the auto-nostalgia for previous games in the series.
Washington Post(Dec 12, 2016)
There’s a logic to the Virginia painters’ show at the Athenaeum, even if their methods allow wild juxtapositions and improvisational gestures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 逻辑，逻辑学; （做某事的）道理; 推理方法; 威力，压力，强制（力）
adj. 逻辑的
分布：逻辑(90%)，推理(6%)，逻辑学(3%)，条理性(1%)
→来自拉丁语ars logica,辩证艺术，辩证技巧，来自ars,艺术，即art,logica,辩证，辩理，词源同logos.于1902年由学者严复译为逻辑并流传至今。
逻辑(学)(说话的学问→逻辑学)[log,logu=speak,表示"说话"]
逻辑(学)(log词语,思想+ic)[-ic 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或学科"3.表名词"某种病"]
n.逻辑,逻辑学There's no logic in his argument.他的论据不合逻辑.
US ['lɑ:.dʒɪk] noun uncountable
REASONABLE THINKING 理性思维
 ADVANCED
■a particular way of thinking, especially one which is reasonable and based on good judgment 逻辑思维，理性思维
• I fail to see the logic behind his argument. 我看不出他的论点有甚么逻辑依据。
• If prices go up, wages will go up too - that's just logic. 如果物价上涨，工资也要增长——这样才合乎逻辑。
• There's no logic in the decision to reduce staff when orders are the highest for years. 在这些年来，订单最多的时候决定裁员，一点都不合乎逻辑。
• The internal logic of her argument is undeniable. 不可否认的是，她的论点具有内在逻辑性。
UK ['lɒdʒ.ɪk] US ['lɑ:.dʒɪk] noun uncountable
FORMAL THINKING 形式思维
■a formal scientific method of examining or thinking about ideas 逻辑学，逻辑推理
• a treatise on formal logic 关于形式逻辑的论文

Word: trail
Front: trail
[treɪl] (研四六托雅 1646/4331 -3)
Vocabulary: trail
(once / 104 pages)
nv
A trail is an unpaved path, like the narrow trail you follow through the woods on your hike. A trail can also be a series of clues that are left behind, also forming a kind of path.
You can walk along a trail, and you can also follow a trail: "My little brother left a trail of cracker crumbs behind him, so I found him right away." When you trail, you move slowly behind something or someone, or you drag something on the ground: "She sadly trails her deflated balloon behind her." You also might trail someone you're chasing: "My dog likes to trail squirrels around the yard."
WORD FAMILY
trail: trailed, trailer, trailing, trails+/semitrailer: semitrailers/ trailer: semitrailer, trailers/trailing: trailings
USAGE EXAMPLES
USC trailed 49-35 with nine minutes to play, but persevered to win one of the greatest Rose Bowls of all time.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Penn State trailed by as many as 13 points, hampered by interceptions on McSorley’s first two passes of the game.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Iowa Natural Resources Department says the man fell about 60 feet from an overlook off Lost Lake Trail around 11:15 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 跟踪，追踪; 拖曳：让…拖或飘扬在后面; 拖沓而行; 跟在…后面
vi. （在比赛等中）输; （尤指跟在他人后面）疲惫地走; （在比赛或其他竞赛中）落后; 蔓生
n. 足迹; 臭迹; 小径; 一缕
时态：trailed, trailing, trails
分布：小径(32%)，踪迹(20%)，追踪(17%)，拖(11%)，尾(8%)，落后于(6%)，尾随(3%)，一系列(2%)，拖拽(1%)
→来自古法语 trailler,拖，拉，跟踪，来自通俗拉丁语 tragulare,拉，来自拉丁语 trahere,拖，拉， 使移动，词源同 drag,tract.拼写比较 rule,regulate.引申诸相关词义。
n.踪迹,痕迹;小路v.追踪,跟踪;拖,拖曳;The sailor was nailed on the rail for he failed to trail the mail.水手被钉在横木上,因为他未能跟踪邮件.
noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a path through the countryside, often made or used for a particular purpose 乡间小道（常用于某一特定用途）
• a forest/mountain trail 林间／山间小道
 ADVANCED countable
■the smell or series of marks left by a person, animal or thing as it moves along 臭迹；踪迹；痕迹
• The dogs are specially trained to follow the trail left by the fox. 这些狗经过特别训练，能够追踪狐狸留下的气味。
• He left a trail of muddy footprints behind him. 他身后留下了一串泥泞的脚印。
only singular
■various pieces of information which together show where someone you are searching for has gone 蛛丝马迹，线索
• The police admit that the thieves have left no trail for them to follow up. 警方承认小偷没有留下可供他们追踪的线索。
be on the trail of sb/sth
■to be searching for someone or something by examining information you find about where they went （循线索）追踪
• The three men went to the Bahamas, on the trail of a sunken 17th-century galleon full of treasure. 这三个人去了巴哈马，为的是寻找一艘满载金银财宝的17世纪西班牙沉船。
[treɪl] verb
MOVE SLOWLY 缓慢地移动
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (allow something to) move slowly along the ground or through the air or water, after someone or something 拖，拉
• Katherine, your skirt's trailing in the mud! 凯瑟琳，你的裙子拖在泥里了！
• As the boat moved along, he trailed his hand in the water. 他把手放在水里，手随船破水而行。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move slowly and without energy or enthusiasm 行动拖沓；疲惫地走；没精打采地行走
• The delegates trailed back into the conference room for the afternoon session. 代表们没精打采地回到会议室，准备开下午的会。
• After a mile or two the youngest children were trailing behind. 走了一两英里后，年龄最小的孩子们无精打采地跟在后面。
[treɪl] verb
IN A COMPETITION/GAME 比赛中
be trailing
■to be losing to your competitor in a competition （比赛中）落后，失败
• The Swiss team are trailing by 6 points. 瑞士队落后了六分。
• The Nationalist Party is trailing (behind) the Liberals in the opinion polls. 在民意调查中，国民党落后于自由党。
[treɪl] verb
FOLLOW 跟随
transitive
■to follow the trail of someone or something 追踪
[treɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  trail away/off
■When a person's voice or a similar sound trails away/off, it becomes quieter and less confident and then stops completely （说话声或类似声响）逐渐减弱到停止，逐渐消失
• His voice trailed off as he saw the look on her face. 当他看到她脸上的表情时，他的说话声越来越小，最后听不见了。
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
vt. 追踪；拖；蔓延；落后于
 - trace, pull
n. 小径；痕迹；尾部；踪迹
 - mark, track, tail
vi. 飘出； [植] 蔓生；垂下； [古生] 拖曳
 - hang, drag

Word: proliferation
Front: proliferation
[prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn] (托 6579/7322)
Vocabulary: proliferation
(once / 3895 pages)
n
Proliferation is a rapid multiplication of parts or the increase in the number of something. Nuclear proliferation is a rapid increase of nuclear weapons.
The proliferation of any living thing will often create an overpopulation problem and cause an environmental imbalance. A proliferation of fuzzy koala bears might seem kind of nice, but these cute little creatures would soon eat up all the eucalyptus, running out of food and causing problems for other species. We almost always use this word to describe stuff we don't want to increase rapidly. The excessive proliferation of mutated cells, for instance, is how cancer grows.
WORD FAMILY
proliferation: non-proliferation, nonproliferation, proliferations+/ proliferate: proliferated, proliferates, proliferating, proliferation
USAGE EXAMPLES
The proliferation of weapons of war on the streets of American cities should be addressed.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“They’re answering the public criticisms of U.S. experts,” said Joshua Pollack, editor of the U.S.-based Non proliferation Review.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"They're answering the public criticisms of U.S. experts," said Joshua Pollack, editor of the U.S.-based Non proliferation Review.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 增殖，分芽繁殖; 再育; 增生
分布：增殖(79%)，扩散(20%)，分芽繁殖(1%)
VERB
激增；剧增
If things proliferate, they increase in number very quickly.
例：Computerized data bases are proliferating fast...计算机化的数据库正在激增。
例：In recent years commercial, cultural, travel and other contacts have proliferated between Europe and China.近年来，欧洲和中国之间的商业、文化、旅游及其他交往发展迅猛。
n. [医] 增殖，扩散；分芽繁殖
 - diffusion, propagation

Word: cow
Front: cow
[kaʊ] (中高研四六宝 3078/2944 -K3)
Vocabulary: cow
(once / 171 pages)
1n 2n 3v
If it lives on a farm, makes a mooing sound, and produces milk, it is probably a cow.
Most people would immediately identify a cow, the large, cud-chewing female of what is known as "cattle." Cows are typically domesticated farm animals, though the females of wilder bovine relatives are also called cows. The verb form of cow, "to frighten or subdue," comes from the docile nature of most cows — they are fairly easy to intimidate, or easily cowed. The Old English root is cu, from the Indo-European gwous, which might have developed from the sound that cows make.
WORD FAMILY
cow: cowed, cowing, cows+/cows: cowses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I milked cows for I don’t know how many years by hand, then we finally got a milking machine,” she said.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Savile used his fame to gain access to children and then cow them into silence.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
Cows graze between the houses, and in the distance you can see the first of the mighty mountains of the Alps.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 奶牛，乳牛; 母兽; 雌（象，鲸等）; <侮辱>对女性的蔑称
vt. 恐吓; 吓唬; 威胁
时态：cowed, cowing, cows
分布：母牛(83%)，恐吓(10%)，雌象(3%)，雌鲸(3%)，雌犀牛(1%)
→来自gwous, 低声嚎叫，拟声词，词源同bovine.
n.母牛vt.威胁,威吓The cowardly cow vows not to tow vowels.胆怯的母牛发誓不拖元音字母.
【反】embolden（vt 使有胆量）；undaunted（adj 勇敢的）－cowed（被吓坏的）
noun
ANIMAL 动物
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a large female farm animal kept to produce meat and milk 母牛，奶牛
• a dairy cow 奶牛
countable
■Large female adult mammals such as elephants, whales and seals are also called cows （象、鲸、海豹等）雌性动物
• a cow elephant 母象
[kaʊ] noun
WOMAN 女人
countable UK offensive
■an unkind or unpleasant woman 蠢婆娘；泼妇
• You stupid cow! 你这个蠢婆娘！
[kaʊ] noun
UNPLEASANT THING 不愉快的事
only singular Australian informal
■something difficult or unpleasant 难办的事；讨厌的事情
• It's been a cow of a day. 真是令人难受的一天。
[kaʊ] noun
till / until the cows come home
■for a very long time 长时间地；很久
• I could sit here and argue with you till the cows come home, but it wouldn't solve anything. 我可以坐在这里无休止地跟你争论下去，但那样解决不了任何问题。
[kaʊ] verb transitive usually passive
■to frighten someone into doing something, using threats or violence （以威胁或暴力）使害怕，吓唬，恐吓
• The protesters refused to be cowed into submission by the army. 抗议者拒绝向军队低头。
buffalo, cow, bull, ox
这组词都有“牛”的意思，其区别是：
buffalo: 指水牛，在美国指野牛。
cow: 指任何品种的成年母牛或乳用的乳牛。
bull: 指未经阉割，通常用于配种的公牛，也指西班牙或美洲经专门饲料用作斗牛表演的公牛。引申指彪形大汉。
ox: 泛指野生或驯养的牛类，系动物学的用词，通称，也指公牛。
n. 奶牛， [畜牧] 母牛； [脊椎] 母兽
 - dairy cattle, crummie
vt. 威胁，恐吓
 - to threaten, threaten with

Word: continental
Front: continental
[.kɒntɪ'nent(ə)l] (六托 8947/4013 -2)
Back: adj. 大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的; 〈美〉（独立战争时）美洲殖民地的
n. 欧洲大陆人; 〈美〉（独立战争中的）美国兵[纸币]; 〈美俚〉（起源于英国的）欧洲大陆发式
分布：大陆的(62%)，欧洲大陆的(38%)
大陆的(continent大陆)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
ADJ
(除英国之外)欧洲大陆的
Continental means situated on or belonging to the continent of Europe except for Britain.
例：He sees no signs of improvement in the UK and continental economy.他看不到英国与欧洲大陆经济好转的迹象。
N-COUNT
欧洲大陆人
A continental is someone who comes from the continent of Europe.
ADJ-GRADED
典型欧洲大陆的;具欧洲大陆特征的
If you describe someone or something as continental, you think that they are typical of the continent of Europe.
例：He's very continental...他非常欧陆化。
例：Torquay is undeniably continental.无可否认，托基具有典型的欧陆风情。
ADJ
大洲的;大陆的
Continental is used to refer to something that belongs to or relates to a continent.
例：The most ancient parts of the continental crust are 4000 million years old.大陆地壳最古老的部分有40亿年历史。
ADJ
(除夏威夷、美属维尔京群岛等之外)美国大陆的，美国本土的
The continental United States consists of all the states which are situated on the continent of North America, as opposed to Hawaii and territories such as the Virgin Islands.
例：Shipping is included on orders sent within the continental U.S.美国本土订单已含运费。
例：Since these substances are not licensed, they cannot be sold in the continental United States.由于这些物品没有许可证，所以不能在美国大陆地区销售。
ADJ
(美国革命时期)发生(或存在)于美洲殖民地的，美洲大陆的
Continental means existing or happening in the American colonies during the American Revolution.
例：...George Washington, Commander of the Continental Army...乔治·华盛顿——大陆军总司令
例：The Continental Congress called upon the 13 states to draft new constitutions establishing governments more conducive to 'republican' principles.大陆会议号召13个州起草新宪法，建立更有利于实现“共和”原则的政府。
N-COUNT
(美国革命时期的)大陆军士兵
Continentals were soldiers who fought in the Continental Army against the British in the American Revolution.
adj. 大陆的；大陆性的
 - mainland
n. 欧洲人
 - European, EUR

Word: discrimination
Front: discrimination
[dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn] (高研四六托 3167/3592 -2)
Vocabulary: discrimination
(once / 840 pages)
n
Discrimination means distinguishing between two or more people or things. Usually, discrimination means an unfair system that treats one group of people worse than another.
Discrimination isn't always a bad thing. You have to use discrimination to tell a good restaurant from a bad one, or a good idea from a bad one. However, this word is very tarnished by its main use these days: as a word for unfair treatment of people, based on racism, sexism, homophobia, or another prejudice. There is a huge history of discrimination in the United States.
WORD FAMILY
discrimination: discriminations, non-discrimination+/ discriminate: discriminable, discriminated, discriminately, discriminates, discriminating, discriminatingly, discrimination, discriminative, discriminator, discriminatory, indiscriminate / discriminating: indiscriminating, undiscriminating/discriminative: discriminatively/discriminator: discriminators/discriminatory: discriminatorily/ indiscriminate: indiscriminately, indiscriminatingly/undiscriminating: undiscriminatingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is why the current job discrimination situation is so grim.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In December, the Justice Department sued Culpeper County, alleging discrimination after the county denied a request for a permit to build a mosque there.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
A Texas judge temporarily halted Obama administration rules that are intended to ban discrimination by doctors and hospitals against transgender persons.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 歧视; 辨别，区别; 辨别力，识别力; 不公平的待遇
分布：歧视(94%)，辨别(5%)，鉴赏力(1%)
→来自discriminate, 区分，歧视。
【参】discriminating（adj 有差别的；有识别力的）＝discerningdiscriminatory（adj 差别对待的；有辨别力的）
【反】equitable（adj 公平的）－discriminatory
noun uncountable
DIFFERENT TREATMENT 不同的待遇
 ADVANCED
■treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin colour, religion, sex, etc. 歧视；区别对待
• racial/sex/age discrimination 种族／性别歧视
• Until 1986 most companies would not even allow women to take the examinations, but such blatant discrimination is now disappearing. 直至1986年大多数公司甚至还不允许女性参加这种考试，但目前这种明目张胆的歧视做法正在消失。
[dɪˌskrɪm.ɪ'neɪ.ʃən] noun uncountable
SEEING A DIFFERENCE 区分 formal
■the ability to see the difference between two things or people 区分能力，区别能力；分辨能力；辨别能力
discrimination, judgement, sense
这组词都有“识别力，判断”的意思，其区别是：
discrimination: 指辨别精微的能力，甚至平时观察不到的也可识别出来。
judgement: 指经过训练或磨练或凭经历而得到辨别或判断事物的能力或品质。
sense: 指不带幻想或感情、偏见地观察事物，并能作出明智、公平的选择与决定。
difference, distinction, discrimination, discrepancy
这组词都有“差别，区别”的意思，其区别是：
difference: 普通用词，可指事物本质上的差异或数量上的差额，也可指事物在某一方面的差别，还可指人们之间的不同意见。
distinction: 较正式用词，除指事物在本质上的差别外，还指在某一方面或某一细节上的区分，要在认真观察、研究后才易觉察。
discrimination: 侧重指在判断、见识方面的差别，也可指待遇上的区别。
discrepancy: 多用于言论和记述方面，指两物之间缺乏使之相似或平衡的协调。
n. 歧视；区别，辨别；识别力
 - distinction, differentiation

Word: replacement
Front: replacement
[rɪˈpleɪsmənt] (研六雅 3656/2742)
Vocabulary: replacement
(once / 949 pages)
n
A replacement is the thing that fills in for something that's missing, or the act of substituting for the missing thing. The replacement for your absent teacher is an annoying substitute. Sigh.
When kids lose their baby teeth, replacements soon grow in their places. And when kids need to have their teeth cleaned but their dentist is on vacation, her replacement will be in charge of taking x-rays and checking for cavities. Replacement comes from the verb replace, which adds the "back" prefix re- to place, "to put somewhere."
WORD FAMILY
replacement: replacements+/ irreplaceable: irreplaceableness, irreplaceably/ replace: replaceable, replaced, replacement, replaces, replacing/ replaceable: irreplaceable, replaceability, unreplaceable
USAGE EXAMPLES
A comparable replacement would be difficult to find and costly to obtain.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The likely outcome of such complications is that the effective date for Obamacare repeal and replacement will be deferred for several years.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The FIS also said it was working with the Russian Snowboard Federation to look “for possible replacement competitions in Russia on the same dates.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 代替; 归还，，复位; 替代者; 补充兵员
分布：更换(95%)，接替者(5%)
替代;复位(replace+ment)[place=place,表示"放,地方"]
n.取代,替换,替换物,代替物The guard left before his replacement came.守卫在接班的人尚未来之前离开了.
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the process of replacing something with something else 更换，替换
• the replacement of existing computer equipment 更换现有的电脑设备
• replacement windows 新换的窗子
 IMPROVER countable
■someone who does a job instead of someone else, or something which you use instead of something else 代理
• The agency sent a replacement for the secretary who resigned. 代理行派来了一个人接替辞职的秘书。
n. 更换；复位；代替者；补充兵员
 - restoration, substitute

Word: displace
Front: displace
[dɪsˈpleɪs] (研六托雅宝 6789/6936 -2)
Vocabulary: displace
(once / 777 pages)
v
When you displace something, you move it to a new position — either in a concrete sense, like moving a chair, or in an abstract sense, like firing someone from a job.
Displace means to forcefully move or remove something — or someone — but it can also mean “to take the place of,” again, with some force. If your brother is sitting in your seat, you might say, “Get out of my chair! Don’t make me have to displace you!” Similarly, when a new employee is hired at work, she might displace the person who had the job before.
WORD FAMILY
displace: displaced, displacement, displaces, displacing+/ displacement: displacements/ implacable: implacably/ misplace: misplaced, misplacement, misplaces, misplacing/misplacement: misplacements/placable: implacable, placably/ place: displace, misplace, placable, placeable, placed, placement, places, placing/placed: unplaced/placement: placements
USAGE EXAMPLES
He pledged to help displaced Iraqis return to Mosul, where Iraqi forces are waging a large offensive against the Islamic State.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But for many of Mosul’s far-flung residents, displaced by more than two years of war, it’s a reminder of home.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Data collected by the UN reveal that there are 65.3 million displaced people worldwide, matching the population of the UK.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 移动，移走; 替换，取代; 排水; 撤职
时态：displaced, displacing, displaces
分布：取代(86%)，移置(8%)，替换(6%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。place, 地方。即放在别的地方，取代。
移位;顶替(dis去掉+place→把放的东西去掉→移位)[place=place,表示"放,地方"]
v.移置,转移;取代,置换The lace placed in the palace is replaced first, and displaced later.放在皇宫的带子先被替换,后来被转移.
【记】place（n 地方；位置）
【反】ensconce（vt 隐藏；安置）
verb transitive
■to force something or someone out of its usual or original position 迫使…离开常居地（或原位）
• The building of a new dam will displace thousands of people who live in this area. 建造新水坝将迫使居住在这一地区的数千人迁往别处。
displace, replace, substitute
这组词都有“替代、取代”的意思，其区别是：
displace: 侧重指用另外的人或物强行取代并非称职的人或无用之物，指人时往往暗含带不满情绪的意味。
replace: 最普通用词，指任何形式的替代，尤指以新的替代旧的、老的和坏的等，指人指物均可。
substitute: 指某人因故不在时，由别人代理其职，有时也可指由一物去代替另一物。
vt. 取代；置换；转移；把…免职；排水
 - shift, replace by

Word: hail
Front: hail
[heɪl] (研六托雅宝 6105/6469 -2)
Vocabulary: hail
(once / 222 pages)
1nv 2vn 3v 4v
Hail is when chunks of ice fall from the sky. Also, to hail someone is to greet them or say good things about them. Or it can be a way to tell people of your homeland, as in: "I hail from the Moon."
If twenty third-graders all sent spit-balls up in the air at once, the spit-balls would then hail down on the class. If a presidential candidate has an idea for fixing the nation's woes, many people will hail that idea as the next great panacea. If you see your former prom date walking down the street, you may want to hail him to say hello or, perhaps, you will want to hail a cab and get out of there as fast as you can.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
hale / hail
Hale describes someone hearty and healthy. Rarr. All hail the next word! To hail is to greet enthusiastically. And when it hails, ice falls from the sky and hits those hale people on the head.
Hale means sturdy, the kind of people a certain prince wants at his masquerade party. In Edgar Allan Poe's "Masque of the Red Death," Prince Prospero invites 1,000 of his "hale and light-hearted" besties to his castle to cheat death. We know how that goes! These days the word hale often describes healthy older people, but anyone healthy can be hale, too. Observe:
"All these hale, silver-haired seniors, walking or jogging or cycling past the house." (New Yorker)
"Along with physical activity, your brain needs mental stimulation to stay hale and fit." (Time)
A less common use of hale is "to drag or force slowly," as in this example:
"She haled him into their special parlor, took his hat away from him, pulled out the most comfortable chair." (Charlotte Perkins Gilman)
Hail, on the other hand, has the "i" for "ice," but it's also a verb — raise your arm and hail a cab, hail the queen, or hail a great success. Hail means to call attention to something. Hail the following examples!
"Beyoncé has hailed Jackson's influence in the past, saying 'Michael Jackson changed me, and helped me to become the artist I am.'" (BBC)
"Americans have come to rely on their smartphones to help them do seemingly everything, like hailing a taxi and comparing prices of dog food." (New York Times)
Hail also means where you're from:
"Sanders hails from a neighboring state." (MSNBC)
To be hale is to be healthy. To hail is to call attention to a taxi or a king. Hail also has that "i" for ice!
WORD FAMILY
hail: hailed, hailing, hails
USAGE EXAMPLES
The study’s authors hailed the new statistics as good news.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Hail fell in several states, including Alabama and Arkansas, it added.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Many of them hailed from the Middle East.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 冰雹; 一阵
vi. 下冰雹; 如冰雹般地降下
vt. 致敬; 打招呼; 打信号示意（计程车等）停下; 赞扬（或称颂）…为（尤用于报章等）
时态：hailed, hailing, hails
分布：冰雹(57%)，来自(18%)，欢呼(11%)，招呼(8%)，下冰雹(4%)，喝彩(1%)，宣称(1%)
→来自古英语hals,健康，词源同holy,health.即祝您健康，引申词义欢呼，赞颂。比较汉语万岁，万岁，万万岁。hail 冰雹
v.下雹;欢呼,欢迎n.雹The mob hailed eggs on the policemen.暴民将鸡蛋像雹似地投在警察身上.
【记】源于hello
noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■small hard balls of ice which fall from the sky like rain 雹，冰雹
a hail of sth
■a lot of similar things or remarks, thrown or shouted at someone at the same time （同时抛向某人的）一阵
• a hail of bullets 一阵弹雨
• The Prime Minister was greeted with a hail of insults as she arrived at the students' union. 女首相来到学生会时遭到一阵辱骂。
[heɪl] verb
CALL 招呼
transitive slightly formal
■to call someone in order to attract their attention 招呼，呼喊
• Shall we hail a taxi? 我们要叫计程车吗？
• I tried to hail her from across the room. 我在屋子的另一端冲着她喊。
[heɪl] verb
ICE 冰
intransitive
■If it hails, small hard balls of ice fall from the sky like rain. 下冰雹
[heɪl] verb
be within hailing distance of somewhere old-fashioned
■to be near somewhere 离…很近
[heɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] hail sb/sth as sth ADVANCED
■to praise a person or an achievement by saying that they are similar to someone or something very good 赞扬…为
• She's being hailed as one of the best up-and-coming young dancers today. 她被誉为当今最有前途的年轻舞蹈家之一。
• The film was hailed as a masterpiece in its day. 那部电影当时被誉为经典之作。
[heɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hail from somewhere formal
■to come from or to have been born in a particular place 来自…；出生于…
• Joe originally hails from Toronto. 乔来自多伦多。
hail, salute, address, welcome, greet
这组词都有“欢迎、致敬，致意，招呼”的意思，其区别是：
hail: 主要指怀着敬意欢迎某人，侧重欢快轻松和嘈杂。也指隔得较远的高声招呼。
salute: 正式用词，指用敬礼、亲吻或挥帽等动作向他人致意或问候，尤指以某种礼节欢迎某人。
address: 侧重打招呼的方式或指所使用的称谓。
welcome: 多指热情的官方的或正式的迎接或欢迎，但也指一般的欢迎。
greet: 常指友好而热诚地欢迎。
n. [气象] 冰雹；致敬；招呼；一阵
 - precipitation, blast
int. 万岁；欢迎
 - welcome, rah

Word: quantity
Front: quantity
[ˈkwɒntəti] (高研四六托 4057/2082 -K3)
Vocabulary: quantity
(once / 114 pages)
n
Quantity tells you “how much.” If you're concerned with quantity not quality, it's more important how many you have than how good they are.
If you get confused about quantity vs. quality, remember that quant is close to count. In Latin, quantus means “how great” or “how much.” When you count how many oranges are in a bowl, you know the quantity. When you count the grains of sand in a desert, you're counting a very large quantity . . . and you need a new hobby.
WORD FAMILY
quantity: quantities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Before it was about large quantities, and small margins. Now it’s the opposite,” he says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Lucia is the daughter of novelist James, a black hole who swallows both the world’s attention and domestic affection in industrial quantities.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
It was not the quantity of Mr. Snowden’s theft but the quality that was most telling.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 量，数量; 定量，大批; 数目; [语音学、韵律学]音量（指元音或音节的长短）
分布：量(62%)，数量(29%)，大量(9%)
→来自拉丁语quantus,多大，多少，来自qui,谁，什么，如何，该，来自kwo,疑问代词词干，词源同quality,who,how.
n.量,数量;大量Qualified quality and adequate quantity are equally important.合格的质量和足够的数量同等重要.
US ['kwɑ:n.tˌə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the amount or number of something, especially that can be measured or is fixed （尤指可测量或确定的）量，数量，分量
• Police found a large/small quantity of drugs in his possession. 警方发现他携带大/少量的毒品。
• We consumed vast quantities of food and drink that night. 那天晚上我们大吃大喝了一顿。
• The (sheer)quantity (= large amount) of equipment needed for the trip is staggering. 这次旅行所需的装备数实在多得惊人。
• They are now developing ways to produce the vaccine in large quantities and cheaply. 目前他们正在研究怎样大量且廉价地生产这种疫苗。
• This recipe is only for four, so I usually do double the quantity if I'm cooking for my family. 这食谱的份量只够4个人吃，所以我在为全家人煮饭时通常会做双倍的份量。
• It's quality not quantity that really counts. 真正重要的是质量而非数量。
amount, sum, number, quantity
这组词都有“总数、总量”的意思，其区别是：
amount: 普通用词，与quantity近义，但强调整体，指把所有数量、重量及度量归并在一起得出的总数。
sum: 普通用词，指简单加算的结果。
number: 普通用词，指人或物的数目，强调数的概念。
quantity: 书面用词，指事物的总量和总数量，侧重大批计量，含准确测量的意味。
n. 量，数量；大量；总量
 - lots of, wealth, ocean, volume, sea

Word: forge
Front: forge
[fɔ:dʒ] (研六托雅宝 5304/6336 -2)
Vocabulary: forge
(once / 334 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v
Have you ever seen a blacksmith make a horseshoe? Well, no, probably not, but they use a special furnace which is called a forge, and "to forge something" is also the act of bashing that hot object into shape.
Forge has also taken on the more general sense of creating something. A new philosophy or art form might have been forged, as might an alibi or an excuse. To forge something also has the meaning of faking something, such as a painting or a signature with the intent to deceive. It can also mean to move ahead in a steady manner, either physically or metaphorically, much like those solid, regular blows of the blacksmith's hammer.
WORD FAMILY
forge: forged, forger, forgery, forges, forging, reforge+/forger: forgers/ forgery: forgeries/forging: forgings/reforge: reforged, reforges, reforging
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are also several agents dedicated to working pharmaceutical diversion cases in which people are doctor shopping or prescriptions are being forged.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Here are eight things to think about as we boldly forge into 2017.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was an image that spoke directly across the centuries—forging an immediate, emotional connection to these vanished people.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 锻造车间; 熔铁炉，锻铁炉; 铁匠铺，铁匠工场
vi. 锻制，锻造; 伪造; 犯伪造罪
vt. 锻造; 伪造; 捏造，编造; 制订
时态：forged, forging, forges
分布：伪造(39%)，建立(27%)，锻造(20%)，铁匠铺(5%)，锻炉(4%)，锻造车间(3%)，做铁匠(2%)
→来自古法语forge,铸造，锻造，来自拉丁语fabrica, 铁匠铺，车间，词源同fabric.引申贬义词义伪造。
v.锻造,伪造n.锻工车间;锻炉One runner forged ahead of the others and won the race.一名赛跑运动员突然加快速度冲到其他人的前面而获胜.
【参】forger（n 伪造者；铁匠）
【反】lag（vi 缓缓而行；滞后）－forge ahead（v 突然加速前进）
US [fɔ:rdʒ] verb
COPY 复制
transitive
■to make an illegal copy of something in order to deceive 伪造；假冒
• a forged passport 伪造的护照
• a forged signature 伪造的签名
• A number of forged works of art have been sold as genuine. 一些艺术赝品已被当作真品出售。
UK [fɔ:dʒ] US [fɔ:rdʒ] verb
CREATE 创造
transitive
■to make or produce, especially with some difficulty （尤指努力地）制造，生产
• The accident forged a close bond between the two families. 事故使两个家庭紧密地联系在了一起。
• She forged a new career for herself as a singer. 她成了一名歌唱家，为自己开创了一番新事业。
UK [fɔ:dʒ] US [fɔ:rdʒ] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive + adverb or preposition formal
■to suddenly and quickly move forward 突然向前猛冲
• Just 100 metres from the finishing line Jackson forged ahead. 离终点线还有100米时，杰克逊突然加速冲刺。
• She forged down the straight. 她在直道上突然加速冲刺。
UK [fɔ:dʒ] US [fɔ:rdʒ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  forge ahead
■to suddenly make a lot of progress with something 突然进展神速；迅猛发展
• The organizers are forging ahead with a programme of public events. 组织者搞的一个公共活动计划进展神速。
UK [fɔ:dʒ] US [fɔ:rdʒ] noun countable
■a working area with a fire for heating metal until it is soft enough to be beaten into different shapes 锻造车间；铁工厂
• a blacksmith's forge 铁匠铺
mould, shape, from, forge
这组词都有“使成形”的意思，其区别是：
mould: 通常指把有延展性的材料浇铸或塑成所需形状的物品。
shape: 比mould使用广泛，指用许多不同的方法制成不同形状的制品。
from: 通常指对尚未成形的物品作进一步加工，使成为成品。
forge: 意义较窄，指用锤子和砧对金属材料进行加工或锻造。
n. 熔炉，锻铁炉；铁工厂
 - furnace, smelter
vi. 伪造；做锻工
 - trump up, to fake
vt. 伪造； [机] 锻造
 - doctor, trump up

Word: initially
Front: initially
[ɪˈnɪʃəli] (六托 2715/2289 -K3)
Vocabulary: initially
(once / 1065 pages)
adv
The word initially can be used to describe an action that happened first. You might initially want fish for dinner, but then end up getting the pasta special that looks so good.
The adverb initially can describe something that happened at the beginning. Initially you might have thought the apartment was too small, but then you decided to take it because of the rooftop garden. You initially wanted to go to college far from home, but decided to stay closer to be near your family. The bride-to-be initially wanted an outdoor wedding, but decided against it because of the area's unpredictable weather.
WORD FAMILY
initial: initialed, initialing, initialise, initialize, initialled, initialling, initially, initials+/initialise: initialisation/initialize: initialization, initialized, initializes, initializing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The technology was not initially designed for health clubs.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But their actions starting Tuesday to end Obamacare will be far less sweeping, at least initially, than a full-blown repeal of the law.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Experienced birders often initially identify a species by its sound.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 开始; 最初
分布：最初(100%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■at the beginning 起初，最初，初时
• Initially, most people approved of the new scheme. 起初，大部分人都同意这个新方案。
• The damage was far more serious than initially believed. 损失比开始认为的要严重得多。
initially, afterward, subsequently, ultimately, lately, previously, eventually, shortly, presently
initially: 最初，开头
afterward: 以后，后来
subsequently: 随后，后来
ultimately: 最后，终于
lately: 最近，不久前
previously: 以前，先前
eventually: 终于，后来
shortly: 立刻，马上
presently: 马上，一会儿，很快
initially, firstly, originally
initially: 最初，开头
firstly: 首先，第一，用于列举事项
originally: 独创地， 独特地，本来
adv. 最初，首先；开头
 - originally, firstly, primarily

Word: spectrum
Front: spectrum
[ˈspektrəm] (研六托雅宝 3893/3581 -2)
Vocabulary: spectrum
(once / 1331 pages)
n
A spectrum is a broad range of similar things or qualities. Like the wide spectrum of political beliefs in this country, ranging anywhere from super conservative to uber-liberal and everything in between.
Our modern definition of spectrum started out in the 1600s, when scientists used it to refer to the band of colors formed by a beam of light, like a rainbow. In physics, it’s a word that describes the distribution of something, like energy or atomic particles. We still use those scientific meanings today, but spectrum can also apply to non-science related groupings or ranges of related things.
WORD FAMILY
spectrum: spectra, spectrums
USAGE EXAMPLES
And this year, the lab started a partnership with Bellevue College’s Autism Spectrum Navigators program, and is offering students with autism a chance to intern.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The statement reaffirmed Washington’s “ironclad commitment” to defend its allies, using “the full spectrum of US extended deterrence capabilities.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
She applauds trans activists for adopting the idea that “gender is fluid and on a spectrum.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 光谱; 波谱; 范围; 系列
分布：光谱(69%)，范围(19%)，系列(9%)，幅度(3%)
→来自拉丁语 spectrum,出现，显示，影像，鬼魂，幽灵，来自 specere,看，词源同 spectator,aspect. 后与 specter 词义上进行分工，前者用于指鬼，幽灵，该词用于指光谱。
n.谱,光谱,频谱;范围,幅度,系列The respectful spectator gave the prospective president a retrospect of the spectacular spectrum.恭敬的旁观者对未来的总统回顾了壮观的光谱(景象).
【记】spect看，rum－看到颜色－光谱
【参】spectral（adj 光谱的；鬼怪的）
['spek.trəm] (plural spectra or spectrums)
noun countable
COLOURS 颜色
 ADVANCED
■the set of colours into which a beam of light can be separated, or a range of waves, such as light waves or radio waves 光谱；波谱；声谱；频谱
• The colours of the spectrum - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet - can be seen in a rainbow. 光谱中的红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫诸色可以在彩虹中见到。
['spek.trəm] (plural spectra or spectrums)
noun countable
RANGE 范围
 ADVANCED
■a range of opinions, feelings, etc. （看法、感觉等的）范围，各层次
• He has support from across the whole political spectrum. 他得到了所有政治派别的支援。
• The group includes students from both ends of the social spectrum (= range of social classes). 这个团体包括了来自社会上、下两个阶层的学生。
• A wide spectrum of opinion was represented at the meeting. 会议上提出了一系列广泛的意见。
n. [光] 光谱；频谱；范围；余象
 - extent, boundary, region, territory, area

Word: boycott
Front: boycott
[ˈbɔɪkɒt] (高研六托雅宝 8514/9191 -2)
Vocabulary: boycott
(once / 1483 pages)
nv
To boycott means to stop buying or using the goods or services of a certain company or country as a protest; the noun boycott is the protest itself.
This noun comes from the name of Charles C. Boycott, an English land agent in 19th century Ireland who refused to reduce rents for his tenant farmers. As a result, the local residents did not want to have any dealings with him. Boycotts are an effective way to use your spending dollars to affect change.
WORD FAMILY
boycott: boycotted, boycotting, boycotts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Indra Nooyi, said that company employees were “crying” after Trump’s victory, conservatives called for a boycott.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Martin Luther King, Jr., recounted an experience of it in the early days of the bus boycott in Montgomery, in 1956.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But they were already too popular for other promoters to boycott.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 联合抵制; 抵制（货物等）; 拒绝参加
n. 联合抵制; 联合拒绝购买; 拒绝参加
时态：boycotted, boycotting, boycotts
分布：拒绝参加(100%)
→来自19世纪爱尔兰土地代理Charles Boycott的名字。因在1880年这一庄稼欠收年，拒绝答应佃农降租的请求而激起众怒，并遭到所有人的联合抵制，以致于有钱甚至买不到面包，几近于饿死。
n./v.(联合)抵制,拒绝参与They're boycotting the supermarket.他们联合抵制那家超市.
【源】源于查理斯?C?博伊考特。他是爱尔兰的房地产经纪人，占有爱尔兰大部分土地。1880年，博伊考特被选为一项政策的试点，此项政策是由一个爱尔兰政治家─查理斯?帕内尔提出的。那些不愿降低地租的地主或佃农都被帕内尔的支持者疏远。作为原英军士兵的博伊考特，拒绝收取低地租并且驱逐佃户。此时帕内尔爱尔兰土地联盟成员插手了，博伊考特及其家人发现他们被孤立了─没有仆人，工人，得不到商店服务，甚至没人送信。博伊考特的名字很快就被用作这种对待方法的专有名词。
【记】来自人名"Boycott"，1897英国驻爱尔兰官员，因拒绝降低房租（地租）而被爱尔兰人抵制及驱逐（ostracize）
【反】patronize（v 资助）
US [-kɑ:t] verb transitive
■to refuse to buy a product or take part in an activity as a way of expressing strong disapproval 拒绝购买（或参加）；抵制，杯葛
• People were urged to boycott the country's products. 人们被鼓动起来杯葛那个国家的产品。
• The union called on its members to boycott the meeting. 工会号召其成员拒绝参加会议。

Word: secondary
Front: secondary
[ˈsekəndri] (研四六托雅 3455/2098 -K2)
Vocabulary: secondary
(once / 466 pages)
1adj 2n 3n
Something secondary is second most important. This can also refer to things that are not important at all.
If you have a primary duty, that's what you need to do first. Secondary duties must be done next, since second is a form of the number two. You could say your secondary goal at a job is to get experience, if your main goal is to make money. Also, people will sometimes say, "This is our goal. Everything else is secondary." That means other concerns are trivial or unimportant. Either way, secondary things never come first.
WORD FAMILY
secondary: secondaries, secondarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Commonly called “secondary hearts,” these muscles pump blood back to our heart, allowing us to maintain our normal rate of metabolic activity during sedentary activities.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The defensive line, linebacking group and secondary are all areas of need.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“With the legislation currently in place, it’s incredibly difficult for law enforcement to track down guns that emerge from the secondary market.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 第二的，中等的; 助手，副手; 中等教育的; 间接的
n. 副手，代理人; [天]双星中较小较暗的一个，卫星; [语]次重音
分布：次要的(60%)，副手(15%)，从属的(12%)，中等教育的(9%)，次要位置(4%)
→second,第二的，-ary,形容词后缀。
a.次要的,二级的;中级的,第二的Another name for secondary school is high school.中学又叫高级中学.
US [-der.i] adjective
EDUCATION 教育
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■relating to the education of children approximately between the ages of 11 and 18 years old 中学的
• secondary education 中等教育
• Marcus has just started at secondary school. 马库斯刚开始上中学。
UK ['sek.ən.dri] US [-der.i] adjective
LESS IMPORTANT 次要的
■less important than related things 次要的
• Her health is what matters - the cost of the treatment is of secondary importance. 她的健康是最重要的，治疗费用是其次。
• The need for secrecy is secondary to the need to take immediate action. 立即采取行动比保守秘密更重要。
UK ['sek.ən.dri] US [-der.i] adjective
COMING AFTER 后来的
■developing from something similar that existed earlier 继发的；间接的
• The drug is not very effective against AIDS, though it may be used to treat secondary viral infections. 这药虽然可以用来治疗复发性病毒感染，但对治疗爱滋病本身不是很有效。
• You can't just rely on secondary sources for your research into her life history - you ought to look at primary sources such as her letters and diaries. 你研究她的生平不能单靠二手资料，你应该查找原始资料，如她的信件和日记。
minor, inferior, secondary, subordinate
这组词都有“次等”的意思，其区别是：
minor: a较少的，较小的，较次要的，常含有轻微的但并非不重要的意思。
 • We agreed on everything in the contract, even minor points.   我们对合同中的一切问题，甚至是细枝末节都达成了一致。
inferior: a.次等的，较劣的，差的，当"下级"讲时，强调职位的高低；当"次等"讲时，指素质、质量等的低劣。
 • Most wine from Switzerland is inferior to wine from France.   产于瑞士的葡萄酒多数要比法国的差。
secondary: a.第二等的，次要的，强调在重要性或顺序上处于第二位。
 • My job is of secondary importance to my health.   我的工作比起身体来说不那么重要。
subordinate: a.次要的，从属的，下级的，强调主次地位或支配和隶属的关系。
 • He was always friendly to his subordinate officers.   她对下级官员一向和蔼可亲。
adj. [数] [地质] 第二的；中等的； [电] 次要的；中级的
 - medium, supporting, middle, minor, moderate
n. 副手；代理人
 - deputy, agent, factor, proxy

Word: exhibition
Front: exhibition
[ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 2476/1426 -K3)
Vocabulary: exhibition
(once / 275 pages)
n
An exhibition is a collection of items for public display, like an exhibition of children’s artwork, antique vases, or memorabilia from a science fiction movie series.
In the 19th century, exhibition was used to refer to a collection of objects, while exhibit designated a single item in an exhibition. Nowadays, exhibition and exhibit are often used interchangeably. Exhibition comes from the Latin ex-, meaning "out," and habere, meaning "hold" — as objects in an exhibition are "held out," or shown, to the public. The h in "hold out" might help you remember to include the h when spelling exhibition.
WORD FAMILY
exhibition: exhibitioner, exhibitionism, exhibitions+/ exhibit: exhibited, exhibiting, exhibition, exhibitor, exhibits/exhibitioner: exhibitioners/ exhibitionism: exhibitionisms, exhibitionist, exhibitionistic/ exhibitionist: exhibitionists/exhibitor: exhibitors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wendy Garden, the curator of last year’s art exhibition On the Beach, wrote that beaches occupied “a privileged place in the national psyche”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Occupied as an artists squat starting in the 1980s, Les Frigos is today an emblematic artistic hub with coveted studios and exhibition space.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The exhibition in Paris, which is drawing large crowds, coincides with “History Begins in Mesopotamia,” a show at the Louvre’s regional museum in Lens.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 陈列，展览; 展览品，陈列品; 表明; [法]（证据等的）提出
分布：展览(93%)，展示(7%)
展览,表演(exhibit+ion)[hibit=hold,表示"拿住"]
n.展览会;陈列,展览I feel a bit of bitterness for his ambitious exhibition.我为他雄心勃勃的展览感到一点点触痛.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when objects such as paintings are shown to the public, or when someone shows a particular skill or quality to the public 展览（会）；表现，显示
• The photographs will be on exhibition until the end of the month. 这些照片将一直展出到月底。
• There's a new exhibition of sculpture on at the city gallery. 市立美术馆正在举行一场新的雕塑作品展。
• The athlete's third, and winning, jump was an exhibition of skill and strength. 这个运动员的第三次试跳，也是获胜的那一跳，充分展示了他的技巧和体能。
[ˌek.sɪ'bɪʃ.ən] noun countable or uncountable
make an exhibition of yourself disapproving
■to do something stupid in public 出洋相；出丑
• I hope I didn't make an exhibition of myself last night. 我希望我昨晚没有出丑。
exhibition, demonstration
exhibition: 展示，展览
demonstration: 示范，证实
exposition, display, show, exhibition, fair, exhibit
这组词都有“展览”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 多指大型博览会或国际博览会。
display: 指展销会，商店橱窗或柜台上的陈列品。
show: 指艺术品、农产品、工业品或商品等的任何形式的公开展览。
exhibition: 一般指较正规的展览会。
fair: 侧重指为促销商品而举办的展览会或商品交易会。
exhibit: 多指个人或团体陈列的展览品，规模可大可小。
n. 展览，显示；展览会；展览品
 - expo, display, show, fair, manifestation

Word: impression
Front: impression
[ɪmˈpreʃn] (高研四六宝 2537/1846 -K3)
Vocabulary: impression
(once / 90 pages)
1n 2n
An impression is an imprint, either in one’s mind or on an object. To make a good impression on your friend's parents, don't let your muddy boots leave impressions on their perfect white kitchen floor.
The noun impression comes from the Latin word imprimere, which means “press into or upon,” or “stamp.” When you press a coin into a piece of modeling clay there will be an impression, or likeness, of its design in the clay. Another kind of impression is a performance in which you act, talk, move and even attempt to look like another person, like the impression of your teacher that got you into trouble when he saw you.
WORD FAMILY
impression: impressionable, impressionistic, impressions+/ impress: impressed, impresses, impressible, impressing, impression, impressive, impressment/ impressed: unimpressed/impressible: impressibly/ impressionable: unimpressionable/ impressionistic: impressionistically/ impressive: impressively, impressiveness, unimpressive/impressment: impressments/unimpressive: unimpressively
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the Americans, John Paton Davies Jr., jotted down his impressions of the city:
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At first impression, Panzer said he liked the facility.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Here are my three first impressions from the Peach Bowl:
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 印象，感觉; 影响，效果; 盖印，印记
分布：印象(92%)，感觉(6%)，印刷(1%)，模仿(1%)
→来自impress,留下印象。
印象;感想(impress+ion)[press=press表示"挤压"]
n.印象,感想;盖印,压痕The man depressed by the pressure from the press expressed the impression on him.那个受到来自新闻界压力压抑的人表达了他的印象.
noun
OPINION 意见
 IMPROVER countable
■an idea or opinion of what something is like 印象；感想
• I didn't get much of an impression of the place because it was dark when we drove through it. 我对这个地方印象不深，因为我们开车驶过时天已经黑了。
• What was your impression of Charlotte's husband? 你对夏洛特的丈夫印象如何？
• I don't tend to trust first impressions (= the opinion you form when you meet someone or see something for the first time). 我不怎么相信第一印象。
• [+ that] When I first met him I got/had the impression that he was a shy sort of a bloke. 初次见到他时，我觉得他属于那种害羞的人。
be under the impression
 ADVANCED
■to think or understand a particular stated thing 觉得，有…的想法
• I was under the impression (that) you didn't get on too well. 我感觉你们相处得不太好。
• He was under the mistaken (= false) impression (that) you were married. 他误以为你结婚了。
[ɪm'preʃ.ən] noun
EFFECT 效果
 IMPROVER only singular
■the way that something seems, looks or feels to a particular person 印象，感触
• It makes/gives/creates a very bad impression if you're late for an interview. 面试如果迟到会给人留下很坏的印象。
• [+ (that)] He likes to give the impression (that) he's terribly popular and has loads of friends. 他想给人留下这样一种印象：他很受欢迎，而且朋友众多。
[ɪm'preʃ.ən] noun
COPY 模仿
countable
■an attempt at copying another person's manner and speech, etc. or an animal's behaviour, especially in order to make people laugh 模仿；（尤指）滑稽模仿
• She does a really good impression of the president. 她模仿总统真是唯妙唯肖。
[ɪm'preʃ.ən] noun
MARK 印痕
countable
■a mark made on the surface of something by pressing an object onto it 压印，压痕
• There were impressions round her ankles made by the tops of her socks. 她的脚踝周围有袜口留下的勒痕。
[ɪm'preʃ.ən] noun
BOOKS 书
countable usually singular (US also printing)
■all the copies of a book that have been printed at the same time without any changes being made 重印本；印次
• This is the second impression of the encyclopedia. 这是这部百科全书的第二次印刷。
[ɪm'preʃ.ən] noun
make an impression on sb
■to cause someone to notice and admire you 给（某人）留下深刻的印象
• He made quite an impression on the girls at the tennis club. 他给网球俱乐部的女孩子留下了很好的印象。
conception, concept, idea, notion, impression, thought
这组词都有“思想、观点、观念”的意思，其区别是：
conception: 通常指个人或一些人所持有的具体概念或念头，也可指概念的形成过程，含一定的想象和感情色彩意味。
concept: 指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的概念或看法。
idea: 最普通常用词，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。
notion: 指的是一种模糊的，变化的莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，未经深思熟虑的观点。
impression: 指外部刺激在思想中所产生的印象。
thought: 指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其结果。
n. 印象；效果，影响；压痕，印记；感想
 - infection, effect, influence, affection, print

Word: phenomenon
Front: phenomenon
[fəˈnɒmɪnən] (高研四六托雅 2466/2392 -2)
Vocabulary: phenomenon
(once / 204 pages)
n
A phenomenon is an extraordinary occurrence or circumstance. In the 1950s, rock-n-roll was considered a new cultural phenomenon, while today we think of crop circles as a mysterious phenomenon.
Like many words with Greek roots, phenomenon started out as a science term. Scientists used it (and still do) to describe any event or fact that could be observed, amazing or not. An earthquake, for example, was a phenomenon, because you could see it (and hear it and feel it). Phenomenon is an example of a word having a specific meaning for one group of people that gets changed when used by the general public.
WORD FAMILY
phenomenon: phenomena, phenomenons
USAGE EXAMPLES
These local measures—the product of labor-backed advocacy campaigns such as the “Fight for $15”—are still a relatively new phenomenon.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
It holds meetings and conferences in which voice-hearers discuss their experiences, and it campaigns to increase public awareness of the phenomenon.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Despite his liberal views, Professor Smith argued that science might not totally explain natural phenomena like evolution.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 现象，事件; 奇迹; 非凡的人
分布：现象(99%)，奇事(1%)
→pheno-,显示，展现，-men,名词后缀。引申词义现象，有代表性的体现，后也用于指非凡的人。其复数形式为phenomena.
现象(phen+omen预兆+on-显示预兆-现象)[phen=show(显示)]
n.现象,稀有现象,珍品,奇迹,杰出人才Not for a moment has the comment on commercial phenomenon been mentioned.那个关于商业现象的评论从未被提及过.
US [-'nɑ:.mə.nɑ:n] (plural phenomena)
noun countable
EXISTING THING 存在的事物
 ADVANCED
■something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something which is unusual or interesting （尤指不寻常的或有趣的）现象
• Gravity is a natural phenomenon. 重力是一种自然现象。
• Do you believe in the paranormal and other psychic phenomena? 你相信超自然及其他通灵现象吗？
• There's evidence to suggest that child abuse is not just a recent phenomenon. 有证据显示虐待儿童并不是近来才有的现象。
UK [fə'nɒm.ɪ.nən] US [-'nɑ:.mə.nɑ:n] (plural phenomena)
noun countable
SUCCESS 成功
■someone or something extremely successful, often because of special qualities or abilities 非凡的人（或事物）；奇才；奇迹
• The Beatles were a phenomenon - nobody had heard anything like them before. 披头四乐团真是个奇迹，在此之前人们从未听说过有像他们那样成功的乐队。
phenomenon, miracle, marvel, wonder
这组词都有“奇迹”的意思，其区别是：
phenomenon: 指罕见的现象或奇人、奇事。
miracle: 一般指被认为是人力所办不到的奇异之事。
marvel: 侧重异乎寻常，奇怪，从而使人好奇。
wonder: 通常指使人惊奇的事迹、人物或景观，主要指人创造的奇迹。
n. [物] 现象；奇迹；杰出的人才
 - wonder, miracle

Word: remarkably
Front: remarkably
[rɪ'mɑ:kəblɪ] (托 5158/4297 -K)
Back: adv. 引人注目地，明显地，非常地
分布：显著突出地(50%)，出乎意外地(50%)
US [-'mɑ:r-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■used for emphasizing how surprising or unusual something is 非凡；奇异；引人注目
• It is a remarkably noisy and crowded city. 这是座非常嘈杂拥挤的城市。
• Remarkably, she wasn't hurt in the crash. 不可思议的是，她在撞车事故中竟然没有受伤。
adv. 显著地；非常地；引人注目地
 - notably, dramatically, considerably, prominently, markedly

Word: frequent
Front: frequent
[ˈfri:kwənt] (高研四六托雅宝 3272/3109 -K4)
Vocabulary: frequent
(once / 52 pages)
adjv
Use the adjective frequent to describe something done often and at regular intervals. If your family likes to read, you may be a frequent visitor to the library. You may also have frequent arguments with your family about who gets to read a book first.
The adjective form of frequent also means regularly and often encountered. If you live on the windward side of Oahu, Hawaii, you may experience frequent rain showers. As a verb, frequent means to be a regular visitor or to patronize. You can frequent the trails of the National Parks. You may prefer to frequent locally-owned businesses.
WORD FAMILY
frequent: frequence, frequency, frequentative, frequented, frequenter, frequenting, frequently, frequents, infrequent +/frequence: frequences/ frequency: frequencies/frequentative: frequentatives/frequented: unfrequented/frequenter: frequenters/ infrequent: infrequency, infrequenter, infrequently/unfrequented: unfrequentedest, unfrequentedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Overcrowding is a serious problem and violent riots are frequent.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Sun’s portrait still hangs in schools and government offices, and looks serenely down on the frequent fisticuffs in Taiwan’s parliament.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
That summer, Erik completed an intensive treatment program that included frequent drug testing.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 频繁的，时常发生的，常见的; （脉搏等）急促的，快的
时态：frequented, frequenting, frequents
分布：频繁的(58%)，常去(21%)，常到(11%)，经常的(10%)
→来自拉丁语frequens, 反复的，拥挤的，硬塞的。可能来自ger, 围，转，包围，词源同cram, crowd, group.
a.时常发生的,频繁的Subsequently the eloquent man frequently asked the consequence of quenching in sequence.其后雄辩者频繁地询问顺序灭火的结果.
【反】visit rarely（很少拜访）；shun『avoid』有争议：shun侧重故意避开危险、真理、社交等＝avoid deliberately；avoid可指避开任何东西，人，事。它们的区别就在于deliberately，但是没有字典指出frequent是否有故意的含义。但是我会选avoid，有例句表明avoid可以用来避免一个地方。（仅供参考）
US [ˈfriː.kwənt] formal
■to be in or visit a particular place often 常去，常到（某处）
• a bar frequented by criminals 犯罪分子经常光顾的酒吧
constant, continual, consist, frequent
constant: 恒久不变的
continual: 多次重复的，不间断的
consist: 由…组成
frequent: 日常的，频繁的
adj. 频繁的；时常发生的；惯常的
 - confirmed, continual
vt. 常到，常去；时常出入于
 - resort to

Word: appropriate
Front: appropriate
[əˈprəʊpriət] (高研四六托雅宝 1493/883 -K3)
Vocabulary: appropriate
(once / 160 pages)
1adj 2v
Something appropriate is correct and fits the situation. A sweater-vest with reindeer on it is appropriate holiday apparel, even if it's totally embarrassing.
The adjective appropriate is used when something is suitable or fitting. It comes from the Latin appropriare, which means "to make something fit, to make something one's own." Going back even further, appropriate is related to the Latin word proprius, "to belong to a person, thing, or group." Another appropriate way to use this word is as a verb, meaning to steal or seize something, the way you'd appropriate your sister's sandwich if she left it sitting near you.
WORD FAMILY
appropriate: appropriable, appropriated, appropriately, appropriateness, appropriates, appropriating, appropriation, appropriative, appropriator, misappropriate +/ appropriation: appropriations/appropriator: appropriators/ misappropriate: misappropriated, misappropriates, misappropriating, misappropriation/misappropriation: misappropriations
USAGE EXAMPLES
House speaker Paul Ryan called the sanctions “overdue” and “an appropriate way to end eight years of failed policy with Russia”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
They all think it’s appropriate for young children to hold, pass around, and carry around infants, and I am adamantly opposed to this.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
US President Barack Obama, who is on holiday in Hawaii, offered condolences "for the innocent lives lost" and offered "appropriate assistance".
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 适当的; 恰当的; 合适的
v. 盗用; 侵吞; 拨（专款等）
时态：appropriated, appropriating, appropriates
分布：适当的(93%)，占用(4%)，相称的(3%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. proper, 自己的，合适的。该单词含两个意思: 1. 适合自己的。2. 占为己有的。
拨款;挪用a.适当的(ap一再+propri+ate→一再拥有[公物]→挪用)[proper,propri=one's own表示"拥有",引申为"恰当的"]
a.适当的,恰当的v.拨给,挪用,盗用My intimate mate's ultimate estimate approximates the appropriate value.我亲密伙伴的最终估计接近恰当的值.
【记】propr拥有－使自己拥有－挪用
【参】appropriating（adj 适当的）；appropriation（n 拨款，挪用公款）property（n 性质，财产）；propriety（n 适当，礼貌，规矩）
【反】surrender（vt 交出）；inappropriate（adj 不适当的）－meet（adj 适宜的）/ apt（adj 适当的）/ measured（adj 标准的；有规则的）
US [-ˈproʊ-]
 ESSENTIAL
■suitable or right for a particular situation or occasion 适当的，恰当的；合适的
• appropriate footwear for the country 适合在乡间穿的鞋
• Is this film appropriate for small children? 这部电影适合幼童观看吗？
• I didn't think his comments were very appropriate at the time. 我觉得他在当时发表那些评论很不妥当。
• Is this an appropriate occasion to discuss finance? 这个场合适合讨论财政问题吗？
• Please complete the appropriate parts of this form (= the parts that are right or necessary for your particular situation) and return it as soon as possible. 请正确填写表中相应部分并尽快交回。
Opposite inappropriate
verb transitive UK [əˈprəʊ.pri.eɪt] US [-ˈproʊ-] formal
TAKE 拿走
■to take something for your own use, usually without permission 挪用；占用；盗用；侵吞
• He lost his job when he was found to have appropriated some of the company's money. 他被发现侵吞公司一笔款项后就丢了工作。
verb transitive UK [əˈprəʊ.pri.eɪt] US [-ˈproʊ-] formal
KEEP MONEY 保留钱
■to keep a sum of money to use for a particular purpose 拨出（款项）
• The government have appropriated millions of pounds for the project. 政府已经为该企划案拨款数百万英镑。
fit, appropriate, suitable, apt, proper, fitting
这组词都有“适当的”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 指具有适合于某个目的，某种工作或某种用途等必需的品质或条件。
appropriate: 指专门适合于某人或某事，语气较重，强调“恰如其分”。
suitable: 指具有适合于某种特定场合、地位或情况等的品质。
apt: 专指性质或构造适合达到某一目的或得到某种结果的要求。
proper: 往往侧重于符合某个标准或习惯。
fitting: 指与当时的目标、情绪状态、气氛、场合等相适应。
adj. 适当的
 - suitable, proper, adequate, becoming
vt. 占用；拨出
 - engage, take up to

Word: nationalism
Front: nationalism
[ˈnæʃnəlɪzəm] (5625/5868)
Vocabulary: nationalism
(once / 682 pages)
n
Nationalism is the belief that your own country is better than all others. Sometimes nationalism makes people not want to work with other countries to solve shared problems.
It is important not to confuse nationalism with patriotism. Patriotism is a healthy pride in your country that brings about feelings of loyalty and a desire to help other citizens. Nationalism is the belief that your country is superior, without question or doubt. In some cases, nationalism can inspire people to break free of a foreign oppressor, as in the American Revolution, but nationalism can also lead a country to cut itself off from the rest of the world.
WORD FAMILY
nationalism: nationalisms, nationalist, nationalistic, ultranationalism+/International: Internationals/denationalise: denationalisation, denationalised, denationalising/denationalize: denationalization, denationalized, denationalizes, denationalizing/ international: internationalise, internationalism, internationality, internationalize, internationally/internationalise: internationalisation, internationalised, internationalising/ internationalism: internationalist, internationalistic/internationalist: internationalists/internationality: internationalities/internationalize: internationalization, internationalized, internationalizes, internationalizing/ nation: national, nationhood, nations/ national: International, international, multinational, nationalise, nationalism, nationality, nationalize, nationally, nationals, supranational, transnational /nationalise: denationalise, nationalisation, nationalised, nationalising/ nationalist: nationalists/ nationalistic: nationalistically/ nationality: nationalities/ nationalization: nationalizations/nationalize: denationalize, nationalization, nationalized, nationalizes, nationalizing/nationhood: nationhoods/supranational: supranationally/ultranationalism: ultranationalistic
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I don’t share those kinds of extreme views,” he said, when asked about nationalism and the Russian Imperial Movement.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But as for the first, a Chinese nationalism: forget it.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
As China and the United States brandish a new form of economic nationalism, they risk disrupting the system, without necessarily achieving their goals.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 爱国主义，爱国心; 民族主义; 国家主义; 民族特性
分布：民族主义(97%)，爱国心(2%)，政治独立运动(1%)
→来自national,国家的，民族的。
noun uncountable
■the wish for and the attempt to achieve political independence for your country or nation 国家主义；民族主义
■a great or too great love of your own country 爱国心；民族自豪感；民族优越感
• The book documents the rise of the political right with its accompanying strands of nationalism and racism. 这本书记载了政治权利的提高，以及随之而来的民族主义和种族主义倾向。
n. 民族主义；国家主义；民族特性
 - statism

Word: sustainable
Front: sustainable
[səˈsteɪnəbl] (4895/7345 -1)
Vocabulary: sustainable
(once / 2035 pages)
adj
If something is sustainable, then it can be maintained or continued. A 5-minute mile pace probably isn't sustainable for anyone other than Olympic marathon runners.
These days this adjective is often used to describe something that has a low long-term effect on the environment, like "sustainable agriculture" — a method of farming that doesn’t ravage the land, deplete resources permanently, or produce a great deal of pollution. Break down the word into two parts: sustain and able, to visualize and remember that you're able to sustain something sustainable.
WORD FAMILY
sustainable: sustainability, sustainably+/ sustain: sustainable, sustained, sustainer, sustaining, sustainment, sustains, sustenance / sustained: self-sustained, sustainedly/sustainer: sustainers/sustaining: self-sustaining/sustainment: sustainments/ sustenance: sustenances
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Qarau hopes that his conservation work will create a sustainable harvest, enabling Fijians to eat turtles again.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At least two new laws demonstrate the country’s gradual move toward more sustainable products.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The goal is to provide sustainable housing while addressing the causes of homelessness.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 可持续的; 可以忍受的; 可支撑的
分布：可持续的(83%)，养得起的(8%)，合理利用的(5%)，可承受的(4%)
→sustain,维持，保持，-able,形容词后缀。
adjective
■able to continue over a period of time 可持续的，能长期保持的
• That sort of extreme diet is not sustainable over a long period. 那种极端的饮食方式无法长期坚持。
■causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue for a long time （对环境没有损害或损害很小因而）可持续的，能长期维持的
• A large international meeting was held with the aim of promoting sustainable development in all countries. 一个旨在促进所有国家永续发展的大型国际会议召开了。

Word: succession
Front: succession
[səkˈseʃn] (研四六雅 6389/3702 -2)
Vocabulary: succession
(once / 234 pages)
n
Use the word succession to describe things that follow one another, as well as the order in which they do so. The Vice President is first in line of succession to be the President and the Secretary of State is fourth.
Sometimes when a leader dies, the one who rules after him is determined not by law as in the U.S. or blood as in a monarchy but by the dying leader himself. Dictators often groom one of their sons for succession. Figuratively, you can use succession to indicate that one thing after another has come and gone without taking hold. The storefront has been home to a succession of businesses, all of which have failed. Fashions come and go in quick succession.
WORD FAMILY
succession: successions+/ succeed: succeeded, succeeder, succeeding, succeeds, succession, successive, successor /succeeder: succeeders/succeeding: succeedingly/ successive: successively, successiveness/ successor: successors
USAGE EXAMPLES
One person called Lynn’s succession to replace Ryan- fired earlier in the week by Buffalo - as being “the working plan.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
One of those waiting on the touchline to join the succession race is football star George Weah.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
If we follow this scenario to its conclusion, then sometime in the early fifteen hundreds several epidemics of disease probably swept T1 in close succession.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 继承人，继承权; 继承顺序; [生]自然演替; 一系列，接连
分布：连续(74%)，继承权(19%)，继位(7%)
→来自 succeed,接替，继任，-ss,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。
接连发生[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
n.连续,系列;继任,继承The peasants are reaping good harvests in succession.农民连年丰收.
noun
only singular
■a number of similar events or people that happen, exist, etc. after each other 一连串；一系列；接连
• A succession of scandals and revelations has undermined the government over the past year. 过去的一年里，一连串的丑闻和接连爆出的内幕损害了政府的威望。
• Life was just an endless succession of parties and dinners. 生活只不过是一连串没完没了的聚会和晚宴。
in succession
■happening one after another 接连地，连续地
• She had her first three children in rapid succession. 她的前三个孩子是连年紧接着出生的。
• This is the seventh year in succession that they've won the cup. 这是他们连续第七年夺冠。
uncountable
■when someone takes an official position or job after someone else 继任，接任；继承
• Divorce would not prevent the Prince of Wales's succession to the throne. 离婚不会影响威尔士亲王继承王位。
succession, series, progression, sequence
这组词都有“连续，顺序”的意思，其区别是：
succession: 侧重一些类似的东西或事件一个接一个连续不断。
series: 指按照性质类似或基本相同的关系而安排的一系列事物。
progression: 指向前推进的行为过程或状态的连续。
sequence: 多指时间、空间或事件等有规律、合乎逻辑的连续。
n. 连续；继位；继承权；轮栽
 - series, heritage, progression

Word: overhaul
Front: overhaul
[ˈəʊvəhɔ:l] (研托雅宝 11001/12280 -1)
Vocabulary: overhaul
(once / 858 pages)
1vn 2v
To overhaul is to completely renovate, making major changes in order to repair. A few shutters and a new coat of paint won't come close to fixing that old, boarded-up house — it needs a complete overhaul.
Back in the 1620s when the word was coined, overhaul described examining a fishing net to make sure there were no tears or big holes that would keep the fisherman from getting a big haul, or large amount of fish. Today, an overhaul is usually the result of such a close examination — like the overhaul that some people want to make to American public schools, or the overhaul an old car needs to keep it on the road.
WORD FAMILY
overhaul: overhauled, overhauling, overhauls
USAGE EXAMPLES
Scot McCloughan’s toughest job of the offseason involves finding the most effective way to overhaul a defense that’s sorely lacking in talent.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Deal’s agenda is expected to include an overhaul of the state’s education funding process.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The tax overhaul and an infrastructure bill may be two opportunities for bipartisan cooperation — the Senate Finance Committee is already moving in that direction.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 彻底检查; 翻修，检修; 赶上（他船）; 解松（船的）绳索
n. 检查; 彻底检修; 详细检查; 大修
时态：overhauled, overhauling, overhauls
分布：彻底检查(28%)，革新(22%)，翻修(18%)，仔细检查(15%)，赶上(9%)，全面检修(8%)
→over-,在上，haul,拉。原为航海术语，指把船帆索具拉起来进行大的修理，后词义通用化。
彻底检修(over+haul拉→拉过去检修)[over-①表示"过度,过分"②表示"在……之上"③表示"翻转"]
US ['oʊ.vɚ.hɑ:l] verb transitive
■to repair or improve something so that every part of it works as it should 彻底检修，大修；改造；改进
• I got the engine overhauled. 我彻底检修了引擎。
• The government plans to overhaul the health service. 政府计划彻底改革公共医疗保健服务。
vt. 分解检查，大修；追上并超过
 - major repair
n. 彻底检修，详细检查
 - permanent repair

Word: stir
Front: stir
[stɜ:(r)] (研四六托宝 1899/3008 -K3)
Vocabulary: stir
(once / 85 pages)
1v 2vn 3v
To stir is to mix something up. You can literally stir cake batter with a spoon, or figuratively stir someone's emotions by writing them a heartfelt letter.
You can stir muffin batter with a wooden spoon, and stir in a cup of blueberries. When people stir, they start to move after being still or asleep: "It was only five o'clock, but he could hear the kids start to stir." And when something stirs you, it brings up some emotion: "That music always stirs up my sad memories." Stir shares a root with the Old Norse styrr, "tumult or disturbance."
WORD FAMILY
stir: stirred, stirrer, stirring, stirs+/stirred: unstirred/stirrer: stirrers/stirring: stirringly, stirrings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, a faint siren stirs inside of Couch Slouch that something is amiss when student-athletes renege on their part of the covenant.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Stir in the peppers, thyme and rosemary sprigs and continue to cook for 5 minutes to marry the flavors.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Ambrose accuses President Obama of breaking “records in polarizing the country” by stirring up class antagonisms, heightening racial tensions and helping instigate political stalemate.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）移动; 搅拌; （使）行动; （使）微动
vt. 使打起精神; 使奋起; 叫醒; 唤起
vi. 苏醒; 奋起; 传播; 发生
n. 搅动; 骚乱; 激动; 微动
时态：stirred, stirring, stirs
分布：搅拌(53%)，引起(21%)，激起(12%)，骚乱(4%)，惹起(3%)，搅和(3%)，活动(3%)，感动(激动(1%)
→来自古英语 styrian,搅动，搅拌，来自 Proto-Germanic*sturjan,搅动，来自 stwer,旋转，转 动，词源同 storm,turn.引申诸相关词义。
v.搅拌,搅动;动,摇动;激动;轰动;煽动,鼓动Sir, your bird stirred my girlfriend's birthday party.先生,你的鸟搅了我女友的生日聚会.
US [stɝ:] verb (-rr-)
MIX 混合
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to mix a liquid or other substance by moving an object such as a spoon in a circular pattern （用汤匙等）搅动，搅拌
• Stir the sauce gently until it begins to boil. 慢慢搅动酱汁直至煮沸。
• Stir the egg yolks into the mixture. 将蛋黄搅拌至混合料中。
• She paused to stir some milk into her coffee. 她停了一下，往咖啡里掺了点牛奶。
• Slowly add the flour, stirring until completely blended. 慢慢加入面粉，搅拌至完全混合。
UK [stɜ:r] US [stɝ:] verb (-rr-)
MOVE 移动
intransitive or transitive
■to cause something to move slightly （使）微动
• A light breeze stirred the leaves lying on the path. 微风吹动小径上的落叶。
• He stirred in his sleep as I kissed him. 我吻他的时候，他在睡梦中动了一下。
stir (yourself)
■to wake up or begin to move or take action 睡醒；开始移动；开始行动
• Come on, stir yourselves, or you'll be late! 快点，起来吧，否则就要迟到了！
• The alarm clock went off, but she didn't stir. 闹钟响了，但她却没醒。
UK [stɜ:r] US [stɝ:] verb (-rr-)
CAUSE EMOTION 煽动
transitive
■If something stirs you, it makes you feel a strong emotion 激发；打动；煽动
• I was deeply stirred by her performance. 她的表演深深打动了我。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The speech stirred the crowd to take action. 这番讲话激励人们开始采取行动。
intransitive literary
■If an emotion stirs within you, you begin to feel it （情感）逐渐产生，萌发
• Hope stirred within her heart. 她的心中燃起了希望。
intransitive UK informal disapproving
■to cause trouble intentionally between other people, especially by telling false or secret information 挑拨离间；（尤指）搬弄是非
• There's a lot of gossip about me going around. Have you been stirring? 有关我的流言蜚语满天飞，是你在搬弄是非吗？
⇒ See also stir up
UK [stɜ:r] US [stɝ:] verb (-rr-)
stir the blood (also stir your blood) literary
■If something stirs the blood, it makes you feel excited 令人兴奋
• tales to stir the blood 让人兴奋不已的传说
UK [stɜ:r] US [stɝ:] verb (-rr-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stir sth up
EMOTION
■to cause an unpleasant emotion or problem to begin or grow 激起（不快的情感）；挑起，煽动（事端）
• The teacher told him to stop stirring up trouble. 老师要他别再惹事。
• The photographs stirred up some painful memories. 照片勾起了一些痛苦的回忆。
SUBSTANCE
■to cause a substance such as soil or dust to move and rise up 卷起，搅起，扬起（泥土、尘土等）
• The helicopter stirred up clouds of dust. 直升机扬起了阵阵尘土。
UK [stɜ:r] US [stɝ:] noun
MIX 混合
countable usually singular
■the act of stirring a liquid or other substance in order to mix it 搅动，搅拌
• Could you give the soup a quick stir? 你把汤快速搅一搅好吗？
UK [stɜ:r] US [stɝ:] noun
EXCITEMENT 兴奋
uncountable informal
■a lot of interest or excitement 极大的兴趣；兴奋；骚动
• The scandal caused/created quite a stir at the time. 那件丑闻在当时引起了极大轰动。
n. 搅拌；轰动
 - sensation, blockbuster
vt. 搅拌；激起；惹起
 - mill, occasion
vi. 搅动；传播；走动
 - spread abroad, to disseminate

Word: aviation
Front: aviation
[ˌeɪviˈeɪʃn] (研四六托雅 7923/5895 -2)
Vocabulary: aviation
(once / 1176 pages)
n
If it has to do with flying or operating a plane, it has to do with aviation. If someone tells you that he's in aviation school, that means he is learning how to fly a plane.
Aviation comes from the Latin avis meaning "bird," an appropriate translation given that aviation deals with travel by air, specifically in a plane. The aviation industry is the business sector dedicated to manufacturing and operating all types of aircraft. Air traffic controllers, when they are awake, are concerned with aviation safety.
WORD FAMILY
aviate: aviated, aviating, aviation, aviator +/ aviator: aviators
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration is testing various counter-drone technologies at several airports.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The investigation panel included representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration, the U.S.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Air Force, the Federal Aviation Administration and industry experts — found “buckles,” or valleys, in the vessels’ inner liners.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 航空; 飞行术，航空学; 飞机制造业; [集合词]飞机
分布：航空(97%)，飞机制造业(3%)
→来自词根av, 鸟。
飞行;航空学(avi+ator人→像鸟一样的人→飞行员)[av,avar,avi=desire,bird,表示"渴望,鸟"]
n.航空,航空学;飞机制造业Deviation in aviation is dangerous. Writing is alleviated via bias on abbreviation.在航空过程中的不符合是危险的.写被关于缩写通过偏见减轻.
noun uncountable
■the activity of flying aircraft, or of designing, producing and keeping them in good condition 航空（学）；飞行（术）；航空工业
• the British Civil Aviation Authority 英国民航局
• the US Federal Aviation Administration 美国联邦航空管理局
• aviation fuel 航空燃料
n. [航] 航空；飞行术；飞机制造业
 - avigation, airmanship

Word: behalf
Front: behalf
[bɪˈhɑ:f] (高研四六托雅 4434/4681 -K3)
Vocabulary: behalf
(once / 257 pages)
n
Behalf means speaking or acting for someone. A parent can sign forms on behalf of children when they are young, but adult children can sign on behalf of their aging parents.
Some people make a distinction between the meaning of the word behalf when paired with in versus on. In behalf, they argue, is used when the meaning is in the interest of someone else, but on behalf is used when speaking for someone. For example, a medical decision would be made in behalf of the patient, and you would speak on behalf of your family. The reality is that on behalf is typically used for both meanings.
WORD FAMILY
behalf: behalfs
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the lawsuit, filed on behalf of Senegal’s widow, claims deputies misrepresented facts and obstructed the investigation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I contacted Amtrak on your behalf, and your travel agent also worked hard for a resolution.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sen. Elizabeth Warren is flexing her fundraising muscles on behalf of fellow Senate Democrats as she looks ahead to the 2018 elections.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 利益; 维护; 支持
分布：代表(89%)，利益(9%)，方面(2%)
→前缀be-, 强调，在。half, 半，边。在另一边的，代表另一方利益的。
n.利益"My behavior is on behalf of half zebras," the algebra teacher said."我的行为代表了一半斑马的利益,"代数老师说.
US [-'hæf] noun
on behalf of sb (on sb's behalf)
 ADVANCED
■representing; instead of 代表（某人）；作为（某人）的代表；代替（某人）
• On behalf of the entire company, I would like to thank you for all your work. 我代表全公司对你的工作表示感谢。
• Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this award on his behalf. 可惜乔治今天不能出席，因此我很荣幸能替他代领这个奖。
■for the good of or because of 因为，为了…的利益
• Please don't leave on my behalf. 请不要因为我而离开。
n. 代表；利益
 - representation, deputy, benefit, sake, profit

Word: yahoo
Front: yahoo
[ˈjɑ:hu:] (28534/-)
Vocabulary: yahoo
(once / 151530 pages)
n
Have you ever heard people talk insultingly about uneducated, uncultured country folks? They probably referred to them as yahoos.
If someone calls you a yahoo, it's definitely an insult. Yahoos are thought to have very little education and culture. People think of yahoos as folks who were raised in a barn — maybe literally. A yahoo can also be called a bumpkin, hayseed, hick, rube, yokel, or hillbilly. You can't really be a yahoo if you're from a big city. So if you want to insult someone from New York, you'll need to find a different word.
WORD FAMILY
yahoo: yahoos
USAGE EXAMPLES
Painting a picture of a reactionary and racist yahoo America, they could smear Merkel as a U.S. poodle and win a parliamentary majority.
Washington Post(Sep 29, 2016)
I guess it’s unsurprising that yahoos have threatened the 49ers quarterback for his peaceful protests.
Washington Times(Sep 21, 2016)
“He looked at me like a hog staring at a wristwatch. He was like, ‘Have I trusted my career to this yahoo’?
Seattle Times(Aug 07, 2016)
Back: n. 雅虎; （英国作家Swift小说中<<格列佛游记>>中的）人行兽; yahoo此字可追溯到格利佛的<小人国游记>，yahoo的意思是各种野蛮; 粗鲁的人
分布：乡下人(40%)，《列弗游记》中的人形兽(20%)，粗人(20%)，雅虎搜寻网站(20%)
→来自小说《格列佛游记》中的人物Yahoo，一个非常粗鲁和令人讨厌的家伙，该名字可能是小说作者Jonathan Swift根据拟声词创造出来的。后雅虎网站创始人杨致远和David Filo以此命名，因这个名字带有一种破坏性和激进性的味道，同时，其读起来也朗朗上口之故。
['jɑ:.hu:] (plural yahoos) informal
noun countable
■a rude, loud and unpleasant person, especially one who has little education 粗人；（尤指）缺乏教养的人，不文明的人
n. 粗鲁的人
 - woodenness, rudesby

Word: muscle
Front: muscle
[ˈmʌsl] (研四六宝 1713/2314 -K3)
Vocabulary: muscle
(once / 167 pages)
nv
Do you have the muscle to muscle your way to the top? Muscle is both a noun and verb associated with strength, power, or the use of physical force.
In addition to biological muscle, like the biceps in your arms, muscle can refer simply to power or authority, as in “We have the muscle to get the job done.” Muscle can also refer to a hired thug. In a similar sense, muscle is used as a verb to mean “use force.” A bully might muscle someone out of their lunch money, or you might muscle your way through a crowd by pushing people out of your way.
WORD FAMILY
muscle: muscled, muscles, muscling, muscular +/intramuscular: intramuscularly/ muscular: intramuscular, muscularity, muscularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Enter body scanners, which allow you to visualize your muscle gain and see, in three dimensions, how — and where — you are losing fat.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Commonly called “secondary hearts,” these muscles pump blood back to our heart, allowing us to maintain our normal rate of metabolic activity during sedentary activities.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The former is prescribed for the painful muscle spasms that occur in multiple sclerosis, while the latter is aimed at childhood seizures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 肌肉; 力量; 权威，权力
vt. 硬挤; 使劲搬动
vi. 用力挤
时态：muscled, muscling, muscles
分布：肌肉(98%)，硬挤(1%)，变硬实(1%)
→来自拉丁语musculus,小老鼠，肌肉，来自mus,老鼠，词源同mouse,-cul,小词后缀。因古人认为鼓起的肌肉形如跳跃的小老鼠而得名。
n.肌肉,体力He developed leg muscles by running.他通过跑步使腿部的肌肉发达了.
noun
BODY PART 身体部分
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■one of many tissues in the body that can tighten and relax to produce movement 肌肉
• neck/back/leg/stomach muscles 颈／背／腿／胃部肌肉
• facial muscles 脸部肌肉
• bulging/rippling (= large and clear to see) muscles 鼓起的肌肉
• He flexed his muscles (= tightened, especially his arm muscles, to make them look large and strong) so that everyone could admire them. 他将肌肉紧绷起来，这样大家就能欣赏到他的肌肉块。
• These exercises build muscle and increase stamina. 这些运动能强健肌肉、增强体力。
• a muscle spasm (= a sudden uncontrollable tightening movement) 肌肉痉挛
pull a muscle
 IMPROVER
■to injure a muscle by stretching it too far so that it is very painful 拉伤肌肉
• Russell pulled a back muscle early in the game. 比赛开始没多久拉塞尔就拉伤了背部肌肉。
['mʌs.l] noun
POWER 力量
uncountable
■the power to do difficult things or to make people behave in a certain way 力量，实力
• This magazine has considerable financial muscle and can afford to pay top journalists. 这家杂志财力雄厚，雇得起顶尖的记者。
• The company lacks the marketing muscle to compete with drug giants. 这家公司缺乏行销实力，无法与制药巨头竞争。
['mʌs.l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  muscle in informal
■to force your way into a situation and make certain you are included, although you are not wanted 强行挤入
• I hear Mark's muscled in on our meeting. 我听说马克强行参加了我们的会议。
n. 肌肉；力量
 - strength, force, might, power, beef
vt. 加强；使劲搬动；使劲挤出
 - enhance, cement, build up

Word: slogan
Front: slogan
[ˈsləʊgən] (研四六托雅 6076/6405 -2)
Vocabulary: slogan
(once / 1607 pages)
n
A slogan is a short saying or catchphrase, often used by political groups. "Four more years!" and "Yes we can!" are slogans.
Are you good at thinking of short little bits of language that make a point? Then maybe you should write slogans: those little phrases or sentences that political campaigns use to sell their candidates to the public. There have been many slogans in the history of American politics, including "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" and "It's the economy, stupid." Slogans are a form of adverting and are similar to product catchphrases, like "I'm cuckoo for Cocoa Puffs!"
WORD FAMILY
slogan: sloganeer, slogans+/sloganeer: sloganeered, sloganeering, sloganeers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s convenient to just say ‘Keep it in the ground,’ ” he said, referring to an antifossil-fuel slogan.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its slogan is a "check-up without the check-in", but medics may need convincing.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
His campaign slogan was “heart and reason”, a cry for more humanism and social politics.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 标语，口号; 呐喊声; （商业广告上用的）短语
分布：口号(81%)，标语(19%)
→来自苏格兰盖尔语 sluagh-ghairm,战场呐喊声，喊杀声，来自古爱尔兰语 sluag,军队，词源同 slew,大量，ghairm,喊叫声，拟声词，词源同 garrulous.后词义通用化为标语，口号。
n.标语,口号The slogan crier saw the dog and frog jump to and fro in the fog.呼口号者看见狗和青蛙在雾中来回跳.
US ['sloʊ-] noun countable
■a short easily remembered phrase, especially one used to advertise an idea or a product 标语，口号；广告语
• an advertising slogan 广告口号
• a campaign slogan 竞选口号
n. 标语；呐喊声
 - banner, catchline

Word: bottle
Front: bottle
[ˈbɒtl] (中高 1740/1584 -K4)
Vocabulary: bottle
(once / 133 pages)
nv
A bottle is a container, often made of glass, that gets narrower toward the top. You can choose to buy soda in cans or bottles.
Some people drink chocolate milk from a bottle, and others prefer to sip a bottle of beer. Babies drink from a bottle that's made of glass or plastic and topped with a nipple. To bottle something is to put or store it — usually a liquid or a gas — in bottles. Colloquially, someone "hits the bottle" when they drink too much alcohol. And if you keep your feelings to yourself, you can say you tend to "bottle things up."
WORD FAMILY
bottle: bottled, bottleful, bottler, bottles, bottling+/bottler: bottlers
USAGE EXAMPLES
We sweetened our offer by agreeing to buy everyone a bottle of the fragrance Empire by Trump.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Happy New Year!” shouts an older man swigging from a plastic bottle of vodka on the subway platform.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Investigators believe the Tunisian cook, 26, confronted Daniel R after he and another Pole stole two bottles of drink from the premises on Saturday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 瓶子; 一瓶（的量）; （婴儿）奶瓶; 酒
vt. 把…装入瓶中; 控制
vi. （街头艺人演出后）收拢钱币
时态：bottled, bottling, bottles
分布：瓶子(96%)，抑制(3%)，把 ... 装入瓶内(1%)
→来自拉丁词buttis, 酒桶。-le, 小词后缀。见butler, 酒管，管家。
n.瓶(子)v.装瓶The bottle is hidden in the bottom of a ton of cotton the cottage.瓶子被藏在农舍里一吨棉花的底部.
US ['bɑ:.tˌl] noun
CONTAINER 容器
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a container for liquids, usually made of glass or plastic, with a narrow neck 瓶，瓶子
• a milk bottle 牛奶瓶
• a wine bottle 酒瓶
• a bottle of beer/whisky 一瓶啤酒／威士卡
• Plastic bottles are lighter than glass ones. 塑胶瓶比玻璃瓶轻。
countable
■a special container with a rubber top for giving milk and other drinks to a baby 婴儿奶瓶
• Give the baby her bottle when she wakes up. 婴儿醒来时用奶瓶给她喂奶。
• Most medical experts believe that breast-feeding is better than bottle -feeding. 大多数医疗专家认为，母乳喂养比人工喂养好。
UK ['bɒt.l] US ['bɑ:.tˌl] noun
BRAVERY 勇敢
uncountable UK slang approving
■bravery or willingness to take risks 勇敢，勇气；愿意冒险
• It took a lot of bottle to do what she did. 做她所做的事需要极大的勇气。
UK ['bɒt.l] US ['bɑ:.tˌl] noun
the bottle informal
■the habit of regularly drinking a lot of alcohol 酗酒
• She started to hit the bottle (= drink too much alcohol) after her divorce. 她离婚后就开始酗酒了。
UK ['bɒt.l] US ['bɑ:.tˌl] verb transitive
■to put something into bottles 装瓶
• often passive The wine is bottled at the vineyard. 葡萄酒在葡萄园装瓶。
• To bottle fruit you put fresh fruit into special containers. 把水果装瓶，就是把新鲜的水果装入特制的容器里。
UK ['bɒt.l] US ['bɑ:.tˌl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bottle out UK slang
■to suddenly decide not to do something because you feel frightened and lose your confidence 因缺乏勇气而退却；临阵退缩
• I was going to enter a belly-dancing contest, but I bottled out at the last minute. 我本打算参加肚皮舞比赛，但在最后时刻我打了退堂鼓。
UK ['bɒt.l] US ['bɑ:.tˌl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bottle sth up
■When a person bottles things up, they refuse to talk about things that make them angry or worried. 抑制，掩饰（不快或担忧）
vt. 控制；把…装入瓶中
 - possess, contain, regulate, bit, manage

Word: differ
Front: differ
[ˈdɪfə(r)] (高研四六雅 2990/2552 -2)
Vocabulary: differ
(once / 15 pages)
v
To differ is to be different, or to vary. Your list of favorite movies might differ from your sister's, especially if you like romantic comedies and she likes action films.
Gas prices differ from state to state, and sometimes even from one side of the street to the other. Opinions on politics can often differ within a single family, and sometimes food preferences differ so much that no one can decide where to eat lunch. The verb differ can mean simply "be unlike," but it can also mean "clash" or "dissent." The Latin root, differre, combines dis, "away from," with ferre, "carry."
WORD FAMILY
differ: differed, different, differing, differs+/ difference: differences, differential, differentiate / different: difference, differently, indifferent / differential: differentially, differentials/ differentiate: dedifferentiate, differentiable, differentiated, differentiates, differentiating, differentiation, differentiator/differentiated: dedifferentiated, undifferentiated/ differentiation: dedifferentiation, differentiations/ indifference: indifferences/ indifferent: indifference, indifferenter, indifferently
USAGE EXAMPLES
But on Nato, protectionism, climate change, Islam and much else, they differ fundamentally.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The speakers at Heritage that day differed in the degree of optimism they allowed themselves.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
While the majority of our Pacific Northwest society might think winter salmon anglers are significantly disturbed, I beg to differ.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 不同，相异; 不同意，意见相左; 争吵
时态：differed, differing, differs
分布：不同(99%)，有区别(1%)
→dis-, 分开，不同。-fer, 携带，含有，词源同bring, infer. 即不同的，分开的。
不同(dif+fer带来→带来不同→不同)[dif-和辅音重复表示"不,否定,分开"]
不同(dif分开+fer→分开带→不同)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
v.(from)与...不同;(with)与...意见不同Our tastes differ from each other.我们的嗜好不同.
US [-ɚ] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to be not like something or someone else, either physically or in another way 不同，不一样，有区别
• The twins look alike, but they differ in temperament. 这对双胞胎长得相像，但性格却不同。
• His views differ considerably from those of his parents. 他的观点与其父母大相径庭。
• The findings of the various studies differ significantly/markedly/radically. 各项研究的结果之间相差极大／明显／巨大。
• The incidence of the illness differs greatly between men and women. 该病的发病率男女相差很大。
■formal
■to disagree 意见不一致，有分歧
• Economists differ on the cause of inflation. 经济学家们对通货膨胀的原因看法不一。
• I beg to differ with you on that point. 在那一点上恕我与你看法不同。
differ, disagree, object
这组词都有“不同意，反对”的意思，其区别是：
differ: 可替换disagree，但语气较温和，是disagree的委婉说法。
disagree: 指彼此间意见或看法不同，任何言行上的不合。
object: 语气强烈，侧重对某一具体计划、行为或作法等表示反对。常跟前置词to连用。
vi. 相异；意见分歧
 - divide

Word: tumble
Front: tumble
[ˈtʌmbl] (研四六托雅 5472/6023 -2)
Vocabulary: tumble
(once / 242 pages)
1vn 2v 3nv 4v
When you tumble, you fall abruptly. You might trip over your shoelaces and tumble down a hill while flying a kite if you're not careful.
To suddenly topple over or trip and fall to the ground is to tumble. Toddlers often tumble in sandboxes, while running on sidewalks, or as they climb down stairs. There's another way to tumble that is more deliberate: the form of gymnastics that involves roundoffs and back handsprings is called tumbling, and if you're able to do these tricks, you can tumble. The root is believed to be the Old English tumbian, "to dance about."
WORD FAMILY
tumble: tumbled, tumbler, tumbles, tumbling+/tumbler: tumblers/tumbling: tumblings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In fact, as Trump’s victory began to seem more likely on Election Night, stock-market futures did tumble.
The New Yorker(Dec 28, 2016)
Bob – let’s call him – was emptying the tumble dryer and folding the clothes, I felt rather pointedly.
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
Harvesters often slip and tumble down canyon walls.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: vi. 跌倒，摔倒; 被绊倒; 倒塌; 翻来覆去，翻腾
vt. 使跌倒; 使完全翻转; 弄乱，搞乱; 推翻，颠覆
n. 摔倒; （价格，价值等）暴跌; 混乱; 翻筋斗
时态：tumbled, tumbling, tumbles
分布：暴跌(31%)，跌倒(19%)，翻滚(18%)，倒塌(9%)，混乱(7%)，弄乱(5%)，明白(5%)，跌跤(5%)，突然发现(1%)
→来自古英语 tumbian,跳舞，跳跃，翻滚，来自 Proto-Germanic*tumona,旋转，转动，词源同 tumbler,tumbrel.-le,表反复。引申诸相关词义。
v.(使)摔倒;打滚,翻腾n.摔跤,跌倒All the passengers were tumbled out.所有的乘客都被抛出车外.
【记】源于：stumble（v 绊倒；蹒跚；结巴；踌躇）
verb intransitive
■to fall quickly and without control 跌倒；滚下，坠落；倒塌
• I lost my footing and tumbled down the stairs. 我一失足从楼梯上滚了下来。
• At any moment the whole building could tumble down. 整幢建筑随时有可能倒塌。
• He lost his balance and tumbled over. 他失去平衡摔倒了。
■to fall a lot in value in a short time （价值）暴跌，骤降
• Share prices tumbled yesterday. 昨天股票大跌。
■to move in an uncontrolled way, as if falling or likely to fall 跌跌撞撞地走
• An excited group of children tumbled out of school/the bus. 一群激动不已的孩子一窝蜂地跑出了学校／跑下了公共汽车。
['tʌm.bl] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  tumble to sth UK old-fashioned informal
■to suddenly understand something 突然明白，对…恍然大悟
• I think he's tumbled to our plan. 我觉得他已茅塞顿开，明白了我们的计划。
['tʌm.bl] noun countable
■when someone falls 摔倒，跌跤；跌落
• She had a nasty tumble on her way to work and grazed her arm. 她上班途中重重摔了一跤，擦伤胳膊。
['tʌm.bl] noun countable
take a tumble
■to fall suddenly to a lower level 急剧下降
• Company profits took a tumble last year. 去年公司利润急剧下降。
vi. 摔倒；倒塌；滚动；打滚；仓惶地行动
 - collapse, founder
vt. 使摔倒；使滚翻；弄乱
 - founder, mess
n. 跌倒；翻斤斗；跌跤
 - falling down, circumgyration

Word: navy
Front: navy
[ˈneɪvi] (高研四六 5950/3375 -K3)
Vocabulary: navy
(once / 173 pages)
1n 2n
A navy is a military force made up of boats and ships that are equipped for defense and fighting. If you always get seasick, you might think about joining an army instead of a navy.
During a war, a country's navy does the important job of protecting its shores, as well as attacking the enemy's coasts. A navy is made up of battleships, submarines, and smaller vessels, as well as planes that can land on aircraft carriers or on water. The color that's also called navy, a dark blue, was the original color of the British navy. The Latin root of navy is navis, "ship."
WORD FAMILY
navy: naval, navies+/ naval: navally
USAGE EXAMPLES
But these navy patrols arguably did not fully anticipate one thing: what to do with the pirates when they were caught?
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The morning attack on the U.S. military base in 1941 by the Japanese imperial navy caught American commanders by surprise.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
The Empire State Building was lit this week in Northwestern purple and white and Pittsburgh gold and navy in honor of the game.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 海军; 船队
分布：海军(95%)，海军蓝(3%)，船队(2%)
→来自拉丁语navis,船，词源同navigate,nautical.引申词义海军。
海军(nav+y)[nav,naus,naut=ship表示"船",naut引申为"海员"]
n.海军By the navigation of microwave, the navy paved a pavement on the wavy sea.借助微波导航,海军在多浪的大海上铺了一条路.
noun
SEA FORCE 海军
 IMPROVER only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■the part of a country's armed forces which is trained to operate at sea 海军
• My brother is an officer in the Navy. 我兄弟是海军军官。
• Gabriel joined the navy in 1997. 加伯利于1997年加入海军。
• a navy ship/vessel 军舰
['neɪ.vi] noun
COLOUR 颜色
uncountable (also navy blue)
■dark blue 深蓝色（的），海军蓝（的）
['neɪ.vi] adjective (also navy blue)
■dark blue 深蓝色（的），海军蓝（的）
• He was wearing a navy sweater. 他穿着一件深蓝色的毛线衣。
fleet, navy
这组词都有“船队，舰队”的意思，其区别是：
fleet: 指一个国家包括商船在内所有船只的总数，也可指某一地区由军方或民间拥有船只的总数。
navy: 指国家战舰和全部海上武力部队，包括士兵、补给站和装备在内。
n. [军] 海军
 - seapower

Word: surround
Front: surround
[səˈraʊnd] (高研四六 1599/1987 -K4)
Vocabulary: surround
(once / 67 pages)
vn
When you think of the word surround, think of something that's around you on all sides, like the trees that surround you in a forest or the people who surround you on a city street at rush hour.
Sometimes surround describes the position of troops that force the enemy to surrender. You can also surround your property with a fence, or surround yourself with positive people. Both of these offer a way to protect or strengthen the thing in the middle — your house or your well-being. In a movie theater that has "surround sound," the audience feels like it is in the middle of the action because of the speakers placed all around the space.
WORD FAMILY
surround: surrounded, surrounding, surrounds+/surrounding: surroundings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Burnett, too, was amazed by his surroundings — but for slightly different reasons.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Ms. Bower surrounds herself with childhood toys and collectibles, especially “Star Wars” memorabilia.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Lee hillside to monitor the sign and surrounding areas, and a police officer sits in a guard house around the clock, Baumgart said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 包围，围绕
n. （物品的）边; 外围物
时态：surrounded, surrounding, surrounds
分布：环绕(52%)，包围(47%)，环绕物(1%)
→来自盎格鲁法语 surounder,流出，溢出，发洪水，来自拉丁语 superundare,流出，来自 super, 在上，超过，-und,水，水流，词源同 undulate,water.拼写受 round 影响俗化，比较其同源词 abound,abundant.引申词义包围，围绕等。
包围(sur+round圆圈→在下面围一圈)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在…下面"]
vt.包围,环绕n.环绕物A wall surrounds the garden.一座墙围绕着花园.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to be everywhere around something 环绕，围绕，包围
• Snow-capped mountains surround the city. 白头积雪的群山环绕着这座城市。
• Gwen sat at her desk, surrounded by books and papers. 格温坐在桌前，周围堆满了书和报纸。
• Mystery still surrounds the exact circumstances of Stalin's death. 史达林去世的确切情况仍是迷雾重重。
• She said that she wanted to die surrounded by the people she loves (= with them all present). 她说她希望在她死的时候，她所爱的人会陪伴在自己身边。
• Early this morning, armed police surrounded (= moved into a position so that they were everywhere around) a house which they thought contained an escaped prisoner. 今天一大早，武装员警就包围了他们认为藏有一名逃犯的房子。
[sə'raʊnd] noun
countable
■the area or border around something 周围地带，围绕物，缘饰
• Our bath has a tiled surround. 我们的浴缸周围铺了瓷砖。
surrounds [plural] US
■the area that is near 周边，附近
• I don't think there are any video stores in the immediate surrounds. 我觉得这附近不会有甚么影音专卖店。
enclose, fence, encircle, surround, envelop
这组词都有“包围”的意思，其区别是：
enclose: 指把某物四周围住或封闭起来，使之与外界隔绝。
fence: 通常指用栅栏栏开或围起来。
encircle: 侧重在某事物周围围成圈状。
surround: 普通用词，既可指环绕、围绕，也可指军事上的包围。
envelop: 着重指把某个物体完全包起来或整个封起来。
vt. 围绕；包围
 - invest, case, enclose
n. 围绕物
 - entironment, girdle

Word: audio
Front: audio
[ˈɔ:diəʊ] (研四雅 5975/8088 -2)
Vocabulary: audio
(once / 1773 pages)
n
Audio means sound. If you turn up the volume and turn down the bass on your TV, you adjust the audio.
The noun audio always refers to what you can hear, although there are several different ways to use it. If you covet expensive speakers for your stereo, you wish for new audio equipment, and when someone complains about the sound at a movie theater he might say, "The audio is way too loud." Audio was first used as a prefix, in words like audio-frequency, and came to mean "recorded sound" in the 1930s.
WORD FAMILY
audio
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is linked to a mobile phone app which records the audio of the patient's chest.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Two years ago, Panasonic swerved again, saying it was reviving the Technics brand to target the premium end of the audio market.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The address was shown on television mixing video with Kim speaking and stretches of audio only, as still photos were broadcast.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 听觉的，声音的; 音频的
n. 声音回路; 音响; 可听到的声音; 声音信号
分布：音频(96%)，声音的(2%)，音响设备(1%)，成音频率的(1%)
n./a.音频(响)(的);声音(的),听觉(的)The school's audio-visual apparatus includes a new set of multi-media device.这所中学的视听设备包括一套新的多媒体装置.
US ['ɑ:.di.oʊ] adjective
■connected with sound and the recording and broadcasting of sound 声音的；录音的；播音的；音频的
• an audio cassette 卡式录音带
• audio tape 录音带
• an audio signal 声频讯号
adj. [声] 声音的；音频的，声频的
 - vocal, sonic

Word: diamond
Front: diamond
[ˈdaɪəmənd] (高研四六 4044/3941 -K2)
Vocabulary: diamond
(once / 194 pages)
n
A diamond is a valuable gemstone that's often used to make expensive jewelry. You might admire your friend's diamond earrings, but secretly wonder if they're real.
An engagement ring is typically set with one or more diamonds. Diamonds used for jewelry are cut and polished, and they're evaluated for quality and price by weight, or carat, as well as by their cut, clarity, and color. Another kind of diamond is the geometrical shape, which is also seen on playing cards called diamonds, and echoed in the shape of a baseball field, also known as a diamond.
WORD FAMILY
diamond: diamonds
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s diamonds and Priuses — or really just a few ounces of vegan caviar — with all the savings.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Friday in Diamond Bar at the 60 Freeway ramp to the southbound 57 Freeway.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Wednesday when a man in a cloth mask and dark hoodie entered the Kohl’s store and swiped diamonds, watches and other jewelry.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 钻石，金刚石; 菱形; 方块
vt. 镶钻石于; 用钻石装饰
adj. 金刚石的; 菱形的; 用钻石装饰的
分布：钻石(87%)，菱形(11%)，用钻石装饰(1%)，棒球内场(1%)
→来自拉丁语adamans, 不可驯服的，词源同adamant. a-, 不，非，-dam, 同tame, 驯服。用来指钻石。
n.金钢石,钻石;菱形The man beyond the bond is fond of the second wonderful diamond.那位不受约束的人喜欢第二颗奇异的钻石.
noun
STONE 石
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■an extremely hard valuable stone which is used in jewellery, and in industry for cutting hard things 钻石，金刚石
• a diamond ring/necklace 钻戒／钻石项炼
• The tiara was set with diamonds and rubies. 头饰上镶嵌着钻石和红宝石。
• He had worked in the diamond mines of South Africa. 他曾在南非的钻石矿上干活。
• diamond-tipped saw blades 金刚石锯片
diamonds [plural noun]
■jewellery made from diamonds 钻石珠宝；钻饰
• Shall I wear the diamonds or the pearls with this dress? 我到底是戴钻石还是珍珠来配这件礼服好呢？
['daɪə.mənd] noun
SHAPE 形体
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a shape with four straight sides of equal length, forming two opposite angles which are wide and two which are narrow 菱形
• Joe's socks had diamond patterns on them. 乔的袜子上有菱形图案。
countable
■a card, with a red diamond shape on it, which belongs to one of the four suits in a set of playing cards 方块（扑克牌的四种花色之一）
• the six of diamonds 方块六
countable
■the square part of a field on which baseball is played, which is surrounded by the four bases , or the whole field on which the game is played 棒球场，棒球场地
n. [宝] 钻石， [矿物] 金刚石； [数] 菱形；方块牌
 - sparkler, adamas
adj. [数] 菱形的；金刚钻的
 - rhombic

Word: twin
Front: twin
[twɪn] (高研四六 2376/2884 -K3)
Back: n. 孪生儿之一，双胞胎之一; 两个相像的人或物之一; 孪晶; 双人床
vt. 尤用于英国)使结成姊妹城市; 使（两人或两事物）紧密结合; 使偶合; 使相连
adj. 成对的; 成双的; 双重的; 双联的
时态：twinned, twinning, twins
分布：双胞胎之一(55%)，孪生的(36%)，紧密联系的(9%)
→词源同 two,二。引申词义成双的，成对的等，后用于指双胞胎。
a.双的,成对的,孪生的n.孪生子,双生子Twice the twin king wins the winter swinging under the wing of the plane.孪生国王两次赢得冬季机翼下的荡秋千赛.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■either of two children born to the same mother on the same occasion 双胞胎之一
• My sister has twin sons. 我姐姐有对双胞胎儿子。
• a twin sister 双胞胎姐妹中的一个
■one of two very similar things 两个极相似的事物之一
• The two countries are often regarded as economic twins. 这两个国家经常被认为经济情况很相似。
[twɪn] adjective [before noun]
■used to describe two similar things that are a pair 成对的，成双的
• twin towers 双子塔
• a car with twin exhausts 双排气管小汽车
■existing at the same time 同时出现的
• his twin obsessions - women and cars 他的两大爱好——女人和汽车
[twɪn] verb UK
be twinned with
■If a town in one country is twinned with a town in another country, the two towns have a special relationship 与…结成姐妹城
• Cambridge is twinned with Heidelberg. 剑桥和海德堡结成了姊妹城。
vt. 使成对
 - conjugate

Word: jones
Front: jones
[dʒəunz] (-/1971)
Back: n. <美><俚>瘾，毒瘾，固着型依恋
分布：名词(100%)
US [dʒoʊnz] mainly US informal
verb
be jonesing for sth
■to want something very much 非常需要；很想要
• I'm jonesing for a coffee - can we take a break? 我很想喝杯咖啡——我们能休息一下吗？

Word: beef
Front: beef
[bi:f] (中高 3505/4295 -K2)
Vocabulary: beef
(once / 350 pages)
1n 2nv
Beef is meat from a cow. It's also a word for a complaint. If you have a beef with someone, you’re not sharing a steak, you have a gripe. Just don’t beef to a cow; her problems are worse.
Beef is a type of meat from cattle. If you've ever had a hamburger, you've had beef. The word beef comes from the Old French word buef, which became the word for basically, cow meat. Beef is to cow as pork is to pig or mutton is to sheep. On the other hand, if you have a beef with someone, you have a complaint. Beefing is expressing such feelings.
WORD FAMILY
beef: beefed, beefing, beefs, beeves
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Bagleys bought their first 15 elk in the late 1990s, seeking to diversify their beef and dairy business.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They need to beef up their offensive line.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
One of the beefs with “Captain Fantastic” is that it promotes an all-or-nothing extremism that rings hollow.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 牛肉; 菜牛（饲养以供肉食的牛）; 体力; 怨言，牢骚
vi. 抱怨，大发牢骚
时态：beefed, beefing, beefs
分布：牛肉(82%)，加强(9%)，抱怨(3%)，牢骚(2%)，肌肉(2%)，告发(1%)，力气(1%)
→词源同bovine, 牛的。
n.牛肉The bee paid the fee of coffee, beef and beer for the cheerful deer.蜜蜂为欢快的鹿付了咖啡,牛肉和啤酒的费用.
noun
MEAT 肉
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the flesh of cattle (= cows) which is eaten 牛肉
• The spaghetti sauce is made with UK minced / US ground beef. 这种意粉的调味汁是用牛肉碎做成的。
• People in England often have roast beef and Yorkshire pudding for lunch on Sundays. 英国人在星期天的午餐，通常是吃烤牛肉和约克郡布丁。
• He is a beef cattle farmer. 他专门饲养菜牛。
[bi:f] noun
FORCE 力气
uncountable mainly UK informal
■strength, power or force 力量，力气
• He said that the newly published government report didn't have much beef in it. 他称新发布的政府报告没甚么力度。
• Push harder! Put some beef into it! 再用点力推！加把劲！
[bi:f] noun
COMPLAINT 抱怨
countable informal
■a complaint 抱怨
• My main beef about the job is that I have to work on Saturdays. 我对这份工作最大的不满是周六还要上班。
[bi:f] verb intransitive informal
■to complain 抱怨
• He was beefing about having to do the shopping. 他在为不得不去购物而抱怨。
[bi:f] verb intransitive informal
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beef sth up
■to make something stronger or more important 加强，充实
• We need to find some new players to beef up the team. 我们要招纳几个新队员，加强全队的实力。
• The company has plans to beef up its production. 公司计划扩大生产。
• Your report on the new car park is fine, but why don't you beef it up a bit with some figures? 你那份关于新停车场的报告很不错，但怎么不加一些数据，让报告更充实呢？
n. [食品] 牛肉；肌肉；食用牛；牢骚
 - muscle, hotpot
vi. 抱怨，告发；发牢骚
 - repine, rail against
vt. 养；加强
 - enhance, cement, muscle

Word: soil
Front: soil
[sɔɪl] (高研四六雅宝 1791/1894 -K3)
Vocabulary: soil
(once / 94 pages)
nv
Soil is the dirt between our fingers as we garden or farm, from which all living things come and to which, as the poets never tire of reminding us, all life eventually returns. Such a big meaning for such a little word.
To soil something also means to make it dirty, or to degrade it in some way — strange given the natural purity of soil. Sometimes nations talk about their soil, meaning the geographical area over which they have governance. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth century the euphemism "night soil" was used to describe the contents of the commodes people kept under their bed. But you probably didn't want to know that.
WORD FAMILY
soil: soiled, soiling, soils, soilure, subsoil, undersoil+/soiled: unsoiled/soiling: soilings/soilure: soilures/subsoil: subsoils
USAGE EXAMPLES
To minimize erosion, terrain, soil structure and rainfall are also considered.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Michigan Association of Drain Commissioners says drain commissioners enforce laws related to flood protection, storm management and soil erosion.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In a natural state, plants grow, they die, the nitrogen they contain returns to the soil, and new plants use it to grow.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 泥土; 土地，国土; 滋生地，温床; 粪尿，肥料
vt. 弄脏，污辱; 给…上粪（施肥）; 被弄脏，变脏; 用青草饲料喂养（牲口）
vi. 变脏、受污染或玷污的; 变脏
时态：soiled, soiling, soils
分布：土壤(91%)，土地(8%)，弄污(1%)
→来自中古英语 soile,大地，陆地，来自拉丁语 solum,脚掌，地面，陆地，来自 swol,脚掌， 词源同 sole,脚掌。引申词义国土，领土。soil 污泥，土壤，粪泥，肥料，弄脏，玷污
n.泥土,土地,土壤v.弄脏,(使)变脏Boil the oil soiled by the coil in the toilet lest it spoil.把被盥洗室里的线圈弄脏的油煮开,免得它变质.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the material on the surface of the ground in which plants grow 泥土，土壤
• light/heavy/fertile soil 轻质／黏重／肥沃土
• sandy or chalky soils 沙质或白垩质土壤
uncountable literary
■a country 国家；国土
• It was the first time we had set foot on foreign/French/American soil (= gone to a foreign country/France/America). 那是我们第一次踏上异国／法国／美国的土地。
the soil literary
■the activity of farming 耕作，务农
• The government is trying to encourage a return to the soil. 政府试图鼓励人们重新务农。
[sɔɪl] verb transitive formal
■to make something dirty, especially with solid waste （尤指因大便）弄脏
• soiled diapers/nappies/sheets 弄脏的尿布／床单
[sɔɪl] verb transitive formal
not soil your hands literary
■to not become involved in something unpleasant or bad 不沾染污点，不参与不好的事情
• These were top lawyers, the kind who wouldn't normally soil their hands with police work or criminal law. 这些是顶级律师，他们一般不会插手警务和触犯刑法。
clay, mud, dust, ground, land, earth, dirt, soil
这组词都有“土地，土，泥”的意思，其区别是：
clay: 特指潮湿时发粘，而火烤后变坚硬的泥土。
mud: 指湿土，尤指雨后稀泥、污泥。
dust: 特指土壤干燥后，飞扬于空中的细微泥土。
ground: 通常指大地的表面，也可指土壤、泥土或场地。
land: 含义笼统。指与河流、海洋相对的陆地，也指可耕种的土地。
earth: 多指地表带有水分的泥土，较具体。
dirt: 指地表的干松泥土。
soil: 特指适宜栽种农作物或生长各种植物的泥土。
n. 土地； [土壤] 土壤；国家；粪便；务农；温床
 - nation, country, ground, state
vt. 弄脏；污辱
 - mud, spot, dirty
vi. 变脏
 - dirty

Word: numerous
Front: numerous
[ˈnju:mərəs] (研四六托雅宝 2275/2597 -3)
Vocabulary: numerous
(once / 107 pages)
adj
Numerous means very large in quantity. You wouldn’t use numerous to describe how many feet you have (just two), but you could use it to describe the infinite number of shoes in your closet.
The adjective numerous is related to the word number — which is no big surprise since it basically means "a large number of something." Use numerous to describe a copious or abundant amount that you can't give a specific number for. Numerous fans probably come out for the all-star game, for example. And numerous players wish they made the all-star team.
WORD FAMILY
numerous: innumerous, numerosity, numerousest, numerously, numerousness+/ innumerous: innumerously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Authorities say he suffered life-threatening injuries and was trapped inside the front section of the vehicle, which was broken into numerous pieces.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rookie quarterback Jared Goff, the No. 1 pick in the draft, was sacked seven times and absorbed numerous hits.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Numerous toy companies were contacted several times by the BBC.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 很多的，许多的; 数量庞大的数量庞大的; 数不清的
分布：许多(97%)，为数众多的(3%)
→来自拉丁语numerus,数字，数量。比较numberless.
数目众多的(numer+ous)[numer=number,表示"数目"]
a.众多的,许多的,大批的The room is lumbered with numerous cucumbers.房间里乱堆着大量黄瓜.
US ['nu:-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■many 许多的，大量的
• We have discussed these plans on numerous occasions. 我们已经多次讨论过这些计划。
• Shops of this type, once rare, are now numerous (= there are many of them). 这种商店从前很少见，但现在已经遍地开花。
adj. 许多的，很多的
 - many, multiple, hundred, plenty

Word: substantial
Front: substantial
[səbˈstænʃl] (研四六托雅宝 2544/1536 -K3)
Vocabulary: substantial
(once / 248 pages)
adj
Something substantial is large in size, number, or amount: If you want to say someone spent a lot of money without being too specific, you could say they spent a substantial amount of money.
The adjective substantial derives from the Latin substantia "substance," which means "stuff." A substantial meal is large enough to satisfy hunger. A substantial structure is strongly made or built. And a substantial man possesses wealth and property. Related to this last sense, "a man of substance" refers to a wealthy man with property.
WORD FAMILY
substantial: insubstantial, substantialer, substantiality, substantially, substantialness, unsubstantial+/ insubstantial: insubstantiality, insubstantially/insubstantiality: insubstantialities/ substance: substances, substantial /substantiality: substantialities/unsubstantial: unsubstantialise, unsubstantialize, unsubstantially/unsubstantialise: unsubstantialised
USAGE EXAMPLES
Separate events in both chambers will be held on Tuesday, leaving both the House and Senate with substantial Republican majorities.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
That means substantial revenue measures, not just cuts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In this piece, originally published Sept. 1, columnist Nancy Kaffer explored potential conflicts related to a substantial philanthropic donation to fund Kalamazoo city government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 大量的; 结实的，牢固的; 重大的
n. 本质; 重要材料
分布：大量的(46%)，可观的(20%)，实质的(16%)，本质(10%)，坚固的(6%)，重要部份(2%)
→substance,基础，根据，-al,形容词后缀。引申比喻义大量的，重大的。拼写比较 space,spatial.
本质的;实在的(sub+stant+ial→本质的)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
a.实质的;相当的;显著的;坚固的;富裕的The substantial part of the constitution about the institution of institutes is substituted.宪法中有关设立协会的实质性部分被替换.
【记】源于：substance（n 物质）
【反】tenuous（adj 纤细的）；vaporous（adj 蒸气多的；不实质的）；diaphanous（adj 透明的）
adjective
LARGE 大的
 IMPROVER
■large in size, value or importance 大的；可观的；价值巨大的；重大的
• The findings show a substantial difference between the opinions of men and women. 这些发现显示男性和女性之间存在重大的意见分歧。
• She inherited a substantial fortune from her grandmother. 她从祖母那里继承了一笔数目可观的遗产。
• The first draft of his novel needed a substantial amount of rewriting. 他小说的初稿有很多地方需要重写。
[səb'stæn.ʃəl] adjective
GENERAL 大体的
[before noun] formal
■relating to the main or most important things being considered 基本上的；大体上的
• The committee were in substantial agreement (= agreed about most of the things discussed). 委员会基本上达成一致意见。
adj. 大量的；实质的；内容充实的
 - massive, extensive, macro, much, volume
n. 本质；重要材料
 - essence, entity, principle, texture, interior

Word: smile
Front: smile
[smaɪl] (中高 1068/892 -K4)
Vocabulary: smile
(once / 23 pages)
nv
Smile is the thing you do with your face when you are happy -– or want others to think you are. Your expression softens and your mouth turns up at the corners.
Smile, noun or verb, with its universal message and association with enjoyment and pleasure, is a very useful word. It can express joy or even say hello. Of course if you “smile through your sorrows,” you are either tying to make yourself feel better or fool other people into thinking you are happy. But in general, a smile is a good sign. And as the song goes “You’re never fully dressed without a smile.”
WORD FAMILY
smile: smiled, smiler, smiles, smiling+/smiler: smilers/smiling: smilingest, smilingly, smilings, unsmiling/unsmiling: unsmilingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I just kind of smiled and looked at him, thinking, ‘Is he being unrealistic?’
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
We are greeted with smiles at every turn, but anything further, I learn, is unwelcome.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Six hours of tickle therapy fails to produce a single smile from José Mourinho, dour soccer coach of Manchester United.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 微笑，笑容
vt. 以微笑表示; 以微笑完成
vi. 微笑; 赞许; 不在乎
时态：smiled, smiling, smiles
分布：微笑(78%)，笑容(21%)，露出笑容(1%)
→来自中古英语 smilen,来自丹麦语 smile,来自 Proto-Germanic*smilijana,来自 smei,笑，高 兴，惊叹，词源同 smirk,miracle,marvel.并取代古英语词 smearcian,即 smirk.
n.微笑,笑容vi.微笑,露出笑容Having piled miles of files, the compiler smiled a while at the profile.堆了几英里长的文件之后,编辑对着侧面笑了一会.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an expression on the face in which the ends of the mouth curve up slightly, often with the lips moving apart so that the teeth can be seen 微笑，笑容
• Amy had a big/broad smile on her face. 埃米脸上满是笑容。
• She has a nice smile. 她笑得很甜。
• He winked and gave me a smile. 他眨了眨眼，对着我笑了一下。
• It's nice to be able to bring a smile to people's faces (= make people smile). 能让人笑感觉真好。
[smaɪl] noun countable
be all smiles
■to look happy and friendly, especially when other people are not expecting you to 笑容满面
• She's never been very friendly, but she was all smiles when she asked me to help her with her homework. 她对人从来不怎么热情，但请我帮她写作业时，脸上却堆满了笑容。
[smaɪl] verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make a happy or friendly expression in which the corners of your mouth curve up 微笑，笑
• He smiled and shook my hand. 他笑着和我握了手。
• When he smiled at me I knew everything was all right. 他对着我笑时，我就知道了一切正常。
• Esme's so cheerful - she's always smiling. 埃丝米很开朗——她总是笑咪咪的。
• I couldn't help smiling when I thought of how pleased she was going to be. 想到她会多么高兴时，我就忍不住要笑。
• He smiled politely as Mary apologized for her drunken friends. 当玛丽替她喝醉的朋友道歉时，他很有礼貌地笑了笑。
• He smiled to him self as he thought about his new girlfriend. 想到自己的新女友，他心中暗自发笑。
• He smiled the smile of a man who knew victory was within reach. 他露出了稳操胜券时特有的微笑。
transitive
■to express or say something with a smile 以微笑表达；微笑着说
• He smiled his congratulations and left without another word. 他微笑着表示祝贺，然后就离去了，没有再多说一句话。
• "Don't you worry about a thing. Everything's going to be just fine," smiled Robin reassuringly. “别担心，一切都会很好的，”罗宾微笑着安慰道。
[smaɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  smile on sth/sb literary
■to feel positive about something or someone, or to treat them in a very positive way 积极对待
• The government began to smile on small businesses when it realized that they were the key to economic growth. 政府意识到小企业是经济增长的关键后，开始对它们另眼相看。
• figurative The gods smiled on us and we had brilliant sunshine throughout the day. 上天眷顾我们，我们度过了阳光明媚的一天。
laugh, smile, siggle, grin, beam, sneer
这些动词均含“笑”之意。
laugh: 最常用词，指因喜悦、愉快或轻视而出声的笑或大笑。
smile: 指面露微笑，侧重于无声。
siggle: 指发出咯咯的笑声，较多地用于女人或孩子。
grin: 指露齿而笑。
beam: 书面用词，指人因心情舒畅而发出的笑，即喜形于色地笑。
sneer: 指冷笑、嘲笑。
vi. 微笑
 - beam on

Word: vessel
Front: vessel
[ˈvesl] (研四六托雅宝 2940/2780 -3)
Vocabulary: vessel
(once / 62 pages)
n
What do a canoe, a soda can, and your arteries have in common? Each one is a type of vessel. A vessel can be a ship, a container for holding liquids, or a tube that transports blood throughout your body.
Vessel has a number of different meanings, yet all of them relate in some way to liquids and transportation. This relationship in meaning has existed in language for a long time; the word vessel comes from the Latin word, vascellum, which also means both “vase” and “ship.” The use of the word vessel in reference to “blood vessels” came about in English during the 14th century.
WORD FAMILY
vessel: vessels
USAGE EXAMPLES
Eventually, it plans to change the design of the pressure vessels to prevent buckling.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Air Force, the Federal Aviation Administration and industry experts — found “buckles,” or valleys, in the vessels’ inner liners.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The company determined the 2015 accident was caused by the rupture of a substandard metal piece supporting a pressurized helium vessel.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 容器; 船，飞船; 血管，管束; …的化身
分布：船(65%)，容器(22%)，舰(9%)，器皿(4%)
→来自拉丁语vas,容器，词源同vase,vascular.引申词义船只，轮船。
n.容器,器皿;船,舰;管,血管In case of necessity, necessary session can be held on the vessel.必要时,必需的开庭可在船舶上进行.
noun countable
SHIP 轮船
 ADVANCED formal
■a large boat or a ship 船，舰
• a cargo/fishing/naval/patrol/sailing/supply vessel 货船／渔船／海军舰艇／巡逻艇／帆船／补给船
['ves.əl] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器 formal
■a curved container which is used to hold liquid 器皿；容器
• The remains of some Roman earthenware vessels were found during the dig. 挖掘过程中发现了一些古罗马人的陶瓷器皿的残片。
['ves.əl] noun countable
PERSON 人 literary
■a person who has a particular quality or who is used for a particular purpose （有某种特质或用途的）人
• As a young and spirited politician, he seems a worthy vessel for the nation's hopes. 他是位充满活力的年轻政治家，似乎是可以寄托国家希望的人。
['ves.əl] noun countable
TUBE 管
■a tube that carries liquids such as blood through the body （人体的）血管，脉管
• A heart attack is caused by the blood vessels that supply the blood to the heart muscle getting blocked. 心脏病发作是由于向心肌供血的血管堵塞引起的。
craft, vessel, ship, canoe, steamer, boat
这组词都有“船”的意思，其区别是：
craft: 船只的集合名词，但可指单独的船只。
vessel: 多指运货或运人的大船。
ship: 含义广，一般指大轮船，如航海船只，内河航运船只。
canoe: 指长而轻，用桨的小舟、独木船。
steamer: 指靠蒸汽发动机为动力的船只。
boat: 泛指任何大小的船只，尤指靠划桨或风帆行进的无篷小船。
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
n. [船] 船，舰； [组织] 脉管，血管；容器， [轻] 器皿
 - container, ship, pocket

Word: compel
Front: compel
[kəmˈpel] (研四六托雅宝 4449/4965 -2)
Vocabulary: compel
(once / 97 pages)
v
Compel means to force or drive someone to do something. Even if you don't like toast, when you visit the toast-eating natives of Shrintakook Island, you'll be compelled to eat it, or they will not trust you.
You don't want to be compelled to go to a classical music concert if you'd rather listen to rap. School officials might be upset if a winter storm compels them to cancel classes, but you'd be okay with that. A compelling mystery forces you to pay attention because you want to find out "whodunit."
WORD FAMILY
compel: compelled, compelling, compels, compulsion, compulsive +/ compelling: compellingly/ compulsion: compulsions/ compulsive: compulsively, compulsiveness, compulsives, compulsivity
USAGE EXAMPLES
But as the Islamic State became a dire enough threat to return American troops to Iraq, Mr. Obama felt compelled to change course on Afghanistan.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
East Coast — compelling, nationwide viewing on a Saturday.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But Mother Nature is nothing if not compelling, and my broodiness sat in my core like an ache.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 强迫，迫使; 强制发生，使不得不
时态：compelled, compelling, compels
分布：迫使(51%)，强迫(47%)，使不得已(2%)
→com-, 强调。-pel, 驱使，词源同appeal, pulse.
强迫(com共同+pel推→一起推→强迫)[pel,puls=drive,push,表示"驱动,推"]
v.强迫,迫使The competitor is compelled to complete the competition.竞争者被迫完成了比赛.
【记】com共同，pel推－共同推－强迫
【参】repel（v 打退）；re反，pel推 expel（v 开除）；ex出，pel推
[kəm'pel] (-ll-)
verb transitive
■to force someone to do something 强迫；逼迫；迫使
• [+ to infinitive] As a school boy he was compelled to wear shorts even in winter. 在求学时期，即使在冬天他也被迫穿着短裤。
• formal The new circumstances compelled a change in policy. 新情况迫使在政策上作出改变。
⇒ See also compulsion formal
■to produce a strong feeling or reaction, sometimes unwillingly （有时指并非所愿地）激起，引发
• Over the years her work has compelled universal admiration and trust. 这些年来，她的工作获得了大家的一致钦佩和信赖。
constrain, force, compel, oblige
这组词都有“迫使”的意思，其区别是：
constrain: 侧重施加约束力或有约束作用的影响，也指环境对人强加的影响迫使人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等内在力量驱使去做某事。
force: 指用个人意志、权力、权威或暴力等，迫使他人改变看法或做本不愿做的事。
compel: 指在法律、权力、力量或行动等的驱使下被迫而为。
oblige: 指由于生理上或道德上的需要，促使某人做某事，也指有权威的人或机构迫使某人做某事，还可指在特定情况下被迫作出的反应。
vt. 强迫，迫使；强使发生
 - pressure, force, enforce

Word: absolute
Front: absolute
[ˈæbsəlu:t] (高研四六托宝 3165/2420 -K3)
Vocabulary: absolute
(once / 64 pages)
adjn
Use absolute as a noun or an adjective when you're so sure of something that you know it will never change. For example, a devout person's belief in life after death is an absolute; that person has absolute faith in the afterlife.
Absolute can also mean "without any doubt," as in the case of an absolute beauty — such as a glamorous movie star or a supermodel — or "without limits," such as a dictator who has absolute power over the people. Or, absolute can describe a final demand that must be met, such as the absolute conditions a person buying a home might present to its seller — it's the last step and can make or break the sale.
WORD FAMILY
absolute: absolutely, absoluteness, absolutes, absolutism +/ absolutism: absolutisms, absolutist, absolutistic/ absolutist: absolutists/absolutistic: absolutistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
They agreed that claims of the “absolute character” of scientific truth, and the supposed triumph of Enlightenment reason, needed to be challenged.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State Department on Sunday warned U.S. citizens in Istanbul to limit movements “to an absolute minimum” while the search for the assailant continues.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Consulate General in Istanbul on Sunday warned American citizens to keep their movements in the city “to an absolute minimum,” The Associated Press reported.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 绝对的，完全的; 不受任何限制[约束]的; 无条件的; 有无上权力或权威的
n. 绝对; 绝对事物
分布：绝对的(57%)，完全的(15%)，独立的(11%)，专制的(10%)，无限制的(3%)，确实的(3%)，绝对的事物(1%)
→absolve的过去分词形式。词义发生了微妙的变化。
绝对的;无限制的(ab不+solute→决不松开→绝对的)[Solv,solu,solut=loosen,表示"松开"]
a.绝对的,完全的;确实的,肯定的The contribution distributor thinks the microcomputer pollution is absolutely beyond dispute.捐款分配者认为微机污染是绝对不容置疑的.
【反】qualified（adj 受限制的）
adjective
VERY GREAT 极不寻常的
 ADVANCED
■very great or to the largest degree possible 完全的；全部的；绝对的；毋庸置疑的
• a man of absolute integrity/discretion 正直不阿／极度审慎的人
• I have absolute faith in her judgment. 我完全相信她的判断。
• There was no absolute proof of fraud. 没有确凿的证据能证明是诈骗行为。
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■used when expressing a strong opinion （用于强调看法）道地的，十足的
• He's an absolute idiot! 他是个十足的白痴！
• That's absolute rubbish! 那完全是一派胡言！
['æb.sə.lu:t] [--'-] adjective
NOT CHANGING 不变的
[before noun]
■not depending on anything else; true, right, or the same in all situations 绝对的；不会更改的；独立的；不受制于外部条件的
• an absolute law/principle/doctrine 放之四海而皆准的法则／原则／学说
• Do you think there's such a thing as absolute truth/beauty? 你认为绝对真理／的美存在吗？
• Her contribution was better than most, but in absolute terms (= without comparing it with anything else) it was still rather poor. 她的稿件比大部分人的都好，但就它本身而言还很差。
['æb.sə.lu:t] [--'-] adjective
POWERFUL 权力大的
■describes a ruler who has unlimited power 不受任何限制（或约束）的；专制独裁的
• an absolute monarch 专制君主
adj. [数] 绝对的；完全的；专制的
 - strict, complete, full, positive, total

Word: legislative
Front: legislative
[ˈledʒɪslətɪv] (3542/3765 -2)
Vocabulary: legislative
(once / 337 pages)
adj
Legislative is an adjective that describes the act or process of passing laws. Congress is the legislative branch of the United States government. They're the ones who can pass bills, which the president can sign into law or veto.
A legislator is someone charged with creating and passing new laws in the legislature. All of these words come from the same root words — lex and legis (meaning "law") and lator (meaning "proposer"). So a legislator is literally a proposer of law, and their actions are legislative in nature. If you are interested in the legislative process, you might consider going to law school and running for office. Or you might just enjoy a movie about politics instead.
WORD FAMILY
legislative: legislatively+/ legislate: legislated, legislates, legislating, legislation, legislative, legislator, legislature / legislation: legislations/ legislator: legislators, legislatorship/ legislature: legislatures
USAGE EXAMPLES
Final legislative budget approval: Late June or early July.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Flynt said Brewer accomplished many goals during his partial term because of his legislative background.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Arguably more important than the legislative agenda for gun rights groups is Mr. Trump’s choice to fill the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. （关于）立法的; 立法决定的; 有权立法的，用以立法的; 立法机构的
n. 立法权; 立法机关
分布：立法权(42%)，立法机构(27%)，立法的(22%)，有立法权的(9%)
→来自legislate,立法。
US [-tˌɪv] formal
adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to laws or the making of laws 法律的；立法的
• The European Parliament will have greater legislative powers (= ability to make laws). 欧洲议会将获得更大的立法权。

Word: kidnap
Front: kidnap
[ˈkɪdnæp] (研六托雅宝 6993/8885 -2)
Vocabulary: kidnap
(once / 742 pages)
v
To kidnap is to steal a person, or to hold someone as a prisoner until a ransom is paid. Nervous parents might worry that someone will kidnap their children, and not let them play outside alone.
The original meaning of kidnap, dating from the late seventeenth century, was "steal children to provide servants to the American colonies," from kid, "child," and nap, "snatch away." After the particularly notorious Lindberg baby kidnapping in 1932, the U.S. Congress passed a law allowing the FBI to investigate all kidnappings. Today the word kidnap includes all abductions, of both children and adults.
WORD FAMILY
kidnap: kidnaped, kidnaper, kidnaping, kidnapped, kidnapper, kidnapping, kidnaps+/kidnaper: kidnapers/kidnapper: kidnappers/kidnapping: kidnappings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The country suffered bombings, slayings and kidnappings during a period of domestic terrorism in the 1970s and early 1980s.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Afterwards, they said we were pirates who kidnap boats, that we were carrying weapons.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Before slavery was restricted by the Spanish crown, in 1542, slaving parties scoured Honduras, kidnapping Indians to work plantations, mines, and households.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 诱拐，绑架，劫持; 拐骗
时态：kidnapped, kidnapping, kidnaps
分布：绑架(100%)
→kid,小孩，nap,抓走，来自nab拼写变体。原指19世纪偷或抓小孩到美洲殖民地当劳工和奴隶，引申词义绑架。比较shanghai.
vt.诱拐;绑架,劫持Someone saw that four men kidnapped the little girl.有人看见四个人绑架了女童.
【记】在kid小孩，nap睡觉的时候kidnap
verb transitive (-pp-)
■to take a person away illegally by force, usually in order to demand money in exchange for releasing them 绑架；劫持
• The wife of a businessman has been kidnapped from her home in Surrey. 一个商人的妻子在她萨里郡的家中遭绑架。
['kɪd.næp] noun countable or uncountable
■the crime of taking someone away by force and demanding money in exchange for releasing them 绑架；劫持
vt. 绑架；诱拐；拐骗
 - spirit, abduct

Word: naturally
Front: naturally
[ˈnætʃrəli] (四六 2795/2088 -K3)
Back: adv. 自然地，表现自然地，顺理成章地; 合理地，当然，不用说; 生来，天然地; 自自然然，不做作地
分布：自然地(69%)，天生地(31%)
→来自nature,自然。
US [-ɚ-] adverb
LIFE
 IMPROVER
■happening or existing as part of nature and not made or done by people 自然地
• A healthy body will be able to fight off the illness naturally without the use of medicine. 健康的身体无需药物，自身便能抵御疾病。
 IMPROVER
■having an ability or characteristic from birth 生来，天生地
• He's naturally funny - he doesn't even have to try. 他天生就很风趣——根本用不着刻意表现。
come naturally (to sb)
■If a particular skill comes naturally (to you), you are able to do it easily, with little effort or learning （某人）似乎天生就会，轻而易举地做
• Dancing seemed to come naturally to her. 她似乎生来就会跳舞。
UK ['nætʃ.ər.əl.i] US [-ɚ-] adverb
EXPECTED 当然
■as you would expect 当然；自然
• Naturally we want to see as few job losses in the industry as possible. 我们当然希望这一行业的失业人数越少越好。
• "You will try to be tactful when you explain to her why she hasn't been invited, won't you?" "Naturally (= Yes, obviously)." “你向她解释为甚么没有邀请她时，会尽量婉转，对吗？｣ “那当然。｣
surely, naturally, certainly, of course
这组词都有“肯定地，当然”的意思，其区别是：
surely: 表一种必然的可能性，也可表示信心或不轻信。强调主观判断。
naturally: 指自然而然，毫无造作或天生如此。
certainly: 强调有把握，深信不疑。
of course: 指毫无疑问，自然如此。可与certainly和naturally换用。
adv. 自然地
 - spontaneously, unaffectedly

Word: outbreak
Front: outbreak
[ˈaʊtbreɪk] (研六托雅 5343/5060 -2)
Vocabulary: outbreak
(once / 602 pages)
n
A sudden or abrupt onset of something really bad is an outbreak. You could experience an outbreak of measles or an outbreak of violence; either way, try to protect yourself.
When you talk about an outbreak of something, it's almost always something terrible, or at least unwanted. You might hear about an outbreak of war in a distant country, or an outbreak of violence in a big city, or an outbreak of disease among farm animals. Outbreak started as a Middle English verb around 1300, becoming a noun meaning "eruption" about three hundred years later.
WORD FAMILY
outbreak: outbreaks
USAGE EXAMPLES
South Korea is fighting its worst bird flu outbreak in a decade.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The outbreak also prodded international corporations to reexamine their policies.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Urban forests, too, are at risk from outbreaks.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （战争，怒气等的）爆发; 突然发生
vi. 爆发
分布：爆发(98%)，暴动(2%)
→out-,向外，break,破裂。
爆发(out+break断裂→事情断裂→爆发)[out-①表示"超过,过度"②表示"出去,过时"]
n.(战争,愤怒,火灾等的)爆发,(疾病的)发作The voluntary revolutionaries revolted like the outbreak of volcano.志愿革命者们象火山爆发一样起义了.
noun countable
■a time when something suddenly begins, especially a disease or something else dangerous or unpleasant （尤指疾病、危险或不快之事的）发作，暴发，突然发生
• an outbreak of cholera/food poisoning/rioting/war 霍乱／食物中毒／骚乱／战争的暴发
• Last weekend saw further thundery outbreaks. 上周末仍然雷声不断。
n. （战争的）爆发；（疾病的）发作
 - explosion, burst, fit
vi. 爆发
 - burst, blow up

Word: reply
Front: reply
[rɪˈplaɪ] (中高研四六 2219/1286 -K4)
Vocabulary: reply
(once / 20 pages)
vn
Whenever you say something in response to someone, you reply. If your teacher asks why you're late to school, you might reply, "Sorry, I missed the bus."
To answer back or respond is to reply, and whatever you say is also a reply. Your reply could be a long quotation from a Shakespeare soliloquy, or it might be a simple, silent nod of the head. You can also reply using a letter, a text, or an email. Reply comes from the Late Latin replicare, which means both "to reply or repeat," but also "to fold back."
WORD FAMILY
reply: replied, replies, replying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Twitter did not reply to an email seeking comment.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
When another photographer told Mills about one clubgoer’s violence and anti-Semitism, he replied, hopefully, “So she was just a troubled soul?”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The Workologist’s reply: Be proactive and propose new projects or initiatives to the boss.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 回答，答复; 反应; 报复（行动）; [法律]答辩
vi. [法律]（原告对被告）答辩; 反响; 作答; （以行动）做出反应
vt. 回应，作出反应
时态：replied, replying, replies
分布：回答(48%)，答复(44%)，回应(8%)
→来自 replicare,回复，答复，来自 re-,向后，往回，-plic,弯，转，词源同 ply,complicate.
回答(re反+ply→叠回去→回答)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
v./n.(to)回答,答复,以...作答I'm liable to give reliable reply to the application for supply of apples.我有责任对申请供应苹果给予可靠答复.
verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to answer 回答；回覆；答覆
• [+ speech] "Where are you going?" I asked. "Home," he replied. “你去哪里？”我问。“回家，”他答道。
• [+ that] I replied that it was 12 o'clock. 我回答说12点了。
• I try to reply to letters the day I receive them. 我尽量在收到信的当天就回信。
■to react to an action by someone else 作出反应；回应
• She replied to the threats by going to the police. 她受到威胁后便去报了警。
• Newport took an early lead before Bridgend replied with three tries in 14 minutes. 开球不久纽波特队便率先进球，之后布里真德队大举反攻，14分钟内先后三次试图破门。
[rɪ'plaɪ] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an answer 回答；回覆；答覆
• I asked why, but he made/gave no reply. 我问为甚么，但是他没有回答。
• There were very few replies to our advertisement. 我们的广告没有得到甚么回应。
• In reply to their questions, she just shrugged. 面对他们的问题，她只是耸了耸肩，没作任何回答。
response, return, reply
response: 指对刺激的回应，也指对紧迫的或指定问题的回答
return: 回报
reply: 指对他人的陈述或问题给与回答，常与介词to搭配；
answer, reply, respond, retort, return
这些动词均有“回答”之意。
answer: 常用词，指用书面、口头或行动对他人的请求、询问、质问等作出回答或反应。
reply: 较正式用词，较少用于口语。侧重经过考虑的较正式答复。
respond: 正式用词，指即刻的，以口头或行动对外来的号召、请求或刺激等作出回答或响应。
retort: 指对不同意见、批评或控诉作出迅速、有力的回答，即“反驳”。
return: 正式用词，从本义“归来，回去”引申作“回答、答辨”讲时，含反驳或反唇相讥之意。
vi. [通信] [计] 回答； [法] 答辩；回击
 - respond, answer
n. [通信] [计] 回答； [法] 答辩
 - response, defence, answer
vt. [计] 回答； [通信] 答复
 - answer

Word: uncertain
Front: uncertain
[ʌnˈsɜ:tn] (高四六 4291/3532 -K2)
Vocabulary: uncertain
(once / 253 pages)
adj
To be uncertain is to be unsure of something. Also, uncertain things are undecided, unknown, or doubtful in some way.
If you're certain of something, you're sure of it. When you're uncertain, you don't know. If you don't know the answer to a math question, you're uncertain. If you can't remember where you parked your car, you're uncertain about its location. Also, anything unknown or up in the air in uncertain. Trying to be a famous actor is an uncertain path. Gambling money on horses is very uncertain. And, it's certainly hard to plan for an uncertain future.
WORD FAMILY
uncertain: uncertainly, uncertainness+/ certain: certainer, certainest, certainly, incertain, uncertain
USAGE EXAMPLES
Razmal's fate and his ability to support his family remain uncertain.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The uncertain nature of the problem was summed up by Pontzen.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Instead, they see Putin’s most recent actions as part of the pre-inauguration theater, preparing the ground for a hoped-for, but still uncertain, future.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 不确定的; 不稳定的; 不明确的; 无常的
分布：不确定的(78%)，不稳定的(13%)，易变的(9%)
US [-'sɝ:-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■not knowing what to do or believe, or not able to decide about something 拿不定主意的，犹豫的
• [+ question word] She's uncertain wh ether to go to New Zealand or not. 她对是否去纽西兰犹豫不决。
• Bridie was uncertain about meeting him. 布赖迪拿不定主意是否见他。
 ADVANCED
■not known or fixed, or not completely certain 未知的；不确定的；不完全确定的
• New arrivals face an uncertain future. 新来的人面临着无法预料的未来。
• The political outlook is still uncertain. 政治前景仍难以预料。
uncertain, questionable, doubtful, ambigous
这组词都有“怀疑的，不确定的”的意思，其区别是：
uncertain: 多指因缺乏证据或了解而捉摸不定，也指因不能预料而不能作出选择。
questionable: 通常指怀疑某行为是否恰当，或指有根有据的怀疑。
doubtful: 指对某个问题持积极怀疑的，有疑问的态度，强调缺乏确信。
ambigous: 指因缺乏明确感或因为有各种不同的解释而值得怀疑。
adj. 无常的；含糊的；靠不住的；迟疑不决的
 - changeable, vague

Word: diminish
Front: diminish
[dɪˈmɪnɪʃ] (研六托雅 3958/4526 -2)
Vocabulary: diminish
(once / 256 pages)
v
Diminish means to make smaller or lesser. If you cover a lightbulb with a dark lamp shade, the light from the lamp will diminish.
It can also mean become less important. Once the light has been dimmed, its role in lighting the room is diminished. If you look at diminish, you see 'minis' which comes from the Latin word minus, as in subtraction. Other words that share this root are miniature and minuscule, all of which mean something that is small, or at least smallish.
WORD FAMILY
diminish: diminished, diminishes, diminishing +/ diminished: undiminished / diminishing: diminishingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Indeed, a mainstream strategy in cognitive behavioral therapy involves purposefully articulating thoughts to oneself in order to diminish pernicious habits of mind.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Despite leading an offense diminished by so many injuries, Dalton finished the season throwing for 4,206 yards - his second-best total - with only eight interceptions.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Unlike shows in previous years, this one lacks any discernible theme, and some of the largest tech companies are expecting a diminished role.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. （使）减少，缩小; 减弱…的权势; [乐]减半音
vi. 变小或减少; 逐渐变细
时态：diminished, diminishing, diminishes
分布：减少(80%)，贬低(11%)，变少(5%)，逐渐变细(3%)，减损(1%)
→di-, 表加强。-min, 小，词源同minus,minute. 即缩小，缩减。
减少;消失(di+mini小+ish→变小,减少)[di-①表示"两个,双"②表示"使…变成,分开,离开"]
减少;缩小(di向下+min+ish→小下去→缩小)[mini,min=small,表示"小"]
缩小(di使+min小+ish)[-ish 1.表形容词"像…一样,有的..."通常放在一具体名词后2.表动词"造成…"3.表示"国家的或语言"]
v.缩小,减少,递减The administrator diminished the feminine miniature to minimal size.管理员将女性缩样缩减到最小尺寸.
【记】mini迷你－减小
【反】increase（vt 增加；加大）；escalate（vi 逐步升高）
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to reduce or be reduced in size or importance 减少，减小，降低
• I don't want to diminish her achievements, but she did have a lot of help. 我不想贬低她的成就，但她确实得到了很多帮助。
• These memories will not be diminished by time. 这些记忆不会随着时间的流逝而淡漠。
• What he did has seriously diminished him in many people's eyes. 他的所作所为严重损害了他在许多人眼里的形象。
• We've seen our house diminish greatly/sharply/substantially in value over the last six months. 在最近六个月里，我们这座房屋的价格暴跌。
diminish, dwindle, lessen, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，变少”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: 侧重大小数量和重要性的不断减小，强调减小的部分。
dwindle: 与decrease同义，指逐渐减小，但强调变得越来越少终至全无。
lessen: 普通用词，与decrease近义。指数目、程度、价值、实力等的减少。
decrease: 指逐渐地、不断地减少。
reduce: 普通用词，含义广。指数量、程度的降低或减少。
diminish, decline, alleviate, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，减轻”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: v.指因为不断消耗，在数量方面缓慢减少，也指在素质或者价值的下降。
 • The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.   由于战争石油的供应减少了。
decline: v. (数目、价格、比率)下降；谢绝，婉言推辞；衰退，衰落。
 • Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.   去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。
 • He declined our invitation to dinner.   他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。
alleviate: v.在痛苦方面的减轻，缓和
 • The painkiller alleviated the pain.   止疼药减缓了疼痛。
decrease: v.指数量上的减少；力量或者强度的减弱。
 • The population decreased a lot last year.   去年人口数量急剧下降。
reduce: v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。
 • He reduced the amount of money they could spend.   他缩减了他们的开销。
vt. 使减少；使变小
 - micrify, minify
vi. 减少，缩小；变小
 - to cut down, fall off

Word: banyan
Front: banyan
[ˈbænjən] (34800/46098)
Back: n. （印度）榕树
分布：=banian.(100%)
→印度语。同bania, 商人。来自印度过去流动商贩在大榕树下修一个小神龛祈祷，兼做生意。现今这种小神龛依然遍布印度各地。
noun countable
■a South Asian fruit tree with branches that grow down into the ground to form extra trunks 印度榕树
n. 菩提树； [林] 印度榕树
 - bodhi tree, peepul

Word: hague
Front: hague
[heiɡ] (-/8304)
Back: n. 海牙（荷兰的中央政府所在地，在荷兰西部）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: postpone
Front: postpone
[pəˈspəʊn] (高研四六托雅宝 6545/5320 -2)
Vocabulary: postpone
(once / 481 pages)
v
To postpone something is to put it off until later. You can postpone an appointment today and reschedule it for tomorrow.
Anything you're putting for is being postponed: people postpone things they don't have time to do or just don't want to do. Since doctor and dental appointments are no fun, people postpone them a lot. You can postpone small things, like going to the store or watching a video. The government can postpone big things, like the passing of bills or the invasion of another country. People who procrastinate are constantly postponing. When you see the word postpone, think "Later!"
WORD FAMILY
postpone: postponed, postponement, postponer, postpones, postponing+/ postponement: postponements/postponer: postponers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Senator Dianne Feinstein of California postponed her meeting with Mr. Sessions until January because, she said, her schedule got too busy.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The exhibition was originally to open at the Gemäldegalerie in Berlin on Dec. 4, but was postponed in November.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, presidential elections were postponed, while the Gambia’s president, Yahya Jammeh, ceded electoral defeat, then refused to step down.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: vt. 使延期，延缓; 把…放在次要地位; 把…放在后面
vi. 延缓; 延缓发作
时态：postponed, postponing, postpones
分布：推迟(86%)，延期(14%)
→post-,在后，-pon,放置，词源同position.引申词义推迟，延期。
推迟(post+pone放→放到后面→推迟)[post-①表示"在后面"②表示"邮件,邮政"]
推迟(post后+pone→向后放→推迟)[pon,pound=put,表示"放置"]
v.推迟,延期The costly post was postponed because of the frost.那件昂贵的邮件由于霜的缘故而延搁.
US [poʊst'poʊn] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to delay an event and plan or decide that it should happen at a later date or time 延后，延缓，使延期
• They decided to postpone their holiday until next year. 他们决定将假期延后到来年。
• [+ -ing verb] We've had to postpone going to France because the children are ill. 因为孩子们生病了，我们不得不延后去法国的行程。
suspend, defer, postpone, prolong, delay, put off
这组词都有“推延，延期”的意思，其区别是：
suspend: 指暂时中断以待某种条件的实现。
defer: 正式用词，语气强于postpone，多指故意拖延。
postpone: 正式用词，语气较强，多指有安排的延期，常指明延期到一定的时间。
prolong: 指把时间延长至超过正常或通常的限度。
delay: 普通用词，多指因外界原因推迟或耽误，也可指有意推迟。
put off: 口语用词，与postpone同义，但较通俗。
vt. 使…延期；把…放在次要地位；把…放在后面
 - adjourn
vi. 延缓，延迟；延缓发作
 - stave off, time delay

Word: grave
Front: grave
[ɡreɪv] (研四六雅宝 3358/3630 -K3)
Vocabulary: grave
(once / 50 pages)
1n 2adj 3v 4n
A grave is the place where a body is buried. Usually, a grave is dug in the ground, and a stone with information about the deceased person marks its location.
Grave is used as an adjective, too. It can describe something serious, or of great importance. If a situation is grave, it is serious and sad, like when a loved one is very sick. Grave can also describe causing fear or anxiety. If you are in grave danger, your personal safety is threatened. If you have a grave personality, you are solemn and dignified and don't joke around very much.
WORD FAMILY
grave: graved, gravely, graveness, gravest, graving, gravity +/ gravitate: gravitated, gravitates, gravitating, gravitation, gravitative/gravitation: gravitational, gravitations/gravitational: gravitationally/ gravity: gravitate, gravities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Traditionally a grave disappointment, New Year’s Eve is at least a time to cut loose and escape the suffocating, sprout-scented stranglehold of the family Christmas.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Ten more were found in a mass grave near a town in the area.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
After she died, she was buried with grave goods far in excess of others.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 重大的，重要的; 严重的; [音乐]沉重的; （颜色等）朴素的
adv. 沉重地，庄重地; 极慢地
n. 坟墓，墓穴; 埋葬…的地方; 下场; 死亡
vt. 雕刻; 铭记
时态：graven, graving, graves
分布：坟墓(55%)，严重的(28%)，严肃的(7%)，死亡(6%)，庄重的(2%)，铭记(1%)，雕刻(1%)
→来自ghrebh, 刮，挖，词源同carve, graph. 后该词主要指坟墓。grave 重音符
重大的,庄重的[grav,griev=heavy,表示"重"]
n.坟墓a.严肃的,庄重的On Revenue avenue, the grave traveler jumped the gravestone bravely.在税收大道上,严肃的旅行者勇敢地跳过墓碑.
【反】droll（adj 滑稽的）；giddy（adj 轻率的）读：极低；insignificant（adj 无关紧要的）；flippancy（adj 无礼；轻率）
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a place in the ground where a dead person is buried 坟墓；墓穴；埋葬处
• a mass grave 万人坑
• an unmarked grave 无名墓
• a grave digger 掘墓者
• He visits his mother's grave every Sunday. 他每个星期天都去母亲墓前拜祭。
[greɪv] noun countable
beyond the grave
■after death 死后
• Do you think there's life beyond the grave? 你认为人死后有来生吗？
[greɪv] noun countable
turn in your grave UK (US turn over/spin in your grave)
■If you say that a dead person would turn in their grave, you mean that they would be very angry or upset about something if they knew about it 在九泉之下也不得安宁；气得（或由于不安）在坟墓中辗转反侧；将死人气活
• She'd turn in her grave if she knew what he was spending his inheritance on. 如果得知他是如何挥霍她留下的遗产的，她在九泉之下也不得安宁。
[greɪv] adjective
■seriously bad 严重的；重大的；严峻的
• a grave situation 严峻的形势
solemn, sober, earnest, grave, severe, serious
这组词都有“严肃的”的意思，其区别是：
solemn: 指人表情或场景气氛严肃，侧重威严名印象深刻。
sober: 侧重因控制或抑制自己的感情而表现出的庄重。
earnest: 指严肃，认真，含诚恳和热情意味。
grave: 侧重严肃和尊严，需要认真思考，含令人担忧意味。
severe: 指面孔的严肃，法律的严厉，伤病的严重。着重严厉性，无丝毫温情。
serious: 指具有关键、严肃或严重意义的事情。
tomb, grave, vault
这组词都有“坟墓，墓穴”的意思，其区别是：
tomb: 语气比grave庄重，指有建筑工程的坟墓，可在地上，也可在地下。
grave: 一般的土墓，指埋葬尸体的场所。
vault: 指地下存放尸体或棺材的地方，也指用混凝土预制的墓穴。
adj. 重大的；严肃的；黯淡的
 - important, serious, significant, great, cracking
n. 墓穴，坟墓；死亡
 - death, end
vt. 雕刻；铭记
 - brand, heart, engrave

Word: da

Word: dynamic
Front: dynamic
[daɪˈnæmɪk] (高研四六托雅宝 3978/4218 -2)
Vocabulary: dynamic
(once / 923 pages)
1n 2adj 3adj 4adj
If a person, place, or thing is energetic and active, then it's dynamic. When things are dynamic, there's a lot going on.
Even the most exciting rural town won't be as dynamic as a big city: there are just more things happening in a city. Someone with a dynamic personality is probably funny, loud, and excitable; a quiet, mousy person isn't dynamic. You can also talk about the dynamic aspect of music, which has to do with how the music uses dynamics, which means "changes in volume." When things are dynamic, changes and energy are in the air.
WORD FAMILY
dynamic: dynamically, dynamics, dynamise, dynamism, dynamize, undynamic+/dynamism: dynamical, dynamisms/dynamize: dynamized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pittsburgh’s seven-game winning streak to end the regular season coincided with the versatile Bell’s emergence as one of the league’s most dynamic players.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Austrian innovation produces small physical bubbles in an area above its touchscreen which delivers refresh double lines of dynamic Braille.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The dynamic between career researchers and politically appointed officials will be one to watch.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 动态的; 动力的，动力学的; 充满活力的，精力充沛的; 不断变化的，充满变数的
n. 动态; 动力，推动变化的力量; 动力学; 活力
分布：动力(45%)，动态的(26%)，动力学(19%)，动力的(6%)，有活力的(4%)
→来自希腊语dynamis, 力量，权力，统治者。引申义动态的。
a.动力的,电动的;有生气的A dynamic government is necessary to meet the demands of a changing society.一个有活力的政府必须适应社会的改变.
【参】dynamite（n 炸药；v 炸毁）；dynamics（n 动力学）；dynamite（n 炸药）＝explosives
adjective
 ADVANCED
■having a lot of ideas and enthusiasm; energetic and forceful 思维活跃的；活泼的，充满活力的，精力充沛的
• She's young and dynamic and will be a great addition to the team. 她年轻活泼，会给团队增添不少活力。
• We need a dynamic expansion of trade with other countries. 我们需要大力发展与其他国家的贸易。
[daɪ'næm.ɪk] adjective
■relating to forces that produce movement 动力的（与产生运动的力有关的）
• a dynamic force 动力
adj. [力] 动态的；动力的；动力学的；有活力的
 - vital, actional
n. 动态； [力] 动力
 - trends, momentum, impetus

Word: seal
Front: seal
[si:l] (高研四六托雅 4021/4259 -K1)
Vocabulary: seal
(once / 193 pages)
1nv 2nv
A seal can be either the cute mammal at the aquarium balancing a beach ball on its nose, or the fancy stamp on your diploma that acts as an official "seal of approval" from your school.
Seal is a tricky word since its meanings are so diverse. One type of seal lives in water, coming ashore to breed, give birth, and nurse their young. The largest type of seal — the elephant seal — can weigh 6,000 pounds! On the other hand, seal can also mean a stamp that may be placed on a document to show that the document is official and authentic. And, if you want to make sure that your document is safe in its envelope, you might need to seal (make tight) the envelope with some tape.
WORD FAMILY
seal: reseal, sealant, sealed, sealer, sealing, seals, underseal, unseal+/reseal: resealed, resealing, reseals/sealant: sealants/sealed: undersealed/sealer: sealers/sealing: sealings, self-sealing/unseal: unsealed, unsealing, unseals
USAGE EXAMPLES
The motion that prompted Monday’s hearing was submitted under seal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The theory is that moisturizers “seal” a baby’s skin against some invader that triggers inflammation.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That sealed the outcome of the game and the 2016 season.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 密封; 印章; 海豹; 封条
v. 密封; 盖章; 决定; 封上（信封）
时态：sealed, sealing, seals
分布：密封(68%)，海豹(15%)，印章(10%)，封条(5%)，盖印(1%)，明确(1%)
→来自古法语 seel,封印，图章，来自拉丁语 sigillum,小图片，小印，封印，来自 signum,标记， 记号，词源同 sign.原指书信上的封蜡标记，引申诸相关词义。seal 海豹
n.封铅,封条;印,图章;海豹v.封,密封He conceals the fact that he is jealous of my seal and wants to steal it.他隐瞒了他嫉妒我的印章并想偷的事实.
【区】seam（v /n 接缝）
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED
■a large mammal that eats fish and which lives partly in the sea and partly on land or ice 海豹
[si:l] noun countable
COVERING 覆盖物
■something fixed around the edge of an opening to prevent liquid or gas flowing through it 密封垫；密封装置
• Clean the seal on/around the fridge door regularly so that it remains airtight. 定期清洁冰箱门上的密封条，可以使它保持密闭。
■a thin piece of material such as paper or plastic that covers the opening of a container and has to be broken in order to open the container and use the contents 封口
[si:l] noun countable
MARK 标记
■an official mark on a document, sometimes made with wax, which shows that it is legal or has been officially approved 封蜡；印章；封条
• The lawyer stamped the certificate with her seal. 律师在证书上盖上了她的印章。
[si:l] noun countable
seal of approval
■an official sign of approval 官方批准，正式批准
• The Government has given the proposal its seal of approval. 政府已经批准了这项提案。
[si:l] noun countable
set/put the seal on sth
■to make the result of something certain 使有确切结果；使成定局
• The meeting set the seal on the negotiations. 会议使谈判有了结果。
[si:l] verb transitive
COVERING 覆盖物
 ADVANCED
■to close an entrance or container so that nothing can enter or leave it 封，密封
■to cover a surface with a special liquid to protect it （用特殊液体）覆盖…的表面
• This floor has just been sealed (with varnish), so don't walk on it! 地板刚刚上过清漆，别在上面走！
■to close a letter or parcel by sticking the edges together 封上（信或包裹）； 弥封
• Seal the package (up) with sticky tape. 用透明胶带把包裹封起来。
• He sealed (down) the envelope and put a stamp on it. 他封上信封，贴上邮票。
[si:l] verb transitive
MARK 标记
■to make an agreement more certain or to approve it formally 确认，正式批准（协定）
• The two leaders sealed their agreement with a handshake. 两位领袖握手表示达成协定。
[si:l] verb transitive
seal your fate
■If an action, event or situation seals your fate, nothing can stop some unpleasant thing happening to you 注定（或决定）（某人）的命运
• From the moment she stepped into the busy road her fate was sealed. 从她踏上这条路时起，就注定了她劳碌的命运。
[si:l] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] seal sth in
■to prevent a substance or quality from being lost from something during a process such as cooking 保持，使不丧失
• Fry the meat quickly in hot oil to seal in the flavour/juices. 把肉在热油中迅速过一下，以保持它的原汁原味。
[si:l] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] seal sth off
■to prevent people from entering an area or building, often because it is dangerous 封锁，隔离
• Two more bombs have been discovered since the police sealed off the area. 员警将这个地区封锁后，又发现了两枚炸弹。
n. [机] 密封；印章； [皮革] [脊椎] 海豹；封条；标志
 - symbol, print
vt. [机] 密封；盖章
 - pressure, air proof

Word: database
Front: database
[ˈdeɪtəbeɪs] (高研雅 3638/2072 -1)
Vocabulary: database
(once / 2585 pages)
n
A database is an organized body of information. Libraries have lots of databases to help you find books, articles, or information.
Looking for some information? You might need to check a database, probably at the library or online. A database collects a bunch of information and resources, usually on a common subject. Some databases feature newspapers; others are related to legal issues. The police use databases to track criminals, and the government uses databases to track terrorists. Anywhere there's information being collected and accessed, there's probably a database keeping track of it all.
WORD FAMILY
database: databases
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new law in Russia, for instance, requires that the personal information of Russian citizens is kept in national databases.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Kimberly Bathgate, a spokeswoman for the Pennsylvania court system, said the outcome was reported to state police for inclusion in its criminal history database.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The state agency overseeing the license database says the federal law enforcement agency tapped into it 240 times in 2016.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 数据库; 资料库; 信息库
分布：数据库(100%)
n.(databank)数据库
US [-tˌə-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a large amount of information stored in a computer system in such a way that it can be easily looked at or changed （电脑）数据库
• We're linked to the on-line database at our head office. 我们连接到总部的线上资料库。
n. [计] 数据库，资料库
 - dbase, informix

Word: humanity
Front: humanity
[hju:ˈmænəti] (研六托雅 3501/4999 -2)
Vocabulary: humanity
(once / 149 pages)
1n 2n
Humanity is the human race, which includes everyone on Earth. It’s also a word for the qualities that make us human, such as the ability to love and have compassion, be creative, and not be a robot or alien.
The word humanity is from the Latin humanitas for "human nature, kindness.” Humanity includes all the humans, but it can also refer to the kind feelings humans often have for each other. Awww. But when you talk about humanity, you could just be talking about people as a whole. When people do bad things, it tests your faith in humanity. When people ask for money to help feed starving children, they're appealing to your sense of humanity.
WORD FAMILY
humanity: humanitarian, humanities +/dehumanise: dehumanisation, dehumanised, dehumanising/dehumanize: dehumanization, dehumanized, dehumanizes, dehumanizing/ human: humanise, humanism, humanity, humanize, humanlike, humanly, humanness, humans, inhuman, nonhuman, subhuman, superhuman, unhuman/humanise: dehumanise, humanisation, humanised, humanises, humanising/ humanism: humanist, humanistic / humanist: humanists/ humanistic: humanistically/ humanitarian: humanitarianism, humanitarians/ humanize: dehumanize, humanization, humanized, humanizes, humanizing/ inhuman: inhumanity, inhumanly/inhumanity: inhumanities/superhuman: superhumanly/unhuman: unhumanly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Arrival” handles that grief differently, ultimately arguing that there is a humanity in sadness.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But then the singer, surrounded by dancers and a sea of humanity, appeared flustered and complained of technical difficulties.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Emergencies and bad news tend to command our attention, so it’s easy to miss humanity’s remarkable ability to improve its own lot.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 人类; 人性; 人道; 人文学科
分布：人类(63%)，人性(27%)，人道(9%)，慈爱(1%)
→human-,人的，-ity,集合名词后缀。引申词义人，人类。
n.人类,人性,人情;(pl.)人文科学The humorous rumour has something to do with human humanity and vanity.那个幽默传闻与人类的仁慈和虚荣心有关.
US [-tˌi] noun
PEOPLE 人
uncountable
■people in general （统称）人，人类
• The massacre was a crime against humanity. 这次大屠杀是有违人道的罪行。
UK [hju:'mæn.ə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
KINDNESS 仁慈
uncountable
■understanding and kindness towards other people 对他人的理解和仁慈
• If only he would show/display a little humanity for once. 但愿他这次能表现出一点人性。
UK [hju:'mæn.ə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
SUBJECTS 学科
(the) humanities
[plural]
■the study of subjects such as literature, language, history and philosophy 人文学科（如文学、语言、历史、哲学等）
• I've always been more interested in the humanities than the sciences. 我一直对人文学科比对自然科学更感兴趣。
humanity, mankind, man
这组词都有“人类”的意思，其区别是：
humanity: 书面用词，集合名词，多用于文学作品中，作人类解时，侧重有同情心、理解力和崇高品质。
mankind: 集体名词，语体庄重，泛指过去、现在和未来的人类。
man: 指各时代的全体人类。
n. [人类] 人类；人道；仁慈；人文学科
 - mankind, people, mercy, kindness

Word: equip
Front: equip
[ɪˈkwɪp] (高研四六托 4145/3643 -2)
Vocabulary: equip
(once / 141 pages)
v
To equip means to provide something needed for a particular purpose. If you’re planning a trip to the Arctic, you should equip yourself with warm clothes, tents, and two-way radios.
You might want to equip someone with an ice axe for ice climbing and a diving watch for underwater excursions. The ice axe or the diving watch is their equipment. Equip can also be used in a more figurative sense. If you are supposed to write computer programs but have never worked with a computer, you might say that you are not equipped for that. On a really bad day, it might feel like people are not equipped to deal with each other politely.
WORD FAMILY
equip: equipage, equipment, equipped, equipping, equips, re-equip+/equipage: equipages/ equipment: equipments/ equipped: ill-equipped, unequipped/re-equip: re-equipping
USAGE EXAMPLES
The same filings say it was once called “the best equipped school in the nation.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The building contains 24 units and was equipped with sprinklers.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Disney will be well equipped to expand its galaxy of heroes in the next two years.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 装备，配备; 使具备，使有准备
时态：equipped, equipping, equips
分布：装备(75%)，具备(11%)，准备(10%)，穿(4%)
→来自古法语esquiper, 船的配备，装载，词源同ship. 拼写参照etude, study.
v.(with)装备,配备;训练Our laboratory is well equipped.我们的实验室装备良好.
[ɪ'kwɪp] (-pp-)
verb transitive
PROVIDE 提供
 ADVANCED
■to provide a person or a place with objects that are necessary for a particular purpose 装备；配备
• It's going to cost $4 million to equip the hospital. 给这所医院配齐医疗设备将耗资400万美元。
• All the police officers were equipped with shields to defend themselves against the rioters. 所有员警都配备了盾牌以便在与暴乱分子的对抗中防身。
[ɪ'kwɪp] (-pp-)
verb transitive
PREPARE 准备
■to give someone the skills they need to do a particular thing 使有准备；使有能力；训练
• The course aims to equip people with the skills necessary for a job in this technological age. 本课程旨在使人们获得在这个科技时代必备的工作技能。
• A degree in the history of art is very nice but it doesn't exactly equip you for many jobs. 能获得一个艺术史学位固然不错，但在很多工作中它并不见得会使你有用武之地。
equip, furnish, present, provide, volunteer, propose, supply, offer, afford
equip: 侧重提供与技术有关的装备或设备等
furnish: 多指添置家具等供给生活的必需品或为生活舒适提供所需的服务设施
present: 既可指提出意见建议等，又可指拿出某物供人欣赏或赠送
provide: 与supply近义，但强调人的深谋远虑，侧重用贮备等方法作充分准备
volunteer: 侧重出于自愿，而不是奉命做某事
propose: 指直接而主动地提出问题或建议等，也指在讨论或争辩中提出具体意见或建议
supply: 普通用词，指提供任何所需求的东西
offer: 多指主动提出或提供意见或东西等，但是否接受由对方自行决定
afford: 一般只用于对抽象事物提供，也可指经济能力上的供给或支付
vt. 装备，配备
 - prepare, provide

Word: portray
Front: portray
[pɔ:ˈtreɪ] (研六托雅宝 3263/7017 -2)
Vocabulary: portray
(once / 511 pages)
v
When you paint a picture of someone, either in words or in paint, you portray them. Actors portray characters too.
Whether you're talking about acting or another art form, the idea is the same: representing a person and bringing to light their most important qualities. To portray a person is to show who that person is, giving a sense of their personality or character. Often, famous people don't like how they're portrayed. For example, Presidents usually hate how they're portrayed in editorial cartoons. When you portray someone, you can be positive or negative, accurate or inaccurate. It's up to you.
WORD FAMILY
portray: portraitist, portraiture, portrayal, portrayed, portrayer, portraying, portrays+/portraitist: portraitists/portraiture: portraitures/ portrayal: portrayals/portrayer: portrayers/portraying: portrayings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Billboards, TV and radio adverts all portrayed him as the face of a state hungry for success and growth.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He is one of several local celebrities portrayed in the artwork, including chef Daniel Boulud.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The American Beverage Institute portrayed it as “criminalizing perfectly responsible behavior.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 画像; 描述; 描绘; 描画
时态：portrayed, portraying, portrays
分布：描绘(84%)，描写(10%)，饰演(6%)
→来自古法语portraire,描绘，描画，来自por-,向前，traire,拉，来自拉丁语trahere,拉，词源同draw,drawing,tract.字面意思即向前拉，延展，引申词义描绘，描画等。拼写可能受tray影响俗化。
v.描写,描述;画(人物,景象等)It is difficult to portray feelings in words.感情很难用言语来描写.
US [pɔ:r-] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to represent or describe someone or something in a painting, film, book or other artistic work 描绘，描述，描写
• The painting portrays a beautiful young woman in a blue dress. 这幅画描绘的是一位身穿蓝色连衣裙的美丽少妇。
• The writer portrays life in a small village at the turn of the century. 作家描写了世纪之交一个小村庄的生活。
portray sb as sth
■If a person in a film, book, etc. is portrayed as a particular type of character, they are represented in that way 把（某人）刻画成，将（某人）塑造成
• The father in the film is portrayed as a fairly unpleasant character. 影片中的父亲被塑造成一个很不讨人喜欢的角色。
vt. 描绘；扮演
 - represent, play, trace, figure

Word: arrange
Front: arrange
[əˈreɪndʒ] (高研四托 2216/1324 -K4)
Vocabulary: arrange
(once / 49 pages)
v
Think it might be fun to be a party planner? These highly organized people arrange everything from invitations to music, food, even the lighting in the room, meaning they put everything in order.
At a concert, you look in your program to see what piece is next. There's a title, followed by the composer's name. Under that is another name, preceded by "arranged by." What does that mean? Every piece was originally written with a certain instrument or instruments in mind. In order for that music to be played by other instruments, it first has to be adapted, meaning someone has to arrange it. A symphony for kazoos? You can arrange that.
WORD FAMILY
arrange: arranged, arrangement, arranger, arranges, arranging, disarrange, prearrange, rearrange +/ arrangement: arrangements/arranger: arrangers/arranging: arrangings/disarrange: disarranged, disarrangement, disarranges, disarranging/disarrangement: disarrangements/ prearrange: prearranged, prearrangement, prearranges, prearranging/prearrangement: prearrangements/ rearrange: rearranged, rearrangement, rearranges, rearranging/rearrangement: rearrangements
USAGE EXAMPLES
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims — arranged in a star formation — in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims - arranged in a star formation - in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hearing that Despommier would be addressing an audience of high-school science teachers at Columbia on a recent morning, I arranged to sit in.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 把…（系统地）分类; 整理; 改编（剧本等）; 达成…的协议
vi. （就某事与某人）达成协议，（与某人）商定（某事）(with a person about 或 for a thing); [音乐]（尤指专业）改编乐曲
时态：arranged, arranging, arranges
分布：安排(87%)，整理(7%)，计划(4%)，协商(2%)
→前缀ar-同ad-. range, 排列。
安排(ar+range排列→安排)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
安排(ar+range→排列起来→安排)[range=rank,表示"排列,顺序"]
v.安排,筹划;整理,使有条理,排列,布置In the exchange the oranges are arranged into strange ranges.在交易所里橙子被排成奇怪的行.
verb
PLAN 计划
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to plan or prepare for; to organize 安排；准备；筹划
• I'm trying to arrange my work so that I can have a couple of days off next week. 我正设法把工作安排好，以便下周能够休息一两天。
• The meeting has been arranged for Wednesday. 会议已经安排在周三了。
• [+ to infinitive] They arranged to have dinner the following month. 他们约好在下个月共进晚餐。
• I've already arranged with him to meet at the cinema. 我已和他约好了在电影院见面。
• She's arranged for her son to have swimming lessons. 她已经安排她儿子去上游泳课了。
• [+ that] I'd deliberately arranged that they should arrive at the same time. 我特意安排好让他们同时到达。
• [+ question word] We haven't yet arranged wh en to meet. 我们还没有约好甚么时候会面。
[ə'reɪndʒ] verb
PUT IN POSITION 放在适当的位置
 ADVANCED transitive
■to put something in a particular order 整理，使有条理；排列；布置
• She arranged her birthday cards along the shelf. 她把生日卡在架子上摆成一排。
• Who arranged these flowers so beautifully? 这些花插得真漂亮，谁的手艺？
• His books are neatly arranged in alphabetical order. 他的书都按照字母顺序排列得整整齐齐。
[ə'reɪndʒ] verb
MUSIC 音乐
transitive
■to change a piece of music so that it can be played in a different way, for example by a particular instrument 改编（乐曲）
• Beethoven's fifth symphony has been arranged for the piano. 贝多芬的第五号交响曲被改编成了钢琴曲。
arrange, classify, sort, organize
这组词都有“使有条理，安排”的意思，其区别是：
arrange: 指按计划、秩序、需要和可能等进行安排。
classify: 指按照事物类型、质量或是否相似进行分类。
sort: 通常指根据类型或种类分类或整理选择。
organize: 指按计划或需要把人或物安排组织成一个整体。
vt. 安排；排列；整理
 - schedule, budget, place in, settle, form
vi. 安排；排列；协商
 - place in, treat, form

Word: brave
Front: brave
[breɪv] (中高研四 4854/3800 -K3)
Vocabulary: brave
(once / 66 pages)
1adjnv 2adj 3n
Courageous, dauntless, perhaps a little bit daring, a person who is brave faces dangerous or difficult situations with courage.
The adjective brave can be used to describe anyone or anything that displays courage, such as a brave firefighter, a brave guide dog, or even brave holiday shoppers. In addition to its adjective form, the word brave can also act as a verb. Use the verb brave when you want to say that someone is facing a dangerous or unpleasant situation courageously: “Only the hardiest skiers were able to brave the icy conditions and complete the course.” Both adjective and verb forms of the word share a common meaning — the sense of having courage or acting fearlessly.
WORD FAMILY
brave: braved, bravely, braveness, braver, bravery, braves, bravest, braving+/ bravery: braveries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bartolo Colon, playing first base for Braves, knocks 20th homer of season.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hanchar recalled his aunt trying to keep up a brave front that night.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
But mostly, he’s been a scout - a role he still fills for the Atlanta Braves at age 91.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 勇敢的; 需要勇气的; 华丽的; 漂亮的
vt. 勇敢面对，不怕，不顾
n. 勇士; 美洲印第安武士
时态：braved, braving, braves
分布：勇敢的(86%)，英勇的(9%)，勇敢地面对(5%)
→来自拉丁词barbarus, 见barbarian，野蛮的。后词义褒义化。
a.勇敢的v.勇敢地面对(危险等)On Revenue avenue, the grave traveler jumped the gravestone bravely.在税收大道上,严肃的旅行者勇敢地跳过墓碑.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■showing no fear of dangerous or difficult things 勇敢的，无畏的
• a brave soldier 勇敢的士兵
• It was a brave decision to quit her job and start her own business. 她辞职自己创业是个大胆的决定。
• She was very brave to learn to ski at fifty. 她50岁开始学滑雪可真勇敢。
• Of the three organizations criticized, only one was brave enough to face the press. 三家受到批评的机构中，只有一家敢于面对媒体。
• Richards has made a brave attempt to answer his critics. 理察斯勇敢地回应那些批评他的人。
• This action will cause problems, despite the bank's brave talk/words about carrying on as if nothing had happened. 尽管银行貌似若无其事，大言不惭地说要坚持下去，这种行为还是会产生问题。
[breɪv] adjective
put on a brave face (also put a brave face on it)
■to behave as if a problem is not important or does not worry you 强装勇敢，装作不在乎
• She seems all right but I suspect she's just putting on a brave face. 她似乎没甚么，但我怀疑她只是假装不在乎。
[breɪv] verb transitive
■to deal with an unpleasant or difficult situation 勇敢面对；冒（风险）
• Shall we brave the snow and go for a walk (= go for a walk although it is snowing) ? 我们冒雪去散步好吗？
• literary She braved the wrath of her parents by refusing to marry the man they had chosen. 她不顾父母的不满，拒绝与他们选中的男人结婚。
[breɪv] noun countable old-fashioned
■a young Native American warrior (= fighting man). This is usually considered offensive. 美洲印第安武士（通常具有冒犯意味）
brave, bold, daring, heroic, fearless, courageous
这组词都有“勇敢的”的意思，其区别是：
brave: 含义广泛，指天生的勇敢，无所畏惧地面对困难与危险，侧重胆识与果断。
bold: 侧重指面对困难或危险时勇往直前，勇于进取的勇敢精神。
daring: 强调面临意外或危险时胆大心细，头脑冷静。褒义贬义均可用，贬义指胆大妄为。
heroic: 正式用词，多指在战争或重大危险时，为他人为事业忘我献身的英雄气概。
fearless: 语气肯定，侧重在危险时无所畏惧，毫无动摇。
courageous: 正式用词，侧重指在一切情况下都有胆量，无所畏惧，强调基于道德信念，经深思熟虑后所产生的勇敢。
adj. 勇敢的；华丽的
 - game, magnificent, gorgeous
vt. 勇敢地面对
 - face up to, outbrave
n. 勇士
 - warrior, lionheart

Word: fancy
Front: fancy
[ˈfænsi] (高研四六托雅 5118/3859 -K1)
Vocabulary: fancy
(once / 58 pages)
1adj 2vn 3nv
Fancy can be an adjective, noun, or a verb. As an adjective, it’s the opposite of plain. The noun names something that isn’t real. When someone likes or wants something, the verb can be used: “I fancy a cup of tea.” Doesn’t that sound fancy?
Fancy is an old contraction of the word fantasy. You’ll often see this word used in the phrase “flights of fancy.” This phrase refers to an unrealistic goal or idea such as, “He has flights of fancy about running off to Hollywood and becoming a movie star.” Fancy can also be used as an expression of affection. If you have a crush on someone, for instance, you could say that you “took a fancy” to him or her.
WORD FAMILY
fancy: fancied, fancier, fancies, fanciest, fanciful, fancily, fancying+/fancied: fanciedly/ fancier: fanciers/ fanciful: fancifully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Not a fancy car, mind you—a fifteen-year old Civic with 170,000 miles on it—but a car nonetheless.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Rookie Tyreek Hill showed some fancy footwork in returning a punt 95 yards for a touchdown in the final minute of the third quarter.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Rookie Tyreek Hill showed some fancy footwork in returning a punt 95 yards for a touchdown in the final minute of the third quarter.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 认为; 想象; 想要; 自命不凡
n. 想象的事物; 想象力; 爱好; 想要
adj. 精致的; 花哨的; 昂贵的; 异常复杂的
时态：fancied, fancying, fancies
分布：幻想(33%)，想象(19%)，昂贵的(13%)，喜爱(6%)，想像力(6%)，迷恋(6%)，好的(5%)，时髦的(4%)，希望(4%)，复杂的(3%)，华丽装饰的(1%)
→缩写自fantasy, 幻想，空想。
n.爱好,迷恋v.想象,幻想a.花式的,奇特的Fancy meeting you here!想不到在这儿见到你了!
verb
LIKE 喜欢
 IMPROVER transitive mainly UK
■to want to have or do something 想要；想做
• Do you fancy a drink this evening? 你今晚想喝一杯吗？
• [+ -ing verb] I didn't fancy swimming in that water. 我不想在那水里游泳。
transitive mainly UK informal
■to be sexually attracted to someone 爱慕，喜欢
• He could tell she fancied him. 他看得出她喜欢他。
fancy yourself mainly UK disapproving
■to think you are very attractive or important 自以为是；自命不凡
• That Dave really fancies himself, doesn't he? 那个戴夫挺自命不凡的，是吧？
['fænt.si] verb
IMAGINE 想像
intransitive or transitive
■to imagine or think that something is so 想像；认为
• [+ (that)] UK I fancied (that) I saw something moving in the corner. 我想我看见角落里有东西在动。
• [R] He fancies himself as a bit of a singer. 他认为自己多少是个歌手。
• [+ to infinitive] Who do you fancy to win the Cup this year? 你认为今年谁会赢得杯赛？
• UK old-fashioned This isn't the first time this has happened, I fancy. 我想，这不是第一次发生这种事了。
fancy! (also fancy that!) UK old-fashioned
■an expression of surprise （表示惊讶）真想不到！
• "They have eight children." "Fancy that! “他们有八个孩子。”“真想不到啊！”
['fænt.si] verb
fancy sb's chances mainly UK
■to think that someone is likely to succeed 认为（某人）会成功
• I don't fancy his chances of getting his novel published. 我认为他的小说能够出版的希望不大。
['fænt.si] adjective
DECORATIVE 装饰的
■decorative or complicated 装饰的；花哨的；复杂的
• I wanted a simple black dress, nothing fancy. 我想要一件简洁的黑色礼服，不要花哨的东西。
• The decor was rather fancy for my tastes. 这种装饰风格过于繁复，不合我的喜好。
• fancy cakes 花式蛋糕
['fænt.si] adjective
EXPENSIVE 昂贵的 informal
■expensive 昂贵的；豪华的
• We stayed in a fancy hotel near the Champs-Élysées. 我们住在香榭丽舍大道附近一家豪华的饭店里。
• a fancy restaurant 豪华餐厅
['fænt.si] noun
STH/SB YOU LIKE 你喜欢的事物／人
passing fancy
■something that you like very much for a short period 一时的兴趣（或爱好）
• But for me, parachuting was no passing fancy. 但是对我来说，跳伞可不是一时的兴趣。
take a fancy to sth/sb
■to start liking something or someone very much 喜欢上，爱上
• Laura's taken a fancy to Japanese food. 萝拉喜欢上日本料理。
take/tickle your fancy informal
■If something takes/tickles your fancy, you like it and want to have or do it 吸引（某人），中（某人的）意
• I looked in a lot of clothes shops but nothing really tickled my fancy. 我逛了很多服装店，但没甚么衣服让我中意。
['fænt.si] noun
IMAGINATION 想像力
uncountable literary
■the imagination 想像（力） See flight of fancy
realize, fancy, think, imagine, conceive
这组词都有“在思想中形成一个看法或观念”的意思，其区别是：
realize: 指领悟，通过生动的构思或想象从而抓住事物的本质。
fancy: 与imagine略不同，往往指的是不切实际的，属于梦幻般的想象。
think: 最普通用词，指想或思索，也指由反复思考而作出判断或得出结论等。
imagine: 比conceive更强调形象思维，指在头脑中形成一个清晰明确的意象。
conceive: 指在头脑中组织好自己的思想，在心中形成一个系统的思想或一个见解。
love, fancy, enjoy, prefer, like, adore
这组词都有“喜欢、喜爱”的意思，其区别是：
love: 不但表示强烈的喜欢，而且含依恋之情，因此多用于能激起深厚情感的人或物。
fancy: 指喜爱投合自己心意、嗜好或欲望等的人或物。
enjoy: 指对能提供感观或智力上满足或快乐的东西表示欣赏或喜爱。
prefer: 指有选择性或偏向性的喜欢。
like: 最常用词，往往只表不太强烈的兴趣或关注，不带强烈的感情，除非另加修饰语。
adore: 非正式用词，口语体。指非常喜爱，带强烈的感情色彩。
fantasy, fancy, imagination
这组词都有“想象，幻想”的意思，其区别是：
fantasy: 指与现实完全脱节，荒诞离谱、稀奇古怪的想象。
fancy: 指脱离实际的幻想或幻想力，常暗含所想象的东西近乎怪诞的意味。
imagination: 含义广，一般不含贬义。可指认真、带有启发性的想象，也可指凭记忆的想象或凭空想象事物的能力。
n. 幻想；想像力；爱好
 - interest, like, fantasy
adj. 想象的；奇特的；昂贵的；精选的
 - expensive, rich, ideal, picked, dear
vt. 想象；喜爱；设想；自负
 - enjoy, vision, image
vi. 幻想；想象
 - have vision of, to imagine

Word: imperial
Front: imperial
[ɪmˈpɪəriəl] (研六雅宝 5035/3131 -2)
Vocabulary: imperial
(once / 171 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3n
Imperial carries the implication of royalty, usually pertaining to an empire; the emperor or empress is referred to as "your imperial highness."
The word imperial has a lofty feel, and though it's often used of royalty, it is sometimes used to refer to anything extremely large or impressive. It was once the name of a large suitcase that was too big to fit inside a coach and so was tied on top. Think of something imperial as being something so upper-class that it's almost to the point of royalty — and sometimes almost to the point of being a joke.
WORD FAMILY
imperial: imperialism, imperially, imperials+/ imperialism: imperialisms, imperialist, imperialistic /imperialist: imperialists/ imperialistic: imperialistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I don’t share those kinds of extreme views,” he said, when asked about nationalism and the Russian Imperial Movement.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The southern Brawley Seismic Zone is close in proximity to the Imperial fault.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Balfour Declaration was issued at the height of the imperial age, when colonization was still in good odor.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 帝国的，皇帝的; 皇家的，庄严的; 特级的; 度量衡英制的
n. 纸张尺寸，通常是23×23英寸; 特大号，特级品; 一小绺胡须; 马车的车顶
分布：帝国的(36%)，皇帝(26%)，皇帝的(18%)，英制的(8%)，女皇(5%)，特大号(3%)，特大的(3%)，马车车顶(1%)
→词源同empire,帝国，帝权。
帝国的(imper帝国+ial)[emper,imper=command,表示"命令,统治"]
a.帝国的,帝王的;(度量衡)英制的His Imperial Majesty.国王陛下.
US [-'pɪr.i-] adjective
EMPIRE 帝国
 ADVANCED
■belonging or relating to an empire or the person or country that rules it 帝国的；皇帝的
• Imperial China 中华帝国
• Britain's imperial past 英国的帝国史
• the Imperial palace 皇宫
• imperial grandeur 帝国的辉煌
UK [ɪm'pɪə.ri.əl] US [-'pɪr.i-] adjective
MEASUREMENT 度量衡
■describes a system of measurement that uses units such as inches , miles and pints 英制的
• Imperial units have in many cases been replaced by metric ones in Britain. 在英国，很多情况下英制已经被公制取代。
Compare metric
imperious, imperial
imperious: a.傲慢的，专横的。
 • The strict father showed an imperious attitude toward his children.   那个严厉父亲对孩子的态度很专横。
imperial: a.帝国的，帝王的；帝王般的，威严的；英制的(非公制的度量衡制，如磅，加仑，品脱等)。
 • the imperial guards   帝国卫士
adj. [纸] 帝国的；皇帝的；至高无上的；威严的
 - august, sovereign

Word: gear
Front: gear
[gɪə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2607/3392 -K3)
Vocabulary: gear
(once / 514 pages)
1nv 2n
The noun gear refers to several things. First, it’s the equipment we need for a sport or event. A gear is also a wheel with teeth that interlocks with another gear to transmit motion in a machine.
The background of gear as "equipment" dates back to around 1200 and comes from the Old Norse gervi, "apparel." The word gear in machinery became common in the early 19th century, although there is evidence that the word came to mean "toothed wheel" as early as 1520. Gear entered English slang around 1951, meaning something stylish. This use was popularized in the 1960s, under the influence of British pop music.
WORD FAMILY
gear: geared, gearing, gears+/geared: ungeared/gearing: gearings
USAGE EXAMPLES
There were kids in soccer gear and a woman in a sari staring at her cellphone.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Clemson’s players asked what he was doing when he changed into football gear.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Airport officials say the landing gear on the Hawker Jet collapsed on landing Monday afternoon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 齿轮; 排挡; 传动装置; 衣服
vi. 接上; 调和
vt. 使适应; 装上齿轮; 用齿轮连接
时态：geared, gearing, gears
分布：齿轮(73%)，装备(8%)，传动装置(7%)，工具(6%)，调整(3%)，排挡(2%)，使适应于(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*garwjan, 准备，装备，词源同garb.
n.齿轮,传动装置v.(to)调整,使适合After the rehearsal, the weary mechanic repaired the gears with shears and spear.排练完后,疲倦的机修工用剪刀和矛修理了齿轮装置.
【记】用gear g割掉你的ear耳朵
US [gɪr] noun
ENGINE PART 引擎部件，引擎零件
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a device, often consisting of connecting sets of wheels with teeth (= points) around the edge, that controls how much power from an engine goes to the moving parts of a machine 档，排档；传动装置
• Does your car have four or five gears? 你的车是四档的还是五档的？
• I couldn't find reverse gear. 我找不着倒档了。
• The car should be in gear (= with its gears in position, allowing the vehicle to move). 车档应该挂着。
• When you start a car you need to be in first/ US also low gear. 汽车启动时应该使用一档。
• figurative After a slow start, the leadership campaign suddenly shifted into top gear (= started to advance very quickly). 争夺领导权的竞选活动启动缓慢，但是后来却突然开足了马力密锣紧鼓地进行起来。
change gear UK (US also shift gear)
■to change the position of the gears to make a vehicle go faster or more slowly 换档
UK [gɪər] US [gɪr] noun
EQUIPMENT 装备
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the equipment, clothes etc. that you use to do a particular activity （从事某活动的）装备，用具，衣服
• fishing/camping gear 钓鱼／露营用具
• Police in riot gear (= protective clothing) arrived to control the protesters. 身着防暴衣的员警赶来制服抗议者。
⇒ See also headgear
uncountable informal
■clothes 衣着；服装
• She wears all the latest gear. 她穿的衣服都是最新潮的。
UK [gɪər] US [gɪr] noun
step/move up a gear informal
■to start to do something better, especially in sport, in a way that is easy to see （尤指体育运动中）大有转机，开始有很大起色
• After a disappointing first half, United moved up a gear and took control of the game. 上半场联队表现令人失望，但此后却表现出色，掌控了比赛的主动权。
UK [gɪər] US [gɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  gear sth to/towards sb/sth
■to design or organize something so that it is suitable for a particular purpose, situation or group of people 使适合于…；使与…相适应
• Most public places are simply not geared to the needs of people with disabilities. 大多数公共场所根本不能适应残疾人士的需要。
• The workshops are geared towards helping people to become more employable. 研习班旨在帮助学员提高就业能力。
• These advertisements are geared towards a younger audience. 这些广告的对像是年轻的观众。
UK [gɪər] US [gɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] gear (sb/sth) up
■to prepare for something that you have to do, or to prepare someone else for something 准备；使（…）准备好
• Politicians are already gearing up for the election. 政治家们已经为大选做起了准备。
• [R + to infinitive] I'm gearing my self up to ask him to give me my money back. 我准备要开口向他要回我的钱。
• [R] I'm trying to gear my self up for tomorrow's exam. 我正在努力为明天的考试做准备。
n. [机] 齿轮；装置，工具；传动装置
 - apparatus, installation, facilities, vehicle, engine
vi. 适合；搭上齿轮；开始工作
 - serve, adapt to something
vt. 开动；搭上齿轮；使……适合；使……准备好
 - actuate, get under way

Word: expertise
Front: expertise
[ˌekspɜ:ˈti:z] (研六托雅宝 3898/2982 -2)
Vocabulary: expertise
(once / 2675 pages)
n
When you're an expert at something, you show expertise — or an exceptional knowledge of the subject. "He had expertise in accounting, having excelled in math, but he had even more expertise in dancing, his hobby since a small child."
Expertise has obvious roots in the word expert. Just about any interest or field has a place for experts. Just as one individual has expertise in world religions, another may have expertise in computer gaming. Working hard or immersing yourself in a specialty leads to expertise, and it comes through both study and hands-on experience.
WORD FAMILY
expert: expertise, expertly, expertness, experts, inexpert +/ inexpert: inexpertest, inexpertly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fernyhough quotes an advocate who says, “It is about power, and it’s about who’s got the expertise, and the authority.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The auction house quickly moved to hire Martin to provide museum-quality expertise.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Any medication prescribed to him was overseen by a board-certified psychiatrist with expertise in working with autistic individuals.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 专门知识或技能; 专家的意见; 专家评价，鉴定
分布：专门知识(52%)，专门技术(36%)，专家的意见(12%)
→来自expert, 专家。
n.专门知识(或技能等),专长From the experiment the experienced expert gained an unexpected expertise.有经验的专家从实验中获得一项意外技能.
【记】expert（n 专家）
US [-spɝ:-] noun uncountable
■a high level of knowledge or skill 专门技能（知识）；专长
• We admired the expertise with which he prepared the meal. 我们很羡慕他那一手烹调绝技。
• I have no expertise in sewing/sewing expertise. 我在缝纫上很外行。
• She has considerable expertise in French history. 她研究法国历史有很深的造诣。
n. 专门知识；专门技术；专家的意见
 - special knowledge, professional knowledge

Word: persist
Front: persist
[pəˈsɪst] (研四六托雅 4351/3785 -2)
Vocabulary: persist
(once / 154 pages)
v
When someone persists they keep going or hang on. If you want finish a marathon, you have to persist and keep running, no matter how many blisters you have.
The great Roman poet Ovid once advised: “Endure and persist, this pain will turn good by and by.” As Ovid’s quote hints at, persistence is often associated with hardship and the reward that comes with not backing down. Synonyms include endure, follow through, and persevere, while antonyms include cease and give up.
WORD FAMILY
persist: persisted, persistency, persistent, persisting, persists+/ persistence: persistences/persistency: persistencies/ persistent: persistence, persistently/ persisting: persistingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The alert was originally due to end on Sunday, but authorities extended it for three days as the smog persisted.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There is an absolute determination that the regime will persist and continue. That is number one for everything: the perpetuation of the regime.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Psychological coercion is central to how an abuser maintains their power and yet there persists the focus on physical violence.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 坚持; 固执; 存留; 继续存在
时态：persisted, persisting, persists
分布：坚持(63%)，持续(27%)，继续(9%)，执意(1%)
→per-,完全的，-sist,站立，坚持，词源同stand,assist.
坚持(per+sist站→站到最后→坚持)[per-①表示"贯穿,自始至终"②表示"假,坏"]
坚持到底(per始终＋sist→始终站着→坚持到底)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
v.(in)坚持,持续She persisted in her own opinion.她坚持自己的意见.
【记】per完全，sist固定不变－坚持不懈
【参】persistent（adj 持久稳固的）
US [pɚ-] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■If an unpleasant feeling or situation persists, it continues to exist 持续；存留
• If the pain persists, consult a doctor. 如果疼痛持续就去看医生。
• The cold weather is set to persist throughout the week. 寒冷天气很可能将持续整个星期。
 ADVANCED
■to try to do or continue doing something in a determined but often unreasonable way 坚持不懈；执意
• If he persists in asking awkward questions, then send him to the boss. 如果他没完没了地问令人尴尬的问题，就把他打发到老板那里去。
• The government is persisting with its ambitious public works programme. 政府坚持实施其雄心勃勃的市政工程规划。
persevere, insist, persist, cling, adhere
这组词都有“坚持”的意思，其区别是：
persevere: 含褒义，强调坚持不懈的努力。
insist: 通常用于对意见、主张等的坚持。
persist: 用于褒义指坚持继续做某事，但更常用于贬义，指不听劝告，顽固坚持。
cling: 和to连用，指对信仰、意见、习惯等的坚持。
adhere: 与to连用，指坚持意见、计划或承诺等，含坚持不懈之意。
last, continue, endure, persist
这组词都有“持续”的意思，其区别是：
last: 着重存在的时间相当长，超过正常的或所期望的时间。
continue: 多指过程，强调持续而无终止，常含不间断之意。
endure: 与last同义，但还指经受住，有能耐忍受而并不受损。
persist: 强调超过了指定的或正常的时间。
vi. 存留，坚持；持续，固执
 - stay, abide
vt. 坚持说，反复说
 - iterate

Word: warner
Front: warner
['wɔ:nə] (-/9125)
Back: 警告者，告戒者，报警器
分布：华纳(98%)，报警器(1%)，警告者(1%)
n. 警告者；报警器
 - cautioner, announciator

Word: jury
Front: jury
[ˈdʒʊəri] (研四六托雅 1650/3055 -3)
Vocabulary: jury
(once / 239 pages)
n
A jury is a group that decides a contest or a court case together. If you get summoned for jury duty and get picked as one of the 12 members of the jury, you’ll help decide if someone guilty or not.
A jury is any group that makes a group decision. In the County Fair, the stakes aren't so high — just respect for your baking skills or pig-raising talents. But many juries are convened by courts to decide whether someone is innocent or guilty. In this case, the jury is sworn to act according to the law. Jury comes from the Old French word for "oath," pointing to the promise to deliver the truth that a jury swears to.
WORD FAMILY
jury: juries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Juries deciding sentences handed down punishments of life in prison about twice as often as the death penalty.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Defense attorney Scott Wood also questioned instructions to the jury and alleged the court wrongly found Kelly guilty of contempt.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
District Court in Boston, with jury selection expected to get underway Friday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 陪审团; （展览会，竞赛等的）全体评审员; 舆论的裁决; 评判委员会
adj. 应急的; [航]（船上）应急用的; 暂时的
分布：陪审团(97%)，评委会(1%)，挑选(1%)，临时用的(1%)
→来自拉丁语iurare,发誓，誓言，来自ius,法律，词源同adjure,just,judge.即以誓言保证公正审判的人，引申词义陪审团。
陪审团(jur+y→发誓的人→陪审团)[jur,juris=swear,law,表示"发誓,法律"]
n.陪审团;全体评审员I assure the injured jury that a sure insurance is ensured.我让受伤的陪审团确信一笔有把握的保险得到的确保.
US ['dʒʊr.i] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 ESSENTIAL
■a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to decide whether a person is guilty or not guilty, or whether a claim has been proved 陪审团
• members of the jury 陪审团成员
• The jury has/have been unable to return a verdict (= reach a decision). 陪审团未能作出裁决。
• Police officers aren't usually allowed to be/sit/serve on a jury. 警察通常不准当陪审团成员。
■a group of people chosen to decide the winner of a competition （竞赛的）裁判团，评审委员会
UK ['dʒʊə.ri] US ['dʒʊr.i] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
the jury is (still) out
■If the jury is (still) out on a subject, people do not yet know the answer or have a definite opinion about it （答案或观点）尚不明确，悬而未决
• The jury's still out on the safety of irradiated food. 人们对于辐射处理过的食品是否安全尚没有一致的看法。
adj. 应急的
 - quick-fix, lash-up

Word: frontier
Front: frontier
[ˈfrʌntɪə(r)] (高研四六托雅 4415/4553 -2)
Vocabulary: frontier
(once / 248 pages)
1n 2n
A frontier represents uncharted territory. It could be a remote piece of land or a new field of study, but if someone calls it "the frontier," you are challenged to explore it.
The noun frontier has several meanings. It can refer to the wilderness at the edge of a settled area (picture covered wagons pushing westward) or it can mean a field of study that has not yet been explored (picture genetically engineering pet dinosaurs). Deriving from "the front line of an army," a frontier can be thought of as an offensive line in a battle — always pushing forward, trying to conquer new territory.
WORD FAMILY
frontier: frontiers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The company said Frontier subscribers represented less than 3 percent of the total households in Seattle.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He started Network, a cable company, in the wide-open frontier days of television in India, when the only station was the government-run Doordarshan.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
He worked as a bus mechanic for the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority until he retired at age 62.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 边疆，边境; 边界，边缘; 尚待开发的领域
adj. 边疆的，边界的; 新垦地的，边地的; 开拓的
分布：边境(49%)，边界(33%)，边缘(14%)，尖端(4%)
→来自front,前面的，原义为前线部队，边疆。后用于美国西部大开发时期拓荒者，边远居民。
边疆,边境(front前面+ier)[-ier表名词"人或物"]
n.国境,边境;尖端,新领域The minority of us are confronted with difficulty in the frontier of the major.我们少数人在该专业尖端领域面临困难.
UK ['--] US [-'tɪr] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a border between two countries, or (especially in the past in the United States) a border between land used to grow crops where people live and wild land 国境，边境；（尤指美国旧时开发区与未开发地带之间的）边界
• Some of the frontier between Germany and Poland follows the course of the river Oder 德国与波兰的部分边界是沿奥德河划分的。
• Nepal has frontiers with both India and China. 尼泊尔与中国和印度都接壤。
• They lived in a town close to the frontier. 他们居住在一个离边界很近的城镇。
UK [frʌn'tɪər] UK ['--] US [-'tɪr] noun countable
the frontiers of sth
■the limits of what is known or what has been done before in an area of knowledge or an activity …的知识前沿；…的疆界
• the frontiers of science and technology 科技前沿
frontier, verge, border, boundary, rim
这组词都有“边界”的意思，其区别是：
frontier: n.边界，边境，边疆，指靠近边界(boundary)的区域；也可引申为"未开发的领域"，"(学术的)前沿"等。
 • The American West was still a frontier a century ago.   一个世纪以前美国西部还是一片边疆。
 • She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.   她是从事生物学前沿研究的生化学家。
verge: n. (道路、花坛等长着草的)边缘，引申为"某事即将发生之际"。
 • on the verge of war   战争爆发之际
border: n.较宽的边缘，边界，多指两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区、边界地带；也可以指物体的边缘等。
 • We crossed the Mexican bordersintosthe USA.   我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。
boundary: n.边界；界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。
 • The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.   这道栅栏是我的地和她的地的分界线。
rim: n.边，边缘，尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。
limit, frontier, bounds, border, boundary
这组词都有“边界，边境”的意思，其区别是：
limit: 含义广泛，常用作复数。指任何界限、范围、分界线外面的部分，可指有形或无形的东西。
frontier: 指两国接壤的前沿地区，属于各国的国境和边疆，多指设防的边界。
bounds: 常与boundary换用，指土地边界，但意思不如boundary明确，主要用于抽象事物和文学作品中。
border: 多指国与国之间或两地区的分界处，即分界线附近的边缘部分。
boundary: 侧重地图上正式标定的、双方遵守的边界，也可指较小行政单位间的界线。
n. 前沿； [数] 边界；国境
 - boundary, border
adj. [数] 边界的；开拓的
 - borderline

Word: terrible
Front: terrible
[ˈterəbl] (中高研四六托 1944/1927 -K4)
Vocabulary: terrible
(once / 63 pages)
adj
The original meaning of terrible was anything that causes terror. That meaning still applies, but mostly this is a word for anything really bad.
Terrible used to be reserved for things that caused fear and terror, but today we use the word to describe anything awful, lousy, or just plain bad. People like saying "That movie was terrible!" or "The Yankees are terrible!" If you get a D on a test, you might tell your friends the test (or teacher) is terrible. Or you might also say, "I am terrible at taking tests."
WORD FAMILY
terrible: terribleness, terribler, terriblest, terribly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A state inspection of the prison conducted in October classified it as “terrible.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Lincoln never imagined the war would continue for four terrible years.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
When there is a bad officer or a terrible mistake, the authorities need to “hear the whole story, examine it and fix it”, she said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 可怕的; 危害极大的; 劣质的; 极度的
分布：可怕的(89%)，糟糕的(8%)，极度的(3%)
→来自 terror,恐惧，惊恐，-ible,形容词后缀。
可怕的(terr+ible)[terr=frighten表示"恐,怕"]
a.很糟的;可怕的,骇人的;极度的,厉害的The miracle mirrors a horrible error made by the terrorists in the terrible territory.这件奇事反映了恐怖分子在这一可怕地区犯的可怕错误.
adjective
UNPLEASANT 令人不快的
 ESSENTIAL
■very unpleasant or serious or of low quality 糟糕的；可怕的；严重的；低劣的
• The weather was terrible. 天气糟透了。
• We have just received some terrible news. 我们刚刚收到一些可怕的消息。
['ter.ə.bl] adjective
VERY GREAT 非常重大的
 ADVANCED informal
■used to emphasize the great degree of something 极度的；厉害的；剧烈的；非常严重的
• This project is a terrible waste of money. 这个专案计划特别浪费钱财。
• She's a terrible nuisance. 她是个极讨厌的人。
appalling, afraid, frightful, terrible, terrific, fearful, horrible, dreadful, awful
这组词都有“害怕的、可怕的”的意思，其区别是：
appalling: 指既令害怕又使人惊异、胆寒。
afraid: 指由于胆小或怯懦而不敢说或做某事。
frightful: 指使人陷入短暂的惊恐或产生毛骨悚然的感觉。
terrible: 侧重指给人以长久的惊骇，极端的恐怖，令人难以忍受。
terrific: 多指外表、形状或力量等的可怕。
fearful: 普通用词，既指外界情况变化而引起的恐惧，又指来自内心的害怕与焦虑。
horrible: 指因骇人听闻的丑恶而令人毛骨悚然，着重厌恶的成分多于害怕。
dreadful: 指使人非常恐惧，毛骨悚然，也使人感到讨厌而退缩。
awful: 指威严得令人害怕或敬畏，有一定的感情色彩。
adj. 可怕的；很糟的；令人讨厌的
 - horrible, awesome, fearful, dire, formidable
adv. 很，非常
 - greatly, quite, badly, extremely, too, highly, far

Word: viewer
Front: viewer
[ˈvju:ə(r)] (高 2478/4851 -2)
Back: n. 电视观众; 观看者，观察者; 阅读器; 看片机（把幻灯片等放大观看的装置）
分布：观看者(60%)，电视观众(27%)，观察器(13%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who watches something, especially television （尤指电视）观众
• Millions of viewers will be glued to their sets for this match. 数百万观众将会目不转睛地盯着电视观看这场比赛。
■a device for looking at slides (= photographs on small pieces of film) 幻灯机
n. [光] 观察者；观看者；电视观众； [仪] 指示器
 - indicator, observer

Word: worsen
Front: worsen
[ˈwɜ:sn] (8475/9477 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）变得更坏，（使）恶化; 恶化，更坏
时态：worsened, worsening, worsens
分布：动词(100%)
US ['wɝ:-] verb intransitive or transitive
■to become worse or to make something become worse （使）恶化；（使）更糟
• As the company's financial problems worsened, several directors resigned. 由于公司的财务状况恶化，有几位经理辞职了。
• The continued supply of arms to the region will only worsen the situation. 向该地区不断提供武器只会使局势恶化。
vi. 恶化；变得更坏；更坏
 - go ill, change for the worse
vt. 使恶化；使变得更坏
 - aggravate, complicate

Word: beauty
Front: beauty
[ˈbju:ti] (高研四雅 1724/2046 -K3)
Vocabulary: beauty
(once / 18 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Ah, beauty. Anything that has it pleases the senses, like a delicious scent, a perfect piece of pie, or a gorgeous person walking by.
A noun describing an incredibly pleasing or harmonious quality or feature, beauty is hard to describe. Sure, super models and classical paintings exhibit beauty. But so do well designed sports cars and perfectly executed soccer goals. Belle found beauty in the Beast, astrologers find beauty in the stars, and arachnologists find beauty in giant hairy spiders. So that's why many people say that "beauty is in the eye of the beholder."
WORD FAMILY
beauty: beauteous, beautician, beauties, beautiful, beautify+/beauteous: beauteously, beauteousness/beautician: beauticians/beautification: beautifications/ beautiful: beautifulest, beautifully/beautify: beautification, beautified, beautifies, beautifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Charles Stephenson, who cuts hair at the barbershop and beauty salon across the railroad tracks from the college, worries about his town.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It asks the viewer to find warmth in the darkness, which is something that “Collateral Beauty” also focuses on.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A newspaper investigation last year claimed women and girls were charged, on average, 37% more for clothes, beauty products and toys.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 美好; 美人; 完美; 突出的范例
分布：美丽(79%)，美人(16%)，美的东西(5%)
→词源同beau, 美丽的，漂亮的。-ty, 抽象名词后缀。
n.美,美丽;美人,美丽的事物Her beauty is magical.她美丽无比.
US [-tˌi] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the quality of being pleasing, especially to look at, or someone or something that gives great pleasure, especially by being looked at 美，美丽；美人；美景
• This is an area of outstanding natural beauty. 这个地方的风景优美，浑然天成。
• The piece of music he played had a haunting beauty. 他演奏的这首乐曲优美动听，教人久久不能忘怀。
• beauty products/treatments 美容产品／美容（化妆）
• She was a great beauty (= a beautiful woman) when she was young. 她年轻时是个大美人。
• The beauty of this plan (= what makes it good) is that it won't cost too much. 这计划的好处在于花费不多。
countable informal
■something that is an excellent example of its type 美好的事物
• She showed me her car - it's a beauty. 她给我看了她的汽车——可真是漂亮。
• Your roses are beauties this year. 你的玫瑰今年开得真漂亮。
UK ['bju:.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. saying
■This means that not all people have the same opinions about what is attractive. 情人眼里出西施。
UK ['bju:.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
Beauty is only skin deep. saying
■said to emphasize that a person's character is more important than how they look 美貌不过一层皮（指人品比外表更重要）。
UK ['bju:.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
your beauty sleep humorous
■the sleep that you need in order to feel and look healthy and attractive 美容觉
n. 美；美丽；美人；美好的东西
 - fair, pulchritude

Word: ma

Word: exaggerate
Front: exaggerate
[ɪgˈzædʒəreɪt] (研四六托雅宝 6312/5927 -K2)
Vocabulary: exaggerate
(once / 287 pages)
v
When you exaggerate you stretch the truth. Fishermen tend to exaggerate the size of their fish. And children tend to exaggerate the seriousness of their cuts in order to get cute Band-Aids.
We all have a tendency to exaggerate. It makes our stories funnier, or more dramatic. After all, when you exaggerate, you're not really lying — you're just overstating things. The word exaggerate can also suggest that a particular characteristic is overdone or almost larger than life. If you describe someone as having an exaggerated limp, he or she might be walking like a gorilla.
WORD FAMILY
exaggerate: exaggerated, exaggerates, exaggerating, exaggeration +/ exaggerated: exaggeratedly/ exaggeration: exaggerations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Harry B. Harris told an audience in Australia recently that “reports of America’s abandonment of the Indo-Asia-Pacific are greatly exaggerated.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Wednesday, Trump accused the news media of exaggerating any potential conflicts presented by his business holdings.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“It’s hard not to use very exaggerated terms when you are talking about this, because it really is a pretty major step forward,” Brandsema said.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. &vi. （使）扩大; （使）增加; 夸张
时态：exaggerated, exaggerating, exaggerates
分布：夸大(71%)，夸张(20%)，夸大其词(8%)，对...言过其实(1%)
→ex-, 向外。ag-,向。-ger, 携带，带来，词源同gesture,belligerent.
夸张[agger=heap(堆积)]
v.夸大,夸张The degeneration of regenerative gene is exaggerated.更新基因的退步夸大了.
【反】minimize（v 最小化；减少）
US [-ɚ.eɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make something seem larger, more important, better or worse than it really is 夸张；夸大；对…言过其实
• The threat of attack has been greatly exaggerated. 遭受袭击的威胁被过分夸大了。
• Don't exaggerate - it wasn't that expensive. 不要言过其实——没有那么贵。
• I'm not exaggerating - it was the worst meal I've ever eaten in my life. 我不是在夸大其词——那是我这辈子吃过最难吃的饭。
exaggerate, magnify
这组词都有“夸大，夸张”的意思，其区别是：
exaggerate: 指有意或无意地夸张或夸大，含强烈“过火”意味。
magnify: 本义为“放大或扩大”，引申用与exaggerate含义类似，但不如exaggerate常用。
vt. 使扩大；使增大
 - enlarge, broaden
vi. 夸大；夸张
 - put it on, pile it on

Word: flaw
Front: flaw
[flɔ:] (研六托雅宝 5399/8453 -1)
Vocabulary: flaw
(once / 728 pages)
nv
A flaw can be a sign of weakness or defect. If you try to make wings and fly off the roof but wind up crashing in the gutter, there's a flaw in your plan.
In the early 14th century, when the noun flaw was first recorded, it referred to a snowflake or spark of fire. That sense is now obsolete, and now we use flaw to describe shortcomings in either character or object. We all have flaws. It can also describe an intentional mark of imperfection. “You see,” said the dancer Martha Graham, “when weaving a blanket, an Indian woman leaves a flaw in the weaving of that blanket to let the soul out.”
WORD FAMILY
flaw: flawed, flawing, flawless, flaws+/ flawed: unflawed/ flawless: flawlessly, flawlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deadlines are regularly set, and flaws are relentlessly investigated.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The most underappreciated part of foreign policy,” Mr. Rhodes said, “is dealing with flawed partners.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Siegel’s claim reveals not only flawed logic, but also a basic inattention to facts.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 瑕疵，缺点; 一阵狂风; 短暂的风暴; 裂缝，裂纹
v. 使生裂缝，使有裂纹; 使无效; 使有缺陷
vi. 生裂缝; 变的有缺陷
时态：flawed, flawing, flaws
分布：缺陷(78%)，瑕疵(15%)，裂缝(3%)，有瑕疵(2%)，使破裂(1%)，破绽(1%)
→词源不详。可能来自flake, 碎片。引申词义缺陷，缺点。
n.裂缝;缺陷v.使破裂;使有缺陷I can't find a flaw in his argument.在他的论点中, 我找不到任何破绽.
US [flɑ:] noun countable
■a fault, mistake or weakness, especially one that happens while something is being planned or made, or which causes something not to be perfect 错误；缺点；缺陷，瑕疵
• I returned the material because it had a flaw in it. 我退掉了那块布料，因为它有瑕疵。
• There's a fatal flaw in your reasoning. 你的推理有一处致命的缺陷。
• This report is full of flaws. 这个报告充满错谬。
• a character flaw 性格上的缺陷
UK [flɔ:] US [flɑ:] verb transitive
■to cause something to be not perfect 使有瑕疵
• A tiny mark flawed the otherwise perfect silk shirt. 一个小小的污点使本来完美无比的丝绸衬衫有了瑕疵。
mistake, flaw, shortcoming, error, defect, slip, fault, blunder
这组词都有“错误”的意思，其区别是：
mistake: 最普通用词，泛指思想上、行为上或认识上的判断或理解方面的错误。
flaw: 指结构或组织上的缺点，如破裂之处。用作比喻意义时，指品格上的缺陷。
shortcoming: 指没有达到所要求的标准、没有充分发展或没尽到职责的不足、缺点或短处。多用复数形式。
error: 指思想或行动背离正题轨道或没有得到正确指引而出现的偏差或错误。
defect: 普通用词。指表面上的缺陷，或指人或物本质上的缺点。
slip: 指因疏忽或无意而造成的差错。
fault: 一般指小并且可宽容的缺点、错误。
blunder: 通常指由于无知或情况不明造成判断或行动上的大错。
n. 瑕疵，裂纹；缺点；一阵狂风
 - checking, defect, deficiency, vice, fault
vt. 使无效；使破裂，使有缺陷
 - crack, fracture

Word: probe
Front: probe
[prəʊb] (研六托雅宝 5178/4897 -2)
Vocabulary: probe
(once / 758 pages)
nv
If you probe something, you investigate it thoroughly. If you go into business with someone, you might probe her finances to make sure that she has a good track record.
Although it is usually used as a verb — "the police probed the man’s disappearance" — it can also be used as a noun to describe an information-gathering device. In 1979 the United States launched the world's first space probe into outer space. It was a spacecraft rigged with cameras, which were used to photograph Jupiter and Saturn.
WORD FAMILY
probe: probed, probes, probing+/probing: probingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The findings of the probe form grounds of evidence to justify the interrogation of the prime minister,” its statement said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schmidt said the manner in which the suspects got inside the stadium was part of the ongoing probe.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Opposition lawmakers held up Monday’s reported police probe as a sign that Mr. Netanyahu was unfit to lead.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [医]（对伤处等的）针探，探查; [医]探针，取样器; 探头; 探测仪
vt. & vi. 探索，调查; 用探针（或探测器等）探查，探测
vt. 盘问; （用试探性袭击等）侦察（敌情）; 用尖物刺穿（物件）; 用力使向前推进
时态：probed, probing, probes
分布：探测(31%)，探针(27%)，调查(21%)，探测器(19%)，查究(1%)，详细调查(1%)
→来自拉丁语probare,检验，试探，来自pro-,向前，-be,成为，存在，词源同be.引申诸相关词义。
探索;刺探[prob,prov=test表示"测试,证明"]
n.探针,探测器v.(以探针等)探查,穿刺,查究The brain surgeon asked the nurse to pass him a probe.脑外科医生要护士将探针递给他.
【记】因为有problem所以probe。
【参】probation（n 试用期；察看）；approbation（n 官方批准；认可）
US [proʊb] verb intransitive or transitive
■to try to discover information that other people do not want you to know, by asking questions carefully and not directly 盘问；追问；探究
• The interviewer probed deep into her private life. 采访者深入打探她的私生活。
• Detectives questioned him for hours, probing for any inconsistencies in his story. 侦探们盘问了他好几个小时，寻找他话里任何自相矛盾之处。
• The article probes (= tries to describe and explain) the mysteries of nationalism in modern Europe. 这篇文章探索了现代欧洲民族主义的奥秘。
■to examine something with a tool, especially in order to find something that is hidden （用工具）探查，探测
• They probed in/into the mud with a special drill. 他们用特殊的钻头在淤泥中探测。
UK [prəʊb] US [proʊb] noun countable
■an attempt to discover information by asking a lot of questions 探索；探查；查究；调查
• an FBI probe into corruption 联邦调查局对贪腐的调查
• a Justice Department probe into the Democrats' fund raising 司法部对民主党员筹措资金进行的调查
■specialized
■a long thin metal tool used by doctors to examine inside someone （医生用的）探针
■specialized
■a device that is put inside something to test or record information 探测器
⇒ See also space probe
n. [电子] [医] 探针；调查
 - investigation, research
vi. 调查； [航] 探测
 - examine, explore
vt. 探查；用探针探测
 - burrow into

Word: harvest
Front: harvest
[ˈhɑ:vɪst] (高研四六托 4839/5250 -2)
Vocabulary: harvest
(once / 291 pages)
nv
The harvest is the time when you reap what you sow. As a verb, to harvest something means that you pick or gather it. You might harvest your sweet corn late in the summer.
As a noun, harvest means the time of year when crops are ripe and ready to be gathered. The picked crop is also called a harvest: a bumper crop is a plentiful harvest, and a poor harvest is when things didn’t grow as well as expected. As a verb, to harvest something is to gather, trap, or cull it. You can harvest a soybean crop, you can harvest beaver pelts, or you can harvest tissues or organs for transplants.
WORD FAMILY
harvest: harvested, harvester, harvesting, harvests+/harvester: harvesters/harvesting: harvestings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Fiji government imposed a temporary ban on turtle harvesting in 1995 to halt the decline.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Then there’s the matter of illegally harvested and traded specimens.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
They were probably planted in the ‘60s to be harvested later, Petree said. “They are past maturity and starting to decline,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 收割; 收获季节; 收成; 结果
vt. & vi. 收割，收成
vt. 收到; 收割（庄稼），捕猎（动物、鱼）
时态：harvested, harvesting, harvests
分布：收获(46%)，收割(25%)，收成(25%)，成果(3%)，后果(1%)
→来自kerp,切，割，收集，词源同shear,sharp,carpel.引申词义收割粮食，果实，收获季节，秋天。
n.收获,收成;成果,后果v.收获,收割"What a marvelous carving!" the starveling harvester in vest said."好一件神奇的雕刻!"挨饿的穿着背心的收割者说.
US ['hɑ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the time of year when crops are cut and collected from the fields, or the activity of cutting and collecting them, or the crops which are cut and collected 收获时节；收割，收获；收成
• the grain/potato/grape harvest 谷物／马铃薯／葡萄收获期
• We had a good harvest this year. 今年我们收成不错。
• Farmers are reporting a bumper (= very big) harvest this year. 农民说今年的收成非常好。
• It won't be long now till harvest (time). 现在离收获时节不远了。
UK ['hɑ:.vɪst] US ['hɑ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
CROPS 庄稼（收获；采收物）
■to pick and collect crops, or to collect plants, animals or fish to eat 收割，收获，捕获
• In the US, winter wheat is harvested in the early summer. 在美国，冬小麦一般在初夏收割。
UK ['hɑ:.vɪst] US ['hɑ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
BODY PARTS 身体部位
■to take cells or other body parts from someone for medical use 采集（细胞或器官以作医学用途）
• The donor organ is harvested at the accident scene and rushed to a hospital. 意外现场采集的捐献器官被迅速送往医院。
• There is a lot of controversy surrounding the harvesting of stem cells. 干细胞的采集备受争议。
yield, harvest, crop
这组词都有“收成”的意思，其区别是：
yield: 指生产物，农作物的总产量。
harvest: 主要指农作物或水果的收获量，有时也指收割的行为。
crop: 普通用词，侧重指农作物一次收割或一季的收成。
n. 收获；产量；结果
 - outcome, product, event, crop, result
vt. 收割；得到
 - gather, crop, net
vi. 收割庄稼
 - mow

Word: bore
Front: bore
[bɔ:(r)] (研四六托雅宝 4946/5929 -K3)
Vocabulary: bore
(once / 88 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
If your friends fall asleep every time you open your mouth, you might be a bore — someone who makes the people around them bored.
In 1738, Voltaire wisely wrote, “The secret of being a bore is to tell everything.” But the word bore is less boring than you think, since it can function as both noun and verb. You can bore a hole into something by drilling through it with a tool, and you can also bore people by being excessively dull, repetitive, or tedious to be around. And don't forget the bore of a needle or gun barrel, which is the same as its diameter.
WORD FAMILY
bore: bored, borer, bores, boring, counterbore+/ bored: boredly, boredom / boredom: boredoms/borer: borers/ boring: boringly, boringness, borings/counterbore: counterbores
USAGE EXAMPLES
Certainly Sherlock avoids the boring cliche of other TV shows where guns are waved around as a threat but never actually fired.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
You'd expect the British embassy to choose something more boring, like Sting...
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
There was no immediate claim of responsibility for the attack, which bore the hallmarks of Islamic militants.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 令人厌烦; 钻孔; 用钻、挖或掘的方式打通
vi. 挖洞; 钻孔; 稳步前进; 挤过去
n. 使人讨厌的人[物]; 高潮; 膛径，口径; 钻子
时态：bored, boring, bores
分布：钻孔(49%)，使厌烦(14%)，讨厌的人(11%)，涌潮(8%)，挖掘(5%)，盯着看(5%)，开凿(4%)，麻烦事(2%)，动词bear的过去式.(2%)
→来自PIE *bher , 砍，切，钻。词源同break.
v.钻(孔),挖(洞);烦扰n.讨厌的人,麻烦事The boring boy bored ashore for ore core at the score.讨厌的男孩在海岸上的刻线处钻探矿核.
【反】entrance（v 使狂喜，迷惑）
US [bɔ:r] verb
FAIL TO INTEREST 未能引起兴趣
transitive
■to talk or act in a way that makes someone lose interest and become tired 使厌烦，使讨厌
• "Am I boring you?" she asked anxiously. “我让你厌烦了吗?”她焦急地问道。
bore sb silly
■to make someone feel very bored 使某人觉得无聊透顶
• We were all bored silly by the play. 这出戏让我们觉得无聊得要死。
UK [bɔ:r] US [bɔ:r] verb
MAKE A HOLE 钻孔
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to make a hole in something using a tool 钻，挖，凿（洞）
• He used a drill to bore a hole in the wall. 他用钻子在墙上凿了一个洞。
• The workmen bored through the rock. 工人们凿穿了岩石。
UK [bɔ:r] US [bɔ:r] verb
BEAR 承受 past simple of
■ bear
UK [bɔ:r] US [bɔ:r] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bore into sb
■If someone's eyes bore into you, they look at you very hard and make you feel nervous. （令人紧张地）盯住（某人）
UK [bɔ:r] US [bɔ:r] noun
NOT INTERESTING 讨厌
countable disapproving
■someone who talks too much about boring subjects 令人讨厌的人
• I had to sit next to Michael at dinner - he's such a bore. 晚饭时我不得不坐在米高旁边——他这人真讨厌。
only singular informal
■an activity or situation that is annoying or unpleasant 使人厌烦的事（或情况）
• Ironing is such a bore. 熨衣服真烦人。
• [+ -ing verb] It's an awful bore cooking a meal every night. 每晚都做饭是件特别讨厌的事。
• [+ to infinitive] It's such a bore to have to write this out all over again. 非得将这重新写出来可真烦人。
UK [bɔ:r] US [bɔ:r] noun
HOLE 洞
countable (US usually gauge) specialized
■the cylindrical hole along the length of a pipe or tube, or the diameter (= measurement across the widest part) of this hole 内径，口径
• a narrow bore 窄口径
• a bore of 16 millimetres 16毫米的口径
UK [bɔ:r] US [bɔ:r] noun
WAVE 波浪
countable
■a very large wave that runs from the sea up a narrow river at particular times of year （海水涌入江河）涌潮，激潮
• the Severn Bore 塞文河（位于英国境内）涌潮
vi. [机] 钻孔
 - drill hole, counter sunk
vt. [机] 钻孔；使烦扰
 - drill hole, counter sunk
n. [机] 孔；令人讨厌的人
 - hole, aperture

Word: contrary
Front: contrary
[ˈkɒntrəri] (高研四六托 5495/4761 -2)
Vocabulary: contrary
(once / 103 pages)
nadj
Use contrary when two things are exactly opposite or entirely different. If something is contrary to something else, it is opposed to or against it.
A contrary child is one who opposes people in authority. As a noun, the contrary means the opposite, as in "We will not give up; on the contrary, we will fight with all our power." The adjective contrary derives from Latin contrarius "opposite, opposed," from contra "against."
WORD FAMILY
contrary: contrarian, contraries, contrarily, contrariness+/contrarian: contrarians
USAGE EXAMPLES
And contrary to popular belief, research shows that adopting WTE technology does not reduce recycling rates.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
In fact, Proksch said, contrary to what many might think, there aren’t a lot of difficult people in show business.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Other readers proffered contrary counsel for the Trump era.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 相反的; 违反的，反对的; 对立的; 顽固的，任性的
n. 对立或相反的事物; 对立方; [逻]反对命题
adv. 相反地，矛盾地
分布：相反(80%)，相反的(18%)，反面(1%)，截然不同的(1%)
→con-, 强调。-ter, 比较级后缀，见enter, interest。其词义演变比较抽象，类似汉语过犹不及。
相反的(contra+ary→相反的)[contra-表示"反对,相反"]
a.(to)相反的,矛盾的n.反对,矛盾;相反Hot and cold are contrary terms.热与冷是相反的词语.
US [ˈkɑːn.tre-]
the contrary
■the opposite 相反；反面；对立面；相反事物
• I was worried that it might be too difficult for me but I found the contrary. 我原来担心那可能对我来说太难了，可是我发现恰恰相反。
on the contrary
■used to show that you think or feel the opposite of what has just been stated 正相反，恰恰相反
• "Didn't you find the film exciting?" "On the contrary, I nearly fell asleep half way through it!" “你不觉得这出电影很精彩吗？”“正相反，看到一半我差点睡着！”
to the contrary
■saying or showing the opposite 正相反的，恰恰相反的
• For a long time it was thought to be a harmless substance, but we now have proof/evidence to the contrary. 长期以来这种物质被认为是无害的，但最近我们有了相反的证据。
noun only singular UK [ˈkɒn.trə.ri] US [ˈkɑːn.tre-/
  Common Learner Errors  on the contrary or by/in contrast? Use on the contrary to show that you think or feel the opposite of what has just been stated: "You must be pleased with your exam results." "On the contrary, I thought they would be much better." If you are comparing two things and you want to say that the second thing is very different to the first, don't say 'on the contrary', say by/in contrast :
✗ Rory is always on time for work. On the contrary, Vicki is always late. Rory is always on time for work. By contrast, Vicki is always late.
adjective
OPPOSITE 相反的 UK ['kɒn.trə.ri] US ['kɑ:n.tre-/
■opposite 相反的，对立的；完全不同的
• a contrary point of view 相反的观点
• Contrary to all our expectations, he's found a well-paid job and a nice girlfriend. 出乎我们的意料，他找到了一份报酬不菲的工作和一个漂亮的女友。
contrary to popular opinion UK ['kɒn.trə.ri] US ['kɑ:n.tre-/
■in a different way from what most people believe 与大多数人的看法不同
• Contrary to popular opinion, I don't dye my hair! 与大多数人的想法不同，我不染头发！
adjective
NOT REASONABLE 不讲道理的 UK [kən'treə.ri] US [-'trer.i/
■describes a person who intentionally wants to disagree with and annoy other people 乖戾的；故意作对的；执拗的
• He doesn't really mean it - he's just being contrary. 这不是他的本意——他只是在故意作对。
reverse, opposite, converse, contrary, adverse
这组词都有“相反的，对立的”的意思，其区别是：
reverse: 指朝相反方向的或反面(背面)的。
opposite: 指位置、方向、行动或想法等完全相反。
converse: 指在方向、行动或意见上相反的。
contrary: 一般指与某种主张、看法或行为等正好相反，隐含否定一方并不意味着肯定另一方的意味。
adverse: 通常指违害利益的、无生命的势力或条件等，侧重分歧。
opposite, contrary, otherwise, unlikely
opposite: adj 相反的，相对的，对面的；
contrary: adj 相反的，矛盾的，对抗的；
otherwise: 可做adv，意为“不同的，不那样的”；
unlikely: adj 不大可能的
adj. 相反的；对立的
 - opposite, adverse, counter, against, cross
adv. 相反地
 - counter, backward, conversely, inversely
n. 相反；反面
 - inverse, verso

Word: perceive
Front: perceive
[pəˈsi:v] (研四六托雅 2165/2776 -2)
Vocabulary: perceive
(once / 61 pages)
v
When we perceive something, we become aware of or notice it. Sometimes we perceive things by using our senses of sight, hearing, and smell.
Or we can use our mind to perceive things, which means that we are able to recognize or understand them. We can also perceive a person or thing as having certain qualities: Do you perceive yourself as a good student? The Latin root percipere means "to receive, understand," from the prefix per- "thoroughly" plus capere "to seize, take."
WORD FAMILY
perceive: misperceive, perceivable, perceived, perceiveed, perceiver, perceives, perceiving, perceptible, perception, perceptive, percipient+/ imperceptible: imperceptibility, imperceptibly /misperceive: misperceived, misperceives/perceivable: perceivably, unperceivable/ perceived: unperceived/perceiver: perceivers/perceiving: unperceiving/perceptibility: perceptibilities/ perceptible: imperceptible, perceptibility, perceptibly/ perception: perceptions/ perceptive: perceptively, perceptiveness, perceptivity, unperceptive/percipient: percipients/unperceivable: unperceivably/unperceiving: unperceivingly/unperceptive: unperceptively, unperceptiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Secondarily, they reflect a mind-set that perceives oral health as an optional milestone to strive for.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
China will react as China always does to perceived – or real – slights.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Several areas of the brain act in collaboration in order to receive, process, prioritise and implement real-time data perceived during driving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 意识到; 察觉，发觉; 理解
时态：perceived, perceiving, perceives
分布：认为(48%)，理解(30%)，觉察到(17%)，注意到(5%)
→来自拉丁语percipere,得到，抓住，来自per-,完全的，-cip,抓住，理解，词源同conceive,percipient.引申词义感觉，感知。
知觉;发觉[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
v.察觉,感知;理解,领悟I perceived that the veil clung on the ceiling of the clinic was deceit.我觉察到粘附在诊所天花板上的幔子是个骗局.
【记】per全部，ceive抓住－全部抓住－发觉
【参】conceive（v 怀孕；考虑）抓住孩子，抓住思想；receive（v 收到；接到）
US [pɚ-] verb transitive
BELIEVE 认为
 ADVANCED
■to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something 认为；看待；视为
• How do the French perceive the British? 法国人是如何看待英国人的？
• Women's magazines are often perceived to be superficial. 人们往往认为女性杂志内容肤浅。
UK [pə'si:v] US [pɚ-] verb transitive
SEE 看见
■to see something or someone, or to notice something that is obvious 察觉，注意到，意识到
• Bill perceived a tiny figure in the distance. 比尔注意到远处有个很小的身影。
• I perceived a note of unhappiness in her voice. 我从她的声音中察觉出一丝不快。
• Perceiving that he wasn't happy with the arrangements, I tried to book a different hotel. 感觉到他对安排不满意，我就设法预订另一家饭店。
understand, recognize, perceive, learn, comprehension
understand: 理解
recognize: 认出，认得
perceive: 察觉，理解
learn: 学会
comprehension: 理解
vt. 察觉，感觉；理解；认知
 - detect, feel, absorb, see, read
vi. 感到，感知；认识到
 - to feel, come to realize

Word: ideology
Front: ideology
[ˌaɪdiˈɒlədʒi] (研六托雅宝 3644/3078 -2)
Vocabulary: ideology
(once / 1209 pages)
n
An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual. Very often ideology refers to a set of political beliefs or a set of ideas that characterize a particular culture.
Capitalism, communism, socialism, and Marxism are ideologies. But not all -ism words are. Think: cronyism (a system of graft whereby friends unfairly help each other make money.) Our English noun is from French idéologie. The suffix –logy, used with many English words describing theories or doctrines, is from Greek logos "word, reason, speech, account."
WORD FAMILY
ideology: ideologic, ideological, ideologies, ideologist+/ ideological: ideologically/ideologist: ideologists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dr. Appleby was part of a generation of historians who examined the ideologies and beliefs that animated the American Revolution.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His hope, however far-fetched, was that Trump, by demolishing traditional Party ideologies, might somehow help people move beyond hardened partisan positions.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Try to diversify not only the subject matter you read, but the ideology of the publishers and the identities of the writers.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 思想（体系），思想意识; 意识形态; 观念学; 空想，空论
分布：意识形态(94%)，观念学(3%)，空论(3%)
→来自idea,想象，想法，主意，-logy,学说。引申词义思想体系。
思想体系(ideo+logy体系,学科→思想体系,意识形态)[idea,ideo=idea,表示"思想,观点"]
n.意识形态,(政治或社会的)思想意识This ideology is spawned out of communism.这一思想是从共产主义中产生出来的.
US [-'ɑ:.lə-] noun countable or uncountable
■a theory, or set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political system, party or organization is based （尤指作为政治体制、政党或政治组织基础的）思想（体系），意识形态
• socialist/capitalist ideology 社会主义／资本主义意识形态
• The people are caught between two opposing ideologies. 民众被夹在两种对立的意识形态之间。

Word: fleet
Front: fleet
[fli:t] (研四六雅宝 4446/3417 -3)
Vocabulary: fleet
(once / 102 pages)
1n 2adjv 3v
A fleet is usually a large group of ships, but it can be any group of vessels like planes or cars that operate as a unit. A naval fleet is the largest formation of warships. A naval fleet at sea is like an army on land.
One meaning of fleet comes from the Old English fleot, meaning “ship,” “raft,” or “floating vessel.” Although a fleet is usually a group of ships or airplanes operating under the same ownership, any group of vessels sailing together can be called a fleet, even you and your friends in a fleet of kayaks. Another meaning of fleet originates in the Old English flēotan, which means “moving swiftly.” When it’s used in that way, it’s usually in the -ing form, fleeting.
WORD FAMILY
fleet: fleeted, fleeter, fleetest, fleeting, fleetly, fleetness, fleets+/ fleeting: fleetingest, fleetingly, fleetingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Four days later, after being allowed a fleeting meeting with Pan, he was blindfolded and escorted back downstairs into The Residence’s garage.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Paul Newell, a spokesman for the Navy’s 7th Fleet, said when asked about the matter last week.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
About 39 percent of San Francisco’s annual Fleet Week bills are paid by municipal and county grants, according to that group’s federal filings.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 舰队; 船队; 车队; 港湾，小河
adj. 快速的，敏捷的; 转瞬即逝的
vi. 疾驰; 飞逝
vt. 使（时间）飞逝; 消磨
时态：fleeted, fleeting, fleets
分布：舰队(73%)，船队(17%)，机群(3%)，敏捷的(3%)，快速的(2%)，掠过(1%)，短暂的(1%)
→来自pleu,浮动，流，词源同flow, float, pluvial. 用来指船只，舰队。
n.舰队,船队She met me in the Fleet Street and greeted me with a sweet smile.她在舰队街上遇见我,并对我致以甜甜的一笑.
noun countable
SHIPS 船只
 ADVANCED
■a group of ships, or all of the ships in a country's navy 船队；（一国的）全部舰队，海军
• a fleet of 20 sailing ships 一支由20艘帆船组成的船队
• a fishing fleet 捕鱼船队
• The British fleet sailed from Southampton early this morning. 英国海军舰队今天清晨从南安普敦启航。
[fli:t] noun countable
VEHICLES 车辆
■a number of buses, aircraft, etc. under the control of one person or organization （由某人或某机构调度的）车队，机群
• He owns a fleet of taxis. 他拥有一队计程车。
[fli:t] adjective literary
■able to run quickly 跑得快的，快速的
• She was slight and fleet of foot /fleet- footed. 她身材苗条，跑得快。
fleet, navy
这组词都有“船队，舰队”的意思，其区别是：
fleet: 指一个国家包括商船在内所有船只的总数，也可指某一地区由军方或民间拥有船只的总数。
navy: 指国家战舰和全部海上武力部队，包括士兵、补给站和装备在内。
adj. 快速的，敏捷的
 - fast, sudden, sharp, fly, quick
n. [军] 舰队；港湾；小河
 - marine, navarchy
vi. 飞逝；疾驰；掠过
 - brush, fly by
vt. 消磨
 - spend, while away

Word: accusation
Front: accusation
[ˌækjuˈzeɪʃn] (托 4870/5025 -2)
Vocabulary: accusation
(once / 424 pages)
n
When you say someone is guilty of doing something wrong you make an accusation, like your accusation that your brother used your computer without asking first.
Accusation comes from the verb accuse, which means to charge someone with a crime. It is important to remember that an accusation comes about when someone thinks another person has done something wrong or committed a crime. It doesn't mean, however, that the person is guilty. There needs to be proof — an investigation or trial, even admission of guilt — before a conviction, meaning the person really is guilty.
WORD FAMILY
accusation: accusations, accusatorial, self-accusation+/accusal: accusals/accusative: accusatives/accusatorial: accusatorially/ accuse: accusal, accusation, accusative, accusatory, accused, accuser, accuses, accusing, accusive/accuser: accusers/accusing: accusingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The public prosecutor said his arrest was part of an inquiry into accusations of officials receiving bribes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In another room, her husband was hearing the same chilling accusations.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Moon denied the accusation at a parliamentary hearing on Nov. 30.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 指责，谴责; 指控，控告; （被告发、控告的）罪名
分布：指控(68%)，控告(29%)，非难(3%)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a statement saying that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal or unkind, or the fact of accusing someone 指控，控告；指责；谴责
• You can't just make wild accusations like that! 你不能那样胡乱指责人！
• He glared at me with an air of accusation. 他瞪着我，一脸责备的样子。
• [+ that] What do you say to the accusation that you are unfriendly and unhelpful? 别人指责你不友善、不乐于助人，对此你有甚么回应？
n. [法] 控告，指控；谴责
 - charge, incrimination

Word: teenager
Front: teenager
[ˈti:neɪdʒə(r)] (高研四六 2440/3812 -3)
Back: n. 十几岁的青少年; 十三岁到十九岁的少年
分布：青少年(99%)，13岁到19岁的年轻人(1%)
青少年(teenage十一到十九岁)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
n.十几岁的青少年The teenagers in the canteen are keen to see the queen sitting between the green screens in the greenhouse.食堂里的少年们巴望见到坐在温室里的绿色屏风间的女王.
US [-dʒɚ] (informal teen)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a young person between 13 and 19 years old （13岁至19岁的）青少年
• The magazine is aimed at teenagers and young adults. 这份杂志的读者对像是青少年和二十来岁的成年人。
adolescent, teenager, youth, juvenile
这组词都有“年轻人，青少年”的意思，其区别是：
adolescent: 比teenager正式，侧重年龄。
teenager: 主要指13岁到19岁之间的青少年，强调这个年龄段的人的本身特点。
youth: 现在几乎专指男青年，尤指10多岁到20多一点的男青年，但作为集合名时间男女青年都可指。
juvenile: 指青少年，系法律上的常用词。

Word: casino
Front: casino
[kəˈsi:nəʊ] (4325/14416 -2)
Vocabulary: casino
(once / 1298 pages)
n
A casino is a building where people can gamble and play games of chance. Your grandmother might enjoy taking weekend bus trips to the nearest casino with her friends.
Many casinos are near — or inside — hotels, and include opportunities to dine, drink, and shop. The main event at a casino, however, is the chance to gamble either by betting money on games like blackjack or poker, or by putting coins in a slot machine. Casino is also the name of a card game. The word comes from the Italian casa, or "house." In the 1800s casino came to mean "building for aristocratic gambling."
WORD FAMILY
casino: casinos
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maryland’s other five casinos submit monthly compliance reports detailing incidents such as robberies, police responses, underage drinking and the number of people evicted.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But it exempts bars, private clubs and casinos.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Right now, Charles Town needs to be looking to differentiate itself from the Maryland casinos including MGM National Harbor, located outside of Washington, D.C.,”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 赌场; 俱乐部，娱乐场; 小别墅
分布：赌场(91%)，娱乐场(8%)，一种牌戏(1%)
→来自拉丁词casa, 小屋子，词源同chalet。
US [-noʊ] (plural casinos)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a building where games, especially roulette and card games are played for money 赌场
n. 俱乐部，赌场；娱乐场
 - club, gambling house

Word: holder
Front: holder
[ˈhəʊldə(r)] (研 5440/2172)
Back: n. 支持物; 持有者; （支票等）持有人; 支托（或握持）…之物
分布：持有者(90%)，支持物(10%)
n.持有者,占有者;(台,架等)支持物The holder of the office of chairman is responsible for arranging meeting.作为主席的人有责任安排好会议.
US ['hoʊl.dɚ] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
■a device for putting objects in or for keeping them in place 支撑物，支托物
• a toothbrush holder 牙刷架
• a cigarette holder 烟嘴
UK ['həʊl.dər] US ['hoʊl.dɚ] noun countable
OWNER 拥有者
■someone who officially owns something 持有人，拥有者
• an account/licence/passport holder 帐户／执照／护照持有人
• Holders of shares in the company receive various benefits. 公司的股东有多种收益。
⇒ See also shareholder
n. [金融] [专利] 持有人；所有人；固定器；（台、架等）支持物
 - possessor, proprietary

Word: municipal
Front: municipal
[mju:ˈnɪsɪpl] (研六托雅 4666/6167 -2)
Vocabulary: municipal
(once / 429 pages)
adj
A municipality refers to a village, town, or city that's usually governed by a mayor and council. From this noun, we get the adjective municipal, which you can use to describe something that relates to a town or its government.
Your town's city council may have offices in the municipal building downtown. If you want to fight city hall, that would be the place to go. Municipal also more generally describes anything related to the town or city itself. If you live within the city limits, for example, your house may be hooked into the municipal water supply, but if you live outside the city limits you may have to have your own well.
WORD FAMILY
municipal: municipality, municipally+/ municipality: municipalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Martin said the militants were regularly using municipal facilities for military means, including transporting weapons in ambulances.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau on Monday extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 市的，市政的; 地方自治的; 都市的，市营的，市制的; 内政的
n. 市政债券
分布：市的(51%)，市政的(39%)，政府证券(10%)
→来自拉丁语municeps,市民，自治镇公民，来自munus,共同职责，共同责任，相互给予，礼 物，来自mei,交换，改变，词源同common,mutual.-cep,承担，词源同capable,accept.该 词原指古罗马时期享有罗马公民的特权但是按照自己的法律进行管理的特别自治镇。后词义 通用化，引申词义市政的，市政当局的。
参加;共享[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
都市的,市政的(muni+cip头+al→公共之头→市政的)[muni,mun=public,表示"公共的"]
a.市的,市政的;市立的;地方性的,地方自治的The communist communicated communism to this municipal community.那个共产党员把共产主义传入该市立社区.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■of or belonging to a town or city 市政的；市办的
• municipal authorities 市政当局
• municipal tennis courts 市立网球场
• municipal elections 市政选举
adj. [建] [经] 市政的，市的；地方自治的
 - civic, communalistic

Word: determination
Front: determination
[dɪˌtɜ:mɪˈneɪʃn] (高四六托雅宝 3846/2788 -K2)
Vocabulary: determination
(once / 223 pages)
n
Determination can be a decision, or the focus you need to get something done.
The sense of determination, as making up your mind about something, finds its roots in an Old French word meaning “decision," such as the judge's determination that the man was guilty, or the panel's determination that the chocolate was too bitter. Usually the decision comes after much consideration and research, like when Copernicus made the determination that the earth revolves around the sun. The word has come to mean also grit, gumption, pluck, persistence: "With hard work and determination, they were able finish the school project on time."
WORD FAMILY
determination: determinations, indetermination, self-determination+/determinable: determinably, undeterminable/ determinant: determinants/ determine: determinable, determinant, determination, determined, determiner, determines, determining, determinism, predetermine, redetermine/ determined: determinedly, undetermined/determiner: determiners/determinism: determinisms, determinist, deterministic/determinist: determinists/predetermination: predeterminations/ predetermine: predetermination, predetermined, predetermines, predetermining/redetermine: redetermination, redetermined, redetermines/undetermined: undeterminedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There is an absolute determination that the regime will persist and continue. That is number one for everything: the perpetuation of the regime.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Emotionally, you need a positive attitude and determination.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But she kept her determination to heal and start a new life.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 决心; 决定，确定; [物]测定，计算
分布：决心(54%)，测定(44%)，规定(1%)，定位(1%)
决定(determine决定)[-ation表名词"行为,过程,结果"]
US [-ˌtɝ:-] noun
TRYING HARD 毅力
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the ability to continue trying to do something, although it is very difficult 决心，毅力
• a man of fierce/ruthless determination 很有毅力／痛下决心的人
• [+ to infinitive] She has a great determination to succeed. 她有很大的决心获得成功。
⇒ See also self-determination
UK [dɪˌtɜ:.mɪ'neɪ.ʃən] US [-ˌtɝ:-] noun
DECISION 决定
uncountable formal
■the process of controlling, influencing or deciding something 决定，确定
• The determination of policy is not your business - your job is to implement it. 政策的决定与你无关——你的工作就是执行。
UK [dɪˌtɜ:.mɪ'neɪ.ʃən] US [-ˌtɝ:-] noun
DISCOVERING 发现
countable or uncountable specialized
■the process of finding something out 查明；测定
• the determination of his whereabouts 查明他的下落
resolve, determination, resolution, decision
这组词都有“决定、决心”的意思，其区别是：
resolve: 语气较强，强调克服感情上的软弱，下决心干具体的一件事。
determination: 侧重坚定不移的顽强意志力。
resolution: 指自觉地正式表示的决心，含极强的主观能动意味。
decision: 既可指重大的或一般的决定或决心，又可指在多种情况下作出果断的抉择，毫不犹豫地采取行动。
n. 决心；果断
 - decision, resolution, push, backbone

Word: illinois
Front: illinois
[ˌili'nɔi(z)] (-/15370)
Back: n. 伊利诺斯州（美国州名）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: ben
Front: ben
[ben] (-/2617)
Back: n. 内室，起居室; [苏格兰]峰，山顶
分布：山峰(100%)

Word: doom
Front: doom
[du:m] (研六托雅 7469/8436 -1)
Vocabulary: doom
(once / 248 pages)
nv
Doom is death, destruction, the end of the world, the big goodbye. It can also be a verb — if a man twirling a mustache ties you to the railroad tracks, he dooms you to certain death!
Doctor Doom is a comic book villain you do not want to mess with. He’s the doctor of death! If you feel that the world is terrible, you’re all doom and gloom. If someone dies, she meets her doom. People usually talk about doom as a type of fate — doom isn't an accident. When doom is a verb, watch out — being slack dooms careers and lies doom relationships. Stay away from all forms of doom.
WORD FAMILY
doom: doomed, dooming, dooms, foredoom+/foredoom: foredoomed, foredooming, foredooms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her glamorous mother starred in Orson Welles’s Touch of Evil, but is forever the doomed woman in the shower in Psycho.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
It would be hard to argue with Clement if he decided that was the case, because Swansea appear doomed.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The year was haunted by a sense of doom conjured by the candidates themselves, who argued that choosing the other would summon the apocalypse.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 命运; 厄运; 死亡; （尤指不利的、有罪的）判决，宣判
vt. 注定; 判定; 使…的失败; 宣判
时态：doomed, dooming, dooms
分布：厄运(36%)，注定(19%)，判决(15%)，毁灭(14%)，死亡(13%)，判定(3%)
→来自dhe, 做，放置，词源同do, deem.用于指律法，后指圣经中的Judgment Day，引申词义劫数。
n.厄运,劫数v.注定,命定The plan was doomed to failure.该计划注定失败.
noun uncountable
■death, destruction or any very bad situation that cannot be avoided 死亡；毁灭；厄运
• A sense of doom hung over the entire country. 整个国家都笼罩在厄运降临的气氛之中。
• The newspapers are always full of doom and gloom (= bad news and unhappiness) these days. 如今报纸上总是报道一些不幸的新闻消息。
[du:m] verb transitive usually passive
■to make someone or something certain to do or experience something unpleasant, or to make something bad certain to happen 使注定；使必然发生
• [+ to infinitive] Are we doomed to repeat the mistakes of the past? 我们注定要重复过去的错误吗？
• Mounting debts doomed the factory to closure. 债台高筑使工厂无法逃脱关闭的命运。
luck, lot, destiny, fortune, doom, fate
这组词都有“命运”的意思，其区别是：
luck: 普通日常用词，指好的或坏的运气，尤多指好运气，有时也指成功或愉快的结局。
lot: 多指偶然的运气或终身遭受的不幸命运。
destiny: 普通用词，侧重预先注定的命运，对未来命运的美好憧憬。
fortune: 普通用词，指由机会或运气来决定的一种命运，如暗示一种比fate好的运气或一种愉快的未来。
doom: 指最终的，常常是灾难性或毁灭性的命运，隐含不可避免的意味。
fate: 较庄严用词，多指不幸的命运，暗示不可避免，令人畏惧和人的意志无法改变，宿命论色彩较浓。
convict, judge, sentence, doom, condemn
这组词都有“判决、宣判”的意思，其区别是：
convict: 法律用词，指审判后判定有罪，但未作最后判决。
judge: 指对案件作出审理判决，但判决内容较笼统，不如sentence和condemn使用广泛。
sentence: 法律用词，指根据罪犯所犯罪行的轻重而宣判处罚。
doom: 书面用词，指郑重他宣判某人有罪。
condemn: 普通用词，指法院对审理结束的案件做出的定罪判刑。
n. 厄运；死亡；判决；世界末日
 - death, sentence, end, award
vt. 注定；判决；使失败
 - fate, determine

Word: moon
Front: moon
[mu:n] (中高 2450/2646 -K3)
Vocabulary: moon
(once / 179 pages)
1nv 2v
Werewolves love to howl at a full moon. The moon is our planet’s satellite, and it rotates around the earth and reflects light from the sun. Also, “to moon” means to show your rear. The moon is out! Giggle giggle.
The earth has just one moon, but the word moon can mean any natural satellite of any planet. Astronomers have discovered many moons — there are more than 160 in our solar system alone. Poets have been fascinated by the moon for a long time, and "to moon" also means "to act in a dreamy or aimless way." Our months are marked by changes in the moon's phase, and the Proto-Indo-European root means both "moon" and "month."
WORD FAMILY
moon: mooned, mooning, moonless, moonlike, moons
USAGE EXAMPLES
I believe it dawned when the moon was in the seventh house and Jupiter aligned with Mars.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It was to enable a permanent moon base to support missions to “Mars and other destinations.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The technology it uses derives partly from systems designed to grow crops on the moon.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 月亮，月球; 卫星; 月状物，新月状物
vi. 闲逛; 出神; [俚语] 露出屁股以戏弄
vt. 虚度
时态：mooned, mooning, moons
分布：月球(49%)，月亮(47%)，虚度(2%)，闲逛(1%)，露光臀示人(1%)
→来自古英语mona,来自me,测量，词源同meter,measure.即通过看月亮月相变化来测量日期。引申动词词义思念，参照诗句“海上生明月，天涯共此时”。
n.(加the)月球,月亮;卫星By the spoon you'll soon see the smooth tooth of the moon above the booth.借助勺子你可以立刻看到电话亭上方月亮的光滑牙齿.
noun
the moon
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the round object which moves in the sky around the Earth and can be seen at night 月球，月亮
• What time does the moon rise/set (= appear/disappear in the sky) ? 月亮何时升起／落下？
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■the shape made by the amount of the moon that you can see at a particular time 月相
• There's no moon (= You cannot see the moon) tonight. 今晚没有月亮。
• a crescent/full/new moon 弦／满／新月
countable
■a similar round object that moves around another planet 卫星
• Jupiter has at least sixteen moons. 木星至少有16颗卫星。
[mu:n] noun
be over the moon
■to be very pleased 非常高兴，非常快活
• She was over the moon about/with her new bike. 她得了一辆新脚踏车，快乐极了。
[mu:n] noun
many moons ago old-fashioned
■a long time ago 很久以前
[mu:n] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move or spend time in a way which shows little interest and no clear purpose 闲逛；懒散度日，虚度时光
• She was mooning about/around the house all weekend. 整个周末她都在房子里闲呆着。
• He's been mooning over (= looking foolishly at) those holiday photos all afternoon. 整个下午他都呆呆地看着那些假期里拍的照片。
n. 月亮；月球；月光； [天] 卫星
 - satellite, parish lantern
vi. 闲荡；出神
 - muck about, fool around
vt. 虚度
 - dream away, idle

Word: complexity
Front: complexity
[kəmˈpleksəti] (六托 3757/3335 -2)
Vocabulary: complexity
(once / 1248 pages)
n
Is the movie simple or does it have lots of plot twists and intricate relationships between characters? If the latter is true, the movie's complexity makes it hard to understand.
When you see the word complexity, think of something with a lot of pieces, something not easy to put into words or understand. Things that can have complexity include: the events leading up to the American Civil War, a broth made with many ingredients, your relationship with your parents. Complexity is the opposite of simplicity. When something has a lot of complexity, you say it is complex. When it has very little complexity, it is simple.
WORD FAMILY
complexity: complexities+/ complex: complexedly, complexes, complexity, complexly, complexness
USAGE EXAMPLES
What we did not anticipate was the reaction of other countries and the complexity of history.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s just the vagaries of the system, the complexity of the cases and the sheer volume that is present in the criminal justice system.”
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A reaction against the cosmopolitan complexity of the early 21st century.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 复杂性，错综复杂的状态; 复杂的事物; 复合物
分布：复杂(64%)，复杂性(35%)，复杂的事物(1%)
复杂性(complex+ity)[plex=fold,表示"重叠"]
复杂性(com全部+plex重叠)[-ity表名词,指具备某种性质]
US [-sə.tˌi] noun
uncountable
■when something has many parts and may be difficult to understand or find an answer to 错综复杂，复杂性
• a problem of great complexity 极复杂的难题
complexities [plural]
■the features of something which make it difficult to understand or find an answer to 复杂的事物，使某物难以理解之处，令问题难以解答或解决的地方
• There are a lot of complexities surrounding this issue. 此事牵涉到许多错综复杂的情况。
complication, complexity
这组词都有“复杂”的意思，其区别是：
complication: 指纷乱复杂到令人难于理解的地步。
complexity: 着重指极度复杂而难于辨认的关系。
n. 复杂，复杂性；复杂错综的事物
 - sophistication, intricacy

Word: slim
Front: slim
[slɪm] (高研六托雅 5312/4710 -3)
Vocabulary: slim
(once / 503 pages)
adjv
Anything slim is thin or narrow. So, your sister may be considered slim, and you could also have "a slim chance" of winning the lottery.
Slim people are slender, and slim things are usually delicate, like a slim watch band. You can also use slim to describe a margin or a chance: "There was only a slim likelihood that the home team would win this game." Back in the early 1800s, to slim meant "to do one's work carelessly," and in the seventeenth century, the adjective was also used to mean "sly or crafty."
WORD FAMILY
slim: slimly, slimmed, slimmer, slimmest, slimming, slimness, slims
USAGE EXAMPLES
Resolving the contradictions within the government’s various positions, and preventing backbench revolts destroying its slim parliamentary majority, will be all-consuming.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Basically you sew together an obese mouse that is missing leptin with a slim mouse, surgically attaching their circulatory systems.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Last year, Alabama required a kick-return touchdown and an extra possession bought by a surprise onside kick to beat the Tigers by a slim margin.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 苗条的，纤细的; 微小的; 细长的; 无价值的
vi. 使苗条; 减肥
时态：slimmed, slimming, slims
分布：苗条的(51%)，减肥(23%)，细长的(12%)，微小的(7%)，缩减(7%)
→来自辅音丛 sl-,黏的，滑的，光滑的。引申比喻义瘦弱的，苗条的，纤细的，以及动词词义 使苗条，减肥。
a.苗条的;(机会)少的v.减轻体重,变苗条The slim Muslim reached his climax when he found the axis of the galaxy.苗条的穆斯林在发现银河的轴线时达到了(人生的)顶点.
adjective (slimmer, slimmest) approving
 IMPROVER
■(especially of people) attractively thin （尤指人）苗条的，纤细的
• slim hips/legs 纤细的臀部／腿
• She's got a lovely slim figure. 她有一副迷人的苗条身材。
• figurative They've only a slim chance of winning (= It's unlikely that they will win). 他们获胜的机会微乎其微。
[slɪm] verb intransitive (-mm-) UK to try to get thinner by eating less food and taking more exercise 减肥，瘦身
• You haven't got much lunch - are you slimming? 你午饭吃得不多——在减肥吗？
[slɪm] verb intransitive (-mm-) UK
  Phrasal Verbs  slim down
■to become thinner 变瘦，变苗条
• He's really slimmed down over the last few months. 这几个月来他的确瘦多了。
[slɪm] verb intransitive (-mm-) UK
  Phrasal Verbs  slim sth down
■to reduce the size of something 减少，缩小
• It is not our intention to slim down the workforce. 裁减员工并不是我们的本意。
lean, slim, slight, slender, thin
这组词都有“瘦的”的意思，其区别是：
lean: 侧重缺少脂肪。既可能是因病而瘦，也可能因饥饿而消瘦。也指身体消瘦，但肌肉结实，身体健康。
slim: 指身体的细长，体重轻不着重外形的优美，可用于不同的性别，常用于减轻体重的人。
slight: 指身材又瘦又小。
slender: 指身体细长、体态优美、苗条适中，多用于指女性。
thin: 普通用词，指腰细、骨架窄，常因疾病或疲劳而消瘦。
adj. 苗条的；修长的；无价值的
 - slender, willowy
vi. 减轻体重；变细
 - thin down

Word: biological
Front: biological
[ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪkl] (雅 2564/3586 -2)
Vocabulary: biological
(once / 1250 pages)
adj
When you use the word biological, you're talking about life and living things. You'll recognize the root "bio-," meaning "life," as in biography — the story of someone's life — and biology — the study of living organisms.
The woman who gave birth to you is your biological mother — she's passed her genes on to you and you're related to her, even if somebody else raised you. Anybody you share genes with is your biological relative. Biological cleaning products make use of natural enzymes, and they're supposed to be safe and non-toxic. On the other hand, biological warfare uses bacteria, viruses, and other naturally occurring poisons to injure and kill people.
WORD FAMILY
biological: biologically+/ biologist: biologists/ biology: biologic, biological, biologies, biologist, microbiology/microbiologist: microbiologists/microbiology: microbiologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
The whole point of the article is that it is mostly biological determinism.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
We’d say “that’s a lot of monkey business” were it not an unforgivable misuse of biological nomenclature.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The site is powered by Cytoscape, software designed for biological research and for complex network analysis and visualisation.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 生物学的; 生物的; 与生物学相关的; 有血亲关系的
n. [药]生物制品，生物制剂
分布：生物学的(50%)，生物的(50%)
US [-'lɑ:.dʒɪ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■connected with the natural processes of living things 生物的；与生命过程有关的
• the biological sciences 生物科学
• Eating is a biological necessity ! 吃是一种生理需求！
[before noun]
■related by birth 亲生的
• She decided to search for her biological mother after her adoptive parents died. 在养父母去世后，她决定去寻找自己的生母。
■UK
■describes a substance used for cleaning that uses enzymes to remove dirt 生物（洗涤）的；加（生化）酶的
• biological washing powder 加酶洗衣粉
⇒ See also non-bio
■using living matter, such as bacteria, to seriously harm and kill people and animals, and to damage crops 生化武器的
• biological weapons/warfare 生物武器／生物战
adj. [生物] 生物的；生物学的
 - biotic, organismal

Word: inner
Front: inner
[ˈɪnə(r)] (研四六托 2449/2014 -K3)
Vocabulary: inner
(once / 182 pages)
adj
Something that's described as inner is at the center or interior. You inner ear, for example, is the part of your ear that you can't see.
The inner pocket of your winter coat is the one closest to your body, and an inner courtyard is usually surrounded by at least one surrounding outer courtyard. Inner strength is the kind that comes from deep within your essential self, and an "inner circle" is a small privileged group of people with special access to information or influence. The "inner city" usually means the poorest section of a big city.
WORD FAMILY
inner: innerer, innerest, innerly, innermost +/ innermost: innermostest, innermostly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite the capable inner circle he is assembling, and his innate political skills, Mr. Trump will learn that the presidency is a forlorn place.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Air Force, the Federal Aviation Administration and industry experts — found “buckles,” or valleys, in the vessels’ inner liners.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The role in Trump’s inner sanctum is, by some measures, a surprising spot for Priebus.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 内部的，内心的; 精神的; 秘密的
n. 内部，里面; 射中接近靶心部分的一发
分布：内心的(54%)，内部的(19%)，里面(14%)，里面的(13%)
→来自in的比较级。
a.内部的,里面的;内心的We are dined and wined in the inner dining-room of the inn.在旅店的内部餐厅,我们受到了酒宴款待.
US [-ɚ] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■inside or contained within something else 里面的
• Leading off the main hall is a series of small inner rooms. 从主客厅开始是一系列小的内室。
• humorous Few people ever managed to penetrate the director's inner sanctum (= very private room). 很少人进过经理的私人密室。
 IMPROVER
■Inner feelings or thoughts are ones that you do not show or tell other people 内心的
• Sarah seemed to have a profound sense of inner peace. 萨拉内心好像非常平静。
interior, inward, inner, inside, internal
这组词都有“内部的，内在的”的意思，其区别是：
interior: 指某物的内部，尤指某物的内侧；也可指内地的或国内的。
inward: 指朝着中心或内部方向的，侧重方向而不是位置；也可指内心的隐密活动。
inner: 含义广泛，指事物中心或接近中心的部位，也可指内心隐密的活动。
inside: 多指处于某物内部或靠近内部，常可与inner换用，可引申指内幕的，秘密的。
internal: 书面用词，医学上多用，指事物的内部，也可指国内的或内政的。
adj. 内部的；内心的；精神的
 - internal, mental, inside, spiritual
n. 内部
 - interior, inside

Word: emphasis
Front: emphasis
[ˈemfəsɪs] (研四六托 2346/1719 -K3)
Vocabulary: emphasis
(once / 214 pages)
n
While the emphasis, or main focus, for walking a dog might be on "answering the call of nature," the emphasis for the dog might be on chasing squirrels.
If you say emphasis a little louder or with extra oomph in your pronunciation, you are putting emphasis on the word. This emphasis makes it clear that special attention, or emphasis, should be given to the word. Now, having repeated emphasis so many times, the "s" sound really stands out, sort of like in the word "stress." When you stress a point, you put emphasis on something — it is the main thing, the emphasis.
WORD FAMILY
emphasis: emphases, emphasise, emphasises, emphasize, overemphasis+/de-emphasize: de-emphasized/emphasise: de-emphasise, emphasised, emphasising, overemphasise, re-emphasise/ emphasize: de-emphasize, emphasized, emphasizes, emphasizing, overemphasize, re-emphasize /overemphasise: overemphasised, overemphasising/overemphasize: overemphasized, overemphasizes, overemphasizing/ re-emphasize: re-emphasized
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The players are off,” McAdoo said, with emphasis on each word.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The poem’s emphasis on Odysseus’ cunning starts to seem like the celebration of the emergence of a new kind of consciousness.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Of all the presidents in the past 50 years, Nixon placed the least emphasis on the book.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 强调; 着重; （轮廓、图形等的）鲜明; 突出，重读
分布：强调(54%)，重点(46%)
n.强调,重点You always put too much emphasis on the last syllable.你老是把最后一个音节读得太重.
【参】emphasize（vt 强调；着重）；emphatic（adj 语势强的；显著的）
['emp.fə.sɪs] (plural emphases)
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the particular importance or attention that you give to something 重视；强调
• I think we should put as much emphasis on preventing disease as we do on curing it. 我认为我们应该像重视治疗一样重视疾病的预防。
• Schools here put/place/lay great emphasis on written work and grammar. 这里的学校特别重视写作和文法。
 IMPROVER
■the extra force that you give to a word or part of a word when you are saying it 重读；重音
• The emphasis is on the final syllable. 重音在最后一个音节上。
• Where do you put the emphasis in the word 'controversy'? 这个词的重音在哪个音节上？
stress, emphasis
这组词都有“强调”的意思，其区别是：
stress: 常可与emphasis换用，但侧重指迫不及待地强调或坚持。
emphasis: 指尽力突出的重要性或重点。
n. 重点；强调；加强语气
 - stress, unode

Word: puzzle
Front: puzzle
[ˈpʌzl] (高研四六托雅 4255/6964 -2)
Vocabulary: puzzle
(once / 175 pages)
vn
To puzzle over something is to try to understand or solve it. Picture someone struggling with a jigsaw puzzle, trying to figure out how all those tiny pieces fit together to form an image. That person is puzzling over a puzzle!
When something puzzles you, it confuses and mystifies you. New technology might continually puzzle your grandfather, while your grandmother is quick to figure it out. When you puzzle over a difficult book or the instructions to your new TV, it's like you're trying to piece together a tricky puzzle — a challenging game or problem. The classic puzzle is a jigsaw puzzle, a picture that's split into small, oddly-shaped pieces you need to reassemble into a whole. There are also logic puzzles, crossword puzzles, and mechanical puzzles like a Rubik's Cube. If you can't figure a person out, you can also call them a puzzle.
WORD FAMILY
puzzle: puzzled, puzzlement, puzzler, puzzles, puzzling +/ puzzled: puzzledly/ puzzlement: puzzlements/ puzzler: puzzlers/ puzzling: puzzlingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s some missing piece of the puzzle that we need to find right now,” Lindsay Weekes said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The online reaction to the puzzle was swift, though it seemed more people were entertained than offended.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
I set a puzzle here every two weeks on a Monday.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使迷惑，使难解
vt. & vi. 为难，伤脑筋
n. 智力测验，智力玩具; 难题; 令人费解的事[人]; 谜一般的事物
时态：puzzled, puzzling, puzzles
分布：谜(48%)，难题(33%)，迷惑(8%)，拼图游戏(6%)，苦思(3%)，使困惑(1%)，使为难(1%)
→可能来自pose,提问，发问，提出问题，-le,表反复。引申名词词义谜，谜语。
n.难题,谜,迷惑v.(使)迷惑,(使)为难Shut in the hut, I'm puzzled how to cut down the output of nuts.关在茅棚里,我为削减坚果的产量犯难.
noun
 ADVANCED only singular
■a situation which is difficult to understand 令人费解的情况；难题；谜
• Scientists have been trying to solve this puzzle for years. 多年来科学家们一直试图解开这个谜。
 ADVANCED countable
■a game or toy in which you have to fit separate pieces together, or a problem or question which you have to answer by using your skill or knowledge 测验智力的游戏（或玩具）
• a jigsaw puzzle 智力拼图玩具
• a crossword puzzle 纵横字谜
• a puzzle book 谜语书
['pʌz.l] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to cause someone to feel confused and slightly worried because they cannot understand something, or to think hard about something in order to understand it （使）感到迷惑；（使）感到为难，（使）感到困窘
• The findings of the survey puzzle me - they're not at all what I would have expected. 调查的结果使我感到迷惑——它们根本不像我原本预料的那样。
• [+ question word] It puzzles me wh y she said that. 我想不通她为甚么那么说。
• Management are still puzzling about/over how the accident could have happened. 管理部门仍然对事故发生的原因感到迷惑不解。
['pʌz.l] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] puzzle sth out
■to discover or understand something by thinking hard about it 苦苦思索弄清楚
• [+ question word] I still can't puzzle out how I managed to spend so much money last month. 我现在仍想不明白上个月怎么花了那么多钱。
['pʌz.l] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  puzzle over sth
■to try to solve a problem or understand a situation by thinking carefully about it 为…绞尽脑汁，苦思冥想
• Scientists are puzzling over the results of the research on the drug. 科学家们在仔细思考这种药的研究结果。
puzzle, mystery, riddle, problem
这组词都有“谜、难题”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 语气较强，指复杂令人费解的情况或问题。
mystery: 指常人难以认识其起因或性质的奥秘，或指有意不让人理解的奥妙。
riddle: 指供人猜的谜语游戏，也可指终究会有解答的难题。
problem: 指有待探讨的疑难问题，也可指令人困惑的情况。
puzzle, confound, bewilder, perplex, confuse, distract, embarrass, baffle
这组词都有“使困惑、迷惑、糊涂、伤脑筋”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 侧重使人难于理解、困惑、伤脑筋。
confound: 常指人惊慌失措和狼狈不堪。
bewilder: 语气强烈，指因迷不解或惊愕而慌乱，不知所措，无法清醒地思考。
perplex: 除困惑外，还含焦虑或缺乏把握之意，因而难于作出决定，无从下手处理。
confuse: 语气较弱，指由于混淆、混乱而糊涂。
distract: 主要用于注意力分散、思想矛盾或过分激动时产生的昏乱。
embarrass: 常指因处境或困难问题而感到窘迫、局促不安或焦急而不知所措。
baffle: 语气最强，多指遇见奇怪情景或复杂困难情况时所产生的惶恐困惑心理。
vt. 使…困惑；使…为难；苦思而得出
 - baffle, discomfit
vi. 迷惑；冥思苦想
 - contemplate
n. 谜；难题；迷惑
 - enigma, difficult problem

Word: roman

Word: festival
Front: festival
[ˈfestɪvl] (中高研四六托雅 3695/2395 -K4)
Vocabulary: festival
(once / 222 pages)
n
A festival might be an all-day series of music performances or a weekend of short plays or films. Any program made up of many different acts, especially lasting an entire day or several days, can be called a festival.
Another meaning of the word festival is "big party," again most often a celebration that lasts for a long period of time. Some festivals are religious, and others are seasonal or cultural, like a city's Italian Heritage Festival. Some famous festivals include the Fringe Festival in Scotland, Carnivale in Brazil, Oktoberfest in Germany and Burning Man in the United States. You could travel the world as a festival hopper.
WORD FAMILY
festival: festivals
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the highlights of the holiday season for me was attending the “It’s a Wonderful Life” Festival in Seneca Falls, New York.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Piers Handling says Marshall helped build the festival into one of “the most influential public cultural festivals today.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Outside the New York Film Festival, the writer-director Mike Mills kept freezing up on the red carpet.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 节日; 节期; 贺宴，会演
adj. 节日的，喜庆的
分布：节日(84%)，节日的(11%)，喜庆的(3%)，欢宴(1%)，庆祝及祭祀(1%)
→来自拉丁语festa, 假日，宗教节日，来自dhes, 神，与神和宗教相关的，词源同festival, fan, theist.词义由祭祀，庆祝，狂欢引申为盛宴等。
节目,宴会(fext+ival表名词成形容词)[fest=feast,表示"节目"]
n.节日;音乐节;戏剧节a.节日的;快乐的During the festival the investor investigated his ancestor.节日期间投资者调查了他的祖宗.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a special day or period, usually in memory of a religious event, with its own social activities, food or ceremonies 节日；节期
• a Jewish/Christian/Hindu festival 犹太教／基督教／印度教节日
 IMPROVER
■an organized set of special events, such as musical performances （音乐等的）会演，节
• a folk/pop/rock festival 民间音乐／流行音乐／摇滚音乐节
• The Brighton Festival is held every year around May time. 布莱顿艺术节每年五月份左右举行。
• the Cannes Film Festival 坎城电影节
holiday, leave, vacation, festival
这组词都有“假日，节日”的意思，其区别是：
holiday: 指按规定不工作的各种假日，时间可长可短。在英国复数形式表示较长的假期。
leave: 主要指政府机关工作人员或军队人员获准的休假、假期。
vacation: 通常指时间较长的假期，如学校的寒暑假等。
festival: 指公众庆祝、欢度的节日。
n. 节日；庆祝，纪念活动；欢乐
 - holiday, joy, celebration
adj. 节日的，喜庆的；快乐的
 - cheerful, enjoyable

Word: crossing
Front: crossing
[ˈkrɒsɪŋ] (高托 6302/4935 -2)
Back: n. 人行横道，十字路口; 交叉，相交; 横越; 渡口
v. 交叉(cross的现在分词)
分布：十字路口(55%)，人行横道(23%)，横渡(20%)，动词cross的现在分词.(2%)
US ['krɑ:.sɪŋ] noun countable
■a place where something such as a road, river, etc. can be crossed safely, or a place where a road and a railway meet and cross each other 十字路口；交叉口；岔口，岔道；交汇处
• a border/river crossing 边境口岸／河流渡口
■a journey across something such as a sea, from one side to the other 跨海旅程，横度海洋的旅程
• We had a really rough crossing - I was sick three times. 我们度海时风急浪大——我吐了三次。
n. 十字路口；杂交；横渡；横道
 - intersection, four corners
v. 横越（cross的现在分词）
 - traversing

Word: occasion
Front: occasion
[əˈkeɪʒn] (研四六托雅 2262/1090 -K4)
Vocabulary: occasion
(once / 29 pages)
nv
Occasion means something special––that happens seldom or is notable when it does. On occasion, we sit down together as a family, but not every day, and never for dinner. When Great Aunt Mabel visits, however, we rise to the occasion and stage a large family meal.
Occasion can also mean a designated time or reason something happens, or it can be an event in itself. I'm giving you your grandmother's ring on the occasion of your graduation from high school. I haven't had occasion to look at it since she died. It's valuable, so only wear it on special occasions.
WORD FAMILY
occasion: occasional, occasioned, occasioning, occasions+/ occasional: occasionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beathard led an early field goal drive, and managed to get his team close to the end zone on two other occasions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
New Year’s Eve in New York City will always be an inescapable occasion, one on which its residents rally and reach for one another.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
News-Miner opinion: Each year, many of us use the occasion of the new year to enact changes in our own lives.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 机会，时机; 场合; 理由; 需要
vt. 惹起，引起
时态：occasioned, occasioning, occasions
分布：场合(57%)，机会(21%)，时机(9%)，理由(6%)，引起(5%)，致使(1%)，盛大场面(1%)
→oc-,向前，朝向，-cas,掉落，词源同case,cascade,accident.引申词义偶然，场合，时机。
发生;时机(oc使＋cas落下+ion→使...落下→事情发生)[cad,cas,cid=fall,表示"落下,降临"]
n.场合,时节,时刻;时机,机会He seized the occasion to invite her home for dinner.他抓住机会邀请她回家里吃饭.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a particular time, especially when something happens or has happened （尤指某事发生的）时刻，时候
• We met on several occasions to discuss the issue. 我们几次会面讨论这个问题。
• I've heard him be rude to her on a number of occasions. 我有好几次听到他对她说话很粗鲁。
• I seem to remember that on that occasion he was with his wife. 我好像记得那一次他和她的妻子在一起。
 IMPROVER
■a special or formal event 特殊场合；重大活动；盛会
• Sara's party was quite an occasion - there were over a hundred people there. 萨拉的聚会真是一次盛会——有一百多人参加。
• At the wedding he sang a song specially written for the occasion. 婚礼上，他演唱了一首专门为这次婚礼创作的歌曲。
• I have a suit but I only wear it on special occasions. 我有一套西服，不过我只在特殊的场合才穿。
• The coronation of a new king is, of course, a historic occasion. 新国王的加冕典礼当然是一个历史性事件。
• Congratulations on the occasion of your wedding anniversary. 在你们结婚纪念日之际谨致祝贺。
■formal
■an opportunity or reason for doing something or for something to happen 时机，机会；原因，理由
• The 200th anniversary of Mozart's death was the occasion for hundreds of special films, books and concerts. 为纪念莫札特逝世200周年，出现了数以百计的专题电影、书籍及音乐会。
• An occasion may arise when you can use your knowledge of French. 可能有机会让你用用法语。
• The bride took/used the occasion to make a short speech. 新娘利用这个机会简短地讲了几句。
on occasion
■sometimes, but not often 有时；偶尔，间或
• He has, on occasion, made a small mistake. 他有时犯点小错误。
[ə'keɪ.ʒən] noun countable
have occasion to do sth formal
■to need to do something 有必要做…，需要做…
• Of course, as a teacher I had authority, but rarely did I have occasion to use it. 当然，作为老师我有权威，可是我很少用到它。
[ə'keɪ.ʒən] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  occasionRemember: the most usual preposition to use with occasion is on. Don't say 'in/at an occasion', say on an occasion :
✗ I have met him in several occasions. I have met him on several occasions.
[ə'keɪ.ʒən] verb transitive formal
■to cause something 造成，引起；惹起
• Her refusal occasioned a lot of trouble. 她的拒绝引出许多麻烦。
• [+ two objects] The case occasioned the authorities a lot of worry/The authorities were occasioned a lot of worry by the case. 这个案子给当局惹来很多烦恼。
event, occasion, indicate, case
event: 重大事件
occasion: 场合，时刻，机关
indicate: 小事件
case: 事实，情况，实例
opportunity, occasion, chance
opportunity: 主要指能够去做某事，尤其是达到自己目的，实现某种愿望的好机会。如：You should make the most of your opportunities of seeing the country and learning the language.(你应该尽量利用你的机会去看看这个国家，学习它的语言。)
occasion: 主要指“时机”，“场合”，也含有“机会”的意思。如：The flags are hung out on the occasion of the National Day.(每逢国庆节，国旗都悬持出来了。)
chance: 多指偶然的机会，意外的机会，带有侥幸的意味。如：Even so, it was a lucky chance that he could do it.(即使如此，那也是他凭着侥幸才做到这点。)
n. 时机，机会；场合；理由
 - opportunity, chance, opening, sake, reason
vt. 引起，惹起
 - attract, cause, produce, operate, induce

Word: hurricane
Front: hurricane
[ˈhʌrɪkən] (高研六托雅宝 4512/7263 -2)
Vocabulary: hurricane
(once / 592 pages)
n
A hurricane is a severe tropical storm with high winds and heavy rain. When a hurricane comes through your town, you should board up the windows and stay inside.
Hurricanes have sustained winds that rotate in a circle, which is why they are often referred to as cyclones. The worst hurricane in recent years in America was Hurricane Katrina, which hit New Orleans in 2005 and devastated the city. The word hurricane comes from the Spanish word huracan. Interestingly, the Old English dictionary has 39 spellings for the word based on English-Spanish-Portuguese hybrids.
WORD COUNT
Stormy Weather: A Tempest of Meteorological Terms
Not long ago, Cliff Mass, an atmospheric scientist in Seattle, blogged about a sandstorm that had occurred in Eastern Washington. Extreme weather is not unusual in that area, but the word he used for the storm was new to many of us: haboob. The novelty of the term, along with the spectacular photo on his blog of an oncoming haboob, had people talking about it for days.
Haboob in Eastern Washington, September 2013 [Photo: Robert Ames]
Given how much our day-to-day lives are influenced by weather — and especially by storms — perhaps it's not surprising that we have a rich vocabulary for these natural phenomena.
The biggest of all storms, of course, is a hurricane. This term came into English from Spanish, but originates in Taíno, a native language from the Caribbean. The regional origin of this name might explain why we use hurricane for storms in the Atlantic and in eastern Pacific, close to the Americas. For similar storms in the western Pacific and the Indian Ocean, we use the word typhoon, a term with a curious etymology: it appears to represent a convergence of a Greek word for a whirlwind and a Chinese word for "great wind." (Some speculate an Arabic origin also.) A general term for these types of large-scale storms — cyclone, from Greek for "rotate" or "wheel" — alludes to the fact that they revolve around a central point.
Hurricane Isabel as seen from the International Space Station [source: Wikipedia]
Aside from these well-known terms, there's a nor'easter for a large storm in the north Atlantic. This name follows the convention for naming winds, which identifies the direction from which they come; a nor'easter spins counterclockwise, hence brings winds from the northeast.
Inland, a derecho is a hurricane-scale storm that is primarily associated with the Midwestern areas of the U.S. and Canada. Derecho is the Spanish word for "straight ahead," and came into use to describe the storm's wind pattern, which meteorologists call "straight-line wind." The "straight" nature of a derecho was intended to contrast with the circular nature of a different storm: the tornado, which occurs frequently in the same geographic region. The name tornado is another Spanish term, which might either derive from a word for thunderstorm or from a word for "to turn." An informal term for a tornado is a twister, named for its characteristic motion. The word cyclone is also used informally for tornados, since they're another type of revolving storm, but not by professionals.
If you substitute snow for rain in one of these large-scale storms, you get a blizzard. While I'm sure that the Anglo-Saxons huddled in their longhouses against snowy blasts, they did not bequeath us this word; blizzard is both a surprisingly modern term (the first recorded cite is from 1859) and originally an American one.
Generically, any strong wind is a gale (possibly of Norse origin). For meteorologists, a gale has a more precise definition: it's a wind that's between 34 and 40 knots, as measured on the Beaufort Scale, which has similarly precise values for terms like strong breeze, high wind, violent storm, and hurricane force. Another generic term for a wind-bearing storm is tempest (from Latin via Old French), whose metaphoric sense of tumult goes back almost as far as its weather-related sense. I for one would love to hear a TV weatherperson bring the word tempest back into everyday use.
There are many regional terms for winds and windstorms that occur regularly. People near mountains often experience type of wind called a föhn (or foehn, pronounced fern), which occurs in the Alps. This is a wind that comes down off mountains (that is, the wind is katabatic) and is channeled via valleys or passes. In Southern California, a famous föhn-type wind is the Santa Ana wind that blows out of the high desert to the east and whose extreme dryness can contribute to wildfires. (Some say that the Santa Ana wind makes people in Los Angeles restless and violent.) I grew up along the Front Range in Colorado, and in the spring we often experienced the extremely strong Chinook wind, whose unseasonable warmth has given it the nickname "snow-eater."
Other regional winds are the Diablo wind in Northern California, the Knik and Taku winds in Alaska, and the Squamish in British Columbia, though not all of these are warm winds (quite the contrary). Further afield are winds such as those in the Mediterranean region including the Mistral and Levant in France, the Ostro in Italy, and the hot, dry Sirocco that comes off the Sahara.
The Sirocco brings us back to Arabic, which is where we also get the haboob that we started with. Look out your window, and if it's a blustery day, there's probably a term that precisely names the wind you're experiencing, whether that term comes to us from a Native American language, from Spanish, or from a language of the African deserts.
WORD FAMILY
hurricane: hurricanes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Hurricanes' quarterback is no longer the Hurricanes' quarterback, after announcing Monday night he is skipping his senior season and entering the NFL draft.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Hurricanes found themselves in a pinch when Lack fell ill before Saturday night’s game at Tampa Bay.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And typhoons and hurricanes are getting stronger because of climate change.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 飓风，十二级风; 飓风般猛烈的东西; （感情等的）爆发; <英>飓风式战斗驱逐机
分布：飓风(94%)，暴风(6%)
→来自西班牙语huracan,最终来自西印度群岛土著语Juracan,雷神，当他发怒的时候，会兴起狂风暴雨，即飓风。
n.飓风The hurricane flung their boat upon the rocks.飓风把他们的小船抛到岩石上.
【记】hurri＝hurry，cane＝can：hurry一点就可以can逃脱hurricaneharridan（n 老巫婆）不hurry就变成dan了。
US ['hɝ:-] noun countable
■a violent wind which has a circular movement, especially found in the West Atlantic Ocean （尤指西大西洋的）飓风
• The state of Florida was hit by a hurricane that did serious damage. 佛罗里达州遭受了飓风袭击，损失严重。
• Hurricane force (= very strong) winds are expected tonight. 预计今晚会有飓风级的强风。
typhoon, storm, hurricane
这组词都有“大风”的意思，其区别是：
typhoon: 主要指西太平洋海洋上发生的极猛烈的风暴，风力常达十级以上。
storm: 指雷电交加的暴风雨，也多作引申用。
hurricane: 指12级大风，有时指发生在西印度群岛的大气旋。
n. 飓风， [气象] 暴风
 - cyclone, storms

Word: actor
Front: actor
[ˈæktə(r)] (高研四雅 1497/2390 -K3)
Vocabulary: actor
(once / 173 pages)
1n 2n
If you act in a play, whether it's written by Shakespeare or your little brother, you can call yourself an actor. Some actors make films, and others are on TV.
Traditionally, the noun actor referred to a male performer, while actress was used to describe a female. These days, it's become more common to use actor for players of any gender. You can also use the word to describe someone who participates in some action, or makes things happen in a particular area: "She was a real actor in the labor movement." In Latin, actor means both "doer" and "theatrical player."
WORD FAMILY
actor: actors+/ act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive/ activity: activities/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/ enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts/ interaction: interactional, interactions/ interactive: interactively/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it’s precisely because governments are distracted or incapacitated that there is a role for non-state actors.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“Restraints disappear, and the field is open to the most expansive claims and the most implacable actors,” he writes.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Mills politely insisted, and Plummer acknowledges, “I was better as a screen actor because of Mike Mills and his delicate way with psychology.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 演员（尤指男演员）; 行动者; 参与者
分布：演员(98%)，行动者(2%)
n.男演员;演员,行动者Actually the actor and actress reacted actively to the activity.实际上男演员和女演员对这个活动作出了积极的反应.
US [-tɚ] (female also actress)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who pretends to be someone else while performing in a film, theatrical performance, or television or radio programme 演员
• "Who's your favourite actor?" "Robert de Niro." “你最喜欢的演员是谁？”“劳勃‧狄尼洛。”
player, performer, actor
这组词都有“演员”的意思，其区别是：
player: 侧重指职业或业余舞台演员。
performer: 使用广泛，不仅可指舞台或影视演员，而且可指舞蹈演员、乐器演奏等的演员，侧重在观众面前的实际表演。
actor: 指在舞台剧、电影、电视剧或广播剧中以演出为职业的男演员，侧重扮演的角色。

Word: partisan
Front: partisan
[ˌpɑ:tɪˈzæn] (托雅宝 6222/12289 -1)
Vocabulary: partisan
(once / 460 pages)
1nadj 2n
If something is prejudicial towards a particular point of view, you can call it partisan. You'll often hear of the partisan politics in the U.S.— since politicians seem to be completely devoted to the agendas of their own parties.
Partisan can be used to describe rabid supporters of any person or activity. In American English, however, it is most often used to refer to politics and the American two-party system of Democrats and Republicans. A bill introduced may have partisan support from the party that introduced the bill, or — more rarely it seems to American voters — the bill may even have bipartisan support. The prefix bi is added to show the support from both parties.
WORD FAMILY
partisan: bipartisan, nonpartisan, partisanly, partisans, partisanship +/ bipartisan: bipartisanly/ nonpartisan: nonpartisans/ partisanship: nonpartisanship, partisanships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pelowski points to reforms that ended social interaction among lawmakers as the start of a partisan shift.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His hope, however far-fetched, was that Trump, by demolishing traditional Party ideologies, might somehow help people move beyond hardened partisan positions.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But as Republicans plan to reserve the first 100 days of Congress for their more partisan goals, Democrats are preparing roadblocks.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 党派性的; 偏袒的; 游击队的
n. 党羽，强硬支持者; 游击队员; 戟的一种
分布：游击队员(40%)，党羽(27%)，党派性的(18%)，偏袒的(10%)，强烈支持者(5%)
→来自part,部分，分支，-isan,人，词源同artisan.引申词义分支机构，党派，后词义贬义化，用于指党羽，强硬支持者，盲从的，盲目的。
党徒;偏见者(parti[party党],一部分+san→党人→党徒)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
党徒(party党派)[-an表名词和形容词"…地方,...人]
【记】party党，san人－党人－党徒
US ['pɑ:r.tˌɪ.zən] adjective
■strongly supporting a person, principle or political party, often without considering or judging the matter very carefully （常指盲目）支持的，拥护的；偏袒的
• The audience was very partisan, and refused to listen to her speech. 听众的党派观念很强，拒绝听她的演讲。
• partisan politics 党性政治；党派政治
⇒ See also bipartisan
(also partizan) UK [ˌpɑ:.tɪ'zæn/ UK ['---] US ['pɑ:r.tˌɪ.zən] noun countable
■(in a country which has been defeated) a member of a secret armed force whose aim is to fight against the enemy which is controlling the country （沦陷区内的）游击队员，武装抗敌分子
■someone who supports a person, principle or political party 虔诚的信徒，热烈的支持者；党徒，党羽
adj. 党派的；效忠的；偏袒的；盲目推崇的
 - political, committed
n. 游击队；虔诚信徒；党羽
 - Guerrillas, underlings

Word: momentum
Front: momentum
[məˈmentəm] (研六雅宝 4335/5641 -2)
Vocabulary: momentum
(once / 1007 pages)
n
Momentum is generally used to mean increasing forward motion. A boulder rolling down a hill gains momentum. So does a great idea, a team on a winning streak, or the economy.
To find an object's physical momentum you multiply its mass by its velocity. Determining the momentum of the economy or the latest fad is much more difficult. Used figuratively, momentum implies that, like a boulder rolling down a hill, something with momentum will continue moving forward on its own. If you're running for class president, you might want to build momentum by holding a few rallies, passing out flyers and starting a website. Once you have momentum, your opponents won't be able to stop you.
WORD FAMILY
momentum: momenta, momentums
USAGE EXAMPLES
But United continued to look like a team gathering some genuine momentum.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
After Bennett’s “vicious, high-speed direct slam,” as the Times put it, Alabama seized the momentum and won, 28–10.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
They surge into the postseason, and they feed off that momentum.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [物]动量; 势头; 动力; 要素，契机
分布：势头(56%)，动力(44%)
→来自拉丁语momentum,运动，变化，冲击，词源同moment,move.
n.动力,要素As the rock rolled down, it gathered momentum.岩石滚下山坡时,冲力愈来愈大.
【记】源于：movement（n 运动）
US [-tˌəm] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the force that keeps an object moving or keeps an event developing after it has started 动量，冲量；冲力；推动力；动力
• Once you push it, it keeps going under its own momentum. 一旦你推动了它，它就会在自己的动量作用下持续运动。
• The spacecraft will fly round the Earth to gain/gather momentum for its trip to Jupiter. 太空船将绕着地球飞行以获取飞向木星所需的动力。
• The play loses momentum (= becomes less interesting, energetic, etc.) by its half-way stage. 这部戏演到一半时就没看头了。
• In an attempt to give new momentum to their plans, the committee set a date for starting detailed discussions. 为了为他们的计划赋予新的动力，委员会定好了开始讨论细节的日期。
n. 势头； [物] 动量；动力；冲力
 - impetus, quantity of motion

Word: controversy
Front: controversy
[ˈkɒntrəvɜ:si] (研六托雅 2876/3460 -3)
Vocabulary: controversy
(once / 236 pages)
n
A controversy is a dispute or argument in which people express strong opposing views. When a popular TV show kills off a well-loved character, there's bound to be a lot of controversy.
Controversy means a quarrel (often public) involving strong disagreement, but the topic can be as unimportant as a new movie. There might be a controversy in the pages of fashion magazines over whether shorter hems are really in style, or about wearing white after Labor Day. Controversy is from the Latin contrōversus, "turned in an opposite direction," from the prefix contrā, "against," plus versus, a form of vertere, "to turn."
WORD FAMILY
controversy: controversial, controversialist, controversies+/ controversial: controversially, noncontroversial, uncontroversial /controversialist: controversialists/ uncontroversial: uncontroversially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her appointment sparked controversy due to her previous employment links to China’s military.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
At the time, The Economic Consequences of the Peace created an instant controversy.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The most important political task of 2017 transcends the normal run of issues and controversies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 公开辩论; 论战
分布：争议(100%)
→contra-, 相对，相反。-verse, 转，词源同versus.
争论;议论[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.争论,辩论,争吵The overthrown president is overwhelmed by the controversy.被推翻的总统被辩论降服.
US ['kɑ:n.trə.vɝ:-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a lot of disagreement or argument about something, usually because it affects or is important to many people 争议；争论；争辩
• There was a big controversy surrounding/over the use of drugs in athletics. 体育界对使用违禁药物争议很大。
• The policy has caused fierce/heated controversy ever since it was introduced. 这项政策自推行以来已引起了激烈的争论。
argument, controversy, dispute, debate, conflict, strife, quarrel
这组词都有“争执、不和”的意思，其区别是：
argument: 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。
controversy: 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。
dispute: 普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。
debate: 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。
conflict: 指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。
strife: 指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。
quarrel: 普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。
n. 争论；论战；辩论
 - combat, debate, dispute

Word: regain
Front: regain
[rɪˈgeɪn] (4783/4776 -2)
Vocabulary: regain
(once / 347 pages)
v
After you get off of a crazy carnival ride, you'll probably have to regain your balance, or get it back.
Any time you've lost something and want to recover it, you hope to regain it. If your friend is furious with you because you didn't keep a secret she told you, you'll probably try to regain her trust and as a result, regain her friendship.
WORD FAMILY
regain: regained, regaining, regains+/ gain: gained, gainer, gainful, gaining, gains, regain /gainer: gainers/ gainful: gainfully, gainfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Simultaneously it needs to retain people who backed Remain, and regain those who voted Leave," it said.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The screen that follows offers several ways for you to prove your identity to regain control of the Hotmail account.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
How about an article on how to regain healthy habits formed in one's 20s?
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: vt. 复得，重回; 回收; 恢复（失物、失地、健康等）
n. 收复，取回
时态：regained, regaining, regains
分布：恢复(91%)，复得(5%)，重回(4%)
→re-,再，重新，gain,得到，获得。
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to take or get possession of something again 重新获得；恢复；收回
• The government has regained control of the capital from rebel forces. 政府已从叛军手中收复了首都。
• She made an effort to regain her self-control. 她竭力控制住自己。
■literary
■to reach or return to a place, especially after difficulty or danger （尤指经历困难或危险后）回到，重返，返回（某地）
• The swimmers struggled to regain the shore. 游泳者们挣扎着游回岸上。
regain, restore, reclaim, recover
这组词都有“重新获得，重新找到，恢复”的意思，其区别是：
regain: 着重指通过努力使失去的东西复得。
restore: 指建筑物、工艺品恢复原状，也指健康、能力等的恢复。
reclaim: 主要指回收或利用废物。
recover: 普通用词，含义广，可泛指收回去的物质的或精神的东西，也指无意中找到失物。
vt. 恢复；重新获得；收回
 - restore, repair, resume
vi. 上涨
 - advance, to go up
n. 收复；取回
 - retrieval, resumption

Word: excessive
Front: excessive
[ɪkˈsesɪv] (研四六托 4564/3952 -2)
Vocabulary: excessive
(once / 327 pages)
adj
Excessive means beyond what is typical or normal. When something is excessive, there's way too much.
Excessive refers to something that is extra — usually in a negative way. A 90-second drum solo in a two-minute song is excessive. Getting down on your knees and kissing someone's feet to thank them for a favor is excessive, unless they gave you their firstborn. Often this means something that exceeds the bounds of good taste, or is extravagant and inappropriately expensive. You should dress up for dinner, but wearing a ball gown to a diner is excessive.
WORD FAMILY
excessive: excessively, excessiveness+/ exceed: exceeded, exceeding, exceeds, excessive /exceeded: unexceeded/ exceeding: exceedingly / exceedingly: exceedinglys
USAGE EXAMPLES
His detractors accuse him of excessive charm, but it may be more accurate to say that he edits brutality from his world view.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He argued in his appeal that his new sentence of 90 years was excessive.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Was a good dude, great dude, the cleanest guy, nothing necessarily excessive.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 过度的，极度的; 过分的; 过多的; 过逾
分布：过多的(60%)，过分的(40%)
过分的;过度的[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
a.过多的;过分的;额外I exceed the excellent student who has excessive excellence.我胜过那个有过多优点的优秀学生.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■too much 过分的；过度的；过多的
• Excessive exercise can sometimes cause health problems. 过度的运动有时也会导致健康问题。
• Any more pudding would simply be excessive. 不能再吃布丁了，再吃就太多了。
gigantic, maximum, excess, excessive, multiple, surplus
gigantic: 巨大的，庞大的
maximum: 最大的，最高的
excess: （作定语） 过度的，额外的，超过了正常限度或标准
excessive: 过度的，过分的
multiple: 多样的，多重的，多倍的
surplus: 过剩的，多余的，剩余的
adj. 过多的，极度的；过分的
 - extreme, ultra, tall

Word: alas
Front: alas
[əˈlæs] (六 8520/7025 -1)
Vocabulary: alas
(once / 169 pages)
adv
Alas is another way to emphatically say “unfortunately.” Perhaps you meant to finish up all your homework last night, but alas, your favorite television show wound up getting your undivided attention instead.
Letting out a breathy alas in the middle of your sentence may sound dramatic or old fashioned, but it's actually an excellent way to emphasize extreme bewilderment, regret, concern, or woe. Once an expression of weariness rather than grief, alas stems from the Latin lassus, meaning “tired, weary.” Exclaimed Lord Byron, the English poet, “Alas! The love of women! It is known to be a lovely and fearful thing!”
WORD FAMILY
alas: alass
USAGE EXAMPLES
Whatever your plan and however bold your intentions, there’s always the danger of a slip-up, alas.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Alas, the wisdom of the bubbe often collapses under rigorous testing.
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
But, he added, “the miraculous effects anticipated by some of the new supply side enthusiasts were, alas, without substance.”
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: int. （表示悲痛、遗憾）哎呀; 唉; 乌呼; 呜呼哀哉
分布：唉(100%)
→感叹词。
[ə'læs] old-fashioned or formal
adverb
■used to express sadness or feeling sorry about something （表示悲伤或遗憾）哎呀，唉
• I love football but, alas, I have no talent as a player. 我喜欢足球。唉，可惜我没有当足球运动员的天分。
• "Will you be able to come tomorrow?" "Alas, no." “你明天能来吗？”“唉，不行。”
[ə'læs] old-fashioned or formal
adverb
alas and alack humorous
■an expression of sadness （表示悲痛）呜呼，啊呀
int. 唉（表悲伤、遗憾、恐惧、关切等等）
 - gosh, woe

Word: cure
Front: cure
[kjʊə(r)] (高研四六托雅 4579/5242 -K3)
Vocabulary: cure
(once / 134 pages)
1nv 2v
A cure is a treatment that ends an illness or makes you feel better. There is no cure for the common cold, or for a broken heart. Waaaaa.
Many researchers focus on finding cures for diseases like cancer and diabetes — while it is possible to recover from incurable illnesses, it's not possible to cure them. You could also say, "This Florida winter is going to cure me of missing Minnesota!" When someone cures meat or fish, they smoke or salt it to preserve it. The Latin root is curare, "take care of."
WORD FAMILY
cure: curable, curative, cured, cures, curing+/ curable: curability, curableness, incurable /curative: curatively, curatives/cured: uncured/ incurable: incurability, incurableness, incurables, incurably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Coleridge believed the clean air on the hill at Highgate was beneficial in his attempts to cure himself of opium addiction.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
This is what creates the red patches and silvery scales of psoriasis, and it also explains why “cures” are elusive.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Every cure is unique and none is reliable.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 治愈; 矫正; 解决; 消除
vi. 受治疗; 被加工处理
n. 治愈; 药物; 疗法; 措施
时态：cured, curing, cures
分布：治疗(56%)，治愈(35%)，疗法(7%)，对策(1%)，纠正(1%)
→来自拉丁语cura,关心，照看，护理，救治，词源同curate,curator.
医治,治疗(关心病人→治疗)[cur=care,表示"关心"]
v.(of)治愈,医治;矫正n.治愈,痊愈;良药The furious obscure curer is curious to secure the curly-curved mercury curiosity.盛怒的不出名治疗者渴望弄到这种带卷曲曲线的水银珍品.
US [kjʊr] verb transitive
MAKE WELL 使好转
 IMPROVER
■to make someone with an illness healthy again 治愈，治好
• At one time the doctors couldn't cure TB/cure people of TB. 曾经有一段时期，医生无法治愈肺结核／肺结核病人。
■to solve a problem 解决（问题）
• Finance Ministers meet this week to discuss how to cure inflation. 财政部长们本周将举行会晤讨论如何解决通货膨胀问题。
UK [kjʊər] US [kjʊr] verb transitive
PRESERVE 保存
■to treat food, tobacco, etc. with smoke or salt, etc. in order to stop it decaying （用烟熏或盐腌等方法）保存（食物、烟草等）
• cured meats 腌肉
UK [kjʊər] US [kjʊr] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cure sb of sth
■to stop someone doing or wanting something bad 消除（某人）的…；改掉（某人）的…
• I ate so much of it one day I was sick and that cured me of my addiction. 有一天我吃得太多得了病，这使我戒除了吃这种东西的嗜好。
UK [kjʊər] US [kjʊr] noun countable
■something that makes someone with an illness healthy again 药物；治疗方法
• There's still no cure for cancer. 还没有能治愈癌症的方法。
• There is no known cure for this disease (= a cure has not yet been found). 这种病还找不到一种有效的治疗方法。
■a solution to a problem 解决方法；对策
• The best cure for boredom is hard work! 消除无聊最有效的方法是努力工作！
medication, remedy, chemical, medicine, cure, drug
这组词都有“药”的意思，其区别是：
medication: 指医生开给病人用的一切药物，从最简单的阿斯匹林到最复杂的药物。
remedy: 普通用词，侧重指对恢复健康有效的药品或治疗方法。
chemical: 多指工业或化学中的药品，有时也指医药中的药品。
medicine: 普通用词，可指药物的总称，也指一切有利于健康的东西。
cure: 比remedy更强调使身体恢复健康的疗法或良药。
drug: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指任何用于预防或治疗肉体上或精神上疾病的药品。用复数形式，多指毒品。
remedy, heal, cure, treat
这组词都有“治疗、医治”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 着重用药物对病人进行治疗。
heal: 侧重指治愈伤口、伤痛如灼伤等。
cure: 主要指治愈疾病。
treat: 普通用词，指接受并诊治病人。
vt. [临床] 治疗；治愈； [化学] 使硫化；加工处理
 - help, remedy
vi. 治病；痊愈； [临床] 受治疗； [化学] 被硫化；被加工处理
 - heal up
n. 治疗；治愈； [临床] 疗法
 - therapy, medical treatment

Word: sensor
Front: sensor
[ˈsensə(r)] (六 4935/10071 -1)
Back: n. 传感器，灵敏元件
分布：传感器(99%)，探测器(1%)
→来自 sense,感觉，知觉，-or,表物。
US [-sɚ] noun countable
■a device which is used to record that something is present or that there are changes in something 感测器
• The security device has a heat sensor which detects the presence of people and animals. 保全装置中有一个热感测器，能探测人和动物的存在。
n. [自] 传感器
 - transducer, SEN

Word: mouth
Front: mouth
[maʊθ] (中高托 1060/1011 -K4)
Vocabulary: mouth
(once / 47 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4vn
There are many meanings of mouth, but they all relate to the hole from which you eat, speak, and breathe.
Like the mouth below your nose, other mouths are openings or have something to do with speaking. The opening at the top of a jar or bottle is its mouth. The place where a river meets the ocean is the mouth of the river. It’s called mouthing off when you give someone lip or sass. You can mouth the words to a song without singing them. A mouth (or mouthpiece) is someone who speaks for other people, like a lawyer.
WORD FAMILY
mouth: mouthed, mouthful, mouthing, mouthless, mouthlike, mouths+/ mouthful: mouthfuls
USAGE EXAMPLES
He developed a fungal infection in his mouth — a fallout of an immune system compromised by chemotherapy and radiation treatment.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“It kind of left a bad taste in our mouth after the Big Ten championship game,” Edwards said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I saw mouths moving, but I heard no voices,” he later said.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 口; 出入口; 传闻
vt. 装腔作势地说; 喃喃地说，心不在焉地说，言不由衷地说
vi. 装腔作势说话
时态：mouthed, mouthing, mouths
分布：嘴(55%)，口(40%)，开口(2%)，河口(2%)，装腔作势地说(1%)
→来自古英语muth,嘴，开口，门，洞，来自Proto-Germanic*munthaz,来自ment,嘴，颌， 词源同mandible,masticate.鼻音n 脱落，比较dental,tooth.
n.口,嘴The young youths lounged in the south mouth of the cave for one month.无经验的青年们在南洞口闲荡了一个月.
noun]maʊɵ/
BODY PART 身体一部分
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the opening in the face of a person or animal, consisting of the lips and the space between them, or the space behind containing the teeth and the tongue 嘴，口；口腔
• Open your mouth wide and say "Ah". 张大嘴，说“啊”。
• You shouldn't put so much food in your mouth at once. 你不该一次把这么多食物塞入口中。
noun]maʊɵ/
OPENING 孔洞
countable usually singular
■the opening of a narrow container, the opening of a hole or cave, or the place where a river flows into the sea （容器的）口；洞口；（江河的）入海口
• Quebec is at the mouth of the St Lawrence River. 魁北克市位于圣劳伦斯河口。
noun]maʊɵ/
be all mouth (UK also be all mouth and no trousers) informal
■to talk a lot about doing something but never do it 只说不做
• He says he's going to complain to the manager, but I reckon he's all mouth. 他说他要向经理鸣不平，但我认为他不过是说说而已。
noun]maʊɵ/
be down in the mouth informal
■to be sad 神色沮丧，垂头丧气
noun]maʊɵ/
keep your mouth shut informal
■to not talk about something 保持缄默，守口如瓶
• I don't know whether to tell him what I know or keep my mouth shut. 我不知道应该告诉他我所知道的，还是保持缄默。
noun]maʊɵ/
make sb's mouth water
■If the smell or sight of food makes your mouth water, it makes you want to eat it 使（某人）馋得直流口水，使（某人）垂涎欲滴
• The smell of that bacon cooking is making my mouth water. 煮熏肉的香味令我垂涎欲滴。
noun]maʊɵ/
mouth to feed
■someone, especially a new-born baby, who you must provide food for 需要养活的人（尤指新生儿）
• They've got three kids and the husband's just lost his job - the last thing they need is another mouth to feed. 他们有三个孩子，丈夫又刚失业——绝不想再多养个孩子了。
noun]maʊɵ/
Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings. literary saying
■said when a child says something that surprises you because it shows an adult's understanding 出自天真的稚子之口；童言有道
verb transitive /maʊD/
■to form words with the lips without making any sound 对口型假唱，一声不响地动唇说话
• It looks to me as if the singers are only mouthing the words. 在我看来，这些歌手好像只是在对口型假唱。
• [+ speech] "Can we go?" mouthed Mary. “我们可以走了吗？”玛丽用口型默示道。
• I don't want to stand here listening to you mouthing (= saying in a way that is not sincere) excuses. 我不想站在这里听你信口胡说找借口。
⇒ See also badmouth
verb transitive /maʊD/
  Phrasal Verbs  mouth off (about sth) informal disapproving
■to express your opinions too loudly and publicly （在公开场合毫无顾忌地）发表意见，谈论
• I had to listen to Michael mouthing off about the government all through lunch. 吃午餐的整个过程中我不得不听着麦克对政府大发议论。
verb transitive /maʊD/
  Phrasal Verbs  mouth off (to/at sb) informal disapproving
■to speak in a rude or offensive way to someone （跟某人）回嘴，顶嘴
• She's a typical teenager, coming home late at night and mouthing off to her parents. 她是个典型的青少年，深夜才回家，又和父母顶嘴。
n. [解剖] 口，嘴；河口
 - jaws, ostium
vt. 做作地说，装腔作势地说；喃喃地说出
 - grumble

Word: openly
Front: openly
[ˈəʊpənli] (4491/4961 -K2)
Vocabulary: openly
(once / 308 pages)
adv
If you do something openly, you don't try to hide it. Some countries allow their citizens to openly criticize the government, while other countries harshly punish their critics.
There might be some things you prefer to keep to yourself, or to whisper about with your best friend. Or, maybe you're a person who prefers to live your life openly, being direct and straightforward about everything. Talking openly about your feelings can be hard, but it usually makes you feel better. Openly comes from the Old English openlice, "clearly or unreservedly."
WORD FAMILY
open: opened, opener, openest, opening, openingly, openly, openness, opens, reopen, unopen+/opened: unopened/opener: openers/ opening: nonopening, openings/openness: opennesses/reopen: reopened, reopening, reopens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Conservatives openly touted that bill as a “dress rehearsal” for the future.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The honor of Miss Golden Globe is also an openly nepotistic one.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
One marcher in the crowd held a sign calling Fisher, who spoke openly about her struggles with bipolar disorder, a mental health advocate.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 公开地; 公然地; 直率地; 当众
分布：公开地(51%)，公然地(28%)，直率地(21%)
US ['oʊ-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■without hiding any of your thoughts or feelings 公开地；坦率地，坦诚地；毫不隐讳地
• They were openly contemptuous of my suggestions. 他们公然蔑视我的建议。
• We discussed our reservations about the contract quite openly. 我们相当坦诚地讨论了我们对这份合约的保留意见。
adv. 公开地；公然地；坦率地
 - directly, in public, publicly, straight, barely

Word: cleric
Front: cleric
[ˈklerɪk] (8613/12333 -1)
Back: n. 牧师; 神职人员
adj. 牧师的; 教士的
分布：神职人员(93%)，宗教领袖(7%)
→来自clergy,神职人员。
noun countable
■a priest 教士，牧师；神职人员；僧侣
• a Buddhist/Catholic/Muslim cleric 佛教僧侣／天主教／穆斯林神职人员
n. 牧师；传教士
 - minister, priest, preacher, Holy Joe
adj. 牧师的，教士的
 - pastoral, ecclesiastical

Word: freely
Front: freely
[ˈfri:li] (四六 4792/4080 -K2)
Vocabulary: freely
(once / 187 pages)
adv
When you do something freely, you act without restraint or control by anyone or anything. Weekends are best when you can freely choose when to wake up and what to do with your days.
Many people spend their childhoods yearning to be older so they can freely live their lives. On a smaller scale, if you let your backyard chickens roam unchecked around your property, they can move freely; and if you ice skate on a lake instead of a small indoor rink, you can move freely, in any direction, without being scolded. Freely comes from free, with its Old English root freo, "acting of one's own will."
WORD FAMILY
freely: freelys+/ free: freed, freeing, freely, freer, frees, freest, unfree/unfree: unfreer
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There are hundreds of thousands of Christians in Turkey who freely exercise their religion.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Williams’ backhand especially suffered, though she looked to move around the court freely.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are over 1,500 bison in Poland, mostly living freely in state-owned reserves but also on private farms.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 自由地，随意地，免费地; 直率地; 免费地; 慷慨地
分布：自由地(34%)，大量地(22%)，免费地(22%)，直率地(22%)
adverb
NOT LIMITED 不受限制地
 ADVANCED
■without being controlled or limited 自由地；不受控制地；不受限制地
• For the first time in months she could move freely. 数月以来她第一次可以自由走动。
• Exotic foods are freely available in supermarkets. 超市里随时可以买到来自外国的食品。
• She freely (= willingly) admits that she's not as fast a runner as she used to be. 她爽快地承认不如以前跑得快了。
• We encourage the victims to talk freely (= talk a lot and honestly) about their experiences. 我们鼓励受害者坦率讲出他们的经历。
['fri:.li] adverb
ABLE TO MOVE EASILY 可轻易移动
■in a way which is not fixed or joined to anything, so able to move easily 可轻易移动地
• Remember to apply plenty of oil so that the wheel can rotate freely. 记住上足油，这样轮子才转得顺。
adv. 自由地；免费地；大量地；慷慨地；直率地
 - largely, importantly, big, heavy

Word: diversify
Front: diversify
[daɪˈvɜ:sɪfaɪ] (六托 8552/9746 -2)
Vocabulary: diversify
(once / 1191 pages)
v
Diversify means to vary in type. It's often used to discuss risk in financial activities. You might diversify your investments by spreading your wealth among different types of stocks.
You may have noticed that diversify looks like the word diverse, an adjective that describes showing variety and difference. If you want to diversify your interests, that means you want to mix it up and do more than just play Dungeons and Dragons all the time — you might become active in sports, theater, and the math club. Diversify can also describe expanding into new areas. A company might diversify by sending its sales force into Asia and Latin America.
WORD FAMILY
diversify: diversification, diversified, diversifies, diversifying+/ diversification: diversifications/ diversified: undiversified
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Bagleys bought their first 15 elk in the late 1990s, seeking to diversify their beef and dairy business.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
One way that antique stores continue to thrive is by diversifying their products, Stewart said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Try to diversify not only the subject matter you read, but the ideology of the publishers and the identities of the writers.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 使多样化，多样化; 进入新的商业领域
时态：diversified, diversifying, diversifies
分布：多样化(85%)，使多样化(6%)，使不同(5%)，使变化(4%)
→来自diverse, 多样的。
多样化(di分开+vers+ify)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
US [dɪ'vɝ:-] verb
intransitive
■to become more varied or different 多样化；差异化
• Millions of years ago, changes in the Earth's climate caused animal and plant life to diversify. 数百万年前，地球气候的变化导致了动植物的多样化。
intransitive or transitive
■If a business diversifies, it starts making new products or offering new services （使）多元化经营，（使）从事多种经营
• Many wheat farmers have begun to diversify into other forms of agriculture. 很多麦农已经开始采用其他农业种植模式。
vt. 使多样化，使变化；增加产品种类以扩大
 - vary, variegate

Word: reliance
Front: reliance
[rɪˈlaɪəns] (研四六托宝 6942/6173)
Vocabulary: reliance
(once / 847 pages)
n
The word reliance is the noun form of the verb rely, which means to depend. Your reliance on the Internet for your information will be your undoing, if the power ever goes out.
A person's reliance on something is their dependence on it. A mime's reliance on silence is the key to his performance: if he speaks, he'll be ruined. Your reliance on the kindness of strangers makes sense when you consider that you'll never run out of strangers upon whom to rely. Too bad you can't just lean on the folks that you know.
WORD FAMILY
reliance: reliances, self-reliance+/ reliable: reliability, reliableness, reliably, unreliable / reliant: reliantly, self-reliant/ rely: reliable, reliance, reliant, relied, relies, relying/unreliability: unreliabilities/ unreliable: unreliability, unreliableness, unreliably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But they should also leverage the opportunity to ask higher-level questions about the state’s long reliance on the managed-care model for medical assistance.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And, in the nineties, Nike faced a boycott over its reliance on sweatshop labor.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He rejects even the customary reliance on an eventful plot.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 依靠，依赖; 信任，信赖，信心; 所信赖的人或物
分布：信赖(90%)，所信赖的人或物(10%)
→来自 rely,依靠，信赖。
信赖(rely依靠)[-ance表名词"性质,状况"]
n.信任,信心,依靠,依靠的人或物I put reliance on him.我相信他.
noun uncountable
■when you depend on or trust in something or someone 依赖，依靠；信任，信赖
• The region's reliance on tourism is unwise. 这一地区依赖旅游业谋发展是不明智的。
• You place too much reliance on her ideas and expertise. 你过于信赖她的想法和专业知识了。
n. 信赖；信心；受信赖的人或物
 - belief, confidence, trust, hope

Word: outright
Front: outright
[ˈaʊtraɪt] (托雅 8853/9778 -2)
Vocabulary: outright
(once / 1015 pages)
1advadj 2adv
If you do something outright, you do it in a wholehearted, unrestricted way. If you declare outright that you’re never eating another cupcake, that’s the end of that. If you eat one anyway, you told an outright lie.
If an event is cancelled outright, there's no question about it being rescheduled, and if you buy a new car outright, you pay for it all at once, instead of making monthly payments. Outright means direct and immediate — whether it's an adverb or an adjective: "The child's outright refusal to put on his shoes exasperated his babysitter." It can also mean “right away.” If you step on a slug, you’ll probably kill it outright. Ew.
WORD FAMILY
outright: outrightly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Suddenly, that £5 cappuccino on Oxford Street is no longer cause for outright alarm.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their research found that people doing the misleading think paltering is better than committing an outright lie.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
This serves as a cautionary tale for medical professionals, journalists, and laypeople alike to resist clinical indictments based on hearsay, if not outright imagination.
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 完全地; 彻底地; 坦率地，不客气地; 即刻，马上
adj. 完全的，彻底的; 直率的; 明白的; 总共的
分布：彻底的(38%)，完全的(28%)，直率的(17%)，彻底地(9%)，率直地(4%)，立刻地(4%)
→out-,向外，right,直接的，正确的。用于副词词义彻底的，十足的。
adverb]ˌaʊtˈraɪt/
■completely or immediately 彻底，完全；立刻；当场
• I think cigarette advertising should be banned outright. 我认为应该全面禁止香烟广告。
• The driver and all three passengers were killed outright. 司机和车上全部3名乘客当场死亡。
adjective [before noun] /ˈaʊt.raɪt/
■complete 完全的，彻底的
• Outsiders are regarded with outright hostility. 外来者受到公然敌视。
• There was no outright winner in the election. 这次选举没有绝对的赢家。
adv. 全部地；立刻地；率直地；一直向前；痛快地
 - overall, heartily
adj. 完全的，彻底的；直率的；总共的
 - thorough, full, complete, absolute, total

Word: conversation
Front: conversation
[ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn] (中高托雅 1164/1465 -K3)
Vocabulary: conversation
(once / 61 pages)
n
A conversation occurs when people talk to each other, like a conversation with your friend about school or professional basketball.
The noun conversation comes from the Old French word of the same spelling, meaning "manner of conducting oneself in the world." When you have a conversation with another person or a group of people, you listen closely and respond appropriately, so that your conversation is a true exchange of ideas, not just people waiting for their turn to talk. A good conversation makes you feel heard, satisfied, and maybe even more informed.
WORD FAMILY
conversation: conversational, conversationalist, conversationist, conversations+/conversational: conversationally/ conversationalist: conversationalists/conversationist: conversationists/ converse: conversation, conversed, conversely, converses, conversing
USAGE EXAMPLES
But in some cases, the silence was deafening, and what wasn’t explained provided fodder for conversation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its new piece, “The Fever,” pushes that conversation further.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These facts may kill conversation at a party, but they should fuel action in the Legislature this session.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 交谈，会话; 交往，交际; 会谈; （人与计算机的）人机对话
分布：谈话(87%)，会话(13%)
→来自converse, 谈话。
谈话[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.会话,谈话In this version, some conversions are made to the verbs and adverbs in the conversation.该版本中,会话中的动词和副词作了一些转换.
US [ˌkɑ:n.vɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(a) talk between two or more people in which thoughts, feelings and ideas are expressed, questions are asked and answered, or news and information are exchanged 交谈，谈话，对话
• She had a strange conversation with the bloke who's moved in upstairs. 她跟搬到楼上的那个家伙进行了一次奇怪的交谈。
• It's impossible to hold/carry on a conversation with all this noise going on! 周围这么吵根本无法谈话！
• I struck up (= started) an interesting conversation with your uncle. 我跟你叔叔挺有兴趣地攀谈起来。
• Because of television, many people have lost the art of conversation (= talking to each other). 由于电视的缘故，许多人变得不善于与他人交谈了。
• Whenever I'm in a social situation with my boss, we seem to run out of conversation (= things to say to each other) after two minutes! 每次在社交场合跟老板在一起，两分钟过后我们好像就无话可说了。
UK [ˌkɒn.və'seɪ.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:n.vɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
make conversation
■to say things to someone who you do not know well, in order to be polite 没话找话，说应酬话
• I was just trying to make conversation. 我只是尽力说些应酬话。
dialogue, conversation, chat, talk
这组词都有“交谈”的意思，其区别是：
dialogue: 指“对话”。
conversation: 一般用词，指两个或更多人互相交换意见的交谈。
chat: 指熟人之间非常随便的交谈，强调谈话的亲密和非正式性。
talk: 普通用词，可与conversation换用，指正式交谈。
n. 交谈；会话；社交
 - congress, dialog

Word: consolidation
Front: consolidation
[kənˌsɒlɪ'deɪʃən] (宝 8504/9011)
Vocabulary: consolidation
(once / 1820 pages)
n
In a tough economy, you see a lot of consolidation. This could be smaller businesses joining together or the consolidation of debt, as in combining three credit card payments into one. Anywhere there’s consolidation, there’s merging, joining, and combining.
You can see the word solid at the heart of consolidation, and its Latin roots will tell you that it means “to make solid together.” The goal of consolidation is really just that, to combine things in order to make them stronger or more beneficial. If you’re good at art and your friend is good at science, you may want to form a consolidation to take the science fair by storm.
WORD FAMILY
consolidation: consolidations+/ consolidate: consolidated, consolidates, consolidating, consolidation, consolidative/ consolidated: unconsolidated
USAGE EXAMPLES
The U.S. semiconductor industry is facing an unprecedented wave of consolidations, with mergers and acquisitions in the sector valued last year at over $100 billion.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In late November, Chief Financial Officer Tarek Robbiati said the company needed to improve its own business before thinking about consolidation.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Indeed, consolidation would help the entire industry raise prices and return to growth.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 巩固; 联合; 合并; 变坚固
分布：合并(48%)，巩固(39%)，统一(6%)，联合(4%)，加强(3%)
【反】fragmentation（n 分裂；破碎）
VERB
加强;巩固
If you consolidate something that you have, for example power or success, you strengthen it so that it becomes more effective or secure.
例：The question is: will the junta consolidate its power by force?...问题是：军政府会通过武力巩固其政权吗？
例：Brydon's team-mate Martin Williamson consolidated his lead in the National League when he won the latest round.布赖登的队友马丁·威廉森在最近一轮比赛中获胜，巩固了自己在全国联赛中的领先地位。
VERB
合并;使联合
To consolidate a number of small groups or firms means to make them into one large organization.
例：Judge Charles Schwartz is giving the state 60 days to disband and consolidate Louisiana's four higher education boards...查尔斯·施瓦茨法官将给路易斯安那州60天时间来解散然后合并该州的4个高等教育委员会。
例：IBM, which consolidated some operations last summer, has made clear that it needs to continue to streamline them.去年夏天合并了部分业务的IBM公司明确表示需要继续进行精简，以提高效率。
n. 巩固；合并；团结
 - unity, marriage, merger, coalition

Word: greatly
Front: greatly
[ˈgreɪtli] (四六 3436/2526 -K)
Back: adv. 大大地，非常
分布：非常(45%)，很(33%)，大大地(22%)
很大地(great大)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
adverb
 IMPROVER
■very much, used especially to show how much you feel or experience something （尤用于表示强烈感受或体验）非常，很，大大地
• I greatly regret not having told the truth. 我非常后悔没有说出实情。
• Her piano playing has greatly improved/has improved greatly. 她的钢琴弹奏大有进步。
principally, mainly, generally, largely, chiefly, primarily, mostly, greatly
这组词都有“主要地，大量地”的意思，其区别是：
principally: 侧重居首要地位。
mainly: 指主要部分，突出在一系列事物中的相对重要性。
generally: 通常强调普遍性。
largely: 着重范围或分量大大超过别的成分。
chiefly: 侧重某人或某物在众多的人或物中占主要和显著地位。
primarily: 侧重基本地，首要地。
mostly: 强调数量占多半，近乎全部。
greatly: 通常强调程度的高。
adv. 很，大大地；非常
 - quite, badly, too, extremely, far, highly

Word: explosion
Front: explosion
[ɪkˈspləʊʒn] (研四六雅 3023/3285 -K3)
Vocabulary: explosion
(once / 355 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Whether it's a bursting balloon or a detonating bomb, you're sure to notice an explosion. An explosion involves a sudden and often violent burst of energy.
The noun explosion is useful when you're talking about a watermelon smashing on the pavement or the burst of fireworks overhead, but it can also describe a sudden increase in something, like an explosion of excitement at a birthday party when the pony arrives. Originally, explosion was used to mean "scornful rejection," from its root in the Latin explodere, "hiss off the stage," and a disappointed audience today might still be described as "exploding with boos."
WORD FAMILY
explosion: explosions+/ explode: exploded, explodes, exploding, explosion /exploded: unexploded
USAGE EXAMPLES
The five explosions wounded 49 people, they added.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The company says its investigation of the Sept. 1 explosion found that a tank failed within the larger, second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 30 people called police in the central Connecticut town over what sounded like an explosion.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 爆炸，炸裂; 爆发; 扩张，激增; （感情，尤指愤怒的）突然爆发
分布：爆炸(84%)，爆炸声(8%)，爆发(5%)，激增(3%)
→来自explode, 爆炸。
爆炸(explode的名词)[pold=bignoise,表示"大声音"]
n.爆炸,爆发After an explosion the explorer restored the storage of the explosive in the exploiter's storehouse.爆炸过后勘探者恢复了剥削者的仓库里炸药的储量.
US [-'sploʊ-] noun
BURST 爆炸
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when something such as a bomb explodes 爆炸；爆破；爆裂
• The fire was thought to have been caused by a gas explosion. 有人认为火灾是由于煤气爆炸引起的。
• The explosion (= the intentional exploding) of nuclear devices in the Bikini Atoll was stopped in 1958. 在比基尼岛进行的核爆炸试验于1958年终止。
UK [ɪk'spləʊ.ʒən] US [-'sploʊ-] noun
EMOTION 情感
countable
■a sudden strong expression of emotion （情感的）突然迸发，爆发，突然发作
• There was an explosion of applause from the audience at the end of the performance. 表演结束时观众席上爆发出一阵热烈的掌声。
UK [ɪk'spləʊ.ʒən] US [-'sploʊ-] noun
INCREASE 增加
countable
■when the number of something increases very quickly 急剧扩大；激增，突增
• The government has had to take measures to halt the population explosion. 政府不得不采取措施抑制人口激增。
UK [ɪk'spləʊ.ʒən] US [-'sploʊ-] noun
FALSE IDEA 错误的观点
uncountable
■when someone or something proves that something is wrong 某事证实是错误的，推翻
• the explosion of the conspiracy theories surrounding the death of the princess 公主被人施用阴谋杀害的说法被推翻了
explosion, eruption
explosion: 爆炸
eruption: 爆发，突然发作
n. [力] 爆炸；爆发；激增
 - blast, burst, detonation

Word: bully
Front: bully
[ˈbʊli] (研托雅宝 7398/8526 -2)
Vocabulary: bully
(once / 494 pages)
1vn 2adj
You might still have terrifying dreams about the bully who harassed you on the playground in second grade. A bully is someone who intimidates people, usually those who are weaker or smaller.
The classic example of a bully is a mean kid in a schoolyard who hassles or beats up younger students. While a child or a teenager can be a bully, so is anyone who uses power or strength to scare or harm other people. The word bully has gone through a mysterious evolution, from the 1530s when it meant "sweetheart," through the 17th century's meanings of "fine fellow," then "blusterer," and finally "harasser of the weak."
WORD FAMILY
bully: bullied, bullies, bullying, bullyingly+/ bullying: bullyings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The final days are Obama’s last chance to define his presidency before he loses the bully pulpit and cedes his legacy to historians.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These officials should use the bully pulpit and negotiation skills to achieve fantastic outcomes for Washingtonians.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There is a lot of journaling here, a lot of fighting the “thought bully.”
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 恐吓，威逼; 盛气凌人，以强凌弱
vi. 欺侮
n. 仗势欺人者，横行霸道者; 暴徒; 打手; 情人
adj. 第一流的，特好的
int. 好，妙（感叹词）
时态：bullied, bullying, bullies
分布：欺负(62%)，威胁(15%)，恐吓(13%)，欺凌弱小者(6%)，开球(4%)
→来自brother 昵称。原指老大哥，起保护作用，但也可随时以大欺小。
欺负(别人)(象公牛一样吓唬别人)[bu=ox,表示"牛"]
n.恃强欺弱者,小流氓vt.威胁,欺侮He's always bullying smaller kids.他总是欺侮比他小的bumk孩子.
【记】1）bul＝boele[情人]，在争夺情人的斗争中总是强的打败弱的，所以有”欺负”之意2）BULL芝加哥公牛队：以强欺弱的典型，不过已经成为历史了。
【反】underdog（n 受压迫者）动者煽动＝欺凌弱小者恐吓＝笨人轻信sabotage:subvertness＝bull:intimidation『dupe:duplicity』阴谋破坏是一种颠覆＝暴力强迫是一种胁迫bully:scare
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to hurt or frighten someone who is smaller or less powerful than you, often forcing them to do something they do not want to do 伤害；胁迫；欺负，欺凌
• Our survey indicates that one in four children is bullied at school. 我们的调查表明，有四分之一的孩子在学校受到欺凌。
• Don't let anyone bully you into doing something you don't want to do. 别让任何人胁迫你做你不愿做的事情。
['bʊl.i] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who hurts or frightens someone who is smaller or less powerful than them, often forcing them to do something they do not want to do 恃强凌弱者，以大欺小者
• You're just a big bully! 你欺负人！
• Teachers usually know who the bullies are in a class. 教师通常知道班上的恶霸学生都是谁。
['bʊl.i] noun countable
bully for sb old-fashioned
■used to show that you do not think what someone has done or said is very exciting or interesting （表示讽刺）（某人）太棒了，（某人）干得好
• "He's started ironing his own shirts." "Well, bully for him!" “他开始自己熨衬衫了。”“哦，那可真不错！”
n. 欺凌弱小者；土霸
 - bucko
adj. 第一流的；特好的
 - classical, royal, champion
vt. 欺负；威吓
 - daunt
adv. 很；十分
 - greatly, quite, badly, too, far
int. 好；妙
 - ok, okay

Word: dust
Front: dust
[dʌst] (高研四六雅 2263/2933 -K3)
Vocabulary: dust
(once / 96 pages)
nv
Dust is the fine, powdery substance that settles on surfaces over time or is blown around outdoors. A junk shop might be full of beautiful old furniture and books, all covered with dust.
There's the dust you clean with a feather duster, and then there's the verb "to dust." You can dust your bookshelves, cleaning the dust from them, but you can also dust the surface of a cake with powdered sugar, covering it lightly. Informally, when something "gathers dust," it goes unused, and when "the dust settles," a situation calms down.
WORD FAMILY
dust: dusted, duster, dusting, dustlike, dusts, dusty +/duster: dusters/ dusty: dustier, dustiest, dustily, dustiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Tokyo, this preparation is typically served over rice with a light dusting of the powdered Japanese pepper called sansho.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Dozens of gated communities sit mostly empty, gathering dust.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Construction began in 2007, to the dismay of some businesses and residents who endured shaking, clanging and dust as the work proceeded.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 灰尘; （建筑物内、家具或地板等上的）灰尘; 遗骸，尸体，人体，人; 〈口〉金粉，粉末，粉剂，花粉
vt. & vi. 拂（一拂），掸（一掸）
vt. 撒（粉）于; 擦去…的灰尘; 擦灰; 撢去
时态：dusted, dusting, dusts
分布：灰尘(63%)，尘土(27%)，粉尘(6%)，除尘(3%)，撒粉末于(1%)
→来自dheu, 烟雾，烟尘，昏暗，词源同dusk, dun.
n.灰尘,尘土v.拂,掸The dust in the industrial zone frustrated the industrious man.工业区里的灰尘使勤勉的人灰心.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■dry dirt in the form of powder that covers surfaces inside a building, or very small dry pieces of soil, sand or other substances 灰尘；尘土；沙土
• The furniture was covered in dust and cobwebs. 家俱上落满了灰尘和蜘蛛网。
• A cloud of dust rose in the air as the car roared past. 汽车驶过后扬起一阵尘土。
• coal dust 煤灰
[dʌst] noun uncountable
the dust settles
■If the dust settles after an argument or big change, the situation becomes calmer 尘埃落定，有了眉目，形势明朗
• We thought we'd let the dust settle before discussing the other matter. 我们认为应该在形势明朗之后再讨论另一个问题。
[dʌst] noun uncountable
turn to dust literary
■to become worth nothing 变得一文不值
• Every promise they have made has turned to dust. 他们的承诺都一文不值。
[dʌst] verb
CLEAN 清洁
intransitive or transitive
■to use a cloth to remove dust from the surface of something 擦去…的灰尘，给…除尘
• I was dusting the mantelpiece when I noticed a crack. 我在擦壁炉台的时候发现了一道裂纹。
[dʌst] verb
COVER 覆盖
transitive
■to cover something with a light powder 在…上撒（粉末）
• Dust the top of the cake with icing sugar. 在蛋糕上撒些糖霜。
[dʌst] verb
be done and dusted UK informal
■to be complete and finished 完成，完结
• By now the deal was done and dusted. 到现在为止这笔交易算是完成了。
[dʌst] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dust sth off (UK also dust down)
■to prepare something for use, especially after it has not been used for a long time （尤指长时间不用后拿出来）备好待用，整理
• They brought out the old ambulances, dusted them down and put them back into service. 他们将旧救护车拿出来修复后再次投入使用。
scrub, clear, clean, dust, wipe, mop, sweep
这组词都有“使干净”的意思，其区别是：
scrub: 指用硬刷、肥皂或水用力地擦洗某物。
clear: 指清除不要的东西。
clean: 是这些动词中最常用的词，指将某物或某处的污物等清除掉，弄干净。
dust: 指将积落在物体表面的尘土抹去、掸掉或擦去以保干净。
wipe: 多指用布、纸等物把东西擦净，也指擦掉某物。
mop: 侧重指用拖把擦洗地板，有时也指擦干净或擦去。
sweep: 指用扫帚等进行清扫，也用作比喻。
clay, mud, dust, ground, land, earth, dirt, soil
这组词都有“土地，土，泥”的意思，其区别是：
clay: 特指潮湿时发粘，而火烤后变坚硬的泥土。
mud: 指湿土，尤指雨后稀泥、污泥。
dust: 特指土壤干燥后，飞扬于空中的细微泥土。
ground: 通常指大地的表面，也可指土壤、泥土或场地。
land: 含义笼统。指与河流、海洋相对的陆地，也指可耕种的土地。
earth: 多指地表带有水分的泥土，较具体。
dirt: 指地表的干松泥土。
soil: 特指适宜栽种农作物或生长各种植物的泥土。
n. 灰尘； [环境] 尘埃；尘土
 - powder, dirt
vt. 撒；拂去灰尘
 - sift

Word: belt
Front: belt
[belt] (高研四托 2430/2870 -K3)
Vocabulary: belt
(once / 244 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4v
A belt is an accessory you wear around your waist that helps hold your pants up. Other types of belts can hold tools or weapons.
Most belts are made of leather and buckle at the front of the waist. Tool belts have loops for keeping hammers and screwdrivers handy, and a seat belt fastens across your waist and shoulders to keep you safe in a moving car. If you belt someone, it takes on a different meaning: to hit hard. The Latin root is balteus, "girdle or sword belt," and the original definition of the verb was "to hit with a belt."
WORD FAMILY
belt: belt-like, belted, belting, beltless, beltlike, belts, unbelt+/belting: beltings/unbelt: unbelted, unbelting, unbelts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Toledo started it off by losing to the Sun Belt champion Appalachian State in the Camellia Bowl.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She added that cities in the Rust Belt are “all looking at how immigrant integration plays a part in that revitalization of a city.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The men then detonated explosive belts they were wearing, killing themselves and the two security men.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 腰带; 区域; 传送带; 带状物
vt. 环绕，包围; 用带做记号; 用力打; 绕着系上带子
时态：belted, belting, belts
分布：皮带(46%)，腰带(36%)，地带(7%)，疾驰(3%)，用皮带抽打(3%)，带状物(2%)，用带系上(1%)，大声歌唱(1%)，用带标示(1%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，鼓起，词源同ball. 指鼓起来的一圈，绕一圈的带子。
n.(皮)带,腰带;地带The cell seller seldom sees the bell belt melt.小单间的卖主很少见到铃铛带子融化.
noun
CLOTHING 服饰
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a strip of leather or material worn around the waist to support clothes or for decoration 腰带
• She fastened her belt tightly around her waist. 她把腰带束紧。
• He had eaten so much that he had to undo his belt a couple of notches. 他吃得太多，不得不把腰带放松几个扣。
[belt] noun
MOVING STRIP 输送带
 IMPROVER countable
■a flat strip of material in a machine that moves round continuously to keep another part turning, or to keep objects on it moving round 输送带；传送带
• a fan belt 风扇皮带
• a conveyor belt 输送带
[belt] noun
AREA 区域
countable usually singular
■an area, usually just outside a city, where a particular group of people live, such as the commuter belt and stockbroker belt, or an area that is known for a particular characteristic, such as the cotton belt (= area where cotton is grown) 地带：（特定的）区域
[belt] noun
HIT 击
countable usually singular informal
■a hard hit or punch 猛击，狠打
• a belt on the jaw 对准下巴猛击
[belt] noun
belt and braces UK informal
■when two or more actions are done in order to be extra careful about something, although only one is really necessary 双重保险，万无一失
• I wrote to them and telephoned as well - belt and braces, I admit. 我既写了信，又打了电话给他们——我想应该万无一失了。
[belt] noun
have sth under your belt
■to have learned or succeeded in something which might be an advantage in the future 已经掌握…；已经获得…
• Basic computer skills are a good thing to have under your belt. 掌握基本的电脑使用技巧对你有好处，将来说不定有用。
[belt] verb
MOVE FAST 快速移动
intransitive + adverb or preposition UK informal
■(especially of a vehicle) to travel with great speed （尤指交通工具）快速移动
• The car was belting along/down the road. 那辆车一路疾驶。
[belt] verb
HIT 击
transitive informal
■to hit someone or something hard, especially with violence 重击
• He belted him in the face. 他朝他的脸上猛击一拳。
[belt] verb
CLOTHING 服饰
transitive
■to tie something with a belt 用带子束紧
• I belted my coat tightly. 我束紧了外套的腰带。
[belt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] belt sth out informal
■to sing or play a musical instrument very loudly 引吭高歌；高声演奏
• The band was belting out all the old favourites. 乐队正在高声演奏所有的经典老歌。
[belt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  belt up
BE QUIET 安静 UK very informal
■used to tell someone to stop talking or making a noise 住嘴，安静下来
• Just belt up, will you! I'm trying to concentrate. 你闭口！我正在思考。
FASTEN 系紧 UK informal (US buckle up)
■to fasten the belt that keeps you in your seat in a car or a plane 系紧安全带
• Don't forget, belt up before you drive off. 别忘了开车前系好安全带。
region, area, belt, district, zone
region: 地区，指较大范围内的区域，一般按自然条件和自身特点划分。如：an autonomous 　region(自治区)
area: 面积，范围，一般用语，没有明确的外围界限，也可指占地面积。如：The factory covers an area of 500 mu.(这工厂占地50亩。)
belt: 地带，通常指狭长的地带。如：The northern part of the country is usually regarded as the wheat belt.(这国家的北部通常被看作小麦种植地带。)
district: 区，行政区，指一国家或城市按行政区的划分。如：the economic development district(经济开放区)
zone: 地带，地区，区域，指某一特定的地方或区域。如：Most of China is in the temperate zone.(中国的大部分地区在温带。)
region, area, districk, belt, neighbourhood, zone, section, quarter
这组词都有“地区”的意思，其区别是：
region: 普通用词，常指地球上、大气中具有自然分界线的区域，特指按照气候、人体或其他特征鲜明、自成一体的地区。
area: 普通用词，指整体中较大的，界线不分明的一部分。
districk: 多指由政府等机构出于行政管理等目的而明确划分的地区。
belt: 从本义“带，带状物”引申而指任何广阔的长条地带，也可指种植某种作物的地区。
neighbourhood: 指比section的划定更清楚，范围更小。具体指城市中的住宅区，也可指附近一带。
zone: 科技用词，指圆形或弧形地带，尤指地图上按温度划分的五个地带。用作一般意义时，也可指具有某种特征的其它地区。
section: 普通用词，指城市、国家或天然界线形成的地区。
quarter: 指城市里具有相同性质或独特风味的地区，比section范围小，但划分更精确。
n. 带；腰带；地带
 - band, strip, zone, terrain, tract
vi. 猛击
 - drive, jab at

Word: overwhelm
Front: overwhelm
[ˌəʊvəˈwelm] (研六托雅宝 4804/6397 -2)
Vocabulary: overwhelm
(once / 219 pages)
v
Overwhelm means “give a person too much of something.” If your friend agrees to feed your pet fish while you’re on vacation, don’t overwhelm her with requests by also asking her to do your laundry and wash the dishes.
While it’s easy to be overwhelmed by chores or complaints, it’s also possible to be overwhelmed by good things — if they occur in large quantities. You might enjoy a stack of pancakes for breakfast, but you'd probably find a truckload of pancakes overwhelming. Sometimes people feel overwhelmed by emotion, and this can be a positive or negative experience, depending on the emotion. For example, you might feel overwhelmed by gratitude if your friend takes excellent care of your fish, but overwhelmed with grief if the fish is accidentally flushed in your absence.
WORD FAMILY
overwhelm: overwhelmed, overwhelming, overwhelms+/ overwhelming: overwhelmingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
After a year at cozy Williams, the empty dorm felt cavernous and overwhelming to the Robinson family.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s amazing, overwhelming,” Long said afterward, wiping away tears.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This was an overwhelming process that consumed her life, Grogan said, but she was determined to heal quickly.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 使不知所措; 使难以承受; 征服; 击败
时态：overwhelmed, overwhelming, overwhelms
分布：压倒(51%)，淹没(32%)，打败(12%)，打击(3%)，使感动(2%)
→over-,在上，超过，whelm,淹没。即使淹没，引申词义使应接不暇。
压倒;泛滥(over+whelm推翻→翻过来→压倒)[over-①表示"过度,过分"②表示"在……之上"③表示"翻转"]
v.淹没,覆没,压倒,制服,使不知所措The overthrown president is overwhelmed by the controversy.被推翻的总统被辩论降服.
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb
FORCE 武力
transitive
■to defeat someone or something by using a lot of force （用武力）制服，击败，征服
• Government troops have overwhelmed the rebels and seized control of the capital. 政府军已击败了叛乱者，控制了首都。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'welm] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb
EMOTION 感情
transitive usually passive
■to cause someone to feel sudden strong emotion （强烈的感情）充溢，使难以承受，使不知所措
• They were overwhelmed with/by grief when their baby died. 婴儿夭折时他们悲痛欲绝。
• I was quite overwhelmed by all the flowers and letters of support I received. 收到这些鲜花和支持者的来信令我激动得不知所措。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'welm] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb
WATER 水
transitive literary
■If water overwhelms a place, it covers it suddenly and completely. （水）淹没，覆盖，漫过
vt. 压倒；淹没；受打击
 - flood, flow

Word: embassy
Front: embassy
[ˈembəsi] (高研六雅 5731/4389 -3)
Vocabulary: embassy
(once / 345 pages)
n
An ambassador, a diplomat who represents her own country in a foreign country, lives and works in an embassy.
Travelers sometimes visit their home country's embassy for help with their travel documents or other issues. If you've ever visited Washington, DC, you may have seen the French embassy or the Indian embassy. These buildings often resemble homes, which makes sense because ambassadors usually live in them. The word embassy first meant "job or position of the ambassador," and comes from the Old French ambasse, with its Latin root of ambactus, or "servant."
WORD FAMILY
embassy: embassies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last week, he tweeted that Mr. Putin was “very smart!” for not responding in kind to Mr. Obama’s expulsion of 35 Russian embassy officials.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
You'd expect the British embassy to choose something more boring, like Sting...
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Russian diplomats who were expelled by Obama left Washington on Sunday, Russian news agencies reported, citing Russia's embassy.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 大使馆; 大使馆全体成员; 大使的职务（地位）; 重任，差使
分布：大使馆(99%)，大使全体人员(1%)
→来自ambi-ag, 词源同ambassador. 来自ambi, 两边，周围，见ambient，-ag, 做，见agent. -ss，过去分词后缀。原指国王的封臣，后指大使。
n.大使馆;大使及其随员The ass bypassed the guard and assassinated the surpassing ambassador in the embassy.驴为警卫设旁路并且在大使馆暗杀胜过的大使.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the group of people who represent their country in a foreign country 大使馆全体人员，使馆馆员
• We used to be friendly with some people who worked at the Swedish Embassy. 过去我们和瑞典大使馆的一些官员关系非常友好。
 ADVANCED
■the building that these people work in 大使馆
• The Ambassador held a reception at the embassy. 大使在大使馆举行了招待会。
n. 大使馆；大使馆全体人员
 - ambassade, chancellery

Word: bias
Front: bias
[ˈbaɪəs] (研六托雅 3925/4611 -2)
Vocabulary: bias
(once / 818 pages)
1nv 2nadj
Use the noun bias to mean a preference for one thing over another, especially an unfair one.
Some biases are completely innocent: "I have a bias toward French wines." But most often, bias is used to describe unfair prejudices: "The authorities investigated a case involving bias against Latinos." It is also a verb meaning "to show prejudice for or against," as in "They claimed the tests were biased against women." (In British English, it takes an extra S in the forms biassed and biassing.) The word goes back at least to Old Provençal, a former language of southern France, in association with the sport of lawn bowling, where it referred to the tendency of a ball to roll in one direction or the other.
WORD FAMILY
bias: biased, biasedly, biases, biasing, biasly, biassed, biassing+/ biased: unbiased /biassed: unbiassed/ unbiased: unbiasedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
This past year I wrote often about the racial inequality and bias that keep this country from being its best.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Personal bias clouds our perceptions so profoundly that employee performance ratings often reveal more about the person conducting them than the person being rated.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
During the first presidential debate, Hillary Clinton argued that “implicit bias is a problem for everyone, not just police.”
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: n. 偏见; 偏爱，爱好; 倾向; 斜纹
vt. 使倾向于; 使有偏见; 影响; 加偏压于
adj. 斜纹的; 斜的，倾斜的; 斜裁的
adv. 偏斜地，倾斜地; 对角地
时态：biased, biassing, biases
分布：偏见(84%)，偏爱(10%)，斜纹(4%)，使偏心(2%)
→词源不详。
偏见[bias=slant(斜)]
n./v.(使有)偏见,偏心,偏袒Deviation in aviation is dangerous. Writing is alleviated via bias on abbreviation.在航空过程中的不符合是危险的.写被关于缩写通过偏见减轻.
【记】bias本身就是词根：斜－斜的意见－偏见
noun
PREFERENCE 偏爱
 ADVANCED countable usually singular uncountable
■often supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way by allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment 偏见；偏心；偏袒
• The government has accused the media of bias. 政府指责新闻媒体有偏见。
• Reporters must be impartial and not show political bias. 新闻记者必须公正，不应有政治偏见。
• There was clear evidence of a strong bias against her. 有明显证据显示，她受到了严重不公平的对待。
• There has always been a slight bias in favour of/towards employing arts graduates in the company. 公司内部一直有点偏向聘请文科毕业生。
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■a preference towards a particular subject or thing 倾向；趋势；偏好
• She showed a scientific bias at an early age. 她在少年时就表现出对科学的偏爱。
['baɪ.əs] noun
CLOTHING 衣服
uncountable specialized
■a direction at an angle across the threads of woven material 斜纹
• The dresses in his new winter collection are all cut on the bias (= in a diagonal direction across the cloth). 他设计的新款冬装都是斜裁的。
['baɪ.əs] verb transitive (-ss- or US USUALLY -s-)
■to cause someone or something to have a bias 使…怀有偏见
• The judge ruled that the information should be withheld on the grounds that it would bias the jury against the accused. 法官因该资料会导致陪审团产生对被告不利的偏见，责令将其收回。
prejudice, bias
这组词都有“偏见，成见”的意思，其区别是：
prejudice: 侧重指在缺乏理由或证据之前就形成怀疑的、有恶感的偏见。
bias: 指因个人的好恶或偏见，对人或物作出的不正确、或好或坏的判断或意见。
n. 偏见；偏爱；斜纹；乖离率
 - preference, favour
adj. 偏斜的
 - deflective

Word: celebrity
Front: celebrity
[səˈlebrəti] (研托宝 2960/6973 -2)
Vocabulary: celebrity
(once / 554 pages)
n
A celebrity is a very famous person. If you single-handedly save an entire family from a burning building, you'll become a local celebrity.
Celebrity comes directly from the Latin celebritatum, meaning famous, and is related to the verb celebrate which means to honor something with the proper ritual. We usually use celebrity now when we talk about entertainment stars, but someone doesn't have to be on the supermarket tabloids to be a celebrity. Celebrity can also be used to mean the state of fame. If you are seeking celebrity, develop a thick skin for nasty rumors.
WORD FAMILY
celebrity: celebrities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Louis is not the first celebrity with an app, and the sales and communication functions of his app are not particularly unique.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly two-thirds of the dead in the upmarket club, which is frequented by local celebrities, were foreigners, Turkey’s Anadolu Agency said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The celebrity businessman, who complained in recent years that he wasn’t named the magazine’s Person of the Year, received the award in 2016.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 名人，知名人士; 名流; 名声; 名誉
分布：名人(93%)，名誉(4%)，社会名流(3%)
→来自拉丁词celeber, 拥挤的，出名的。
名人[celebr=honor(荣誉)]
n.名人,名流;著名,名声,名望This gentleman is a celebrity in the field of philosophy.这位先生是哲学界的知名人士.
【反】obscurity（n 身份低微的人）
US [-tˌi] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■someone who is famous, especially in the entertainment business （尤指娱乐界的）名人，明星；名流
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the state of being famous 名声，名气，名望
n. 名人；名声
 - personality, lion, fame

Word: genocide
Front: genocide
[ˈdʒenəsaɪd] (7560/20409 -1)
Vocabulary: genocide
(once / 5026 pages)
n
Genocide refers to the systematic destruction of a race or cultural group. In the Rwandan genocide of 1994, members of one ethnic group, the Hutus, killed some 850,000 Tutsis in an attempt to wipe them out completely.
Genocide was coined in 1944 by a Polish-Jewish scholar named Raphael Lemkin in response to the Holocaust. In 1948, the United Nations defined genocide as any of several acts (including murder) "committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group..."
WORD FAMILY
genocide: genocides
USAGE EXAMPLES
The name of Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the Egyptian diplomat who led the United Nations, led to replayed nightmares of genocide in Rwanda and Bosnia.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Decades after World War II, the U.S. established the Holocaust Memorial Museum presumably to warn against genocides like the mass murder of European Jewry.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Tens of thousands of Namibians were killed in what historians call the 20th century’s first genocide.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 种族灭绝; 灭种的罪行; 斩尽杀绝
分布：种族灭绝(100%)
→geno-, 种族。-cide, 杀。
noun uncountable
■the murder of a whole group of people, especially a whole nation, race or religious group （尤指对整个民族、种族或宗教团体的）大屠杀，种族灭绝
• victims of genocide 种族大屠杀的受害者

Word: bilateral
Front: bilateral
[ˌbaɪˈlætərəl] (托雅 6869/6801 -2)
Vocabulary: bilateral
(once / 2825 pages)
adj
When something is bilateral it has two sides or it affects both sides of something. Discussions between two political parties are called bilateral because both sides get to share their views.
Bilateral comes from Latin: bi means "two" and lateralis means "belonging to the side." Debates about issues can be described as bilateral — as long as people on both sides get to speak. However, bilateral can describe anything with two sides, like some of the organs in the body: the brain, heart and lungs all have two distinct sides.
WORD FAMILY
bilateral: bilateralism, bilaterality, bilaterally+/ lateral: bilateral, laterality, lateralize, laterally, laterals, multilateral/lateralize: lateralization/multilateral: multilaterally
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said the omission was part of a campaign by Mr Macri's government to "place a priority on bilateral trade" over the sovereignty claim.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But this means bilateral discussions between the Namibian government and Berlin, without Herero or Namaqua participation.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
More than half of 50,000 U.S. troops in Japan are stationed on Okinawa under the bilateral security pact.
Seattle Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 双边的，双方的; 两侧的; 双向的; 双系的
分布：双边的(89%)，左右对称的(11%)
→前缀bi-, 二。词根later, 边，见multilateral, 多边的。
双边的(bi双+later+al)[later=side,表示"边"]
US [-'lætˌ.ɚ-] adjective
■involving two groups or countries 双边的，双方的
• France and Germany have signed a bilateral agreement to help prevent drug smuggling. 法国和德国已经签署了一项双边协定，以防止毒品走私。
Compare multilateral ; unilateral
adj. 双边的；有两边的
 - bipartite, two-sided

Word: beautiful
Front: beautiful
[ˈbju:tɪfl] (中高雅 992/1161 -K4)
Vocabulary: beautiful
(once / 30 pages)
adj
The adjective beautiful describes a thing that is pleasing to the senses. Most men think women are beautiful, and most women think babies are beautiful, but if you think you're beautiful, you might be vain.
The word beautiful is closely related to the words beauty and beautify, and you'll notice they all share the same beginning, beau-. Almost anything can be described as beautiful because, as the saying goes, "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder." So while you may think the brown spotted grass frog is unattractive, a scientist who spends all day studying them may think it's beautiful.
WORD FAMILY
beautiful: beautifulest, beautifully+/beauteous: beauteously, beauteousness/beautician: beauticians/beautification: beautifications/beautify: beautification, beautified, beautifies, beautifying/ beauty: beauteous, beautician, beauties, beautiful, beautify
USAGE EXAMPLES
Not only was it so beautiful over there doing that movie, it was great to be with a lot of kids.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I saw lights and heard beautiful singing and even moved a little.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Usually when someone does stop, it ends up being a beautiful experience.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 美丽的，美好的; 极好的
分布：美丽的(85%)，好的(11%)，出色的(4%)
a.美的,美丽的;出色的,完美的In the beautiful bureau my daughter's laughter served for the sauce of the sausage.在漂亮的办公署,女儿的笑声充当了香肠的调料.
US [-tˌɪ-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■very attractive 美丽的，漂亮的
• a beautiful woman 美女
• breathtakingly beautiful scenery 美得惊人的景色
• She was wearing a beautiful dress. 她穿着一条漂亮的连身裙。
 ESSENTIAL
■very pleasant 美好的；极好的
• a beautiful piece of music 一首优美的歌曲
• beautiful weather 极好的天气
■mainly US
■very kind 仁慈的
• You did a beautiful thing in helping those poor children. 你帮助那些可怜的孩子，真是爱心之举呀。
UK ['bju:.tɪ.fəl] US [-tˌɪ-] adjective
the beautiful game UK
■football 足球
UK ['bju:.tɪ.fəl] US [-tˌɪ-] adjective
the beautiful people
■fashionable, rich people 时尚而富有的人；上层社会时髦人物
• This café is a favourite haunt of the beautiful people. 这间咖啡厅是上层社会时髦人物最爱光顾的地方之一。
UK ['bju:.tɪ.fəl] US [-tˌɪ-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  beautifulWarning: Check your spelling! Beautiful is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'eau' and only one 'l'.
UK ['bju:.tɪ.fəl] US [-tˌɪ-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  beautiful Warning: Common word-building error! Adjectives which end in the suffix -ful have only one 'l'. Don't write 'beautifull', write beautiful.
beautiful, lovely, handsome, fine, pretty, fair
这组词都有“美丽的，漂亮的”的意思，其区别是：
beautiful: 普通用词，含义广泛，语气最强，指优美和谐，是一种几乎接近完美的美。指人时通常形容女人或小孩，很少用于描写男子。
lovely: 普通用词，描写人时，主要指女人和小孩的相貌，语气不如beautiful强。
handsome: 多用于描写男性的英俊潇洒。有时也形容女人，指其五官端正，体态秀丽。
fine: 指在容貌、身材或风度等方面令人感到可爱。用于事物时，强调形式或内容的优美。
pretty: 普通用词，语气比beautiful弱，多用于描写妇女、儿童以及小巧玲珑，精美可爱之物。
fair: 正式用词，多用于文学中，形容女子和儿童，侧重外表的美。
beautiful, handsome, pretty, good-looking
beautiful: 貌美动人，气质高雅；
handsome: 体态健美端庄；
pretty: 活泼可爱；
good-looking: 一般性“好看”
adj. 美丽的
 - fair, seraphic

Word: pipe
Front: pipe
[paɪp] (高研四六 2980/2438 -K3)
Vocabulary: pipe
(once / 113 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v
A pipe is a hollow tube that liquid flows through. When your kitchen pipes get clogged, call a plumber. A pipe is also something to put tobacco in and smoke. Old pictures of Santa show him smoking a pipe.
Water moves through pipes before it comes flowing out of your faucets. Other substances, like oil and gas, also flow through pipes. These pipes are usually made of metal or a very sturdy kind of plastic. Other kinds of pipes include the ones you make music with and the one your uncle has to smoke outside, because it's so smelly. Pipe comes from the Vulgar Latin pipa, "tube-shaped musical instrument."
WORD FAMILY
pipe: pipage, piped, pipeful, piper, pipes, piping+/pipeful: pipefuls/piper: pipers/piping: pipings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Throughout the mini-farm, PVC pipes and wires run here and there, connecting to clamps and switches.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Caden looked at it closely before cutting the pipe cleaner in half.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
One little kid dressed up as him for Halloween with pipe cleaners mimicking his long dreadlocks.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 管子; 烟斗; 管乐器; （管风琴的）音管
vt. 以管输送; 用管乐器演奏; 尖声唱
vi. 吹奏管乐器; 尖叫; 尖声地说（或唱），尖声啼鸣; [航海] 吹长哨
时态：piped, piping, pipes
分布：管子(43%)，烟斗(37%)，管乐器(6%)，尖叫(4%)，尖声说(3%)，吹奏(2%)，以管输送(2%)，吹奏管乐(2%)，装管道(1%)
→来自拉丁语pipare,管子发出的叽叽声，砰砰声，拟声词。引申词义管子，管道，管乐器等。
n.管子,导管;烟斗;笛They are laying pipes under the road.他们正在铺设路下面的管子.
noun countable
TUBE 管子
 ADVANCED
■a tube inside which liquid or gas flows from one place to another 管；管子；管道
• a water/gas/sewer pipe 供水管道／煤气管道／污水管
• a burst/fractured/leaking pipe 爆裂／破裂／外泄的管道
[paɪp] noun countable
TOBACCO 烟草
■a short narrow tube with a small container at one end, used for smoking especially tobacco 烟斗
• I ordered some tea for myself and lit my pipe. 我叫了茶，点着了烟斗。
[paɪp] noun countable
INSTRUMENT 乐器
■a simple musical instrument made of a short narrow tube which is played by blowing through it 笛（子）；管乐器
pipes [plural]
■another word for bagpipes bagpipes 的另一种说法
■one of the metal or wood tubes in an organ through which air is pushed to make sound （管风琴的）音管
[paɪp] noun countable
Put / Stick that in your pipe and smoke it! old-fashioned or humorous
■a rude way of telling someone that they must accept what you have just said, even if they do not like it 不管你喜欢与否都要接受！
[paɪp] verb
SPEAK 说
transitive
■to speak or sing in a high voice 用尖嗓子说；尖声唱
[paɪp] verb
TUBE 管子
transitive usually passive [+ adv/prep]
■to transport in a pipe 用管道运输
• Hot water is piped to all apartments from the central boiler room. 热水从中央锅炉房经管道输送到每个公寓套房。
• figurative Music is piped throughout the hotel complex. 音乐声在整栋饭店大楼里回荡。
[paɪp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pipe down informal
■to stop talking or making unnecessary noise 停止讲话（或吵闹）；安静下来
• Will you please pipe down, you two? I'm trying to read! 你们两个能安静下来吗？我在看书呢！
[paɪp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pipe up informal
■to suddenly start to speak or make a noise 突然开始说话（或发出噪音）
• In the silence that followed, a lone voice piped up from the back of the room. 随后一阵沉默，但突然从房间后面传来一个人的声音。
n. [建] 管； [轻] 烟斗；笛
 - tube, cigarette holder
vi. 吹笛；尖叫
 - scream

Word: portrait
Front: portrait
[ˈpɔ:treɪt] (研四六托 2655/3054 -3)
Vocabulary: portrait
(once / 151 pages)
n
A portrait is a portrayal of a person, usually showing the person's face (but not always). A portrait can be a painting, a photograph, an ink drawing, a sculpture — or even a description in words or in a film.
Portrait is a term often used when talking about artwork. Go to an art museum, especially one that has a historic collection, and you'll likely see many portraits hanging on the walls. Formal portraits were commissioned by wealthy people throughout history. A portrait can also be a written description of someone's appearance or character. If you describe your Mom in such detail that everyone can imagine what she's like, you've created a portrait of her.
WORD FAMILY
portrait: portraits, self-portrait
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sun’s portrait still hangs in schools and government offices, and looks serenely down on the frequent fisticuffs in Taiwan’s parliament.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The broadcaster commissioned British photographer Martin Parr to "capture an evolving portrait of modern Britain in all its diversity" for 2017.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The vessel's sails will feature floral portraits of organ donors.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 肖像，肖像画; 模型，标本; 半身雕塑像; 人物描写
分布：肖像(56%)，画像(39%)，描写(5%)
→来自中古法语portrait,肖像，描绘，来自古法语portraire,描绘，描画，-t,过去分词格，词源同portray.
n.肖像,画像On the porter's passport a portion of the portrait isn't proportional.在搬运工的护照上,部分肖像不成比例.
【记】por向前，trait拖拉：用笔拖拉出来的画像－肖像画
【参】portray（v 描绘）
US ['pɔ:r.trɪt] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a painting, photograph, drawing, etc. of a person or, less commonly, of a group of people 肖像，画像；人像照片
• She's commissioned an artist to paint her portrait/paint a portrait of her. 她委托一位画家为她画一幅肖像。
• a portrait gallery 肖像画廊
• a portrait painter 肖像画家
■A film or book which is a portrait of something is a detailed description or representation of it 电影或书中的描写，描述；表现
• Her latest novel paints a very vivid portrait of the aristocracy in the 1920s. 她最新的一部小说生动地描绘了20世纪20年代的贵族生活。
UK ['pɔ:.trət/ UK [-treɪt] US ['pɔ:r.trɪt] adjective
■describes a computer document which is to be printed with the shorter side of the paper at the top and bottom 纵向（描述电脑档列印的一种方式，即纸的短边置于顶部和底部） Compare landscape
picture, sketch, cartoon, illustration, diagram, painting, portrait, drawing
这组词都有“画，图”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 指广义的“图画”，现多用来指相片、画像。
sketch: 通常指只画出物体主要特征的图画。
cartoon: 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。
illustration: 指插入书页之间帮助说明的任何插图或图解。
diagram: 多指科技书籍或文献中具有概括解说作用的图表、图样或略图。
painting: 指着色的画。
portrait: 指肖像，只用于指人。
drawing: 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。
n. 肖像；描写；半身雕塑像
 - description, image, icon

Word: aggressive
Front: aggressive
[əˈgresɪv] (高研四六托雅宝 2514/3648 -K3)
Vocabulary: aggressive
(once / 424 pages)
adj
Someone or something aggressive shows a lot of energy and has a strong impact. After the aggressive salesman stopped them again on their way through the mall, the couple got aggressive and replied in a loud, made-up foreign language until he went away.
Being aggressive often means being physical or showing force, but it is equally powerful as an adjective reflecting a forceful determination to get something done. An aggressive football player may tackle everyone in sight to get a win, while a driven student might tackle a project or problem head-on with aggressive determination to improve their grade. Aggressive comes from the Latin aggress-, "attack," and being aggressive shows an intention to attack bodily, mentally, or verbally whatever gets in the way.
WORD FAMILY
aggressive: aggressively, aggressiveness, nonaggressive, unaggressive+/aggress: aggressed, aggresses, aggressing, aggression, aggressive, aggressor/ aggression: aggressions, nonaggression/aggressor: aggressors/unaggressive: unaggressively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“What he said was, ‘Be thoughtfully aggressive,’” Ms. Burwell said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Baseball officials refused to confront the problem for years, then became more aggressive than other pro leagues in policing the use of illicit drugs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In November, he was diagnosed again, this time with an aggressive brain cancer called glioblastoma.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 侵略的，侵犯的，攻势的; （美）有进取心的，积极行动的; 有进取心的，有闯劲的; 好争斗的，借故生端的，爱打架的，要打架的
分布：有进取心的(36%)，好斗的(27%)，侵略的(25%)，进攻性的(12%)
侵略的;进取的(ag+gress+ive)[gress=go,walk表示"行走"]
a.侵略的,好斗的,有进取心的,敢作敢为的The oppressor suppressed his aggressive opinion about compressor.压制者制止了他的有关压缩机的挑衅性观点.
【反】even-meaning（adj 性格温和的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■behaving in an angry and violent way towards another person 好斗的；富于攻击性的；挑衅的
• Men tend to be more aggressive than women. 男性往往比女性更具有攻击性。
• If I criticize him, he gets aggressive and starts shouting. 如果我批评他，他就会寻衅大吵大闹。
 ADVANCED
■determined to win or succeed and using forceful action to achieve victory or success 积极进取的；有冲劲的；雄心勃勃的
• an aggressive election campaign 声势浩大的竞选活动
• aggressive marketing tactics 雄心勃勃的行销策略
• Both players both won their first-round matches in aggressive style. 两名选手都以全力以赴、志在必得的打法赢得了第一轮比赛。
adj. 侵略性的；好斗的；有进取心的；有闯劲的
 - invasive, enterprising

Word: alert
Front: alert
[əˈlɜ:t] (研四六托宝 5318/4966 -3)
Vocabulary: alert
(once / 290 pages)
1vn 2adj
Alert! Alert! Alert! Did I get your attention? When you are alert, you are awake and ready. When you issue an alert you give warning, alerting people to, or notifying them of, a concern.
Alert is one of the rare words that can be used in the same form as a noun, verb, and adjective. In all parts of speech, alert implies preparedness. The word is derived from the French a l'erte which translates to "on the watch." When you hear the word, imagine an alarm going off. The alarm is the alert. When you hear it, you have been alerted and you are now alert.
WORD FAMILY
alert: alerted, alerter, alerting, alertly, alertness, alerts, unalert+/alertness: alertnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunwing’s gate agents found the pilot’s behavior to be unusual and alerted the co-pilot.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Smarter Applications is launching a fridge webcam at CES that alerts owners to when food nears its expiry date.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Spoiler alert: this recap contains spoilers to the Sherlock episode The Six Thatchers, which aired on 1 January 2017.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 警觉的，警惕的，注意的; 思维敏捷的; 活泼的
n. 警报; 警戒状态
vt. 向…报警
时态：alerted, alerting, alerts
分布：警报(42%)，警惕(38%)，警戒(12%)，警觉的(5%)，使意识到(2%)，灵敏的(1%)
→来自意大利语all’erta. -erta, 同 erect，竖直。即全部到城墙上守城。
警惕的(al+ert站直了看→警惕的)[ert=erect(直)]
a.机警的,警觉的;机灵的vt.使...警觉The assessor asserts that he inserted the deserted desserts in the desert with alert.估价人认定他用警惕把被抛弃的甜点心插入沙漠中.
【记】玩过RED ALERT《红色警报》的朋友一定对该词深有感触，对于没玩过的，我只能说—你人生不完整。
US [-'lɝ:t] adjective
 ADVANCED
■quick to see, understand and act in a particular situation 机警的，机敏的，敏捷的
• I'm not feeling very alert today - not enough sleep last night! 今天我感觉特别迟钝——昨晚没睡好！
• A couple of alert readers wrote in to the paper pointing out the mistake. 有几个眼尖的读者给报社写信，指出了这个错误。
• Parents should be alert to sudden changes in children's behaviour. 父母应该对孩子行为的突然变化有所警觉。
UK [ə'lɜ:t] US [-'lɝ:t] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a warning to people to be prepared to deal with something dangerous 警报
• a bomb alert 炸弹警报
• The army was put on (full) alert as the peace talks began to fail. 当和谈快要破裂的时候，军队进入（全面）戒备状态。
• The public were warned to be on the alert for (= watching carefully for) suspicious packages. 有关部门提醒公众，要对可疑包裹加以警惕。
UK [ə'lɜ:t] US [-'lɝ:t] verb transitive
■to warn someone of a possibly dangerous situation 使警觉，使警惕；向…发出警报
• An anonymous letter alerted police to the possibility of a terrorist attack at the airport. 有人给警方写了一封匿名信，警告机场可能会受到恐怖袭击。
cautious, considerate, alert
这组词都有“小心的，谨慎的”的意思，其区别是：
cautious: a.细心的，谨慎的。
 • He has a cautious attitude about spending money.   在花钱的问题上他态度谨慎。
considerate: a.关心他人的，体贴的。
 • He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.   他总是很体谅他人，并且慈祥而富有同情心。
alert: a.警惕的，留神的。
 • The hostess remained standing, alert to every guests' drinking need.   女主人一直站在旁边，时刻准备给大家斟酒。
vt. 警告；使警觉，使意识到
 - alarm, warn
adj. [军] 警惕的，警觉的；留心的
 - vigilant, precautious
n. [军] 警戒，警惕；警报
 - guard, vigilance

Word: renewable
Front: renewable
[rɪˈnju:əbl] (托 7302/12843 -1)
Vocabulary: renewable
(once / 3631 pages)
adj
Anything renewable can be replaced or has an endless supply. Renewable sources of energy don't run out.
Since re means "again," things that are renewable are always fresh and new: the supply can't be used up. This word often applies to energy. Fossil fuels like oil are not renewable resources; we will run out of oil someday. Energy sources like solar and wind power are renewable, because there's always going to be sunlight and wind. Anything renewable is going to last.
WORD FAMILY
renewable: nonrenewable, renewably, unrenewable+/ new: newer, newest, newly, newness, renew /newness: newnesses/ renew: renewable, renewal, renewed, renewing, renews/renewal: renewals, self-renewal/renewed: renewedly, unrenewed/renewing: self-renewing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s no panacea, but it would be a valuable contribution because industrial steam-making boilers are hard to run on renewable energy.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
I am also hopeful that the economic position of renewable energy continues to improve.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The federal government does offer important subsidies for renewable energy, and they will surely become a target in the new Congress.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 可继续的，可续订的; 可更新的; 可再生的; 可翻新的
分布：可再生的(68%)，可更新的(32%)
→来自 renew,更新。
US [-'nu:-] adjective
■describes a form of energy that can be produced as quickly as it is used （能源）可再生的
• renewable energy sources such as wind and wave power 诸如风能和波浪能之类的可再生能源
■If an official document is renewable, its use can be continued for an extra period of time 可延长有效期的；可展期的
• a renewable passport/ contract 可延期护照／可续签的合同
adj. 可再生的；可更新的；可继续的
 - reproducible, updatable

Word: architect
Front: architect
[ˈɑ:kɪtekt] (高研四六托雅宝 3365/2891 -2)
Vocabulary: architect
(once / 397 pages)
n
A person who designs buildings is an architect. If you become an architect, you'll be responsible for drawing the blueprints, planning the work, and sometimes even overseeing the construction of a building.
Frank Lloyd Wright was a famous architect who helped complete over 500 projects in his lifetime, including private homes, skyscrapers, museums, churches, and schools. Architects work on buildings of all types, and the Greek root arkhitektōn literally means “chief builder.” An architect can construct other things too, like the architects who design a video game, or the architect of your misfortune who dumped green slime on your head at a school dance.
WORD FAMILY
architect: architects
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some of the world’s top architects were recruited to design the buildings, of which 50 percent are for public housing.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“This is the stuff architects and archaeologists need.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He said the leaseholder hired an architect and submitted plans to the city.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 建筑师，设计师; 创造者，缔造者; 造物主
分布：建筑师(98%)，创造者(2%)
→前缀arch-, 始，主要，专家。词根tect, 编织，建筑，同textile, 纺织品。
建筑师(archi+tect做→统治(造房)的人→建筑师)[arch,archy=ruler,rule,chief,表示"统治者,统治,主要的"]
建筑师[arch=chief(主要的)]
n.建筑师;设计师;缔造者;创造者The detective detected that the arch was under the marching Arctic architects' protection.侦察察觉拱门受到行进的北极建筑师们的保护.
【记】archi主要的，tect建，做－建筑师
US ['ɑ:r-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person whose job is to design new buildings and make certain that they are built correctly 建筑师
■a person responsible for achieving a particular plan or aim 设计师；创造者；缔造者
• Bevan was the architect of the British National Health Service. 比万是英国国民保健制度的创立者。

Word: appearance
Front: appearance
[əˈpɪərəns] (高研四雅 1684/1435 -K4)
Vocabulary: appearance
(once / 50 pages)
n
Your appearance is how you look: your clothes, hair, facial expression, skin tone, and posture all factor into your overall appearance.
Ever had to go somewhere you didn't want to go? If you stopped by just briefly, you made an appearance. But this word more often has to do with how things look. Your appearance is created by everything people can see, from your hair down to your shoes. Sometimes appearances can be deceiving: maybe you give an appearance of confidence, but you're really nervous inside. The saying "don't judge a book by its cover" means "don't judge by appearances."
WORD FAMILY
appearance: appearances, nonappearance+/ appear: appearance, appeared, appearing, appears, disappear, reappear /appearing: appearings/ disappear: disappearance, disappeared, disappearing, disappears/disappearance: disappearances/disappearing: disappearings/ reappear: reappearance, reappeared, reappearing, reappears/reappearance: reappearances
USAGE EXAMPLES
Anderson and Ervin were being held Monday without bail pending an initial court appearance.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bell missed Pittsburgh’s past two playoff appearances with knee injuries.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They host initial appearances, set bail amounts and handle probable cause hearings in felony cases.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 外貌，外观; 出现，露面; [哲]现象
分布：外表(42%)，出现(31%)，外貌(15%)，露面(10%)，出场(2%)
出现;外表(appear出现)[-ance表名词"性质,状况"]
n.出现,露面;外表;(在会议等)作短暂露面Don't judge someone by his appearances.不能以貌取人.
US [-'pɪr.ənts] noun
BEING PRESENT 在场
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an occasion when someone appears in public （公开）露面
• It was his first appearance on television/television appearance as president. 这是他就任总统以来首次在电视上亮相。
• She will be making a public appearance, signing copies of her latest novel. 她将公开亮相，为自己刚刚出版的小说签名售书。
• This was the defendant's third court appearance for the same offence. 这是被告因为同一宗罪行第三次出庭受审。
countable
■a public performance by an entertainer （艺人的）公开露面
• He made his first stage/TV appearance at the age of six. 在六岁时他首次登台演出／在电视上亮相。
put in an appearance
■to be present somewhere for a short time 露一下面；到场稍作停留
• I didn't really want to go to the party, but I thought I'd better put in an appearance. 我真不想参加这个聚会，但是我想还是露个面比较好。
UK [ə'pɪə.rənts] US [-'pɪr.ənts] noun
WAY YOU LOOK 外表
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the way a person or thing looks to other people 外表，外观；外貌；样子
• a middle-aged man of smart appearance 一个外表整洁的中年男子
• You can alter/change the whole appearance of a room just by lighting it in a certain way. 只要在灯光上做些功夫，整个房间面貌就会焕然一新。
• There was nothing unusual about/in her physical appearance. 她的外表并没有甚么特别之处。
• The large car outside the house gave the appearance of wealth (= suggested wealthy people lived there). 住宅外面停的那辆大轿车显示出主人很富有。
• Appearances can be deceptive. 人不可貌相。
to/from all appearances
■judging from what can be seen 从外表推断；看起来
• To all appearances their marriage is fine, but I think she gives him a bad time in private. 从表面看他们的婚姻很美满，但我觉得在私下里她不会给他好日子过。
look, face, aspect, appearance
这组词都有“外表，容貌”的意思，其区别是：
look: 普通用词，多用复数，可与appearance换用，但较口语化。
face: 侧重指容貌。
aspect: 书面用词，突出人或事物在某特定时间或地点时的外貌。
appearance: 普通用词，着重由总体产生的印象。
n. 外貌，外观；出现，露面
 - occurrence, aspect, emergence, external, outside

Word: follower
Front: follower
[ˈfɒləʊə(r)] (六 5033/5012 -2)
Vocabulary: follower
(once / 221 pages)
n
A follower is a person who believes in a particular cause, faith, or specific person. A follower of Hinduism, for example, usually worships many gods.
You might be a follower of Islam and also a follower of a popular self-help writer. In either case, you are devoted, loyal, and interested. You can also use the word follower to talk about someone who literally follows another person. When you play tag and the person who's "it" runs behind you as you dodge around trees, that person is a follower. The Old English root is folgere, "servant or disciple," from folgian, "follow, accompany, or pursue."
WORD FAMILY
follower: followers+/ follow: followed, follower, following, follows/ following: followingly, followings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The movement’s followers reject the idea that hearing voices is a sign of mental illness.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Many of them involve followers of the Hindu tradition, the one which Erickson begrudgingly says would be OK with him.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
He previously stopped the parole of two other Manson followers.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 追随者，拥护者; 信奉者，信徒; 仆人; 属下
分布：追随者(88%)，属下(6%)，模仿者(3%)，狂热爱好者(3%)
US ['fɑ:.loʊ.ɚ] noun countable
SUPPORTER 支持者
■someone who has a great interest in something 支持者，拥护者
• They are keen followers of their local football team. 他们是当地足球队的死忠球迷。
■someone who supports, admires or believes in a particular person, group or idea 拥护者；信徒
• a follower of Jesus 基督的信徒
• followers of the Dalai Lama/Buddhism 达赖喇嘛（或佛教）的信徒
UK ['fɒl.əʊ.ər] US ['fɑ:.loʊ.ɚ] noun countable
PERSON WHO OBEYS 追随者
■a person who does what someone else does or tells them to do 遵从者；追随者
• Be a leader, not a follower! 做领导者，不做追随者！
n. 追随者；信徒；属下
 - Christian, old faithful

Word: alike
Front: alike
[əˈlaɪk] (高研四六托 4389/4989 -2)
Vocabulary: alike
(once / 169 pages)
adjadv
If two things are alike, they resemble or are similar to each other. You and your sister might be alike in many ways, including your love for strawberry ice cream.
If all the houses in your neighborhood look alike, it's hard to tell one from another, and if their parents always dress twin brothers alike, it's going to be impossible for people to remember who's who. Things that are alike are the same. The original form of the word was aliche, from the Old English gelic, "similar," with a Germanic root, which it shares with the word like.
WORD FAMILY
alike: alikeness, alikes, unalike
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then there was the humiliation of “Glitter,” Carey’s disastrous 2001 foray into film stardom, which was lambasted by the critics and public alike.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Reina club attacked early on Sunday is one of Istanbul’s most exclusive venues, popular with the city’s elite and tourists alike.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Q: Superficially, “Paterson” and “Silence” seem nothing alike.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 同样的，相似的
adv. 同样地; 两者都，同样地; 类似于
分布：一样(60%)，相似的(25%)，同样的(10%)，以同样的方式(5%)
a.同样的,相像的ad.一样地;同程度地Likewise, my bike gave a striking strike to the two men alike.同样,我的自行车给那两个相象的人惊人的打击.
adjective [after verb]
 IMPROVER
■similar; like each other 相似的，类似的；相像的
• The children all look very alike. 孩子长得都很像。
[ə'laɪk] adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a similar way 相似地；相同地
• The twins even dress alike. 这对双胞胎就连衣着都一样。
• My father treated us all alike. 父亲待我们一视同仁。
 IMPROVER
■used after referring to two groups of people or things to show that both groups are included 两者都；同样地，同等地
• Friends and family alike were devastated by the news of her death. 听到她去世的噩耗，无论家人还是朋友都悲痛欲绝。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。
adj. 相似的；相同的
 - similar, same, uniform, like, parallel
adv. 以同样的方式；类似于
 - similarly

Word: stance
Front: stance
[stæns] (宝 4447/3715 -2)
Vocabulary: stance
(once / 1989 pages)
n
Your stance is your posture or the way you stand. Figuratively, if you take a stance against bullying, you are standing against it.
If you take a stance on a contentious issue, it means you believe strongly about it one way or the other. If your stance is unpopular, you'll need some courage to speak your mind. The word comes from the Italian stanza which means stopping place. Your stance is something that's not likely to change. You have stopped there, your decision is made. You're done.
WORD FAMILY
stance: stances
USAGE EXAMPLES
While I meandered through my twenties, locked in my pseudo-bohemian stance, the remnants of that money rumbled along.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The move by Swiss authorities also indicates a tougher stance, observers say.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
There are two basic opinions on this stance across Sports Nation:
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 态度，立场; 站姿，被放置的姿势; 位置; （运动员的）始发姿势
分布：立场(79%)，态度(19%)，站立姿势(2%)
→来自拉丁语 stare,站立，词源同 stand.-ance,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
US [stænts] noun countable
OPINION 观点
 ADVANCED
■a way of thinking about something, especially expressed in a publicly stated opinion （尤指公开表明的）观点，立场
• The doctor's stance on the issue of abortion is well known. 这位医生在堕胎问题上的立场众人皆知。
UK [stɑ:nts] US [stænts] noun countable
POSITION 姿势
■a particular way of standing 站立姿势
• Jenny took up a stance with her feet slightly apart, ready to catch the ball. 珍妮两脚稍稍分开站好了姿势，准备接球。
n. 立场；姿态；位置；准备击球姿势
 - location, situation, site, lie

Word: legitimate
Front: legitimate
[lɪˈdʒɪtɪmət] (研六雅宝 3195/4329 -2)
Vocabulary: legitimate
(once / 286 pages)
1adjv 2adjv
Something legitimate is the real deal — according to the law.
Legitimate has other variations of meaning. To legitimate something is to make it legal, either by passing a law or publicly recognizing it as in accordance with the law. A government can be legitimized by being invited to world talks, or a movie by winning a prestigious award.
WORD FAMILY
legitimate: illegitimate, legitimacy, legitimated, legitimately, legitimates, legitimating, legitimation, legitimatise, legitimatize, legitimise, legitimize +/illegitimacy: illegitimacies/ illegitimate: illegitimacy, illegitimately, illegitimates/ legitimacy: legitimacies/legitimatise: legitimatised, legitimatises, legitimatising/legitimatize: legitimatized, legitimatizes, legitimatizing/legitimise: legitimised, legitimises, legitimising/ legitimize: legitimized, legitimizes, legitimizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
My point is, we need to accept the results as legitimate.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
There is a legitimate other side here, though.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Some of us would like assurances that the election results are legitimate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 合法的，合理的; 正规的; 合法婚姻所生的; 真正的，真实的
vt. 使合法; 给予合法的地位; 通过法律手段给（私生子）以合法地位; 正式批准，授权
时态：legitimated, legitimating, legitimates
分布：合法的(56%)，合理的(23%)，正当的(11%)，授权(4%)，使合法(3%)，婚生的(2%)，世袭的(1%)
→来自拉丁语legis,法律，词源同legal.
a.合法的;合理的,合乎逻辑的vt.使合法He is the legitimate heir to the property.他是这宗财产的合法继承人.
【记】leg腿，iti，mate交配：用腿mate需要合法化。
US [-'dʒɪtˌ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■allowed by law 合法的，正当的，法律允许的
• The army must give power back to the legitimate government. 军队必须将权力交还给合法政府。
 ADVANCED
■reasonable and acceptable 合理的，可接受的，得到认可的
• He claimed that the restaurant bill was a legitimate business expense. 他声称饭店帐单是一笔合理的业务开支。
 ADVANCED
■A legitimate child is one whose parents are legally married at the time of his or her birth. （子女）合法婚生的
legal, legitimate, lawful
legal: a. 法律所允许的任何行为都是legal（合法的） b. 与法律有关的，the legal profession；
legitimate: 指为法律、习俗和一般信仰所接受，译为“合法的，正当的”，the legitimate government
lawful: “根据法律而存在的”，并含有该法律具有道德和宗教约束力的意思 a lawful marriage；
adj. 合法的；正当的；合理的；正统的
 - legal, reasonable, valid, logical, rational

Word: milk
Front: milk
[mɪlk] (中高雅宝 2033/1881 -K3)
Vocabulary: milk
(once / 197 pages)
nv
Milk is the white liquid that female mammals produce for feeding their babies. Nursing human mothers feed their infants milk, and so do mother goats, cows, dogs, and cats.
If you love to drink milk, you're probably a fan of the kind that comes from cows on farms and is sold in grocery stores. However, if you're allergic to this kind of milk, you might drink one of the beverages also known as milk that are made from soaking beans, nuts, rice, or even coconut in water until it becomes rich, white, and milky. To milk is to extract or draw milk from a plant or animal.
WORD FAMILY
milk: foremilk, milked, milker, milking, milkless, milklike, milks, milky +/milker: milkers/ milky: milkier, milkiest, milkily
USAGE EXAMPLES
A product with more than 50 percent foreign milk must say where it was collected and turned into the product being sold.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While cheese may be, as the legendary editor Clifton Fadiman called it, “milk’s leap toward immortality,” here it is death on a plate.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
“America is a great nation, a kind nation, a nation of greener pastures and milk and honey and endless possibilities,” Mr. Canunayon said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 奶; 乳液; 母乳
vt. 挤奶; 榨取
时态：milked, milking, milks
分布：奶(57%)，牛奶(40%)，榨取(1%)，乳汁(1%)，产乳(1%)
→来自melg,挤奶，奶，词源同emulsion.可能来自mel,磨，磨软，软的，词源同mild,mill.由磨引申词义抚摸，刮，挤奶，奶。
n.牛奶;(植物流出的)白色乳液v.挤奶The silly spilled the milk on the silver silk.傻子把牛奶溅到银白色的丝绸上.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the white liquid produced by cows, goats, and sheep and used by humans as a drink or for making butter, cheese, etc 奶；牛奶；羊奶
• a glass/carton of milk 一杯／盒牛奶
• cow's/goat's milk 牛／羊奶
• skimmed/pasteurized milk 脱脂奶／经高温杀菌的牛奶
• a milk bottle 奶瓶
■the white liquid produced by women and other female mammals as food for their young （女性及雌性哺乳动物的）奶，乳汁
• Breast/Mother's milk is the best nourishment for a baby. 母乳是婴儿最好的营养品。
■the white liquid produced by some plants and trees （植物的）乳液，白色汁液
• coconut milk 椰汁
[mɪlk] noun uncountable
the milk of human kindness
■good, kind qualities 人类的恻隐之心；人类的善良天性
• She's full of the milk of human kindness. 她本性仁慈善良。
[mɪlk] verb
GET MILK 挤奶
intransitive or transitive
■to get milk from an animal 挤…的奶；挤（奶）
• Milking a cow by hand is a skilled process. 挤牛奶是一项需要专门技术的工作。
• Some goats seem to milk (= produce milk) better than others. 有些山羊似乎比其他山羊更容易产奶。
[mɪlk] verb
GET MONEY/INFORMATION 榨取金钱／消息
transitive disapproving
■to get as much money or information out of someone or something as possible, often in a selfish or dishonest way 榨取，勒索
• [+ obj + adj] The newspapers milked the story dry. 报纸利用这个故事大做文章。
• The directors milked the company of several million pounds. 几个董事榨取了公司数百万英镑的钱财。
n. [食品] 牛奶； [化学] 乳状物
 - lait, creamery
vt. 榨取；挤…的奶
 - extract, ream

Word: encounter
Front: encounter
[ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2712/2892 -K3)
Vocabulary: encounter
(once / 151 pages)
1vn 2vn
If you run into that cute guy (or girl) from the local deli when you’re at the grocery store and you stop to chat, you’ve just had an encounter, which is a casual meeting, often resulting by chance.
When you encounter the word encounter, context will tell you if it’s acting as a verb or a noun. The sentence “When Spencer and Susanna encounter a bear on the trail, they stand very still” illustrates the verb form. “The encounter in the subway left her wishing she had stayed at home” shows the noun form. Whether acting as a verb or a noun, the word carries the connotation of “chance meeting." You don’t plan an encounter; it just happens.
WORD FAMILY
encounter: encountered, encountering, encounters+/ count: countable, counted, counter, counting, countless, counts, miscount, recount /counted: uncounted/ counter: countered, countering, counters, encounter /counting: countings/ countless: countlessly, countlessness/miscount: miscounted, miscounting, miscounts/ recount: recounted, recounting, recounts/recounting: recountings
USAGE EXAMPLES
While in India, she first encountered the healing power of Tibetan bowl and gong energy work.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
While strolling the streets of “the real Bedford Falls,” I encountered a man with the same Seahawks beanie I was wearing.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most of us will find encounters with death all too easily.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 不期而遇; 遭遇; 对抗
n. 相遇，碰见; 遭遇战; 对决，冲突
vi. 碰见，尤指不期而遇
时态：encountered, encountering, encounters
分布：遇到(61%)，遭遇(32%)，邂逅(6%)，偶然碰到(1%)
→en-, 进入，使。前缀countra-, 相对。即进入相对状态的，面对面遭遇的。
n./v.遇到,遭遇The county councilor encountered the accountant at the counter of a countryside shop.县委委员在一乡村商店的柜台边碰到了会计师.
【反】circumlocution（n 婉转曲折的陈述）
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■a meeting, especially one that happens by chance 偶然相遇，邂逅，不期而遇
• I had a rather alarming encounter with a wild pig. 我曾经意外地碰到过一头野猪，真是惊险。
• This meeting will be the first encounter between the party leaders since the election. 这是自大选以来两党领导人首次狭路相逢。
■an occasion when people have sex, usually with someone they have not met before 性经历（对象通常为陌生人）
■an occasion when two teams play against each other （体育）比赛，交锋
• In their last encounter with Italy, England won 3-2. 在上次和义大利队的对垒中，英格兰队三比二获胜。
UK [ɪn'kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb transitive
MEET 遇到
 ADVANCED formal
■to meet someone unexpectedly 邂逅，不期而遇，偶然碰到
• On their way home they encountered a woman selling flowers. 在回家的路上他们碰到一位卖花的女子。
UK [ɪn'kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb transitive
EXPERIENCE 经历
■to experience, especially something unpleasant 遭遇，遇到（尤指不愉快的事情）
• When did you first encounter these difficulties? 你甚么时候开始遇到这些困难的？
• The army is reported to be encountering considerable resistance. 据报道，部队正遭遇到顽强的抵抗。
face, encounter, meet, contact, confront
这组词都有“遇见，会见，碰见”的意思，其区别是：
face: 侧重双方静止地面对面，或指指充满勇气、信心和决心正视人或事。
encounter: 通常指遇到困难或挫折，也指偶然或意外地相遇。
meet: 普通用词，本义指双方或多方从不同方向或相反方向作向对运动，最终相碰(遇)。
contact: 多指通过书信、电话或直接会面和别人联系。口语用词。
confront: 不可避免的，面对面的相遇。也指敢于正视困难或问题的决心和信心。
withstand, undergo, experience, encounter
withstand: 经受，忍受
undergo: 经历（考验、苦难）
experience: 亲身体验
encounter: 遭遇，遇到遭遇或碰上棘手的事
vt. 遭遇，邂逅；遇到
 - confront, bring up against
n. 遭遇，偶然碰见
 - fell in with, lit on
vi. 遭遇；偶然相遇
 - bring up against, run into

Word: orange
Front: orange
[ˈɒrɪndʒ] (中高 3145/3959 -K3)
Vocabulary: orange
(once / 473 pages)
1n 2nadj
An orange is a citrus tree that produces sweet-smelling white blossoms, and eventually, oranges. Orange, as in the bright color, comes from the name of the fruit and tends to be used for items we need to notice: like road construction signs and prison jumpsuits.
Oranges grow in warm places like Florida, California, and Brazil, where they are harvested to be eaten and made into juice and other products. The color of the orange, in varying hues, is also orange, a warm, sunny shade that falls between red and yellow on the color spectrum. The first orange trees probably grew in India, and the word itself has its roots in the Sanskrit naranga-s, "orange tree."
WORD FAMILY
orange: orange-colored, orangeness, orangery, oranges+/orangery: orangeries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau on Monday extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Monday, the Beijing government maintained its orange alert for heavy pollution and continued a ban on heavy-duty construction trucks from using the roads.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 桔子，橙子; [植]桔树; 橙色; 桔色
adj. 橙色的; 橘色的; 桔红色的
分布：橙色的(86%)，橙黄色(14%)
→来自古法语orange,来自拉丁语pomum de orenge,来自意大利语narancia,最终来自梵语naranga,橘树，本主为芳香的，散发香味的。
n.柑,桔,橙In the exchange the oranges are arranged into strange ranges.在交易所里橙子被排成奇怪的行.
US ['ɔ:r-] adjective noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(of) a colour between red and yellow 橙色（的），橘黄色（的）
• The setting sun filled the sky with a deep orange glow. 落日的余晖将天空染成了橙红色。
UK ['ɒr.ɪndʒ] US ['ɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a round sweet fruit which has a thick orange skin and an orange centre divided into many parts 橙；橘；柑
• a glass of orange juice 一杯橙汁
adj. 橙色的；橘色的
 - aurantia
n. [园艺] 橙；橙色；桔子
 - aurantium

Word: caribbean

Word: revival
Front: revival
[rɪˈvaɪvl] (托 5417/5131 -2)
Vocabulary: revival
(once / 566 pages)
n
If something experiences a revival, that means it’s once again popular or important. If a news story mentions a revival in the technology industry, that means the industry, having gone through a slump, is once again thriving.
Revival literally means "come back to life." An ER doctor might perform a revival of someone whose heart has stopped. We usually use it to mean "returned to glory, importance, or strength." Fresh paint and new flowerbeds might mean your neighborhood is experiencing a revival. If you don't like spiky hair, you may cringe at the revival of the mohawk in fashion magazines. Revival has a religious sense too, referring to a meeting that reawakens religious excitement and passion.
WORD FAMILY
revival: revivalism, revivals+/revivalism: revivalist, revivalistic/revivalist: revivalists/ revive: revival, revived, revives, reviving/ revived: unrevived/reviving: revivingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Raiders, after trailing by 17 points at halftime, needed one of those revivals Sunday.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Promoting a revival in business creation should be a top priority of the Trump Administration.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Ms. Reynolds later played Molly Brown on stage in a touring revival.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 复活; 再生，再流行，再生效; 复兴; （老戏多年后）重新上演
分布：复兴(84%)，复活(15%)，恢复精神(1%)
→来自 revive,苏醒，复活。比喻用法。
复活[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when something becomes more active or popular again 复苏；复兴；重新流行
• Recently, there has been some revival of (interest in)ancient music. 近来，在一定程度上，古代音乐又重新流行起来。
• An economic/artistic revival is sweeping the country. 一股经济／艺术复兴的大潮正席卷全国。
countable
■a performance of a play which has not been seen for a long time （戏剧的）重演
• We're staging a revival of a 1950s play. 我们将把一部20世纪50年代的戏剧重新搬上舞台。
countable
■a time when interest in religion starts again in a stronger way than before, or a series of meetings organized to encourage this to happen 宗教觉醒期（人们对宗教的兴趣再次激起的一段时间，此兴趣变得比以前更强烈，人们鼓励这种情况发生而组织的一系列会议）
n. 复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神；再生效
 - reconstruction, renaissance, renewal, resurrection

Word: colonial
Front: colonial
[kəˈləʊniəl] (研六托雅 3321/4415 -2)
Vocabulary: colonial
(once / 380 pages)
adjn
The colonial period of United States history occurred before 1776, when America was still 13 colonies under British rule.
You can use the word colonial to describe an inhabitant of a colony ruled by another country, but you wouldn’t call a painter living in an artists' colony a colonial. On the other hand, ants, which live in ant colonies, are colonial insects. British colonial is a style of furniture the British favored for their houses and tents in India or on safari in Africa — when India and parts of Africa were British colonies.
WORD FAMILY
colonial: colonialism, colonially, colonials+/ colonialism: colonialisms, colonialist, neocolonialism /colonialist: colonialists/colonisation: colonisations, decolonisation/colonise: colonisation, colonised, coloniser, colonises, colonising, decolonise/coloniser: colonisers/ colonist: colonists/ colonization: colonizations/colonize: colonization, colonized, colonizer, colonizes, colonizing, decolonize/colonizer: colonizers/ colony: colonial, colonies, colonise, colonist, colonize/decolonize: decolonization, decolonized, decolonizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, this is not just about Israel’s metastasizing colonial settlement project, important though that is.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
I much admired two books about indigenous peoples and colonial histories.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
There is a large Malian community in France, the former colonial power, which supports their relatives back home by sending money.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 殖民地的; 殖民地化的; [生]群体的，集群的; 英领殖民地时期的
n. 殖民地居民; 殖民时代建筑
分布：殖民地的(75%)，殖民地居民(25%)
→来自colony, 殖民，聚居。
a.殖民地的,关于殖民的n.殖民地居民The columnist holds the colorful column of the colonial newspaper.那位专栏作家主持殖民地报纸的多彩专栏.
US [-'loʊ-] adjective
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■relating to a colony or colonialism 殖民地的；殖民主义的
• Turkey was once an important colonial power. 土耳其曾是一个显赫的殖民强国。
• Various parts of Africa have suffered under colonial rule. 非洲各地都遭受过殖民统治。
• a colonial mentality 殖民主义心态
■describes furniture or buildings in the style of a period when some countries were colonies （家俱或建筑物）具有殖民地风格的，殖民地时期风格的
• colonial architecture 殖民地时期的建筑
• colonial-style houses 殖民地时期风格的房屋
UK [kə'ləʊ.ni.əl] US [-'loʊ-] noun countable
■a person from another country who lives in a colony , especially as part of its system of government （尤指来自宗主国的）殖民地居民

Word: regularly
Front: regularly
[ˈregjələli] (四六雅 2818/2238 -K)
Vocabulary: regularly
(once / 316 pages)
adv
When you do something regularly, you do it on a repeated, frequent basis. If you visit your grandfather every Thursday afternoon, you can say you see him regularly.
The adverb regularly is most often used to mean "routinely," but it can also mean "without variety or in the same way." So you might say, "The houses in my neighborhood are regularly spaced along the blocks." The earliest meaning, dating from the 1560s, was "in accordance with rules," from the Latin root regula, "rule."
WORD FAMILY
regular: irregular, regularise, regularity, regularize, regularly, regulars+/ irregular: irregularity, irregularly, irregulars/irregularity: irregularities/regularise: regularisation, regularised, regularising/ regularity: regularities, unregularity/regularize: regularization, regularized, regularizes, regularizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Friends of mine throughout the country regularly remind me that there is something unique about Seahawks fans.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Paid events are regularly organized in Poland for foreigners who want to hunt deer, wild boar, hares or other small wild animals.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Deadlines are regularly set, and flaws are relentlessly investigated.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 有规律地，按时，照例，按部就班地; 整齐地，有条不紊地; 经常，不断地; 定期地
分布：定期地(56%)，有规律地(44%)
ADJ-GRADED
定时的;定期的;有规律的
Regular events have equal amounts of time between them, so that they happen, for example, at the same time each day or each week.
例：Take regular exercise...定期进行锻炼。
例：Now it's time for our regular look at the world of international sport...现在我们再来关注一下国际体坛的消息。
ADJ-GRADED
经常的;频繁的
Regular events happen often.
例：...after a morning punctuated by regular volleys of gunfire...过了枪声阵阵的早上之后
例：This condition usually clears up with regular shampooing.这种情形通常多用香波洗洗头即可消除。
ADJ-GRADED
经常光顾的;经常去的
If you are, for example, a regular customer at a shop or a regular visitor to a place, you go there often.
例：'Tell me, Mr Mentakis, was Mrs Savalas one of your regular customers?'...“告诉我，门塔基斯先生，萨瓦拉斯夫人是您的常客吗？”
例：She has become a regular visitor to Houghton Hall.她已经成了霍顿府的常客。
N-COUNT
常客;老顾客;固定成员;正式成员
The regulars at a place or in a team are the people who often go to the place or are often in the team.
例：Regulars at his local pub have set up a fund to help out...经常光顾他的酒吧的人伸出援手成立了一个基金会。
例：I wasn't one of their regulars.我并不是他们的正式成员。
ADJ
经常使用的;固定的
You use regular when referring to the thing, person, time, or place that is usually used by someone. For example, someone's regular place is the place where they usually sit.
例：The man sat at his regular table near the window.这个人坐在他固定的靠窗的位置。
例：...samples from one of their regular suppliers.他们的一个固定供货商提供的样品
ADJ-GRADED
（声音或动作）规律的，规则的
A regular rhythm consists of a series of sounds or movements with equal periods of time between them.
例：...a very regular beat...非常规律的节拍
例：He stood in the doorway, listening to her quiet, regular breathing.他站在走道里，听着她那沉静而规律的呼吸声。
ADJ
正常的;常见的;普通的
Regular is used to mean 'normal'.
例：The product looks and burns like a regular cigarette...这种产品看起来和点燃后都与常见的香烟没什么两样。
例：He describes himself as just a regular guy from suburban Chicago.他说自己就是一个从芝加哥郊区来的普通人。
ADJ
(饮品或食物)分量适中的，中份的
In some restaurants, a regular drink or quantity of food is of medium size.
例：...a cheeseburger and regular fries.一个奶酪汉堡和中份薯条
ADJ-GRADED
整齐排列的;（空距）均匀的
A regular pattern or arrangement consists of a series of things with equal spaces between them.
例：...strange small rounded sandy hillocks, that look as if they've been scattered in a regular pattern on the ground.奇怪的圆形小沙丘，看上去好像是被整齐地散放在地上似的
例：...regular rows of wooden huts.整齐的一排排小木屋
ADJ-GRADED
匀称的;对称的
If something has a regular shape, both halves are the same and it has straight edges or a smooth outline.
例：...some regular geometrical shape.一些对称的几何图形
ADJ
（军队）常规的，常备的
Regular troops are professional soldiers who are a permanent part of an official national army.
例：Most schemes attempt to reduce the cost of defence through a smaller regular army...大多数方案都试图通过缩减常备军的规模来降低国防支出。
例：Only about a third of the reinforcements will be regular troops.增援部队中仅有约1/3是常备军。
ADJ
(语法中)按规则变化的，规则的
In grammar, a regular verb, noun, or adjective inflects in the same way as most verbs, nouns, or adjectives in the language.
regularly, often, usually, repeatedly, always, frequently
这些副词均表示频度。
regularly: 用于修饰经常而有规律性的动作。
often: 经常，语气弱于always,侧重动作发生的次数具有经常性，具体时间意味不强。
usually: 通常，通例地，指习惯性动作，频度仅次于always，较often大，偶尔有间隔。
repeatedly: 屡次，强调次数多，但反复的频率不一定均匀。
always: 总是，永远。语气最强，指在一切时候，没有例外。
frequently: 时常，经常，与often同义，可通用，但较正式，强调次数频繁。
adv. 定期地；有规律地；整齐地；匀称地
 - periodically, termly

Word: shine
Front: shine
[ʃaɪn] (中高托 3385/3329 -K2)
Vocabulary: shine
(once / 65 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v
To shine is to give off a bright, glowing light. Your porch light shines at night, and if the sky is clear and cloudless, the moon will shine too.
The sun and a light bulb both shine, and things that simply reflect light can be said to shine too, like a diamond ring or clean, glossy hair. In a more figurative way, people shine when they stand out for doing something extremely well: "The lead actress really shines in her role as Lady Macbeth." The Old English root of shine is scinan, which means "shed light, be radiant, or illuminate," and also "be conspicuous."
WORD FAMILY
shine: shined, shiner, shines, shining, shiny, shone+/shiner: shiners/shining: shininger, shiningest, shiningly, shinings/ shiny: shinier, shiniest, shinily, shininess
USAGE EXAMPLES
Let It Shine is filling the BBC One Saturday night slot that was vacated by The Voice UK's move to ITV.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It's 54 degrees and cloudy, but the sun is trying to peak through and shine against the San Gabriel Mountains.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Surely now is the time to let them shine.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 发出光; 反射光，闪耀; 出类拔萃，表现突出; 露出
vt. 照射，把光射后; 〈口〉通过擦拭使…变得有光泽或光亮
n. 光亮，光泽; 好天气; 擦皮鞋; 鬼把戏或诡计
时态：shone, shining, shines
分布：照耀(33%)，发光(26%)，阳光(15%)，光泽(9%)，光辉(7%)，出色(4%)，使发光(3%)，投光于(2%)，喜欢(1%)
→来自古英语 scinan,照耀，照明，发光，来自 Proto-Germanic*skinan,照耀，发光，来自 skai, 照耀，发光，词源同 sheen,shimmer.
v.照耀,发光;擦亮n.光泽,光The submitted submarine on the magic magazine is shining and magnificent.魔术杂志上那艘提交的潜艇闪亮而壮观.
verb (shone or shined, shone or shined)
LIGHT 光线
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to send out or reflect light 照耀；发光；反光
• Is that light shining in your eyes? 那光晃眼吗？
• The sun shone all afternoon. 整个下午阳光灿烂。
• He polished the brass till it shone. 他把黄铜器皿擦得闪闪发光。
shine with sth
■If a person's eyes or face shine with a quality, you can see that quality in them very strongly （眼中或脸上）洋溢着，闪着
• Her eyes shone with delight. 她眼里洋溢着喜悦。
intransitive or transitive
■to point a light in a particular direction 用光照射
• The policeman walked along the street, shining a torch into every car. 员警沿着街走，拿手电筒把每辆车都照了一遍。
transitive
■to make something bright by rubbing it 把…擦亮
• Guy ironed his shirt and shined his shoes for the interview. 为了参加面试，盖伊熨平了衬衫，擦亮了皮鞋。
[ʃaɪn] verb (shone or shined, shone or shined)
ABILITY 能力
intransitive
■to be extremely good at an activity or skill, in an obvious way 表现突出，出众
• She's hopeless at languages, but she shines at/in science. 她在语言方面糟透了，但理科却很出众。
[ʃaɪn] verb (shone or shined, shone or shined)
  Phrasal Verbs  shine out
■If people or things shine out, they are noticeable because they are very good 突出，出众
• The play has a very strong cast, but two actors in particular shine out. 这部戏的演员阵容十分强大，其中有两名尤为突出。
■If a quality shines out of someone, it is strong and easy to see （品质）显而易见
• Her honesty and sincerity positively shine out. 她的诚实和诚恳是显而易见的。
[ʃaɪn] noun [S or U]
■when something is bright from reflected light on its surface 光彩；光泽
• hair with body and shine 有造型又有光泽的头发
• Wax polish gives a lovely shine to wood furniture. 用蜡打磨，可以使木制家俱发亮，非常漂亮。
[ʃaɪn] noun [S or U]
take a shine to sb informal
■to like someone immediately 立刻喜欢上（某人）
• I think he's taken a bit of a shine to you. 我想他立刻有点喜欢上你了。
vi. 照耀；显露；出众
 - develop, break upon
n. 光泽；擦亮；晴天
 - sunshine, reflet
vt. 擦亮；把…的光投向
 - rub up, burnish

Word: gallery
Front: gallery
[ˈgæləri] (高研四六托雅 3354/1714 -3)
Vocabulary: gallery
(once / 170 pages)
1n 2n
A gallery is an area of a building that's usually long, narrow, and has a specific function. You might visit an art gallery to check out a row of paintings hung on its walls.
There are a few kinds of galleries, but the first is a part of a house or building that's unusually long and narrow. A gallery also has some sort of purpose: in a theater, a gallery is a place where additional seats are located. A gallery is also somewhere art is shown and sold. Art galleries can be one room of a larger place, a series of rooms, or a whole building devoted to art.
WORD FAMILY
gallery: galleries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Four years ago, Ms. Bower and her husband built a 3,000-square-foot facility to house their workshops and a gallery where they sell their creations.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Intrepid to the galleries of the Brooklyn Museum and to dozens of more traditional spaces.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Stefan Kalmár is a veteran art industry and gallery insider and the new director of the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 画廊，走廊; （教堂，议院等的）边座; 旁听席; 大批观众
分布：画廊(58%)，美术馆(30%)，走廊(10%)，顶层楼座(2%)
→来自拉丁语Galilaea, 现巴勒斯坦地名Galilee，原指位于Galilee的教堂门廊，走廊。
n.长廊,画廊,美术馆I want two tickets for the gallery, please.请给我两张顶楼的戏票.
US [-ɚ-] noun countable
BUILDING 建筑物
 IMPROVER
■a room or building which is used for showing works of art, sometimes so that they can be sold （艺术作品）陈列馆；美术馆；画廊
• the National Portrait Gallery 国家肖像画廊
• a contemporary art gallery 当代艺术展览馆
UK ['gæl.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun countable
RAISED AREA 高出的地方
■a raised area around the sides or at the back of a large room which provides extra space for people to sit or stand, or the highest floor in a theatre that contains the cheapest seats （房屋的）平台，阳台，门廊；（剧场中票价最低的）顶层楼座 Compare the circle at circle ; the stalls at stall
n. 画廊；走廊；旁听席；地道
 - hall, passage, corridor, underground, subway

Word: silver
Front: silver
[ˈsɪlvə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 2439/2244 -K3)
Back: n. 银; 银币; 银制品; 银色
adj. 银制的; 像银的; 银色的; 银白色的
vt. （在某物上）镀银; 使具有银色光泽，使变成银色
时态：silvered, silvering, silvers
分布：银(83%)，银色的(4%)，银的(4%)，银币(4%)，银器(3%)，银灰色(1%)，镀银于(1%)
→来自中古英语 silver,银，来自古英语 seolfor,银，来自 Proto-Germanic*silubra,银。引申词义 银器，银白色等。金属元素银来自拉丁语 argentum,银，词源同 argent,Argentine.
n.银;银器;银币v.镀银The silly spilled the milk on the silver silk.傻子把牛奶溅到银白色的丝绸上.
US [-vɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a valuable shiny white metal that is used for making utensils (= knives, spoons, etc.) , jewellery, coins and decorative objects 银，银子
• We gave Alison and Tom a dish made of solid silver as a wedding present. 我们送给爱丽森和汤姆一个纯银盘子作为结婚礼物。
• Cleaning the silver (= silver objects) is a dirty job. 擦洗银器是一件很讨厌的事。
• Shall we use the silver (= utensils made of silver) for dinner tonight? 今天晚餐要用银餐具吗?
• I need some silver (= coins made of silver or a metal of similar appearance) for the ticket machine in the car park. 我需要一些银币来使用停车场的售票机。
■(also silver medal countable)
■a small disc of silver, or a metal that looks like silver, which is given to the person who comes second in a competition, especially in a sport 银牌
• Britain won (a) silver/a silver medal in the javelin. 英国队在标枪比赛中获得了银牌。
UK ['sɪl.vər] US [-vɚ] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■made of silver, or of the colour of silver 银质的；银色的
• a silver ring 银戒指
• My grandmother has silver hair. 我的祖母一头银发。
UK ['sɪl.vər] US [-vɚ] verb transitive often passive
■to cover something, especially a window, with a thin layer of silver-coloured material in order to make a mirror 给（窗户等）镀上银色物质
n. [化学] 银；银器；银币；银质奖章；餐具；银灰色
 - plata, argentum
adj. 银的；含银的；有银色光泽的；口才流利的；第二十五周年的婚姻
 - lunar, argentic

Word: massacre
Front: massacre
[ˈmæsəkə(r)] (研六雅宝 6457/7134 -2)
Vocabulary: massacre
(once / 477 pages)
nv
A massacre is a big bloody mess of killing, and usually for no good reason. Not that there’s ever a good reason for killing, but massacres are especially pointless and gory.
It’s unclear where the word massacre came from, but possibly it was the Old French word macacre, which means “slaughterhouse.” As a noun, massacre is a brutal slaughter of humans or animals, and it can be a verb as well, like when an army massacres an entire village of innocent people. Pronounce it like MASS-uh-ker, and remember to spell it with an acre at the end, which is how much land is needed to bury the bodies after a massacre.
WORD FAMILY
massacre: massacred, massacreed, massacres, massacring
USAGE EXAMPLES
Testimony in the case opened and closed with two of the massacre’s survivors.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This is the biggest prison massacre in our state’s history,” Fontes said during a press conference.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials on Sunday called the nightclub attack a “massacre” and an act of terrorism.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 大屠杀，残杀; （牲畜的）成批屠宰
vt. 屠杀，残杀; 损害，毁坏; <口>彻底击败; <口>惨败
时态：massacred, massacring, massacres
分布：大屠杀(100%)
→来自古法语macacre,屠宰屋，肉屠宰场，来自Proto-Germanic*maitana,砍，劈，来自mai,砍，劈，词源同maim,mangle,smith.后用于指对人的屠杀，大屠杀。
vt.残杀,集体屠杀n.残杀,大屠杀They cruelly massacred all the people in the village.他们残酷地屠杀了村里所有的人.
【记】mass大批，acre（n 英亩）－把大批人在－英亩的地方杀掉
【参】massive（adj 厚重的；大块的）；massless（adj 无质量的）
US [-kɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an act of killing a lot of people 大屠杀；残杀
• He ordered the massacre of 2, 000 women and children. 他下令屠杀了2000名妇女和儿童。
■informal
■a bad defeat, especially in sport （尤指体育比赛中的）惨败
• The changes to the team come after their 7-2 massacre in the final. 决赛中以2比7惨败后，球队作了些调整。
UK ['mæs.ə.kər] US [-kɚ] verb transitive
■to kill many people in a short period of time 大规模屠杀
• Hundreds of civilians were massacred in the raid. 数百平民在那次袭击中惨遭杀戮。
■informal
■to defeat an opponent very badly in a competition or election （在比赛或竞选中）彻底击败
• England was massacred 5-0 by France in the semi-final. 英格兰队在准决赛以0比5惨败于法国队。
massacre, execute, murder, slaughter, assassinate, kill
这组词都有“杀，杀死”的意思，其区别是：
massacre: 语气比slaughter强。指大屠杀，尤指屠杀失去了自卫能力的人。
execute: 指依法处死罪犯。
murder: 指谋杀或凶杀。
slaughter: 本义指大批宰杀动物，也指像屠宰牲畜一样一次杀死许多人。
assassinate: 通常指因政治原因用非法手段杀害政治领袖人物或短名人士。
kill: 普通用词，含义广泛，泛指以任何方式使人、动物或植物死亡。
vt. 残杀；彻底击败
 - mow down
n. 大屠杀；惨败
 - holocaust, bloodbath

Word: perception
Front: perception
[pəˈsepʃn] (研六托雅宝 1866/2545 -2)
Vocabulary: perception
(once / 351 pages)
n
Each generation has a different perception — view, idea or understanding — of what is cool. You wouldn't want to walk around in the paisley patterns of the 1960s or the big hair of the 1980s today!
Based on the Latin root cipere "to grasp," perception refers to the way you take in the world through your senses. Have you ever thought a stair was bigger than it really was so your step was too heavy? Your depth perception was off. The noun also means the opinions and beliefs you've formed about something. Your perception of your room after you've cleaned it is different than your parents' — you see clean and they probably don't.
WORD FAMILY
perception: perceptions+/ imperceptible: imperceptibility, imperceptibly /misperceive: misperceived, misperceives/perceivable: perceivably, unperceivable/ perceive: misperceive, perceivable, perceived, perceiveed, perceiver, perceives, perceiving, perceptible, perception, perceptive, percipient/ perceived: unperceived/perceiver: perceivers/perceiving: unperceiving/perceptibility: perceptibilities/ perceptible: imperceptible, perceptibility, perceptibly/ perceptive: perceptively, perceptiveness, perceptivity, unperceptive/percipient: percipients/unperceivable: unperceivably/unperceiving: unperceivingly/unperceptive: unperceptively, unperceptiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
And under such conditions it is far easier to believe survivors are catastrophising their perception of reality.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Personal bias clouds our perceptions so profoundly that employee performance ratings often reveal more about the person conducting them than the person being rated.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Brady said he hoped the national exposure would change people's perceptions of Hull.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 知觉; 觉察（力）; 观念; （农作物的）收获
分布：观念(49%)，洞察力(45%)，认识能力(6%)
→来自perceive,感觉，感知。
US [pɚ-] noun
BELIEF 看法
 ADVANCED countable
■a belief or opinion, often held by many people and based on how things seem 见解，观念，看法
• We have to change the public's perception that money is being wasted. 大众认为这是在浪费金钱，我们必须改变他们的这种看法。
• These photographs will affect people's perceptions of war. 这些照片会影响人们对战争的看法。
UK [pə'sep.ʃən] US [pɚ-] noun
SIGHT 视觉
uncountable
■the quality of being aware of things through the physical senses, especially sight 感觉，知觉；感知
• Drugs can alter your perception of reality. 毒品会影响你对现实的感知。
uncountable
■someone's ability to notice and understand things that are not obvious to other people 感知能力；认识能力；洞察力
• She has extraordinary powers of perception for one so young. 她年纪轻轻就有着非凡的洞察力。
• He's not known for his perception. 他的洞察力并不怎么好。
sensation, feeling, perception, sense
这组词都有“感觉”的意思，其区别是：
sensation: 系较严密的科学用词，指听觉、味觉、视觉、嗅觉或触觉；还可指引起激动或轰动的事物。
feeling: 最普通用词，既可指身体上的感觉，如冷暖、饥饿、疼痛等，又可指精神上的感觉，如喜、怒、哀、乐、失望等。
perception: 侧重对外界刺激的反应和对产生感觉的物体的辨别。
sense: 主要指人或动物身体上的感觉。复数形式指人的知觉。
sight, vision, perception, eyesight
这组词都有“视力、视觉”的意思，其区别是：
sight: 普通用词，与eyesight同义，可换用，指由实实在在的事物引起的视觉。
vision: 书面用词，含义广泛，指人的视力或视野，也可指远见卓识。
perception: 指视觉，也可泛指其它器官的功能，或引申指敏锐的理解力。
eyesight: 普通用词，指眼睛的正常功能。
n. 知觉； [生理] 感觉；看法；洞察力；获取
 - consciousness, viewpoint, sense, feel, insight

Word: wholesale
Front: wholesale
[ˈhəʊlseɪl] (托雅 7240/6952 -2)
Vocabulary: wholesale
(once / 790 pages)
nadjvadv
Use the adjective wholesale to describe something that's done on a big, broad scale, like wholesale changes made by a new government that affect an entire country.
It's pretty common to see the phrase "wholesale destruction," especially when historians are talking about the overwhelming effects of war or ecological disasters. When wholesale is a verb, it has a very different meaning — to sell things in bulk, usually to someone who is going to sell it again at a higher retail price. The earliest meaning of the word was "in large quantities," combining whole and sale into the phrase "by whole sale."
WORD FAMILY
wholesale: wholesaled, wholesaler, wholesales, wholesaling+/ wholesaler: wholesalers
USAGE EXAMPLES
In fact, WhatsApp also offers encryption, and borrowed the basic code wholesale from Signal.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The area that was targeted on Saturday is packed with wholesale markets and usually teeming with daily labourers unloading vans and wheeling carts around.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
In other energy trading, wholesale gasoline dropped 2 cents to $1.67 a gallon and heating oil held steady at $1.70 a gallon.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 批发; 趸售，大规模买卖
adj. 批发的，整批卖的; 大规模的
adv. 大量地，大批地; 广泛地，大规模地
vt. 批发
vi. 经营批发业; 批发售出
时态：wholesaled, wholesaling, wholesales
分布：批发(92%)，大规模的(3%)，批发的(3%)，大规模地(1%)，草率的(1%)
→即整体出售。
US ['hoʊl-] adjective adverb
SELLING 卖
■of or for the selling of goods in large amounts at low prices to shops and businesses, rather than the selling of goods in shops to customers 批发的（地）；成批卖的（地）
• wholesale prices 批发价
• a wholesale supplier/business 批发供应商／业务
• We only sell wholesale, not to the public. 我们只批发，不零售。
Compare retail
UK ['həʊl.seɪl] US ['hoʊl-] adjective adverb
COMPLETE 完全的 often disapproving
■(especially of something bad or too extreme) complete or affecting a lot of things, people, places, etc （尤指坏事或过于极端的事）完全的（地），大规模的（地）
• wholesale changes 全面变革
• wholesale destruction 彻底毁灭
adj. [贸易] 批发的；大规模的
 - mass, wide-scale
n. [贸易] 批发
 - sales by bulk
adv. 大规模地；以批发方式
 - cosmically

Word: bone
Front: bone
[bəʊn] (高研四 1443/1934 -K3)
Vocabulary: bone
(once / 99 pages)
1nadjv 2v
A bone is a single section of a skeleton, made of very hard tissue. Adult human bodies have 206 bones.
Your skeleton, which forms the structure of your body, is made up of many different bones, from the tiny bones in your fingers and toes to the largest bone, the femur, or thigh bone. All vertebrates, or animals with spines, have bones — your dog may enjoy gnawing on a bone that originally came from a cow, for example. Informally, when you "bone up on something," you study it.
WORD FAMILY
bone: boned, boneless, bonelet, bonelike, bones, boney, boning, bony, debone+/boneless: bonelessly/bones: boneses, boness/ bony: bonier, boniest, bonily, boniness, bonyness/debone: deboned
USAGE EXAMPLES
What resulted was a vicious car crash, several broken bones and surgeries.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What follows is a long processional of familiar iconography from the “Final Fantasy” series buried like dinosaur bones waiting to be discovered.
Washington Post(Dec 12, 2016)
Sure enough, we discover that our ancestors crafted one of the hapless bear’s bones into a flute, one of the oldest artifacts of human ingenuity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 骨头; 尸骨; 骨质物; 有…样的骨头的
vt. 挑鱼刺，剔骨头; 剔去…的骨
vi. 苦学; 专心致志
时态：boned, boning, bones
分布：骨(90%)，骨骼(8%)，核心(1%)，磨光表面(1%)
→词源不详。
n.骨(骼)I tuned the tone of the stone phone with a bone.我用骨头调整了石质耳机的音调.
US [boʊn] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■any of the hard parts inside a human or animal that make up its frame 骨，骨头
• The child was so thin that you could see her bones. 这孩子瘦得可怜，都能看见她的骨头。
• human/animal bones 人／动物的骨头
 IMPROVER
■the bone in meat or fish 肉骨；鱼骨
• There's still a lot of meat left on the bone - shall I slice some off for you? 骨头上还有许多肉——要我替你切一些下来吗？
• I don't like fish because I hate the bones. 我不喜欢吃鱼，因为我讨厌鱼骨。
UK [bəʊn] US [boʊn] noun countable or uncountable
bone dry
■completely dry 干透的
UK [bəʊn] US [boʊn] noun countable or uncountable
bone idle UK
■extremely lazy 懒极了
• He never does any exercise - he's bone idle. 他从不锻炼身体——他懒极了。
UK [bəʊn] US [boʊn] noun countable or uncountable
a bone of contention
■something that two or more people argue about strongly over a long period of time 争辩的起因，争议点
UK [bəʊn] US [boʊn] noun countable or uncountable
have a bone to pick with sb
■to want to talk to someone about something annoying they have done 对（某人）有意见；向（某人）抱怨
• I've got a bone to pick with you, - you've been using my shaver again. 我有件事要和你说——你又在用我的刮须刀了。
UK [bəʊn] US [boʊn] noun countable or uncountable
make no bones about sth
■not to try to hide your feelings 就…直言不讳
• He made no bones about his dissatisfaction with the service. 他直言不讳地道出他对服务不满意。
UK [bəʊn] US [boʊn] noun countable or uncountable
to the bone
■all the way through, or very badly 彻底地；极糟地
• I was frozen/chilled to the bone after waiting so long for the bus. 等公车等得太久了，我感到寒气刺骨。
UK [bəʊn] US [boʊn] verb
SEX 性交
intransitive or transitive offensive
■to have sex with someone （与某人）性交
UK [bəʊn] US [boʊn] verb
BODY PART 身体部位
transitive
■to take the bones out of something 剔去…的骨头
• Ask the fishmonger to bone the fish for you. 让鱼贩子帮你剔去鱼骨。
UK [bəʊn] US [boʊn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bone up informal
■to learn as much as you can about something for a special reason 苦学，专心致志地学
• She boned up on economics before applying for the job. 申请工作前她刻苦攻读了经济学。

Word: unemployed
Front: unemployed
[ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪd] (托 6402/2830 -K2)
Back: adj. 被解雇的; 失业的; 不在使用中的; 未用的
n. 失业者
分布：失业者(52%)，失业的(46%)，未投资的(2%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■not having a job that provides money 失业的；待业的
• He's been unemployed for over a year. 他失业一年多了。
[ˌʌn.ɪm'plɔɪd] plural noun
■people who do not have a job that provides money 失业人员；待业人员
• There are now over four million unemployed in this country. 目前该国有400多万失业人口。
• Tickets are £10 or £5 for the unemployed. 门票是十英镑，对失业人员则是五英镑。
adj. 失业的；未被利用的
 - redundant, jobless

Word: crown
Front: crown
[kraʊn] (研四六雅宝 5097/1760 -K3)
Vocabulary: crown
(once / 118 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n
A crown is a fancy, round ornament worn on the heads of kings and queens. To crown someone is to declare them a monarch or a champion. A crown is also a boring old top of something, like a tooth.
Historically, a crown represented the country ruled by the monarch who wore it. In some cases, the person wearing a crown wasn't the king, but the head of a church, as most modern-day Catholic popes have done during certain ceremonies. Other kinds of crowns are the top of a hat or the top part of your head, and also the visible part of a tooth — or the artificial replacement made by a dentist.
WORD FAMILY
crown: coronate, crowned, crowning, crownless, crowns+/coronate: coronated, coronation / coronation: coronations/crowned: uncrowned/crowning: crowningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The nascent republic soon shattered and Yuan crowned himself emperor.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Packers: Swept Detroit to win NFC North, including Sunday night at Lions in showdown for division crown.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A commentator declared, “Tonight, two high-school heavyweights square off in the city where champions are crowned.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 王冠; 花冠（有时象征胜利）; 王权; （某物的）顶部
vt. （尤指通过增添成就、成功等）使圆满; 为…加冕; 使圆满完成; 给…以荣誉
vi. 露顶
时态：crowned, crowning, crowns
分布：王冠(61%)，花冠(12%)，王权(8%)，加冕(6%)，齿冠(6%)，顶点(2%)，使圆满(2%)，使 ... 成王(1%)，居 ... 之顶(1%)，镶齿冠(1%)
→来自sker, 弯，转，编织，词源同cradle, corona.
n.王冠,冕;君权,君王v.为...加冕Kings and queens wear crowns at official ceremonies.国王和女王出席官方仪式时戴王冠.
noun countable
HEAD COVERING 戴于头顶之物
 IMPROVER
■a circular decoration for the head, usually made of gold and jewels (= precious stones) , and worn by a king or queen at official ceremonies 王冠，皇冠；冕
■the winning of a sports competition 冠军
• He plans to defend his Olympic crown. 他计划卫冕奥运会冠军。
[kraʊn] noun countable
TOP PART 顶部
■the top part of a head, hat or hill （头、帽或山的）顶部
• A pink ribbon had been tied around the crown of the hat. 帽子顶部系着一条粉色的缎带。
[kraʊn] noun countable
TOOTH 牙齿
■an artificial piece used to cover a damaged tooth （受损牙齿的）人造冠
[kraʊn] noun countable
COIN 硬币
■a British coin which is no longer used 克朗（英国旧币）
[kraʊn] verb transitive
HEAD COVERING 戴于头顶之物
■to put a crown on someone's head in an official ceremony that makes them king or queen 为…加冕；立…为君主
• Queen Elizabeth II was crowned (queen) (= made queen in a special ceremony) in 1953. 伊丽莎白女王二世于1953年加冕。
⇒ See also coronation
■If an event or achievement crowns something, it is the best or most successful part of it 使达到顶峰；使圆满
• an acting career crowned by her final Oscar-winning performance 她的演艺生涯以最终赢得奥斯卡奖而达到顶峰
[kraʊn] verb transitive
TOP PART 顶部 formal
■If something crowns something else, it is on or around the top of it 加顶于；覆盖…的顶部
• The church was crowned with golden domes. 教堂顶部是金色的穹顶。
■slang
■to hit someone on the head 打…的头部
[kraʊn] verb transitive
TOOTH 牙齿
■to fit a crown (= tooth covering) 在牙上镶齿冠
• She's had her two front teeth crowned. 她给两颗门牙镶了齿冠。
[kraʊn] verb transitive
to crown it all UK informal
■used to say that something is the worst thing to happen in a series of unpleasant events 最糟糕的是
• I had lost my ticket, was soaked to the skin, and, to crown it all, discovered that my purse had been stolen. 我把票弄丢了，又被淋得浑身湿透，最糟糕的是，我发现我的钱包被偷了。
n. [纸] 王冠；花冠；王权；顶点
 - height, sky, summit, peak, lei
vt. 加冕；居…之顶；表彰；使圆满完成
 - coronate, cite

Word: lament
Front: lament
[ləˈment] (托雅宝 7387/11418 -1)
Vocabulary: lament
(once / 265 pages)
nv
If you are really upset or sorry about something, you might lament it. A lament is full of regret and grief.
If you lament something, then you feel sorry about it. You could lament a mistake you made, or you could lament a horrible thing that happened to a friend. Also, a lament is an expression of grief. So if you keep saying how sorry you are about something, someone could say, "Enough of your laments!" There's also an old literary form called "a lament," which expresses feelings of loss in a long dramatic poem.
WORD FAMILY
lament: lamentable, lamentation, lamented, lamenter, lamenting, laments+/ lamentable: lamentablest, lamentably/ lamented: lamentedly, unlamented/lamenting: lamentingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was left lamenting that final throw in an aggressive attempt to win.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Red Flags: And you respond to these laments, how?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Francis lamented that so many people in the world were left grieving because of terrorism.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （为…）哀悼; 悲叹; 悔恨; 痛惜
n. 哀歌，挽歌; 悲恸，恸哭; 悲痛之情; 悼词
时态：lamented, lamenting, laments
分布：哀悼(56%)，悲叹(25%)，悼词(10%)，惋惜(9%)
→来自la,叹息，悲痛，拟声词，-ment,名词后缀。
【记】被lam（v 鞭打）所以悲伤。
verb intransitive or transitive
■to express sadness and feeling sorry about something 对…感到悲痛，对…表示失望，痛惜
• The poem opens by lamenting (over) the death of a young man. 这首诗的开篇表达了对一位青年之死的惋惜之情。
• My grandmother, as usual, lamented the decline in moral standards in today's society. 和往常一样，我奶奶对当今社会世风日下深感痛惜。
• The late lamented (= dead and remembered with love) Frank Giotto used to live here. 已故的受人爱戴的法兰克‧焦托曾在此居住。
[lə'ment] noun countable formal
■a song, poem or other piece of writing which expresses sadness about someone's death 挽歌；悼诗；悼文
• The whole play can be interpreted as a lament for lost youth. 整部剧可以看作是一首青春的挽歌。
n. 挽歌；恸哭；悲痛之情
 - keen, elegy
vi. 哀悼；悲叹；悔恨
 - grieve over, mourn over
vt. 哀悼；痛惜
 - regret, grieve over

Word: formerly
Front: formerly
[ˈfɔ:məli] (六托 4684/3584 -K2)
Vocabulary: formerly
(once / 165 pages)
adv
Use the adverb formerly to describe something that happened earlier. A history teacher might explain that the city of Istanbul was formerly known as Constantinople.
Something that existed previously, or that has changed in some way over time, can be talked about using the word formerly. Your graceful math teacher might have formerly been a professional dancer, and the building where you take fencing lessons could have formerly been a textile mill. If something happened once upon a time, it happened formerly. The origin of the word traces all the way back to the Proto-Germanic formo, or "first."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
formerly / formally
Formerly is something that happened before, like when a pop star changed his name to a squiggle, he became known as The Artist Formerly Known as Prince. But formally comes from formal, or fancy, like the prom.
Former is at the root of formerly, referring to something that occurred earlier. If you changed your name, you'd be referred to as formerly known as whatever-your-name-used-to-be. It's not just for pop stars. If you want a word that means in the past or before, formerly fits the bill:
Movies, books, television shows, the journalistic outlets formerly known as newspapers, podcasts, YouTube videos, actual museums, tweets—they all comprise the noise. (Slate)
Erskine Bowles, formerly President Bill Clinton's chief of staff, said, "I'm worried you're going to fail." (Business Week)
At the root of formally is formal, an adjective that describes something as following custom, regulations, or ceremonies. You might speak formally during your speech, but chat casually with everyone after. Formally describes something official:
Delaware spent years piloting and fine-tuning their system before putting it in place formally state-wide. (Washington Post)
The current council will formally disband within the next few days. (Time)
Remember where these two words came from and you'll keep them straight: formerly former, and formally formal.
WORD FAMILY
former: formerly, formers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The mammoth technology industry confab, formerly the International Consumer Electronics Show, used to be centered on big-screen televisions, appliances and speakers.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Alun Cairns, formerly Wales minister, was promoted to secretary of state in the mini reshuffle triggered by Work and Pensions Secretary Iain Duncan Smith's resignation.
BBC(Mar 19, 2016)
Bathroom sinks sit on South Dakota granite reclaimed from the façade of a steakhouse that formerly occupied the site.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 原来，原先; 以前，从前; 刚才; 先头
分布：以前(56%)，从前(44%)
US ['fɔ:r.mɚ-] adverb formal
 IMPROVER
■in the past 以前，从前，在过去
• The European Union was formerly called the European Community. 欧盟旧称欧洲共同体。
formally, formerly
formally: 正式地。如：We were required to dress formally for the party.
formerly: 从前。如：Formerly he worked in a factory, but now he is a teacher.
adv. 以前；原来
 - previously, ago, back

Word: entitle
Front: entitle
[ɪnˈtaɪtl] (研四六托雅宝 3465/2886 -K3)
Vocabulary: entitle
(once / 185 pages)
1v 2v 3v
Use the verb entitle to mean "give a right to." At some schools, being a senior might entitle students to go out for lunch on Fridays.
The most common use of entitle is the one you might see on a coupon, like one for a free ride at the state fair that entitles the holder to one free ride on the Octopus of Terror. When you entitle someone, you give them a claim to something, like when you entitle someone the best goalie in Canada, or make someone a member of the noble class, like when the Queen entitles, or gives a title to, a worthy person.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
entitle / title
To entitle means to give someone a rank or right, like if your perfect attendance entitles you to free ice cream at lunch. A title is the name of something, like the title of a song you wrote about ice cream.
What about that song — is it entitled or titled "Free Ice Cream at Lunch"? There's the rub. The short answer: use either one!
Entitle's main job is to give you a right, like when you're entitled to free snacks because you've done something to deserve it. If you seem to have to right to everything, you're just entitled. It also means to give something a title: Your song is entitled "Free Ice Cream at Lunch." Check it out:
As all art collectors may, Mr. Lauder is entitled to deduct the full market value of artworks donated to museums. (New York Times)
Marjorie Ingall is worried about raising "entitled, bratty, ungrateful little weasels." (New York Times)
A title is a noun — it's the name of a book, a movie, or your new hit single about frozen treats. To name such a thing, is to title it, so yes it can also be a verb (hence the confusion). Here are some:
Their report was titled: "Euro zone: Thinking the unthinkable?" (Business Week)
The distributor gave him idiot-proof instructions, such as making sure pages had numbers and the title was on the spine. (Washington Post)
Sticklers want entitle tobe used only in the sense of giving someone a right, not for giving something a name. Bah! As for your song, if you jazz up the title, it might be entitled "Punk Rock Pickle Pink Ice Cream." Or not. You can get rid of the entitled/titled problem by dropping both and letting the title speak for itself.
WORD FAMILY
entitle: entitled, entitlement, entitles, entitling+/ entitled: unentitled/ entitlement: entitlements/subtitle: subtitled, subtitles, subtitling/supertitle: supertitles/ title: entitle, subtitle, supertitle, titled, titles, titling, titulary/titled: untitled
USAGE EXAMPLES
Michael absorbed the key lesson: The happiest people are the ones who believe they are lucky, rather than entitled or owed their success.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Billions of pounds in benefits is unclaimed every year by those entitled to the money.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
His current work, The Rwanda Project, is accompanied by a lecture entitled It is Difficult, which he will deliver at the Getty in February.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 使有资格; 给…定名; 给与…权利; 称做
时态：entitled, entitling, entitles
分布：使有权利(50%)，取名为(50%)
→en-, 进入，使。title, 赋予。
v.给以权利(或资格);给...称号(题名);授权A title is entitled to the retired worker who repaired the entire tire tirelessly.那个不倦地修理了整个轮胎的退休工人被授予了一个头衔.
【记】title（n 头衔；名称；标题；资格；字幕；权利）
US [-tˌl] verb transitive
ALLOW 允许
 ADVANCED
■to give someone the right to do or have something 给予（某人…）的权利；使符合资格
• Being unemployed entitles you to free medical treatment. 失业时，你有权享受免费医疗。
• [+ to infinitive] The employer is entitled to ask for references. 雇主有权索取推荐信。
UK [ɪn'taɪ.tl] US [-tˌl] verb transitive
GIVE TITLE 起名字
■to give a title to a book, film, etc 给…命名，给…题名
• Her latest novel, entitled 'The Forgotten Sex', is out this week. 她名为《被遗忘的性别》的最新小说将于本周出版。

Word: homeland
Front: homeland
[ˈhəʊmlænd] (高 4149/8870 -2)
Vocabulary: homeland
(once / 1768 pages)
n
A homeland is the country where a group originally comes from, or where a person was born. If your grandparents and great-grandparents are Greek, you might consider Greece your homeland.
If you were born in Iran and raised in Canada, it might be important to you to think of Iran as your homeland, or the place you and your ancestors come from. In addition to being your birthplace, your homeland holds a lot of your cultural identity. Sometimes homeland is used in a nationalistic or even racist way, emphasizing that only certain ethnic groups are "native" to a certain country. The Old English root, hamland simply meant "enclosed pasture."
WORD FAMILY
homeland: homelands
USAGE EXAMPLES
The newcomers shared their adopted homeland's optimism about the journey ahead.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The company said U.S. utilities were alerted by the Department of Homeland Security on Thursday of the code.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He believes one of the best long-term strategies is to help address the conditions that are driving people to flee their homelands.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 祖国，家乡; （南非种族隔离制度下的）黑人住宅区
分布：祖国(100%)
→比喻用法。
US ['hoʊm-] noun countable
■the country you were born in 祖国
■(in the past) one of the areas in South Africa in which black people were separated from whites under the political system of apartheid （过去南非实行种族隔离制度时划定的）黑人居住地
n. 祖国；故乡
 - country, motherland

Word: substance
Front: substance
[ˈsʌbstəns] (研四六宝 2277/2433 -K3)
Vocabulary: substance
(once / 91 pages)
n
Any material that possesses physical properties is called a substance. The word also refers to the gist or main idea of something. If you remember the main point of a lesson, you've got the substance.
The meaning of the noun substance has evolved over time, yet it has always been related to something sound and solid — from the Latin root substare, which means "to stand firm," to the Middle English definition as an "essential nature." Nowadays, we use the word to define someone who possesses honesty and intelligence, or when we examine a message to find its essence. To be thought of as a "person of substance" is a good thing, but to be thought of as a "substance abuser" is not so good.
WORD FAMILY
substance: substances, substantial +/ insubstantial: insubstantiality, insubstantially/insubstantiality: insubstantialities/ substantial: insubstantial, substantialer, substantiality, substantially, substantialness, unsubstantial/substantiality: substantialities/unsubstantial: unsubstantialise, unsubstantialize, unsubstantially/unsubstantialise: unsubstantialised
USAGE EXAMPLES
That is the substance, in many cases, of depression.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s about getting individuals the help they need, whether its substance abuse, drugs issues, anger management, whatever,” Dotson said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A spokeswoman said Mr. Baker shared a desire with state lawmakers to thoroughly prepare for the start of a new industry distributing a controlled substance.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 物质，材料; 实质，内容; [神]灵; （织品的）质地
分布：物质(80%)，实质(11%)，内容(7%)，财产(1%)，重要性(1%)
→sub-,在下，stance,站立，站姿，词源同 stand.即站在下面，构成基础，引申诸相关词义。
物质;本质(sub下面+stance→站在下面的东西→具体物质)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
n.物质;实质,本质;主旨;财产,资产Ice and snow are different forms of the same substance, water.冰和雪都是水这一种物质不同的形式.
noun
MATERIAL 材料
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■material with particular physical characteristics 物质；材料
• an organic/chemical substance 有机／化学物质
• What sort of substance could withstand those temperatures? 哪种物质能够承受那样的温度？
illegal substance formal
■an illegal drug 毒品
['sʌb.stənts] noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
uncountable formal
■importance, seriousness or relationship to real facts 重要性；要旨；实质；根据
• There is no substance in/to the allegation. 这项指控毫无根据。
• This new information gives substance to the stories we have heard. 这项新资讯为我们所听到的情况提供了根据。
substance, affair, matter, business
substance: 具有某种化学物理性质的“物质”
affair: 私事
matter: 泛指一切有形之物的“物质”
business: 商业，生意
substance, stuff, matter, material
这组词都有“物质，东西”的意思，其区别是：
substance: 多指某一种形式的物质，既可指元素也可指化合物。
stuff: 多用于日常生活中，非正式用词。常指构成整体的所有部分、物体或项目。有时指劣等材料，含轻蔑意味。
matter: 通常指构成实物的物质，与精神相对立。在科学上，指占有空间，并能以某种方式被感官觉察的一切东西。
material: 通常指组成客观存在物的部分或其原料。
n. [物] 物质；实质；资产；主旨
 - matter, asset, essence, truth, texture

Word: somewhere
Front: somewhere
[ˈsʌmweə(r)] (中高 1588/1359 -K3)
Back: adv. 某处，在某处; 在[到]某处; 不知道在[到]什么地方; 某地
分布：在某处(40%)，某处(28%)，大约(23%)，到某种程度(9%)
ad.某地,在某处;在附近,前后,大约I've seen the book somewhere,but I don't remember where.我曾经在什么地方看见过这本书,但是我记不清楚是在哪里了.
US [-wer] adverb
PLACE 地方
 ESSENTIAL (US also someplace)
■in or at a place having a position which is not stated or not known 在某处，在某地
• He was last heard of living somewhere on the south coast. 最后一次听到关于他的消息时，说他住在南海岸的某地。
• You must have put their letter somewhere! 你一定把他们的信放在甚么地方了！
• [+ to infinitive] I'm looking for somewhere to eat/stay. 我在找吃饭／住的地方。
• Can we go somewhere else to talk - it's very noisy here. 我们能否另外找个地方谈——这里太吵了。
• Wouldn't you like to go to Disneyland or somewhere (= or to a similar place) ? 你不愿意去迪士尼乐园或类似的甚么地方吗？
UK ['sʌm.weər] US [-wer] adverb
APPROXIMATELY 大约
somewhere around/between, etc.
 ADVANCED
■approximately; about 大约
• Somewhere between 900 and 1100 minor crimes are reported in this city every week. 据报导，该城每周大约会发生900到1100宗轻微罪案。
• It will take us somewhere between three and four hours to get to Madrid. 去马德里大约会花上去三到四个小时。
• The company's annual turnover is somewhere around £70.7 million. 该公司的年营业额约在7070万英镑左右。
UK ['sʌm.weər] US [-wer] adverb
be getting somewhere informal
■to be achieving something 有些进展，有些成果
• Right, that's the printer working. Now we're getting somewhere! 不错，印表机开始运作了，这下我们总算有了一些进展！

Word: innovative
Front: innovative
[ˈɪnəveɪtɪv] (托宝 4435/5826 -2)
Vocabulary: innovative
(once / 2262 pages)
adj
Something innovative is new and original. If you love to experiment and find new ways to do things, you are an innovative person.
Innovative, like nova, novel, and novice, comes from the Latin novus, which means new. Something innovative renews or alters the way something has been done. You can use innovative to describe the thing or the person that made it. If your English teacher objects to your experimental writing style, tell him, "I'm an innovative writer making innovative sentences!" Antonyms are unoriginal and hackneyed.
WORD FAMILY
innovative: innovatively, innovativeness+/ innovate: innovated, innovates, innovating, innovation, innovative, innovator / innovation: innovational, innovations/ innovator: innovators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Of those shows, the one that’s been the most innovative is “Atlanta.”
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
During his tenure, Ashe earned national recognition for his innovative rehabilitation programs.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Ray said the historic Northeast and its artists requested something innovative and decided the Dorchester model met that bill for the new ArtsBlock.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 革新的; 创新的; 富有革新精神的; 创新立异
分布：创新的(86%)，革新的(14%)
【反】derivative（adj 引出的；派生的）
US [-veɪ.tˌɪv/ (UK also innovatory)
adjective
■using new methods or ideas 创新的，革新的；新颖的
• innovative ideas/methods 创新的思想／方法
• She was an imaginative and innovative manager. 她是个具有想像力和创新精神的经理。
new, fresh, original, innovative, novel
这组词都有“新的”的意思，其区别是：
new: 普通用词，与old相对，指最近的或创新的。
fresh: 指新鲜的、新做的，侧重创新。
original: 强调独创性。
innovative: 强调富有创新和革新精神。
novel: 侧重新事物的新奇和独特。
adj. 革新的，创新的
 - reformatory

Word: invade
Front: invade
[ɪnˈveɪd] (研四六托雅宝 4510/5557 -2)
Vocabulary: invade
(once / 135 pages)
v
When you Invade, you aggressively take over or occupy a place. If a country's leader wants to gain more land, the military might invade a neighboring country.
Not everything that invades is militaristic. Some things that invade are cultural, such as the phenomena of young, stylish people moving into a neighborhood that had never been thought of as cool before. In an instant, new restaurants and shops catering to the newcomers open and soon the area is overrun with people wearing, say, skinny jeans and complicated eyewear. Natives to the area lament, "This place has been invaded by hipsters."
WORD FAMILY
invade: invaded, invader, invades, invading, invasion, invasive +/invader: invaders/invading: invadingly/ invasion: invasions/ invasive: invasively, noninvasive/noninvasive: noninvasively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Yes, and you were the invading army,” she insisted.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
We trusted this agreement but learned painfully when Russia invaded Crimea that assurances are not guarantees.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
A hippopotamus decided to invade the golf course during the final round of the Alfred Dunhill Championship in Malelane, South Africa.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 侵入，侵略; 进行侵略; 蜂拥而入，挤满; （疾病，声音等）袭来，侵袭
vt. 涌入; 侵袭; 侵犯; 干扰
时态：invaded, invading, invades
分布：侵略(63%)，侵扰(14%)，拥入(12%)，侵害(11%)
→in-,进入，使，-vad,走，词源同evade,wade.引申词义入侵。
侵略(in进+vad+走→走进去→侵略)[vadvas=go,表示"走"]
vt.入侵,侵略,侵袭,侵扰The invader saw the shadow of the lampshade fade away.入侵者看见灯罩的影子渐渐消失.
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to enter a country by force with large numbers of soldiers in order to take possession of it 入侵，侵略
• Concentrations of troops near the border look set to invade within the next few days. 部队在边境附近集结，看来几天内必定会入侵。
intransitive or transitive
■to enter a place in large numbers, usually when unwanted and in order to take possession or do damage （通常为了谋财或搞破坏而不受欢迎地）涌入，蜂拥而至
• Hundreds of squatters have invaded waste land in the hope that they will be allowed to stay. 数百人涌入荒地，希望能获准留在那里。
transitive
■to enter an area of activity in a forceful and noticeable way 强势进入（某领域）
• Maria looks set to invade the music scene with her style and image. 看来玛丽亚准备好了要凭借她自身的风格和形象进军乐坛。
transitive
■to spoil a situation or quality that another person values with very noticeable and selfish behaviour 侵犯，侵扰
• Famous people often find their privacy is invaded by the press. 名人常常发现个人隐私受到新闻界的侵犯。
vt. 侵略；侵袭；侵扰；涌入
 - strike, make inroads into
vi. 侵略；侵入；侵袭；侵犯
 - make inroads into, intrude upon

Word: tycoon
Front: tycoon
[taɪˈku:n] (托宝 14774/14917 -1)
Vocabulary: tycoon
(once / 2863 pages)
n
If you are meeting with someone who is considered a tycoon in his industry, keep in mind that he is very successful and probably accustomed to high-stakes negotiations.
Tycoon is derived from the Japanese word taikun, which means “great lord or prince.” This noun made its way to the West in the mid-19th century and originally referred to the shogun, or military leader, of Japan. It was also used in reference to Abraham Lincoln to indicate that he was an important man. Now, tycoons are generally understood to be unusually successful heads of business or industry.
WORD FAMILY
tycoon: tycoons
USAGE EXAMPLES
One is a tycoon and television star; the other a pitiless product of the KGB.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The “forgotten men and women” of America will be no better remembered in the Trump cabinet of tycoons.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
And meanwhile, the nation will be governed by oil oligarchs, climate change deniers and Goldman Sachs tycoons brought in to do the real work.
Seattle Times(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: n. <日><史>大君; 将军; <口>企业巨头; 大亨
分布：企业界的大亨(100%)
大亨(来自日本语:太君音译)[-oon表名词"人或物"]
【记】源于：日语“太君”
【参】typhoon（n 台风）也是外来语
noun countable
■a person who has succeeded in business or industry and has become very rich and powerful （商界或企业界的）巨头，大亨
• a business/property/shipping tycoon 商业／地产业／船业巨头
n. 企业界大亨，巨头；巨富
 - magnate, baron

Word: caution
Front: caution
[ˈkɔ:ʃn] (高研六托雅 5286/4721 -2)
Vocabulary: caution
(once / 89 pages)
1n 2vn
If you act with caution, it means you are careful. Be sure to use caution when walking across a patch of ice. Otherwise, you might end up sprawling face-first on the ground. Ouch!
The noun caution can be used to describe something that calls for careful action and the need to avoid risk, such as a volatile political situation that requires extreme caution. The word also has a verb form with a similar meaning. It’s a more formal way of saying “warn” and usually appears with against or that, as in, "Teachers caution against waiting until the last minute to study," or, "They caution that effective studying takes a long time."
WORD FAMILY
caution: cautionary, cautioned, cautioning, cautions, cautious, incaution, precaution +/ cautious: cautiously, cautiousness, incautious, overcautious/ incautious: incautiously, incautiousness/overcautious: overcautiously/ precaution: precautional, precautionary, precautions
USAGE EXAMPLES
But progress slowed as they entered built-up areas of Mosul where they must use caution to avoid civilian casualties.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
There were also several tussles after the whistle, with multiple officials pulling Beckham and Norman aside separately to caution them against further fisticuffs.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The statement urged caution about being in crowded places and public gatherings during the holidays.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 小心; 警告; 〈英〉担保; 〈口〉须警惕的事或人
vt. 警告; 提醒
时态：cautioned, cautioning, cautions
分布：警告(77%)，慎重(11%)，劝告(9%)，戒备(2%)，吸引人眼球的人或物(1%)
→来自skeue, 注意，留意，词源同caveat, show(原义看别人，现义给别人看)。
n.谨慎;注意(事项),警告vt.劝...小心David always drives with caution.大卫开车十分小心.
US ['kɑ:-] noun
CARE 小心
uncountable
■great care and attention 谨慎，小心，慎重
• We need to proceed with/exercise caution (= be careful in taking action, making decisions, etc.) 我们必须谨慎行事。
• They treated the story of his escape with (some/great/extreme) caution (= thought that it might not be true). 他们对他逃跑的报道有些／相当／极为怀疑。
UK ['kɔ:.ʃən] US ['kɑ:-] noun
WARNING 警告
countable UK
■a spoken warning given by a police officer or official to someone who has broken the law （员警对违法者的）口头警告
• As it was her first offence, she was only given a caution. 由于是初犯，所以只给了她一个口头警告。
countable or uncountable
■advice or a warning 告诫；警告，提醒
• Just a word of caution - the cheaper models probably aren't worth buying. 只是提醒一句——便宜一点的模型很可能不值得购买。
UK ['kɔ:.ʃən] US ['kɑ:-] verb transitive
■If the police caution someone, they give them an official warning. （员警）正式警告
■formal
■to warn someone 告诫；提醒
• The newspaper cautioned its readers against buying shares without getting good advice first. 报纸告诫读者事先没有获得好的建议，就不要购买股票。
warn, caution, advise, admonish, counsel
这组词都有“劝告、忠告、警告”的意思，其区别是：
warn: 含义与caution相同，但语气较重，尤指重后果。
caution: 主要指针对有潜在危险而提出的警告，含小心从事的意味。
advise: 普通用词，泛指劝告，不涉及对方是否听从劝告。
admonish: 一般指年长者或领导对已犯错误的或有过失的人提出的忠告或警告以避免类似错误。
counsel: 正式用词，语气比advise强一些，侧重指对重要问题提出的劝告、建议或咨询。
n. 小心，谨慎；警告，警示
 - warning, care
vt. 警告
 - alarm, alert, warn

Word: colonel
Front: colonel
[ˈkɜ:nl] (研四六托 6593/3566 -3)
Vocabulary: colonel
(once / 63 pages)
n
A colonel is a commissioned military officer in the U.S. Army, Air Force, or Marines who ranks above a lieutenant colonel and below a brigadier general.
We still say colonel like the French word it comes from, coronel, which means "chief." To your ear, it probably sounds like "kernel." A colonel leads a regiment, but there are many other levels of officers, all generals, above him. Just below the colonel is the lieutenant colonel, which means colonel’s aide, and below that is the rank of major.
WORD FAMILY
colonel: colonels
USAGE EXAMPLES
The blasts ripped through shops in the Al-Sinek area, a police colonel said, adding that at least 38 people were wounded.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
I wonder why he’s retiring as a colonel?’”
Salon(Dec 22, 2016)
After an EKU free throw, Williams hit his fifth 3 and the Colonels missed twice before Jordan Butler closed it with two free throws.
Washington Times(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 上校
分布：上校(100%)
→词源同column, 柱，纵队。即管理一个纵队的军官，通常对应团最高军事长官。
上校(colon=column柱子...像柱子...样站着的人...上校)[-el表名词"人或物"]
n.(陆军)上校He is a colonel.他是陆军上校.
US ['kɝ:-] (written abbreviation Col.)
noun countable
■an officer of high rank in the army or air force （陆军或空军）上校
• Colonel Marcus Furlong 马库斯‧弗朗上校
• Colonel is the military rank between lieutenant-colonel and brigadier. 上校是介于中校和准将之间的军衔。

Word: assistance
Front: assistance
[əˈsɪstəns] (高研托雅 2081/2096 -K3)
Vocabulary: assistance
(once / 131 pages)
n
If you see a blind man having trouble crossing the street, offer him some assistance. Lending a hand is just one way of providing assistance.
Assistance is a noun that means to help or aid. It's the noun form for the verb to assist. Homes for the elderly are sometimes called "assisted living facilities" because they provide assistance to older folks who might need assistance getting in and out of bed, or feeding themselves. If you're in a store and no one is helping you, call a manager and ask for assistance. However, if you like to shop, you probably won't need any assistance spending money.
WORD FAMILY
assistance: assistances+/ assist: assistance, assistant, assisted, assisting, assistive, assists/ assistant: assistants/assisted: unassisted
USAGE EXAMPLES
But they should also leverage the opportunity to ask higher-level questions about the state’s long reliance on the managed-care model for medical assistance.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The family receives $68 in monthly food stamps and no other public assistance.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Part of that is likely to be focused on kicking people off public assistance sooner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 帮助，援助; 〈古〉出席，出席者; 辅助设备
分布：帮助(56%)，援助(44%)
n.协作;援助;帮助Can I be of any assistance to you?我能帮你什么忙吗?
【反】interference（n 冲突，干涉）
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■help 帮助；协助；援助
• The company needs more financial assistance from the Government. 这间公司需要政府提供更多的财政援助。
• A £1 billion investment would be of considerable assistance to the railways. 十亿英镑的投资将帮上铁路公司的大忙。
• Can I be of any assistance, madam (= Can I help) ? 小姐，我可以帮上甚么忙吗？
• Teachers can't give pupils any assistance in exams. 考试中老师不能以任何形式帮助学生。
come to sb's assistance
■to help someone 来帮助（某人）
guidance, assistance
guidance: 指导，领导
assistance: 帮助，协助
help, support, assistance, aid
这组词都有“帮助，支持”的意思，其区别是：
help: 最普通用词，可以与aid和assistance换用。help强调使受助者达到目的或侧重受助者对帮助的需要。
support: 强调在迫切需要时给予支持或鼓励。
assistance: 正式用词，通常指帮助完成不太重要的那一部分工作。
aid: 比help正式，侧重受助者处于困难或危险境地急需救助。
n. 援助，帮助；辅助设备
 - aid, hand, help, boost

Word: turnout
Front: turnout
[ˈtɜ:naʊt] (8011/10654 -1)
Back: n. 产量; 出动; （集会的）出席者，到会者; [公路]岔道
分布：投票人数(40%)，出动(21%)，衣着(12%)，到场人数(12%)，产出(9%)，扫除(6%)
US ['tɝ:n-] noun countable
■the number of people who are present at an event, especially the number who go to vote at an election 到场人数；（尤指）投票人数
• Good weather on polling day should ensure a good turnout. 投票日天气好应该能让相当多的人来投票。
n. [经] 产量；出席者；出动；清除； [公路] 岔道
 - crop, output, cleaning, yield, harvest

Word: sectarian
Front: sectarian
[sekˈteəriən] (10218/12792 -1)
Vocabulary: sectarian
(once / 2007 pages)
adjn
Sectarian is a word to describe something having to do with smaller groups or sects. Sectarian violence, for example, would describe violence that has erupted between conflicting groups or sects.
Sectarian, as a noun, is a member of a group with a particular set of interests. If you're a religious sectarian, you are loyal to a particular religious sect or group. Unfortunately, there are not many places in the world where sectarian strife and conflict do not exist.
WORD FAMILY
sectarian: nonsectarian, sectarianism, sectarians, unsectarian+/ intersect: intersected, intersecting, intersection, intersects/intersecting: nonintersecting/ intersection: intersections/ sect: intersect, sectarian, sectarist, sects/sectarianism: sectarianisms/sectarist: sectarists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Responsibility for quelling the sectarian violence and instability that consumed Iraq after the 2003 invasion also fell predominantly to the U.S.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
And there is a larger sectarian war inside Islam between Sunnis and Shiites.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
It named him and the caption read: "Meet Sectarian Parade Organiser".
BBC(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: adj. 宗派的，派系的; 党派心强的; 偏狭的
n. 宗派主义者，属于宗派的人; 宗派心强的人
分布：宗派的(44%)，党派心强的(17%)，属于宗派的人(17%)，偏狭的(11%)，宗派心强的人(11%)
→sect,教派，派别，-ar,人，成员，-ian,形容词后缀。
宗派的(sect+arian→切开→搞宗派)[Sect,seg=cut,divide,表示"切,割"]
【记】源于：sect（n 宗派）
US [-'ter.i-] mainly disapproving
noun countable adjective
■(a person) strongly supporting a particular religious group, especially in such a way as not to be willing to accept other beliefs （人）派系的，教派性的，（尤指）排斥其他信仰的 ； 有门户之见的
• a sectarian murder 教派谋杀
• He called on terrorists on both sides of the sectarian divide to end the cycle of violence. 他呼吁存在派系分歧的双方恐怖分子结束你来我往的暴力行为。
adj. 宗派的；偏狭的；党派心强的
 - provincial, denominational
n. 属于宗派的人；宗派心强的人；宗派主义者
 - factionist

Word: beating
Front: beating
[ˈbi:tɪŋ] (5988/8522)
Back: n. 打，敲打; [纸] 打浆; 脉搏; 失败
vt. （心脏等）跳动(beat的现在分词)
分布：打(70%)，跳动(21%)，打败(8%)，动词beat的现在分词.(1%)
US [-tˌɪŋ] noun countable
DEFEAT 战胜
■a defeat 失败；打败
• We took a beating (= we were defeated) in our last match. 我们在最后一场比赛中被打败了。
UK ['bi:.tɪŋ] US [-tˌɪŋ] noun countable
HIT 攻击
■an act of hitting someone repeatedly and hard 痛打，反覆痛击
• She gave her son a severe beating. 她狠狠揍了儿子一顿。
n. 打； [纸] 打浆；敲打；失败
 - failure, loss, hit, losing, reverse
v. 打（beat的ing形式）
 - striking

Word: unhappy
Front: unhappy
[ʌnˈhæpi] (高四六 4717/3622 -K3)
Back: adj. 不幸的，悲惨的; 不快乐的; 不恰当的; 不凑巧的
级别：unhappier, unhappiest
分布：不快乐的(47%)，不幸福的(22%)，不高兴的(21%)，不满的(10%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■sad or not satisfied 哀伤的，不高兴的；不满意的
• That's enough to make anyone unhappy. 所有人都会为此忧伤。
• an unhappy marriage 不美满的婚姻
• I was very unhappy with the service. 我对服务很不满意。
unhappy, miserable, wretched, sorry
这组词都有“不幸的”的意思，其区别是：
unhappy: 侧重指精神上的不快或失望。
miserable: 指因贫穷、不幸或屈辱等外部因素给人造成精神痛苦、烦恼或肉体折磨，令人同情和可怜。
wretched: 多指由于疾病、担忧、忧伤等造成的不幸和痛苦，在外表上显得沮丧、可怜、失望，语气比miserable强。
sorry: 常作礼貌用词，表遗憾、婉惜。也指说话人表示同情、悲哀等，感情色彩较强。
melancholy, unhappy, blue, sad, sorrowful, gloomy
这组词都有“忧伤的，悲哀的，伤感的”的意思，其区别是：
melancholy: 指经常性的忧郁或悲哀，多用于文学描写中。
unhappy: 多指日常生活中遇到不如意的事而感到不愉快、不幸，侧重指心理状态。
blue: 非正式用词，语气较随便，指较强烈的忧郁或沮丧。
sad: 最常用词，泛指一切形式的悲伤，着重暂时的不幸或感觉的忧伤。
sorrowful: 多指因丧失亲人等原因所引起的悲哀，也指由于错误而产生的悔恨交加的心情。
gloomy: 指愁眉苦脸，令他人也感到扫兴。
unhappy, unfortunate, disastrous, unlucky
这组词都有“不幸的”的意思，其区别是：
unhappy: 多用于表示心理状态，指由于不满意或遇到一般性倒霉事而感到不愉快。
unfortunate: 语气较强，多指因命运不佳，意外不幸或事业失败、生活处于困境等而感到不幸。
disastrous: 着重不可避免和后果严重。
unlucky: 指因缺少或一时无机遇，虽作了努力，但事不从心，感到失意。
adj. 不快乐的；不幸福的；不适当的
 - inadequate, wrong, improper

Word: designer
Front: designer
[dɪˈzaɪnə(r)] (雅宝 2426/2766 -3)
Vocabulary: designer
(once / 575 pages)
n
A designer is a person who plans how something will look. An architect is a designer of buildings, drawing detailed blueprints indicating what the structures should look like and how they should be built.
The word designer came into English in the seventeenth century meaning "one who schemes." The word soon came to describe someone who figures out how something should look, especially something artistic. If you're reading a newspaper, a graphic designer planned how the text and images should look on each page. You might also be familiar with a fashion designer, someone who comes up with a vision for a garment and creates sketches to show what the finished product will look like.
WORD FAMILY
designer: designers+/ design: designed, designer, designing, designs, redesign /designed: designedly, undesigned/ designing: designingly, designings/ redesign: redesigned, redesigning, redesigns/undesigned: undesignedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The reason was for the national interest,” explained the ceremony’s general music designer.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Inside, carpenters, electricians and designers scrambled to complete work on the $7.5 million lodge in the run-up to its official opening late last month.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Women and their connection to power was a topic on the mind of New York-based designers in particular.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 设计师; 设计者; 构思者
adj. 由专门设计师设计的; 标有设计师名字的; 时尚的; 时髦的
分布：设计者(95%)，由专门设计师设计的(5%)
【记】de加强语义，sign标记，er表示人－做标记的人－设计者
US [-nɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a person who imagines how something could be made and draws plans for it 设计者，设计师
• a fashion/software/theatrical designer 时装／软体／舞台设计师
UK [dɪ'zaɪ.nər] US [-nɚ] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■made by a famous or fashionable designer 出自著名设计师的，名师设计的
• designer jeans/sunglasses 名师设计的牛仔裤／太阳眼镜
• I can't afford designer labels /designer label clothes. 我买不起出自名师之手的品牌服装。
n. [建] 设计师；谋划者
 - stylist
adj. 由设计师专门设计的；享有盛名的；赶时髦的
 - fashion-conscious, turned-on

Word: obscure
Front: obscure
[əbˈskjʊə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 5853/5564 -2)
Vocabulary: obscure
(once / 180 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3v
If something is obscure, it's vague and hard to see. Be careful if you're driving in heavy rain — the painted lines can be obscure.
Obscure comes from Latin obscurus, which can mean "dark, dim," "unclear, hard to understand," or "insignificant, humble." We tend to use obscure in the metaphorical senses: an obscure sound is unclear, an obscure village is hidden away in the countryside, and an obscure poet is little known and probably insignificant. Obscure can also be used as a verb. If you get really nervous when you speak during a debate, your embarrassing twitches and shaking hands can obscure your argument.
WORD FAMILY
obscure: obscured, obscurely, obscureness, obscurer, obscures, obscurest, obscuring, obscuringly, obscurity +/ obscurity: obscurities
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also didn’t like the idea of Google’s obscuring his site’s links — with AMP, they read google.com instead of macstories.net — in the interest of expediency.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Often she recognizes voices imperfectly, offering up weird deep cuts from her encyclopedias, selecting an obscure concept that resembles your question only in sound.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
The images are gorgeous, postcard-perfect, save for the black bars that partially obscure the frame.
The New Yorker(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 昏暗的，朦胧的; 晦涩的，不清楚的; 隐蔽的; 不著名的，无名的
vt. 使…模糊不清，掩盖; 隐藏; 使难理解
n. 某种模糊的或不清楚的东西
时态：obscured, obscuring, obscures
分布：隐藏(46%)，难解的(17%)，不著名的(12%)，变模糊(10%)，微暗的(5%)，使 ... 模糊(5%)，模糊不清的东西(5%)
→来自拉丁语obscurus,黑暗的，遮盖的，来自ob-,在上，表强调，-scurus,遮盖的，来自skeu,遮盖，隐藏，词源同sky,house,hide.引申词义使费解，模糊。
模糊的(obs=ob[ob-表示"逆,倒,加强意义"]+cure关心→不关心→记不住了→模糊的)
a.暗的,朦胧的;模糊的,晦涩的The furious obscure curer is curious to secure the curly-curved mercury curiosity.盛怒的不出名治疗者渴望弄到这种带卷曲曲线的水银珍品.
【反】explicit（adj 外在清楚的）；elucidate（v 阐明）；legendary（adj 传说中的）
US [-'skjʊr] adjective
NOT KNOWN 不知名的
■not known to many people 无名的；鲜为人知的；默默无闻的
• an obscure island in the Pacific 太平洋中的无名小岛
• an obscure 12th-century mystic 12世纪一位鲜为人知的神秘主义者
UK [əb'skjʊər] US [-'skjʊr] adjective
NOT CLEAR 不清楚的
■not clear and difficult to understand or see 费解的，晦涩的；模糊的，朦胧的；不清楚的
• Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure. 官方的政策已改变，原因尚不清楚。
• His answers were obscure and confusing. 他的回答模糊不清，令人费解。
UK [əb'skjʊər] US [-'skjʊr] verb transitive
■to prevent something from being seen or heard 遮掩；遮蔽；使不分明
• Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window. 两座新摩天大楼拔地而起，挡住了她窗外的风景。
• The sun was obscured by clouds. 太阳被云层遮住了。
■to make something difficult to discover and understand 隐藏，掩盖；使难理解，使晦涩
• Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators. 经理们故意对联邦调查人员掩盖真实情况。
faint, dim, indefinite, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“不明确的，模糊的”的意思，其区别是：
faint: 指对某事物印象不深，或指声音微弱或希望的渺茫等。
dim: 侧重指或因光线暗淡，或因年代久远、身体欠佳等因素而产生视觉或察觉方面的困难。
indefinite: 指无明确定义或限定，重点或总体轮廓不明确。
vague: 多指因语言不确切，太笼统或因构思含糊、不完善而造成模糊难解。
obscure: 语气最强，指晦涩难懂。
ambiguous: 指文章或讲话中，意思可能有多种理解，令人捉摸不定。
obedient, objective, obstinate, obscure
obedient: 服从的，顺从的
objective: 客观的；
obstinate: 顽固的，顽强的；
obscure: 晦涩的，难理解的；
dim, unclear, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“模糊”的意思，其区别是：
dim: a.光线暗淡的，看不清的；记忆力模糊的；不大可能的。
 • Don't work in dim light.   不要在昏暗的光线下工作。
 • His changes of recovery from illness are dim.   他康复的可能性十分渺茫。
unclear: a.指句意、字迹不清楚，使人难以看懂；不肯定的。
 • Unclear writing is difficult to understand.   模糊的字迹使人难以辨认。
 • It is unclear whether the economy will get better.   经济是否好转仍不明朗。
vague: a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，该词也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。
 • He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.   他大概知道他要做什么，但没有具体的计划。
obscure: a.用于表达因光线不足而使人看不清楚。该词的引申意义可以表示语法、文字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可而使人看不懂和无法理解。
 • The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many obscure references.   艾兹拉·庞德的诗有时候难以理解，因为诗歌中含有许多令人费解的典故。
ambiguous: a.意义含糊的，有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。
 • His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.   他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以至于我们不知道该走哪条路了。
dim, dark, vague, grey, obscure, black, gloomy
这组词都有“完全地或不完全地缺少光亮”的意思，其区别是：
dim: 指光线不足或视力较差，不能清晰地看见物体。
dark: 最普通用词，指缺乏自然光线或人工照明，使某物漆黑无光或光线十分微弱。
vague: 通常作借喻用，形容抽象事物。
grey: 与dark意思相近，但侧重阴暗单调的意味。
obscure: 指因光线不充足而使物体灰暗不清，失去光泽或若隐若现。作借喻时指因复杂、深奥或含糊而难于理解。
black: 侧重颜色是黑色的，有时也指无光的黑暗。
gloomy: 指光线不足或部分光线受阻而出现的阴暗。
adj. 模糊的；晦涩的； [光] 昏暗的
 - fuzzy, dark, vague, lowering
vt. 遮掩；使变暗；使难理解
 - overcurtain, becloud

Word: smuggle
Front: smuggle
[ˈsmʌgl] (研六托雅宝 8668/9577 -2)
Vocabulary: smuggle
(once / 563 pages)
v
If you import or export something without paying customs duties, you smuggle it. All kinds of things have been smuggled over the years: art, alcohol, drugs, animals, even tea!
The verb smuggle has expanded to generally mean to bring something in or out in secret, especially if doing so breaks a rule or a law. Kids may smuggle candy into a movie theater so they don't have to pay the high prices at the concession stand. You may smuggle Christmas presents into the house so your kids don't see them. Illegal immigrants may be smuggled into the country for a fee, but if caught they can be deported.
WORD FAMILY
smuggle: smuggled, smuggler, smuggles, smuggling+/smuggler: smugglers/smuggling: smugglings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Illegal ivory ends up on the legal market after being smuggled into the country, chiefly by criminal syndicates.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
He says it also will be available at the detention center because inmates sometimes smuggle drugs into the facility.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
For example, the night market in Carabobo state where Campos bought his corn flour was eventually shut down and 57 tons of smuggled food seized.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 偷运; 私运; 走私; 不按规章地偷带（人或物）
vi. 走私; 偷带
时态：smuggled, smuggling, smuggles
分布：走私(62%)，偷运(25%)，偷带(13%)
→来自荷兰语 smokkelen,走私，偷运，来自 smuken,秘密行动，来自 Proto-Germanic*smeugana, 滑进，溜进，来自 smeug,滑动，词源同 smock,smug.
v.走私;偷运The smuggler shrugged to the bugler hugging the bug in the tugboat.走私者对在拖船中拥抱臭虫的号手耸耸肩.
【记】用大杯子mug运输白粉－走私
【反】transport openly（公开运输）
verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
 ADVANCED
■to take things or people to or from a place secretly and often illegally 走私；（常指非法）偷运
• She was caught trying to smuggle 26 kilos of heroin out of/into the country. 她在企图把两万六千克的海洛因走私出境／入境时被抓获。
• They managed to smuggle a videotape of the captive journalists out of the prison. 他们设法把被俘记者的录影带偷偷带出监狱。

Word: shoot
Front: shoot
[ʃu:t] (高研四六宝 732/1257 -K4)
Back: vi. 拍摄; 射击; 发芽
vt. （用枪等）打猎; 拍摄; 给…注射; 射门，投篮
n. 幼苗，嫩芽; 发射; 摄影; 狩猎
int. 感叹词（用于表示惊奇，并不强烈的愤怒或失望）
时态：shot, shooting, shoots
分布：开枪(55%)，发射(17%)，拍照(15%)，嫩枝(9%)，疾驰(2%)，哇! 可恶! 哎呀!(2%)
→来自古英语 sceotan,投，射，来自 Proto-Germanic*skeutanan,投，射，来自 skeud,投，射， 词源同 sheet,shot,shut.引申诸相关词义。
v.发射;掠过,疾驰而过n.嫩枝,苗,射击After a shot the foot began to root and shoot in the boot.打了一针后,脚开始在靴子里生根发芽.
【记】大家熟悉的是“射击”的意思，还有“幼苗”的意思
verb (shot, shot)
WEAPON 武器
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to fire a bullet or an arrow, or to hit, injure or kill a person or animal by firing a bullet or arrow at them 开（枪），射（箭）；发射；射中，射伤，射杀
• If he's not armed, don't shoot. 如果他没带武器，就不要开枪。
• The kids were shooting arrows at a target. 孩子们正对着靶射箭。
• She was shot three times in the head. 她头部中了三枪。
• He has a licence to shoot pheasants on the farmer's land. 他得到特许，可以在这个农民的地里射野鸡。
• [+ obj + adj] A policeman was shot dead in the city centre last night. 昨晚，一名员警在市中心被人开枪打死了。
• The troops were told to shoot to kill. 军队接到命令开枪射击。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
SPORT 运动
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to try to score points for yourself or your team, in sports involving a ball, by kicking, hitting or throwing the ball towards the goal （球类比赛中）射门；投球
• He shot from the middle of the field and still managed to score. 他在中场投篮，仍成功命中。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move in a particular direction very quickly and directly 直线冲刺
• She shot past me several metres before the finishing line. 她在离终点线几米时冲刺超过了我。
• He shot out of the office a minute ago - I think he was late for a meeting. 他一分钟前冲出了办公室——我想他是开会迟到了。
• They were just shooting off to town so we didn't stop to speak. 他们要马上赶到城里，所以我们没有停下来说话。
• Sylvester Stallone shot to fame (= became famous suddenly) with the film 'Rocky'. 席维斯‧史特龙凭借电影《洛基》一炮走红。
transitive
■to move through or past something quickly 迅速冲过；飞速通过
• informal He shot three sets of traffic lights (= went past them when they gave the signal to stop) before the police caught him. 他被员警逮住前已连闯了三个红灯。
• It was so exhilarating shooting the rapids (= travelling through the part of a river where the water flows dangerously fast). 激流冲浪真是太刺激了。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
FILM 电影
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to use a camera to record a film or take a photograph 拍摄；拍照
• We shot four reels of film in Egypt. 我们在埃及拍了四卷胶卷底片。
• The film was shot on location in Southern India. 这部电影是在印度南部实地拍摄的。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
PLAY 玩
transitive mainly US informal
■to play a game of pool or craps 打（撞球）；玩（双骰子、赌博游戏）
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
DRUG 毒品
transitive slang
■to take an illegal drug by injecting yourself with it 注射（毒品）
• By the time he was sixteen, he was shooting heroin twice a day. 他16岁的时候，每天注射两次海洛因。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
have shot your bolt UK informal
■to have already achieved all that you have the power, ability or strength to do and to be unable to do more 已竭尽全力
• He started off the game well but seemed to have shot his bolt by half-time. 比赛开始时他表现不错，但半场时似乎已经筋疲力尽了。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
shoot sth/sb down (in flames) informal
■to refuse to accept someone's suggestion or idea and not consider it at all 断然拒绝，否定（某人的建议或想法）
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
shoot yourself in the foot
■to do something without intending to which spoils a situation for yourself （无意中）搬起石头砸自己的脚
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
shoot your mouth off informal
■to talk too much in a loud and uncontrolled way 滔滔不绝；信口开河
• It's just like Richard to go shooting his mouth off about other people's affairs. 理查就是这种人，爱对别人的事情信口开河。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
shoot a glance at sb
■to look at someone quickly 瞥（某人）一眼
• She shot him a glance as he entered the room. 他进屋时，她瞥了他一眼。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
shoot for the moon US
■to ask for the best or the most you could hope for 力争最好，争取达到最高目标
• You might as well shoot for the moon and ask for a promotion as well as a raise. 你不妨尽量争取一下，同时要求升职和加薪。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
shoot questions at sb
■to ask someone a lot of questions very quickly, one after the other 向（某人）接二连三地提问
• He shot questions at me so quickly that I didn't even have time to answer. 他连珠炮似地向我提问，我连回答的时间都没有。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
shoot the breeze US informal
■to talk with someone or a group of people about things which are not important 闲谈，闲聊
• We sat out on the porch, just shooting the breeze. 我们坐在门廊里闲聊。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
shoot the works US informal
■to use all your money or make the greatest effort you can 孤注一掷，破釜沉舟
• I emptied my bank account and shot the works on a trip to Mauritius. 我把银行帐户的钱全提光了，放手到模里西斯旅游一趟。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
sb should be shot informal
■said when you think that someone's actions are extremely unreasonable （某人）真该杀（用以表示其行为太过分）
• They should be shot for selling drinks at that price! 他们的饮料卖得那么贵，真是天杀的！
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shoot sth down
■to destroy an aircraft or make an aircraft, bird, etc. fall to the ground by shooting at it 击落，打下（飞机、鸟等）
• He was killed during the war when his plane was shot down. 战争期间他的飞机被击落，他因此丧生。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shoot sb down
■to shoot and usually kill someone, showing no sympathy （毫不留情地）击倒，击毙（某人）
• I saw Leonforte shoot him down like a dog in the street. 我看见利昂福特在大街上把他击毙，就像打死一只狗一样。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
  Phrasal Verbs  shoot for/at sth US
■to try to do something 试图做；力争得到
• It's worth taking chances when you're shooting at a chance of fame and wealth. 如果你想追逐名利和财富，那是值得冒险的。
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
  Phrasal Verbs  shoot out
■If opposing groups or people armed with guns shoot it out, they shoot at each other until one of the groups or people is dead or defeated. （敌对双方）开枪决胜负，开枪解决问题
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
  Phrasal Verbs  shoot through Australian informal
■to leave a place very quickly, especially in order to avoid having to do something （尤指为避免不得不做某事）快速离开
[ʃu:t] verb (shot, shot)
  Phrasal Verbs  shoot up
INCREASE informal
■to grow in size, or increase in number or level, very quickly 迅速长大（或增加、提高；猛增）
• David has really shot up since I saw him last. 自我上次见到他以来，戴维长得真快。
• Prices shot up by 25%. 价格暴涨了25%。
DRUGS slang
■to put illegal drugs into your blood using a special needle 注射毒品
• She saw a girl shooting up in the toilets. 她看见一个女孩在洗手间里注射毒品。
[ʃu:t] noun
PLANT 植物
countable
■the first part of a plant to appear above the ground as it develops from a seed, or any new growth on an already existing plant 芽；苗；新枝
• Two weeks after we'd planted the seeds, little green shoots started to appear. 我们撒下种子两周后，绿色的小苗开始钻出来。
• figurative The first green shoots (= hopeful signs) of economic recovery have started to appear. 经济复苏的迹象已开始显现。
[ʃu:t] noun
FILM 电影
countable usually singular
■when photographers take a series of photographs, usually of the same person or people in the same place （通常指对同一人在同一地点的）系列拍摄，组照
• We did a fashion shoot on the beach, with the girls modelling swimwear. 我们在海滩上拍了一组女模特儿展示泳装的时装照。
[ʃu:t] noun
WEAPON 武器
countable
■an occasion on which a group of people go to an area of the countryside to shoot animals 狩猎，打猎
shoot, bough, branch, limb
这组词都有“枝”的意思，其区别是：
shoot: 指植物或灌木刚长出的新枝、嫩枝或嫩芽。
bough: 指主枝或粗大强壮的枝。
branch: 普通用词，泛指树木比bough小一些的大枝或小枝，也可用于引申意义。
limb: 多指主枝或大枝。
shoot, shoot at
shoot: 射死, He shot the bird and it died.
shoot at: 瞄准,但不一定射中
vt. 射击，射中； [摄] 拍摄；发芽；使爆炸；给…注射
 - flight, pot, screen, spring
vi. 射击；发芽；拍电影
 - put, screen, pop
n. 射击；摄影；狩猎；急流
 - photography, rapid, rush

Word: disrupt
Front: disrupt
[dɪsˈrʌpt] (研六托雅宝 5307/5953 -2)
Vocabulary: disrupt
(once / 839 pages)
v
To disrupt is to interrupt or throw something into disorder. If you don't turn your phone off before a play, it might ring and disrupt the actors and the audience.
Disrupt goes back to the Latin root disrumpere, "to break apart." When you disrupt, you break someone's concentration, break up a routine, or break apart a system or order, as when bad weather disrupts the travel plans of people in airports. Even if your headphones keep the music in your ears only, singing out loud can disrupt those around you. A larger interruption would be if a war were to erupt. That would disrupt the peace of an entire region and its people.
WORD FAMILY
disrupt: disrupted, disrupting, disruption, disruptive, disrupts+/ disruption: disruptions/ disruptive: disruptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s better to acquire disruptive technology than to be disrupted by that technology.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Thursday, Mr. Obama announced a series of sanctions against Russia for its attempts to disrupt the November election.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police raids to disrupt suspected holiday terror plots led to several shootouts in which five militants were killed and 20 arrested.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使混乱; 使分裂，使瓦解; 破坏; 使中断
adj. 混乱的; 分裂的，中断的; 瓦解的
时态：disrupted, disrupting, disrupts
分布：干扰(58%)，打断(21%)，使分裂(11%)，妨碍(9%)，使破裂(1%)
→dis-, 分开。-rupt, 断开。
分裂;瓦解(dis分开+rupt→分开断→分裂)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
vt.使混乱,使崩溃,使分裂,使瓦解The communication was seriously disrupted by the storm.暴风雨使交通严重中断.
【记】dis分开，rupt断－使分开或断－破坏
【参】disruptive（adj 分裂的；制造混乱的）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to prevent something, especially a system, process or event, from continuing as usual or as expected 打断，中断，扰乱
• A heavy fall of snow had disrupted the city's transport system. 一场大雪扰乱了城市交通系统的正常运作。
• The meeting was disrupted by a group of protesters who shouted and threw fruit at the speaker. 一群抗议者一边呼喊一边向发言者投掷水果，让会议无法正常进行下去。
vt. 破坏；使瓦解；使分裂；使中断；使陷于混乱
 - destroy, tear, undermine, founder
adj. 分裂的，中断的；分散的
 - divided, scattered

Word: lynch
Front: lynch
[lɪntʃ] (宝 17761/12600 -2)
Vocabulary: lynch
(once / 834 pages)
v
To lynch is to murder, or unlawfully kill. When an angry mob kills someone they believe is guilty of a crime, they lynch that person.
Through history, when a group of people murders someone, especially by hanging him by the neck, they are usually said to lynch him. This was unfortunately not uncommon during the Civil Rights struggle of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the American South: if a white community believed an African American had done something wrong, they would sometimes lynch him. Lynch is named after Justice Charles Lynch, who condoned mob justice during the American Revolution.
WORD FAMILY
lynch: lynched, lynches, lynching +/ lynching: lynchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Whose Marshawn Lynch look-alike draft pick from last season, running back Matt Jones, didn’t even dress for the second half of the season?
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Lynch, a former steelworker, was elected to Congress in 2001.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It’s hard for Lynch to believe it’s been that long.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 以私刑处死（被认为有罪的人）
n. 私刑
时态：lynched, lynching, lynches
分布：处以私刑(100%)
→缩写自Lynch law,私刑法。词源有多种版本，其中一个版本是1780年美国弗吉利亚州某小镇治安长官William Lynch,因经常私自拘禁，惩罚，处死犯人而被人所知。
【记】源于：lunch－吃饭后处死读：陵迟（处死）
verb transitive
■If a crowd of people lynch someone who they believe is guilty of a crime, they kill them without a legal trial, usually by hanging (= killing using a rope round the neck). 用私刑处死（被认为有罪的人，通常指绞刑）
n. 私刑；私刑处死；（英）田埂
 - mob law

Word: volatile
Front: volatile
[ˈvɒlətaɪl] (托雅宝 6603/8693 -2)
Vocabulary: volatile
(once / 1043 pages)
adjn
Watch out when a situation becomes volatile — it is likely to change for the worse suddenly. If you and your best friend have a volatile relationship, you frequently fight and make up.
Volatile from Latin volatilis "fleeting, transitory" always gives the sense of sudden, radical change. Think of it as the opposite of stable. A person who is volatile loses his or her temper suddenly and violently. A volatile political situation could erupt into civil war. When the stock market is volatile, it fluctuates greatly. And in scientific language, a volatile oil evaporates quickly.
WORD FAMILY
volatile: nonvolatile, volatiles, volatilise, volatility, volatilize+/volatilisable: nonvolatilisable/volatilise: volatilisable, volatilised, volatilises, volatilising/ volatility: volatilities/volatilizable: nonvolatilizable/volatilize: volatilizable, volatilized, volatilizes, volatilizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most of the attention in Tampa next Monday night will focus on the Tigers’ volatile pass offense against Alabama’s defense.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
When combined, these sentiments yield a volatile brew of anger and resentment, which Trump, though a billionaire, understands and exploits.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
While the bond investment is less volatile than stocks, it’s still fairly volatile.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 易变的，不稳定的; （液体或油）易挥发的; 爆炸性的; 快活的，轻快的
分布：不稳定的(37%)，挥发物(24%)，反复无常的(21%)，易挥发的(18%)
→来自拉丁语volare,飞，可能来自will,意愿，引申义浮动的，挥发的。
挥发的;易变的(volat飞+ile;参考:volation鸟的飞行能力)[-ile 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"物体"]
【记】vola＝volcano（n 火山），tile：活火山是不稳定的
【反】stable（adj 稳定的）；constant（adj 稳定的）；imperturbable（adj 沉着冷静的）
US ['vɑ:.lə.tˌəl] adjective
■likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly or suddenly become violent or angry 不稳定的；易变的；易怒的，喜怒无常的
• Food and fuel prices are very volatile in a war situation. 战争时期食品和燃料的价格极易波动。
• The situation was made more volatile by the fact that people had been drinking a lot of alcohol. 人们一直在大喝烈酒，这让情况变得更加不稳定。
• He had a rather volatile temper and can't have been easy to live with. 他的脾气十分暴躁，别人很难与他相处。
■A volatile liquid or solid substance will change easily into a gas. （液体或固体）易挥发的，易气化的
adj. [化学] 挥发性的；不稳定的；爆炸性的；反覆无常的
 - unstable, explosive

Word: deadly
Front: deadly
[ˈdedli] (研四托雅 3513/6026 -2)
Vocabulary: deadly
(once / 229 pages)
1adjadv 2adv
Something that's deadly can kill you. Because a gun can end someone's life, it's a deadly weapon.
If someone's diagnosed with a deadly disease, it's lethal — it's capable of ending the person's life. When you hear someone talk about police officers using "deadly force," they mean actions that intended to cause death, or understood to be capable of killing someone. You can also use the word to mean "extremely" or "very," as when you describe your math class as deadly boring.
WORD FAMILY
deadly: deadlier, deadliest, deadlily, deadliness+/ dead: deaden, deader, deadest, deadly, deadness, deads/deaden: deadened, deadening, deadens/deadening: deadeningly, deadenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deadly riots the following year in China’s far west left authorities even more convinced that it was time to step up their controls over society.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It was the deadliest prison riot in Brazil in years.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
China’s middle class is increasingly less tolerant of the deadly air, and in December tens of thousands of “smog refugees” decamped to clearer skies.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 极端的，非常的; 致命的，致死的; 非常有效的; 如死一般的
adv. 极其，非常; 死了一样地
级别：deadlier, deadliest
分布：致命的(95%)，如死一般地(3%)，如死一样的(1%)，非常地(1%)
a.致命的;势不两立的;极度的;必定的The dreadful tread on the meadow broke the deadly deadlock.草场上可怕的践踏声打破了致命的僵局.
adjective
VERY DANGEROUS 非常危险的
 ADVANCED
■likely to cause death 致命的，致死的
• a deadly virus 致命的病毒
• a deadly weapon 致命的武器
['ded.li] adjective
BORING 乏味的 informal
■extremely boring 极其乏味的，非常无聊的
• The party was deadly. 那个派对非常乏味。
['ded.li] adjective
COMPLETE 完全地
■complete or extreme 完全的；极端的
• They have been deadly enemies ever since Mark stole Greg's girlfriend. 自从马克抢走了葛列格的女朋友后，他们两人就成了死对头。
['ded.li] adverb
■completely or extremely 完全地；极其
• I thought she was joking but she was deadly serious. 我原以为她在开玩笑，没想到她说的全是真的。
mortal, fatal, lethal, deadly
这组词都有“致命的”的意思，其区别是：
mortal: 语气强，指导致死亡的直接原因。
fatal: 正式用词，强调死亡的不可避免性，多用于指伤或疾病等。
lethal: 指由于某物本身具有致命的性能。
deadly: 指能致命或实际已致命的事物，也可指企图致死他人的人。
adj. [医] 致命的；非常的；死一般的
 - intense, kill, fatal
adv. 非常；如死一般地
 - extremely, badly, highly, greatly, too

Word: gross
Front: gross
[grəʊs] (研四六雅宝 4409/3198 -3)
Vocabulary: gross
(once / 191 pages)
1adj 2adjnv 3adj 4n
Get ready, because gross has a few different meanings. When something is gross, it's disgusting. The noun, a gross, is the complete amount (before expenses), and the verb "to gross" is to bring in money.
Two things will tell you which meaning is the right one with a word like gross, the part of speech and the context. If you're talking about awful, sickening, vile things such as dissecting an animal or filthy behavior, you're looking at the adjective gross. Ew! That guy is gross. If you're talking about, say, how much money a movie made, that's the noun gross. That was the biggest gross in history! Likewise, the verb to gross is to pull in money. The bake sale grossed 29 bucks! But remember, the gross is how much you made in total, not how much you cleared — the "net" or "profit."
WORD FAMILY
gross: engross, grossed, grosser, grosses, grossest, grossing, grossly, grossness, subgross+/ engross: engrossed, engrosses, engrossing, engrossment/ engrossed: engrossedly/engrossing: engrossingly/engrossment: engrossments/grossness: grossnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The weekend gross pushes the space opera over the $400 million mark domestically.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
The Disney-owned Marvel Studios once again proved its power with “Captain America: Civil War,” which grossed $408 million to land at No. 2.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It was able to release eight films that collectively grossed almost $1 billion, more than the other five studios combined.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 总的; 粗俗的; 显而易见的; 恶劣的
n. 总额
vt. 总共收入
时态：grossed, grossing, grosses
分布：总额(47%)，总量(26%)，总的(15%)，总共赚得(4%)，粗鲁的(4%)，令人讨厌的(1%)，公然的(1%)，总共地(1%)，荒唐的(1%)
→来自拉丁语grossus, 厚的，粗糙的。可能来自ghreu, 刮，磨，词源同great. 即刮下来来的粗糙大块状物体，后来指大的，总的。
总共的;重大的[gross=great(大)]
a.总的,毛(重)的;粗鲁的,粗俗的n.总额The gross grocer crossed his legs before the boss.粗鄙的杂货商在老板面前叉起腿子.
【区】gloss（n 光泽的表面；假象；注释vt 掩饰；注释）源于glow和glass
【参】engross（vt 吸引；使全神贯注）总的进入状态
US [groʊs] adjective adverb
 ADVANCED
■(in) total 总的，毛的；总共，全部
• A person's gross income is the money they earn before tax is deducted from it. 个人总收入是指税前的收入总和。
• Once wrapped, the gross weight of the package is 2kg. 包装后，这个包裹的总重量是两公斤。
• She earns £30,000 a year gross. 她每年的总收入是三万英镑。
Compare net
UK [grəʊs] US [groʊs] adjective
UNACCEPTABLE 无法接受的
[before noun] formal
■(especially in law) unacceptable because clearly wrong （尤指违法行为）严重的，恶劣的，极端的，不能接受的
• gross misconduct/indecency 严重渎职／猥亵
• a gross violation of justice 严重违反公平
UK [grəʊs] US [groʊs] adjective
FAT 胖的
■extremely fat or large and ugly 极胖而难看的；臃肿难看的；庞大不雅观的
• I'd put on ten kilos and felt gross in my bikini. 我体重增加了十公斤，穿着比基尼觉得臃肿难看。
UK [grəʊs] US [groʊs] adjective
UNPLEASANT 令人不快的 informal
■extremely unpleasant 极其令人厌恶的；令人恶心的；令人不快的
• "Oh, gross!" she said, looking at the flies buzzing above the piles of dirty plates. “呀，真恶心！”她看着在一堆堆肮脏的碟子上飞来飞去的苍蝇说道。
UK [grəʊs] US [groʊs] verb transitive
■to earn a particular amount of money before tax is paid or costs are subtracted 总收入为；总共赚得；获得…毛利
• The film has grossed over $200 million this year. 这出电影今年总收入超过了两亿美元。
UK [grəʊs] US [groʊs] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] gross sb out mainly US informal
■If something grosses you out, you think it is very unpleasant or disgusting 使（某人）恶心；令（某人）憎恶；令（某人）作呕
• He smells and he's dirty - he really grosses me out. 他全身臭烘烘的，非常肮脏——真让我恶心。
UK [grəʊs] US [groʊs] noun countable (plural gross or grosses) old-fashioned
■(a group of) 144 一箩（12打，144个）
gross, crude, coarse, vulgar
这组词都有“粗鲁的，粗俗的”的意思，其区别是：
gross: 语气强烈，指粗鲁、无礼貌，令人讨厌。
crude: 与vulgar同义，也指言谈举止粗俗，不文雅，缺乏教养。
coarse: 指缺乏教养，言谈粗俗，举止粗野，可与vulgar换用。
vulgar: 侧重指对听者的冒犯，往往强调粗野，言行、趣味不高，缺乏教养。
total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole, all
这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是：
total: 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。
entire: 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。
gross: 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。
full: 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。
complete: 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。
whole: 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。
all: 有时可与whole, entire和total换用。
adj. 总共的；粗野的；恶劣的；显而易见的
 - robust, rough, country, dirty, bush
n. 总额，总数
 - sum, amount, total

Word: artificial
Front: artificial
[ˌɑ:tɪˈfɪʃl] (高研四六托雅宝 4003/3499 -K2)
Vocabulary: artificial
(once / 279 pages)
adj
From fake flowers to faux food flavors, our world is full of things that are artificial –- that is, produced by humans rather than by nature.
While artificial can simply mean “made by humans,” it’s often used in a negative sense, conveying the idea that an artificial product is inferior to the real thing. If you remark that your friend’s new hair color looks artificial, for example, you’re not paying her a compliment. Artificial can also describe a behavior or expression that seems insincere — much like the smile on your girlfriend’s face if you bring her artificial flowers instead of real ones.
WORD FAMILY
artificial: artificialest, artificiality, artificially+/artificiality: artificialities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It is clear that the people do not think that the creation of artificial islands should be a priority,” he said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“Back in 2014 when everybody was just talking about automotive, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, they were very busy reshaping their product areas.”
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This is particularly true when talking about artificial intelligence systems.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 人造的; 人工的; 虚假的，非原产地的; 人为的
n. 人造肥料; <美>假花
分布：人造的(68%)，虚伪的(16%)，武断的(16%)
人工的;矫揉造作的(artifice技巧＋ial→用技巧做出的→人工的)[art=skill,joint,trick,表示"技巧,关节,诡计"]
a.人工的,人造的,人为的;虚伪的,做作的With rhythm, the arithmetic teacher put the artist's artificial articles on the vehicle.算术老师把艺术家的人造物品有节奏地放到运载工具里.
【记】art艺术家，ficial读：踢飞手。艺术家踢飞手。艺术家不光胡子是假的。有一次，我亲眼看见一个舞蹈艺术家表演的时候，没小心，把自己的手给踢飞了，开始表演棒操！不知道艺术家们还有那里是人造的，假的。
US [ˌɑ:r.tˌɪ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■made by people, often as a copy of something natural 人造的，人工的；仿造的
• clothes made of artificial fibres 人造纤维质地的服装
• an artificial heart 人造心脏
• an artificial lake 人工湖
• artificial fur/sweeteners/flowers 人造毛皮／人造甜味剂／假花
■disapproving
■not sincere 虚假的，不真诚的；矫揉造作的
• Their cheerfulness seemed rather strained and artificial. 他们的高兴表情看上去非常造作虚伪。
synthetic, false, artificial, man-made
这组词都有“人造的，非自然的”的意思，其区别是：
synthetic: 与artificial近义，但前者强调通过化学作用或化学处理把几种物质复制成与原材料截然不同的新产品。
false: 指因缺失而补上的替代物，有时也指伪装的。
artificial: 指模仿天然材料由人工制造的东西，侧重真伪对比。
man-made: 指完全用人工制造，不含仿造和真伪对比的意味。
adj. 人造的； [自] 仿造的；虚伪的；非原产地的；武断的
 - synthetic, false, simulated, arbitrary

Word: occasionally
Front: occasionally
[əˈkeɪʒnəli] (四六托 2485/2205 -K)
Vocabulary: occasionally
(once / 139 pages)
adv
Something that happens occasionally doesn't happen all the time, just every once in a while. You play poker occasionally just to remind yourself that you always lose.
The adverb occasionally is good for things that happen every now and then. You get tired of the cold occasionally, but the snow is lovely. Occasionally, you think of your long lost love, but never write. The idea comes to you occasionally that you should move somewhere with more people and warmer weather. I worry about you occasionally.
WORD FAMILY
occasional: occasionally +/ occasion: occasional, occasioned, occasioning, occasions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Occasionally, the drugs provoke a severe auto-immune response, resulting in potential toxicities including inflammatory lung, liver and thyroid disorders.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
After that, we bumped into each other occasionally on the street, spending a few minutes catching up.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The underlying absurdity of those shows was redoubled through his lens, occasionally in the form of magical realism.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 偶尔; 偶然; 有时候
分布：偶尔地(100%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■sometimes but not often 偶尔，间或；有时
• I see him occasionally in town. 我偶尔在城里见到他。
• Occasionally I'll have a piece of chocolate, but it's quite rare. 有时我会吃块巧克力，不过这种时候极少。
adv. 偶而，间或
 - sometimes, betweenwhiles

Word: sceptic
Front: sceptic
[ˈskeptɪk] (45147/12024 -1)
Back: n. 多疑者; 怀疑宗教的人; 无神论者; 怀疑论者
分布：无神论者(46%)，多疑的人(36%)，=skeptic.(18%)
UK (ALSO US skeptic) ['skep.tɪk] noun countable
■a person who doubts the truth or value of an idea or belief 持怀疑态度的人
• People say it can cure colds, but I'm a bit of a sceptic. 人们说它能治感冒，我有些怀疑。
• to convince the sceptics 说服持怀疑态度的人
n. 怀疑论者；疑虑极深的人
 - skeptic, doubter

Word: donation
Front: donation
[dəʊˈneɪʃn] (托雅 4336/4749)
Vocabulary: donation
(once / 640 pages)
n
A donation is a gift someone gives to a cause they believe in. If you have ever put a dollar into a collection plate or hat, you have made a donation.
No one has to give a donation; donations are voluntary. In addition to disease research, many schools, arts groups, museums, churches, and groups that help the poor rely on donations. Donations usually take the form of money, but giving anything away to a cause could be considered a donation — like giving books to a library or bringing deviled eggs to a school potluck.
WORD FAMILY
donation: donations+/ donate: donated, donates, donating, donation
USAGE EXAMPLES
The best part is, Pence gets thank-you notes for each donation.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
In this piece, originally published Sept. 1, columnist Nancy Kaffer explored potential conflicts related to a substantial philanthropic donation to fund Kalamazoo city government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Those donations — and whether they were part of a quid pro quo — are now at the heart of the impeachment case against Ms. Park.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 捐赠，赠送; 捐款; 捐赠物
分布：捐赠(61%)，捐款(39%)
US [doʊ'neɪ-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when money or goods are given to help a person or organization 捐献，捐赠，捐助
• donations of food and money 食品和钱的捐赠
• I'd like to make a small donation in my mother's name. 我想以母亲的名义捐献一点。
n. 捐款， [经] 捐赠物；捐赠
 - endowment, offertory

Word: liberation
Front: liberation
[ˌlɪbə'reɪʃn] (高四六 6230/3880)
Vocabulary: liberation
(once / 898 pages)
n
Liberation means the setting free of someone or something. Wild animals raised in captivity are often unprepared for their liberation when they are released back into the wild.
You'll notice right off the bat that liberation is related to the noun liberty — as in "liberty and justice for all." The difference is that liberation refers specifically to the act of being made free, of going from having no freedom to having it. Famous moments of liberation include Europe's liberation from the Nazis, the slaves' liberation from slavery in the U.S., and South Africa's liberation from the oppression of apartheid.
WORD FAMILY
liberation: liberations+/ liberate: liberated, liberates, liberating, liberation, liberator / liberator: liberators/ libertarian: libertarianism, libertarians/ liberty: liberate, libertarian, liberties
USAGE EXAMPLES
There may be more Zhongshan Streets in China’s cities than Liberation Avenues.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
ON the surface, Secretary of State John Kerry’s speech on Wednesday about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was an act of liberation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are pictures of smiling people and of muscular People’s Liberation Army troops.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 解放; 释放，逸出
分布：解放(100%)
解放;释放(liberate+ion)[liber=free,表示"自由"]
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when something or someone is released or made free 解放；解脱
• the liberation of France from Nazi occupation 解放被纳粹占领的法国
• Leaving school was such a liberation for me. 离开学校对我来说真是一种解脱。
 ADVANCED
■used to refer to activities connected with removing the disadvantages experienced by particular groups within society 解放
• the women's liberation (informallib)movement 妇女解放运动
• animal liberation organizations 动物解救组织
n. 释放，解放
 - release, emancipation

Word: gloomy
Front: gloomy
[ˈglu:mi] (研四六托雅宝 9832/6987 -2)
Vocabulary: gloomy
(once / 213 pages)
adj
Gloomy means "dark and dreary." A cloudy day, a sad song about lost love, your downbeat mood after your team loses a big game — all of these can be called gloomy.
Have you ever been called a Gloomy Gus? If so, you must have been acting depressed or sulky. But you aren't the first to be called that — after all, Gloomy Gus was a comic book character who first appeared in 1904. By the 1940s, this nickname caught on, describing — and possibly adding to the misery — of those who are less happy-seeming than the people around them.
WORD FAMILY
gloomy: gloomier, gloomiest, gloomily, gloominess+/ gloom: gloomful, glooms, gloomy /gloominess: gloominesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Back in China, the situation is even gloomier.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Throughout his campaign for president, Donald Trump painted a gloomy picture of the American economy, scoffing at employment data that he said masked the truth.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But there is a retort to the gloomy diagnosis that inequality will always be with us: it was not always so.
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 黑暗的; 令人沮丧的; 前景黯淡的; 悲观的，阴郁的
级别：gloomier, gloomiest
分布：阴暗的(73%)，前景黯淡的(16%)，忧闷的(11%)
a.阴暗的,阴沉的,令人沮丧的,阴郁的He looked gloomy.他看来忧郁.
adjective
WITHOUT HOPE 没有希望的
■unhappy and without hope 忧郁；愁闷；沮丧
• a gloomy person/expression 一个愁容满面的人；一个沮丧的表情
• The cemetery is a gloomy place. 墓地是个让人感到压抑的地方。
■with no positive opinions or expectations about a situation 悲观的
• The vet is rather gloomy about my cat's chances of recovery. 兽医对我的猫儿康复表示很不乐观。
• a gloomy economic forecast 令人沮丧的经济形势预测
['glu:.mi] adjective
DARK 黑暗的
■dark in a way that is unpleasant and makes it difficult to see 灰暗的，幽暗的
• What gloomy weather we're having! 今天天气太阴沉了！
• We waited in a gloomy waiting-room. 我们在阴暗的候车室里等着。
melancholy, unhappy, blue, sad, sorrowful, gloomy
这组词都有“忧伤的，悲哀的，伤感的”的意思，其区别是：
melancholy: 指经常性的忧郁或悲哀，多用于文学描写中。
unhappy: 多指日常生活中遇到不如意的事而感到不愉快、不幸，侧重指心理状态。
blue: 非正式用词，语气较随便，指较强烈的忧郁或沮丧。
sad: 最常用词，泛指一切形式的悲伤，着重暂时的不幸或感觉的忧伤。
sorrowful: 多指因丧失亲人等原因所引起的悲哀，也指由于错误而产生的悔恨交加的心情。
gloomy: 指愁眉苦脸，令他人也感到扫兴。
dim, dark, vague, grey, obscure, black, gloomy
这组词都有“完全地或不完全地缺少光亮”的意思，其区别是：
dim: 指光线不足或视力较差，不能清晰地看见物体。
dark: 最普通用词，指缺乏自然光线或人工照明，使某物漆黑无光或光线十分微弱。
vague: 通常作借喻用，形容抽象事物。
grey: 与dark意思相近，但侧重阴暗单调的意味。
obscure: 指因光线不充足而使物体灰暗不清，失去光泽或若隐若现。作借喻时指因复杂、深奥或含糊而难于理解。
black: 侧重颜色是黑色的，有时也指无光的黑暗。
gloomy: 指光线不足或部分光线受阻而出现的阴暗。
adj. 黑暗的；沮丧的；阴郁的
 - dark, sad, blue, gray, disappointed

Word: slice
Front: slice
[slaɪs] (高研四六托雅宝 3333/4346 -K3)
Back: vt. 切成片; 切下; 划分
n. 薄片; 一部分; （因失误而打出的）曲线球
vi. 斜击
时态：sliced, slicing, slices
分布：部分(41%)，薄片(21%)，割(14%)，切开(12%)，切成薄片(9%)，曲球(3%)
→来自辅音丛 sl-,砍，劈，分开，比较 slab,slip,slat,slit,slot.引申诸相关词义。
n.薄片,切片;一份;部分切(片)She had only a slice of bread and butter for breakfast.她早餐只吃了一片奶油面包.
noun
PIECE 片
 IMPROVER countable
■a flat, often thin, piece of food that has been cut from a larger piece （切下的食物）薄片
• a slice of bread/cake 一片面包／蛋糕
• cucumber/lemon slices 黄瓜／柠檬片
• Would you like another slice of ham/beef? 要不要再来一片火腿／牛肉?
 ADVANCED only singular
■a part of something, such as an amount of money （钱等的）份额，部分
• We agreed before we did the deal that we'd both take an equal slice of the profit. 成交前，我们说定双方各拿利润的一半。
• The film presents us with a fascinating slice of history. 这部电影向我们展示了一个非常有趣的历史片段。
countable
■a kitchen utensil with a wide blade which is used for serving pieces of food 餐刀；（餐桌用的）小铲
• a cake/fish slice 蛋糕刀／煎鱼铲
[slaɪs] noun
HIT 击打
countable
■in tennis, when you hit the bottom of the ball so that it does not bounce very high when it hits the ground （网球运动中）切（球）
• That wonderful backhand slice of Ben's sends the ball where his opponent just can't reach it. 班那一记漂亮的反手切球刚好把球打到了对手构不到的地方。
■in the sports of golf and baseball, when you hit a ball so that it goes to one side rather than straight in front （高尔夫球和棒球运动中）斜切（球），削（球）
[slaɪs] noun
a slice of life
■A film, piece of literature or a play might be described as a slice of life if it describes or shows the ordinary details of real life. 现实生活的写照，反映现实生活的电影（或文学作品、戏剧）
[slaɪs] noun
slice of the cake Australian informal
■If you want a slice of the cake, you want a share of any money that is being made from an activity. 收益（或好处）的一份
[slaɪs] verb
CUT 切
 ADVANCED transitive
■to cut something into thin, flat pieces 把…切成薄片
• Slice the mushrooms thinly and fry in butter. 把蘑菇切成薄片，用奶油煎一下。
• [+ two objects] Could you slice me a very thin piece of cake/slice a very thin piece of cake for me? 你能帮我切一薄片蛋糕吗?
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to easily cut into or through something with a sharp knife 切，割；切开；割破
• He screamed as the blade sliced into his leg. 刀片划入他的腿时，他发出一声尖叫。
• figurative She watched his slim strong body as it sliced effortlessly through the water. 她看着他细长结实的身材毫不费力地划水前进。
[slaɪs] verb
HIT 击打
transitive
■in the sports of golf and baseball, to hit a ball so that it goes to one side rather than straight in front （高尔夫球和棒球运动中）斜切（球），削球
• Sara sliced the ball, sending it a hundred metres or so to the left. 莎拉打了一个斜切球，将球向左送了100公尺左右。
transitive
■If you slice the ball in a game of tennis, you hit the bottom of the ball so that it does not bounce very high when it hits the ground. （网球运动中）切（球）
[slaɪs] verb
any way you slice it (also no matter how you slice it) mainly US informal
■in whatever way the matter is considered 不管从哪方面考虑
• He shouldn't have hit her, any way you slice it. 无论如何他都不应该动手打她。
[slaɪs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] slice sth off
■to remove an amount of something, or to move between or in something 切下，切除
• She sliced off a piece of sausage. 她切下了一段香肠。
• He accidentally sliced the top off his finger while he was cutting vegetables. 他切菜时不小心削掉了手指尖。
• Amit won the race, slicing three seconds off his previous best time. 阿米特赢得了赛跑，将他的最好成绩缩短了三秒。
bit, scrap, slice, fragment, sheet, piece
这组词都有“片、块、段”的意思，其区别是：
bit: 侧重指微小，一点点，小碎片。
scrap: 侧重指废弃的零碎之物。
slice: 多指切得很薄的一片食物。
fragment: 指破裂的，不完整的，不可完整的碎片。
sheet: 侧重指平整很薄的一张或一片。
piece: 最普通用词，多指从整体上分割下来的东西，可大可小。
n. 薄片；部分；菜刀，火铲
 - proportion, part, portion, percent, integral
vt. 切下；把…分成部分；将…切成薄片
 - chip off, chip out
vi. 切开；割破
 - cut open, to cut

Word: cigarette
Front: cigarette
[ˌsɪgəˈret] (高四 2111/2393 -K3)
Vocabulary: cigarette
(once / 306 pages)
n
A small tube of paper that's filled with tobacco and lit with a match is a cigarette. Because cigarettes take a terrible toll on smokers' health, the number of people who smoke them has declined recently.
Most cigarettes come in packages, each cigarette a perfect slim cylinder topped with a filter. When a cigarette is smoked all the way to this filter, it becomes a "butt." The main chemical in cigarettes is called nicotine, and it's extremely addictive — other additives in cigarettes can cause various cancers and lung diseases. Because of these dangers, cigarettes are regulated and highly taxed. The word itself comes from the French, meaning "little cigar."
WORD FAMILY
cigarette: cigarettes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The man in front of me lights up a cigarette.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She devoted herself to her job at the Brinkmann cigarette factory.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The government approved the use of plain packaging on cigarette cartons - which removes messages, colours and brand images - in May.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 纸烟，香烟
分布：名词(100%)
→来自cigar,雪茄，-ette,小词后缀。
香烟(cigar雪茄)[-ette表名词"小的东西或状态"]
US [-ɚ-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a small paper tube filled with cut pieces of tobacco, which people smoke 香烟，纸烟
• a packet of cigarettes 一包香烟
• She lit a cigarette. 她点燃一支香烟。
cigarette, cigar, tobacco
这组词都有“烟”的意思，其区别是：
cigarette: 指纸烟。
cigar: 指雪茄烟。
tobacco: 指烟草，烟叶、烟丝。
n. 香烟；纸烟
 - coffin nail

Word: fossil
Front: fossil
[ˈfɒsl] (研六托雅 5043/4637 -2)
Vocabulary: fossil
(once / 681 pages)
1nadj 2n
Fossils are the really, really old remains of a plant or animal — so old they've turned to stone. Fossil is also an insult for an old or old-fashioned person.
Fossils are very important to scientists who study animals: they're one of the ways we learn about the beasts and critters of the past. A fossil is an imprint of the bones of that animal in rock or stone. If you see a reconstruction of a dinosaur in a museum, scientists used fossils to figure out how it should look. Also, calling someone a fossil is like calling them a geezer or old fogey. It's not a compliment.
WORD FAMILY
fossil: fossilise, fossilist, fossilize, fossils, microfossil+/fossilise: fossilisation, fossilised, fossilising/ fossilize: fossilization, fossilized, fossilizes, fossilizing/microfossil: microfossils
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the same time, for their role in driving this climate change, fossil fuels are increasingly becoming fuel source non-grata.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
This reflects economic pressures felt within the fossil fuel energy sector itself.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
From air and quite a lot of fossil fuels.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 化石; 僵化的事物; 老顽固，食古不化的人; 习语中保存的旧词
adj. 化石的; 陈腐的，守旧的
分布：化石(99%)，食古不化的人(1%)
→来自bhedh, 挖，劈开，词源同bed, 河床。
n.化石The gossip tossed the mossy blossom fossil.爱讲闲话者向上抛长满苔藓的花化石.
US ['fɑ:.səl] noun countable
■a bone, a shell or the shape of a plant or animal which has been preserved in rock for a very long period 化石
informal humorous
■an old person, especially one who will not accept new ideas 老人；（尤指）老顽固，思想僵化的人，老古董
n. [古生] 化石；僵化的事物；顽固不化的人
 - petrification, reliquiae
adj. [古生] 化石的；陈腐的，守旧的
 - banal, trite

Word: hungry
Front: hungry
[ˈhʌŋgri] (中高 3181/3683 -K2)
Vocabulary: hungry
(once / 178 pages)
adj
Are you hungry? If your stomach is growling, you're probably hungry, which is how you’d describe that uncomfortable feeling in your gut when you go too long without eating food.
Feeling hungry is a gnawing sensation that can be fixed by eating something. For some people, getting food isn’t so easy, and you’ll see poor folk on the street with a hungry look in their eyes. If your hunger has a particular food in mind, you could say that you are "hungry for” that food, like being hungry for macaroni right after seeing a commercial about macaroni.
WORD FAMILY
hungry: hungrier, hungriest, hungrily, hungriness+/ hunger: hungered, hungering, hungers, hungry
USAGE EXAMPLES
So, hopefully, a lot of guys will be a lot more hungry.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Billboards, TV and radio adverts all portrayed him as the face of a state hungry for success and growth.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“We were very hungry,” said Oritz, who moved in November.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 饥饿的; 渴望的，渴望得到; （统称）饥民; 荒年的，不毛的
级别：hungrier, hungriest
分布：饥饿的(90%)，渴望的(10%)
→来自hunger,饥饿，-y,形容词后缀。
a.饥饿的,渴望的The hungry drunk plunged a trunk of lungs into the tunnel under the channel.饥饿的醉汉把一大箱肺投进了水渠下面的隧道.
adjective
NEEDING FOOD 需要食物的
 ESSENTIAL
■wanting or needing food 饥饿的
• By four o'clock I felt/was really hungry. 到四点钟的时候我觉得肚子非常饿。
• Digging the garden is hungry work (= makes you feel hunger). 在园里挖土真是一件令人容易饥饿的活动。
• The children are always hungry (= want something to eat) when they get home from school. 孩子们放学回家时总是饥肠辘辘。
• There are too many hungry people (= people without enough to eat) in the world. 世界上有太多人在挨饿。
• She often goes hungry herself (= does not eat) so that her children can have enough to eat. 为了令孩子们有足够食物，她自己经常挨饿。
['hʌŋ.gri] adjective
WANTING 想要的
■having a strong wish or desire for something 渴望的；想要的
• She was so hungry for success that she'd do anything to achieve it. 她如此渴望成功，愿意为之做任何事。
• Journalists were hungry for details. 新闻记者非常渴望得知细节。
adj. 饥饿的；渴望的；荒年的；不毛的
 - eager, desired, anxious, sick, keen

Word: fence
Front: fence
[fens] (高研四六 2653/3306 -K3)
Vocabulary: fence
(once / 190 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v
A fence is a usually wooden or metal structure that encloses a yard, pasture, or other area. Many people with back yard swimming pools put fences around them to make sure small children don't fall in.
The difference between a fence and a wall is that you can almost always see through a fence, at least to some degree, while a wall is solid. You can use fence as a verb too: "I think I'll fence my yard in, because my chickens keep wandering off." If someone calls you a fence, though, they mean you're selling stolen goods, and if you fence professionally, you participate in the sword fighting sport of fencing.
WORD FAMILY
fence: fenced, fencelike, fencer, fences, fencing +/fenced: unfenced/ fencer: fencers/ fencing: fencings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fifty Moroccan and five Spanish border guards were injured when 1,100 migrants tried to get over the fence on Sunday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In past years, he used to fence competitively and win championships.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
At one point, Harriott was walking alongside the stadium fence when a Booker T. player jogged over and taunted him: “You’re next.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 栅栏，篱笆; 围墙; 防护物; 剑术
vt. 用篱笆围住; 防护; 练习剑术
vi. 练习击剑; 搪塞; 围以栅栏; 跳过栅栏
时态：fenced, fencing, fences
分布：栅栏(64%)，围墙(22%)，击剑(6%)，买卖赃物的人(3%)，用篱笆围住(3%)，回避(1%)，束缚(1%)
→缩写自defence或defense, 挡开。引申义击剑，篱笆等。
n.篱笆;围栏;剑术v.用篱笆瓦围住;击剑The offensive offender defended himself with the fence.那个讨厌的触犯者用篱笆自卫.
noun countable
STRUCTURE 结构
 IMPROVER
■a structure which divides two areas of land, similar to a wall but made of wood or wire and supported with posts 栅栏；篱笆；围栏
[fents] noun countable
CRIMINAL 罪犯 old-fashioned slang
■a person who buys and sells stolen goods 买卖赃物的人
[fents] verb intransitive
■to fight as a sport with a long thin sword 击剑
[fents] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fence sth in
■to build a fence around an area 用栅栏（或篱笆）围住
• She would need to fence in the field if she was to keep a horse there. 如果她打算在那里养一匹马，就必须用栅栏把那块地围起来。
[fents] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] fence sb in informal
■to limit someone's activity in an annoying or discouraging way 限制（某人）的自由，束缚
• I feel a bit fenced in at work because my boss won't let me apply for promotion. 我觉得工作上有点受压制，因为老板不准我申请升职。
[fents] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fence sth off
■to separate an area with a fence in order to stop people or animals from entering it 用栅栏（或篱笆）隔开
• The hill had been fenced off to stop animals grazing on it. 已经用栅栏把那座山隔开，以防止动物吃那里的草。
fence, hedge
这组词都有“篱笆”的意思，其区别是：
fence: 指为阻止人或牲畜等进入田地或院子等而用树木、铁丝网、栅栏等筑成篱笆样的东西。
hedge: 主要指利用灌木丛构成的篱笆。
enclose, fence, encircle, surround, envelop
这组词都有“包围”的意思，其区别是：
enclose: 指把某物四周围住或封闭起来，使之与外界隔绝。
fence: 通常指用栅栏栏开或围起来。
encircle: 侧重在某事物周围围成圈状。
surround: 普通用词，既可指环绕、围绕，也可指军事上的包围。
envelop: 着重指把某个物体完全包起来或整个封起来。
n. 栅栏；围墙；剑术
 - bounding wall, perimeter wall
vt. 防护；用篱笆围住；练习剑术
 - defend, forefend
vi. 击剑；搪塞；围以栅栏；跳过栅栏
 - prevaricate, tergiversate

Word: soul
Front: soul
[səʊl] (高研四六托 1604/2291 -K3)
Vocabulary: soul
(once / 26 pages)
n
The noun soul can mean an individual human being, but it can also mean essence of a human being. If you believe the soul is immortal, you believe that even when your physical body dies, some other part of you lives on.
Soul shows up in various forms in all Nordic and Germanic languages, but no one knows where it originated, just like the whole idea of the soul. Philosophers and theologians have debated the exact definition of soul for ages, but it always stands for that ineffable part of a human unlimited by the body, the grandest, deepest part. Soul music is a popular form of gospel, and if you "have soul," you really feel what it is to be alive.
WORD FAMILY
soul: soulful, soulless, souls+/soulful: soulfully, soulfulness/soulless: soullessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The marching bands were the very soul of diversity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On November 14th like-minded souls will gather in Paris for the first international conference dedicated to finding ways for countries to co-ordinate internet policies.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
It explores how environments whittle away at the soul and morals of the underserved.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 灵魂; 精神; 幽灵; 人
adj. 美国黑人文化的
分布：灵魂(76%)，心灵(18%)，精神(6%)
→来自古英语 sawol,灵魂，生命，精气神，来自 Proto-Germanic*saiwalo,灵魂，可能衍生自 Proto-Germanic*saiwaz,湖，海，词源同 sea.日耳曼传说中灵魂来自于湖和海，最终也归宿于 湖和海。
n.灵魂,心灵;精神,精力;人Cousin saw a group of couples in cloaks soak their souls in the soapy soup.表哥看见一群穿着斗篷的夫妇在肥皂汤里浸泡灵魂.
US [soʊl] noun
SPIRIT 精神
 IMPROVER countable
■the spiritual part of a person which some people believe continues to exist in some form after their body has died, or the part of a person which is not physical and experiences deep feelings and emotions 灵魂；心性，心灵
• She suffered greatly while she was alive, so let us hope her soul is now at peace. 她生前受过很多苦，所以我们希望现在她的灵魂能得到安息。
UK [səʊl] US [soʊl] noun
DEEP FEELINGS 深情
uncountable
■the quality of a person or work of art which shows or produces deep good feelings 精神；热情，真挚情感；高尚情操；气魄
• If you can't enjoy this music you've got no soul. 如果你不能欣赏这种音乐，说明你缺乏真挚的情感。
• For me her paintings somehow lack soul. 在我看来，她的绘画作品有些缺乏真情实感。
UK [səʊl] US [soʊl] noun
uncountable
■ soul music 灵魂乐；爵士灵歌；黑人音乐
UK [səʊl] US [soʊl] noun
PERSON 人
countable
■a person of a stated type 某种人
• She's a happy little soul. 她是个快乐的小孩。
• Some poor soul had fallen 500 metres to their death. 有些人不幸从500公尺高处掉下来摔死了。
not a soul
■no one 没有人
• By the time I arrived there wasn't a soul there. 我到的时候，那里一个人都没有。
UK [səʊl] US [soʊl] noun
BLACK CULTURE 黑人文化
uncountable US
■a deep understanding of and being proud of the culture of black people 黑人文化情感（对黑人文化的认同和自豪）
UK [səʊl] US [soʊl] adjective [before noun] US
■from or relating to the culture of black people 激情黑人的；黑人文化的
• soul food 黑人传统食物
soul, spirit, ghost
这组词都有“灵魂，心灵”的意思，其区别是：
soul: 指超越身体之外，永远存在的无形的东西，即所谓灵魂，亦可作人解。
spirit: 当指与body相对而言的所谓灵魂时，可与soul互换使用，但强调人的精神素质，也指神仙、精灵等。
ghost: 普通用词，主要指死者的灵魂。
n. 灵魂；心灵；精神；鬼魂
 - energy, spirit, mind, ka, genius

Word: program
Front: program
[ˈprəʊgræm] (四六雅 194/1660 -K4)
Vocabulary: program
(once / 82 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A program is a sequence or plan. At your niece's dance recital you may be dismayed to discover that her piece is 19th on the program. Settle in!
Program comes from the Greek for "public notice." When you go to the theater, you'll be handed a program with the names of the play and the performers. We call television or radio shows programs, especially if they’re on regularly. If you're trying to get in shape, you'll need an exercise program. To program is to plan or organize something, or to write the code and execute the commands that make computers work.
WORD FAMILY
program: programing, programmer, programmes, programs, subprogram+/ programmer: programmers/subprogram: subprograms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Governors typically use the speech to outline their priorities and introduce new programs and initiatives, sending ripples cascading across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Dayton said he’s not done expanding preschool programs.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In contrast, there’s something soothingly achievable about “Relax into Yoga for Seniors: A Six-Week Program for Strength, Balance, Flexibility and Pain Relief.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 程序; 节目，节目单; 计划，安排
v. [计]给…编写程序; 为…制定计划; 设计安排活动; 编排
时态：programmed, programming, programs
分布：程序(51%)，计划(21%)，节目(20%)，课程(3%)，节目单(2%)，安排(1%)，编制程序(1%)，指定(1%)
→来自pro-,向前，朝向，-gram,写。引申诸相关词义。
计划;提纲;程序(pro在前+gram→在前面写好→计划;提纲)[graph,gram=write,表示"写,图"]
US ['proʊ-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a series of instructions which can be put into a computer in order to make it perform an operation （电脑）程式；编码指令
• a computer program 电脑程式
• She's written a program to find words which frequently occur together. 她设计了一个程式以便找到经常一起出现的词语。
 ESSENTIAL Australian English usually and US * a programme
UK ['prəʊ.græm] US ['proʊ-] verb transitive (-mm-)
■to write a series of instructions which make a computer perform a particular operation 为（电脑）程式设计；编制…的程式
• [+ to infinitive] She programmed the computer to calculate the rate of exchange in twelve currencies. 她为电脑编制了一套计算12种货币之间兑换率的程式。
n. [计] 程序；计划；大纲
 - procedure, routine, plan, scheme, project

Word: contractor
Front: contractor
[kənˈtræktə(r)] (托 3745/4160 -2)
Vocabulary: contractor
(once / 830 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
A contractor is someone who is hired to build something. As a contractor at a building site, it is highly recommended you keep your hard hat on at all times.
When you think of contractor, you may picture construction sites; however, the word has other meanings as well. Legally, if you sign a contract to perform a specific job then you are what is known as a contractor. When there are not many full-time jobs available for workers, sometimes the only option is to become a freelance contractor, which might mean that you only work part-time or when needed.
WORD FAMILY
contractor: contractors+/ contract: contractable, contracted, contracting, contraction, contractor, contracts, contractual, contracture, subcontract/ contracted: contractedly/ contraction: contractions/contractual: contractually/contracture: contractures/subcontract: subcontracted, subcontracting, subcontractor, subcontracts/subcontractor: subcontractors
USAGE EXAMPLES
They also seized 12 employees of Umanizzare, a private contractor that operates prisons in the Amazon.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They include “burdensome” school lunch standards, tobacco regulations, laws that set higher wages for contractors and elements of the Paris climate-change agreement.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Contractors cut the tree down in late June.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 订约人，承包人; 收缩物
分布：承包商(99%)，立契约的人(1%)
→来自contract, 合同。
US ['kɑ:n.træk.tɚ] noun countable
■a person or company that arranges to supply materials or workers for building or for moving goods 承办人；承办商；承包方；订约人
n. [经] 承包人；立契约者
 - entrepreneur

Word: formally
Front: formally
['fɔ:məlɪ] (5538/3319 -K)
Vocabulary: formally
(once / 618 pages)
adv
Formally describes something done according to an established custom, like dressing formally for dinner with the President, as people always have done.
In our casual era of wearing jeans almost everywhere and calling our elders by their first name, it's not every day that you meet someone who acts, speaks, or dresses more formally. But there is still value in this kind of expression, especially in showing respect on important occasions like weddings and funerals. Another meaning of the adverb formally is "officially," like being formally invited to dinner at the White House.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
formerly / formally
Formerly is something that happened before, like when a pop star changed his name to a squiggle, he became known as The Artist Formerly Known as Prince. But formally comes from formal, or fancy, like the prom.
Former is at the root of formerly, referring to something that occurred earlier. If you changed your name, you'd be referred to as formerly known as whatever-your-name-used-to-be. It's not just for pop stars. If you want a word that means in the past or before, formerly fits the bill:
Movies, books, television shows, the journalistic outlets formerly known as newspapers, podcasts, YouTube videos, actual museums, tweets—they all comprise the noise. (Slate)
Erskine Bowles, formerly President Bill Clinton's chief of staff, said, "I'm worried you're going to fail." (Business Week)
At the root of formally is formal, an adjective that describes something as following custom, regulations, or ceremonies. You might speak formally during your speech, but chat casually with everyone after. Formally describes something official:
Delaware spent years piloting and fine-tuning their system before putting it in place formally state-wide. (Washington Post)
The current council will formally disband within the next few days. (Time)
Remember where these two words came from and you'll keep them straight: formerly former, and formally formal.
WORD FAMILY
formal: formalest, formalise, formalism, formality, formalize, formally, formalness, formals, informal, semi-formal, semiformal+/formalise: formalisation, formalised, formalising/formalism: formalisms, formalistic/ formality: formalities/formalize: formalization, formalized, formalizes, formalizing/ informal: informality, informally/informality: informalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The measure was added to a broader rules package that is expected to pass when the House formally convenes on Tuesday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Perkins is the president of the Family Research Council, a national anti-LGBT organization formally recognized by the Southern Poverty Law Center as a hate group.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
They will be formally inducted into the Opry on March 11.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 正式地; 正规地; 拘泥形式地; 形式上
分布：正式地(84%)，形式上地(16%)
US ['fɔ:r-] adverb
OFFICIALLY 正式地
 ADVANCED
■officially 正式地
• The deal will be formally announced on Tuesday. 这笔交易将于周二正式宣布。
UK ['fɔ:.mə.li] US ['fɔ:r-] adverb
SERIOUSLY/CORRECTLY 认真地／正确地
■in a serious and correct way 严肃认真地，正确地
• He was formally dressed in a grey suit. 他身着庄重的灰色西服。
• The headteacher greeted us very formally. 校长非常庄重地向我们致意。
UK ['fɔ:.mə.li] US ['fɔ:r-] adverb
GARDEN 花园
■(of garden design) in a way that is carefully designed and kept according to a plan 精心布置的，布置井然的
formally, formerly
formally: 正式地。如：We were required to dress formally for the party.
formerly: 从前。如：Formerly he worked in a factory, but now he is a teacher.
adv. 正式地；形式上
 - officially, in state

Word: dissent
Front: dissent
[dɪˈsent] (宝 8162/8756 -2)
Vocabulary: dissent
(once / 428 pages)
nv
To dissent is to publicly disagree with an official opinion or decision. Dissent is also a noun referring to public disagreement.
Both verb and noun are often used in reference to a statement by a judge who disagrees with a decision made by other judges. Dissent is also used to refer to political opposition to government policies. The verb derives from Middle English, from Latin dissentire, from the prefix dis- "apart" plus sentire "to feel."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
decent / descent / dissent
Decent is all buttoned up. Descent has all the fun because it gets to climb down a mountain. Dissent is what you do when the glee club wants to get matching red outfits but you like purple.
Decent, pronounced "DEE-sent," means "socially acceptable." It's also an old fashioned way to say "polite." These days if you ask someone if she's decent, you probably don't care if she went to finishing school, you're just wondering if she's dressed so you can come in. Decent can also mean good but not excellent. Have it both ways:
He's a decent old chap, but isn't at home much. (Bertram Mitford)
"We're going to work hard out there, and earn a decent living." (New York Times)
Descent, pronounced "dih-SENT," means the act of moving downward, either physically or socially, like an evil cartoon character's descent into the underworld, or a villain's descent into madness, or even your descent into the subway station or down a mountain:
There are a few nasty, short climbs, but several long descents too. (Guardian)
Descent can also refer to a person's cultural background. Makes sense if you think about going down the family tree:
The women, U.S. citizens of Somali descent, are charged with conspiracy to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization. (Washington Post)
Finally, dissent, also pronounced "dih-SENT" is to pipe up against popular opinion.
It can refer to an opinion that differs from an official or popularly held one.To dissent is to voice such an opinion. There are shades of meaning, but it always means to go against the grain:
Mr. Putin, who has rarely faced public dissent in his 11 years in power, appeared momentarily taken aback, but quickly recovered and finished his statement. (New York Times)
Mrs. Twining curled her mouth in bitter dissent. (Edgar Fawcett)
To recap: decent is fine and you're dressed, descent is to go down down down, and dissent is when you're opinion doesn't mesh with others.
WORD FAMILY
dissent: dissension, dissented, dissenter, dissentient, dissenting, dissentious, dissents+/ dissension: dissensions/dissenter: dissenters/dissenting: dissentingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Democratic centralism still prevails—exemplified by the party’s monopoly on power, Xi Jinping’s autocratic rule and the suppression of dissent.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Amid the positivity, there were some dissenting voices.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Malaysian government leaders said the country remains open to dissent and critics are trying to destabilize it.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 意见的分歧，异议; 〈英〉反对国教; 〈集合词〉不信奉国教者
vi. 不同意，持异议; 不信奉国教
时态：dissented, dissenting, dissents
分布：异议(84%)，持异议(16%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。-sent, 感觉，想法，词源同sense, assent. 即不一样的想法，异议。
持不同意见(dis分开+sent→感觉不合→意见不同)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
【记】dis不同，sent感觉－感觉不同－不同意
【参】assent（v 同意）；sentiment（n 多愁善感；情感）；dissenter（n 不同意者；不服从国教者）
【反】concur（v 同时发生；同意）；conform（vt 使一致；使顺从）
[dɪ'sent] slightly formal
noun uncountable
■strong difference of opinion on a particular subject; disagreement, especially about an official suggestion or plan or a popular belief （尤指对正式建议、计划或普遍看法的）不同意，异议
• When the time came to approve the proposal, there were one or two voices of dissent. 在通过该项提案的时候，有一两个人表示不同意。
Compare assent
[dɪ'sent] slightly formal
verb intransitive
■to disagree with other people about something 不同意，持有异议
• Anyone wishing to dissent from the motion should now raise their hand. 不同意此项动议的人请举手。
vi. 不同意；不信奉国教
 - to disapprove of, disagree with
n. 异议；（大写）不信奉国教
 - exception, demurral

Word: orbit
Front: orbit
[ˈɔ:bɪt] (高研四六托雅 4178/6177 -2)
Vocabulary: orbit
(once / 667 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
To orbit is to follow a circular or elliptical path around a central body. Usually a planet, moon or satellite is described as orbiting, but a child who has too much sugar can sometimes orbit around his parents in an annoying fashion.
Orbit comes from the Latin orbita, “course,” or “track.” The verb orbit is the act of revolving around another object, usually on a circular or elliptical course. Many planets, moons, stars, meteors spacecraft and other objects in outer space orbit around each other. Electrons also orbit around the nucleus of an atom. The noun orbit is the path the object in orbit takes: "The Earth’s orbit around the Sun takes one year to complete."
WORD FAMILY
orbit: orbital, orbited, orbiter, orbiting, orbits+/ orbital: suborbital/orbiter: orbiters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many galaxies of stars form spirals, where relatively few stars in the outer arms orbit around a dense mass of stars at the centre.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Stars at a galaxy’s edge orbit almost as fast as those near its centre.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Glenn was the first American astronaut to orbit Earth and later became a U.S. senator.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 轨道; 势力范围; 眼眶; （人生的）旅程，生活过程
vt. & vi. 在…轨道上运行，环绕轨道运行
vi. 盘旋; 绕轨道运行
vt. 绕轨道而行; 进入轨道
时态：orbited, orbiting, orbits
分布：眼眶(33%)，轨迹(20%)，势力范围(17%)，进入轨道(13%)，盘旋(12%)，绕轨道而行(5%)
→来自拉丁语orbis,圈，环，球体，词源同orb.引申词义轨道。
轨道[orbit=circle,表示"圆圈"]
n.轨道v.(使)沿轨道行On the orbit, the rabbits habitually inherited the merits of the inhabitants.在轨道上,兔子习惯性地继承了居民们的优点.
US ['ɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
■the curved path through which objects in space move around a planet or star （天体围绕行星或恒星运行的）轨道
• The satellite is now in a stable orbit. 卫星目前在稳定的轨道上运行。
• Once in space, the spacecraft will go into orbit around the Earth. 一旦进入太空，太空船将进入环绕地球的轨道。
UK ['ɔ:.bɪt] US ['ɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
go into orbit informal
■to increase or succeed very quickly or to be in a state of extreme activity 迅速增长（或成功）；极为…
• Prices have gone into orbit this year. 今年物价大幅攀升。
UK ['ɔ:.bɪt] US ['ɔ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
■to follow a curved path around a planet or star 绕轨道运行，沿轨道围绕（行星或恒星）运行
• On this mission the Shuttle will orbit (the Earth) at a height of several hundred miles. 此次任务中，这艘太空船将在距地面数百英里的高空绕（地球）轨道运行。
n. [天] [航] 轨道； [昆] 眼眶；势力范围；生活常规
 - path, track, railway, trajectory
vi. 盘旋；绕轨道运行
 - serpentuate, circle round

Word: prone
Front: prone
[prəʊn] (研六托雅宝 6224/6346 -2)
Vocabulary: prone
(once / 844 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you're prone to doing something, it means you're likely to do it, have a habit of doing it, or are susceptible to it. People who are prone to getting the flu every winter should probably get a flu shot in the fall.
The second meaning of prone is "lying face down," and the Latin root is pronare, "to bend forward." This is a handy way to remember both meanings: if you tend to wait to start your term paper until the night before it's due, you are prone to procrastination — you bend toward it. If you stay up so late you fall asleep face down in the book, you are now prone at your desk.
WORD FAMILY
prone: pronely, proneness, proner
USAGE EXAMPLES
This finding — that people are reflexively prone to “intergroup bias” in punishment — is consistent with what many scientists believe about humans’ evolutionary heritage.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
And so, invariably, authors like Johnson are prone to overreach.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
An interception or two seemed inevitable for the Clemson quarterback prone to occasional bad decisions and wayward throws this season.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 易于…的; 俯卧的; 有…倾向的; 倾斜的，坡陡的
分布：俯卧的(80%)，有 ... 倾向的(10%)，易于 ... 的(10%)
→来自拉丁语pronus,向前弯的，向前倾的，来自pro,向前，来自per,向前，穿过，词源同ford,forth.
a.易于...的,倾向于;面向下的,俯卧的He is prone to get angry.他动辄发怒.
【记】pro前，ne：向前顷的
US [proʊn] adjective
TENDING 有…倾向的
be prone to sth/do sth
 ADVANCED
■likely to suffer from an illness or show a particular negative characteristic 易于遭受（疾病）的；有（消极）倾向的
• I've always been prone to headaches. 我总是容易头痛。
• He was prone to depressions even as a teenager. 甚至在青少年时期他就容易情绪抑郁。
• She's prone to exaggerate, that's for sure. 她喜欢夸大其词，这一点是肯定的。
UK [prəʊn] US [proʊn] adjective
LYING DOWN 躺下的 formal
■lying on the front with the face down 俯卧的，趴着的
• The photograph showed a man lying prone on the pavement, a puddle of blood about his head. 这张照片上一名男子趴在人行道上，头部周围有一滩血。
apt, subject, liable, likely, prone
这组词都有“倾向于……的；易于……的”的意思，其区别是：
apt: 口语中常用，指自然的或习惯的倾向，无特殊的褒贬意味，常指在一般情况下发生的事。
subject: 指确实可以察觉的倾向，也就是总结出来的规律。
liable: 指易于产生某种不利的结果，侧重偶然性，常表示警告或提醒。
likely: 侧重可能性，用于指将来，预言希望或所不希望的结果。
prone: 多用于人，着重其本性，或倾向于某种错误、弱点或不良行为等。
adj. [昆] 俯卧的；有…倾向的，易于…的
 - liable, apt

Word: wash
Front: wash
[wɒʃ] (中高 2143/1853 -K3)
Back: vt. 洗，清洗; 浸湿; 冲刷，冲击; 洗去罪名
vi. 耐洗; 被洗掉（通常与 out 和 away 连用）; （波涛等）拍打
n. （尤指船过后划出的）水流; 要洗的衣物的数量; 薄涂层（尤指涂料）
vt. 弄湿; 使受洗礼; （光）布满; （猫等）舔净（自身）
adj. 可洗的，耐洗的; （证券交易）虚假的
时态：washed, washing, washes
分布：洗(91%)，洗涤(8%)，洗清(1%)
→来自古英语wascan,清洗，清洁，沐浴，来自Proto-Germanic*watskan,洗，词源同water,水，字母t脱落，-sk,表反身。后词义通用化。
n.洗;洗的衣物vt.冲刷,洗;冲出vi.洗澡The virtueless girl's duty is to wash the dirty shirts and skirts in the outskirts.无美德女孩的职责就是在郊区洗脏衬衣和裙子.
US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
CLEAN 清扫
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to clean something using water 洗，清洗，洗涤
• wash your hair/hands 洗头／手
• wash the car/clothes/floor 洗车／洗衣服／擦洗地板
• These sheets need washing. 这些床单需要洗洗。
• I'll wash the bottle out (= clean its inside) and use it again. 我要把瓶子洗干净再用。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive (US also wash up)
■to clean yourself, or a part of yourself, with water and usually soap （用水和肥皂）洗（身体的某部分）；洗澡
• I'd like to wash before dinner. 吃饭前我要洗洗手。
wash well
■If a particular material or piece of clothing washes well, it is not damaged or spoilt by repeated washing. 耐洗，经洗
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
FLOW 流过
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition literary
■If water washes somewhere, it flows there, usually repeatedly （水）漫过，流过，冲刷
• She stood on the shore and let the water wash over her tired feet. 她站在岸边，任水漫过她疲惫的双脚。
wash sb/sth up/ashore/overboard
■(of the sea) to carry something or someone to or away from a place （海水）把…冲上岸／冲走
• Overnight the sea had washed up a lot of rubbish. 一夜之间海水将大量垃圾冲上了岸。
• More than 400 dead dolphins had been washed ashore. 400多条死亡的海豚被冲上了岸。
• A Spanish crew member had been washed overboard (= carried off a ship into the sea by the force of the water) in the storm. 风暴中一名西班牙船员从船上被冲到海里。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
wash (with sb) informal
■If an excuse or argument won't wash (with someone), they are unlikely to believe or accept it. 相信；接受
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
wash your dirty linen in public disapproving
■People who wash their dirty linen in public discuss, or allow to be discussed in public, matters which should be kept private. 在公开场合谈论私密之事；家丑外扬
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
wash your hands of sth
■If you wash your hands of something that you were previously responsible for, you intentionally stop being involved in it or connected with it in any way 洗手不干，不再管
• She couldn't wait to wash her hands of the whole project. 她迫不及待地想与整个专案计划脱离关系。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
wash your mouth out
■Someone who has used a swear word might be told, humorously, to wash their mouth out (with soap, soapy water, etc.). （让说脏话者）净嘴，嘴巴干净点
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wash sth away
■If water or rain washes something away, it removes it or carries it away （水或雨水）冲走，冲掉
• The blood on the pavement had been washed away by the rain overnight. 一夜之间，人行道上的血迹就被雨水冲掉了。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wash sth down
CLEAN
■to clean a large object or surface with a liquid （用液体）清洗，冲刷（大件物品或表面）
• He washed the car down with soapy water. 他用肥皂水清洗汽车。
EAT informal
■to eat food or swallow medicine with a drink that helps or improves it （就着饮料）吃下，吞下
• Supper was fresh salmon and vegetables, washed down with a bottle of white wine. 晚餐有新鲜的鲑鱼和蔬菜，就着一瓶白葡萄酒一起下肚。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wash (sth) out
■If a colour or dirty mark washes out, or if you wash it out, it disappears when you wash it 洗掉，洗净（颜色或污迹）
• Do you think these stains will wash out? 你说这些污迹洗得掉吗？
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] wash sth out
■If an event or sports competition is washed out, it is prevented from happening or stopped early because of heavy rain （因雨）取消，中止（体育比赛等）
• The men's semi-finals in the tennis were washed out this morning. 今天上午的男子网球准决赛因雨被迫取消。
⇒ See also washout
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wash (sth) up
 IMPROVER
■to clean the plates, pans, and other things that you have used for cooking and eating 清洗，洗刷（用过的餐具）
• He washed up his mug and put it back on the shelf. 他洗干净自己的杯子并把它放回架子上。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  wash up US
 IMPROVER
■to wash your hands, especially before a meal （尤指餐前）洗手
• Go and wash up - your dinner's ready. 去洗一洗手——晚饭准备好了。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] noun
CLEANING 洗涤
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■when you wash something or a part of your body 洗，洗涤；洗澡
• Those curtains need a good (= careful) wash. 那些窗帘需要好好洗一洗了。
• Erik needed a good wash after playing in the garden. 埃里克在花园里玩过之后需要好好洗个澡。
the wash only singular
■all the clothes, sheets, etc. that are washed together, especially in a washing machine （尤指用洗衣机一起洗的）所有衣物
• Can I put this shirt in (with) the white wash? 我能把这件衬衫同白色的衣服一起洗吗？
• "Where's my pink shirt?" "It's in the wash" (= being washed or in a pile of clothes that is going to be washed). “我的粉红衬衫呢？”“正在洗着呢（或在要洗的衣服堆里）。”
US for * washing
have a wash
■to wash your body or a part of it 洗一洗（身体某部分）；洗澡
• I need to have a wash before dinner 吃饭前我要洗洗手。
do a wash
■to clean clothes, sheets, etc., usually in a washing machine （通常指用洗衣机）洗衣物
• Are you doing a wash tonight? 你今天晚上要洗衣服吗？
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] noun
THIN LAYER 薄薄的一层
countable
■a thin layer of water or watery paint, especially one which is brushed lightly over a painting to make the lines softer （水的）一层；（涂料的）薄涂层
• a blue wash] a wash of blue 一层蓝漆
• Just before the paint dries, I give it a light wash. 油漆即将干透时，我又在上面涂上薄薄的一层。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] noun
EVEN SITUATION 平衡的局面
countable usually singular US
■an event or situation in which positive and negative things balance each other 均衡局势
• If pollution controls are enforced here, the factories will move to where they're allowed to pollute, so it'll be a wash as far as clear air goes. 假如这里要施行控制污染的措施，那些工厂就会搬到允许污染的地方。因此就空气的清洁而言，这一措施说不上好或坏。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] noun
FLOW 流过
only singular literary
■(the sound made) when the sea moves against land, etc 海浪的冲刷声
• Outside the flat, she could hear the gentle wash of the waves on the beach. 在公寓房间外面她可以听到海浪冲刷沙滩发出的轻柔声响。
n. 洗涤；洗的衣服；化妆水；冲积物
 - laundrying, lavation
vt. 洗涤；洗刷；冲走；拍打
 - baptise, line dry
vi. 洗澡； [地质] 被冲蚀
 - have a bath

Word: crackdown
Front: crackdown
[ˈkrækdaʊn] (9337/13276 -2)
Back: n. 压迫，镇压; 打击，制裁; 强制取缔
分布：镇压(89%)，制裁(10%)，痛击(1%)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■when someone starts to deal with bad or illegal behaviour in a more severe way 制裁；处罚；打击；镇压
• There has been a series of government crackdowns on safety in factories. 针对工厂安全问题，政府有一系列的处罚措施。
n. 镇压；（美）制裁；强制取缔；惩罚
 - punishment, rod, payment, discipline, suppression

Word: mill
Front: mill
[mɪl] (研四六托宝 4439/2128 -3)
Vocabulary: mill
(once / 478 pages)
1nv 2v
A mill is a factory or plant, especially one that's equipped for grinding grain into flour. The facility is a mill, and the machine that does the actual grinding is also called a mill.
When a mill crushes and grinds grain like wheat or corn, you can say it mills flour. Other kinds of mills might mill powder or coffee — and still other mills don't actually grind anything; instead, they manufacture things like steel or paper. If someone "mills around," they wander or move about in a confused way: "The crowd mills around during the concert's intermission." This sense of mill was originally used to describe cattle.
WORD FAMILY
mill: milled, miller, milling+/miller: millers/milling: millings
USAGE EXAMPLES
And sediment from Mad River was milled into the bar countertop.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The new owners plan to sell off certain mill assets and re-market the property for industrial use.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The most visible enterprise is the paper mill, in continuous operation since the late 19th century.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 磨坊; 磨粉机; 榨汁机; 工厂
vt. 研磨，粉碎; 搅拌; 磨，铣; 轧花边（在纸币上）
vi. 惊跑，乱闯; 经研磨
时态：milled, milling, mills
分布：磨(56%)，工厂(22%)，磨坊(16%)，磨粉机(5%)，碾碎(1%)
→来自希腊语molere,磨，来自mel,软，锤打，磨，词源同mallet,melt.引申词义磨坊，磨石，因磨坊在农业社会是比较有代表性的工业产品，后借用该词来指现代意义上的工厂。
n.磨粉机,磨坊;作坊,工厂The drawer put the strawberries and raw paws into a drawer in the saw-mill.绘图者把草莓和生熊掌放进锯板厂的抽屉里.
【记】m妈妈，ill：妈妈生病了，是因为在磨房里面工作得过渡劳累了。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a building where grain is crushed into flour 磨坊，碾磨厂，磨粉厂
 ADVANCED
■a small machine for crushing things into powder 碾磨机，磨粉机
• a pepper/coffee mill 胡椒／咖啡研磨机
 ADVANCED
■a factory where a particular substance is produced 制造厂，工厂
• a cotton/paper/steel mill 棉纺／造纸／炼钢厂
[mɪl] noun countable
put sb through the mill informal
■to cause someone to have a difficult and unpleasant experience, especially by asking them a lot of difficult questions 使（某人）饱受折磨；（尤指用大量问题）为难（某人）
• I had the interview this morning - they really put me through the mill. 我今早去面试了——他们真的让我受了几番折磨。
[mɪl] verb transitive
■to crush grain into flour or another substance into powder 磨；碾碎
• The grain is still milled locally. 谷物仍然在当地碾磨。
■specialized
■to shape metal by removing parts from it using a special machine 铣（金属）
[mɪl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  mill around (UK also mill about)
■If a group of people mill around, they move about with no particular purpose or in no fixed direction, sometimes while waiting for someone （一群人）漫无目的地乱转，闲荡
• In the village square, people were milling about in the sunshine. 在村庄广场上，人们在阳光下徜徉。
plant, mill, factory, works
这组词都有“工厂”的意思，其区别是：
plant: 多指电力或机械制造方面的工厂。
mill: 原义指粮食加工厂。现多指轻工业类的工厂。
factory: 最普通用词，可泛指任何制造产品的地方。
works: 多指钢铁等重工业方面的工厂，也指一些特定的厂。
n. [工经] 工厂；磨坊； [化工] [粮食] [机] 磨粉机；制造厂；压榨机
 - factory, plant, work
vt. 搅拌； [机] 碾磨；磨细；使乱转
 - mix round, churn up

Word: excellent
Front: excellent
[ˈeksələnt] (中高研四六托 2123/1416 -K4)
Vocabulary: excellent
(once / 69 pages)
adj
Something excellent is very good, great, or high quality: this is one of the best compliments around.
Words like extraordinary and exceptional are similar in meaning to excellent. This is a strong word used mainly for things, people, and actions that are much better than average. A B+ on a test isn't bad, but an A is excellent. In basketball, making an all-star team is excellent. Being excellent is difficult and people tend to admire it. People use excellent in another, less specific way sometimes. If you want to say "Cool" or "Good" you might say "Excellent!"
WORD FAMILY
excellent: excellence, excellency, excellenter, excellentest, excellently+/ excel: excelled, excellent, excelling, excels/excelled: unexcelled/ excellence: excellences/excellency: excellencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Excellent young man, wonderful student, an excellent student.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We recently watched the excellent documentary “Minimalism,” which is either the obverse of Hallmark’s conservative messaging or runs parallel to it.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Coleman said an “excellent response” from volunteers should produce similar results.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 卓越的; 杰出的; 优秀的; 太好了
分布：优秀的(60%)，极好的(26%)，杰出的(14%)
→来自excel, 擅长，突出。
杰出的(excel超越,ex+cel上升)[-ent 1.表示形容词"…的"2.表名词"…药剂"3.表名词"…人"]
a.卓越的,极好的I exceed the excellent student who has excessive excellence.我胜过那个有过多优点的优秀学生.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■extremely good 卓越的；优秀的；杰出的；极好的
• The food was excellent. 这食物非常美味。
• Her car is in excellent condition. 她的汽车车况非常好。
• The fall in interest rates is excellent news for borrowers. 对于借贷人来讲，利率降低是个好消息。
• "Our sales are up for the third year in a row." "Excellent." (= I'm extremely pleased.) “我们的销售额连续三年一路上升。”“太好了！”
['ek.səl.ənt] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  excellentWarning: Check your spelling! Excellent is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
prime, first-rate, choice, select, splendid, excellent
这组词都有“极好的”的意思，其区别是：
prime: 常指最重要、价值最高的东西，也可以表示最佳、最典型或最高的人或物。
first-rate: 多用于指对抽象事物的主观评估，有时含夸大、自负的意味。
choice: 指通过精心挑选达到水平，尤指罕见或品质精良的商品。
select: 指精挑细选出来作为范例的物或人。
splendid: 口语常用词，指非常令人满意，显得完美无缺。
excellent: 通常指事物在等级品位以及职位级别等方面的最优或接近最优。
adj. 卓越的；极好的；杰出的
 - remarkable, wonderful, famous, prominent, brilliant

Word: trace
Front: trace
[treɪs] (研四六托雅 3020/2868 -K3)
Vocabulary: trace
(once / 85 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n
A trace of something is just a hint or suggestion of it, a very small amount left behind — like the sad cookie crumbs at the bottom of an empty cookie jar.
There are more meanings we can trace to this word trace. As a verb, trace means to follow the course or trail of something, sometimes even chasing or hunting it. It also means to draw or sketch over a picture on translucent "tracing paper." So you could say that Sherlock Holmes traced criminals throughout London, following even the smallest traces of evidence and tracing copies of the villain's notes for his files.
WORD FAMILY
trace: retrace, traceable, traced, tracer, traces, tracing+/ retrace: retraced, retraces, retracing/ traceable: traceably, untraceable/tracer: tracers/tracing: tracings/untraceable: untraceably
USAGE EXAMPLES
All along, Trace McSorley, the Penn State second-year quarterback, created his own form of pass protection.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
This story was produced in collaboration with the Trace as part of a partnership to report on exclusive new gun ownership data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Ayala’s success was the product, above all, of her own determination to get an education, a resolution she traces to her pregnancy at age 15.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 跟踪，追踪; 追溯，探索; 探索; 查找
vi. 沿着一小径或道路前进; 可以追溯的
n. 痕迹，踪迹; 微量，极少量; [植]（脉）迹; 痕迹
时态：traced, tracing, traces
分布：微量(47%)，追踪(21%)，痕迹(19%)，踪迹(8%)，描绘(4%)，找出根源(1%)
→来自古法语 tracier,寻找，追踪，来自通俗拉丁语*tractire,描绘，勾勒，来自拉丁语 trahere, 拉，拉出，来自 dhragh,拉，拉出，移动，词源同 draw,tract.引申诸相关词义。
n.痕迹,踪迹;极少量v.描绘;跟踪,追踪I feel a trace of disgrace for the gracious man's embracing her bracelet.我对仁慈男子拥抱她的手镯感到一丝耻辱.
verb transitive
FIND 找到
 ADVANCED
■to find someone or something that was lost 找到，查出，发现
• The police are trying to trace the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside a hospital. 员警试图查出那位把新生婴儿抛弃在医院外面的母亲。
• Attempts to trace the whereabouts of a man seen leaving the scene of the crime have so far been unsuccessful. 有人曾看到一名男子离开犯罪现场，但迄今为止，尚未成功追查到该名男子。
• Their missing daughter was finally traced to (= found in) Manchester. 他们失踪的女儿最终在曼彻斯特找到了。
 ADVANCED
■to find the origin of something 追查…的来源
• The phone company were unable to trace the call. 电话公司查不出这个电话来自何处。
• No one has yet been able to trace the source of the rumour. 还没有人能够查出谣言从何而来。
 ADVANCED
■to discover the cause or origin of something by examining the way in which it has developed （根据事物的发展方式）查明…的起因（或源头），追溯
• The outbreak of food poisoning was traced to some contaminated shellfish. 经调查，这次食物中毒源于一些受污染的贝类。
• The practice of giving eggs at Easter can be traced back to festivals in ancient China. 复活节送彩蛋的习俗可追溯至中国古代的节庆活动。
• Rivalries between the gangs can be traced back to (= first happened in) the 1950s in some black and Hispanic neighbourhoods. 这些帮派之间的争斗可以追溯至20世纪50年代在一些黑人和西班牙族裔人口居住区发生的冲突。
■to describe the way in which something has developed 描绘…的发展方式
• The film traces the events leading up to the Russian Revolution in 1917. 该影片描述了导致1917年俄国革命爆发的一系列事件。
[treɪs] verb transitive
DRAW 描绘
■to copy a drawing or pattern, etc. by drawing over its lines through a thin piece of transparent paper （把透明纸覆盖在底样上）描摹
• Did you draw this picture yourself, or did you trace it? 这幅画是你自己画的，还是你描摹的？
• She learnt to write her name by tracing out the letters. 她透过描摹字母学会了写自己的名字。
■to draw a shape by showing the main or outer lines 勾画出…的轮廓
• The child was tracing patterns in/on the sand with a stick. 孩子用棍子在沙子上勾画出一个个图案。
[treɪs] noun
SIGN/RECORD 标志或记录
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a sign that something has happened or existed 痕迹，踪迹
• He attempted to cover up all the traces of his crime. 他试图掩盖他犯罪的痕迹。
• When she moved out, she left no trace of having been there. 她搬走后，没有留下任何在那里逗留过的痕迹。
• My wallet has been missing for several days and I can't find any trace of it. 我的钱包不见好几天了，而我就是找不到它。
• He seems to have vanished without (a) trace (= No one knows where he is). 他似乎已经消失得无影无踪。
countable
■an act of finding information about something electronically, or the record of the information found in this way （利用电子仪器的）追踪，描记图
• The phone company put a trace on the call. 电话公司用电子仪器追踪这次通话。
[treɪs] noun
SLIGHT AMOUNT 微量
countable
■a very slight amount 微量，少许
• Traces of drugs were found in his blood. 在他的血液中发现少许毒品。
• There is just a trace of grey in his hair. 他头发中夹杂着少许白发。
• She speaks English without the slightest trace of an accent. 她讲英语丝毫不带口音。
• There was the faintest trace of a smile on her lips. 她的唇边带着一丝微笑。
• "How wonderful!" she said, without any trace of sarcasm. “多好啊！”她说道，语气中丝毫没有挖苦。
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
vi. [审计] 追溯；沿路走
 - go back, carry up
vt. 追踪，查探；描绘；回溯
 - represent, figure, trail
n. [法] 痕迹，踪迹； [气象] 微量； [仪] 迹线；缰绳
 - suggestion, mark, tail, drop

Word: nose
Front: nose
[nəʊz] (中高 1735/1887 -K3)
Vocabulary: nose
(once / 105 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4nv
Your nose is the body part sticking out of your face (not that pimple, the pointy feature with two nostrils used for smelling).
A nose is a sense organ — your nose tells you if the milk's gone bad or the cantaloupe is ripe. Dogs' noses give them even more information, about where their owners have been or which neighbor cats have been hanging out in their yards. If someone says you "have a nose" for something, they mean you're talented at it. As a verb, nose means to pry or meddle, or for an animal to push its nose against or into something.
WORD FAMILY
nose: nosed, noseless, noses, nosey, nosing, nosy +/ nosy: nosier, nosiest, nosily, nosiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Trump is considered likely to abandon that pledge, thumbing Uncle Sam’s nose at the world’s destitute people.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Valencia was one of those players who shut the game down for United once they got their noses in front.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The first time, other inmates broke her nose, and the second time, they stomped on her and knocked her unconscious, she said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 鼻子; 嗅觉; 芳香，香气; 突出的部分
vt. 嗅出，闻出; 用鼻子触; 用鼻子品评（酒）等; 探出
vi. 小心探索着前进; 探问
时态：nosed, nosing, noses
分布：鼻子(91%)，嗅觉(6%)，探听(1%)，突出部分(1%)，嗅到(1%)
→来自nas,鼻子，可能来自拟声词，词源同nasal,nostril.
n.鼻子;(飞机,船等的)前端,突出部分A dose of poison made the noisy man's nose rosy.一剂毒药使得吵闹的男子的鼻子变成玫瑰色.
US [noʊz] noun countable
BODY PART 身体部位
 ESSENTIAL
■the part of the face that sticks out above the mouth, through which you breathe and smell 鼻，鼻子
• a large/long/pointed nose 大／长／尖鼻子
• I've got a sore throat and a runny nose (= liquid coming out of the nose). 我喉咙痛，还流鼻涕。
• Come on now, stop crying - blow your nose on my hankie. 好了，别哭了——用我的手帕擤擤鼻涕。
⇒ See also nasal specialized
■the particular smell of a wine （葡萄酒的）气味，香味
• a wine praised for its smoky nose 因其烟熏味而备受称道的葡萄酒
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
VEHICLE 交通工具
■the front of a vehicle, especially an aircraft （车辆的）前端突出部；（尤指飞机）机头
• The symbol was painted on each side of the plane's nose. 飞机机头两侧都绘有这标志。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
be (right) under your nose
■to be in a place that you can clearly see 就在（某人）眼前
• I spent ages looking for the book and it was right under my nose all the time. 我花了很长时间找这本书，原来它一直就在我眼前呢。
• She shoved the letter under her boss's nose (= made certain he saw it). 她把信推到老板面前。 -
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
by a nose
■If a person or animal wins a race or competition by a nose, they win it by only very little 以微弱优势（取胜）
• My horse won but only by a nose. It was a very exciting finish. 比赛结束得惊心动魄，我的马以微弱优势获得了胜利。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
get up sb's nose mainly UK informal
■to annoy someone 惹恼，激怒（某人）
• People who drive like that really get up my nose. 像那样开车的人着实让我恼火。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
have your nose in a book
■to always be reading 埋头苦读
• She's always got her nose in a book. 她总是埋头看书。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
have a (good) nose for sth informal
■to be good at finding things of the stated type 擅长寻找…；有发现…的能力
• She's got a good nose for a bargain, 她特别擅长议价。
• As a reporter, he had a nose for a good story. 身为记者，他善于挖掘好题材。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
keep your nose clean informal
■to avoid getting into trouble 不惹事生非，安分守己
• I'd only been out of prison three months so I was trying to keep my nose clean. 我刚刚出狱三个月，所以尽量安分守己。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
keep your nose out of sth informal
■to not become involved in other people's activities or relationships 不干预，不过问
• She can't keep her nose out of other people's business. 她总是喜欢多管闲事。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
keep / put your nose to the grindstone informal
■to work very hard for a long time 长时间苦干
• She kept her nose to the grindstone all year and got the exam results she wanted. 她整整一年勤奋苦学，终于取得了满意的考试成绩。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
nose in the air
■describes the way someone behaves when they think they are better than other people and do not want to speak to them 鼻孔朝天，目中无人
• She walked past me with her nose in the air. 她旁若无人地从我身边走过。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
nose to tail
■one closely behind the other 首尾相接
• The cars were parked nose to tail down the street. 汽车一辆紧接着一辆地停在街道上。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
on the nose
■exactly right, often an exact amount of money or time （常指钱或时间）准确无误
• Her description of the play was really on the nose. 她对这部戏的描述真是分毫不差。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
poke/stick your nose into sth informal
■to try to discover things which are not really related to you 探听，探问（不相干的事）
• I wish he'd stop poking his nose into my personal life! 我希望他别再探听我的私生活！
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
put sb's nose out of joint informal
■to offend or upset someone, especially by getting something that they were wanting for themselves （尤指因夺人所爱而）冒犯，激怒（某人）
• John's nose was really put out of joint when Jane was promoted and he wasn't. 简得到提升而约翰却没有，他为此鼻子都气歪了。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] noun countable
(from) under your nose (US also (out from) under your nose)
■used about something bad which happens in an obvious way but in a way that you do not notice or cannot prevent 在…眼皮底下发生（指坏事就在眼前发生但却没有注意到或无法阻止）
• She stole the shoes from right under the assistant's nose. 她在售货员的眼皮底下把鞋偷走了。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] verb
SEARCH 寻找
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition informal
■to look around or search in order to discover something, especially something that other people do not want you to find 窥探，打探（尤指他人不欲公开的事）；搜寻
• There were some journalists nosing about/around. 有些记者在四处打探新闻。
• The police came in and started nosing into drawers and looking through papers. 警方到来后开始搜查抽屉，翻检文件。
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] verb
VEHICLE 交通工具
intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to (make a vehicle) move forwards slowly and carefully 小心翼翼地行驶
• The car nosed out of the side street, its driver peering anxiously around. 司机一边紧张地四下张望，一边小心翼翼地把车驶出小路。
• He carefully nosed his lorry into the small gap. 他小心翼翼地把大卡车开进这个狭窄的空间。-
UK [nəʊz] US [noʊz] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] nose sth out informal
■to discover something by searching carefully 侦察出；打探出；查出
• He soon nosed out the details of the accident by chatting innocently to people and making some phone calls. 和人们随意闲聊，并打了几通电话之后，他很快就摸清了事故的细节。
n. 鼻子；嗅觉；突出的部分；探问
 - smell, boko
vt. 嗅；用鼻子触
 - smell, snuff at
vi. 小心探索着前进；探问
 - ask after

Word: compensate
Front: compensate
[ˈkɒmpenseɪt] (高研六托雅宝 5037/4464 -2)
Vocabulary: compensate
(once / 284 pages)
1v 2v
Compensate is about correcting for an imbalance. If you step in an unmarked pothole, the city may compensate you by paying your doctor bills treating a broken ankle.
Compensate can also mean "to adjust for." So, if you did stumble into the pothole and injure your left leg, then you might compensate by leaning heavily on your right leg. Increasingly, compensate is used in place of pay. Day laborers are paid for their time, but executives are more likely to be compensated with a suite that includes salary and other benefits––what is commonly referred to as a compensation package.
WORD FAMILY
compensate: compensable, compensated, compensates, compensating, compensation, overcompensate+/compensated: uncompensated/ compensation: compensations/overcompensate: overcompensated, overcompensates, overcompensating, overcompensation
USAGE EXAMPLES
Airlines are not obliged to compensate travelers with lodging or meals for delays because of extreme weather.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The second was added to compensate for a slowdown in the earth's rotation and helps to co-ordinate time-keeping among nations that use GMT.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It was the tone-setting play on a night when Maryland’s swarming help defense forced 17 turnovers and compensated for a lack of height.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 补偿，赔偿; 报酬; 抵消
vi. 补偿，弥补
时态：compensated, compensating, compensates
分布：补偿(63%)，赔偿(36%)，付报酬(1%)
→com-, 强调。-pend, 悬垂，称量，词源同pendulum, pound. 即称量使对等的，补偿。
赔偿;报酬(com全部+pens+ate→花费的钱全部[拿回来]→赔偿)[pend,pens,pond=weight,expend,表示"称重量,称银子",引申为"花费"]
v.(for)补偿,赔偿He repents having compensated the dispensable pension for fear of penalty.他后悔因害怕处罚而补偿了不必要的养老金.
【记】com共同，pens挂，花费，ate吃－一起花费一起吃，肯定是做了什么对不起别人的事情，而作出的赔偿；
【参】expense（n 费用，支出）；dispense（v 分发，分配）compensation（n 补偿，报偿）
US ['kɑ:m-] verb
PAY MONEY 付钱
transitive
■to pay someone money in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some problem 赔偿；补偿
• Victims of the crash will be compensated for their injuries. 车祸的受害者会得到伤害赔偿。
UK ['kɒm.pən.seɪt] US ['kɑ:m-] verb
EXCHANGE 交换
intransitive
■to provide something good or useful in place of something or to make someone feel better about something that has failed or been lost or missed 弥补，补偿
• Nothing will ever compensate for his lost childhood. 甚么也不能弥补他失去的童年。
• His enthusiasm more than compensates for his lack of experience. 他的热情大大弥补了经验的不足。
• I took her swimming to compensate for having missed out on the cinema. 为弥补她错过了电影，我带她去游泳。
• We were late and I was driving fast to compensate. 我们迟到了，所以我开快车来赶时间。
UK ['kɒm.pən.seɪt] US ['kɑ:m-] verb
  Common Learner Errors  compensate When compensate is followed by a direct object, remember to use the preposition for. Don't say 'compensate something', say compensate for something :
✗ The beautiful weather compensates the difficult journey. The beautiful weather compensates for the difficult journey.
vi. 补偿，赔偿；抵消
 - make good, to make up for
vt. 补偿，赔偿；付报酬
 - make good, to make up for

Word: interim
Front: interim
[ˈɪntərɪm] (研六雅宝 6845/4055 -3)
Vocabulary: interim
(once / 1267 pages)
nadj
An interim is a period of time between one event and another, maybe the interim between the arrival of your party guests and the cleanup you have to do after they leave.
If you use this word, you will be speaking Latin, since interim is a Latin adverb meaning "in the meantime." The first part, inter, is also Latin, and means "between." Knowing this, you can figure out a lot of words. Some of your party guests will interact well, and some will argue. If your principal leaves the school, you might have an interim principal––someone who keeps the school running while a new principal is interviewed and hired.
WORD FAMILY
interim: interims
USAGE EXAMPLES
They finished with three losses under interim Coach John Fassel, the special teams coordinator.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most of the bills already filed are agency and budget-related measures, and those filed by interim legislative committees.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Thursday, a former top EU lawyer warned of a "catastrophe" for the UK if no interim trade accord was struck.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 暂时的，临时的; 期中的
n. 间歇，过渡期间; 临时协定
分布：临时的(34%)，暂时的(21%)，过渡时期(18%)，暂定(11%)，中间时期(9%)，中间的(7%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-im,副词后缀。引申词义在中间的，暂时的，过渡的。
a.中间的,暂时的,临时的n.过渡时期,暂定The company will not consider our proposal until next week; in the interim, let us proceed as we have in the past.
【记】inter中间，im＝in在中间－中间时期
【反】permanent（adj 永久的；持久的）
US [-tˌɚ-] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■temporary and intended to be used or accepted until something permanent exists 暂时的，过度时期的
• an interim solution 暂时的解决办法
• An interim government was set up for the period before the country's first free election. 该国在首次自由选举之前的过度时期成立了临时政府。
UK ['ɪn.tər.ɪm] US [-tˌɚ-] noun
in the interim
■in the time between two particular periods or events 在过度时期，在此期间
• The new secretary starts in June, but in the interim we're having to type our own letters. 新秘书六月份开始工作，在此之前我们必须自己打印信件。
adj. 临时的，暂时的；中间的；间歇的
 - temporary, extraordinary, mid, medium, middle
n. 过渡时期，中间时期；暂定
 - transition period

Word: federation
Front: federation
[ˌfedəˈreɪʃn] (研雅 9044/3260 -3)
Vocabulary: federation
(once / 621 pages)
n
A federation is an organization made up of smaller groups, parties, or states. The United States is a federation; the states all fall under the same federal government.
The word federation may be most familiar as part of the name of an organization — for example, the International Tennis Federation, the American Advertising Federation, or the National Wild Turkey Federation. If you follow World Cup soccer, you may interested to learn that the acronym FIFA stands for Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Although the groups within a federation are united around a common goal or ideology, they usually like to keep some control at the local level as well.
WORD FAMILY
federation: federations+/federate: federated, federates, federating, federation
USAGE EXAMPLES
The FIS also said it was working with the Russian Snowboard Federation to look “for possible replacement competitions in Russia on the same dates.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The monthly purchasing managers’ index by the Chinese Federation of Logistics and Purchasing was 51.4 in December, the second highest level of 2016.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Cyber Command and aimed at targets or assets that are important not merely to the Russian Federation but to President Vladimir Putin himself.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 联邦，同盟; 联盟，联合会; 联邦，联邦政府
分布：联合(46%)，联邦(28%)，联盟(26%)
→来自拉丁语fides, 信任，信仰，词源同faith, confidence. 引申词义联合，结盟。
联盟,联合会(feder+ation)[fader=league,表示"联盟"]
n.同盟;联邦;联合;联盟;联合会The small countries joined together into a federation.小国联合起来组成一个联盟.
US [-ə'reɪ-] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a group of organizations, countries, regions, etc. that have joined together to form a larger organization or government 同盟，联盟；联邦
• The United States is a federation of 50 individual states. 美国是50个州的联邦。
uncountable
■the act of forming a federation 结成联邦；结盟；结成联盟
• The federation of the six original Australian states took place in 1901. 1901年澳大利亚最初的六个州结成联邦。
• He's against European federation. 他反对欧洲联盟。
alliance, federation, union, league
这组词都有“联盟、同盟、联合会”的意思，其区别是：
alliance: 普通用词，指对双方均有利的任何联盟。
federation: 泛指用条款固定下来的一切联合，尤指联邦政府。
union: 普通用词，指由若干个体结成的一个统一的整体。强调其永久性。
league: 普通用词，指为了共同的利益而建立的地区性、全国性或国际性的联合组织，也指民间或半官方组织的联盟。
n. 联合；联邦；联盟；联邦政府
 - alliance, combined with, union, unity, combination, association

Word: sheikh
Front: sheikh
[ʃeɪk] (17632/13057 -2)
Back: n. （阿拉伯的）酋长; 族长
分布：阿拉伯酋长(44%)，风流情郎(28%)，=sheik.(14%)，阿拉伯族长(14%)
→来自阿拉伯语 shaykh,老人。引申词义首长，首领，酋长等。
(also sheik) [ʃeɪk] [ʃi:k] noun countable
■an Arab ruler or head of a tribe （阿拉伯）酋长，部落首领
n. 族长；阿拉伯酋长（等于sheik）
 - genearch, patriarch

Word: conspiracy
Front: conspiracy
[kənˈspɪrəsi] (研托雅宝 4229/5072 -2)
Vocabulary: conspiracy
(once / 404 pages)
n
A conspiracy is a secret agreement between two or more people to commit an unlawful or harmful act. Conspiracy theorists are people who believe that the government is secretly controlled by power brokers in flagrant violation of the constitution.
Conspiracy can also refer to the act of planning an unlawful or harmful act: Terrorists might be accused of organizing a conspiracy to overthrow the government. Conspiracy is ultimately from Latin cōnspīrāre "to agree or plot together, literally to breathe together." The corresponding English verb is conspire.
WORD FAMILY
conspiracy: conspiracies+/ conspirator: conspiratorial, conspirators/ conspiratorial: conspiratorially/ conspire: conspiracy, conspirative, conspirator, conspired, conspires, conspiring
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump also drew on conspiracy theories to delegitimize all sorts of political obstacles he faced.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Federal prosecutors in Rochester say Friday that Kenya Brown was sentenced to 248 months following his conviction on armed drug conspiracy and distribution charges.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
His assassins acted in hopes of saving the czar — and themselves — but the conspiracy backfired.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 阴谋; 反叛; 共谋
分布：阴谋(92%)，共谋(8%)
共谋;反叛(conspire+acy)[spir=breathe表示"呼吸"]
同谋(con共同+spir呼吸+acy→共同呼吸→同谋)[-acy表名词"→性质,状态"]
n.阴谋,密谋,共谋The conspiracy of the assissination of the president was brought to light.一个刺杀总统的阴谋被揭露了.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when people secretly plan together to do something bad or illegal 阴谋；密谋；谋划
• The three men are accused of conspiracy. 这三人被指控图谋不轨。
• [+ to infinitive] She has been charged with conspiracy to murder. 她被指控秘密策划谋杀。
• I think there was a conspiracy to keep me out of the committee. 我想有人搞阴谋不让我参加委员会。
conspiracy of silence
■a general agreement to keep silent about a subject for the purpose of secrecy 保持缄默的密约
n. 阴谋；共谋；阴谋集团
 - designing, plot

Word: rein
Front: rein
[reɪn] (研四六宝 8629/6977 -2)
Vocabulary: rein
(once / 326 pages)
nv
Rein is both a noun and a verb for guiding and restraining. You can use the long strap, or rein, on a horse to control its speed and direction, and you can rein in your own tongue by closing your mouth.
Rein rhymes with rain but the two words describe very different things. Rain comes down all over the place, uncontrolled, while a rein holds things in place or controls what comes out. As a noun, rein is often used as a plural word "reins" when talking about actual leather restraints used in horse riding, but a rein also is something non-physical like when you put a rein on spending by shopping less.
WORD FAMILY
rein: reined, reining, reins
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr Trump also berated China for failing to help rein in its ally North Korea.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But growth did slow slightly more than expected, in a sign that government measures to rein in soaring asset prices are affecting the broader economy.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
As a child, I thought all this was possible, and when I started studying it, I reined in my expectations.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 驾驭（法）; 统治手段; 控制（权）; 缰绳
vt. 勒缰绳使（马）停步; 驾驭; 严格控制
vi. 勒住马
时态：reined, reining, reins
分布：控制(81%)，驾驭(10%)，缰绳(9%)
→来自（缩写自）拉丁语 retinere,维持，控制，词源同 retain.引申诸相关词义。
n.缰绳,统治,支配v.驾驭,控制,统治The rider pulled on the reins, and the horse stopped.骑马的人拉紧缰绳,马停住了.
【记】rei＝reg统治
【反】prod（v 刺；激励）
noun countable usually plural
■a long thin piece of material, especially leather, which helps you to control and direct a horse （尤指皮的）缰绳
• You pull on both reins to stop or slow a horse, but only the left rein to turn left. 拉两边的缰绳来让马停住或放慢速度，但是要想左转时，只需拉左边的缰绳。
■UK
■a strap which is put around a small child's body or wrist and held at the other end by an adult so that the adult can stop the child running away （领幼儿走路时防止其走失的）安全绳套，保护带
• I always put my son on reins when we go shopping. 我们带儿子去购物时，总是用安全带牵着他。
[reɪn] noun countable usually plural
free rein
■the freedom to do, say or feel what you want （言行或情感的）自由，自主，无约束
• The young film-makers were given free rein to experiment with new themes and techniques. 年轻的电影制片者们对新主题和新技巧可以自由尝试。
• He deliberately gave his emotions free rein as he played the sonata. 演奏这首奏鸣曲时，他刻意使自己的感情尽情奔放。
[reɪn] noun countable usually plural
keep a tight rein on sb/sth (also keep sb/sth on a tight rein)
■to have a lot of control over someone or something 对…严加约束；对…严加控制
• My father always kept us on a tight rein. 我父亲对我们总是严加管教。
[reɪn] noun countable usually plural
take over/up the reins
■to take control of something, especially an organization or a country 控制，接管（某东西，尤指某组织或国家）
• He took up the reins of government immediately after the coup. 在那次政变之后，他立即控制了政府。
[reɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rein sth in
HORSE
■to make a horse go more slowly or stop by pulling on its reins 用缰绳勒住（马）；收缰绳使（马）放慢速度（或停住）
ACTIVITY (also rein sth back)
■to control an emotion, activity or situation to prevent it from becoming too powerful 抑制；控制；约束
• We tried to rein in our excitement and curiosity. 我们尽力克制住兴奋和好奇。
• Reports today suggest consumers are already reining back spending. 今天发表的调查报告显示，消费者已经开始控制花销。
n. 缰绳；驾驭；统治；支配
 - governance, disposal, rule, trace
vt. [建] 控制；驾驭；勒住
 - possess, contain, regulate, bit, bottle

Word: submit
Front: submit
[səbˈmɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 3184/2259 -2)
Vocabulary: submit
(once / 101 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To submit to something means to undergo or accept it. You must submit to a search if the police have a warrant.
Many of the senses of submit are variations on that first meaning of acceptance. When you submit an application, you formally hand it in to be judged. Similarly, if you put something before an organized group, you submit it. Often websites will have an e-mail address where you can submit questions, comments and suggestions. If you want to paint your room black and your parents submit, they give in to your wish.
WORD FAMILY
submit: resubmit, submission, submissive, submits, submitted, submitter, submitting+/resubmit: resubmits, resubmitted, resubmitting/ submission: submissions/ submissive: submissively, submissiveness, unsubmissive/submitter: submitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maryland’s other five casinos submit monthly compliance reports detailing incidents such as robberies, police responses, underage drinking and the number of people evicted.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For one thing, both firms submit to the requirement in New York City, and Uber also does so in Houston.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The motion that prompted Monday’s hearing was submitted under seal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 顺从，服从; 甘受，忍受
vt. 使服从，使顺从; 提交，呈送; [法]主张，建议
时态：submitted, submitting, submits
分布：提交(76%)，递交(14%)，使服从(3%)，认为(3%)，使屈服(2%)，屈从(2%)
→sub-,在下，-mit,送出，放置，词源同 emit,mission,surmise.即放在下面的，引申比喻义屈服， 投降，及引申义提交，递呈供上级决定等。
使屈服;提出(sub下面＋mit→送下去→屈服)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
v.(to)使服从,屈服;(to)呈送,提交The submitted submarine on the magic magazine is shining and magnificent.魔术杂志上那艘提交的潜艇闪亮而壮观.
[səb'mɪt] (-tt-)
verb
GIVE 给
 ADVANCED transitive
■to give or offer something for a decision to be made by others 提交；呈递
• You must submit your application before January 1st. 申请须于1月1日前提交。
• The developers submitted building plans to the council for approval. 开发商向市政会提交待批准的建筑规划。
transitive + that formal
■to suggest 建议；主张
• In conclusion, I submit that the proposal will not work without some major changes. 最后，我认为这项提案必须进行重大修改方能实施。
[səb'mɪt] (-tt-)
verb
ALLOW 允许
   intransitive or transitive
■to allow another person or group to have power or authority over you, or to accept something unwillingly 顺从，屈服；不得以接受
• We protested about the changes for a long time, but in the end we had to submit. 我们对这些变动抗议了很长时间，但最终不得不屈服。
• [R] She decided to resign from the party rather than submit herself to the new rules. 她不愿遵守新的规定，决定退党。
submit, yield, surrender
这组词都有“让步，屈服”的意思，其区别是：
submit: 表示“甘心忍受”，作及物动词时，宾语为反身代词，但一般为不及物动词，后接介词to 。
yield: “投降”，与surrender 大致同义，但是指“温和的让步”。
surrender: “投降”，强调“被迫投降，压力很大”，是不及物动词，后接介词to；用作及物动词时，表因战败或被迫“交出”，“放弃”某些事物。
obey, submit, comply
这组词都有“服从、听从”的意思，其区别是：
obey: 一般用词，指服从或接受某种权威，或遵循某种原则而行事。
submit: 指顺从或屈服于自己不能进一步抵制或抵抗的人或事物。
comply: 指同意依从他人的愿望或请求，或遵守某种规则或顺应某种环境条件。
replace, submit, substitute, place
replace: 强调某种永久性的取代
submit: 呈交（hand in）
substitute: 强调暂时性的替代
place: 放置
vt. 使服从；主张；呈递
 - maintain, advocate
vi. [计] 提交；服从
 - put in, hand in

Word: twitter
Front: twitter
[ˈtwɪtə(r)] (29161/26239)
Vocabulary: twitter
(once / 357 pages)
vn
To twitter is to make a sound like a bird's trill or chirp. One of the nicest things about spring is the sound of birds as they twitter in the trees. Tweet tweet!
When birds twitter, they make a staccato, musical chirping sound. You can call this sound itself a twitter too. Sometimes the word is used to describe a similar sound made by chattering humans. In the fourteenth century, the word was twiteren, developed from an imitation of the sound that twittering birds make. Twitter is also a social media website founded in 2006, on which people post 140-character bursts of information called tweets. Wonder where they got that idea.
WORD FAMILY
twitter: twittered, twitterer, twittering, twitters+/twitterer: twitterers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Pope, writing on Twitter, pegged the air quality index, a measure of the pollution, above 400 around the time of the video.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
It posted photos of its adventures to its Twitter, Facebook and Instagram profiles, and it appeared to be well received.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
So after calling lawyers and the police, he quit Twitter, at least temporarily, until there is some sort of resolution to Cernovich’s attacks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. （人因兴奋）嘁嘁喳喳地讲; （鸟）叽叽喳喳地叫; 格格地笑; （激动得）抖颤
vt. （鸟等）吱吱叫; 唧唧喳喳地讲述; 颤动; 抖动
n. （鸟）叽叽喳喳的叫声; 格格的笑声; 一个网站名称
vt. & vi. 在Twitter网站上写信息
时态：twittered, twittering, twitters
分布：吱吱叫(39%)，啁啾(13%)，在Twitter上发微博(8%)，啁啾声(8%)，激动或紧张地说(8%)，唧唧喳喳地说话(8%)，在Twitter上发的微博(8%)，激动或兴奋而紧张(8%)
US ['twɪ.ɚ] verb intransitive
BIRD 鸟
■(of a bird) to make a series of short high sounds （鸟）鸣啭，啁啾
• I was woken up in the early hours by a bird twittering just outside my window. 一大早，我就被窗外一只叽叽喳喳的小鸟弄醒了。
UK ['twɪt.ər] US ['twɪ.ɚ] verb intransitive
PERSON 人
■to talk quickly and nervously in a high voice, saying very little of importance or interest 叽叽喳喳地说话
• She comes in here when I'm trying to work and just twitters on about nothing. 我正要工作时她进来了，叽叽喳喳地尽给我讲一些鸡毛蒜皮的事。

Word: expire
Front: expire
[ɪkˈspaɪə(r)] (研六托雅宝 6647/7014 -2)
Vocabulary: expire
(once / 351 pages)
1v 2v
If something — like milk or a free shipping coupon — expires, it is no longer usable or valid. When you expire, you will be dead.
The verb expire comes from the Latin expirare, meaning “breathe out,” and the modern use retains that ancient meaning. The expanded, and more commonly used, meaning of expire is that the breath has — literally or figuratively — departed. When you expire your breath, you breathe out; you exhale. Things with a limited shelf life sometimes offer an expiration date that lets you know when they will expire: yogurt, frozen burritos, and even contracts for temporary employment. But some things expire in their own time: life, love, and car batteries.
WORD FAMILY
expire: expiration, expiratory, expired, expires, expiring+/ expiration: expirations/expired: unexpired
USAGE EXAMPLES
The current 10-year moratorium is scheduled to expire next year.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say the center used expired ingredients and failed to follow cleanliness standards, resulting in tainted steroid injections.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His one-year contract with the team is set to expire, and he’s seeking a long-term deal in the offseason.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 期满; 文件、协议等（因到期而）失效; 断气; 逝世
时态：expired, expiring, expires
分布：期满(38%)，终止(27%)，失效(23%)，断气(6%)，呼气(6%)
→ex-, 向外。-spir, 呼吸，词源同spirit, inspire. 原指呼出最后一口气，临终。
断气;期满(ex出+spire→只出气不进气→断气)[spir=breathe表示"呼吸"]
v.期满,(期限)终止;呼气;断气,死亡My lease will expire on September 30th, this year.我的租约今年九月三十日到期.
【记】ex出，pire＝spire呼吸－呼出最后一口气－去世
【参】inspiration（n 灵感）；aspiration（n 热望）；expiration（n 满期；呼气）
【反】come to life（苏醒）
US [-'spaɪr] verb intransitive
END 结束
 ADVANCED
■If something which lasts for a fixed length of time expires, it comes to an end or stops being in use 到期，期满；结束
• Our television license expires next month. 我们的电视下个月到期要缴费了。
• The contract between the two companies will expire at the end of the year. 两间公司之间的合约将在年底到期。
UK [ɪk'spaɪər] US [-'spaɪr] verb intransitive
DIE 死亡 literary
■to die 逝世，亡故
expire, pass away, perish, die, decease
这组词都有“死”的意思，其区别是：
expire: 委婉用词。从本义“从肺部吐出气来”引申为吐出最后一口气，断气而死。
pass away: 是die的委婉用语。
perish: 书面用词，多指夭折或不幸暴亡。
die: 最普通用词，指某人或某物失去生命而永远不存在。
decease: 正式用词，多指法律上的用语。
vi. 期满；终止；死亡；呼气
 - die, drop, determine, finish, pass
vt. 呼出（空气）
 - breathe out, exsufflate

Word: shoe
Front: shoe
[ʃu:] (中高 1423/1885 -K3)
Back: n. 鞋; 蹄铁; （汽车轮的）制动器，煞车; 外胎
vt. 为…钉蹄铁; 给…穿上鞋; 装防护物
时态：shod, shoeing, shoes
分布：鞋(92%)，蹄铁(4%)，穿鞋(2%)，装防护物(1%)，鞋状物(1%)
→来自古英语 scoh,鞋，来自 Proto-Germanic*skokhaz,鞋，来自 skeu,覆盖，隐藏，词源同 hide,hose,shun.
n.鞋The poet's toes get out of his shoes. Here heroes are zeros.诗人的脚趾露出了鞋子.在这里英雄无足轻重.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■one of a pair of coverings for your feet, usually made of a strong material such as leather, with a thick leather or plastic sole (= base) and usually a heel 鞋
• flat/high-heeled shoes 平底／高跟鞋
• gym/tennis shoes 体操／网球鞋
• He put on/took off his new pair of shoes. 他穿上／脱下他那双新鞋。
• Hurry and do up/lace up your shoes. 快点把鞋带系好。
• a shoe shop 鞋店
■* a horseshoe
[ʃu:] noun countable
be in sb's shoes informal
■to be in the situation, usually a bad or difficult situation, that another person is in 处于（某人）的境地（通常指恶劣或困难的处境）； 设身处地
• I wouldn't like to be in Mike's shoes when the boss hears what he's done! 要是老板知道了麦克的所作所为，他的日子可就不好过了，我可不想像他那样！
[ʃu:] noun countable
if I were in your shoes informal
■used when you want to tell someone what you would do in their situation 如果我是你
• If I were in your shoes, I think I'd write to her rather than try to explain over the phone. 如果我是你，我想我会给她写信而不是在电话里向她解释。
[ʃu:] noun countable
step into sb's shoes (also fill sb's shoes)
■to take someone's place, often by doing the job they have just left 取代（某人）；接替（某人）的工作
• Who do you think will step into Sarah's shoes when she goes? 莎拉走后，你认为谁会接替她的工作？
[ʃu:] verb transitive (shoeing, shod or US ALSO shoed, shod or US ALSO shoed)
■If you shoe a horse, you nail a horseshoe (= a curved piece of metal) to one or each of its feet. 给（马）钉蹄铁
n. 鞋；蹄铁；外胎
 - outer tube

Word: delegate
Front: delegate
[ˈdelɪgət] (研四六托雅宝 5227/3730 -3)
Vocabulary: delegate
(once / 227 pages)
nv
Delegate lends an official air to passing off your work. If you don't like cleaning the bathroom, you can try to delegate that task to your little brother.
A delegate is also an elected official, or the person who is doing the task you delegated them to do. In presidential primaries in the United States, you do not vote for a candidate, you vote for a delegate whose job it is to vote for that candidate at a convention. Be careful with how you pronounce the end of the word. The elected official is pronounced DE-lə-git whereas delegate as a verb should be DE-lə-gāt.
WORD FAMILY
delegate: delegacy, delegated, delegates, delegating, delegation +/delegacy: delegacies/ delegation: delegations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nebraska law prohibits surgeons from delegating to an unlicensed person.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He concentrates on busting crime and deliberately delegates the handling of the economy to others.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
He says the money will defray the costs for delegates traveling to the nomination convention.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 代表，代表团成员
vt. 委派代表; 授权给; [法律]债务转移
时态：delegated, delegating, delegates
分布：委托(53%)，代表(30%)，委派(11%)，授权(5%)，派 ... 为代表(1%)
→de-, 向下，离开。-leg, 法律，送出，词源同legal, legate. 即依法授权，委托。
代表(de加强+leg+ate→加强法律之人→代表)[leg,legis=law,表示"法律"]
代表(de+leg选+ate...选出来的人...代表)[-ate 1.表动词"做,造成"2.表形容词"具有…的"3.表名词"人或地位"]
n.代表vt.委派...为代表;授权;委托The people delegate their power to the Congress.人民授权予国会.
【记】de，legate（n 使者）－代表
noun countable /ˈdel.ɪ.gət/
 ADVANCED
■a person chosen or elected by a group to speak, vote, etc. for them, especially at a meeting （尤指会议的）代表
• Delegates have voted in favour of the motion. 代表们对这项动议投了赞成票。
• Each union elects several delegates to the annual conference. 每个工会选出数名代表参加年度大会。
verb[ˈdel.ɪ.geɪt/
GIVE 给
intransitive or transitive
■to give a particular job, duty, right, etc. to someone else so that they do it for you （把…）委派（给…），（把…）委托（给…）；授权（给…）
• As a boss you have to delegate (responsibilities to your staff). 你作为老板必须要分派工作。
• Authority to make financial decisions has been delegated to a special committee. 财政决策权已经交给一个特别委员会了。
verb[ˈdel.ɪ.geɪt/
CHOOSE PERSON 选中之人
[T + obj + to infinitive]
■to choose or elect someone to speak, vote, etc. for a group, especially at a meeting （尤指会议的）选代表
• A group of four teachers were delegated to represent the school at the union conference. 选出四名教师代表该校出席工会大会。
representative, deputy, substitute, agent, delegate
这组词都有“代表、代理人”的意思，其区别是：
representative: 一般指被选举或委派代表某人或一些人或某个较大团体的人，其职务有时是较长期的。
deputy: 指上级授权代理行事的代表，特指被选择为执行全部或部分公务的人。
substitute: 主要强调某人或某物可以用来代替别的人或物的作用。
agent: 普通用词，通常指经授权代理另一个人或团体，或指在双方之间代表一方起中间作用的人。
delegate: 指一般被派参加某一会议的代表。
n. 代表
 - representation, deputy, behalf of, ambassador

Word: dilemma
Front: dilemma
[dɪˈlemə] (高研六托雅宝 4118/4551 -2)
Vocabulary: dilemma
(once / 1021 pages)
n
A dilemma is a tough choice. When you're in a difficult situation and each option looks equally bad, you're in a dilemma.
Dilemma is from a Greek for "double proposition." It was originally a technical term of logic, but we use it now for any time you have a problem with no satisfactory solution. If you're at the mall choosing between red or blue socks, that's not really a dilemma. But if you have to choose whether to save your cat or your dog from a burning building, that's an awful dilemma.
WORD FAMILY
dilemma: dilemmas
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fernyhough writes that his most elaborate inner conversations occur when he is dealing with an ethical dilemma.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
It is a dilemma most marketers would long for: a product with a built-in fan base and perhaps too much cultural cachet.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The incoming Trump administration, like its predecessors, will face challenges and thorny dilemmas across the globe, not least in the Middle East.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 窘境，困境; 进退两难
分布：困境(71%)，进退两难(29%)
→di-, 二。-lemma, 拿，承载，词源同lemma, epilepsy.即两边考虑的，引申词义窘境，两难。
进退两难(di+lemma争论→二种争论→进退两难)[di-①表示"两个,双"②表示"使…变成,分开,离开"]
进退两难(di表示二,二种争论→进退两难)[lemma=argument(争论)]
n.(进退两难的)窘境,困境I am in a dilemma whether to do mathematics or English.我左右为难,不知是做数学还是写英语.
【记】di2个，lemma（n 命题）：有两个命题－困境
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two different things you could do 左右为难，两难境地
• The President is clearly in a dilemma about/over how to tackle the crisis. 对于如何化解危机总统明显处于两难境地。
• She faces the dilemma of disobeying her father or losing the man she loves. 她面临着要么违抗父亲要么失去心上人的两难境地。
• a moral/ethical dilemma 道德／伦理两难
disaster, dilemma, collapse, epidemic
disaster: 灾难
dilemma: 窘境，困境
collapse: 崩溃
epidemic: 流行病
n. 困境；进退两难；两刀论法
 - difficulty, corner, fix, predicament

Word: illustrate
Front: illustrate
[ˈɪləstreɪt] (研四六托雅宝 2348/1676 -K3)
Vocabulary: illustrate
(once / 72 pages)
v
To illustrate is to make something more clear or visible. Children's books are illustrated with pictures. An example can illustrate an abstract idea.
The word illustrate comes from the Latin illustrare 'to light up or enlighten.' Pictures in a book enlighten the reader, and a good example can enlighten someone on a complex topic. Another use: The government's actions illustrate how out of touch it is with the people. The history of this word illustrates how language changes over time, and how knowing the original meaning can help you understand the word in a deeper way.
WORD FAMILY
illustrate: illustrated, illustrates, illustrating, illustration, illustrative, illustrator +/ illustration: illustrations/ illustrative: illustratively/ illustrator: illustrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, this is “in-depth” and “illustrated”, which is to say, “the same, with pictures”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
That was most clearly illustrated last year as lawmakers considered whether to raise fuel taxes to fund roads and bridges.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Historic buildings across the city will become backdrops for projections illustrating the history of Hull.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 说明; 表明; 给…加插图; （用示例、图画等）说明
vi. 举例说明
时态：illustrated, illustrating, illustrates
分布：说明(83%)，举例说明(12%)，图解(4%)，发亮(1%)
→il-,进入，使，luster,发光，光泽。引申词义解释，阐明。
说明,阐明(il+lustr光＋ate→进入光明→说明)[il-,ir-①放在同辅音词根前表示"不,无"②表示"使…成为,进入"]
说明,阐明(il不断+lustr+ate→不断给光明→说明)[luc,lust=light,shine,表示"光,照亮"]
(il给予+lustr+ate→给予光明→照亮)[lustr=light,表示"光亮"]
v.举例说明,阐明;图解,加插图The teacher illustrated his lesson with pictures.这位教师用图片来讲解课文.
【记】源于luster（n 光彩；光泽vt 使有光泽）－说明
【参】illustration（n 举例说明；例证；插图；图解）；illustrious（adj 杰出的）
【区】illuminate（vt 照明；用语言阐明；说明）
verb transitive
EXPLAIN 阐明
 IMPROVER
■to show the meaning or truth of something more clearly, especially by giving examples （尤指用例子）说明，阐明
• The lecturer illustrated his point with a diagram on the blackboard. 讲师在黑板上用图表来说明自己的观点。
• This latest conflict further illustrates the weakness of the UN. 最近的这次冲突进一步说明了联合国的软弱。
• [+ question word] The exhibition will illustrate how life evolved from water. 这次展览将展示生命是如何从水中演化而来的。
['ɪl.ə.streɪt] verb transitive
PICTURES 图画
■to draw pictures for a book, magazine, etc 给（书籍、杂志等）画插图
• a beautifully illustrated book/old manuscript 配有精美插图的书／旧手稿
manifest, indicate, illustrate
manifest: 表明、透露、清楚表示（show plainly）,显露（性质、感情） [反身用法]显示，出现（reveal）
indicate: 显示，
illustrate: 图例说明
clarify, interpret, account, explain, illustrate
这组词都有“说明”的意思，其区别是：
clarify: 指把已发生的事件。情况和现状说清楚。
interpret: 着重以特殊的知识、经验来解释难理解的事情。
account: 说明某事物如何符合自然法则或逻辑。
explain: 含义广，最普通用词，指把某事向原来不了解、不清楚的人解释明白、说清楚等。
illustrate: 多指用实例或插图、图表加以说明。
demonstrate, illustrate
这组词都有“说明”的意思，其区别是：
demonstrate: v.多指通过具体动作或物体进行演示、示范、表演、展示等以达到说明或解释的目的。
 • This salesman demonstrated how to cook with a pressure cooker.   这个推销员当众演示如何用压力锅煮东西。
illustrate: v.强调通过举例、列图表或比较等方式来说明道理。
 • The teacher illustrated the history lesson by telling a story about George Washington.   那个老师通过乔治·华盛顿的故事来讲述他的历史课。
vt. 阐明，举例说明；图解
 - clarify, elucidate
vi. 举例
 - give an example, cite an example

Word: shopper
Front: shopper
[ˈʃɒpə(r)] (6030/7916)
Back: n. （商店的）顾客，买东西的人
分布：购物者(97%)，代购者(3%)
US ['ʃɑ:.pɚ] noun countable
■a person who is buying things from a shop or a number of shops 购物者，顾客
• crowds of Christmas shoppers 圣诞节购物的人群
n. 购物者；顾客
 - customer, client, consumer, guest

Word: spill
Front: spill
[spɪl] (研四六托雅 3671/4486 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. 溢出; 泼出; 涌出; 蜂拥而出
vt. 使跌落; 泄露机密
n. 洒出（量）; 泼出（量）; 溢出（量）; 小塞子
时态：spilled, spilling, spills
分布：泄漏(59%)，溢出(18%)，洒(11%)，流(9%)，木片(2%)，小杆(1%)
→来自古英语 spillan,破坏，杀死，致残，肢解，来自 Proto-Germanic*spilthjan,破坏，毁灭，来 自 spel,分开，劈开。后引申词义流血，洒出，并可能由该词义引申比喻义洒出，溢出， 泄露等。其原义见 spoil,抢劫，战利品。spill 小木条，小木棍
v.溢出,溅出n.摔下,跌下The silly spilled the milk on the silver silk.傻子把牛奶溅到银白色的丝绸上.
verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
 IMPROVER
■to (cause to) flow, move, fall or spread over the edge or outside the limits of something （使）洒出；（使）流出；（使）溅出； （使）涌出
• I spilt coffee on my silk shirt. 我把咖啡洒到丝绸衬衫上了。
• You've spilt something down your tie. 你把甚么东西洒在领带上了。
• Let's see if I can pour the juice into the glass without spilling it. 来试试看我能不能一滴不漏地把果汁倒进玻璃杯里。
• He dropped a bag of sugar and it spilt all over the floor. 他把一袋糖掉在地上，撒得地板上到处都是。
• Crowds of football fans spilled onto the field at the end of the game. 比赛结束时，成群的足球迷涌进了球场。
[spɪl] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
spill blood literary
■to kill or hurt people 制造流血事件；杀人；伤人
[spɪl] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
spill the beans
■to tell people secret information 泄漏秘密
• So who spilt the beans about her affair with David? 那到底是谁把她和戴维的私情抖露出来的？
[spɪl] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
spill your guts US Australian informal
■to tell someone all about yourself, especially your problems 倾诉（告诉某人你所有的事情，尤其是你的问题）
• Why do people take part in these shows and spill their guts on camera in front of a studio audience? 为甚么有人要参加这些节目，当着摄影机及现场观众的面，倾心吐意？
[spɪl] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
  Phrasal Verbs  spill out
■to flow or fall out of a container 溢出；流出；洒出；掉出
• All the shopping had spilled out of my bag. 采购的东西全从我的袋子里掉了出来。
• The contents of the truck spilled out across the road. 卡车上装载的东西掉在街上，到处都是。
■If people spill out of a place, large numbers of them come out of it （人）涌出，蜂拥而出
• People were spilling out of the wine bar onto the street. 人们从酒吧里蜂拥而出来到街上。
[spɪl] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
  Phrasal Verbs  spill (sth) out
■to talk about or express an emotion freely 倾诉，发泄（情感）
• All his resentment spilled out. 他的怨恨一股脑全都发泄了出来。
• I listened quietly as she spilled out all her anger and despair. 我静静地听她倾诉她的愤怒和绝望。
[spɪl] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
  Phrasal Verbs  spill over
■If an activity or situation spills over, it begins to affect another situation or group of people, especially in an unpleasant or unwanted way （尤指令人不快地）波及，扩散，影响
• I try not to let my work spill over into my life outside the office. 我努力不让我的工作影响到办公室之外的生活。
• The conflict threatens to spill over into neighbouring regions. 冲突可能会波及到邻近地区。
■to continue for a longer time than expected 延续；延长
• The talks between the two leaders look likely to spill over into the weekend. 两位领导人之间的会谈看来很可能会持续到这个周末。
[spɪl] noun countable
■an amount of something which has come out of a container 洒出量；溢出量
• a fuel spill on the road 路面上的溢油
• Could you wipe up that spill, please? 请把那溢出的东西擦干净好吗？
• In 1989, there was a massive oil spill in Alaska. 1989年阿拉斯加曾发生过大规模溢油事件。
[spɪl] noun countable
take a spill informal
■to fall off something, usually a bicycle or a horse （通常指从脚踏车或马上）摔下，跌下
vt. 使溢出，使流出；使摔下
 - drain, overflow
vi. 溢出，流出；摔下；涌流
 - discharge, issue, shed
n. 溢出，溅出；溢出量；摔下；小塞子
 - superflux, extravasation

Word: crow
Front: crow
[krəʊ] (研四六托 8402/9901 -1)
Vocabulary: crow
(once / 733 pages)
1n 2nv 3vn
A crow is a large, intelligent, black bird with a loud call. Farmers and gardeners set up "scarecrows" to keep crows away from their seeds and crops.
A crow is glossy and dark, a close relation of the raven, and a large group of crows is known as a murder. When a crow caws, you can also say it crows — and another way to crow is to call out with satisfaction about something: "I'm so proud of the award I just want to crow about it all day long!" The Old English root of crowe is crawe, which imitates the sound a crow makes.
WORD FAMILY
crow: crowed, crowing, crows+/crowing: crowings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It grew to more than 3,000 names — longer than the Chevy Chase Country Club’s, Don crowed to a Post reporter in 1985.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The company crows that it’s the best-selling premium three-row crossover in history.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Hopefully president Trump controls the neocon factions in CIA and state department, we don't need more cooks in an awfully crowed kitchen.
New York Times(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 乌鸦; 雄鸡的啼声
vi. 公鸡啼鸣，报晓; 欢呼; （尤指在其他人不成功时）扬扬自得地夸口
时态：crowed, crowing, crows
分布：乌鸦(75%)，啼叫(11%)，欢叫(5%)，报晓(5%)，洋洋自得(3%)，夸口(1%)
→拟声词，模仿乌鸦的叫声。比较crane, cock.
n.乌鸦v./n.鸡啼,鸣叫The grown-up growled at a crowd of crows.那个成年人对着一群公鸡咆哮.
US [kroʊ] noun countable
■a large black bird with a loud unpleasant cry 乌鸦
UK [krəʊ] US [kroʊ] noun countable
as the crow flies
■describes a distance when measured in a straight line between two points or places 笔直地，成直线地，沿直线
UK [krəʊ] US [kroʊ] verb intransitive (crowed or UK ALSO crew, crowed or UK ALSO crew)
CRY 叫
■When a cock (= an adult male chicken) crows, it makes a very long and loud sharp cry （公鸡）啼叫，打鸣
• We were woken at dawn by a cock crowing repeatedly. 黎明时，我们被一阵阵的鸡啼声吵醒。
■When a baby crows, it makes sudden cries of happiness. （婴儿）欢叫
UK [krəʊ] US [kroʊ] verb intransitive (crowed or UK ALSO crew, crowed or UK ALSO crew)
TALK PROUDLY 夸口 disapproving
■to talk in a proud and annoying way about something you have done 夸耀；夸口，自夸
• He's always crowing about his latest triumph. 他老是吹嘘他最近取得的成功。
pride, boast, brag, crow
这组词都有“自夸，吹嘘”的意思，其区别是：
pride: 与boast的意义较接近，指炫耀、夸口，自鸣得意，常与反身代词连用。
boast: 普通用词，指对自己所做的事，自己的长处、财富以及家庭等的夸耀，常含言过其实的意味。
brag: 非正式用词，其夸耀和吹嘘意味强于boast，到了过分夸大，有时令人讨厌的地步。
crow: 多指大声吵嚷地吹嘘，夸耀自己做某事比他人做得好。
n. [鸟] 乌鸦；鸡鸣；撬棍
 - corbie, wrecking bar

Word: stimulate
Front: stimulate
[ˈstɪmjuleɪt] (研四六托雅 4440/3560 -3)
Vocabulary: stimulate
(once / 333 pages)
v
If the economy is starting to stall, the president can't just sit there. He has to stimulate—turn it on, bring it to life, perk it up. You can stimulate practically anything: a person, a conversation, a mind, or even the growth of a plant.
Stimulate is often used to describe a physical or sexual sensation, but don't get bogged down in that kind of thinking. Often, a government will try to stimulate economic activity by creating a stimulus package. Or, say, for example, that I'm trying to sell my new song CD. In order to stimulate interest, I need to send out a sample song to all my friends. Unless, of course, my songs are no good.
WORD FAMILY
stimulate: stimulated, stimulates, stimulating, stimulation, stimulative+/stimulating: stimulatingly, unstimulating/ stimulation: self-stimulation, stimulations/ stimulus: stimulate, stimuli
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is partly because it stimulates multiple biochemical pathways, which may account for its wide range of effects.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“Those numbers definitely indicate automakers are trying to stimulate demand that might be waning a little bit,” Acevedo said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The electrodes stimulate the remaining retina's remaining cells which send the information to the brain.
BBC(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: vt. 刺激; 激励，鼓舞; 使兴奋
vi. 起兴奋作用; 起促进作用; 起刺激作用
时态：stimulated, stimulating, stimulates
分布：刺激(85%)，激励(10%)，鼓舞(4%)，起刺激作用(1%)
→来自 stimulus,刺激物，-ate,使。
刺激,鼓励(stimul+ate→刺激)[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
v.刺激,使兴奋;激励,鼓舞The chocolates on the plate stimulated my son to calculate.盘子里的巧克力鼓励了儿子进行计算.
verb
 IMPROVER transitive
■to encourage something to grow, develop or become active 激发，激励；促进
• The government plans to cut taxes in order to stimulate the economy. 政府计划减税以刺激经济发展。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to make someone excited and interested about something 刺激，使兴奋；使感兴趣
• The film was intended to stimulate and amuse. 这部电影的主要目的是助兴和娱乐。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] Good teachers should ask questions that stimulate students to think. 好的老师应该问一些能激发学生思考的问题。
• Erotic images are often more sexually stimulating to men than to women. 色情影像在性方面对男性的刺激作用大于女性。
transitive specialized
■to cause part of the body to operate 促进（身体某部位）的功能
• The drugs stimulate the damaged tissue into repairing itself. 药物促使受损组织自行修复。
• Standing on your head is supposed to stimulate hair growth. 据信倒立可以促进头发生长。
stimulate, provoke
stimulate: 刺激，一般指刺激某人对某事感兴趣
provoke: 刺激，指激起某人突然的情感
motivate, encourage, excite, stimulate, inspire
这组词都有“鼓励、刺激”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: v.激发，促动，强调激起动机去做某事。
 • A desire to go to medical school motivates her to study hard everyday.   她希望上医学院，这成了她每天努力学习的动力。
encourage: v.鼓励，促进，含有"使增强勇气或给予希望"的意味。
 • He encouraged his son to go to good college.   他鼓励他的儿子上名牌大学。
excite: v.指使人感到激动、兴奋；煽动，鼓动。
 • The band played louder and excited the audience.   乐队演奏得更响亮了，使观众兴奋起来。
stimulate: v.刺激，激发，促进，强调刺激反应的结果。
 • Cold air stimulates me.   冷空气刺激我振作起来
inspire: v.鼓舞，激发，影响，常常带有"启迪，启发"的意思。
 • My mother inspires us with stories of her difficult childhood.   我的妈妈给我们讲童年时的艰苦生活以激励我们。
vt. 刺激；鼓舞，激励
 - fan, power, motivate, needle, activate

Word: tendency
Front: tendency
[ˈtendənsi] (高研四六托雅 3040/2377 -K3)
Vocabulary: tendency
(once / 177 pages)
n
A tendency is an inclination to do something. For example, dogs have a tendency to bark at strangers and the mail man.
We all have tendencies: things we're inclined to do, or like to do, or just can't help doing. Morning people have a tendency to get up early. Basketball players usually have a tendency to go right or left. Optimists have a tendency to look on the bright side of things; pessimists have the opposite tendency. Other things have tendencies too, like how the stock market tends to go up and down.
WORD FAMILY
tendency: tendencies, tendencious, tendentious +/ tend: tended, tendency, tender, tending, tends/tended: untended/ tendentious: tendentiously, tendentiousness/ tender: tendered, tenderer, tenderest, tendering, tenderise, tenderize, tenderized, tenderly, tenderness, tenders/tenderise: tenderisation, tenderised, tenderiser/tenderize: tenderization, tenderizer, tenderizes, tenderizing/tenderizer: tenderizers/tenderness: tendernesses/tending: tendings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Spurning the American tendency to treat every ailment with medication, he instead explored the body’s ability to heal itself.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As new research from our laboratory suggests, implicit bias is grounded in a basic human tendency to divide the social world into groups.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
A recently released special by George Carlin, “I Kinda Like It When a Lotta People Die,” was a welcome reminder of his apocalyptic tendencies.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 倾向，趋势; （话或作品等的）旨趣，意向; 性情; 癖好
分布：趋势(55%)，倾向(44%)，秉性(1%)
→tend-,延伸，伸长，-ency,状态名词后缀。
倾向(tend+ency→伸出去的状态→偏向一边→倾向)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
n.趋势,趋向;倾向There is a tendency towards regional cooperation.有一种地区性合作的趋势.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■If someone has a tendency to do or like something, they will probably do it or like it （思想、行为等的）倾向
• [+ to infinitive] His tendency to exaggerate is well known. 他喜欢夸张是出了名的。
 ADVANCED
■If there is a tendency for something to happen, it is likely to happen or it often happens 趋势
• There is a tendency for unemployment to rise in the summer. 夏季的失业率有上升趋势。
 ADVANCED
■If there is a tendency to do something, it starts to happen more often or starts to increase 倾向
• [+ to infinitive] There is a growing tendency to regard money more highly than quality of life. 越来越多人倾向把金钱看得重于生活品质。
trend, tendency, current
这组词都有“趋势，倾向”的意思，其区别是：
trend: 指事物发展总的方向、倾向或趋势。
tendency: 指固有或习得的倾向性，强调没有外来的影响或干扰。
current: 指向某一方面发展或在确趋向中行动。
n. 倾向，趋势；癖好
 - liability, trend, direction, tide, set

Word: concrete
Front: concrete
[ˈkɒŋkri:t] (高研四六托雅宝 3310/3840 -K3)
Vocabulary: concrete
(once / 423 pages)
1adj 2nadjv
Concrete is that pourable mix of cement, water, sand, and gravel that hardens into a super-strong building material. Sidewalks, foundations, and highways are all made of concrete.
Though people use the words cement and concrete as if they were the same, they're not. Concrete has cement in it, but also includes other materials; cement is what binds concrete together. Construction workers hate when kids write their names in concrete before it hardens: once concrete hardens, it's going to be solid for a long time. When used as an adjective, concrete also means solid. If you've got concrete plans for Saturday, then you have a definite plan.
WORD FAMILY
concrete: concreted, concretely, concreteness, concretes, concreting, concretion, concretise, concretism, concretize+/concreteness: concretenesses/concretion: concretions/concretise: concretised/concretism: concretistic/concretize: concretized, concretizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police said that a search of his apartment turned up no evidence of any concrete danger to New Year’s Eve celebrations.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It will also pay for repairs to the concrete entrance structures of the dry dock.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Movements are born in the moments when abstract principles become concrete concerns.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 具体的，有形的，实在的，实际的; 固结成的，混凝土制的; 图案诗歌的
n. 混凝土; 具体物; （图案式）有形诗; 〔建〕钢筋混凝土
vt. 使凝固; 用混凝土修筑; 萃取
vi. 凝固; 固结; 变坚固; 使用混凝土
时态：concreted, concreting, concretes
分布：混凝土(71%)，水泥(10%)，具体的(9%)，混凝土的(6%)，具体物(1%)，结合(1%)，凝结(1%)，实质性的(1%)
→con-, 强调。-cre, 生长，创造，词源同create, crescent. 即长到一起的，聚合成块的。
具体的n.混凝土(con共同+crete[=cre制造]→共同制造→混凝土)[cre,creas=grow,make,表示"增长,产生"]
a.具体的,实质性的n.混凝土v.用混凝土修筑He created the great creature with concrete for recreation.他用混凝土创造了这个伟大的创造物作消遣.
【记】con共同，crete＝create（v 创造）－共同创造的东西是具体的，如果是抽象无形的东西，就太浪费劳动力了。
【反】conceptual（adj 概念上的）
US ['kɑ:n-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a very hard building material made by mixing together cement , sand, small stones and water 混凝土
• reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土
• a concrete floor/path 混凝土地面／道路
• a grey concrete building 灰色的混凝土建筑物
UK ['kɒŋ.kri:t] US ['kɑ:n-] verb transitive
■to cover something in concrete 用混凝土覆盖
• Why did you concrete over that nice garden? 你为甚么把那个漂亮的花园铺上混凝土？
UK ['kɒŋ.kri:t] US ['kɑ:n-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■clear and certain, or real and existing in a form that can be seen or felt 确定的；确实的；具体的；有形的；实在的
• They think she killed her husband, but they've no concrete evidence. 他们认为她杀死了自己的丈夫，但是他们没有确凿的证据。
• We've got a general idea of what we want, but nothing concrete at the moment. 我们对需要甚么有个大致的想法，可是具体的东西目前还没有想好。
specific, concrete
这组词都有“具体的”的意思，其区别是：
specific: 侧重指具体的细节，是与general(一般)，vague(模糊)相对的具体。
concrete: 指通过感官能看到、听到、触到的具体东西。其反义词是abstract。
adj. [建] 混凝土的；实在的，具体的；有形的
 - honest, effective, real
vi. 凝结
 - to freeze, clot
n. 具体物；凝结物
 - coagulation

Word: passage
Front: passage
[ˈpæsɪdʒ] (中高托雅 2210/1783 -K3)
Vocabulary: passage
(once / 60 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Passage describes the act of passing or traveling from one place to the next.
People often use the word passage to specifically refer to a journey by ship, as in, "The passage to America was long and hard." A section of written work or music can also be called a passage. You can think of a passage of music as moving the listener from one part of the piece to the next. And, finally, you can call a path a passage or passageway, especially when it's narrow. A street is not a passage, but the little tunnel behind the secret door in your closet is certainly a passage.
WORD FAMILY
passage: passages+/ impassable: impassably/overpass: overpasses, overpast/ pass: overpass, passable, passage, passed, passer, passes, passing, underpass/ passable: impassable, passably, unpassable/passer: passers/ passing: passinger, passings/underpass: underpasses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Security Council vote that demanded Israel end all settlement activity — enabling the resolution’s passage.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But the passage of time hasn’t been easy for the aging school.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
How chilling are the resonances with Nineteen Eighty-Four – and particularly the passages from “The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism” read by Winston Smith.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （文章的）一段; 经过; 通路，通道; 旅程，行程
分布：通道(45%)，通过(38%)，走廊(17%)
→来自pass,走过，通过。
通过,通行(pass+age)[pass=passthrough表示"通过"]
n.通过,经过;通路,走廊;(一)段落,(一)节In the passage the passenger passed a cassette of message to messenger.在过道里,乘客给信差传递了一盒带信息.
noun
CONNECTING WAY 通道
 ADVANCED countable (also passageway)
■a usually long and narrow part of a building with rooms on one or both sides, or a covered path which connects places 过道，走廊
• A narrow passage led directly through the house into the garden. 一条狭窄的通道直接从房子通向花园。
• The bathroom's on the right at the end of the passage. 浴室在走廊尽头的右边。
countable
■a hollow part of the body through which something goes （体内的）管道，通道
• the nasal passages 鼻腔
• the anal passage 肛门通道；肛道
['pæs.ɪdʒ] noun
PART 部分
 ADVANCED countable
■a short piece of writing or music which is part of a larger piece of work （文章的）段落；（音乐的）乐节
• Several passages from the book were printed in a national newspaper before it was published. 该书出版前，书中有几段文字被刊载在一份全国性的报纸上。
['pæs.ɪdʒ] noun
TRAVEL 旅行
uncountable formal
■travel, especially as a way of escape 旅行；（尤指）转移
• The gunman then took a hostage and demanded a plane and safe passage to an unspecified destination. 持枪歹徒随后劫持了一名人质，要求派飞机把他安全送到某个未指明的目的地。
only singular old-fashioned
■a journey, especially over the sea （尤指海上的）旅程，航程
• He had booked his passage to Rio de Janeiro. 他订了去里约热内卢的船票。
work your passage old-fashioned
■to do work on a ship during your journey instead of paying for a ticket 在船上做工以抵偿船费
['pæs.ɪdʒ] noun
MOVEMENT 移动
uncountable
■an act of moving through somewhere 通过，穿过
• Many meteors disintegrate during their passage through the atmosphere. 许多流星在穿越大气层时会分解。
• The government prohibits the passage of foreign troops and planes across its territory. 该政府禁止外国军队和飞机穿越其领土和领空。
['pæs.ɪdʒ] noun
TIME 时间
the passage of time literary
■the action of time going past 时间的流逝
• Memories fade with the passage of time. 随着时间的流逝，记忆会慢慢褪去。
['pæs.ɪdʒ] noun
LAW 法律
uncountable formal
■the official approval of something, especially a new law （尤指新法律的）通过
• He again urged passage of a constitutional amendment outlawing abortion. 他再次敦促通过一项宪法修正案，把人工流产定为非法。
n. 一段（文章）；走廊；通路
 - hall, opening, access, corridor

Word: propaganda
Front: propaganda
[ˌprɒpəˈgændə] (研六雅 5838/5071 -2)
Vocabulary: propaganda
(once / 721 pages)
n
Propaganda is the spreading of information in support of a cause. It’s not so important whether the information is true or false or if the cause is just or not — it’s all propaganda.
The word propaganda is often used in a negative sense, especially for politicians who make false claims to get elected or spread rumors to get their way. In fact, any campaign that is used to persuade can be called propaganda.
WORD FAMILY
propaganda: propagandas, propagandise, propagandist, propagandistic, propagandize +/propagandise: propagandising/propagandist: propagandists/propagandistic: propagandistically/ propagandize: propagandized, propagandizes, propagandizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Recent propaganda from the communist government intentionally released sensitive, military information.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Mr. Xi is demanding that the propaganda apparatus step up its game.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Showing the beauty of the Middle Eastern heritage, he said, “is the best answer to the Islamist propaganda of hate, destruction and death.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 宣传，宣传运动
分布：宣传(99%)，宣传的内容(1%)
→来自拉丁语propagare,延伸，扩展，繁殖，词源同propagate,-and,动名词后缀，-a,表阴性。引申词义宣传者，传道者。
n.宣传(机构);[天主教]传道总会It's only propaganda.这仅仅是宣传而已.
US [ˌprɑ:.pə-] mainly disapproving
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■information, ideas, opinions or images, often only giving one part of an argument, which are broadcast, published or in some other way spread with the intention of influencing people's opinions 宣传；鼓吹
• political/wartime propaganda 政治／战时宣传
• At school we were fed communist/right-wing propaganda. 在学校时我们被灌输了右翼思想。
• One official dismissed the ceasefire as a mere propaganda exercise. 某位官员只是把停火当作宣传伎俩而不予理睬。
advertisement, propaganda
advertisement: 广告
propaganda: 宣传（贬义，为某种政治目的而进行的口号式宣传）
n. 宣传；传道总会
 - advertisement, publicity, dissemination

Word: admire
Front: admire
[ədˈmaɪə(r)] (高研四托宝 3277/3283 -K3)
Vocabulary: admire
(once / 48 pages)
v
If you hold someone in high esteem or look up to someone, you admire that person. If you ask four-year-olds who they most admire, they are likely to list their mom, dad, and grandparents — or superheroes and comic book characters.
The verb admire also means to look at with wonder and pleasure. She stood on the balcony of her hotel for a long time, simply to admire the view of the ocean and the surf as it crashed against the rocks below. I admire the way she volunteers to help at the school and with other charities because she is willing to give her time to good causes.
WORD FAMILY
admire: admirable, admiration, admired, admirer, admires, admiring+/ admirable: admirability, admirableness, admirablest, admirably/ admiration: admirations/ admirer: admirers/admiring: admiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mills “carries low, like a woman carrying a baby low,” July told me, admiringly.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The footballer is widely admired in the town, and the county generally, for supporting local projects and promoting his native town.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But he became much admired for developing a style that combined fingerpicking precision on the one hand with a commanding slide on the other.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 赞赏; 称赞; 欣赏; <美口>想要
时态：admired, admiring, admires
分布：钦佩(40%)，欣赏(29%)，羡慕(22%)，赞美(9%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根mire, 惊叹，感叹，同miracle,奇迹，词源同smile, 惊奇的笑。此处字母s脱落，字母r,l流音音变。
羡慕(ad+mire惊奇→惊喜;羡慕)[ad-加在在单词或词根前,表示"做…,加强..."]
羡慕;赞美(ad一再＋mire→一再让人惊喜→羡慕)[mir=wonder,look,表示"惊奇,看"]
vt.钦佩,赞赏,羡慕;称赞,夸奖The hired admirer inspired his desire for the wire.雇佣钦佩者激发了他对铁丝的渴望.
【记】ad一再，mire惊奇，看－一再让人惊喜－羡慕
【参】mirage（n 海市蜃楼）；miraculous（adj 奇迹般的）
【反】abhor（vt 憎恶）
US [-'maɪr] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to respect and approve of someone or their behaviour, or to find someone or something attractive and pleasant to look at 钦佩；羡慕；赞赏；欣赏
• I admired him for his determination. 我很欣赏他那坚毅的性格。
• I really admire people who can work in such difficult conditions. 我实在是很钦佩那些能在如此艰苦的条件下工作的人。
• We stood for a few moments, admiring the view. 我们驻足了一会儿，欣赏美丽的景色。
• I was just admiring your jacket, Delia. 我只是在欣赏你的夹克衫，迪莉娅，如此而已。
honour, esteem, regard, admire, respect
这组词都有“尊重、钦佩”的意思，其区别是：
honour: 侧重指对某人或某物表示极大的敬意。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，含义不很明确，一般需用修饰语加强或明确其意。
admire: 侧重指对某人或某物的仰慕、钦佩，并含欣赏爱慕之情。
respect: 指对人的行为、品德、才华或成就等的仰慕尊重。尤指对年长或地位高的人的尊敬。
vt. 钦佩；赞美
 - praise, celebrate, bless
vi. 钦佩；称赞
 - speak well of, think the world of

Word: progressive
Front: progressive
[prəˈgresɪv] (研四六托 4228/4009 -2)
Vocabulary: progressive
(once / 457 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3n 4adj
People who are progressive favor reform and civil liberties: this is the opposite of conservative, and means something close to liberal.
Progressive people are interested in change and progress. You're a progressive thinker if you like to think up new ways of doing things and you’re open to change. You have a progressive attitude towards gender if you dress girls in blue and boys in pink to challenge stereotypes. Progressive also refers to a type of verb tense, and to taxes that increase as your income increases. This word applies to lots of things that slowly increase or keep making progress.
WORD FAMILY
progressive: nonprogressive, progressively, progressiveness, progressives, progressivism, progressivity, unprogressive+/progressivism: progressivisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Progressive voices, loud ones, will be needed to hold him accountable.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The president’s next tweet hinted at progressive fears over Trump’s nomination of a number of climate change deniers to key positions in his cabinet.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Traditionally, progressives defined themselves, at least in part, by a desire for change.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 不断前进的; 进步的; 进行的
n. 改革论者; 进步分子
分布：渐进的(42%)，先进的(27%)，进步分子(15%)，革新主义者(10%)，前进的(6%)
→来自progress,前进，进步。
进步的(progress+ive)[gress=go,walk表示"行走"]
a.进步的,先进的;前进的The progressive congressman dressed in black stressed his distress.穿着黑色衣服的进步国会议员强调了他的不幸.
adjective
GRADUAL 逐渐的
 ADVANCED
■developing or happening gradually 逐渐的；渐进的
• There's been a progressive decline in the standard of living over the past few years. 最近几年的生活水准每况愈下。
• a progressive disease 慢性病
[prə'gres.ɪv] adjective
MODERN 先进的
 ADVANCED
■describes ideas or systems which are new and modern, encouraging change in society or in the way that things are done （指思想或体制）进步的，先进的
• progressive ideas/attitudes 进步的思想
• The left of the party is pressing for a more progressive social policy. 该政党的左派人士敦促实行更加进步的社会政策。
• a progressive school 实行渐进式教学的学校
[prə'gres.ɪv] adjective
TAX 税
■describes a tax system in which the rate of tax is higher on larger amounts of money 累进（税）的
[prə'gres.ɪv] adjective
GRAMMAR 文法
■describes the form of a verb which is used to show that the action is continuing. It is formed with the verb 'be' followed by the present participle -ing form of the verb （动词）进行式的
• 'He's working hard at the moment' is an example of the present progressive form of the verb 'work'. He's working hard at the moment 是动词 work 的现在进行式的一个例子。
• 'I was eating when the phone rang' is an example of the past progressive. I was eating when the phone rang 是过去进行式的一个例子。
[prə'gres.ɪv] noun countable
■a person who supports new ideas and social change, especially one who belongs to a political party 支持进步政策者；改革派人士 Compare reactionary
adj. [数] 进步的；先进的
 - advanced, ascensive

Word: brotherhood
Front: brotherhood
[ˈbrʌðəhʊd] (高 13702/11836)
Back: n. 兄弟关系; 手足情谊; 兄弟会; （总称）同行
分布：兄弟关系(53%)，手足情谊(43%)，同业会(4%)
US [-ɚ-] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■(the members of) a particular organization or (more generally) friendship and loyalty 同志会（成员）；友谊，手足情谊
• The various groups eventually fused into a single brotherhood. 这些不同的组织最后合并成了一个同道会。
• The ideal of the brotherhood of man (= where everyone loves each other) is still far from reality. “人人皆兄弟”的理想仍远未实现。

Word: flexibility
Front: flexibility
[ˌfleksə'bɪlətɪ] (托 4323/3596)
Vocabulary: flexibility
(once / 2026 pages)
n
If you twist your body into the shape of a pretzel, you are showing a lot of flexibility. Flexibility is the ability to bend or stretch.
Lots of things can have flexibility. Pipe cleaners are designed for flexibility. A piece of software can boast flexibility when it can be used in different ways by different people. If you are really busy with school, sports and activities, your schedule won't have much flexibility. Please don't get fixed on one set idea — show a little flexibility and listen to others.
WORD FAMILY
flexibility: flexibilities+/ flex: flexed, flexes, flexible, flexing, flexure/ flexible: flexibility, flexibleness, flexibly, inflexible /flexure: flexures/ inflexibility: inflexibilities/ inflexible: inflexibility, inflexibleness, inflexiblest, inflexibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In contrast, the Swiss expect a high degree of flexibility to use cash.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Preserving the flexibility to pick and choose facts carries obvious strategic benefits.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
“They want the big dollars. But they also want to do something that adds value. And they want freedom and flexibility.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 柔韧性，机动性，灵活性; 伸缩性; 可塑度; 柔度
分布：灵活性(79%)，弹性(13%)，柔韧性(6%)，适应性(2%)
【记】flex（v 弯曲n 松紧带）
【反】calcification（n 石灰化；僵化）
ADJ-GRADED
可弯曲的;柔韧的
A flexible object or material can be bent easily without breaking.
例：...brushes with long, flexible bristles.鬃毛长而柔韧的毛笔
ADJ-GRADED
易变通的;适应性强的;灵活的
Something or someone that is flexible is able to change easily and adapt to different conditions and circumstances as they occur.
例：Look for software that's flexible enough for a range of abilities.寻找功能多、适用性强的软件。
例：...flexible working hours.灵活的工作时间
n. 灵活性； [力] 弹性；适应性
 - give, elasticity, adaptability

Word: authoritarian
Front: authoritarian
[ɔ:ˌθɒrɪˈteəriən] (宝 7061/9058 -1)
Vocabulary: authoritarian
(once / 4880 pages)
adjn
If your teacher orders you to detention every time you show up to class with a dull pencil, you could probably describe her as an authoritarian — a ruler who prefers order to freedom.
Authoritarian and authority both begin with author, which comes from an ancient Latin word meaning "master," "teacher," or "leader." The connection between authoritarian and master is obvious enough, and you can think of an author as the master of the fictional world she creates. Authoritarian is also an adjective. That teacher with the rule against dull pencils? You can use the noun form to say that she's an authoritarian, or you can use an adjective and skip the "an": "She's authoritarian."
WORD FAMILY
authoritarian: antiauthoritarian, authoritarianism, authoritarians+/authorisation: authorisations/authorise: authorisation, authorised, authoriser, authorises, authorising/authorised: unauthorised/ authoritative: authoritatively/ authority: authorise, authoritarian, authoritative, authorities, authorize / authorization: authorizations/ authorize: authorization, authorizer, authorizes, authorizing/authorizer: authorizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
His style of politics, from his mass rallies of the faithful after the election to his statements about himself, carries authoritarian overtones.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s my voice, in a tone of authoritarian command, saying: “Alexa, stop!”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In a desperate attempt to not be authoritarian, you’ve become permissive.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 权力主义的; 独裁主义的
n. 权力主义者，专制者，独裁者; 独裁主义者
分布：独裁主义的(34%)，权力主义的(26%)，独裁主义者(23%)，权力主义者(17%)
【记】authority（n 权威，权力）
US [əˌθɔ:r.ɪ'ter.i-] disapproving
adjective
■demanding that people totally obey and refusing to allow them freedom to act as they wish 独裁的；专制的
• an authoritarian regime /government/ruler 独裁政权／政府统治者
• His manner is extremely authoritarian. 他的作风极其专断。
n. 权力主义者；独裁主义者
 - monocrat

Word: hitherto
Front: hitherto
[ˌhɪðəˈtu:] (研六雅宝 16041/4192 -1)
Vocabulary: hitherto
(once / 177 pages)
adv
Use the adverb hitherto when you're describing a state or circumstance that existed up until now. If you find a hitherto undiscovered hidden tunnel in your cellar, you're the first to discover it.
When some particular situation has existed so far, up until the moment that you're speaking of, you can use the word hitherto to talk about it. You could say that you're taking a hot air balloon ride that you were hitherto too scared to contemplate, or that a very shy girl in your philosophy class who was hitherto totally silent finally spoke up today and asked a very intelligent question.
WORD FAMILY
hitherto: hithertos
USAGE EXAMPLES
Spears and other researchers argue that this sort of decision fatigue is a major — and hitherto ignored — factor in trapping people in poverty.
New York Times(Aug 17, 2011)
The case was prompted by the well-documented Panama Papers leaks which were said to show Mr Sharif's children as owners of hitherto undeclared offshore companies.
BBC(Dec 13, 2016)
But for Ms Conti, Malta will be unable to hold back the tide of change - even in this hitherto taboo area.
BBC(Dec 07, 2016)
Back: adv. 到目前为止; 迄今; 至今
分布：迄今(54%)，到目前为止(46%)
→hither,这里，to,向。引申词义迄今。
ad.到目前为止,迄今This is a fact hitherto unknown.这是个至今尚无人知的事实.
【记】hither（adv 这里），to：到这里为止－到目前为止
US [-ɚ-] adverb formal
■until now or until a particular time 迄今为止；到（某时）为止
• Mira revealed hitherto unsuspected talents on the cricket pitch. 时至今日，米拉已经显示出他在板球投球方面潜藏的非凡才能。
adv. 迄今；至今
 - hereunto, erenow

Word: proclaim
Front: proclaim
[prəˈkleɪm] (研四六托雅宝 4454/4729 -2)
Vocabulary: proclaim
(once / 148 pages)
v
"I proclaim the Olympic Games open." Every two years with words similar to these, the Olympic games officially begin. To proclaim is to exclaim or declare.
When you proclaim something, you are saying it loud and clear and in public. A doctor can proclaim you healthy after you have recovered from a long illness. The panel of judges may have trouble proclaiming the winner in a very tight race. What you are saying out loud can be called a proclamation. Proclamations were once only made by Kings or other ruling leaders which is why the word proclaim has an official feeling to it.
WORD FAMILY
proclaim: proclaimed, proclaiming, proclaims, proclamation +/proclaimed: self-proclaimed/ proclamation: proclamations
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Comrade President, the people request that you continue to lead the country’s destiny,” the signs proclaim.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition to famously proclaiming that he would “drain the swamp,” Trump also attacked many of his rivals for their alleged dependence on wealthy donors.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
The California-Pacific Conference of the United Methodist Church also proclaimed support for sanctuary efforts.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 宣告，公布; 表明; 赞扬，称颂
时态：proclaimed, proclaiming, proclaims
分布：表明(42%)，声明(37%)，赞扬(13%)，正式宣布(8%)
→pro-,向前，-claim,说，词源同claim,clamor.引申词义声称，声明。
公布;声明(pro在前＋claim→在前面喊→公布)[claim,clam=cyrout,shout,表示"呼喊,叫喊"]
v.宣告,声明The man proclaimed in exclamation that he aimed to reclaim the aimless claim.那个人呼喊着声明说他打算索回无目标的索赔.
US [proʊ-] verb transitive
ANNOUNCE 宣布
 ADVANCED formal
■to announce something publicly or officially, especially something positive 宣布；声明
• All the countries have proclaimed their loyalty to the alliance. 所有的国家都显示了它们对联盟的忠诚。
• Republican party members were confidently proclaiming victory even as the first few votes came in. 才刚得到几张选票，共和党员就信心十足准备宣布胜利了。
• [+ that] It was the famous speech in which he proclaimed that socialism was dead. 就是在那场著名的演讲中他宣称自己不会放弃。
• [+ two objects] She was proclaimed Queen at the age of thirteen after the sudden death of her father. 父亲猝死后，她13岁就被立为女王。
UK [prəʊ'kleɪm] US [proʊ-] verb transitive
SHOW 表示 literary
■to show something or make it clear 表明；显示
• Wearing scarves and hats which proclaimed their allegiance, the football fans flooded into the bar. 足球迷们戴着表示忠诚的头巾和帽子，如潮水般涌入酒吧。
allege, affirm, announce, proclaim, assert, claim
这组词都有“声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。
 • The suspect alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at the time of the crime.   嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。
affirm: v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是deny的反义词。
 • He affirmed his love for her.   他发誓爱她。
announce: v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主张或态度，常常带有预告的意味。
 • The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of knowledge.   印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。
proclaim: v.宣布；宣告(成立)。指经过深思熟虑后向大众宣布一个明确的决定或判断，尤其指重大事件的宣布，多用于官方场合。
 • The president proclaimed an emergency when the war came.   当战争来临的时候总统宣布进入紧急状态。
assert: v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个情况为事实。
 • She asserted that she was innocent .   她宣称自己是无辜的。
claim: v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。
 • They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city.   他们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。
announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, advertise, broadcast, publish
这些动词均含“宣布，公开”之意。
announce: 多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇心的事情。
declare: 侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。
proclaim: 指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针，语体比announce正式。
pronounce: 词义与announce, declare接近，但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。
advertise: 指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意，有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。
broadcast: 专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。
publish: 专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。
vt. 宣告，公布；声明；表明；赞扬
 - indicate, sound, post, state, publish

Word: sympathy
Front: sympathy
[ˈsɪmpəθi] (高研四六托 4270/3089 -K3)
Vocabulary: sympathy
(once / 66 pages)
n
Sympathy is a feeling of pity or sense of compassion — it's when you feel bad for someone else who's going through something hard.
The ability to feel sympathy for others is a great part of what make us human, and it's what compels us to reach out and offer help. So have sympathy for people who confuse this word with empathy — they're awfully close in meaning. Feeling sympathy means you feel sorry for someone's situation, even if you've never been there yourself. Empathy is when you truly understand and can feel what another person is going though.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
empathy / sympathy
Empathy is heartbreaking — you experience other people's pain and joy. Sympathy is easier because you just have to feel sorry for someone. Send a sympathy card if someone's cat died; feel empathy if your cat died, too.
Empathy was first used to describe how a viewer's appreciation of art depends on her ability to project her personality onto the art. These days it applies to anything you can basically "project your personality" on. When you feel what someone else feels, that's empathy. It's a good skill for doctors, actors, and characters from Star Trek:
Nearly all medical schools teach the importance of listening to patients and showing empathy. (New York Times)
"I've always thought of acting as more of an exercise in empathy." (Edward Norton)
In Star Trek: The Next Generation, Commander Deanna Troi was an empath: she could psychically sense other people's emotions. She experienced their emotions as they did.
Sympathy is an older word, from the Greek sympatheia, for "having a fellow feeling." It's a snuggly, comforting word. It's nice to get sympathy if you're feeling under the weather. To feel sympathy for someone is to feel bad for them:
This has already proved effective at drawing attention and sympathy. (Slate)
Police show no sympathy for "polite bandit." (Chicago Tribune)
So many dramas resort to cadging sympathy for their troubled characters by killing off loved ones. (Time)
If you're feeling empathy, you're in (em) the feeling. If it's sympathy, you're feeling sorry for someone.
WORD FAMILY
sympathy: sympathetic, sympathies, sympathise, sympathize +/ sympathetic: sympathetically, unsympathetic/sympathise: sympathised, sympathiser, sympathises, sympathising/sympathiser: sympathisers/sympathising: unsympathising/ sympathize: sympathized, sympathizer, sympathizes, sympathizing/ sympathizer: sympathizers/sympathizing: unsympathizing/unsympathetic: unsympathetically/unsympathizing: unsympathizingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James showed sympathy after her defeat.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Dispatcher Josh Nelson, 27, answered a call from a homicide suspect wanting to explain the killing in an effort to gain his sympathy.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The real disappointment is the lack of any sympathy for my fellow Turkish citizens who continue to be victims of cowardly acts by terrorists.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 意气相投，同感; 同情，同情心; 慰问; 和谐的一致
分布：同情(78%)，同情心(9%)，慰问(7%)，赞同(4%)，同感(2%)
→sym-,一起，一致，-path,感觉，词源同 antipathy,empathy.
同情(sym+pathy感情)[sym-,syn-表示"共同,相同"]
同情,怜悯(sym共同+pathy→共同感情→同情)[path=feeling,suffering,illness,表示"感情,痛苦,病"]
n.同情,同情心;赞同,同感;慰问In the thesis the synthetic symbol symbolizes sympathy.在论文中这个综合符号代表同情.
noun
UNDERSTANDING 理解
 IMPROVER uncountable
■(an expression of) understanding and care for someone else's suffering 同情（心），理解
• The president has sent a message of sympathy to the relatives of the dead soldiers. 总统已经向阵亡士兵的家属发出吊唁电报。
• I don't have much sympathy for her - I think she's brought her troubles on herself. 我不太同情她——我觉得她是在自找麻烦。
Compare empathy
offer/send your sympathies formal
■to express your sadness to someone because a relation or friend of theirs has recently died 慰问，吊唁，吊慰
• I went along to the funeral in order to offer my sympathies. 我去参加葬礼以表吊慰。
['sɪm.pə.θi] noun
SUPPORT 支持
uncountable
■support and agreement 支持，赞同
• I must confess I have some sympathy with his views. 我必须承认我比较赞同他的观点。
sympathies [plural]
■support 支持
• Of those people questioned, 93% said their sympathies were with the teachers. 接受调查的人当中有93%表示支持教师。
• He is known to have right-wing sympathies. 大家都知道他支持右派。
come out in sympathy with sb
■to stop working in order to show your support for other workers who are on strike 参加罢工以支持（某人）
• The railway workers came out in sympathy with the miners. 铁路工人加入罢工，声援煤矿工人。
pity, sympathy, compassion, mercy
这组词都有“同情、怜悯”的意思，其区别是：
pity: 指对弱者、不幸者所表示的怜惜之情。
sympathy: 普通常用词，含义广。指志趣、看法上的一致，也指感情相投，带有深深的恻隐之心的亲切之情。
compassion: 较正式较庄重用词，指对同等人的同情与理解，常含急切愿意帮忙的意味。
mercy: 侧重指对应受惩罚或地位卑下者的慈悲或怜悯。
n. 同情；慰问；赞同
 - acceptance, feeling, compassion, pity

Word: drought
Front: drought
[draʊt] (研四六托雅宝 5353/7206 -2)
Vocabulary: drought
(once / 879 pages)
n
When there is a drought somewhere, there's not enough rainfall. In certain areas, a drought can last for weeks, months, sometimes even years! Forget about running your lawn sprinkler during a drought; the water is needed for drinking, bathing, and toilet flushing.
Another way drought can be used is to refer to a shortage of something (other than rainfall) that lasts for a long period of time, like a drought in job growth during a recession. Typically a drought is not a good thing and something you hope to avoid. For example, if your friend Kenny hasn't gone on a date in five years, it's safe to say that he is having a romantic drought.
WORD FAMILY
drought: droughts
USAGE EXAMPLES
But then the drought arose, a product of both Nebraska’s zone and Maryland’s tentativeness in trying to protect its lead.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The Rams lost 11 of their final 12 games and won only one game at home as their playoff drought grew to 12 years.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“There is no drought,” Donald Trump told Californians while campaigning there last May.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 干旱（时期），旱季; 旱灾; （长期的）缺乏; 枯竭
分布：干旱(100%)
→词源同dry, 干的，干旱的。引申义旱灾。
n.旱灾,干旱Thoughtful men ought not to be thoughtless about the drought.体贴的人不应该对干旱考虑不周.
【记】龙王不brought雨水，就会drought
noun countable or uncountable
■a long period when there is little or no rain 久旱，旱灾
• This year (a) severe drought has ruined the crops. 今年严重的旱灾把庄稼都给毁了。
draught, drought
draught: （draw）n 草拟；
drought: 旱灾
n. [气候] 干旱；缺乏
 - shortage, deficiency, need, short of, want

Word: subsidise

Word: judiciary
Front: judiciary
[dʒuˈdɪʃəri] (9959/9209 -2)
Vocabulary: judiciary
(once / 1521 pages)
n
The courts and the people who run them — particularly judges — make up the judiciary. Get caught painting graffiti on the courthouse? You just might find yourself facing the judiciary.
Another way to say judiciary is "judicial system." It's where you go with a legal dispute, whether you're divorcing someone, suing someone, or accusing someone of a crime. The Latin root is judicium, or "judgment," which is exactly the job of the judiciary: to sit in judgment of people by interpreting the law and then applying it.
WORD FAMILY
judiciary: judiciaries+/ judicial: judicially, judiciary
USAGE EXAMPLES
The problem is exacerbated by how much power is concentrated in the presidency, relative to the legislature or to the judiciary.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I expect the parliament not to vote ... on the agreement before the judiciary rules, so that there won’t be any conflict between them,” he said.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Council’s Judiciary Committee, said the proposal was unworkable and killed it.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 司法部; （总称）法官，审判官; 司法制度
adj. 法院的，审判员的; 司法的
分布：司法部(32%)，法官(25%)，司法制度(20%)，司法的(11%)，法院的(6%)，法官的(6%)
→来自judicial,司法的，-ary,名词后缀。引申词义司法部，司法系统，司法官等。
法院的n.司法部(judici+ary)[judg,judic=judge,表示"判断"]
US [-ɚ-] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■the part of a country's government which is responsible for its legal system and which consists of all the judges in the country's courts of law （政府的）司法部；司法制度
• a member of the judiciary 司法部成员
n. 司法部；法官；司法制度
 - judge, bands
adj. 司法的；法官的；法院的
 - juridical, forensic

Word: mixture
Front: mixture
[ˈmɪkstʃə(r)] (高研四六雅 2413/2426 -K3)
Vocabulary: mixture
(once / 276 pages)
n
A mixture is, simply, the product of mixing. Sometimes, like in the case of ice cream with fudge, a mixture can turn out delicious. At other times, though, like with oil and water, a mixture just fails to jive.
A mixture is a concoction of several parts combined. In chemistry, it describes a composition made up of two or more substances that can be separated. When it comes to textiles, mixture describes fabric that consists of various yarn or materials. Note the difference between mix and mixture, though. Elements in a mix retain their unique parts even though they have been thrown together. In a mixture, elements are blended in such a way that they forfeit their individuality.
WORD FAMILY
mixture: mixtures+/intermix: intermixed, intermixes, intermixing, intermixture/intermixture: intermixtures/ mix: intermix, mixable, mixed, mixer, mixes, mixing, mixture, premix/mixable: unmixable/mixed: mixedly, unmixed/mixer: mixers/mixing: mixings/unmixed: unmixedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Remove and discard the rosemary and thyme sprigs from the tomato mixture, then spoon it over the cooked chard.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Transfer the mixture to a blender and blend to fully incorporate the ingredients.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Place dressing ingredients in a jar and use an immersion blender to blend until the mixture resembles a thick paste.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 混合，混杂; 混杂的事物[人群]; 混合（状态）
分布：混合(64%)，混合物(36%)
→来自mix,混合，-t,过去分词后缀，-ure,名词后缀。引申词义混合体。
混合物(mix混合)[-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示"一般状态,行为"…ature","iture"注:-ture在s结尾的词根后变成-sure]
n.混合;混合物,混合剂The pupils will fix with a mixture the fixed figure in the future.学生们将来要用一种混合物整修固定轮廓.
US [-tʃɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a substance made from a combination of different substances, or any combination of different things 混合物；混合体；混合料
• The mixture of flour, water and yeast is then left in a warm place for four hours. 然后将面粉、水和酵母的混合物放在暖和的地方发酵四小时。
• Their latest CD is a mixture of new and old songs. 他们最新的唱片中收录了新歌和老歌。
uncountable
■the process of mixing 混合，拌合
uncountable
■a type of medicine which has to be shaken before being used 合剂
• cough mixture 止咳合剂
compound, blend, combination, mixture, composite
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
compound: 特指两种或多种元素构成的化合物。
blend: 侧重混合成分之间的类似和整个混合物的统一性。
combination: 指相混元素的紧密结合，但不一定的是融合。
mixture: 普通用词，指不同类种、性质不同的事物的混合。
composite: 通常可与compound换用，但倾向于指人为的或偶然的结合或凑合。
n. [热] [化学] [化工] 混合；混合物； [药] 混合剂
 - mix, hybrid, compound

Word: modify
Front: modify
[ˈmɒdɪfaɪ] (研四六托雅宝 3685/3239 -2)
Vocabulary: modify
(once / 204 pages)
v
To modify is to change or transform, but only slightly. If you miss your free-throws half the time, your coach will probably try to improve your shooting average by modifying your technique.
Modify may mean to alter something, but it's not a total makeover. When you modify or make modifications, you're making subtle changes. These tweaks are usually needed to make improvements or make the thing being modified less extreme. So you can modify your voice if your tone is too harsh, or modify your wardrobe with a few new pairs of cool shoes.
WORD FAMILY
modify: modifiable, modification, modified, modifier, modifies, modifying+/modifiable: unmodifiable/ modification: modifications/ modified: unmodified / modifier: modifiers
USAGE EXAMPLES
How it works: A modified stethoscope is put in a vest.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“I really like the creativity that we use to modify them,” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The winners advance to the modified double-elimination portion of the tournament.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 被修饰; 修改
vt. 改变; 减轻，减缓; [语]修饰，（用变音符号）改变
时态：modified, modifying, modifies
分布：修改(84%)，更改(8%)，修饰(7%)，缓和(1%)
→来自mode,模式，方式，尺度，-fy,使。即符合模式，使达到最新模式，引申词义修改，调整。
修改(mod+ify→规范化→修改)[mod=mode,manner,表示"方式,模式,风度"]
v.更改,修改,修饰The modest man moderately modified the model in this mode.谦虚者适度地用这种方式修改了模型.
US ['mɑ:.dɪ-] verb transitive
CHANGE 改变
■to change something such as a plan, opinion, law or way of behaviour slightly, usually to improve it or make it more acceptable （稍作）修改，更改，改造，改变
• Instead of simply punishing them, the system encourages offenders to modify their behaviour. 这个制度并不是单单惩罚犯罪者，而是鼓励他们改正自己的行为。
• The proposals were unpopular and were only accepted in a modified form. 这些建议不受欢迎，修改之后才得以接受。
UK ['mɒd.ɪ.faɪ] US ['mɑ:.dɪ-] verb transitive
LANGUAGE 语言 specialized
■If a word or phrase modifies another word or phrase used with it, it limits or adds to its meaning 修饰，限定
• In the sentence 'She ran quickly', the adverb 'quickly' modifies the verb 'ran'. 在句子 She ran quickly 中，副词 quickly 修饰动词ran。
turn, transform, change, modify, convert, vary, alter
这组词都有“变化，改变”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 指外形、颜色、气味、性质等方面的变化，比change更通俗。
transform: 指人或物在形状、外观、形式、性质等方面发生的彻底变化，失去原状成为全新的东西。
change: 指任何变化，完全改变，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。
modify: 强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。
convert: 指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。
vary: 暗示不规则或断断续续地变。
alter: 常指轻微的改变，强调基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
fluctuate, alteration, change, modify, convert, shift（in）, alternation, alter, variations
fluctuate: 没有规律的上下波动
alteration: 强调细节的变化
change: 强调某种本质的变化
modify: “更改，修改”程度略小并有趋缓之意
convert: 用途上的改变，也作态度和信仰的变化
shift（in）: 转换，转变
alternation: 轮流，交替（take turn）
alter: 细枝末节的修改，而非脱胎换骨
variations: 指不规则的或断续的改变，或指一种东西改成了不同样式
vt. 修改，修饰；更改
 - alter, dizen
vi. 修改
 - alter, touch up

Word: infection
Front: infection
[ɪnˈfekʃn] (研托雅宝 2692/2510 -K3)
Vocabulary: infection
(once / 489 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Infections are what happens when germs invade your body and cause a disease. Some, like meningitis, an infection of the tissues covering the brain and spinal cord, can be deadly. Others, like the common cold, are relatively mild.
If you've ever scraped your knee and ended up with a swollen, achy scab, you know that you can develop an infection if you don't tend to your cuts and wounds and keep them clean. Though the word was traditionally used in the medical sense to refer to the pathogens, or germs, that cause illness, infection is now sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to people or things that act like pathogens. If rival gangs turn a neighborhood into a battleground, you could refer to this as an infection of gang activity.
WORD FAMILY
infection: infections, infectious, superinfection+/ disinfect: disinfectant, disinfected, disinfecting, disinfection, disinfects/disinfectant: disinfectants/ infect: disinfect, infected, infecting, infection, infective, infects, superinfect/ infected: uninfected/ infectious: infectiously, noninfectious
USAGE EXAMPLES
One reason is that the detritus from an infection of the lung is hard to clear.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He developed a fungal infection in his mouth — a fallout of an immune system compromised by chemotherapy and radiation treatment.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Which he is ready to do at Kapalua, despite battling a sinus infection the last 10 days.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. <医>传染，感染; 传染病，染毒物; 影响
分布：传染(54%)，传染病(33%)，影响(13%)
→来自infect,传染，感染。
传染;感化(infect+ion)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
【反】septic（adj 腐败的；败血病的）－free of infection（未受感染的）
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a disease in a part of your body that is caused by bacteria or a virus （由细菌或病毒造成的身体部位的）感染
• a serious infection 严重的感染
• a throat infection 咽喉感染
• Bandage the wound to reduce the risk of infection. 包扎伤口以减少感染的危险。
n. [医] 感染； [内科] 传染；影响；传染病
 - impression, affection, effect, influence, incidence

Word: messy
Front: messy
[ˈmesi] (高托 6651/9558 -1)
Vocabulary: messy
(once / 3819 pages)
adj
Messy things are sloppy, disorganized, or dirty. Your messy room isn't bothering anyone but you — but your messy clothes might not be appropriate for your cousin's formal wedding.
When a house is messy, it's cluttered and untidy — there might be clothes on the floor or dishes on the table and counters. A messy notebook could be jammed with papers in no particular order, and a child's messy face may very well be covered with chocolate ice cream. Messy dates from the 1840s, and its figurative meaning, "unethical" or "confused," like a messy divorce, came along in the 1920s.
WORD FAMILY
messy: messier, messiest, messily, messiness+/ mess: messed, messes, messing, messy
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 2017 and beyond, we will be seeing cultural projects as urban projects – ones that engage with cities and their unrestrained, slightly messy, vibrancy.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Intelligent people tend to be messier and swear more than others.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
“The film is as disorderly in its structure as the messy family history it surveys,” the Hollywood Reporter wrote in its review.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 凌乱的，散乱的; 肮脏的，污秽的; 复杂的，麻烦的，难以应付的
级别：messier, messiest
分布：麻烦的(51%)，散乱的(28%)，污秽的(21%)
→来自mess,混乱，肮脏。
【记】源于：mess（n 混乱；v 弄乱）
adjective
DIRTY/UNTIDY 脏乱的
 ADVANCED
■untidy 凌乱的，杂乱的；脏的
• a messy kitchen 凌乱的厨房
• messy hands/hair 脏手／凌乱的头发
• His bedroom's always messy. 他的卧室总是凌乱不堪。
 ADVANCED
■producing or causing dirt and untidiness 会把东西弄脏的，导致周围变得杂乱的
• Eating spaghetti can be a messy business. 吃义大利面有时会把周围弄得脏兮兮。
• Vicky cooks really well but she's rather messy. 维琪的厨艺真的很不错，不过她把东西弄得乱糟糟的。
['mes.i] adjective
SITUATION 情况
 ADVANCED
■describes a situation that is confused and unpleasant 棘手的；令人厌烦的
• A war will be a long and messy business. 战争将是一件旷日费时而又令人讨厌的事。
• They had a bitter, messy divorce. 他们的离婚过程痛苦而曲折。
adj. 凌乱的，散乱的；肮脏的，污秽的；麻烦的
 - tight, scattered, dirty

Word: swiftly
Front: swiftly
[swɪftlɪ] (7188/5052)
Back: adv. 迅速地，敏捷地; 倏忽; 飞; 赶
分布：敏捷地(54%)，迅速地(46%)
ADJ-GRADED
快的;迅速的
A swift event or process happens very quickly or without delay.
例：Our task is to challenge the UN to make a swift decision...我们的任务是敦促联合国快速做出决策。
例：The police were swift to act.警方行动迅速。
ADJ-GRADED
快速移动的;速度非常快的
Something that is swift moves very quickly.
例：With a swift movement, Matthew Jerrold sat upright.马修· 杰罗尔德迅速坐直了。
N-COUNT
雨燕
A swift is a small bird with long curved wings.
adv. 很快地；敏捷地；即刻
 - quickly, rapidly, promptly

Word: watchdog
Front: watchdog
[ˈwɒtʃdɒg] (雅 10046/10240 -1)
Back: n. 看门狗，看家狗; 监视者
分布：看门狗(88%)，看守(7%)，看守者(5%)
US ['wɑ:tʃ.dɑ:g] noun countable
ORGANIZATION 组织
■a person or organization responsible for making certain that companies obey particular standards and do not act illegally 监督人；监察机构
• The Countryside Commission was set up as the government's official watchdog on conservation. 设立了乡村委员会，作为政府保护自然资源的官方监察机构。
UK ['wɒtʃ.dɒg] US ['wɑ:tʃ.dɑ:g] noun countable
DOG 狗 US for guard dog
n. 看门狗；监察人；忠实的看守人
 - WinDog, big dog

Word: mental
Front: mental
[ˈmentl] (高研四六托雅 1584/1620 -K3)
Vocabulary: mental
(once / 101 pages)
1adj 2adj
The adjective mental describes anything having to do with the mind, just as "physical" has to do with the body. Mental has to do with the intellect, the mind, or the brain.
There's a history of mental illness in that family, which is interesting because physically they're all so amazing. Makes you wonder why they did so well in one department but not the other. Some argue that standardized tests are no measure of your mental abilities. All they do is tell you how well you did on the test. That would be like testing your emotional depth based on how tightly you hug people. A person's mental gifts are difficult to measure.
WORD FAMILY
mental: mentaler, mentalism, mentality, mentally +/ mentality: mentalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
One is 10 years old with only mild mental disabilities.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Genetics are a key factor in the heritability of mental illness and susceptibility to addiction.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
They repeatedly tried to work in evidence about Roof’s mental state, but U.S.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 内心的，精神的，思想的，心理的; 智慧的，智[脑]力的; 〈口〉精神病的，意志薄弱的，愚笨的
n. 精神病患者
分布：精神的(35%)，脑力的(21%)，心理的(20%)，精神病患者(15%)，思想的(9%)
→来自拉丁语mens,思想，思考，词源同man,mind.引申词义思考的，心理的，智力的。
智力的;精神的(ment+al)[ment=mind,表示"思考,神智"]
a.精神的,思想的,心理的,智力的,脑力的The mental patient thinks the cement is the elementary element of the ornament.精神病人认为水泥是装饰品的基本成分.
US [-tˌəl] adjective
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■relating to the mind, or involving the process of thinking 精神的；思想上的；心理的
• His physical and mental health had got worse. 他的身心健康进一步恶化。
• Many people suffer from some form of mental illness during their lives. 许多人一生中都会患上某种精神疾病。
• She had a mental picture (= a picture in her mind) of how the house would look when they finished decorating it. 她脑海中已经有房子装修好以后的样子。
Compare physical UK slang
■crazy 疯癫的，不正常的
mad, crazy, mental
这组词都有“发疯的，精神错乱的”的意思，其区别是：
mad: 语气比crazy正式，但系普通用词。通常指人精神狂乱，完全不能自我控制的一种病态。
crazy: 通俗用词，指极度的神经错乱或精神失常，也指对事物的狂势，失去自控能力。
mental: 通常指患有精神病的。
spiritual, mental
这组词都有“精神的”的意思，其区别是：
spiritual: 侧重人内心深处的思维对客观事物的反映，而不是人的身体对事物的反应而构成人的精神因素。
mental: 侧重指某人对周围环境所具有的内心，情绪上及智力方面的反映。
adj. [心理] 精神的；脑力的；疯的
 - spiritual, inner
n. 精神病患者
 - psychopath, madman

Word: jobless
Front: jobless
[ˈdʒɒbləs] (14636/12942 -2)
Vocabulary: jobless
(once / 2329 pages)
adj
If you're jobless, you don't currently have a job. If you quit your early morning job at the donut shop, you'll be able to sleep late again, but you'll be jobless.
The word jobless can be substituted for unemployed. Life can be difficult in a city with a large number of jobless people, and it's especially hard for an older worker to suddenly find herself jobless. The word dates from the early 20th century, and the job at the heart of it comes from the phrase jobbe of worke, or "piece of work," possibly related to gob, "mass or lump."
WORD FAMILY
job: jobbed, jobbing, jobless, jobs
USAGE EXAMPLES
The November jobless rate was at 6 percent.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Weekly jobless claims below 300,000 often point to healthy hiring levels.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Statistics show that jobless rates are declining in the nation and the state.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 没有工作的，失业的; 与失业有关的
n. 失业者（与the 连用）
分布：失业的(100%)
US ['dʒɑ:.bləs] adjective
■unemployed 失业的
• He's been jobless for the past six months. 他已失业六个月了。
UK ['dʒɒb.ləs] US ['dʒɑ:.bləs] plural noun mainly UK
the jobless
■unemployed people 失业者，失业人士
• The council has been running training schemes for the jobless. 政务委员会一直在实施针对失业者的培训计划。
• The jobless total (= The number of people unemployed) reached four million this week. 失业人数本周达到400万。
adj. 失业的，无业的；（关于）失业者的
 - unemployed, redundant
n. 失业者
 - unemployed man, gentleman at large

Word: benchmark
Front: benchmark
[ˈbentʃmɑ:k] (8070/12631 -1)
Vocabulary: benchmark
(once / 2382 pages)
n
A benchmark is a standard that other similar items can be compared to — that way everything is measured against a common standard.
Benchmark originally referred to a mark made on a wall or building by a surveyor for use as a reference point. The word still retains that meaning, but nowadays you’re more likely to hear it used in a figurative sense to describe a standard used to measure the worth of something. A particular item is selected as a benchmark, and other similar items are compared to the benchmark. A popular sitcom may be the benchmark other shows are judged against.
WORD FAMILY
benchmark: benchmarks
USAGE EXAMPLES
London's benchmark interest rate, Libor, was invented by a Greek banker arranging a loan for Iran.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Benchmark U.S. crude fell 5 cents to close at $53.72 a barrel in New York.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
U.S. benchmark crude finished the year up 45 percent at $53.72 a barrel.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 基准，参照; 标准检查程序; 水准标
vt. 检测（用基准问题测试）
分布：标准检查程序(42%)，基准点(33%)，参照点(25%)
→bench, 堤岸。mark, 记号。
US [-mɑ:rk] noun countable
■a level of quality which can be used as a standard when comparing other things 基准（点）
• Her outstanding performances set a new benchmark for singers throughout the world. 她的精彩表演为全世界歌手树立了新典范。
UK ['bentʃ.mɑ:k] US [-mɑ:rk] verb transitive
■to measure the quality of something by comparing it with something else of an accepted standard 用标准衡量
• His reports pointed out that we do not have reliability in the sense of all schools being benchmarked against the best. 他的报告指出，我们这种把所有学校都按最好学校的要求进行衡量的做法，根本并不可取。
n. [计] 基准；标准检查程序
 - norm

Word: classic
Front: classic
[ˈklæsɪk] (高研四六雅 2616/2967 -K4)
Vocabulary: classic
(once / 160 pages)
1adjn 2adj
The noun classic means something that's very high quality, particularly if it has lasting value. The pristine Model T Ford that you keep in your garage is a classic, but the beat up old Honda you drive everyday is not.
Use the adjective classic to describe something that relates to ancient Greece or Rome. You can enjoy the classic Greek pillars on the outside of your house but still appreciate the modern plumbing on the inside of it. Classic also means excellent, of recognized authority, or definitive. Classic literature, for example, includes authors like Mark Twain and Jane Austin.
WORD FAMILY
classic: classical, classicise, classicism, classicize, classicly, classics, neoclassic+/ classical: classicalism, classically, classicals, neoclassical, nonclassical/classicise: classicised, classicising/classicism: classicisms, classicist, classicistic, neoclassicism/classicist: classicists/classicize: classicized, classicizes, classicizing/neoclassicism: neoclassicist, neoclassicistic/neoclassicist: neoclassicists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was 46 degrees when play began before a sellout crowd of 46,556, the sixth largest for a Winter Classic.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Just like the old Glen Miller classic, the player looks upbeat and he gets you on your feet.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
After the first Winter Classic in Buffalo the league was hesitant to even confirm there would be a second one.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 典型的; 传统式样的; 著名的; 有趣的
n. 文豪; 文学名著; 优秀的典范; 古希腊与古罗马的文化研究（尤指对其语言与文学的研究）
分布：传统的(43%)，古典的(23%)，最优秀的(17%)，杰作(13%)，古典作品(2%)，第一流艺术家(2%)
→来自class,阶级。特别指古罗马有能力组织军队和响应军事号召的阶级，因此引申词义一等 阶级，最高级，或经典，一流。
n.(pl.)杰作,名著a.第一流的,不朽的From the classical class, the classmate with glasses knows the classification of classics.戴眼镜的同学从古典文学课上知道了古典名著的分类.
adjective
HIGH QUALITY 高品质
 ADVANCED
■having a high quality or standard against which other things are judged 经典的；优秀的；一流的
• Have you ever read Fielding's classic novel 'Tom Jones'? 你有没有读过菲尔丁的经典小说《汤姆‧琼斯》？
• Another classic goal there from Corley! 科利又踢进一个漂亮球！
■informal
■extremely or unusually funny, bad or annoying 特别滑稽的；极坏的；极其令人讨厌的
• Then she fell over backwards into the flowerbed - it was absolutely classic! 然后她仰面倒进了花坛——真是太滑稽了！
• That was classic! That van-driver signalled right, and then turned left. 太可恶了！那个货车司机打右转的讯号，可是却向左转了！
['klæs.ɪk] adjective
TYPICAL 典型的
 ADVANCED
■having all the characteristics or qualities that you expect 典型的；有代表性的
• He's a classic example of a kid who's clever but lazy. 他是个典型的聪明却懒惰的孩子。
• He had all the classic symptoms of the disease. 他具有这种病的所有典型症状。
■informal disapproving
■bad or unpleasant, but not very surprising or unexpected 糟糕的；讨厌的；倒楣的
• It's classic - you arrive at the station on time and find that the train's left early. 事情就是那样倒楣——你按时赶到车站却发现火车提早开走了。
['klæs.ɪk] adjective
TRADITIONAL 传统的
■having a simple, traditional style which is always fashionable 典雅的；古朴的；传统的
• She wore a classic navy suit. 她身穿一套传统式样的海军服。
['klæs.ɪk] noun
HIGH QUALITY 高品质
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of writing, a musical recording or a film which is well-known and of a high standard and lasting value （书、音乐或电影的）经典作品，杰作
• Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice' is a classic of English literature. 简‧奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》是英国文学中的经典作品。
• Many of the Rolling Stones' records have become rock classics. 滚石乐队的许多唱片已成为摇滚乐的经典之作。
the classics [plural]
■the most famous works of literature 古典文学名著
• I spent my childhood reading the classics. 我把童年花在阅读经典文学作品上了。
['klæs.ɪk] noun
STUDY 研究
classics uncountable
■the study of ancient Greek and Roman culture, especially their languages and literature 古希腊和古罗马文化研究（尤指语言与文学方面）
• She studied/read classics at Cambridge. 她在剑桥学习古希腊和古罗马文化研究。
• a classics scholar. 研究古希腊和古罗马文化的学者
['klæs.ɪk] noun
TRADITIONAL 传统的
countable
■a piece of clothing which is always fashionable 经典服装；永不过时的传统服装
• A long wool coat is a classic no wardrobe should be without. 羊毛大衣应该是衣橱里必不可少的经典服装。
classical, classic
classical: 古典的
classic: 第一流的；
adj. 经典的；古典的，传统的；最优秀的
 - traditional, conventional
n. 名著；经典著作；大艺术家
 - chefdoeuvre, scriptures

Word: ohio
Front: ohio
[əuˈhaiəu] (-/15446)
Back: n. 俄亥俄州（美国州名）
分布：俄亥俄州(100%)

Word: objection
Front: objection
[əbˈdʒekʃn] (研四六托雅宝 4737/2931 -2)
Vocabulary: objection
(once / 158 pages)
n
An objection is a way of saying "No!" to something. People offer objections to things they oppose.
An objection is a statement of protest. During weddings, you often hear the question "Does anyone object to this union?" If someone did, that would be an objection: they think the wedding is a bad idea. In court, a lawyer says "Objection!" if they think the other lawyer said something unfair or wrong. A little kid who says "I don't want eggs!" is making an objection. Any kind of disapproval is an objection. When there are no objections, people agree.
WORD FAMILY
objection: objectionable, objections+/ object: objected, objectify, objecting, objection, objector, objects/ objectification: objectifications/ objectify: objectification, objectified, objectifies, objectifying/ objectionable: objectionableness, objectionably, unobjectionable/objector: objectors/unobjectionable: unobjectionably
USAGE EXAMPLES
And now, a year later, the Islamic center is still tied up in traffic-pattern objections and subdivision squabbles.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Does that mean your primary objection is no longer to the “chaos, poor behavior and pretty rough playing that the other kids are accustomed to?”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Gergel will consider the objections from Bender and others 30 minutes before the hearing.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 反对; 反对的话，异议; 反对的理由
分布：反对(74%)，异议(26%)
→来自object,反对，异议。
反对(object反对+ion)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
n.(to)反对,异议,不喜欢,反对的理由He has a strong objection to getting up early.他强烈反对早起.
noun countable
■when someone expresses or feels opposition to or dislike of something or someone 反对，不赞成；有异议
• Her objection to/against the plan is based on incorrect facts. 她对这项计划的反对基于错误的数据。
• A couple of people raised/voiced objections to the proposed scheme. 有几个人提出了异议。
• [+ that] I have no objection except that it may cost more than expected. 我唯一的异议是它的成本可能比预期的要高。
n. 异议，反对；缺陷，缺点；妨碍；拒绝的理由
 - opposition, exception, intervention, prevention, deficiency

Word: coca
Front: coca
[ˈkəʊkə] (16379/22636)
Back: n. 古柯（南美洲及西印度群岛所产的一种药用植物），古柯叶
分布：古柯叶(100%)
→来自南美土著语，为当地一种重要的经济作物，其叶子含有cocaine, 为Coca-Cola重要配料。
n. [植] 古柯，古柯叶
 - eucalyptus leaves

Word: premier
Front: premier
[ˈpremiə(r)] (高研四六 7616/4066 -3)
Vocabulary: premier
(once / 266 pages)
adjnv
Premier is another way of saying “first” or “best” like the premier ice cream store on the block that always has a line snaking around the corner. In a political sense a premier is a head of state.
As adjective or noun, this word has to do with whatever’s first and foremost. Leaders of countries are often called premiers, since they’re the first, most important people in government — like how we call the President's wife the “First Lady.” If you’re referring to something that started first, is the best, or is the head of a country, choose premier unless first will do!
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
premier / premiere
Choose your words:
Avon: Building The World's Premier/Premiere Company For Women
Namely, RJ has a choice to make, hence the season two premier/premiere title, "RJ's Choice."
In the first sentence, Avon is being described as the chief, or perhaps the earliest, company for women. The correct choice is premier. It entered English in 1448 from the Middle French premier, for first or chief, which comes from the Latin prīmarīus. A premier can also refer to a prime minister.
Premier Kathy Dunderdale says Danny Williams did not bring any concerns to her directly.
The first fruits of Bay of Plenty's premier rugby status are about to be harvested.
The second sentence discusses the first episode of a TV show's second season. This time we want premiere, meaning first public performance. This is also a borrowing from French, in this case from première in première representation, in 1889. This première is the feminine form of premier.
It makes it even more surprising a zero-budget production about the wall-crawling superhero was able to premiere first.
The Mainstage Season season will begin with the New York premiere of Itamar Moses' Completeness.
Premiere was first used as a verb, as in to have a first public performance, in 1940. It took several decades before critics allowed premiere to be used that way, but the usage is now considered standard.
WORD FAMILY
premier: premiers, premiership+/premiership: premierships
USAGE EXAMPLES
West Ham, meanwhile, drop from 12th to 13th in the Premier League table.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But no one here treats me like a Premier League footballer.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The problem today is that for these teams to play in the Premier League, they need to pay the wages of the Premier League.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 总理; 首相
adj. 第一的，首位的; 首要的; 最先的; 最早的
时态：premiered, premiering, premiers
分布：总理(85%)，首相(9%)，第一的(3%)，首位的(2%)，最初的(1%)
→来自中古法语premier,第一的，首要的，来自拉丁语primariuss,第一的，一流的，词源同prime,primary.后用于指首要，总理。
n.首相,总理Before the premier, the old soldier scolds the cold weather.老兵当着首相的面咒骂寒冷的天气.
US [prɪ'mɪr] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■best or most important 首位的，首要的
• He's one of the nation's premier scientists. 他是该国最重要的科学家之一。
UK ['prem.i.ər] US [prɪ'mɪr] noun countable
■(especially used in news reports) the leader of the government of a country, or of a large part of a country （尤用于新闻报道）总理，首相
adj. 第一的；最初的
 - initial, first, original
n. 总理，首相
 - chancellor, Taoiseach

Word: topple
Front: topple
[ˈtɒpl] (宝 7503/9915 -2)
Vocabulary: topple
(once / 1379 pages)
v
To topple something is to knock it down. A house of cards can be toppled — so can a government.
Things can topple in several ways. If a building collapses or falls down for any reason, it topples. If you knocked over another student, you toppled that person. Governments that are overthrown are also said to be toppled. When you see the word topple, someone or something is going down.
WORD FAMILY
topple: toppled, topples, toppling
USAGE EXAMPLES
Domestically, an attempted army coup last summer almost succeeded in toppling Erdoğan.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
They threw rocks, toppled streetlights, dodged clouds of tear gas and tipped over a television truck.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But those two plays illustrated the improbable task of toppling the Crimson Tide.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 倾倒; 摇摇欲坠; 倾斜得好倾斜得好像要跌倒一样
vt. 将…推翻，打倒; 使…跌倒
时态：toppled, toppling, topples
分布：推翻(78%)，倒塌(14%)，使倒塌(8%)
→来自 top,顶端，头部，-le,表反复。特殊用法或比喻用法，引申词义从顶部摔下，倒塌等。
【记】top顶，ple：顶向下－使…翻倒
US ['tɑ:.pl] verb
FALL 倒下
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) lose balance and fall down （使）倒下；（使）倒塌
• The statue of the dictator was toppled (over) by the crowds. 独裁者的雕像被众人推倒了。
• The tree toppled and fell. 树倒了下来。
UK ['tɒp.l] US ['tɑ:.pl] verb
GOVERNMENT 政府
transitive
■to force a leader or government out of power 推翻（首领），颠覆（政权）
• The church was prominently involved in the struggle that toppled the dictatorship. 教会在推翻独裁政权的斗争中起了重要作用。
vi. 倾倒；倒塌；摇摇欲坠
 - collapse, founder
vt. 推翻；颠覆；使倒塌
 - collapse, upset

Word: honest
Front: honest
[ˈɒnɪst] (中高研四 2530/2681 -K3)
Vocabulary: honest
(once / 75 pages)
adj
The adjective honest is perfect for describing someone who tells the truth. If you're always honest, it means you're truthful and sincere no matter what.
Honest comes from the Latin word honestus, which means "honorable or respected," and around 1300, honest was popularly used to mean "respectable and of neat appearance." We don't use it these days to describe the way someone dresses, but instead how truthful they are, and sometimes to emphasize how simple and straightforward something is, like "good, honest home-cooked food."
WORD FAMILY
honest: dishonest, honester, honestest, honestly, honestness+/ dishonest: dishonester, dishonestly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The important thing is that they are honest with you about it if you ask.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
In truth, customers lost only $1.5 million, which, if we’re being honest, is minuscule for a bank the size of Wells Fargo.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think we match up really well, to be honest,” Barkley said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 诚实的; 坦诚的; 老实的; 辛勤挣得的
分布：诚实的(79%)，正直的(15%)，坦率的(6%)
→来自拉丁语honestus,尊敬的，荣誉的，来自honos,尊敬，荣誉，词源同honor.引申词义正直的，高尚的，诚实的等。
a.诚实的,正直的,老实的Except dishonest ones, anyone who is honest can get honey, everyone thinks so.除了不诚实的人外,任何诚实的人都能得到蜂蜜,人人都这么想.
US ['ɑ:.nɪst] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■telling the truth or able to be trusted and not likely to steal, cheat or lie 诚实的；可信的
• She's completely honest. 她很诚实。
• I'd like you to give me an honest answer/your honest opinion. 我希望你给我一个诚实的回答／坦诚的意见。
• He had an honest face (= He looked like he could be trusted). 他看起来忠厚可信。
• To be honest (with you), I don't think it will be possible. （跟你）说老实话，我认为那根本不可能。
Opposite dishonest
UK ['ɒn.ɪst] US ['ɑ:.nɪst] adjective
honest (to God/goodness) informal
■used to emphasize that what you are saying is true （用于强调）上帝作证，说真的
• I tried to be nice to him, honest to God I did! 说真的，我试过对他好些。
UK ['ɒn.ɪst] US ['ɑ:.nɪst] adjective
make an honest living humorous
■earn money by working hard at a job 努力工作谋生
UK ['ɒn.ɪst] US ['ɑ:.nɪst] adjective
make an honest woman (out) of sb informal humorous
■to marry a woman you are having a sexual relationship with 娶（已经与自己发生性关系的女人）为妻
open, frank, sincere, blunt, honest, plain, straightforward
这组词都有“坦率，诚实”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指不隐瞒自己的秘密，愿意向他人表露自己或公开暴露自己的缺点。
frank: 强调毫无保留地畅所欲言，不受任何约束。
sincere: 侧重指一个人出自内心地对某人某事表示一种诚意。
blunt: 指讲话坦白直率、不客气，但隐含不得体、不顾及他人感情等意味。
honest: 指遵守正直等道德准则。
plain: 指直言不讳，毫不做作或故弄玄虚。
straightforward: 多用于答复、叙述等场合。指直截了当，不回避，或故弄玄虚。
adj. 诚实的，实在的；可靠的；坦率的
 - responsible, effective, transparent, reliable, tried

Word: bureau
Front: bureau
[ˈbjʊərəʊ] (研四六 3753/3664 -2)
Vocabulary: bureau
(once / 321 pages)
1n 2n
When you put your socks away, you'll most likely put them in a bureau, or a chest of drawers used for storing clothes. Hopefully you've washed them.
A dresser or a chest of drawers can also be called a bureau, a piece of furniture with drawers for storing things. Another meaning of bureau is "an office or government agency." These two definitions seem unrelated, but the original meaning of the French word bureau, "cloth covering for a desk" helps explain. Bureau gradually evolved to mean first just "desk" (and eventually "dresser"), and around 1720 it also started being used to mean a room full of desks, or an office.
WORD FAMILY
bureau: bureaus, bureaux
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s little wonder that the downturn in the ag economy was the story of the year for 2016, according to the Nebraska Farm Bureau.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau on Monday extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 局; （提供某方面信息的）办事处; （美国政府部门）局; （附抽屉及活动写字台的）书桌
分布：局(96%)，办事处(4%)
→来自拉丁词burra, 羊毛，粗糙的布，桌布。代指办公室。词源同bur, 芒刺，形容布粗糙。
n.署,局,司,处In the beautiful bureau my daughter's laughter served for the sauce of the sausage.在漂亮的办公署,女儿的笑声充当了香肠的调料.
US ['bjʊr.oʊ] (plural bureaux or US USUALLY bureaus)
noun countable
ORGANIZATION 机构
■an organization or a business that collects or provides information （搜集或提供资讯的）办事处，办公室，机构
• Her disappearance was reported to the police department's Missing Persons Bureau. 她的失踪被提报到了警察局的失踪人口调查处。
■mainly US
■a government organization （政府部门的）局，处，科
• the Federal Bureau of Investigation 联邦调查局
UK ['bjʊə.rəʊ] US ['bjʊr.oʊ] (plural bureaux or US USUALLY bureaus)
noun countable
FURNITURE 家俱 UK a piece of furniture with a lid that opens to form a writing surface 书桌
US for * chest of drawers
n. [管理] 局，处；衣柜； [家具] 办公桌
 - department, innings

Word: passion
Front: passion
[ˈpæʃn] (研四六托雅 2283/2957 -3)
Vocabulary: passion
(once / 104 pages)
n
Passion is a strong emotion, usually related to love or anger. If on your first time out together your date falls on their knees and tells you they'd die for you — they're gripped by passion (or maybe just nuts).
We associate passion with any intense feeling, but centuries ago it referred specifically to intense pain. The sufferings of religions martyrs, who were tortured and killed for their beliefs, were called "passions," from the Latin passio, or suffering. Today we've dropped the torture, and most of us, when we're not in the grip of passion, have a passion (or intense interest) — for things like gardening or golf or dollhouse architecture.
WORD FAMILY
passion: dispassion, impassioned, passionless, passions+/ impassioned: impassionedly, unimpassioned/passionless: passionlessly/unimpassioned: unimpassionedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first 25 games or so are ruled by the passion and intensity of a nascent season.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
By intervening, however, the central government would risk reigniting the passions that flared in 2014 when demonstrators paralysed business districts with sit-ins for several weeks.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
And it was a chance to explore what drives this man and his passion for counseling and teaching hoops in this achingly beautiful land.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 激情，热情; 热心，爱好; 热恋; 酷爱
vt. &vi. [诗歌用语]表露强烈感情，显示巨大热情
分布：激情(59%)，热情(35%)，酷爱(4%)，盛怒(2%)
→来自拉丁语pati,忍受，承受，来自pei,伤害，词源同fiend.-ss,过去分词格。该词原指耶稣被钉在十字架上身体所遭受的痛苦，后引申词义强烈感情，激情，渴望等。
激情(pass+ion)[pass=felling表示"感情"]
n.热情,激情,爱好;激怒;强烈感情In the past the compass could pass passion to the passive man having pastime on the pasture.在过去,指南针可以将激情传递给在牧场上消遣的被动之人
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a very powerful feeling, for example of sexual attraction , love, hate, anger or other emotion 激情，热情；强烈情感
• Football arouses a good deal of passion among its supporters. 足球唤起了球迷巨大的热情。
• At school, his early interest in music developed into an abiding passion. 他早年对音乐萌生的兴趣在求学时期发展成一种始终不渝的热爱。
• Politics and philosophy were his lifelong passions. 政治学和哲学是他毕生热爱的学科。
a passion for sth
■an extreme interest in or wish for doing something, such as a hobby, activity, etc 对…的热爱，对…的强烈爱好
• Anton has a consuming passion for science fiction. 安东对科幻小说痴迷不已。
passions [plural]
■very powerful feelings 强烈的情感
• Touch a man's property and his passions are immediately aroused. 任何人要是被动了财物，那他会立刻变得异常激愤。
['pæʃ.ən] noun countable or uncountable
passions run high
■a way of describing a time when people feel strong emotions about a particular subject 激情高涨
• Passions run very high at election time. 大选期间民众热情高涨。
sentiment, sensation, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: n.思想感情，情绪，感情色彩，指由于某种思想唤起的感情，强调主观作用，有时候也带有理智成分。
 • When our grandmother died, we remembered her life with strong sentiment.   当祖母逝世时，我们深深地怀念她的一生。
sensation: n.指人体感官受到外部刺激时产生的感觉，知觉。
 • When she watched the film, she had the sensation that she was in a moving car.   她看电影时，感觉自己正坐在一辆开动的汽车上。
feeling: n.指一般的情绪、感觉，它一般不反映感情的本质和强度。
passion: n.激情，热情，欲望，极度的仇恨，指强烈的爱好、愤怒或情欲。
 • He spoke with passion about the love of freedom.   他满腔热情地谈论着对自由的热爱。
emotion: n.情感，感情，指喜怒哀乐等较激动的情绪，表示某物引起的激动。
 • He felt mixed emotions when he thought of her.   当他想起她时便产生一种复杂的感情。
sentiment, affection, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: 一般指由一种思想激起的感情，含较大的理智因素。
affection: 指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情。
feeling: 普通用词，含义广。多指具体的或内心的感受，或表露出来的强烈情感。
passion: 指极强烈的感情、尤指愤怒、爱好等。也常指两性间的爱情。
emotion: 普通用词，词义中性。泛指因外界刺激而引起思想情感从细微变化到最强烈的发作。
n. 激情；热情；酷爱；盛怒
 - flame, love, fire, warmth

Word: episode
Front: episode
[ˈepɪsəʊd] (研四六托雅宝 2846/3396 -2)
Vocabulary: episode
(once / 356 pages)
n
Think of your favorite TV show. It runs all year long, in weekly installments. Each of those individual programs is an episode, one part of a long series.
Episode, a term from Greek tragedy, refers to a section of a story. In the 19th century, Charles Dickens published chapters of his novels in weekly magazines, episodes that together made a novel. You can also use the word for events in your own life: "That was an unpleasant episode," when you're remembering a family fight, or, "Grandpa had a fainting episode." With the fighting and fainting, you can hope they're episodes, not the whole story.
WORD FAMILY
episode: episodes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The episode would set the tone for the administration that would follow.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The episode sparked anger in the Philippines and calls for the removal of all U.S. military personnel.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was the second episode of heavy rain within days for some areas, especially along the Gulf Coast.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 插曲; 片段; 一集; 一段经历
分布：插曲(74%)，片段(13%)，一段情节(12%)，轶事(1%)
→来自希腊语epeisodion, 另外，其它。epi-, 在上，其它, -eis, 进入，见eisegesis（来自eis-exegesis）-od, 路，见anode. 即插进去的，另外的。
一段经历,片段(epi+sode路→在路上→一段经历;片段)[epi-表示"在…上,在...周围,在...后面"]
n.一段情节;片断;(连续剧的)一集The abrupt corrupt man had the Xeroxed code corroded in the erosion episode.突然的腐败的人让人在腐蚀插曲过程中腐蚀被影印的代码.
【记】e出，pi，sode与sell的过去试sold发音一样：出门把pi卖了，这绝对是人生的一个插曲。
【参】episodic（adj 插曲似的；短暂的）
US [-soʊd] noun countable
EVENT 事件
 ADVANCED
■a single event or group of related events 事件；（相关的）一连串事件；一段经历
• This latest episode in the fraud scandal has shocked a lot of people. 诈骗丑闻最新爆出的事件让很多人瞠目结舌。
• The drugs, the divorce and the depression - it's an episode in his life that he wants to forget. 吸毒、离婚和抑郁——这是他人生中不堪回首的一段经历。
UK ['ep.ɪ.səʊd] US [-soʊd] noun countable
PART OF STORY 故事的一部分
 ADVANCED
■one of the single parts into which a story is divided, especially when it is broadcast on the television or radio （尤指电视或广播节目的）一集，一节，片断
n. 插曲；一段情节；插话；有趣的事件
 - incident, intermezzo

Word: consolidate
Front: consolidate
[kənˈsɒlɪdeɪt] (研六托雅宝 7157/6138 -2)
Vocabulary: consolidate
(once / 611 pages)
v
Consolidate means to bring together. You may feel like you don't have any pens, but if you consolidate all the pens lying around your house into one basket, you might find you in fact have a thousand.
Consolidate has its roots in Latin: by combining com- (meaning "together") with solidare (meaning "to make solid"). So, when you think about consolidate, think about bringing things together to make something solid, stronger, or easier to handle. A general might consolidate his troops, a librarian might consolidate all the books about exciting women on a Women's History Month shelf, or someone with a lot of credit-card debt might try to consolidate the debt from his different cards.
WORD FAMILY
consolidate: consolidated, consolidates, consolidating, consolidation, consolidative+/ consolidated: unconsolidated/ consolidation: consolidations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another international consequence of Keynes’s work was that his book helped to consolidate American public opinion against the treaty.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The company’s headquarters are about to be consolidated in Ligety’s hometown of Park City, Utah.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Ltd., consolidating its hold on the Chinese phone market.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 把…合成一体，合并; 巩固，加强; 统一; 合计金额
vi. 统一; 合并; 联合
时态：consolidated, consolidating, consolidates
分布：巩固(73%)，合并(22%)，统一(5%)
→con-, 强调。-sol, 整体，词源同solid. 即使成整体的，巩固的。
巩固,加强(con+solid坚固+ate→成为大家的财产→没收)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
v.使加固,使加强;(把...)联为一体,合并The two banks will consolidate in July.这两家银行7月将合并.
【记】con共同，solid（n 固体；adj 结实的）－使城墙上的每一块砖都很结实－巩固
【参】solidify（v 使凝固；使团结；巩固）；dissolve（v 溶解；解散）
US [-'sɑ:.lɪ-] verb intransitive or transitive
■to become, or cause something to become, stronger and more certain （使）巩固；（使）加强
• The success of their major product consolidated the firm's position in the market. 公司主打产品取得的成功巩固了该公司在市场上的地位。
• She hoped that marriage would consolidate their relationship. 她希望婚姻能巩固他们的关系。
• The party consolidated its hold on power during its term of office. 该党在执政期间加强了对政权的控制。
• The company has been expanding rapidly and I feel it's now time to consolidate (= stop growing and make our present position stronger). 公司一直在快速扩展，我觉得该是巩固的时候了。
■to combine several things, especially businesses, so that they become more effective, or to be combined in this way （尤指企业）合并，联合
• The two firms consolidated to form a single company. 两家小公司合并成了一家公司。
vt. 巩固，使固定；联合
 - cement, strengthen, connect, fix, link
vi. 巩固，加强
 - build up, to reinforce

Word: foe
Front: foe
[fəʊ] (托 7547/8971 -1)
Vocabulary: foe
(once / 162 pages)
n
A foe is an enemy. Foes can range from an adversary of one person to that of a nation, from “he is my foe” to “they are my foe.” There is also a “that is my foe” who those who are trying to diet know well, aka chocolate.
A cousin of the word feud (though they don’t get a long of course) foe may refer to a military opponent or a personal nemesis or rival — Lex Luthor is Superman’s foe. Historically, foes often come in pairs — such as the North and the South in the Civil War. The word foe is sometimes used for an opposing concept or a thing — if you are on a diet, chocolate may be your foe.
WORD FAMILY
foe: foes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brewer criticized school busing, as did foes of desegregation, but he appeared moderate on race when compared with Wallace.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Even the eight ranked foes they played, the most in the country, lost by an average of more than 24 points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
The Big Ten’s reluctance to move toward the spread was a boon for its Rose Bowl foes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 敌人，仇敌; 危害物; 反对者
分布：敌人(86%)，仇敌(14%)
→来自peig, 敌对的，敌视的，词源同feud, fiend.
US [foʊ] noun countable literary
■an enemy 敌人
• The two countries have united against their common foe. 两国联合起来对抗共同的敌人。
• They were bitter foes for many years. 他们结仇多年。
• Foes of the government will be delighting in its current difficulties. 政府的敌人会对政府目前的困难处境幸灾乐祸。
opponent, competitor, enemy, foe, rival
这些名词均有“对手，敌手”之意。
opponent: 最常用词，通常指在争论、辩论、竞选或竞赛以及其它各种矛盾冲突中站在对立面的“对手”或“敌手”。
competitor: 指为同一目标或目的竞争者，一般无感情色彩。
enemy: 多指充满敌意的仇敌。
foe: 语气较强，多用于书面文字和诗歌中。指不仅敌对，而且很危险，怀有很深的敌意。
rival: 指与某人目标一致而想赶上或超过他的人，匹敌者。
n. 敌人；反对者；危害物
 - enemy, anti, opponent

Word: pursuit
Front: pursuit
[pəˈsju:t] (研四六雅 3873/4084 -2)
Vocabulary: pursuit
(once / 171 pages)
n
A pursuit is a chase or or a quest for something. When a guard runs after an escaping jewel thief, she's in pursuit — while the thief may have stolen the jewels because he was in pursuit of wealth.
Whether it's a police officer in a car chase or a student working towards a college degree at a university in the tropics, both can be considered in “hot pursuit.”  Derived from the Anglo-French purseute, pursuit means the act of pursuing or striving towards goals. In the late 14th century it implied persecution, but things have changed since then.
WORD FAMILY
pursuit: pursuits+/ pursuant: pursuantly/ pursue: pursuance, pursuant, pursued, pursuer, pursues, pursuing, pursuit / pursuer: pursuers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A 15th major is unlikely but vigorous pursuit would be thrilling.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Later, a stylized dream sequence recalls Gene Kelly’s pursuit of Leslie Caron in the ballet that closes “An American in Paris.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Trivial pursuits don’t follow serious endeavors, they precede them and, crucially, inspire them, even if unintentionally.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 追赶; 工作
分布：追求(89%)，追赶(7%)，工作(4%)
→来自pursue,追求，追逐，-it,名词后缀。
追求(pursue追求+it)[-it 1.表名词,通常是抽象名词2.表名词"…的"]
n.追赶,追求;职业,工作The ship is in pursuit of whales.那条船在追踪鲸鱼.
US [pɚ'su:t] noun
ACTIVITY 娱乐
countable usually plural
■an activity that you spend time doing, usually when you are not working 嗜好，消遣，娱乐
• I enjoy outdoor pursuits, like hiking and riding. 我喜欢户外活动，比如健行和骑马。
• I don't have much opportunity for leisure pursuits these days. 我近来没有多少时间可以花在业余爱好上了。
UK [pə'sju:t] US [pɚ'su:t] noun
FOLLOWING 追踪
countable or uncountable
■when you follow someone or something to try to catch them 追踪；追击
• Three people have been killed in high-speed pursuits by the police recently. 有三人在最近员警的高速追捕中毙命。
• The robbers fled the scene of the crime, with the police in pursuit. 抢劫者逃离了犯罪现场，员警紧追不舍。
UK [pə'sju:t] US [pɚ'su:t] noun
ATTEMPT 试图
uncountable
■when you try to achieve a plan, activity or situation, usually over a long period of time 追求；从事；实行
• the pursuit of happiness 对幸福的追求
• The company is ruthless in its pursuit of profit. 公司为追求利润毫不放松。
• The union is on strike in pursuit of (= the act of trying to achieve) a 10% pay increase. 工会为了争取10%的加薪而罢工。
n. 追赶，追求；职业，工作
 - profession, employment, career, calling, job

Word: haul
Front: haul
[hɔ:l] (研六托雅 4191/5364 -2)
Vocabulary: haul
(once / 303 pages)
vn
To haul is to move or take something, usually big and heavy, and put it somewhere else. If you've ever moved to a new house, then you know that having to haul all your stuff there can really take the joy out of moving into a new place.
You'll want to reserve haul for situations in which carrying something takes a lot of effort and ain't a lot of fun. You don't haul a sack of feathers, for example. You haul a bag of boulders, or a box of books. Haul is usually a verb, but you can also use it as a noun, when you're talking about lot of something that you caught or won. We went digging for clams—look at our haul! After winning at blackjack, take your haul and hit the road. Don't risk losing it all on roulette.
WORD FAMILY
haul: haulage, hauled, hauler, hauling, hauls+/hauler: haulers/hauling: haulings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the GOP’s top promise — to end Obamacare — remains a tough haul.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But he says too often people who discover old grenades or a mortar shell will haul it to the police station.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He also reprimanded the American ambassador and hauled 10 other countries into the foreign ministry to express Israel’s displeasure.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 拖，拉
vt. 运送; 传讯
n. 拖; 大批赃物; 一网的捕获量; 拖运货物的距离
vi. 强迫（某人）去某处
时态：hauled, hauling, hauls
分布：拖(46%)，拉(38%)，拖运(11%)，搬运(5%)
→来自中古英语halen,拉升，抬高，原指航海时升帆，拉索，可能来自kel,叫，呼喊，词源同call,claim.引申词义水手升帆时喊的号子。或来自kel,升起，举起，词源同hill,excel.后词义由向上拉扩展为向前拉，运输，搬运等。
v.拖曳,拖运,用力拖The consul's consultant hauled out the assaulter from the vault.领事的顾问把袭击者从地窖中拖了出来.
US [hɑ:l] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to pull something heavy slowly and with difficulty （用力）拉，拖（重物）
• They hauled the boat out of the water. 他们把船拉上了岸。
• She hauled herself up into the tree. 她费劲地爬上了树。
UK [hɔ:l] US [hɑ:l] verb transitive
haul ass US offensive
■to move very quickly to a different place 快速散开
• When the shooting started we hauled ass out of there. 枪击开始后，我们就赶快离开了那里。
UK [hɔ:l] US [hɑ:l] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] haul sb up informal
■to force someone to go somewhere or see someone in order to be punished or to answer questions about their behaviour 强制（某人）（去某处或见某人以接受惩罚或解释其行为）
• He was hauled up in court/in front of a magistrate. 他被法庭／地方法官传讯。
UK [hɔ:l] US [hɑ:l] noun countable
AMOUNT 数量
■a usually large amount of something that has been stolen or is illegal （赃物或非法物品的）一大批，大量
• a haul of arms/drugs 大量的武器／毒品
UK [hɔ:l] US [hɑ:l] noun countable
FISH 鱼
■the amount of fish caught （鱼的）捕获量
• Fishermen have been complaining of poor hauls all year. 渔民们整年都在抱怨捕的鱼太少。
UK [hɔ:l] US [hɑ:l] noun countable
PERIOD OF TIME 一段时间
■a journey, often a difficult one, or a period of effort （常指艰苦的）旅程
• From there it was a long haul/only a short haul (= long and difficult/short and easy journey) back to our camp. 从那里回到我们的营地是一段漫长而艰辛／短暂而轻松的旅程。
• It was a long haul (= It took a long time and was difficult) , but the alterations to the house are finished at last. 经过一段漫长而又艰苦的岁月，房屋改建终于完成了。
long-haul flight/short-haul flight
■a long/short journey by air 长／短途飞行
draw, jerk, tow, pull, drag, haul, tug
这组词都有“拖、拉”的意思，其区别是：
draw: 指将人或物朝出力者的方向拖，不涉及力的大小，含平稳意味，常作借喻用。
jerk: 指快而突然地拉。
tow: 特指用绳子或链条等拖或拉本身无动力或无法使用自身动力的东西。
pull: 最普通用词，包含本组其它各词的一些意思，可指朝各个方向拉，侧重一时或突然拉动的动作。
drag: 指沿斜坡而上或水平方向缓慢地拖或拉十分沉重的人或物。作借喻时可指把人硬拉扯过来。
haul: 指用力拖或拉，不涉及方向，多作航海用词。
tug: 多指一阵阵地用力拖或拉，但不一定使被拉的人或物移动。
n. 拖，拉；用力拖拉；努力得到的结果；捕获物；一网捕获的鱼量；拖运距离
 - pull, catch, drag
vt. [交] 拖运；拖拉
 - drag one's feet
vi. 拖，拉；改变主意；改变方向
 - draw, pull

Word: mild
Front: mild
[maɪld] (高研四六托 3819/3774 -K3)
Vocabulary: mild
(once / 183 pages)
adj
A mild person is humble and meek — the opposite of bold. Mild things are also moderate in some way, like pleasantly mild weather or food that’s not spicy. Mild is the opposite of extreme. There’s nothing wild about mild.
Mild comes from the Old English word milde for "gentle." Indeed, mild people are gentle. They don't brag or do cartwheels in supermarkets. They're mellow and submissive. Things can be mild too. Mild salsa doesn’t have many hot peppers. Mild can also mean slight, or small amount, as in a mild cold that doesn’t keep you home from school. If you skip school because you have a mild headache, you might just get a mild punishment.
WORD FAMILY
mild: milder, mildest, mildly, mildness+/mildness: mildnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
One is 10 years old with only mild mental disabilities.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The carnival-like celebration that draws tens of thousands of ornately costumed performers got underway Sunday amid mild winter temperatures and sunshine.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Bite for bite, it’s delicate, extremely mild and moist.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 温柔的; 温暖的; 轻微的; （味道）不浓的
n. 淡味麦芽啤酒
级别：milder, mildest
分布：温和的(85%)，柔和的(8%)，宽大的(5%)，清淡的(2%)
→来自mel,软的，词源同mill,meld,melt.引申词义温和的，温柔的，轻微的等。
a.温和的,轻微的,味淡的,不含有害物质的的In the building, the wild child hurt his mild chin on the china.在大楼里,那个粗野的孩子在瓷器上弄伤了温柔的下巴.
【参】mildew（n 霉；v 发霉）mil温和，dew露珠：使东西发霉。Milestone（n 里程碑）mile公里，stone石头
【反】acute（adj 敏锐的；急性的）
adjective
SLIGHT 轻微的
 ADVANCED
■not violent, severe or extreme 温和的；和缓的；轻微的
• She can't accept even mild criticism of her work. 即使别人对她的作品略有微词，她也不能接受。
• He has suffered a mild heart attack - nothing too serious. 他只是轻微的心脏病发作，并不太严重。
[maɪld] adjective
WEATHER 天气
 ADVANCED
■describes weather that is not very cold or not as cold as usual （天气）温和的，暖和的
• We've had a mild winter this year. 我们今年过了个暖冬。
[maɪld] adjective
FOOD 食物
 ADVANCED
■describes food or a food flavour that is not very strong （食物或其味道）不浓烈的，淡的
• He doesn't like a hot curry - he prefers a mild one. 他不喜欢辛辣的咖喱饭，而较喜欢味淡一点的。
• a mild chilli sauce 微辣的辣椒酱
[maɪld] adjective
GENTLE 温和的
■gentle and calm 温和的，随和的
• a shy, mild sort of guy 害羞、温和的人
[maɪld] noun uncountable
■a dark beer, drunk in some parts of Britain, that does not have a very strong or bitter taste （英国一些地区的）清淡黑啤酒 Compare bitter
gentle, moderate, tender, mild, soft
这组词都有“温和的，柔和的”的意思，其区别是：
gentle: 指温柔、亲切、优雅。常含有节制和意味。
moderate: 中性词，指温和稳健，有节制，不走极端。
tender: 和gentle意思很接近。指人的感情细腻、温情慈爱和有同情心，侧重心理素质。也可指物的柔嫩等。
mild: 用于人时，指天性温顺，脾气好，不放肆粗野；用于物时，主要指适度，程度上相当缓和给人以愉快感觉。
soft: 侧重柔软或安稳、光滑，使人不感到粗糙或严酷。
adj. 温和的；轻微的；淡味的；文雅的；不含有害物质的的
 - pacific, gentle, moderate, soft, slight

Word: legitimacy
Front: legitimacy
[lɪ'dʒɪtɪməsɪ] (5759/7362)
Vocabulary: legitimacy
(once / 3777 pages)
n
The noun legitimacy means authenticity. If you found an old copy of the Gettysburg Address in your grandmother's attic, you'd have to question its legitimacy when you realized it was written on the back of a car advertisement.
Legitimacy comes from the Latin verb legitimare, which means lawful. Legitimacy, then, refers to something that is legal because it meets the specific requirements of the law. The legitimacy of various countries' presidential elections is often discussed, with monitors keeping track of the voting procedures to make sure they follow all the necessary rules.
WORD FAMILY
legitimacy: legitimacies+/illegitimacy: illegitimacies/ illegitimate: illegitimacy, illegitimately, illegitimates/ legitimate: illegitimate, legitimacy, legitimated, legitimately, legitimates, legitimating, legitimation, legitimatise, legitimatize, legitimise, legitimize /legitimatise: legitimatised, legitimatises, legitimatising/legitimatize: legitimatized, legitimatizes, legitimatizing/legitimise: legitimised, legitimises, legitimising/ legitimize: legitimized, legitimizes, legitimizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It provides both time and legitimacy for an effective response.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If the instability proves “transitional” it may lead to a process that brings any new government domestic and international legitimacy.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
In contrast, Trump questions the legitimacy of political institutions and the reality of facts in a manner that European populists do not.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 合法（性），正统（性）; 合理
分布：合法(81%)，正当(11%)，合理(8%)
US [-'dʒɪtˌ-] noun uncountable
■the quality of being legal or acceptable 合法性；合理性
• The government expressed serious doubts about the legitimacy of military action. 政府对军事行动的合法性表示强烈怀疑。
n. 合法；合理；正统
 - legality, reasonableness

Word: reformist
Front: reformist
[rɪˈfɔ:mɪst] (16385/16433)
Back: n. 改革主义者，改革者
adj. 改良主义的; 改良运动的
分布：改革者(46%)，改革主义者(41%)，改革主义的(13%)
ADJ-GRADED
改革主义的；改良主义的
Reformist groups or policies are trying to reform a system or law.
例：...a strong supporter of reformist policies.改良主义政策的坚定支持者
n. 改革者；改革主义者
 - barner, innovator

Word: plausible
Front: plausible
[ˈplɔ:zəbl] (研六托雅宝 7125/6473 -1)
Vocabulary: plausible
(once / 756 pages)
adj
If something is plausible, it's reasonable or believable. Things that are plausible could easily happen. A woman becoming President is very plausible. A giraffe becoming President is not.
Plausible things are not far-fetched at all. Things in fantasy stories — such as wizards, dragons, and unicorns — are not plausible. On the other hand, some things in science fiction stories might be plausible: who knows where spaceships will eventually go? If something really seems like it could happen, then it's plausible. One of the many tricky parts of life is figuring out what's plausible and what's not.
WORD FAMILY
plausible: implausible, plausibility, plausibleness, plausibler, plausiblest, plausibly+/implausibility: implausibilities/ implausible: implausibility, implausibleness, implausibly/ plausibility: plausibilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
He traces an unexpected but plausible route from the Digesting Duck to the first programmable computer.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Also, people are still living in the era of plausible deniability.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It didn’t seem plausible that she was the same person.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 貌似真实的; 貌似有理的; 花言巧语的; 有眉有眼
分布：动听的(60%)，似真实合理的(40%)
→来自拉丁语plaudere,击，打，拍掌，-s,过去分词格，词源同applaud,implosive.引申词义可信的，有道理的。
可行的;有理的(plaus+ible→能鼓掌通过的→可行的)[plaud=clap hands表示"鼓掌"]
a.似是而非的,似乎合理的,似乎可信的The applause paused because of the cause caused by a cautious plausible clause.掌声停了是因为一条谨慎的似乎有理的条款引起的原因.
【记】plaus鼓掌，ible－值得鼓掌的－似乎合理的
US ['plɑ:-] adjective
■seeming likely to be true, or able to be believed 貌似真实（或可信）的
• a plausible explanation/excuse 貌似有理的解释／借口
■disapproving
■describes someone who appears to be honest and telling the truth, even if they are not 花言巧语的，舌灿莲花的
• a plausible salesman 能说会道的推销员
plausible, desirable, negative
plausible: 似是而非的
desirable: 合意的，令人想要的，悦人心意的
negative: 否定的，消极的
plausible, credulous, credible
这组词都有“可信的”的意思，其区别是：
plausible: a.似乎有理的(可信的)。常带有怀疑的意思。
 • Even though it is a plausible explanation, I am not completely convinced.   虽然这个解释合理，但仍不可能使我完全相信。
credulous: a.轻信的，易于相信的。
 • She was credulous when she listened to the salesman and bought the car for too much money.   她很容易轻信别人，竟然听信那个销售员的话以高价买了那辆车。
credible: a.可信的，可靠的。
 • That the student told the teacher a credible story that she missed classes because she was sick.   那个学生跟老师讲了实情，她没来上课是因为她病了。
adj. 貌似可信的，花言巧语的；貌似真实的，貌似有理的
 - smooth-tongued, rhetoric

Word: amnesty
Front: amnesty
[ˈæmnəsti] (托宝 10562/5511 -2)
Vocabulary: amnesty
(once / 2076 pages)
nv
Amnesty can mean a pardon for a wrongdoing, or it can also signal a government's willingness to overlook something.
Amnesty sounds a little like "amnesia," and that's because in its more specific sense amnesty means "forgetting." The government will essentially forget about whatever crime was committed, or whatever horrible things were said. As part of a truce, amnesty can be granted to opposition forces in civil disputes. Amnesty to illegal aliens means the government will deliberately overlook their illegal entry to the country. There can also be a period of amnesty when people can turn in something that they would otherwise get in trouble for. "The city offered a period of amnesty for everyone to turn in illegal guns."
WORD FAMILY
amnesty: amnestied, amnesties
USAGE EXAMPLES
Amnesty International called the conviction "ludicrous" and the trial "farcical".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But tens of thousands of Oaxacans and other Mexican nationals ultimately gained legal status through the Reagan administration’s landmark amnesty program, passed in 1986.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Sovannara’s attorneys were not allowed to enter closing arguments, and justices deliberated for 15 minutes before returning with a conviction, according to Amnesty International.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 大赦，特赦
vt. 对…实行大赦; 赦免
时态：amnestied, amnestying, amnesties
分布：特赦(51%)，大赦(49%)
→前缀a-, 无，没有。Zero-grade词根mn, 记忆，同mind. 此处用以指法律术语。
赦免(a不+mnes+ty表名词→不再记[恨]赦免)[mnes,mnem=remember,表示"记忆"]
【记】a不，非，mnes记忆－不记仇－赦免
noun
countable or uncountable
■a decision by a government that allows political prisoners to be free （对政治犯的）赦免，大赦
• Most political prisoners were freed under the terms of the amnesty. 大多数政治犯按照大赦的条款获得了自由。
countable usually singular
■a fixed period of time during which people are not punished for committing a particular crime 赦免期
• People who hand in illegal weapons will not be prosecuted during the amnesty. 在赦免期内交出非法武器的人将不会受到起诉。
• The government refused to declare an amnesty for people who had not paid the disputed tax. 对于那些未缴纳有争议的税款者，政府拒绝给予宽限。
n. [法] 大赦，特赦
 - general pardon

Word: diary
Front: diary
[ˈdaɪəri] (中高研四六雅 4334/2934 -K3)
Vocabulary: diary
(once / 481 pages)
n
Dear diary, you are a written record of things that happen each day. Some people keep a diary while they’re traveling, others keep their secrets in a dairy. Either way, keep out!
Some diaries have a pretty cover and a tiny lock with a key, for keeping the contents safe from prying eyes. You can also call such a book a "journal," although traditionally a diary is written in each day, while a journal might have less frequent entries. The word diary comes from the Latin word diarium, "daily allowance," with its root of dies, or "day."
WORD FAMILY
diary: diaries, diarist+/diarist: diarists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Authorities found the story, written in a private diary, at their home.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The historical society and the seller settled on an agreement of $175 to purchase the remaining diaries.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The first and most unsettling voice consists of diary entries written by an unknown student who addresses them to someone named Mousey.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 日记，日志; 日记簿
分布：日记(97%)，日记簿(3%)
→来自拉丁语dies, 白天，词源同diurnal. 即一日记录。
日记[di=day,表示"日,日子"]
n.日记,日记簿In the library, arbitrary the librarian wrote the auxiliary diary about military literature.在图书馆,武断的图书管理员写下了有关军事文学的辅助日记.
US ['daɪr.i] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a book with a separate space or page for each day, in which you write down your future arrangements, meetings, etc., or one used to record your thoughts and feelings or what has happened on that day 日程簿；日记，日志
• Don't forget to write/enter the date of the meeting in your diary. 别忘了在日程簿上标出开会的日期。
• I've never kept (= written about what has happened to me in) a diary. 我从不写日记。
n. 日志，日记；日记簿
 - journal, day book

Word: tragedy
Front: tragedy
[ˈtrædʒədi] (研四六托雅宝 2883/3508 -3)
Vocabulary: tragedy
(once / 192 pages)
n
Tragedy is a noun that indicates disaster or bad fortune. It would be a tragedy to lose your job, but an even greater tragedy to fall ill while unemployed and without health care.
First recorded in the late 14th century, the noun tragedy originally referred to a play with an unhappy ending. About a century later it also came to mean an unhappy event or a disaster. The playwright George Bernard Shaw wittily observed, "“There are two tragedies in life. One is to lose your heart's desire. The other is to gain it.” The comedian Mel Brooks defined tragedy as follows: "Tragedy is when I cut my finger. Comedy is when you walk into an open sewer and die."
WORD FAMILY
tragedy: tragedies, tragical+/ tragic: tragedy, tragically, tragicly/tragical: tragicalest
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are physicians who teach tropical medicine in East Africa each year, where we witness the tragedy of illnesses and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Every day there is tragedy, and every day we play music,” said guitar player Adel Sabawi, who is from Damascus.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As mundanity mingles with tragedy, we confront the inevitable Popian letdown: Do we care enough?
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 悲剧，惨剧; 悲剧文学; 悲剧理论，悲剧表演艺术; 悲剧式作品
分布：悲剧(90%)，灾难(8%)，惨事(2%)
→来自拉丁语 tragedia,悲剧，来自希腊语 tragodia,悲剧，来自 tragos,山羊，-edy,诗，歌，词源 同 ode,comedy.该词字面意思即山羊之歌，其词义过渡存在争议，一说是古希腊时期演员演 戏的时候披着山羊皮，一说是对演员奖励一只山羊，还有说法是在演戏之前宰一只山羊祭祀 神灵，而山羊在古希腊时期为常见祭品。
n.悲剧;惨事,灾难The villagers in rage caused a tragedy on the cage-like stage.狂怒的村民在笼子形的舞台上制造了一场悲剧.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a very sad event or situation, especially one involving death or suffering 悲剧性事件，灾难，不幸
• The pilot averted a tragedy when he succeeded in preventing the plane from crashing. 飞行员成功阻止飞机的坠毁，从而避免了一场悲剧。
• Hitler's invasion of Poland led to the tragedy of the Second World War. 希特勒入侵波兰，引发第二次世界大战这场浩劫。
• His life was touched by hardship and personal tragedy. 他的一生充满了艰辛和不幸。
• They had only recently arrived in London when tragedy struck - their son was killed in a traffic accident. 他们刚到伦敦就遭遇不幸——儿子在一次交通事故中丧生。
• [+ (that)] It's a tragedy (that) so many young people are unable to find jobs. 这么多的年轻人找不到工作，真是不幸。
■a play about death or suffering with a sad end, or this type of play generally 悲剧（作品）
• Shakespeare's tragedies include 'Hamlet', 'King Lear' and 'Othello'. 莎士比亚的悲剧作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》和《奥赛罗》。
• In Greek tragedy, the role of the chorus is to express the audience's reactions to what is happening in the play. 在希腊悲剧中，合唱队的作用是表达观众对剧情发展的反应。
n. 悲剧；灾难；惨案
 - disaster, calamity

Word: shelter
Front: shelter
[ˈʃeltə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 2874/4083 -K3)
Vocabulary: shelter
(once / 129 pages)
1nv 2nv
Shelter is one of the basic human needs along with food, water, and companionship. It is a structure that protects you from the elements and gives you a place to live.
If you get lost in the woods during a rain storm, the first thing you should do is seek shelter, or a protected place to stay. A shelter is also a place to go for help, e.g. a homeless shelter is for those with nowhere to sleep, a bomb shelter protects people in a war zone and an animal shelter houses dogs and cats without a home. You've probably heard people talking about tax shelters, which are investments that protect your money from being taxed by the government.
WORD FAMILY
shelter: sheltered, sheltering, shelters+/sheltered: shelteredly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deann Shepherd of the Humane Society of Utah says current law already requires shelter, but fails to define what that means.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Unable to afford its Bronx apartment, the family was evicted, and Ms. Farquharson and her children moved into a shelter in early 2013.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They include shelter costs, transportation, groceries, utilities, insurance, minimum loan payments and child care.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 居所; 避难所; （无家可归者或受虐待者的）收容所; 遮蔽
vt. 掩蔽; 庇护; 保护
vi. 躲避; 避难
时态：sheltered, sheltering, shelters
分布：庇护(40%)，避难所(22%)，保护(20%)，庇护所(16%)，隐匿(2%)
→可能改写自 sheld,盾，来自 shield 的旧拼写形式，-er,表物。引申词义保护，遮蔽，庇护等。
n.掩蔽处;掩蔽,保护v.掩蔽,躲避,庇护The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身.
【记】shelter在shell里面。
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■(a building designed to give) protection from bad weather, danger or attack 掩蔽（处）；遮蔽（处）
• an air-raid shelter 防空洞
• They opened a shelter to provide temporary housing for the city's homeless. 他们开设了一个收容所，为该市的无家可归者提供临时的住宿。
• The trees gave/provided some shelter from the rain. 这些树遮了一些雨。
find/take shelter
■to protect yourself from bad weather, danger or attack 躲避
• We took shelter for the night in an abandoned house. 我们在一栋废弃的房子里躲了一夜。
UK ['ʃel.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
PROTECT 保护
intransitive or transitive
■to protect yourself, or another person or thing, from bad weather, danger or attack 躲避；保护；遮蔽
• We were caught in a thunderstorm, without anywhere to shelter. 我们遇上了雷阵雨，没有避雨的地方。
• A group of us were sheltering from the rain under the trees. 我们一群人在树下避雨。
transitive
■to give someone a secret hiding place so that they will not be caught by the army, police, etc. 为…提供避难的地方
• Local people risked their own lives to shelter resistance fighters from the army. 当地的人们冒着生命危险，为反抗组织的战士提供避难所，使其免遭军队逮捕。
UK ['ʃel.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
AVOID TAX 逃税
transitive US
■If you shelter income, you legally avoid paying taxes on it 如果你将收入投资，就可合法避免相关税收。
• Their accountant suggested some novel ways of sheltering their retirement income. 他们的会计师向他们建议退休收入投资的一些新方法。
home, building, residence, shelter, dwelling, habitation, house
这组词都有“居住处”的意思，其区别是：
home: 指永久住家时，带有家庭所特有的温暖、情感等气息。
building: 泛指一切建筑物，不限于居住的房子。
residence: 指大而堂皇的寓所或公馆，也指法律上的居住点。
shelter: 可指长期或临时的住处，也指简陋或临时搭建的躲避风雨的场所。
dwelling: 正式用词，仅指人们居住的任何建筑物。
habitation: 指长久或固定的住所或居住地。
house: 中性词，泛指一切供居住的建筑物，尤指适合一家一户居住的房屋。
home, dwelling, shelter, household, family, house, lodging
home: 家，带有感情色彩
dwelling: 住所，公寓
shelter: 庇护处（收容所，庇护所）
household: 抽象的家庭，并含有家事，家务之意
family: 家庭，指组成家庭的成员
house: 房屋，住宅
lodging: 寄宿处
shelter, guard, harbour, safeguard, defend, shield, protect
这组词都有“保护、保卫”的意思，其区别是：
shelter: 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭危害。
guard: 普通用词，指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。
harbour: 贬义词，指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。
safeguard: 语气强，指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危险。
defend: 普通用词，指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害，消除危险。用作比喻时，指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。
shield: 语气比protect强，但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。
protect: 普通用词，指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。
refuge, protection, shelter
这组词都有“保护、掩蔽(部)、庇护(所)”的意思，其区别是：
refuge: 指避免危险或灾难的安全场所。
protection: 普通用词，指任何保护物。
shelter: 多指暂时性的防护，侧重场所。
n. [法] 庇护；避难所；遮盖物
 - housing, haven, shadow, home, covering
vt. 保护；使掩蔽
 - secure, preserve
vi. 躲避，避难
 - stay away from, to dodge

Word: broadcaster
Front: broadcaster
[ˈbrɔ:dkɑ:stə(r)] (8133/9061 -2)
Back: n. 广播员，广播公司; 广播设备; 撒种机，撒播物
分布：播音员(58%)，广播电台(38%)，播种机(4%)
US ['brɑ:dˌkæs.tɚ] noun countable
■someone whose job is to speak on radio or television programmes 播音员；广播员
• He was a famous broadcaster in the 1930s. 他是20世纪30年代的著名播音员。
n. 广播公司；广播员；播送设备； [农机] 撒播物
 - announcer

Word: firmly
Front: firmly
[ˈfɜ:mli] (高 3818/2206 -K)
Vocabulary: firmly
(once / 184 pages)
adv
When you do something firmly, you do it with strength or in a secure way, like when you shut a door firmly behind you so your cat can't get out.
You might grab a tennis racket firmly in your hands, gripping it hard, and then firmly smack the ball across the net. You can also act in a firm, or determined way: "I told her firmly that she couldn't borrow my clothes without asking next time." The Latin root of both firmly and firm is firmus, "strong, steadfast, trusty, or stable."
WORD FAMILY
firm: firmed, firmer, firmest, firming, firmly, firmness, firms, infirm, unfirm+/firmness: firmnesses/ infirm: infirmer, infirmity, infirmly/ infirmity: infirmities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, I think Man Utd will nick this one and keep Manchester City firmly in sight.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The Crimson Tide’s bulky defensive linemen firmly held their ground at the point of attack while the linebackers quickly clogged the hole.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The lead was slim at the interval, but the momentum appeared to be firmly with the league leaders.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 坚固地; 稳固地; 坚定地; 坚决地
分布：坚定地(72%)，牢牢地(28%)
US ['fɝ:m-] adverb
NOT LOOSELY 坚固地
 ADVANCED
■strongly, in a way that will not become loose 坚固地；牢固地
• Make sure the rope is firmly attached before attempting to climb down it. 在顺着绳子往下爬之前，确保绳子已系牢。
UK ['fɜ:m.li] US ['fɝ:m-] adverb
STRONGLY 有力地
■strongly and tightly 强而有力地；坚决地
• He shook my hand firmly and climbed into the taxi. 他用力握了握我的手，然后钻进了计程车。
UK ['fɜ:m.li] US ['fɝ:m-] adverb
FORCEFULLY 坚决地
■forcefully 坚决地
• "You're not going to the party and that's that!" she said firmly. “你不能去参加聚会，就是这样！”她语气坚决地说。
UK ['fɜ:m.li] US ['fɝ:m-] adverb
CERTAINLY 无疑地
■in a way that is certain or definite 无疑地；确定地；肯定地
• We are firmly committed to reducing unemployment. 我们坚定不移地致力于减少失业人数。
adv. 坚定地，坚决地；坚固地，稳固地
 - surely, steadily, tightly

Word: mature
Front: mature
[məˈtʃʊə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 5133/4122 -2)
Vocabulary: mature
(once / 254 pages)
1adjv 2v 3v
Someone who is mature acts grown up, like an adult. However, when one sister says to another, "That's so mature," she's usually using the word sarcastically, because her sister has done something very immature, like sticking out her tongue.
The adjective mature doesn't only describe advancing age, although the residents of a senior citizens' home could definitely be considered mature. Anything that is fully developed, like an aged cheese or bottle of wine, can also be called mature. The word can also refer to something that is only appropriate for people who are considered legal adults, like the movie that is for "mature audiences only."
WORD FAMILY
mature: immature, maturate, matured, maturely, maturement, matureness, maturer, matures, maturest, maturing, maturity +/ immature: immaturely, immatureness, immaturity / immaturity: immaturities/maturate: maturates, maturating, maturation / maturation: maturational / maturity: maturities, post-maturity
USAGE EXAMPLES
“David is maturing. He picks his spots a little better.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“In any other mature democracy, this would be nothing,” Mr. Fahmi said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Tu’ikolovatu was one reason a young defensive line matured into a strength.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. （人、树木、鸟或动物）成熟的; 仔细考虑过的; 到期（应该支付）的; 成年人的
vi. 成熟，长成; （票据等）到期
vt. 使…成熟; 使…长成; 慎重拟定（计划等）
时态：matured, maturing, matures
分布：成熟(75%)，成熟的(23%)，长成(1%)，考虑周到的(1%)
→来自拉丁语maturare,开始成熟的，开始裂开，来自ma,好的，好时间的，词源同matins,matinee.原用于水果成熟的，后引申词义人成年的。
a.成熟的,熟的;成年人的v.(使)成熟You are a mature man now; you are no longer a boy.你现在是成人了,不再是孩子了.
【反】nascent（adj 初生的）
US [-'tʊr] adjective
LIKE AN ADULT 成熟的
 ADVANCED mainly approving
■Mature people behave like adults in a way that shows they are well developed emotionally 成熟的
• He's very mature for his age. 以他的年纪来说，他已非常成熟。
■A mature decision is one which is made after a lot of careful thought 慎重的，经深思熟虑的
• Upon mature reflection, we find the accused guilty. 经过慎重考虑，我们裁定被告有罪。
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] adjective
PHYSICALLY GROWN 身体上已成长
 ADVANCED formal
■completely grown physically （身体上）发育成熟的，长成
• a mature adult 成年人
• sexually mature 性成熟的
• Mature male gorillas have silver-grey hairs on their backs. 成年雄性大猩猩背部有银灰色毛发。
• mature oak trees 成年橡树
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] adjective
FOOD 食物
■having a flavour that is completely developed 味道醇厚的，酿熟的
• Do you prefer mild or mature cheddar? 你喜欢清淡的切达起司还是浓郁的？
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] adjective
FINANCE 金融 specialized
■A mature investment is ready to be paid. （投资）获得回报的
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] verb UK [məˈtjʊər] US [-ˈtʊr]
DEVELOP MENTALLY 精神上发展
intransitive or transitive mainly approving
■to become more developed mentally and emotionally and behave in a responsible way 变成熟
• Girls are said to mature faster than boys. 据说女孩比男孩成熟得快。
• He matured a lot while he was at college. 他在大学期间成熟了很多。
intransitive mainly approving
■If ideas, opinions, etc. mature, they reach an advanced or developed state 酝酿成熟，完善
• It took several years for her ideas to mature. 她的想法经过几年才酝酿成熟。
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] verb UK [məˈtjʊər] US [-ˈtʊr]
GROW PHYSICALLY 身体上成长
intransitive
■to become completely grown physically （身体上）发育成熟，长成
• Humans take longer to mature than most other animals. 和大多数动物相比，人类要经过更长的时间才能发育成熟。
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] verb UK [məˈtjʊər] US [-ˈtʊr]
FOOD 食物
intransitive or transitive
■to make food and wine old enough for the flavour to have developed completely 酿成，制成，发酵成熟
• The wine has been matured in oak vats. 葡萄酒已在橡木桶中发酵成熟。
• The cheese is left to mature for two years. 为使之发酵成熟，这些起司需放置两年。
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] verb UK [məˈtjʊər] US [-ˈtʊr]
FINANCE 金融
intransitive specialized
■If an insurance agreement or an investment matures, it becomes ready to be paid （保险协议）期满；（投资）获得回报
• The policy matures after fifteen years. 这张保单15年后到期。
mature, age, develop, ripen
这组词都有“成熟、长成”的意思，其区别是：
mature: 指生物自然发育成熟或丰满或使其能起正常作用，还可指人获得智慧、经验或变得世故。
age: 一般指使人过早成熟，强调已走向衰老。
develop: 侧重使某一种类或个体潜在本能进化完全，词义比mature广泛。
ripen: 侧重已到长生成熟的顶点。
mature, ripe, adult, grown-up
mature: 泛指动植物的成熟
ripe: 主要用于果实成熟；
adult: 强调法律规定的成年人；
grown-up: 身体发育成熟；
adj. [农学] [地质] 成熟的；充分考虑的；到期的；成年人的
 - developed, adult, due
vi. [农学] [地质] 成熟；到期
 - age, flower

Word: sweeping
Front: sweeping
[ˈswi:pɪŋ] (托 5752/6856 -1)
Back: adj. 彻底的; 影响广泛的，全面的; 扫荡的，一网打尽的
v. 扫( sweep的现在分词)
n. 扫除; (pl.)垃圾
分布：扫除(50%)，广泛的(32%)，一扫而去的(8%)，凶猛的(5%)，动词sweep的现在分词.(5%)
adjective [before noun]
GENERAL 广泛的
■affecting many things or people; large 影响广泛的，大的
• It is obvious that sweeping changes are needed in the legal system. 显然，法制体系需要进行大刀阔斧的改革。
• We need to make sweeping cuts to our budget. 我们必须大幅削减预算。
sweeping statement/generalization disapproving
■something that you say or write that is too general and that has not been carefully thought about 泛泛之谈；一概而论的说法；过于笼统的概括：
• Sweeping generalizations about this complex and difficult situation are not helpful. 对这种复杂困难的情形作泛泛之谈是没有用的。
['swi:.pɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
WIN 获胜
■A sweeping win or victory is an easy or complete win 大获全胜，一举获胜，轻易获胜
• The party have failed to win the sweeping victory they expected. 这个党派没能如愿以偿地大获全胜。
n. 扫除；垃圾
 - refuse, garbage, junk
adj. 彻底的；广泛的；扫荡的
 - thorough, extensive, widespread, complete, radical
v. 打扫；扫除（sweep的现在分词形式）
 - scavenging

Word: sick
Front: sick
[sɪk] (中高托雅 1746/2044 -K3)
Vocabulary: sick
(once / 66 pages)
adjnv
Sick describes someone who's not well, suffering from some kind of illness. You shouldn't go to school when you're sick.
If you're sick in bed, you're ill. While sick usually refers to people with physical or mental illnesses, it can also be used to describe an object or system that isn't working right, like a sick economy. Sick can also mean that you're tired of something, like a song you have heard too many times — you're sick of it. Sick is also slang used to describe something that is visually impressive, like a sick hockey goal.
WORD FAMILY
sick: sicked, sicken, sicker, sickest, sicking, sickish, sickness, sicks+/ sicken: sickened, sickening, sickens/sickening: sickeningly, sickeningness/sickish: sickishly/sickness: sicknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“When you got sick and indigent, you wound up in places like that.”
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
She was caring for her grandson, who was sick with a fever.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
In 1970s Britain, that sometimes meant literally carrying sick or dying lawmakers into the Parliament building.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 恶心的; 晕船; 不舒服的; 腻烦的
vt. 吐出; 追逐; 攻击
n. <口>呕吐物; 病人
级别：sicker, sickest
分布：病人(67%)，有病的(10%)，恶心的(7%)，腻烦的(5%)，呕吐物(3%)，追逐(2%)，攻击(2%)，令人毛骨悚然的(2%)，晕的(1%)，唆使(1%)
→来自古英语 seoc,生病的，来自 Proto-Germanic*seukaz,生病的，来自 seug,悲伤的，有麻 烦的。引申诸相关词义。
a.有病的,患病的;恶心的,想吐的The thin sick chicken picks the thick sticky stick quickly.瘦病鸡快速地啄粘乎乎的粗棍.
adjective
ILL 有病的
 ESSENTIAL
■physically or mentally ill; not well or healthy 生病的，患病的，不舒服的
• a sick child 生病的孩子
• a sick cow 病牛
• My father has been off sick (= not working because of illness) for a long time. 因为生病，我父亲已经很久没有去上班了。
• Anyone who could hurt a child like that must be sick (= mentally ill). 那样伤害孩子的人，脑子一定有毛病。
• The old woman fell/took/was taken sick (= became ill) while she was away and had to come home. 那个老妇人出门在外时生病了，不得不回家。
• Sarah called in/reported sick (= told her employer that she was unable to go to work because of illness). 莎拉打电话来请了病假。
• figurative High rates of crime are considered by some people to be a sign of a sick society. 高犯罪率被一些人视为病态社会的征兆。
⇒ See also heartsick;homesick;lovesick
  Common Learner Errors  sick, ill and be sick In British English ill is the word that is usually used to mean 'not well'. In American English the word for this is sick. He went home early because he felt ill. (British English) He went home early because he felt sick. (American English). In British English to be sick is to bring food up from the stomach. Another way of saying this is the word vomit , which is used both in British and American English. The little boy in the back seat of the car was sick into a paper bag. (British English)
[sɪk] adjective
VOMIT 呕吐
 ADVANCED [after verb]
■feeling ill as if you are going to vomit 恶心的，想吐的
• Lucy felt sick the morning after the party. 露西在派对后的第二天早上觉得恶心。
• If you eat any more of that cake, you'll make yourself sick. 如果再吃一块那蛋糕，你会觉得恶心想吐。
⇒ See also airsick;carsick;seasick
be sick
 ADVANCED
■to vomit 呕吐
• She was sick after she ate too much chocolate. 她吃太多巧克力之后吐了。
[sɪk] adjective
UNPLEASANT 令人不快的
[after verb] informal
■causing or expressing unpleasant emotions 懊丧的，不快的；恼怒的
• I'm sick about / UKat / USover (= unhappy about) not getting that job. 我对未能得到那份工作感到非常不快。
• It makes me sick (= makes me very angry) to see people wearing fur coats. 看到人们穿毛皮大衣，我感到非常愤怒。
• UK informal It's sick -making (= very annoying) that she's being paid so much for doing so little. 她做得那么少却得到那么多的报酬，真让人感到气愤。
• I'm sick (and tired/to death) of (= very annoyed about) the way you're behaving. 你的表现令我感到很气愤。
• She was worried sick (= very worried) when her daughter didn't come home on time. 女儿没有准时回家，她十分担心。
• Joan was not amused by the sick (= cruel or offensive) joke her brother told. 琼觉得她兄弟讲的不堪入耳的笑话没有甚么好笑的。
• I felt sick (= felt shocked and disgusted) when I heard about the prisoners being beaten. 听说犯人被殴打，我感到震惊。
[sɪk] adjective
sick as a dog
■vomiting a lot 呕吐得厉害
• I was sick as a dog after last night's meal. 昨天晚上吃完饭后，我吐得一塌糊涂。
[sɪk] adjective
sick as a parrot UK humorous slang
■very disappointed 非常失望，非常扫兴
• He was sick as a parrot when his team lost the match. 他的球队输掉比赛后，他非常失望。
[sɪk] adjective
sick at heart literary
■very unhappy 很难过，很不开心
• David was sick at heart about having to leave his family behind. 戴维感到很难过，因为他不得不离开自己的家人。
[sɪk] adjective
sick to your stomach
■likely to vomit 恶心的，反胃的
• I'm (feeling) sick to my stomach. 我觉得有些反胃。
■feeling very upset, worried or angry 非常难过；十分担心；非常愤怒
• It makes me (feel) sick to my stomach when I remember my car accident. 每当想起自己遭遇的车祸，我都会很难过。
[sɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sick sth up UK informal
■to vomit something 呕吐，吐出
• The baby sicked up some milk on his aunt's shoulder. 婴儿吐了一些奶在他姨妈的肩膀上。
[sɪk] noun
ILL 有病的
the sick [plural]
 ESSENTIAL
■people who are ill 病人
• It's better for the sick to be cared for at home rather than in hospital. 病人在家里照顾要比在医院里更好一些。
[sɪk] noun
VOMIT 呕吐
uncountable UK informal
■vomit 呕吐物
• a pool of sick on the floor 地板上的一滩呕吐物
ill, sick
ill: 做表语,
sick: 定,表均可 a sick boy
n. 病人
 - patient, invalid
adj. 厌恶的；病态的；不舒服；渴望的；恶心的
 - eager, hungry, anxious, desired, keen
vt. 使狗去咬；呕吐；追击
 - shoot the cat, throw up

Word: textile
Front: textile
[ˈtekstaɪl] (研四六托雅 5621/4824 -2)
Vocabulary: textile
(once / 935 pages)
nadj
A textile is something made by knitting, weaving, or crocheting fibers together. Textiles are fabrics. Unless you’re naked or wearing only a fig leaf, you’re wearing a textile right now!
Textile comes from the Latin word, textilis for "woven fabric” and that's exactly what it is. If you’re in the textile business, you’re dealing with the stuff that gets turned into clothes, flags, dishrags, or anything else made of cloth. If you knit a scarf, you create a hand-made textile. Nudists call people who wear clothes textiles. A sign on a beach might say, “nudists to the left of the palm trees, textiles to the right.”
WORD FAMILY
textile: textiles
USAGE EXAMPLES
The canoe was heaped with valuable trade goods: copper, flint, weapons, textiles, and beer.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Conventional textile manufacturing is tough on both the people who work in it and their land.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A beautifully illustrated meditation on two of the 19th century’s greatest exponents of textile arts, Mariano Fortuny and William Morris.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 纺织品，织物; 纺织业
分布：纺织品(100%)
→text-,纺织，编织，-ile,形容词后缀。词性由形容词作名词使用。
纺织品(text+ile→编织出的物品)[text=weave,表示"编织"]
结构;质地(text+ure→编制状态→结构)[text=weave,表示"编织"]
n.纺织品a.纺织的From the context of the text, I find the next pretext for selling the textile.我从课文的前后关系中找到卖纺织品的下一个借口.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a cloth made by hand or machine 纺织物；织物
• the textile industry 纺织业
n. [纺] 纺织品，织物
 - cloth, web
adj. [纺] 纺织的
 - spinning

Word: evening
Front: evening
[ˈi:vnɪŋ] (中高雅 961/651 -K4)
Vocabulary: evening
(once / 30 pages)
n
The evening is the last part of the day before night falls, just when the sun is starting to go down. Most people eat dinner in the evening.
The quiet, winding-down, ending part of a day is the evening — you might also call it "dusk" or "twilight." Some people define the evening as the time after dinner and before bedtime, and you can also use the word to talk figuratively about the final part of something else: "It was the evening of his life." The Old English root of evening is ǣfnung, "the time around sunset."
WORD FAMILY
evening: evenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dense fog is expected to develop by early Monday evening.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Trump addressed the issue Monday evening on Twitter.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Since they observe the Sabbath, there is no play on Friday evenings or Saturdays before sundown.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 傍晚; 黄昏; 晚会; 晚年，衰退期，末期
adj. 在晚上的; 为晚上的; 晚上用的
int. 晚上好
分布：晚上(67%)，傍晚(18%)，晚会(15%)
→even，黄昏。-ing, 动名词后缀，此处用做名词。
n.傍晚,黄昏,晚上A day goes through daybreak, morning, noon, afternoon, evening and midnight.一天经过拂晓,上午,正午,下午,傍晚和午夜.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the part of the day between the end of the afternoon and night 傍晚；晚上
• a chilly evening 寒冷的夜晚
• I work in a restaurant and only get one evening off a week. 我在一家餐厅工作，每周只有一个晚上休假。
• Thank you for such a lovely evening. 多谢你的款待，让我渡过了一个如此美妙的夜晚。
• I always go to see a film on Friday evenings. 我总是在星期五晚上去看电影。
• In the evenings, I like to relax. 每到晚上，我喜欢放松一下。
• I'm working late this evening. 今晚我要加班。
• What are you doing tomorrow evening? 明天晚上你要做甚么？
• It poured down all evening and most of the night as well. 傍晚大雨倾盆而下，几乎下了一整夜。
• What time do you usually get home in the evening? 你晚上通常几点到家？
night, evening
这组词都有“夜，晚上”的意思，其区别是：
night: 指从日落到日出或从黄昏到拂晓这段时间。
evening: 指日落到就寝之间的时间。
n. 晚上；傍晚；（联欢性的）晚会；后期
 - night, eve, sunset
int. 晚上好（等于good evening）
 - bonsoir

Word: applicant
Front: applicant
[ˈæplɪkənt] (高四托雅宝 5512/3159 -2)
Vocabulary: applicant
(once / 1228 pages)
n
An applicant is someone who signs up or applies for something. A job applicant for example, often fills out a form and then interviews for the position she hopes to get.
When you submit your college application to a school you'd like to attend, you are an applicant to that school. Other kinds of applicants are job candidates and scholarship hopefuls. To apply is to put in for or request entry to something, and the root of both apply and applicant is the Old French aploiier, "apply, use, or attach," from the Latin applicare, "attach to, join, or connect."
WORD FAMILY
applicant: applicants+/ applicable: applicability, applicably, inapplicable / application: applications/applier: appliers/ apply: applicable, applicant, application, applicative, applicatory, applied, applier, applies, applying, misapply/ inapplicable: inapplicability, inapplicably/misapplication: misapplications/misapply: misapplication, misapplied, misapplies, misapplying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Krebs’ office issues a permit after it gets approved by an applicant’s county sheriff.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The Swedish government says it tries to prioritize cases like Girmay's, where the applicant is about to turn 18.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
It also says the winning applicants should be dispersed across the country “to the maximum extent practicable.”
Science Magazine(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 申请人，求职人; 请求者
分布：申请人(100%)
noun countable
■a person who formally requests something, especially a job, or a place at college or university （尤指求职于或考大学的）申请人
• How many applicants did you have for the job? 申请这份工作的有多少人？
n. [专利] 申请人，申请者；请求者
 - postulant, proposer

Word: comprehensive
Front: comprehensive
[ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv] (研四六托宝 2896/2442 -3)
Vocabulary: comprehensive
(once / 568 pages)
adjn
When you want to describe something that includes all or most details, you can use the adjective comprehensive. If you get the comprehensive treatment at a spa, it might include massage, manicure and a facial.
Comprehensive is from Latin comprehensivus, from comprehensus, the source of English comprehend. In business, comprehensive insurance is insurance that covers a broad range, offering protection against most risks of a certain type. It applies mainly to car insurance.
WORD FAMILY
comprehensive: comprehensively, comprehensiveness, comprehensives, incomprehensive, noncomprehensive+/ comprehend: comprehended, comprehendible, comprehending, comprehends, comprehensible, comprehension, comprehensive /comprehended: uncomprehended/comprehending: uncomprehending/comprehensible: comprehensibility, comprehensibly, incomprehensible, uncomprehensible, understandably/ comprehension: comprehensions, incomprehension/comprehensively: noncomprehensively/incomprehensibility: incomprehensibilities/ incomprehensible: incomprehensibility, incomprehensibly/incomprehension: incomprehensions/incomprehensive: incomprehensively/uncomprehending: uncomprehendingly/understandably: ununderstandably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The comments, included in a letter about the plight of vulnerable children in general, were some of his most comprehensive on abuse.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the most comprehensive studies on the topic examined the performance ratings of 4,492 employees.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The list below is not meant to be comprehensive, but I picked policy proposals with several goals in mind.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 广泛的; 综合的; 有理解力的，悟性好的; [保险业]总体担保的
n. [常用复数]专业综合考试; 综合学校; 综合性中学
分布：全面的(60%)，广泛的(18%)，综合的(17%)，理解的(5%)
综合性的(com+prehens+ive→全部抓住的→综合性的)[prehens,prehend=catch表示"抓住"]
a.内容广泛的,总括性的,综合的His comprehensive apprehension about the appendix of the pendulum is obvious.他的广泛的关于这个摆的附录的忧虑明显.
【记】com共同，prehens抓住－把相关信息一起抓住－全面的
【参】prehensile（adj 适于抓住的）；apprehensive（adj 担忧的）
US [ˌkɑ:m-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■complete and including everything that is necessary 全面的；综合的；包罗万象的；详尽的
• We offer you a comprehensive training in all aspects of the business. 我们向你提供这个行业各方面的综合培训。
• Is this list comprehensive or are there some names missing? 这份名单是完整的还是遗漏了一些名字？
• He has written a fully comprehensive guide to Rome. 他写了一本内容详尽的罗马旅游指南。
complex, complementary, comprehensive, compensating
complex: 复杂的；
complementary: 补充的；
comprehensive: 综合的；
compensating: 补偿的
adj. 综合的；广泛的；有理解力的
 - extensive, integrated, synthetic, widespread, general

Word: legislator
Front: legislator
[ˈledʒɪsleɪtə(r)] (4620/12369 -1)
Vocabulary: legislator
(once / 863 pages)
n
A legislator makes laws. Congress is full of legislators. You have several who represent you at both the state and national level.
Don't confuse a legislator with the legislature. Whereas the latter refers to the group such as the Congress, a legislator is a member of the group. At the national level, senators and representatives are given the task of writing our laws. States sometimes have different names for their two legislative houses, but the set-up is similar. The United States may be the world's oldest democracy, but legislators have been around nearly forever — the Romans had them.
WORD FAMILY
legislator: legislators, legislatorship+/ legislate: legislated, legislates, legislating, legislation, legislative, legislator, legislature / legislation: legislations/ legislative: legislatively/ legislature: legislatures
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also offers a list of all legislators, their phone numbers and their email addresses.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The chief minister on Sunday called a meeting of senior leaders and legislators at his house where he was unanimously elected the party's new president.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Legislators will already face a $348 million budget shortfall when they return to Topeka on Jan. 9.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 立法委员; 立法者
分布：立法者(100%)
US [-tˌɚ] formal
noun countable
■a member of a group of people who together have the power to make laws 立法者
n. [法] 立法者
 - Moses, lawmaker

Word: destination
Front: destination
[ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 3883/4309 -2)
Vocabulary: destination
(once / 460 pages)
n
Destination can describe where you are going, like a traveler whose destination is Paris, or a place that is known for a particular purpose, such as a hip new music club that's a destination for fans of indie rock.
The noun destination comes from the Latin word destinare, meaning "determine, appoint, choose, make firm or fast." If you choose a destination, that's where you intend to end up, the "finish line" or goal that you keep in mind, like a friend's house that is the destination of a walk that might be interrupted a number of times, as you stop in stores along the way and pause to talk to the people you meet.
WORD FAMILY
destination: destinations+/destine: destination, destined, destines, destining, predestine/predestinarian: predestinarianism, predestinarians/ predestinate: predestinated, predestinately, predestinates, predestinating/ predestination: predestinationist, predestinations/predestine: predestinarian, predestinate, predestination, predestined, predestines, predestining/predestined: predestinedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was to enable a permanent moon base to support missions to “Mars and other destinations.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Younger Taiwanese like Japanese food, cartoons and literature, while Japan is Taiwanese people’s top travel destination.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Visitors should allow for extra time getting to their destination. Also banned: No drones.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 目的，目标; 目的地，终点; [罕用语]预定，指定
分布：目的地(91%)，终点(9%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-stin, 站，站立，词源同stand, institute. 即下一个立足点，目的的。
n.目的地,终点The destiny of the pest in chestnut is not known before reaching the destination.栗子中害虫的命运在到达目的地之前是未知的.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the place where someone is going or where something is being sent or taken 目的地；终点
• We arrived at our destination tired and hungry. 我们到达目的地时又累又饿。
• His letter never reached its destination. 他的信没有被送到收信人处。
• The Caribbean is a popular tourist / UK holiday / US vacation destination. 加勒比海是人们喜爱的旅游／渡假胜地。
n. [计] 目的地，终点
 - goal, end-point

Word: assemble
Front: assemble
[əˈsembl] (研四六托雅宝 3557/3928 -2)
Vocabulary: assemble
(once / 141 pages)
v
To assemble means to bring together, as in people or parts. The volunteers assembled to assemble the bikes for the needy kids.
The U.S. Constitution guarantees in something in the Bill of Rights called "the right of assembly." This means that people are allowed to come together for any purpose they chose. In countries without this right, groups who assemble can be disbanded with the idea that they may be assembling a revolution.
WORD FAMILY
assemble: assemblage, assembled, assembler, assembles, assembling, disassemble, preassemble, reassemble +/ assemblage: assemblages/assembler: assemblers/assembling: assemblings/ disassemble: disassembled, disassembles, disassembling, disassembly/preassemble: preassembled/ reassemble: reassembled, reassembles, reassembling
USAGE EXAMPLES
He asked the assembled state leaders how they will positively influence Montana and whether they will be remembered for their rhetoric or results.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After a while, you do hope for something a little more dramatic – particularly when the assembled parties are gathered next to a shark tank.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Only 20 are assembled a day, with most of the work done by hand.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 集合，收集
vt. 装配，组合
时态：assembled, assembling, assembles
分布：装配(50%)，集合(35%)，收集(15%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. 词根sem, 一，同same.
集合;装配(as不断+semble→不断使东西相同→组装[东西])[simil,simul,sembl=alike,same表示"相类似,一样"]
vt.集合,召集;装配;收集vi.集合,聚集He was busy assembling the bike by himself.他忙着自己装配自行车.
【记】as一再，semble和…相像－一再相像－聚集。比如：近朱者赤
【参】resemble（vt 象，类似）；dissemble（v 掩饰，假装不知道）
verb
GATHER 聚集
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to come together in a single place or bring parts together in a single group 集合，聚集；收集
• We assembled in the meeting room after lunch. 午饭后我们在会议室集合。
• to assemble data 收集资料
• At the staff meeting, the manager told the assembled company (= everyone there) that no one would lose their job. 在全体员工大会上，经理对所有与会者说他们谁也不会失业。
[ə'sem.bl] verb
JOIN 连接
transitive
■to make something by joining separate parts 组装；装配
• furniture that is easy to assemble 易于组装的家俱
assemble, gather, collect
这组词都有“集中，归拢”的意思，其区别是：
assemble: 与collect相比更为突出聚集或收集的目的。
gather: 换用，但多强调按照一定目的或计划进行有选择的收集。
vt. 集合，聚集；装配；收集
 - aggregate, fall in
vi. 集合，聚集
 - concentrate, collect, aggregate, mass, crowd

Word: assert
Front: assert
[əˈsɜ:t] (研六托雅宝 3147/3438 -2)
Vocabulary: assert
(once / 109 pages)
v
Asserting is all about standing up for what you believe. You might assert an opinion, your innocence, or even your authority over someone else.
The verb assert can be used for both opinions and for oneself. When asked, you can politely assert your desire to go to the amusement park for your birthday. If no one listens to you, you can assert yourself and forcefully state that you really want to go the amusement park for your birthday. If that fails, you should just take yourself to the amusement park for your birthday. And get better friends.
WORD FAMILY
assert: assertable, asserted, asserter, asserting, assertion, assertive, asserts, reassert +/asserted: assertedly/asserter: asserters/asserting: assertingly, self-asserting/ assertion: assertions, self-assertion / assertive: assertively, assertiveness, nonassertive, self-assertive, unassertive/assertiveness: self-assertiveness/ reassert: reasserted, reasserting, reassertion, reasserts/reassertion: reassertions/unassertive: unassertively, unassertiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he did assert that some recent published reports about him contained factual errors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While on his annual vacation in Oahu, Obama asserted himself forcefully on two foreign policy issues that put him in direct conflict with Trump.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Organisers say the US election proved a “catalyst for a grassroots movement of women to assert the positive values that the politics of fear denies”.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 声称，断言; 维护，坚持; 坚持自己的主张; 生效
时态：asserted, asserting, asserts
分布：断言(73%)，维护(21%)，生效(6%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. 词根ser, 连结，见series. 原指把手放在奴隶头上，宣称对奴隶所有权。 -t, 过去分词格。
断言;主张(as+sert→强行插入观点→断言)[sert=join,insert表示"加入,插入"]
vt.断言,宣称;坚持;主张(权利,权威等)The assessor asserts that he inserted the deserted desserts in the desert with alert.估价人认定他用警惕把被抛弃的甜点心插入沙漠中.
【记】as一再，sert参与－一再参与（讨论）－断言，主张
US [-'sɝ:t] verb transitive
assert yourself
 ADVANCED
■to behave in a way which expresses your confidence, importance or power and earns you respect from others 坚持自己的主张；表现坚定
• I really must assert myself more in meetings. 我在会议上确实必须立场更坚定一些。
■formal
■to say that something is certainly true 断言；肯定地说
• [+ that] He asserts that she stole money from him. 他一口咬定她偷了他的钱。
■to do something to show that you have power 主张；维护；坚持
• Throughout the Cold War, the Allies asserted their right to move freely between the two Berlins. 冷战期间，盟国自始至终坚持其在东西柏林之间自由来往的权利。
• She very rarely asserts her authority over the children. 她很少摆出大人的权威来管教孩子。
allege, testify, affirm, maintain, assert, claim
这组词都有“断言，声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: 多指无真凭实据，不提供证据的断言或宣称。
testify: 多指在法庭作证，庄严地宣称自己所说属实。
affirm: 侧重在作出断言时表现出的坚定与不可动摇的态度。
maintain: 与assert近义，但前者指坚决维护某种主张或观点。
assert: 主观意味强，指自认为某事就是如此，而不管事实如何。
claim: 可与assert换用，但语气弱一些，侧重指行为自己的权利提出要求他人承认。
allege, affirm, announce, proclaim, assert, claim
这组词都有“声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。
 • The suspect alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at the time of the crime.   嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。
affirm: v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是deny的反义词。
 • He affirmed his love for her.   他发誓爱她。
announce: v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主张或态度，常常带有预告的意味。
 • The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of knowledge.   印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。
proclaim: v.宣布；宣告(成立)。指经过深思熟虑后向大众宣布一个明确的决定或判断，尤其指重大事件的宣布，多用于官方场合。
 • The president proclaimed an emergency when the war came.   当战争来临的时候总统宣布进入紧急状态。
assert: v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个情况为事实。
 • She asserted that she was innocent .   她宣称自己是无辜的。
claim: v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。
 • They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city.   他们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。
vt. 维护，坚持；断言；主张；声称
 - maintain, say, submit, stay, advocate

Word: killer
Front: killer
[ˈkɪlə(r)] (雅 2613/3690 -3)
Back: n. 凶手，杀人者; 止痛药; 宰杀的器具; 〈俚〉鬼门关
分布：凶手(74%)，杀人者(7%)，迷人的人(7%)，致命物(3%)，消灭…者(3%)，棘手的事(3%)，精彩的事物(3%)
US [-ɚ] noun
DEATH 死
 IMPROVER countable
■someone who kills another person 杀人者，凶手
• Police are still hoping to find the dead woman's killer. 警方仍然希望找到杀害那名女性的凶手。
countable
■something that kills people, especially a disease or other illness 致命的东西；（尤指）致命疾病
• Cancer and heart disease are the UK's biggest killers. 癌症和心脏病是英国头号致命疾病。
countable
■something that destroys something 杀灭物
• This chemical is found in most weed killers. 大多数除草剂中含有这种化学物质。
UK ['kɪl.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
EFFORT 尽力的
only singular informal
■something that is very difficult 极困难的事
• The last question was a real killer. 最后一个问题的确很难。
UK ['kɪl.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
AMUSEMENT 著迷
countable US and Australian English informal
■a very entertaining or skilful person, story or performance 令人着迷的人（或故事）；技能出色的人（或表演）
• Dizzy was a real killer on the trumpet. 迪齐是个非常出色的小号手。
n. 杀手；致死；止痛药；宰杀的器具；断路器
 - breaker, pain-killer

Word: comfortable
Front: comfortable
[ˈkʌmftəbl] (中高研四六雅 1701/2195 -K3)
Vocabulary: comfortable
(once / 86 pages)
adj
The adjective comfortable describes something that makes you feel relaxed, like a comfortable couch that makes you want to curl up on it and take a nap.
In addition to describing things that feel good, like shoes that don't hurt your feet, comfortable can mean "feeling free from stress or worry." If you are comfortable around people, you can be yourself. It can also mean "secure" — a family that, though not rich, lives a comfortable lifestyle, meaning they have considerable savings, or you feeling comfortable speaking Spanish in Chile, meaning you trust your ability to communicate.
WORD FAMILY
comfortable: comfortableness, comfortabler, comfortablest, comfortably, uncomfortable +/ comfort: comfortable, comforted, comforter, comforting, comfortless, comforts, discomfort /comfortableness: comfortablenesses/comforted: comfortedly/comforter: comforters/comforting: comfortinger, comfortingly/comfortless: comfortlessly/ discomfort: discomforts/ uncomfortable: uncomfortableness, uncomfortablest, uncomfortably/uncomfortableness: uncomfortablenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Cowboys got very comfortable in the new guy’s hands.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Stern said he’s comfortable with the financial outlook for the new facility, especially after some good revenue years for the institution.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The goal broke the deadlock as Arsenal moved into the top three with a comfortable home win.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 舒适的; 安逸的，处于轻松的; 充裕的
分布：舒适的(98%)，充裕的(2%)
愉快舒适的(comfort+able)[fore,fort=storng,表示"强大,力量"]
a.舒适的,舒服的;感到舒适的,安逸的I got this sort of comfortable soft shorts with no efforts.我不费吹灰之力弄到了这种柔软舒适的短裤.
US [-fɚ.tˌə-] adjective
CLOTHES/FURNITURE 衣服／家俱
 ESSENTIAL
■describes furniture and clothes that provide a pleasant feeling and that do not give you any physical problems （家俱和衣服）舒适的，舒服的，令人惬意的
• a comfortable bed/sofa 舒适的床／沙发
• comfortable shoes/trousers 舒服的鞋子／裤子
UK ['kʌmp.fə.tə.bl] US [-fɚ.tˌə-] adjective
PHYSICALLY OKAY 舒坦的
 ESSENTIAL
■relaxed and free from pain 舒服的；舒坦的；轻松自在的
• Are you comfortable or shall I turn the heat down? 你觉得舒服吗？还是要我把暖气调低点？
• I don't feel comfortable in high heels. 穿高跟鞋我觉得不舒服。
• Do sit down and make your self comfortable. 请坐，别拘束。
■describes an ill or injured person in hospital who is not feeling too much pain （医院的病人或伤者）感觉不太痛的
UK ['kʌmp.fə.tə.bl] US [-fɚ.tˌə-] adjective
NO PROBLEMS 放心的
■If you are comfortable with a situation, you are not worried about it 放心的，安心的；欣慰的
• I'm not comfortable with the idea of leaving her on her own. 要把她一个人留下来，我可不放心。
UK ['kʌmp.fə.tə.bl] US [-fɚ.tˌə-] adjective
ENOUGH MONEY 富足的
■having enough money for a good standard of living （生活）舒适的，安逸的，富足的
• They're not fabulously rich or anything, but they're quite comfortable. 他们算不上特别富有，但还算富足。
UK ['kʌmp.fə.tə.bl] US [-fɚ.tˌə-] adjective
EASY WIN 轻易取胜
■If you win a game or competition by a comfortable amount, you win easily （在比赛中）轻松的，轻而易举的
• a comfortable lead/victory 轻松领先／取胜
UK ['kʌmp.fə.tə.bl] US [-fɚ.tˌə-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  comfortableWarning: Check your spelling! Comfortable is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'm', and not 'n'.
adj. 舒适的，舒服的
 - pleasant, easy, cozy

Word: mystery
Front: mystery
[ˈmɪstri] (研四六托 2332/2813 -K3)
Vocabulary: mystery
(once / 62 pages)
n
A mystery is something that baffles our understanding and cannot be explained. The giant slabs of Stonehenge, remain a mystery to this day.
The noun mystery comes from the Greek mysterion, meaning "secret rite or doctrine." A great synonym for secret is enigma. We use this word all the time to describe stuff we don't understand, from crop circles and UFOs to the origins of the universe and the workings of the human brain. In literature, drama, and film, a mystery is a story that centers around a crime, usually murder, which finally gets solved at the very end.
WORD FAMILY
mystery: mysteries, mysterious +/ mysterious: mysteriouser, mysteriousest, mysteriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Whose No. 1 draft pick, Josh Doctson, only got on the field twice this year because of injuries and mysteries?
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Crows soared above sandstone walls as we ran our hands along petrified sand dunes and felt cool mystery.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The whereabouts of the manuscript remained a mystery until its emergence in London.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 秘密，谜; 神秘，神秘的事物; 推理小说，推理剧; 常作 mysteries 秘技，秘诀
分布：秘密(53%)，奥秘(45%)，神秘的人或事物(2%)
→来自希腊语mysterion,神秘的仪式，神秘的教条，来自mystes,开悟的人，神点化的人，通灵的人，巫师，来自myein,关闭，合眼，合嘴，词源同mute,myopia.可能来自巫师做法时的神态。原带有强烈的宗教色彩，后词义通用化，引申词义神秘，奥秘。
n.神秘,神秘的事物;神秘小说,侦探小说The creation of life remains a mystery.生命的创造仍是个谜.
US [-tɚ-] noun
STRANGE/UNKNOWN THING 奇怪／不知名事物
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■something strange or not known which has not yet been explained or understood 神秘的事物，难以理解的事物，谜
• How the massive stones were brought here from hundreds of miles away is/remains a mystery. 巨石到底怎样从几百英里以外运到这里来仍然是个谜。
• The mystery was solved when the police discovered the murder weapon. 警方找到凶器后，谜团就解开了。
• The book tries to explain some of the mysteries of life. 该书试图解释一些生命之谜。
• The details of the scandal remain cloaked/shrouded/wrapped in mystery. 丑闻的详情仍然不明／是一个谜／披着神秘的面纱。
• It's a complete mystery ( to me) that/why (= I do not understand why) she married him at all! 我完全搞不懂她怎么会嫁给他！
UK ['mɪs.tər.i] US [-tɚ-] noun
BOOK/FILM/PLAY 书／电影／剧
countable
■a book, film or play, especially about a crime or a murder, with a surprise ending which explains all the strange events that have happened 悬疑作品；悬疑电影；推理剧
• I really enjoy murder mysteries. 我很爱看谋杀推理作品。
• a mystery writer 侦探小说作家
puzzle, mystery, riddle, problem
这组词都有“谜、难题”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 语气较强，指复杂令人费解的情况或问题。
mystery: 指常人难以认识其起因或性质的奥秘，或指有意不让人理解的奥妙。
riddle: 指供人猜的谜语游戏，也可指终究会有解答的难题。
problem: 指有待探讨的疑难问题，也可指令人困惑的情况。
n. 神秘，秘密；奥秘；神秘的事物
 - secret, privacy, confidence

Word: fibre
Front: fibre
[ˈfaɪbə(r)] (高四六雅 24899/3214 -2)
Back: n. 纤维; 性格; 硬纸板纤维板
分布：纤维(98%)，质地(1%)，性情(1%)
US [-bɚ] noun
THREAD 线
 ADVANCED countable
■any of the thread-like parts which form plant or artificial material and which can be made into cloth （植物或人造物的）纤维，丝
• The fibres are woven into fabric. 纤维被织成织物。
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■threads when they are in a mass that can be used for making products such as cloth and rope （布、绳等的）纤维；纤维物质
• Natural fibres such as cotton tend to be cooler. 棉类等天然纤维往往更凉爽。
• artificial/man-made/natural fibre 人造／天然纤维
countable or uncountable
■one of various thread-like structures in the body, such as those found in muscle （人体组织的）纤维
• muscle fibre(s) 肌肉纤维
UK (ALSO US fiber) UK ['faɪ.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
FOOD 食物
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a substance in foods such as fruit, vegetables and brown bread, which travels through the body as waste and helps the contents of the bowels to pass through the body easily （水果、蔬菜、黑面包等中的）纤维素
• You should eat more dietary fibre to reduce the risk of bowel cancer. 你应该多吃膳食纤维以降低患肠癌的风险。
UK (ALSO US fiber) UK ['faɪ.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
CHARACTER 性格
uncountable
■strength of character 品质；素质
• He lacked the moral fibre to be leader. 品行方面他不具备当领导的素质。
UK (ALSO US fiber) UK ['faɪ.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
with every fibre of your being
■If you want or believe something with every fibre of your being, you want or believe it very much 一心一意；极其地
• She wanted to win the race with every fibre of her being. 她一心想在赛跑中获胜。
n. [材] 纤维；纤维制品
 - fiber, funicle

Word: patrol
Front: patrol
[pəˈtrəʊl] (研六托雅 4183/5439 -2)
Vocabulary: patrol
(once / 445 pages)
nv
When a person or a group monitors a specific area, that's a patrol. A police officer's night patrol might involve walking a beat on certain city streets.
A patrol is the activity of watching a neighborhood or region, and also refers to the person or group doing the watching. And when you join such a group, you can say you patrol. Your neighborhood watch group might patrol the town in groups of three, driving up and down the streets keeping an eye out for suspicious activity. The French patrouille, "a night watch," comes from patrouiller, "go the rounds," and originally "tramp trough the mud."
WORD FAMILY
patrol: patroled, patroling, patrolled, patroller, patrolling, patrols+/patroller: patrollers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Customs and Border Patrol computer problems hit several U.S. airports on Monday, causing long lines at immigration checks, airport officials said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
And the Highway Patrol said security footage caught two people splattering motor oil on the sidewalk and Capitol building on Halloween night.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Goicoechea spent 17 years with the highway patrol before being elected judge in November.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 巡逻，巡查; 巡逻队，侦察队; 童子军小队
vt. & vi. 巡逻，巡查
时态：patrolled, patrolling, patrols
分布：巡逻(94%)，巡查(6%)
→来自古法语patrouille,守夜，值勤，巡逻，来自pate,脚掌，脚底板，词源同pad,path.-ille,小词后缀。
v.巡逻,巡查n.巡逻,巡查;巡逻队The policeman was on patrol.警察在巡逻.
US [-'troʊl] verb intransitive or transitive (-ll-)
■(especially of soldiers or the police) to go around an area or a building to see if there is any trouble or danger （尤指士兵或员警）巡逻，巡查
• The whole town is patrolled by police because of the possibility of riots. 为防止发生骚乱，整个城镇都有员警巡逻。
• A security guard with a dog patrols the building site at night. 夜间一名保安带着一只狗在建筑工地巡逻。
• Coastguards found a deserted boat while patrolling (along) the coast. 海岸警卫队在岸边巡逻时发现了一艘被遗弃的船。
UK [pə'trəʊl] US [-'troʊl] noun
countable or uncountable
■the act of looking for trouble or danger in a building or area 巡逻，巡查
• a highway patrol 公路巡查
• Three reconnaissance aircraft are permanently on patrol. 三架侦察机在不停巡逻。
UK [pə'trəʊl] US [-'troʊl] noun
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a small group of soldiers or military ships, aircraft or vehicles, especially one which patrols an area 巡逻兵，巡逻队；巡逻艇；巡逻机；巡逻车
• Our forward patrol has/have spotted the enemy. 我们的先遣巡逻队发现了敌人。

Word: kid
Front: kid
[kɪd] (中高研四 312/1572 -K4)
Vocabulary: kid
(once / 244 pages)
1n 2n 3v
If a farmer offers to introduce you to her kid, you might not know if she means her child or her baby goat.
A kid is a child, informally, and it's also a young goat. Sometimes the word kid means a kind of soft leather made from goat skin. When kid is used as a verb, it means to tease or jokingly deceive someone — to kid them. Some sticklers for formality object to using kid to mean "child," but that meaning has been around since the 1590s. The "teasing" definition of kid comes from the sense of "treat like a child."
WORD FAMILY
kid: kidded, kidding, kids
USAGE EXAMPLES
They fought with jabs from a kid quarterback, roundhouses from acrobatic receivers and knockdowns by giant linemen.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Karen is hypercritical of the school’s teachers, the curriculum, the kids and the other parents, either because they’re absent or overly involved.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And, hey, maybe the kid is unusually good at navigating the series of tubes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. <口>小孩; 小山羊，小山羊皮制品
vt. & vi. 欺骗，戏弄，取笑
adj. 较年幼的; 小山羊皮制的
时态：kidded, kidding, kids
分布：小孩(67%)，开玩笑(7%)，小山羊(7%)，哄骗(6%)，较年幼的(5%)，年轻人(4%)，嘲弄(2%)，捉弄(1%)，小山羊皮制品(1%)
→来自中古英语kide,来自古诺斯语kith,羊羔，来自Proto-Germanic*kittina,小羊，羊羔，可能来自ghaid,羊，山羊，词源同goat.后用来指小偷或好斗的人，最终用于小孩昵称。
n.小孩,儿童v.戏弄,取笑His wicked trick is to get the kids to kick bricks and lick the cricket ticket.他的缺德恶作剧是让孩子们踢砖和舔板球门票.
noun
CHILD 孩子
 ESSENTIAL countable informal
■a child 小孩
• He took the kids to the park while I was working. 我工作时，他把孩子们带到公园去了。
countable informal
■a young person 年轻人
• He was only 16, just a kid really. 他才16岁，还是个年轻小子。
sb's kid sister/brother mainly US informal
■someone's younger sister or brother （某人的）妹妹／弟弟
be like a kid in a candy store US and Australian
■to be very happy and excited about the things around you, and often react to them in a way which is silly and not controlled 像进了糖果店的孩子（形容对周围的事物非常高兴、激动，以至于行为表现得可笑，难以控制）
• You should have seen him when they arrived. He was like a kid in a candy store. 你真应该看看他们来的时候他的样子，简直就像个进了糖果店的孩子。
  Common Learner Errors  kidRemember: kid is only used in informal English. In ordinary or more formal language, don't say 'kid', say child.
[kɪd] noun
ANIMAL 动物
countable
■a young goat 小山羊，小羚羊
uncountable
■very soft leather made from the skin of a young goat 小山羊皮革
• kid gloves 小山羊皮手套
[kɪd] noun
handle / treat sb with kid gloves
■to be very polite or kind to someone because you do not want to make them angry or upset 极有礼貌地对待（某人）；小心应付（某人）
[kɪd] verb intransitive or transitive (-dd-) informal
■to say something as a joke, often making someone believe something that is not true （与某人）开玩笑；哄骗
• Oh no, I've forgotten your birthday! Hey, just/only kidding! 啊，我把你的生日忘了！嘿，开玩笑而已！
• You won first prize? You're kidding! (= I'm really surprised.) 你得了第一名？开玩笑吧！
• I'm just kidding you! 我不过和你开个玩笑罢了！
kid yourself
■to believe something that is not true, usually because you want it to be true 欺骗自已
• He says there's a good chance she'll come back to him but I think he's kidding himself. 他说她很可能会回到他身边，但我觉得只是他自欺欺人。
[kɪd] verb intransitive or transitive (-dd-) informal
no kidding (also I kid you not)
■used when you are surprised by what someone has just said （表示惊讶）不是骗人的吧
• Dean was there? No kidding! 迪安在那里？我才不信呢！
[kɪd] verb intransitive or transitive (-dd-) informal
  Phrasal Verbs  kid around US informal
■to be silly or not serious 做傻事；戏谑
• Stop kidding around and listen to me! 别闹了，听我说！
n. 小孩； [畜牧] 小山羊
 - kiddie, pickin
vt. 欺骗；取笑；戏弄
 - sell, guy, fox
vi. 欺骗；取笑；戏弄
 - pull a fast one, give the shaft

Word: hack
Front: hack
[hæk] (宝 8227/8661 -2)
Vocabulary: hack
(once / 521 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5v 6v 7n 8n
To hack is to cut or chop something with short strong blows, like if you hack your way through a thick jungle with a machete. To hack is also to illegally break into someone’s computer.
The Old English root word is haccian, which means “to cut into pieces,” but hack also means to cough frequently. A tickle in your throat can make you hack. If you call someone a hack, you mean they’re not great at what they do — especially writing. A mediocre writer is called a hack. Once upon a time hack was short for “an ordinary horse,” and now it’s an insult for writers. No one wants to be a hack!
WORD FAMILY
hack: hacked, hacker, hacking, hacks+/ hacker: hackers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sareen got his start by hacking into webcams and turning them into body scanners.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“I’m not an email person myself,” Trump echoed during that infamous July news conference in which he invited Russia to hack Hillary Clinton’s email.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The document was intended to help companies mitigate Russian hacking and report any suspicious activity to the government.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 乱劈，乱砍; 开垦; 出租马车
n. 劈，砍; 干咳; 乘用马
时态：hacked, hacking, hacks
分布：雇佣文人(36%)，咳嗽(24%)，乱踢(16%)，劈或砍(16%)，供出租的马车(8%)
→来自keg,砍，劈，钩，词源同hook,haggle,hew.引申词义侵入别人的计算机，即黑掉。hack 供人骑的马，出租车，雇佣文人
【记】读：黑客－喜欢在别人的主页上乱侃（乱砍），当然有时候是受雇于人的，充当一下雇佣文人的角色，而雇佣文人写出文章的特点是陈腐平庸的，这主要是因为他们的眼睛看到的东西是陈腐平庸的hackneyed见下
verb
CUT 切
intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to cut into pieces in a rough and violent way, often without aiming exactly 砍，切，劈
• Three villagers were hacked to death in a savage attack. 三名村民在一场野蛮打斗中被砍死。
• Don't just hack (away) at the bread - cut it properly! 不要乱切面包——好好地切！
• The butcher hacked off a large chunk of meat. 屠夫砍下了一大块肉。
• figurative The article had been hacked about (= carelessly changed) so much it was scarcely recognizable. 被大刀阔斧地删改之后，这篇文章几乎面目全非了。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition UK
■in football and rugby, to kick the ball away or to foul (= act against the rules) by kicking another player in the leg （足球或橄榄球运动中）将（球）踢出，踢（人）犯规
• Platt was twice hacked down in the second half by the other team's sweeper. 普拉特在下半场两次被对方的自由中卫铲倒。
[hæk] verb
COMPUTING 电脑技术
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to get into someone else's computer system without permission in order to find out information or do something illegal 未经允许侵入他人的电脑系统（来窃取资讯或从事非法勾当）
• Computer hacking has become very widespread over the last decade. 电脑骇客现象在过去十年里非常普遍。
• A programmer had managed to hack into some top-secret government data. 一个程式设计师设法用骇客手段窃取了一些绝对机密的政府资料。
[hæk] verb
MANAGE 处理
transitive usually in negatives informal
■to manage to deal successfully with something 对付，处理
• I tried working on the night shift for a while, but I just couldn't hack it. 我试着上了一段时间的夜班，但还是受不了。
[hæk] verb
HORSE 马
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (also go hacking)
■to ride a horse in the countryside （在乡间）骑马
[hæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hack sb off mainly UK informal
■to make someone feel annoyed 激怒（某人）
• He leaves all the difficult stuff for me to do and it really hacks me off. 他把所有的难题都留给我，真把我惹恼了。
[hæk] noun countable
WRITER 作家 disapproving
■a journalist (= writer for newspapers or magazines) whose work is low in quality or does not have much imagination 雇佣文人（捉刀者； 写手）（指受雇为报刊撰写庸俗文章者）
• Fleet Street hacks 舰队街的写手
[hæk] noun countable
POLITICIAN 政客 disapproving
■a politician, especially one who is not important （尤指无足轻重的）政客
• tired old party hacks 迂腐的老政客
[hæk] noun countable
HORSE 马
■a ride on a horse in the countryside 乡间骑马
[hæk] noun countable
DRIVER/CAR 驾驶者／汽车 US informal
■(the driver of) a car which is available for rent, especially a taxi 供出租的汽车；计程车司机
hack, cut, chop
这组词都有“切、砍”的意思，其区别是：
hack: 指粗暴地乱剪、乱砍、乱劈。
cut: 普通用词，使用广泛。指用带刃工具的切、割、砍等的行动。
chop: 指用刀斧连续猛力砍某物，以便砍断、切碎。
n. 砍，劈；出租马车
 - chop, cab
vt. 砍；出租
 - rent, lease out
vi. 砍
 - chop

Word: clinic
Front: clinic
[ˈklɪnɪk] (高研六托雅 2388/3298 -3)
Vocabulary: clinic
(once / 617 pages)
1n 2n
A clinic is a doctor's office, particularly one that specializes in one kind of medicine. After you're diagnosed with a broken leg, you may be referred to an orthopedic clinic.
Sometimes the word clinic is used when a medical office isn't a hospital or a private doctor's office. Some clinics help patients who don't need to be hospitalized, or have been released from a hospital, but still need specialized care. Other kinds of clinics provide dental care or immunizations. Clinic is from the Latin clinicus, "physician that visits patients in their beds," with the Greek root klinike, "at the sickbed."
WORD FAMILY
clinic: clinical, clinics+/ clinical: clinically, preclinical, subclinical
USAGE EXAMPLES
A clinic employee invited Mr. Kloski, now 28, to apply for Medicaid.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In a few seconds the results of a heart test are sent to a specialist clinic in the capital.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He teaches and practices at the University of Washington Family Medicine Residency, which is based at the UW Neighborhood Northgate Clinic.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 诊所，门诊部; 特殊病例分析; 临床讲授; 临床实习课
分布：诊所(91%)，门诊部(8%)，科室(1%)
→来自klei,倾斜，词源同lean,incline.原义为躺下，病床，医生上门给病人看病的病床。
n.诊所I perceived that the veil clung on the ceiling of the clinic was deceit.我觉察到粘附在诊所天花板上的幔子是个骗局.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a building, often part of a hospital, to which people can go for medical care or advice relating to a particular condition 诊所；门诊部
• Bring your baby to the clinic and we'll take a look at her. 把你的宝宝带到诊所来，我们帮她检查一下。
• Antenatal clinics provide care for pregnant women. 产前检查诊所为孕妇提供医疗服务。
['klɪn.ɪk] noun countable
hold a clinic
■to be available at a particular place to provide medical care to members of the public 门诊；提供门诊服务
• Dr Clark holds a clinic on Tuesday mornings. 克拉克医生每周二上午门诊。
UK to be available at a particular place to provide advice to members of the public 提供咨询
• Our MP holds a clinic every Friday evening. 我们的议员每周五晚上为公众提供咨询服务。
n. [临床] 临床；诊所
 - ambulatorium

Word: clearing
Front: clearing
[ˈklɪərɪŋ] (六 8009/6924 -2)
Vocabulary: clearing
(once / 403 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A clearing is an area that's open, with no trees, especially one in the middle of the woods or that's been cleared for planting. A clearing at the edge of the forest is a nice place to build a cabin.
The noun clearing is a good way to describe an open place in the midst of dense growth, like a field or a glade in a forest. Some clearings are created deliberately for cultivating crops or building houses, while others come naturally from fires or droughts. This word first appeared in American English around 1818.
WORD FAMILY
clearing: clearings+/ clear: clearance, cleared, clearer, clearest, clearing, clearly, clearness, clears, unclear/clearance: clearances/cleared: uncleared/clearness: clearnesses/unclear: unclearly, unclearness
USAGE EXAMPLES
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims — arranged in a star formation — in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims - arranged in a star formation - in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Food and Drug Administration clearing just 22 new medicines for sale, the lowest number since 2010 and sharply down on 2015's tally of 45.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 小块空地，林中空地; 结算; 清扫; <军>前方医院，医疗后送站
v. 变明朗( clear的现在分词); 澄清; （通过票据交换所）交换票据
分布：结算(47%)，清除(42%)，票据交换(10%)，动词clear的现在分词.(1%)
→来自clear,清晰的。
US ['klɪr.ɪŋ] noun countable
■an area in a wood or forest from which trees and bushes have been removed 林中空地
n. 结算；空地；清扫
 - settlement, balancing

Word: loser
Front: loser
[ˈlu:zə(r)] (4980/6851 -2)
Vocabulary: loser
(once / 1214 pages)
n
A loser is the team or person that did not win or succeed. In pond hockey, the loser has to hose down the ice to make it smooth again.
You may have heard loser used to insult someone who has not had a lot of success in life, someone who might not have many friends. This mean slang took root in the 1950s but it wasn't until the 1990s that kids who loved indie rock reclaimed it as an anti-hero badge of honor, wearing t-shirts with "Loser" written in huge letters across the front. This ironic gesture was meant to show the jocks who the real cool kids were.
WORD FAMILY
loser: losers+/ lose: loser, loses, losing, lost /losing: losings/ lost: loster, lostest, losts
USAGE EXAMPLES
As Sen. Deb Fischer said in 2013, “Government should not be in the business of picking ‘winners and losers.’
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Those winners face the losers of the first grouping in a loser-out game on the first day of the four-day state tournament.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Seahawks will host the loser of Sunday night’s game between Detroit and Green Bay next week.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 受损失者; 失败者; 屡屡失败的人（尤指评价较低者）; 屌丝
分布：失败者(69%)，输家(29%)，遗失者(2%)
→来自lose,失去。
US [-zɚ] noun countable
NOT WINNER 负方
■a person or team that does not win a game or competition （比赛中的）输者，负方
• The losers of both games will play each other for third place. 两场比赛的负者将争夺第三名。
• He's a good / bad loser (= He behaves well/badly when he is defeated). 他是个输得起／输不起的人。
UK ['lu:.zər] US [-zɚ] noun countable
NOT SUCCESSFUL 不成功 informal
■a person who is always unsuccessful at everything they do 命运不济者，倒楣蛋
• He's a born loser. 他天生就是个倒楣蛋。
UK ['lu:.zər] US [-zɚ] noun countable
DISADVANTAGED 受害
■someone who is at a disadvantage as a result of something that has happened 受害者，遭殃者
• The latest price rises mean that the real loser, as usual, is the consumer. 与以往一样，最近这次涨价的真正受害者还是消费者。
UK ['lu:.zər] US [-zɚ] noun countable
SHARE VALUE
n. 失败者；遗失者
 - failure, underdog

Word: intensive
Front: intensive
[ɪnˈtensɪv] (研四六托雅 4973/3826 -2)
Vocabulary: intensive
(once / 2402 pages)
1adj 2nadj
Intensive describes things that are extreme, highly dramatic, or just plain thorough. An intensive chemistry course meets six days a week for five hours a day. If you're in intensive care, you're getting close medical scrutiny, 24/7.
Intensive is intense, which comes from the Latin for “high strung,” plus –ive, meaning “having the qualities of.” It’s an adjective that cranks up whatever it modifies. Doing too many intensive activities can make you high strung indeed, like taking that intensive chemistry class or participating in an intensive study on the effects of sleeplessness by staying awake for four days straight. That might get you put in intensive care.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
intense / intensive / intent
If your teacher offered you a choice between an intense course or an intensive one, which one would you choose? And would you wonder what his intent was?
Intense means of severe strength or force; having strong feelings. An intense course, then, would be an extremely tough course, such as advanced nuclear science. Intensive means focused on one subject or area for a short time; extremely thorough. So an intensive course would be very focused on one topic and would last short time, as with summer courses. The teacher's intent, his purpose or intention, might be to guide you to the best course for you. Or it might be to fill his summer course.
Searching online, you'll find that in particular intensive is used instead of intense:
Michigan Solar Panel Factory's Labor-Intensive Assembly Tasks
These hiking-intensive trips can, of course, be strenuous.
Implementation can be a time-intensive process in terms of training, data input, data conversion, and down time.
Some dictionaries point out that intense is usually connected with a subjective response, while intensive is generally connected to an objective description. Here are a few examples that get it right:
Intense heat sears Southern California for 4th day
‎Seaton's intent to lie, cheat is as serious as a felony‎
Professional mountain bike rider in intensive care after hit-and-run
WORD FAMILY
intensive: intensiveness, intensives
USAGE EXAMPLES
Within 24 hours, Quinlan was whisked away from their hospital to an intensive care unit at a nearby medical university.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
That summer, Erik completed an intensive treatment program that included frequent drug testing.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The occurrence rate was dramatically higher in intensive care units and neonatal wards, the body said.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 加强的，强烈的; [农]精耕细作的; [语]加强语意的; （农业方法）集约的
n. 加强器; [语]强义词，强调成份
分布：密集的(56%)，彻底的(26%)，强调的(14%)，精细的(4%)
→来自intense,剧烈的，强烈的。引申词义密集的，集约的。
a.加强的,集中的,深入细致的,精耕细作的For convenience of intensive study, he has an intense intention of making friend with me.为便于强化学习,他有和我交朋友的强烈意向.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■involving a lot of effort or activity in a short period of time 密集的，集中的；加强的；深入的
• two weeks of intensive training 两周的密集训练
• an intensive course in English 英语密集课程
• Intensive bombing had reduced the city to rubble. 密集轰炸曾把城市炸成一片瓦砾。
adj. 加强的； [经] 集中的；透彻的；加强语气的
 - enhanced, reinforced, concentrated, searching, mass

Word: bullet
Front: bullet
[ˈbʊlɪt] (研四 2739/4735 -K2)
Vocabulary: bullet
(once / 214 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A bullet is the metal object that is fired out of a gun when its trigger is pulled. Without bullets, a gun is harmless.
If someone talks about ammunition for a gun, they're talking about bullets. A bullet doesn't usually contain explosives but does its damage by penetrating whatever — or whomever — it hits. The Middle French source of bullet is boulette, "cannonball" or "small ball," from boule, "a ball," with its Latin root bulla, "round thing." To "bite the bullet" means to withstand an unpleasant but necessary situation, from the (possibly fictitious) practice of patients biting bullets during painful operations.
WORD FAMILY
bullet: bullets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Witnesses described diving under tables as he walked around spraying bullets from an automatic rifle.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The gunman who killed 39 people at an Istanbul nightclub fired up to 180 bullets, Turkish media report.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A wreath adorns the balcony outside the room, where he was felled by a bullet.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 子弹，弹药; 弹丸; [印]着重号
分布：子弹(98%)，弹丸(2%)
→bull, 词源同ball. -et, 小词后缀。
枪弹(bull=ball球＋et→小球→子弹)[ball,bol=throw,dance,ball,表示"抛,舞,球"]
n.子弹,枪弹Bullet-proof glass stops bullets from passing through.防弹玻璃子弹射不透.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a small, metal object that is shot from a gun 子弹
• A bullet had lodged in the boy's leg. 一颗子弹嵌进了男孩的腿里。
■* a bullet point
shell, bullet
这两个名词均与枪弹有关。
shell: 指发射后会爆炸的炮弹。
bullet: 含义广泛，指各种枪用的子弹。
n. [军] 子弹；只选某党全部候选人的投票；豆子
 - pill
vi. 射出；迅速行进
 - jet, shoot out

Word: nurse
Front: nurse
[nɜ:s] (中高托雅 1875/1650 -K3)
Vocabulary: nurse
(once / 87 pages)
nv
A nurse is a trained healthcare worker who takes care of sick people. To nurse is to take care of, like if you nurse a baby bird back to health.
To become a nurse, you have to go to college and study subjects like anatomy and nutrition. Some nurses assist doctors and perform tasks like bathing patients, taking blood samples, or giving medication. When you use the word nurse as a verb, it means "care for," and also "breastfeed a baby." The Latin root, nutrire, means "to nourish." To nurse a drink is to drink it slowly, and to nurse an idea is to mull it over.
WORD FAMILY
nurse: nursed, nurser, nursery, nurses, nursing+/nurser: nursers/ nursery: nurseries/nursing: nursings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kalamazoo, Mich., now sends nurses into homes to combat the city’s high rate of infant mortality.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Also called pneumococcus, this pathogen is the most common perpetrator of community-acquired pneumonia, which is pneumonia that people get outside hospitals and nursing homes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In walk the X-ray technician, the doctor and a nurse.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 护士，看护; 奶妈，保姆，阿妈，保育员; 保护人，培养者，养成所，发祥地; [植]保护树，[虫]保护虫，保育虫，[动]世代交替的无性期的个体
vt. & vi. 护理; 照料; 喂; 吃奶
vt. 培育; 怀抱; 搂抱; 调治
时态：nursed, nursing, nurses
分布：护士(81%)，护理(9%)，保姆(6%)，看护(3%)，栽培(1%)
→来自古法语nurrice,养母，奶妈，来自拉丁语nutrire,滋养，喂奶，词源同nourish,nutriment.
n.护士,保姆v.护理,看护In church the nurse cursed the people pursuing the purple purse.在教堂里,护士诅咒了追求紫色钱包的人们.
US [nɝ:s] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■(the title given to) a person whose job is to care for people who are ill or injured, especially in a hospital （尤指医院的）护士，护理人员
• He worked as a nurse in a psychiatric hospital. 他在精神病院当护士。
• Nurse Millard will be with you shortly. 米勒德护士很快会来照顾你。
• [as form of address] Thank you, Nurse. 谢谢你，护士。
■old-fashioned
■a woman employed to take care of a young child or children 保姆
UK [nɜ:s] US [nɝ:s] verb transitive
TAKE CARE OF 照顾
■to care for a person or an animal while they are ill 照顾，照料（患病的人或动物）
• He gave up his job so that he could nurse his mother at home. 他辞去了工作，这样可以在家专心照顾母亲。
• They found an injured cat and carefully nursed it back to health (= until it was well again). 他们发现一只受伤的猫，于是精心照料直至它恢复健康。
■to spend a lot of time taking care of something as it grows or develops 养护，培育
• These young trees were carefully nursed by the head gardener. 这些小树得到了主管园丁的精心培育。
• The project will have to be nursed through its first few months. 这个企划案在头几个月里必须投入大量精力。
■If you nurse an illness or injury, you rest until it gets better 调治，调养（伤病）
• Robert's in bed nursing a back injury. 罗伯特卧床休息，调养背部的伤处。
■to hold a small child in your arms as a way of making them feel better 搂，抱（幼儿）
• She nursed the crying child on her lap. 她把哭泣的孩子抱到大腿上。
UK [nɜ:s] US [nɝ:s] verb transitive
FEED 喂养
■When a woman nurses a baby, she feeds it with milk from her breasts. 给（婴儿）哺乳；给（婴儿）喂奶
UK [nɜ:s] US [nɝ:s] verb transitive
FEEL EMOTION 心怀
■to have a strong feeling or an emotion for a long time 心怀，心存
• She had long nursed a passion for Japanese art. 长期以来她一直对日本艺术满怀热情。
UK [nɜ:s] US [nɝ:s] verb transitive
HOLD 搂
■to hold a drink for a long time without drinking it 拿着（饮料）不喝，慢慢喝
• Mark was sitting in the corner nursing an almost empty pint glass. 马克坐在一角，手里一直拿着一只几乎空了的品脱酒杯。
cherish, nurse, cultivate, foster, tend
这组词都有“照料、培育”的意思，其区别是：
cherish: 强调抚育或爱抚。
nurse: 通常指对无力自顾的婴儿、病人等进行照料或护理。
cultivate: 具体意义指耕耘、培育植物；抽象意义指培养兴趣或向往的理想事物。
foster: 指对孩子的关心、鼓励、供养及抚养其成长；也指鼓励、促进事物的增长与发展。
tend: 指出于责任心、博爱心而不是私人感情去对人或物进行照顾。
vt. 看护，护理；照顾；培养；给…喂奶
 - cultivate, plant, rear
vi. 照料，护理；喂奶；当保姆
 - fend for, attend on
n. [医] 护士；奶妈，保姆
 - sister, amah

Word: context
Front: context
[ˈkɒntekst] (研六托雅宝 1427/1019 -K3)
Vocabulary: context
(once / 1043 pages)
n
Context means the setting of a word or event. If your friend is furious at you for calling her your worst enemy, remind her that the context of those remarks was Opposite Day.
Context comes from the Latin for how something is made. It was first used to talk about writing, as in "the beautiful phrase occurs in the context of the concluding paragraph." We use it now to talk about any circumstance in which something happens. You might say that you can't understand what happens without looking at the context. When someone takes your words but makes it sound like you meant something else, they've taken your words out of context.
WORD FAMILY
context: contexts, contextual +/ contextual: contextualism, contextually
USAGE EXAMPLES
To put that in context, the UK is now streaming more songs in a week than it did in a month just three years ago.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
For context, the facility requires $10 million less than that per year to operate.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
But Williams told the judge last week the comments must be viewed in the context of racial stereotypes.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 上下文; 背景; 环境; 语境
分布：上下文(69%)，环境(16%)，背景(15%)
→con-, 强调。-text, 编织，词源同texture, pretext.
上下文(con共同+text→共同编织在一起的→上下文)[text=weave,表示"编织"]
n.(文章等)前后关系;(事件等发生的)背景From the context of the text, I find the next pretext for selling the textile.我从课文的前后关系中找到卖纺织品的下一个借口.
【记】con共同，text编织－共同编织上下文
【参】textile（n 纺织品）；texture（n 纹理；质地；结构）
US ['kɑ:n-] noun countable
CAUSE OF EVENT 事件的起因
 IMPROVER
■the situation within which something exists or happens, and that can help explain it （事情存在、发生的）背景，环境
• It is important to see all the fighting and bloodshed in his plays in historical context. 结合历史背景解读他戏剧作品中所有的争斗和流血事件，这点很重要。
• This small battle is very important in the context of Scottish history. 这场小战役在苏格兰历史上非常重要。
UK ['kɒn.tekst] US ['kɑ:n-] noun countable
LANGUAGE 文法
■the text or speech that comes immediately before and after a particular phrase or piece of text and helps to explain its meaning 上下文；语境
• In this exercise, a word is blanked out and you have to guess what it is by looking at the context. 在这个练习中，有一个单词被抽去了，你必须根据上下文猜测这个单词是甚么。
out of context
■If words are used out of context, only a small separate part of what was originally said or written is reported, which causes their meaning to not be clear or understood 脱离上下文
• The papers took my remarks completely out of context. 报纸引用我的话完全是断章取义。
content, contrast, context, contest
content: 内容；
contrast: 对比，差异；
context: 上下文
contest: 比赛，竞赛；
surroundings, environment, circumstance, context, atmosphere, climate
surroundings: 特指自然环境（地理概念）
environment: 指对人的感情、品德、思想等或动植物生存产生影响的环境
circumstance: 特指经济状况，表示环境，状况时常用复数
context: 上下文
atmosphere: 气氛，氛围
climate: 气候，风气，思潮
n. 环境； [计] 上下文；来龙去脉
 - circumstance, setting, surrounding, condition

Word: auditor
Front: auditor
[ˈɔ:dɪtə(r)] (托 7264/3914 -1)
Vocabulary: auditor
(once / 1168 pages)
n
An auditor is someone who inspects accounting records. Don’t cheat on your taxes, or an auditor might come and check your figures. An auditor is also an attentive listener. That kind is usually more fun.
The word auditor is Latin for “hearer.” This word still applies to someone who listens closely, but it also refers to a kind of accountant who checks the financial records of other people, usually to make sure nothing illegal is going on. If the Internal Revenue Service demands an audit, an auditor will go over your financial records with a fine-toothed comb. This process used to be done verbally, so both kinds of auditors need good hearing.
WORD FAMILY
auditor: auditors+/ audit: audited, auditing, auditor, audits
USAGE EXAMPLES
State Auditor and Inspector Gary Jones says he expects at least five of those counties to pass the audit next year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Holcomb’s office says that Klutz will be the first certified public accountant to be Indiana auditor.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The colleges’ financial records not being ready for state and federal auditors.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 审计员; 查账员; 听者; 旁听生
分布：稽核员(54%)，听者(46%)
US ['ɑ:.dɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
■someone whose job is to carry out an official examination of the accounts of a business and to produce a report 审计员，查帐员
• The external (= from outside the company) auditors come in once a year. 外聘审计员每年来进行一次审计。
n. [审计] 审计员；听者；旁听生
 - Auditing Clerk, hearer

Word: dub
Front: dub
[dʌb] (雅 6064/7725 -2)
Vocabulary: dub
(once / 1129 pages)
1nv 2v 3v
If your brother is obsessive about doing the laundry, then you might dub him the "Scion of the Spin Cycle" or the "Dean of Detergent," meaning you’ve given him a funny nickname that’s inspired by his personal quirks.
The verb dub traces back to the French word adober, meaning “equip with armor,” and originally referred to making someone a knight. Dub still carries that meaning, although now it's more likely to describe the giving out of titles of a different kind. Use this word when you give someone a playful nickname or an unofficial title based on some notable characteristic the person has, like dubbing your sister the "Queen of Shoes."
WORD FAMILY
dub: dubbed, dubbing, dubs+/dubbing: dubbings
USAGE EXAMPLES
This year's Donate Life parade float is styled after a Polynesian catamaran and dubbed "Teammates in Life."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Circuit — oftentimes dubbed the second-most powerful court in the country.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Skype debuted its own set of icons, dubbed Emoticons, around the November release of Marvel’s “Doctor Strange.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. （以剑触肩）封…为爵士; 授予称号; 起绰号; 配音，转录
vi. 击鼓
n. 笨蛋; 鼓声; 混录进去的新声音; 录音带的复制版
时态：dubbed, dubbing, dubs
分布：配音(64%)，轻点(22%)，打击(14%)
→1.起绰号，来自古法语adober, 原义为封爵士。
verb (-bb-)
NAME 名字
[T + noun]
■to give something or someone a particular name, especially describing what you think of them 称…为，将…冠以
• She was dubbed by the newspapers 'The Angel of Death'. 她被报纸称为“死亡天使”。
[dʌb] verb (-bb-)
SOUNDS 声音
transitive
■to change the sounds and speech on a film or television programme, especially to a different language （尤指用另一种语言）为（影视节目）配音
• I'd rather watch a film with subtitles than one dubbed into English. 我宁愿看带字幕的原声电影也不愿意看译成英语的配音电影。
• To conceal his identity, the man's voice has been dubbed over (= an actor speaks his words). 为了不暴露他的身分，这个人的声音都经过了配音处理。
[dʌb] noun uncountable
■a style of music or poetry connected with reggae in which the main part of the tune is removed and various special effects are added 配上特效的雷鬼音乐；配有雷鬼音乐和音响效果的诗歌
vt. [电影] 配音；轻点；打击；授予称号
 - dong, have at
n. 笨蛋；鼓声
 - simple, turkey, put, idiot, stupid

Word: motive
Front: motive
[ˈməʊtɪv] (研四六托 3578/3406 -2)
Vocabulary: motive
(once / 122 pages)
1nadj 2n
Your reason for doing something is your motive. Your motive to go to school every day is to learn. Or maybe the thought of your parents' anger and a run-in with the truant officer is motive enough.
The word motive comes from the Latin words motivus, meaning moving, and movere, meaning to move. Think of motive as the thing that moves you to act. You often hear of motive in the context of crime––a suspect’s fingerprints may be on the murder weapon, but a detective won’t understand the crime until he understands the motive. What made the killer act?
WORD FAMILY
motive: motivate, motiveless, motively, motives, motivity+/ motivate: motivated, motivates, motivating, motivation, motivator/ motivated: unmotivated / motivation: motivational, motivations/ motivational: motivationally/motivator: motivators/motiveless: motivelessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the real world, meanwhile, he soon realizes that he is being pursued by ruthless people whose motives are not immediately clear.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The motive for the attack is not clear.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Like: Should shelters be concerned about the motives of a person who adopts an animal when it’s free, and the care that animal will receive?
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 动机，主旨; （艺术作品的）主题，题材
adj. 运动的; 动机的; 发动的
vt. 促使
分布：动机(75%)，目的(10%)，动机的(4%)，发动的(4%)，主题(3%)，促使(2%)，运动的(2%)
→来自拉丁语movere,运动，移动，词源同move.-t,过去分词后缀。引申词义动机，原因。
动机(mot+ive)[mot=move,表示"动"]
n.动机,目的a.发动的,运动的The motive of the emotional movie is to move the removed men.那部情感电影的动机在于感动被开除的人.
US ['moʊ.tˌɪv] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a reason for doing something 动机；（行动的）缘由；目的
• Why would she have killed him? She has no motive. 为甚么她会杀害他？她没有动机。
• Does he have a motive for lying about where he was? 他有必要隐瞒自己去过哪里吗？
• What is the motive behind (= the reason for) the bombing? 轰炸的动机是甚么？
• I think you should examine/question their motives in offering to lend you the money. 我认为你该仔细考虑一下／质疑他们主动借钱给你的意图。
• She denies that she has has an ulterior (= secret) motive for making the donation. 她否认这次捐款是别有用心。
UK ['məʊ.tɪv] US ['moʊ.tˌɪv] adjective [before noun] specialized
■(of power or force) causing movement or action （引起）运动的；发动的；原动的
n. 动机，目的；主题
 - incentive, goals, intention, topic, purpose
vt. 使产生动机，激起
 - prompt, stir up

Word: slave
Front: slave
[sleɪv] (高研四六托 2727/3948 -2)
Vocabulary: slave
(once / 43 pages)
nv
Someone who is the property of another person is called a slave. To own a slave is morally and legally wrong; people should be free.
Throughout history there have been slaves, and in some parts of the world some people still force others into slavery. Often the word is used more loosely. You might buy a lot of clothes because you're a slave to the latest fashion trends. You could spend all day in the kitchen, preparing 12 casseroles, working like a slave. That kind of exaggeration is common, but don't kid yourself: nothing is really similar to — or as horrible as — being a slave.
WORD FAMILY
slave: enslave, non-slave, slaved, slaveless, slavelike, slaver, slavery, slaves, slaving, slavish+/ enslave: enslaved, enslavement, enslaves, enslaving/enslavement: enslavements/slaver: slavered, slavering, slavers/ slavery: slaveries/slavish: slavishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A second likely track of infection was the slave trade.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
About 150 slaves worked the land, growing tobacco and grains.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
“I wake up every morning in a house that was built by slaves,” Obama told the crowd.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 奴隶; 完全受控制的人; 从动装置
v. 苦干; 辛勤地工作
时态：slaved, slaving, slaves
分布：奴隶(96%)，做苦工(2%)，做奴隶(1%)，拼命干(1%)
→来自拉丁语 Sclavus,奴隶，原义为斯拉夫人。因在中世纪时斯拉夫人大量沦为奴隶而引申该 词义。
n.奴隶,苦工v.做苦工,拼命地干The slave safely saved the sharp shavers in a cave nearby the cafeteria.奴隶将锋利的剃刀安全地保存在自助餐厅附近的洞穴里.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who is legally owned by someone else and has to work for them 奴隶
• Black slaves used to work on the cotton plantations of the southern United States. 黑奴以前通常在美国南部的棉花种植园工作。
• I'm tired of being treated like a slave! 我讨厌被当作奴隶对待！
[sleɪv] noun countable
be a slave to sth disapproving
■to be very influenced by something 受…控制；耽迷于；深受…影响
• She's a slave to fashion. 她是个拼命赶时髦的人。
[sleɪv] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition informal
■to work very hard at something 拼命工作，苦干
• We slaved away all week at the report. 我们整整一周都在忙那份报告。
• humorous I've been slaving over a hot stove (= cooking) all morning. 我一上午都在炉子边忙个不停。
⇒ See also enslave
n. 奴隶；从动装置
 - bondman, mameluke
vi. 苦干；拼命工作
 - labor, work like a dog

Word: scarce
Front: scarce
[skeəs] (研四六托雅 6771/6882 -2)
Vocabulary: scarce
(once / 49 pages)
adjadv
If something is scarce, there isn't much of it around. Crops are scarce after a long drought, or you might find babysitters scarce if your kids are a nightmare to watch.
Scarce, meaning “restricted in quantity,” can oddly be traced back to the same Latin word that spawned the word "excerpt." Use the word scarce when you want to say that something is hard to find or practically missing. When you know you’re about to be asked to do something unpleasant, like wash the dishes or take out the trash, go ahead and “make yourself scarce,” which means to be elusive or get out of there fast.
WORD FAMILY
scarce: scarcely, scarceness, scarcer, scarcest, scarcity +/ scarcity: scarcities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But while the prospects for hope are scarce there is, none the less, one thing from which we might draw solace.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Alone The participants must scramble as food becomes scarce in this new episode of the wilderness-survival series.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
But precipitation remains scarce in isolated areas, including some New Mexico mountains.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 缺乏的，罕见的
adv. 勉强; 仅仅; 几乎不; 简直不
级别：scarcer, scarcest
分布：稀少的(41%)，罕见的(22%)，缺乏的(20%)，不足的(12%)，勉强(5%)
→来自古诺斯法语 scars,稀少的，稀疏的，来自通俗拉丁语*scarsus 减少的，缩小的，过去分 词形式于拉丁语 excerpere,拔出，来自 ex-,向外，-cerp,拔，割，词源同 excerpt,harvest.
a.缺乏的,不足的;稀少的,罕见的The careful man is scarcely scared by the scarce parcel.细心男子勉强被罕见的包裹吓了一下.
US [skers] adjective
 ADVANCED
■not easy to find or get 难得的，稀有的，罕见的
• Food and clean water were becoming scarce. 食物和干净的水越来越少了。
• scarce resources 稀有资源
UK [skeəs] US [skers] adjective
make yourself scarce informal
■to go away from a difficult situation in order to avoid trouble （为避免麻烦）避开，溜走
• Dad's really angry with you, so you'd better make yourself scarce. 爸爸很生你的气，你最好离他躲远一点。
rare, scarce
rare: 形容长期缺少从而珍贵的东西。
scarce: 形容暂时缺乏从而不足的
adj. 缺乏的，不足的；稀有的
 - rare, short, lacking, insufficient, deficient
adv. 仅仅；几乎不；几乎没有
 - merely, simply, just, only, but

Word: sadly
Front: sadly
[ˈsædli] (四六 5717/3665 -K)
Back: adv. 悲哀地; 忧愁地; 令人遗憾地; 不幸地
分布：悲哀地(88%)，遗憾的是(12%)
adverb
NOT HAPPY 不快乐的
 IMPROVER
■in an unhappy way 伤心地，悲伤地
• "He's gone away for six months, " she said sadly. “他已经走了六个月了，”她伤心地说。
['sæd.li] adverb
UNPLEASANT 令人不快的
 ADVANCED
■in a way that is not satisfactory 令人遗憾地，令人伤心地
• Sadly, the treatment doesn't work for all patients. 很遗憾，这种治疗并不是对所有的患者都有效。
• If you think she'll let you do that, you're sadly (= completely) mistaken. 如果你认为她会让你那么做，你就大错特错了。
adv. 悲哀地；悲痛地
 - sorrowfully, mournfully

Word: anybody
Front: anybody
[ˈenibɒdi] (中高 1380/1840 -3)
Back: pron. 任何人，无论谁; 随便哪一个人
n. <口语>重要的人，有声名的人; 平常人
分布：任何人(100%)
pron.(否定句)任何人;(肯定句)随便哪个人He did not know anybody in the party.他在这个聚会上不认识任何人.
US [-ˌbɑ:.di] pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■anyone
n. 重要人物
 - somebody, leading light

Word: bell
Front: bell
[bel] (中高 2646/2829 -K3)
Vocabulary: bell
(once / 207 pages)
1nv 2n
A bell is a hollow object, usually made of metal, that makes a deep ringing sound when it's hit or shaken. In the old days, the sound of a dinner bell meant that it was time to eat.
A belly dancer might have tiny bells on her costume that ring as she moves, and the church in your neighborhood might have a huge bell that's rung every hour. Other kinds of bells include a door bell, a bicycle bell, or a school bell, all of which make a sound to signal something. The Old English root is belle, from a Proto-Indo-European source, bhel-, "to sound" or "to roar."
WORD FAMILY
bell: belled, belling, bells
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sorry, I can’t hear you, the ushers are ringing the bell.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And she’s not opposed to using technology in museum exhibits, as long as interactive screens and other bells and whistles enhance the interpretation for visitors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Please do NOT revert to old bell times!!!” one high school parent wrote.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 钟，铃; 钟声，铃声; 钟状物; [建]圆屋顶
vt. 敲钟; 系铃于，给…装上铃; 使成铃状; 把…放在钟形罩内
vi. 使象钟状地张开; 鸣钟
时态：belled, belling, bells
分布：铃(51%)，钟(27%)，钟声(10%)，门铃(7%)，敲钟(2%)，钟状物(1%)，使象钟状地张开(1%)，使呈钟状(1%)
→来自PIE *bhel-(3), 发声，怒吼，拟声词。
n.钟,铃The cell seller seldom sees the bell belt melt.小单间的卖主很少见到铃铛带子融化.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a hollow metal object shaped like a cup which makes a ringing sound when hit by something hard, especially a clapper 钟，铃
• The church bells rang out to welcome in the New Year. 教堂的钟声响起，迎接新年的到来。
• I stood at the front door and rang the bell several times. 我在前门按了好几次门铃。
[bel] noun countable
bells and whistles
■extra features which make something more attractive, useful, etc. 附加特色，点缀品
• That software has all the usual functions plus the latest bells and whistles. 除了常用的功能，这软体还具备一些新颖的附加功能。
[bel] noun countable
give sb a bell UK informal
■to telephone someone 给（某人）打电话
• Give me a bell sometime next week, won't you? 下星期给我电话好吗？
[bel] noun countable
warning / alarm bells start to ring / sound
■used to describe an occasion when you realize that something is wrong 敲响警钟
• When Frank suggested coming to stay for a couple of days, alarm bells started to ring in my head. 法兰克说要过来住上几天时，我的脑海里响起了警钟。
[bel] noun countable
with bells on US informal
■To do something or go somewhere with bells on is to do it or go there eagerly 热切地
• "Are you coming to Paul's tonight." "Sure, I'll be there - with bells on." “你今晚会去保罗家吗？”“我当然会去——我都迫不急待了。”
n. 铃，钟；钟声，铃声；钟状物
 - ring, gong
vi. 鸣钟；成钟状鼓起
 - toll

Word: inter
Front: inter
[ɪnˈtɜ:(r)] (宝 19198/14320 -2)
Vocabulary: inter
(once / 665 pages)
v
Inter means to bury, usually in a tomb or grave. If you loved your cat a lot, you might want to inter her remains in the back yard and make a nice little memorial.
Most of the time, the word inter is going to be about burying someone or something. Often times, a family owns a plot of land in a cemetery where all family members are interred when they die. Occasionally, you might see it in the phrase "inter alia," a literary Latin expression meaning "among other things." Your professor is probably a poet and a scholar, inter alia.
WORD FAMILY
inter: disinter, interment, interred, interring, inters+/ disinter: disinterment, disinterred, disinterring, disinters/disinterment: disinterments/ interment: interments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The researchers obtained permission to study samples of the pathogen from a child interred in the crypt of a church in Vilnius, Lithuania.
BBC(Dec 08, 2016)
In a job interview with McKinsey, they told him that he was not certain enough in his opinions.
Slate(Dec 06, 2016)
In a family ceremony, Fidel Castro's ashes are being interred next to those of the 19th Century Cuban independence hero, Jose Marti.
BBC(Dec 04, 2016)
Back: vt. 埋，葬
时态：interred, interring, inters
分布：埋葬(100%)
→in-,进入，使，-ter,土地，词源同terrain,territory.即埋入土地。
埋葬(in进+ter→进地→埋葬)[terr=eartth表示"土地"]
【记】in里面，ter＝terr土地－放在土地里面
【参】terrain（n 地形）；subterranean（adj 地下的）
US [-'tɝ:] (-rr-) formal
verb transitive
■to bury a dead body 埋葬
• Many of the soldiers were interred in unmarked graves. 许多士兵的遗体都埋葬在无名墓下。

Word: cinema
Front: cinema
[ˈsɪnəmə] (中高雅 8165/3322 -K3)
Vocabulary: cinema
(once / 807 pages)
n
A cinema is another word for a movie theater. If you love films, you probably spend a lot of time at the cinema.
It's more common to say cinema in Britain than in the United States, but any English speaker will know what you're talking about if you ask, "Want to go to the cinema?" You can also use cinema to talk about the film industry and its history: "This is my favorite film in all of American cinema." The word was first used in 1899, from the French cinéma, which was a shortened form of cinématographe, "motion picture projector and camera."
WORD FAMILY
cinema: cinemas, cinematic, cinematise, cinematize+/cinematic: cinematically/cinematize: cinematized, cinematizes, cinematizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The plot is only a little bit of what matters in a Manual Cinema show; the performers are entrancing merely doing what they do.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The mansion includes a cinema, spa, hair salon and sports room.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Though a highly respected stills photographer, he also maintained a career in cinema, directing 20 feature-length films.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 电影院; 电影艺术; 电影业; 电影
分布：电影院(99%)，拍摄(1%)
→来自keie,动，运动，词源同cite,conation（意动）。
n.电影院;电影,影片In the cinema the medicine immediately remedied the medium.在电影院里这种药立刻拯救了中间人.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable mainly UK (US usually movie theater)
■a theatre where people pay to watch films 电影院
• The town no longer has a cinema. 小镇已不再有电影院了。
• a cinema ticket 电影票
the cinema mainly UK (US usually the movies)
■the business of making films 电影业
• He was well-known for his work in the cinema. 他因在电影业的成就而闻名。
go to the cinema (US Australian also go to the movies)
■to go to watch a film 去看电影
picture, film, cinema, movie
这组词都有“电影”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 从原义指银幕或电视屏幕上的图像引申指影片。
film: 指电影、影片，普通用词。
cinema: 与the连用指(上映的)电影，电影工业；可指电影院；在英国与the连用还可指电影艺术。
movie: 美国英语中的口语用词。
n. [电影] 电影；电影院；电影业，电影制作术
 - film, motion picture

Word: tide
Front: tide
[taɪd] (研四六托雅 4010/3284 -3)
Vocabulary: tide
(once / 117 pages)
nv
The tide is the daily rise and fall of the sea level. You can count on the regular changing patterns of the tide, unless of course a tsunami is headed your way.
In a figurative sense, tide can mean a rising swell of support or unified feeling about a certain opinion or topic. So you may surf at high tide but also enjoy the rising tide of enthusiasm about surfing. If there is a wave of anything — immigration, inflation, terror — it can be referred to as a tide. No surfboards can navigate those tricky waves.
WORD FAMILY
tide: tidal, tided, tides, tiding, undertide+/tidal: intertidal/tiding: tidings /undertide: undertides
USAGE EXAMPLES
As always, the Crimson Tide program exudes an air of quiet determination and poise.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Lewis’ 10 topped the Crimson Tide, who were held to their smallest point total of the season.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Tide is still seeking its fifth national title in eight years, not a runner-up finish.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 潮汐; 潮流，趋势; 时机; 时期，季节
vt. 顺应潮水航行; 使随潮水漂行
时态：tided, tiding, tides
分布：潮水(36%)，潮流(21%)，潮汐(17%)，渡过(15%)，趋势(11%)
→来自古英语 tid,一段时间，时期，时节，来自 Proto-Germanic*tidiz,一段时间，来自 di-ti, 分开，切分，扩大格于 da-,分开，切开，词源同 time,deal.后用于指潮汐，潮水，因潮涨 潮落的规律而引申该词义。
n.潮,潮汐;潮流,趋势The tides slide on the tidy wide beach and collide each other.海潮在整洁宽阔的海滩上滑行并相互碰撞.
noun
SEA 海洋
 ADVANCED countable
■the rise and fall of the sea that happens twice every day 潮汐；潮水
• high/low tide 高／低潮
• The tide is out/in. 潮退了／涨了。
[taɪd] noun
CHANGE 变化
only singular literary
■a noticeable change in a situation or increase in a particular type of behaviour 潮流，趋势
• We must look for ways of stemming (= stopping) the rising tide of protest. 我们必须想办法阻止日益高涨的抗议活动。
[taɪd] noun
go/swim against the tide
■to not follow what everyone else is doing 逆潮流，反潮流
[taɪd] noun
go/swim with the tide
■to follow what everyone else is doing 赶潮流；随大流
• I thought I'd just swim with the tide and leave when everyone else does. 我想我会随大流，像别人一样离开。
[taɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  tide sb over (sth)
■to help someone to work or operate normally through a difficult period, usually by lending them money 使（某人）渡过难关，使（某人）捱过困难时期
• Can you lend me some money to tide me over till the weekend? 你能借些钱帮我撑到周末吗？
• Have another piece of cake. It'll tide you over till supper. 再吃块蛋糕吧，这样你就可以忍到吃晚饭的时间了。
n. 趋势， [海洋] 潮流；潮汐
 - tendency, direction, trend, stream, set

Word: tooth
Front: tooth
[tu:θ] (中高 1854/1747 -K3)
Back: n. 牙; 齿; 齿状部份
vt. 给…装齿
vi. 啮合
分布：牙齿(92%)，嗜好(5%)，齿状物(2%)，粗糙表面(1%)
→来自古英语 toth(plural teth,),来自 Proto-Germanic*tan-thuz,来自 dent,牙齿，来自*ed,吃， 咬，词源同 eat,edible,-ent,现在分词格。
n.(pl.teeth)牙齿;齿状物;By the spoon you'll soon see the smooth tooth of the moon above the booth.借助勺子你可以立刻看到电话亭上方月亮的光滑牙齿.
(plural teeth)
noun
MOUTH 嘴巴
 ESSENTIAL countable
■one of the hard white objects in the mouth, which are used for biting and chewing (= crushing food) 牙，牙齿
• a broken/missing tooth 破损／掉了的牙齿
• front/back teeth 前／后牙
• false teeth 假牙
• Brush/Clean your teeth thoroughly morning and night. 早晚要好好刷牙。
• I had to have a tooth out (USpulled)(= removed). 我不得不拔了颗牙。
⇒ See also eyetooth
[tu:θ] (plural teeth)
noun
POINT 尖端
   countable usually plural
■any of the row of points which stick out from the edge of a tool or piece of equipment, such as a comb , saw , or zip （工具边缘、梳子、锯、拉链等的）齿状物，齿
⇒ See also fine-tooth comb
[tu:θ] (plural teeth)
noun
POWER 力量
teeth [plural]
■effective force or power 实际力量，实权
• This committee can make recommendations but it has no real teeth. 这个委员会可以提出建议，但没有实权。
[tu:θ] (plural teeth)
noun
fight tooth and nail
■to try very hard to get something you want 竭尽全力
• We fought tooth and nail to get the route of the new road changed. 我们奋力抗争，争取改变新修道路的路线。
[tu:θ] (plural teeth)
noun
get your teeth into sth
■to deal with something or become involved in something with great energy and enthusiasm 专注于
• I'm so bored at work, I wish they'd give me something I could really get my teeth into. 我很厌倦工作，我希望他们能给我一件我能真正潜心去做的事。
[tu:θ] (plural teeth)
noun
in the teeth of sth
■If something happens or is done in the teeth of difficulties, the difficulties cause problems but do not stop it 违抗；不顾
• The road was built in the teeth of fierce opposition from the public. 这条道路是在公众的强烈反对下修起来的。
[tu:θ] (plural teeth)
noun
set sb's teeth on edge
■If something, especially a noise, sets your teeth on edge, it annoys you very much （尤指噪声）使（某人）非常恼火
• That DJ's voice really sets my teeth on edge. 那位电台音乐节目主持人的嗓音的确使我很不舒服。
vi. 啮合
 - engage

Word: dismal
Front: dismal
[ˈdɪzməl] (托宝 9459/9538 -1)
Vocabulary: dismal
(once / 472 pages)
adj
Dismal is a dreary, depressing sort of bad. "With the cold rain and their team behind by six field goals, the mood in the stands was so dismal even the cheerleaders had lost their 'Rah.'"
Dismal comes from the Latin dies mali which means "bad days." There is a hopelessness implied in the word. If you fell on the way to school and cut your knee, it would be bad, but not dismal. If you fell into a giant mud puddle and had to wear dirty, crusty clothes until you got home, it might make the school day seem pretty dismal.
WORD FAMILY
dismal: dismalest, dismally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Europe was dismal, with the mood exemplified by Britain's vote in June to leave the European Union.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
They ranged from the absolutely dismal — remember Founding Farmers? — to the totally scintillating.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
But Kent State was even more dismal, hitting 26.5 percent with 11 turnovers.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 阴沉的，惨淡的，凄凉的; 忧郁的
n. 低落的情绪; <美>沼泽
分布：凄凉的(47%)，阴沉的(35%)，暗的(18%)
→来自拉丁语dies mali, 即malicious day. 后用做形容词，凄凉的，阴沉的。
【记】在中世纪的英国指不吉利的日子（dis＝day，mal邪恶的，坏的）dismay（使气馁）使你dismal
adjective
■sad and without hope 悲伤绝望的，忧郁茫然的
• a dismal expression 悲伤绝望的表情
■informal
■very bad 十分糟糕的
• The acting was dismal, wasn't it? 表演很糟糕，是不是？
• What dismal weather! 天气太糟糕了！
adj. 凄凉的，忧郁的；阴沉的，沉闷的；可怕的
 - dark, blue, terrible, heavy

Word: dedicate
Front: dedicate
[ˈdedɪkeɪt] (研六托雅 3799/4671 -2)
Vocabulary: dedicate
(once / 280 pages)
v
To dedicate is to assign, to commit or to give over. If you dedicate a song you’ve written to a friend, it means the song belongs to them. If you dedicate yourself to a project, it means you give yourself to it.
Things you may be dedicated to include your family, improving your local park, or attempting to break the world record for making the world's biggest rubber band ball. A dedicated resource is one committed to a specific mission, such as the computer room at your school being dedicated, or given over, to newspaper production every Tuesday afternoon.
WORD FAMILY
dedicate: dedicated, dedicates, dedicating, dedication, rededicate +/ dedicated: dedicatedly, undedicated/ dedication: dedications/ rededicate: rededicated, rededicates, rededicating, rededication/rededication: rededications
USAGE EXAMPLES
Together, in 2009, they founded China Action, a non-profit advocacy group dedicated to supporting human rights defenders in the one-party state.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
On November 14th like-minded souls will gather in Paris for the first international conference dedicated to finding ways for countries to co-ordinate internet policies.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Mr. Bernstein, in his book, called Davies and Service “smart and dedicated public servants” who were “naïvely dazzled” by the Communists.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 奉献，献身; （为表示感情或敬意将著作、乐曲、艺术作品等）题献给（某人、某事业等）(to); （在书、音乐或作品的前部）题献辞; 以…供奉
时态：dedicated, dedicating, dedicates
分布：致力于(78%)，献出(18%)，提献辞(4%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-dic, 说，声称，词源同diction. 原为宗教术语，即向上帝发愿，致力于完成某功德。后词义通用化。
献身于,致力于(de加强+dic说+ate→再说→努力献身)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
vt.奉献;献身于The complicated indicator is dedicated to the delicate delicious machine.这个复杂的指示器被奉献给精密而美妙的机器.
verb transitive
GIVE TIME/ENERGY 献出时间／精力
 ADVANCED
■to give your energy, time, etc. completely 奉献，献出（全部精力、时间等）
• He has dedicated his life to scientific research. 他把自己的一生都奉献给科学研究工作。
• [R] The new President said she would dedicate herself to protecting the rights of the old, the sick and the homeless. 新任总统说她将致力于保护老人、病人和无家可归者的权利。
['ded.ɪ.keɪt] verb transitive
BOOK, ETC 书籍等
■If you dedicate a book, play, performance, etc. to someone or something, you publicly say that it is in their honour （把书籍、戏剧、演出等）献给
• The book is dedicated to the author's husband. 该书为作者的丈夫而作。
['ded.ɪ.keɪt] verb transitive
BUILDING 建筑物 formal
■When a building, especially a religious building, is dedicated, there is a ceremony at which it is formally opened for use and its particular purpose is stated 为（尤指宗教建筑）举行奉献典礼；为…举行落成仪式
• The church was dedicated on 1st March 1805 to the local Saint Jude. 教堂于1805年3月1日落成以纪念当地的圣裘德。
dedicate, devote
这组词都有“奉献”的意思，其区别是：
dedicate: 正式用词，指献身于某一崇高事业或目的，也可指把著作题献给他人。
devote: 普通用词，指决心把全部身心、精力、时间等献给某一目标，某一个人或致力于某一事业。
vt. 致力；献身；题献
 - give oneself, devote to

Word: shame
Front: shame
[ʃeɪm] (中高研四六 3767/3668 -K3)
Vocabulary: shame
(once / 96 pages)
nv
Shame is a painful feeling that's a mix of regret, self-hate, and dishonor. A good person would feel shame if they cheated on a test or did something mean to a friend.
Feeling shame — or being ashamed — is one of the most miserable feelings of them all. When you feel shame, you feel like a bad person and regret what you did. If you're trying to make someone else feel bad by scolding them, you're shaming them. People also often say, "That's a shame," when something bad happens — meaning it's sad or a pity.
WORD FAMILY
shame: shamed, shameful, shameless, shames, shaming+/shameful: shamefulest, shamefully, shamefulness/shameless: shamelessly, shamelessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
If you are avoiding opening up because of shame, then I recommend you talk about why you are avoiding talking about certain things.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
“It is a sin that shames us,” the pope wrote.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All these frivolous high society partygoers are faced with the “nausea, terror and shame” that awaits them.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 羞愧; 羞辱; 可耻的人; 羞愧感
vt. 使蒙羞; 玷辱; 使感到羞愧; 使相形见绌
时态：shamed, shaming, shames
分布：羞愧(64%)，耻辱(23%)，使蒙羞(5%)，使丢脸(4%)，使羞愧(3%)，可耻的人或物(1%)
→来自古英语 scamu,羞耻，羞愧，来自 Proto-Germanic*skamo,覆盖，隐藏，来自 skem,*kem, 覆盖，隐藏，可能来自*skeu,覆盖，隐藏，词源同 hide,shoe.引申诸相关词义。
n.羞耻,耻辱;可耻的人(或事物)v.使羞愧Your bad behavior brings shame on the whole school.你的恶劣行径给整个学校带来耻辱.
noun
BAD LUCK 恶运
 IMPROVER only singular
■an unlucky situation 可惜，遗憾
• [+ that] It 's a (great) shame that the concert had to be cancelled. 音乐会被迫取消，真是（很）遗憾。
• [+ to infinitive] Have some more vegetables - it would be a shame to waste them. 多吃点蔬菜吧——浪费就太可惜了。
• "Douglas is having to miss the school concert because he's ill." "Oh, what a shame] that's a shame!" “道格拉斯因病不能参加学校音乐会了。”“哦，那真是太遗憾了！”
[ʃeɪm] noun
BAD FEELING 不好的感觉
 ADVANCED uncountable
■an uncomfortable feeling of guilt or of being ashamed because of your own or someone else's bad behaviour 羞耻，羞愧
• He said he felt no shame for what he had done. 他说他并不为自己的所作所为感到羞愧。
• The children hung/bowed their heads in shame. 孩子们羞愧地低下了头。
• The shame of the scandal was so great that he shot himself a few weeks later. 这件丑闻让他无地自容，所以几个星期后他开枪自杀了。
• You can't go out dressed like that - have you no shame (= don't you feel ashamed about being dressed like that) ? 你不能穿成这样就出去——你难道不怕丢人吗？
 ADVANCED uncountable
■loss of honour and respect 丢脸；耻辱
• He thinks there's great shame in being out of work and unable to provide for his family. 他认为没有工作、无法养活家人是一件很丢脸的事情。
• In some societies, if a woman leaves her husband, it brings shame on her and her family. 在有些社会里，如果妇女离开自己的丈夫，这会给她和她的家人带来耻辱。
put sb to shame
■to make someone feel ashamed 使（某人）感到羞愧
• It puts me to shame that I still haven't replied to David's letter. 我还没有给戴维回信，真让我惭愧。
to my shame
■I feel ashamed because 令（我）羞愧的是
• To my shame, I never wrote and thanked Mary for her present. 令人羞愧的是，我从没有给玛丽写信，感谢她送的礼物。
shame on you
■used to tell someone that they should feel sorry for something they did （你）应该感到羞愧
• Shame on you for being so unkind. 你如此刻薄，真该感到羞愧。
• humorous You mean you were in town and you didn't come and see us - shame on you! 你是说你来过城里却没有来看我们——真不像话！
[ʃeɪm] noun
COMPARE WELL 胜过
put sb/sth to shame
■to make someone or something seem not good by comparison 使相形见绌
• Your cooking puts mine to shame. 你做菜的功夫令我自惭形愧。
[ʃeɪm] noun
die of shame informal
■to feel extremely ashamed 羞愧死了，羞愧难当
• If anyone found out that I took the money, I'd die of shame. 如果有人发现钱是我拿的，我会羞愧死的。
[ʃeɪm] verb transitive
BAD FEELING 不好的感觉
■to make someone feel ashamed, or to make someone or something lose honour and respect 使感到羞愧；使丢脸；羞辱
• It shames me that I treated her so badly. 我对她这么坏，真是令我羞愧。
• The behaviour of a few children has shamed the whole school. 少数学生的行为使整个学校都蒙受耻辱。
shame sb into/out of sth
■to cause someone to do or not to do something by making them feel ashamed 使（某人）感到羞愧而做／不做…
• [+ -ing verb] The number of people out of work has shamed the government into taking action to prevent further job losses. 失业人数之多使政府感到羞愧，继而采取行动阻止失业问题进一步恶化。
[ʃeɪm] verb transitive
COMPARE WELL 胜过
■to cause something not to seem of a high standard by comparison 使相形见绌
• The school's examination results shame those of the other schools in the area. 该校的考试成绩使这个地区的其他学校都相形见绌。
[ʃeɪm] exclamation
■used to express disapproval of something that a public speaker is saying （用于表示不赞同演讲者所说的话）可耻
• To cries of 'Shame!', the minister announced that taxes were being increased. 在一片“可耻”的指责声中，部长宣布加税。
shame, embarrassment, disgrace, dishonour
这组词都有“丢脸，羞愧”的意思，其区别是：
shame: 多指因非法婚烟、私生、卖国或犯法等而丢失脸面或败坏名声，使他人认为“丢脸”、“可耻”。
embarrassment: 多指在社交活动中所遇到的尴尬事。
disgrace: 常指失去他人的尊敬和称赞而使自己感受到的丢脸、耻辱。
dishonour: 指失去原来享有的光荣或自尊和自重。
shame, disgrace, humiliate, dishonour
这组词都有“使丢脸、使受耻辱”的意思，其区别是：
shame: 指由不光彩或不道德的行为引起的惭愧感或羞耻感。
disgrace: 侧重在别人，尤其在众人面前丢脸。
humiliate: 强调受辱者自尊心的损坏。
dishonour: 有时可与disgrace换用，但前者是指因失去荣誉所致。
n. 羞耻，羞愧；憾事，带来耻辱的人
 - abashment
vt. 使丢脸，使羞愧
 - discountenance, abash

Word: objective
Front: objective
[əbˈdʒektɪv] (研四六托雅宝 2406/1322 -K3)
Vocabulary: objective
(once / 454 pages)
1n 2adj 3adj 4n
An objective is something you plan to achieve. A military objective is the overall plan for a mission. The objective for a bake sale is to raise money. If your objective is to learn a new word, you have succeeded.
An objective is the point of something. If you don’t understand the objective of a class, then you don’t know what you were supposed to learn. The word itself is often used in business or work. Another meaning of objective is “looking at things in a detached, impartial, fact-based way.” If a police officer falls in love with a witness, it might be hard for her to stay objective. The word comes from the Latin ob "against" + jacere "to throw.”
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
objective / subjective
Anything objective sticks to the facts, but anything subjective has feelings. Objective and subjective are opposites. Objective: It is raining. Subjective: I love the rain!
Objective is a busy word and that's a fact. An objective is a goal, but to be objective is to be unbiased. If you're objective about something, you have no personal feelings about it. In grammar land, objective relates to the object of a sentence. Anyway, people often try to be objective, but it's easier for robots. Here are examples:
"DNA testing and fingerprint analysis and all that technology stuff is objective, they declare confidently. The machine cannot be fooled." (Salon)
"Consider checking in with a third party, to get an objective opinion." (Wall Street Journal)
Subjective , on the other hand, has feelings. Anything subjective is subject to interpretation. In grammar land, this word relates to the subject of the sentence. Usually, subjective means influenced by emotions or opinions. Humans are a subjective bunch and we like it that way! Here's subjective in the wild:
"Because many of the decisions we made are subjective, there is the possibility of human error in our data set." (Slate)
"Now, I realize that is totally subjective because there is no standard unit of measurement for fun." (New York Times)
It's true that opposites attract. Here are some examples of both words cozying up in the same sentence:
"But now we, as a pathologists, need more objective measures because symptoms, to a certain degree, are subjective." ( Time)
"We take our unruly, subjective feelings about a year of television and groom them into something that looks mathematical and objective." (Slate)
Be objective when writing things like summaries or news articles, but feel free to be subjective for arguments and opinions.
WORD FAMILY
objective: nonobjective, objectively, objectiveness, objectives, objectivity, unobjective+/ objectivity: objectivities/unobjective: unobjectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it’s hard to be objective when the scale is still creaking beneath your feet.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
‘We are seeing new attempts by China to acquire companies and technology based on their government’s interests—not commercial objectives.’
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
One of their objectives is to try to prevent Republicans from repealing the ACA without also enacting a replacement.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 客观的，实体的; 目标的; [语]宾格的; [医]他觉的
n. 目标，任务; [光]物镜; [语]宾语，宾格; [事]出击目标
分布：目标(46%)，目的(39%)，客观的(14%)，真实的(1%)
→来自object,目标，物体，-ive,名词后缀。引申词义目标，宗旨等。
客观的n.目标(object+ive)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
n.目标,目的a.客观的,真实的The adjective injected new meaning into the objected objective object.这个形容词给受到反对的客观物体注入了新的意义.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■something which you plan to do or achieve 目标；目的
• Her main/prime objective now is simply to stay in power. 她现在的主要目标就是继续掌权。
• Can the sales force achieve/meet its financial objectives? 销售人员能否完成财务目标？
[əb'dʒek.tɪv] adjective
■based on real facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings 客观的；如实的；不带个人感情的
• an objective and impartial report 客观公正的报告
• I can't really be objective when I'm judging my daughter's work. 评价自己女儿的作品时，我的确无法做到客观。
Opposite subjective
just, impartial, objective, neutral, fair
这组词都有“公正的，公平的，不偏不倚的”的意思，其区别是：
just: 多用于庄重场合，指不受个人利益得失或感情倾向的影响，侧重按照公认的准则或标准处理问题。
impartial: 侧重对任何人或任何一方没有成见或偏袒。
objective: 着重客观、真实，不为个人偏见、兴趣、感情或看法所左右。
neutral: 强调持中立态度，不偏袒任何一方，甚至不作最后的裁决。
fair: 普通常用词，指不偏不倚地对待人和物，侧重不受个人感情、偏见或利益所影响。
obedient, objective, obstinate, obscure
obedient: 服从的，顺从的
objective: 客观的；
obstinate: 顽固的，顽强的；
obscure: 晦涩的，难理解的；
aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object, objective
这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。
aim: 从本义“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
goal: 指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
purpose: 普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实际的目标。
end: 指心目中怀着的某种目的，强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。
target: 指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或潮笑的目标。
object: 强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
objective: 与object基本同义，但语义更广泛，指具体或很快能达到的目的，也可指军事目标。书面用词。
adj. [医] 客观的；目标的； [语] 宾格的
 - impersonal, accusatival
n. 目的；目标； [光] 物镜； [语] 宾格
 - intention, purpose, sake, target, goal

Word: hardware
Front: hardware
[ˈhɑ:dweə(r)] (研四六托雅 4019/3435 -2)
Vocabulary: hardware
(once / 1343 pages)
n
As the word suggests, the word hardware usually refers to tools used to build something — “wares” that are “hard.” It also is used to refer to the computer equipment that stores and uses “software,” the programs used in computing.
The word hardware dates back to the early 16th Century, where it was used to indicate such items as tools and weapons. Nowadays, that meaning holds, with hardware stores traditionally specializing mainly in materials and tools for building and repairs. The military use of the word has also remained, referring to major weapons such as tanks and missiles. However, since 1947, the word hardware has also taken on an ironically softer meaning — that of the components of a computer system.
WORD FAMILY
hardware: hardwares
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Today’s biggest expense is not hardware but software,” says Mr. Leonard.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The sign for his shop says simply “Hardware.”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The company is also marketing a package that executives say is the only off-the-shelf hardware and software platform for builders of self-driving cars available today.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 五金器具; 计算机硬件; 武器装备
分布：五金器具(65%)，武器装备(35%)
→比喻用法。
n.五金,金属制品;硬件I can hardly pardon his discarding the hardware and cardboard in the harbour.我简直不能原谅他在港口丢弃五金和硬纸板.
US ['hɑ:rd.wer] noun uncountable
COMPUTER 电脑
 ADVANCED
■the physical and electronic parts of a computer, rather than the instructions it follows 硬体 Compare software
UK ['hɑ:d.weər] US ['hɑ:rd.wer] noun uncountable
TOOLS 工具
■metal tools, materials and equipment used in a house or a garden, such as hammers, nails and screws 金属工具；五金制品
UK ['hɑ:d.weər] US ['hɑ:rd.wer] noun uncountable
MILITARY 军事的 informal
■equipment, especially if it is for military use or if it is heavy 重武器；重型装备
n. 计算机硬件；五金器具
 - brightwork

Word: communism
Front: communism
[ˈkɒmjunɪzəm] (高研四六 7085/5758)
Vocabulary: communism
(once / 203 pages)
n
At the opposite end of the spectrum from capitalism, communism is an economic theory favoring a classless society and the abolition of private property.
Communism derives from the French commun (common). Ideally, according to communism, society shares all property in common, everyone shares the burden of labor, and everyone shares the profits of that labor. Or, as the German philosopher Karl Marx wrote, "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need." As a system of government, communism is often closer to a form of socialism, in which the state owns and operates industry on behalf of the people.
WORD FAMILY
communism: Communist, communisms, communistic+/Communist: Communists/communistic: communistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Communism’s psychological and political appeal would be rejected.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
At first the exiles thought the embassy outreach was to learn how the Czech Republic transitioned away from Communism.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In August, Flynn told a Massachusetts audience, “We are facing another ‘ism,’ just like we faced Nazism and fascism and imperialism and communism.
The New Yorker(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 共产主义; 共产主义制度
分布：共产主义(100%)
→来自common, 普通，共享。-ism ,主义。
n.共产主义The communist communicated communism to this municipal community.那个共产党员把共产主义传入该市立社区.
US ['kɑ:.mjə-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the belief in a society without different social classes in which the methods of production are owned and controlled by all its members and everyone works as much as they can and receives what they need 共产主义 Compare capitalism ; socialism

Word: census
Front: census
[ˈsensəs] (研托雅宝 6047/5187 -2)
Vocabulary: census
(once / 788 pages)
nv
If you live in the U.S., every ten years you'll participate in a census, a process for counting people. The information collected is used to plan for schools, transportation, social services people will need, and also for determining congressional districts.
On the census form you’ll be asked how many people live in your house, their ages, and ethnic and racial backgrounds. With this, the government can plan facilities and also track population trends — whether cities are growing or shrinking, what ethnic groups make up our population, and where they live. We get the word and the idea from the Romans, who registered citizens and their property so they could be taxed. The first U.S. census was held in 1790.
WORD FAMILY
census: censused, censuses, censusing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Outside of the homeless numbers, 17.3 percent of residents in the District of Columbia live in poverty, according to recent census data.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Tulsa-based organization estimates based on the recent Census there are about 300 centenarians living in the state, she said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The 2010 Census showed that African Americans — for decades the District’s dominant ethnic group — were a smaller part of a growing city.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 人口普查，统计; 人口财产调查
分布：人口普查(75%)，统计(22%)，户口普查(3%)
→来自kens, 庄严的宣布，通知，评估，检查。最早来自古罗马氏族社会时期依据个人的财产，地位，收入等进行公民社会等级划分，第一任审查官为公元前6世纪古罗马带有传奇色彩的伟大首领Servius Tullius。更多参照class词源。
人口普查(cens+us表名词→查[人口]→普查)[cens=judge表示"判断"]
n.人口普查(调查)A sensible man's sensor is sensitive to nonsense on census.明智者的传感器对人口调查废话敏感.
【记】census＝assess评估（人口）－人口普查
noun countable
■a count for official purposes, especially one to count the number of people living in a country and to collect information about them （官方的）调查，统计；（尤指）人口普查
• We have a census in this country every ten years. 我们在这个国家每十年进行一次人口普查。
• She was stopped in her car for a traffic census. 她被拦下来接受交通情况调查。
n. 人口普查，人口调查
 - lustrum, nose-count

Word: icon
Front: icon
[ˈaɪkɒn] (托宝 4354/6668 -1)
Vocabulary: icon
(once / 1679 pages)
n
An icon is a symbol. It can be literal—–like the little trashcan on your computer screen—–or metaphorical––as in a singer so well known by ten-year-olds, he's called a pre-teen pop icon.
Icon comes to us from the Greek word eikenai, meaning "to seem or to be like." In certain religions, statues of religious figures are referred to as icons––because they are prayed to as if they were the thing they represent. Icon can also describe a person closely linked to an idea. Mahatma Gandhi is revered as an icon of peace and humanity, while Adolf Hitler is reviled as an icon of violence and hatred.
WORD FAMILY
icon: iconic, icons+/ iconic: iconically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Samsung, the icon of South Korean technological prowess, suffered global humiliation with its recent recall of exploding Galaxy Note 7 smartphones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Skype debuted its own set of icons, dubbed Emoticons, around the November release of Marvel’s “Doctor Strange.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
This was the year the country’s biggest living pop culture icon got political.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 偶像，崇拜对象; 图标，图符; [宗]圣像; 肖像
分布：偶像(84%)，象征(16%)
→来自拉丁语icon,圣像，神像。最早用于描绘耶稣等圣人的神像，引申词义偶像，图像。
US [-kɑ:n] noun countable
COMPUTER SYMBOL 电脑符号
■a small picture or symbol on a computer screen that you point to and click on (= press) with a mouse (= small control device) to give the computer an instruction 图示
UK ['aɪ.kɒn] US [-kɑ:n] noun countable
FAME 偶像
■a very famous person or thing considered as representing a set of beliefs or a way of life 偶像，崇拜对象
• Marilyn Monroe and James Dean are still icons for many young people. 玛丽莲‧梦露和詹姆斯‧狄恩仍是许多年轻人的偶像。
UK ['aɪ.kɒn] US [-kɑ:n] noun countable
HOLY PAINTING 圣像 (also ikon)
■a painting, usually on wood, of Jesus Christ, or of a person considered holy by some Christians, especially in Russia, Greece and other countries （尤指俄罗斯、希腊等国家的）圣像
n. 图标；偶像；肖像，画像；圣像
 - figure, idol

Word: enrich
Front: enrich
[ɪnˈrɪtʃ] (研六托雅 6879/8880 -1)
Vocabulary: enrich
(once / 520 pages)
v
To enrich something is to make it richer, or to improve the quality of it. You play the lottery because it might enrich your bank account; you play ping-pong to enrich your quality of life.
Regardless of the sense it is used in, the key to enrich is the word rich (you can almost think of it as the verb form of the adjective). So to enrich something is to make it rich, richer, or just plain better. Enrich always needs an object: You can’t visit a wax museum just to enrich, but you can go to enrich your life. Verbs that enrich include improve, enhance, cultivate, better, and develop.
WORD FAMILY
enrich: enriched, enriches, enriching, enrichment +/ enrichment: enrichments/ rich: enrich, richer, richest, richly, richness / richness: richnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
"They are embracing all that's good and that doesn't just enrich their lives, it enriches and deepens ours too," he added.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Westinghouse said Thursday it aims to load enriched uranium fuel in the reactor early next year, pushing back its previous year-end goal.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
As empowering as the process was for them, there was something empowering and enriching for us to be on this side.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 使富裕，使富有; 给…添加肥料; 使…美味; 装饰
时态：enriched, enriching, enriches
分布：使丰富(42%)，使富足(33%)，使肥沃(25%)
→en-, 进入，使。rich, 富有。
v.使富足;使肥沃;装饰;加料于;浓缩Music can certainly enrich your whole life.音乐肯定会使你的整个生活丰富多彩.
verb
IMPROVE 提高
transitive
■to improve the quality of something by adding something else 使丰富，使富含；充实
• Fertilizer helps to enrich the soil. 化肥可以提高土壤肥沃度。
• My life was greatly enriched by knowing her. 认识了她，让我的生活变得非常充实。
[ɪn'rɪtʃ] verb
HAVE MORE MONEY 得到更多钱
[T often R]
■to make something or someone richer 使富有，使富裕
• He claimed that the large stores were enriching themselves at the expense of their customers. 他声称大型商店藉由剥削顾客而获利。
vt. 使充实；使肥沃；使富足
 - fertilize

Word: introduction
Front: introduction
[ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃn] (中高研四六雅 2904/1379 -K2)
Vocabulary: introduction
(once / 186 pages)
1n 2n
An introduction refers to a beginning — maybe presenting someone new to a group, or inserting a new idea into a project. In a piece of writing, the introduction makes clear to the reader the text's purpose.
The noun introduction comes from the Latin verb introducere, meaning "to lead in." This “leading in” might be the formal introduction of a speaker, or the speaker's own introduction to his remarks. Or it might be the insertion of a new and different idea, as in British politician Lord Hailsham's remark, "The introduction of religious passion into politics is the end of honest politics, and the introduction of politics into religion is the prostitution of true religion."
WORD FAMILY
introduction: introductions, re-introduction+/ introduce: introduced, introduces, introducing, introduction, introductory, re-introduce, reintroduce/ introductory: introductorily/re-introduce: re-introduced/reintroduce: reintroduced, reintroduces, reintroducing, reintroduction/reintroduction: reintroductions
USAGE EXAMPLES
In prime time, Barbara Walters started her introduction this way: “If all she did was get Warren Beatty to settle down, that would be enough.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After the introduction of the measles vaccine, the rate of the disease dropped precipitously; it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s it – see you back here next week for the introduction of Toby Jones as Culverton Smith.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 介绍; 引言，导言; 采用，引进; 新采用的东西
分布：介绍(81%)，引进(10%)，导论(7%)，序言(2%)
→来自introduce,介绍，引进。
n.(to)介绍;传入,引进;导言,导论,绪论I'm sure he needs no introduction.我相信他不需要介绍.
noun
PUT INTO USE 采用
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when something is put into use or brought to a place for the first time 采用；引进；推行；放入，插入
• The introduction of new working practices has dramatically improved productivity. 采用新的工作方法已经显著提高了生产率。
• Within a few years of their introduction, CDs were outselling vinyl records. 雷射唱片在推出几年后，销量就超过了黑胶唱片。
• specialized The introduction of the tube into the artery is a very delicate procedure. 将导管插入动脉是一个非常精细的手术。
[ˌɪn.trə'dʌk.ʃən] noun
MAKE KNOWN 使为人所知
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the action of telling someone another person's name the first time that they meet 介绍，引见
• You'll have to do/make the introductions - I don't know everyone's name. 你要作个介绍——我可不知道每个人的名字。
• My next guest needs no introduction (= is already known to everyone). 我的下一位客人大家都认识，就用不着介绍了。
[ˌɪn.trə'dʌk.ʃən] noun
BEGINNING 开始
countable
■the first part of something 开始
• Have you read the introduction to the third edition? 你看了第三版的绪论吗？
• The song's great, but the introduction's a bit too long. 这首歌很棒，但前奏部分太长了。
preface, introduction
这组词都有“前言，导言”的意思，其区别是：
preface: 指作者或编者为说明全书的目的、范围、编辑方法等在序言之前写的一段简短的序文。
introduction: 普通用词，指任何作品开头对读者或听众说明或介绍该作品，起引导作用的结论部分，和全书内容是一致的。
n. 介绍；引进；采用；入门；传入
 - presentation, adoption

Word: immune
Front: immune
[ɪˈmju:n] (研六托雅宝 4200/5649 -3)
Vocabulary: immune
(once / 701 pages)
adjn
To be immune to something is to be resistant to it. If you had chickenpox as a child, you should be immune to it now.
The adjective immune comes from the Latin word immunis, which means “exempt from public service.” If you're protected — or exempt — from disease, injury, work, insults, or accusations, then you're immune. Vaccinations serve to make people immune to certain diseases. Being a diplomat makes people immune to certain legal persecution. To be immune to bullying means that you don’t let the bad behavior of your peers get you down.
WORD FAMILY
immune: immunes, immunise, immunity, immunize, nonimmune+/immunise: immunisation, immunised/ immunity: immunities/immunization: immunizations/ immunize: immunization, immunized, immunizes, immunizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The infection sets off a cascade of events that ramps up inflammatory and immune response, Powers says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He developed a fungal infection in his mouth — a fallout of an immune system compromised by chemotherapy and radiation treatment.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“Stress, anger and sadness break down the immune system. Sound is part of what I do daily to counterbalance that.”
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adj. 免疫的; 有免疫力的; 不受影响的; 免除…的
分布：免疫的(72%)，免除的(28%)
→im-,不，非，-mun,公共的，履行公共服务的，词源同common,communicate.即免除公共责任或义务，后引申词义免疫的，受保护的。
a.免疫的,有免疫力的;有受影响的;豁免的Test the immune function by immersed dispersion.用浸入扩散(法)测试免疫功能.
【反】having no resistance（无抵抗力的）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■protected against a particular disease by particular substances in the blood 免疫的
• Most people who've had chicken pox once are immune to it for the rest of their lives. 大多数出过水痘的人终生都对此病具有免疫力。
• He seems to be immune to colds - he just never gets them. 他好像对感冒具有免疫力——他从不感冒。
[after verb]
■not affected or upset by a particular type of behaviour or emotion 不受影响的
• The press had criticised her so often that in the end she had become immune (to it). 新闻界如此频繁地批评她，以至于到最后她都（对此）变得无动于衷了。
[after verb]
■not able to be punished or damaged by something 免除的；豁免的
• Journalists, he insisted, must be immune (= protected) from prosecution. 他坚持新闻记者必须免受起诉。
adj. [免疫] 免疫的；免于……的，免除的
 - exonerative

Word: admission
Front: admission
[ədˈmɪʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 3031/2768 -2)
Vocabulary: admission
(once / 339 pages)
1n 2n
If you pay admission, you're paying a fee in order to attend something, like an event or a movie. After you pay admission to the movie theater, you head straight to the popcorn stand.
The noun admission stems from the Latin word admissionem, meaning "a letting in." It often refers to a fee charged for entry, but it can also describe the process of being granted entry. The university's admission of the new student was welcome news — now he has access to the school's research facilities. An admission can also be a confession that something is true, such as your brother's surly admission that he was the one who popped your bike tire.
WORD FAMILY
admission: admissions+/admissive: admissively/ admit: admission, admissive, admits, admittable, admittance, admitted, admitting, readmit /admittance: admittances/admitted: admittedly/readmission: readmissions/ readmit: readmission, readmits, readmitted, readmitting
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s an admission that it’s a lot for them to lose politically.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Elsewhere in Europe, roughly 6% of state hospital admissions contracted infections.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
To coincide with Sakari’s public debut, the Buffalo Zoo also is announcing the return of the special winter admission price of $5 per person.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 准许进入; 承认; 坦白; 入场费
分布：承认(84%)，许可(13%)，入会费(3%)
n.允许进入;承认;入场费,入会费,入场券Admission to the concert costs $2.音乐会的入场券两美元一张.
noun
ACCEPT 接受
countable or uncountable
■when you agree that something is true, especially unwillingly （尤指不情愿的）承认，供认，招认
• Her silence was taken as an admission of guilt/defeat. 她的沉默被认为是承认自己有罪／失败。
• [+ that] I felt he would see my giving up now as an admission that I was wrong. 我觉得，如果这时候我放弃，在他眼里这将意味着我承认自己错了。
• By/On his own admission (= as he has said) he has achieved little since he took over the company. 据他自己说，自从接手公司以来，他几乎一事无成。
[əd'mɪʃ.ən] noun
ALLOW IN 允许进入
countable or uncountable
■when someone is given permission to enter a place, or the money that you pay to enter a place 准许进入；入场费，门票费
• Admission to the exhibition will be by invitation only. 只有持请帖者才可进入展览会场。
• How much do they charge for admission. 他们入场费要收多少钱？
• The admission charge/fee is £2. 门票是两英镑。
• There's a notice outside the building which says 'No admission before 12 noon'. 楼外有张告示，写著「中午12点以前禁止进入”。
admissions [plural]
■the people allowed into a college, hospital, or other place, or the process of allowing people in （大学、医院等）接收的人数；准许加入
• Half of all hospital admissions are emergencies, and these are treated straightaway. 医院收治的病人有一半是急诊，这些人立即得到了治疗。
admission, entry, admittance, entrance
这组词都有“入口或进入”的意思，其区别是：
admission: 指被允许进入某公共场所或建筑物的权利，也指进入某一组织。
entry: 强调正式地、礼仪地进入。用作“入口”解时，多指房门、院门、门廊等。
admittance: 指许可进入某地或某建筑物。
entrance: 含义广泛，作“进入”解时，可用于许多场合；作“入口”解时，指有门或栏的入口处。
n. 承认；入场费；进入许可；坦白；录用
 - recognition, acknowledgement

Word: listing
Front: listing
[ˈlɪstɪŋ] (5669/5739 -2)
Vocabulary: listing
(once / 1121 pages)
n
A listing is a catalog or list or items. You might be in the habit of checking TV listings every night, to see what's on the next day.
You might make a listing of every cupcake and brownie that's donated to your school bake sale, or consult a listing of the available puppies at your local animal shelter. In either case, listing simply means "list." You can also use the word to describe the act or process of making such a list: "Listing all the things I want for my birthday would take far too long." The Middle English root, liste, means "border, or edging stripe."
WORD FAMILY
listing: listings+/delist: delisted, delisting/ enlist: enlisted, enlistee, enlisting, enlistment, enlists/enlistee: enlistees/enlisting: enlistings/enlistment: enlistments, reenlistment/ list: delist, enlist, listed, lister, listing, listless, lists/listed: unlisted/lister: listers/ listless: listlessly, listlessness/reenlistment: reenlistments
USAGE EXAMPLES
I don’t even want to delay you by listing any more.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But remember, a job in hand may be worth two in the listings.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Alabama, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas and Mississippi are the least-healthiest states in the U.S., according to USA Today listings.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 列表; 名单; （刊印在报纸上的如电影、戏剧等; （名单中的）一个位置
v. 列表(list的现在分词）
分布：目录(60%)，名单(22%)，动词list的现在分词.(9%)，表上的一项(9%)
N-COUNT
目录；名册；（目录或名册等上的）一项
A listing is a published list, or an item in a published list.
例：A full listing of the companies will be published quarterly...公司名录大全每季度出版一次。
例：For details of the nearest performance look in the local listings magazines.欲知离自己最近的演出的详情，请查询当地文娱预告杂志。
n. [计] 列表，清单
 - statement, bill
v. [计] 列表（list的现在分词）
 - tabbing

Word: insight
Front: insight
[ˈɪnsaɪt] (研四六托雅 2840/3302 -2)
Vocabulary: insight
(once / 487 pages)
n
When you have an insight, you have a feeling or emotion or thought that helps you to know something essential about a person or thing.
Insight isn't based on hard facts or evidence. And it doesn't have anything to do with using your senses such as sight or smell. When you gain insight, you are using your intuition, or sixth sense. Insight is formed from the prefix in- plus the English word sight, so this word literally means seeing inward.
WORD FAMILY
insight: insightful, insights+/ insightful: insightfully, insightfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The author shows great insight plumbing Karen’s constant need for approval.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
As group president, Mr. Jain will, in effect, become a partner to Mr. Lutnick, helping him oversee Cantor’s various businesses and, crucially, providing strategic insights.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At a Guardian event last June in which he debated with rivals for the secretary general job, he said her psychoanalytical insights were highly valuable.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 洞察力，洞悉; 直觉，眼光; 领悟; 顿悟
分布：洞察力(82%)，见识(16%)，深刻的理解(2%)
→in-,进入，使，sight,看，视力。引申词义洞悉，洞察力。
洞察力(in进入+sight→眼光看进去→洞察力)[sight=vision,表示"眼光"]
n.洞察力,见识The enlightened man highlighted his mighty insight into the fright.开明的人强调他的强大的对惊悸了解.
【记】in里面，sight（n 视觉；眼光）－眼光看进事物里面－洞察力
【参】insightful（adj 富有洞察力的；有深刻见解的）
【反】discernment（n 识别力；洞察力）－1ack of insight（缺乏洞察力）
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■(the ability to have) a clear, deep and sometimes sudden understanding of a complicated problem or situation 洞察力；深刻见解
• It was an interesting book, full of fascinating insights into human relationships. 这是一本有趣的书，充满了对人际关系独到的见解。
n. 洞察力；洞悉
 - perception, penetration

Word: squabble
Front: squabble
[ˈskwɒbl] (托宝 17073/18512 -1)
Vocabulary: squabble
(once / 1979 pages)
nv
A squabble is a fight but not necessarily a serious one. When we squabble, we have a little argument, probably about something not too important.
Do you notice how squabble sounds kind of funny? That's a clue that a squabble is not the most serious kind of argument or fight. A loud, screaming fight would never be called a squabble. A small, silly discussion about something small or trivial is more of a squabble. Friends and family members squabble all the time.
WORD FAMILY
squabble: squabbled, squabbles, squabbling
USAGE EXAMPLES
And now, a year later, the Islamic center is still tied up in traffic-pattern objections and subdivision squabbles.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A 17-year-old girl fatally stabbed in a squabble over a cellphone.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And except for neighborhood squabbles over fireworks use, he rarely hears about problems with the fireworks industry these days.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. （为小事而）争论，吵嘴; 搅乱（排好的铅字）
n. 争吵，口角
时态：squabbled, squabbling, squabbles
分布：争论(65%)，口角(35%)
US ['skwɑ:.bl] noun countable
■an argument over something that is not important 口角；（为琐事的）争吵
• Polly and Susie were having a squabble about who was going to hold the dog's lead. 波莉和苏茜在为谁来牵狗而争吵。
vi. 发生口角；大声争吵
 - altercate
vt. 弄乱（排好的铅字）
 - mess, disarrange
n. 争吵；口角
 - argument, brush, dispute

Word: mineral
Front: mineral
[ˈmɪnərəl] (高托 4583/3212 -K2)
Vocabulary: mineral
(once / 446 pages)
nadj
A mineral is a nonliving natural substance of a definite chemical composition. A mineral like manganese may help keep you healthy; a mineral like a diamond may help keep you sparkly.
At one time mineral referred to valuable substances obtained in mines. Although that still can be the case, today the word has several senses (both noun and adjective) and may be found almost anywhere — in the ground, in the air, or on the periodic table. And if you remember mineral when you remember animal and vegetable, you’ve got a better chance of winning Twenty Questions.
WORD FAMILY
mineral: demineralise, mineralize, minerally, minerals+/demineralise: demineralisation/demineralize: demineralization, demineralized, demineralizing/mineralize: demineralize, mineralized, mineralizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later that year, then-President George Bush signed legislation aimed at settling the dispute over the mineral rights.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The federal government moved a decade ago to condemn the last privately owned mineral rights to protect against geothermal development within the preserve.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Yet the president’s order allows locals who currently use the area to graze their livestock or extract minerals to keep their resource privileges.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 矿物; 矿石; 矿物质; 汽水
adj. 矿物的，似矿物的
分布：矿物质(100%)
→来自mine,矿山，矿物。引申词义矿物质。mineral 矿物质
n.矿物,矿石a.矿物的,矿质的Several severe federal generals drank the mineral water on the miner's funeral.好几个严厉的联邦将军在矿工的葬礼上喝了矿泉水.
【记】源于：mine（n 矿）
noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
countable
■a valuable or useful chemical substance which is formed naturally in the ground 矿物
countable
■a chemical that your body needs to stay healthy （人体所需的）矿物质
• A healthy diet should supply all necessary vitamins and minerals. 健康的饮食应该提供所有必要的维生素和矿物质。
• a mineral supplement 补充的矿物质
['mɪn.ər.əl] noun
DRINK 饮料
minerals
[plural] UK old-fashioned
■cold sweet fizzy (= with bubbles) drinks without alcohol 无酒精而味甜的泡腾冷饮；汽水
['mɪn.ər.əl] adjective
■being or consisting of a mineral or minerals 矿物的；含矿物的，有矿物质的
• a mineral deposit (= substance or layer that is left) 矿层
• The speaker emphasized that much of South Africa's importance lay in its mineral wealth. 发言者强调说南非的重要性很大程度上源于其丰富的矿藏。
n. [矿物] 矿物；（英）矿泉水；无机物；苏打水（常用复数表示）
 - table-water, inorganics

Word: exam
Front: exam
[ɪgˈzæm] (中雅 4224/4174 -K2)
Vocabulary: exam
(once / 2248 pages)
n
An exam is a test. Many high school and college classes have a midterm exam and a final exam.
The word exam is short for examination, from 19th century student slang. An exam usually takes place in a class and consists of questions that test a student's knowledge. Sometimes the word describes a medical test of some kind, like an eye exam, a dental exam, or a physical exam. Rather than testing knowledge or skill, these exams are procedures meant to diagnose or rule out illnesses.
WORD FAMILY
exam: exams
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Post-Dispatch analysis showed that students at small schools in Missouri fare about as well on state exams as their peers at larger schools.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She also remembers a time when Dominic called her while she was on campus to assure her that she would ace another exam.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
WVA Medicine says the center will include 39 exam rooms and three procedure rooms.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. <口>考试; 测验
分布：考试(100%)
→来自examine的缩写词，学生俚语。
n.(examination)考试,测验Did you pass your final exam?你期末考试及格了吗?
[ɪg'zæm] (formal examination)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a test of a student's knowledge or skill in a particular subject which results in a qualification if the student is successful 考试
• How many pupils are taking the geography exam this term? 这个学期有多少位小学生参加地理考试？
• I failed my physics exam, but I passed chemistry. 我物理考试不及格，但化学考试及格了。
• an examination paper 试卷
• exam results 考试成绩
examination, test, quiz, exam
这组词都有“考试”的意思，其区别是：
examination: 通常指为检查学生知识或能力而举行的正式考试，有时也指临时考试。
test: 多指有具体目的的临时性考试或小考。
quiz: 指时间较短，随时进行的口头或书面的非正式测验。
exam: 系examination的缩略形式，口语用词，通俗。

Word: patch
Front: patch
[pætʃ] (研四六托雅宝 3316/3039 -2)
Vocabulary: patch
(once / 238 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
When you patch something, you repair it, like when you patch a hole in the knee of your favorite jeans or when road crews use asphalt to patch a pothole in the street.
The verb patch describes fixing by filling in a weak spot or by replacing missing material. You might patch a wall, for example, to fill in a hole before you paint it, or even “patch things up” after a disagreement with a friend. As a noun, patch describes a period of time, like a "rough path," the material used for fixing, like the patch you sew over a hole in fabric, or even a small piece of land, like a garden patch.
WORD FAMILY
patch: patched, patches, patching, patchy +/patching: patchings/ patchy: patchier, patchily, patchiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is what creates the red patches and silvery scales of psoriasis, and it also explains why “cures” are elusive.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The products include glasses, hats, T-shirts, patches, wallets and other items.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Eyewear, hats, T-shirts, wallets and patches are among the items referenced, some of which are said to use the Run-D.M.C. trademark.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 补丁，补片; 眼罩; 斑点; 小块
vt. 修补，拼凑; 暂时遮掩一下; 修理，平息（吵架等）; 用美人斑装饰（脸）
vi. 打补丁
时态：patched, patching, patches
分布：补丁(48%)，修补(31%)，眼罩(9%)，解决(9%)，补缀(1%)，小片(1%)，掩饰(1%)
→来自古法语pieche,来自piece方言变体，引申词义小块，斑点，补丁等。插入字母t,比较bake,batch.
n.补丁,斑点,碎片小块v.补,修补,掩饰I scratched a match and saw my watch catching a patch.我划了一根火柴发现我的手表钩着了一块补丁.
noun countable
AREA 地区
 ADVANCED
■a small area which is different in some way from the area that surrounds it （与周围不同的）斑，小块
• Our dog has a black patch on his back. 我们的狗背上有块黑斑。
• The hotel walls were covered in damp patches. 饭店的墙壁上满是湿渍。
• There were lots of icy patches on the road this morning. 今天早上路上有多处地方结了冰。
• This story is good in patches (= some parts are good) , but I wouldn't really recommend it. 这本小说有些部分写得不错，但我不是很想推荐它。
■informal
■a local area within which someone works 工作地
• He's been working as a policeman on the same patch for twenty years. 他已经在同一个管区当了20年的员警。
[pætʃ] noun countable
PIECE OF MATERIAL 一块布料
■a small piece of material fixed over something to cover it 补钉，补片
• I'll have to sew a patch onto these jeans - they're ripped at the knee. 我要在这条牛仔裤上缝个补钉——膝盖处撕破了。
■a small piece of material which can be stuck to the skin, from which particular substances can be absorbed into the body 膏药，贴布
• Some people wear nicotine patches to help them give up smoking. 有些人贴尼古丁戒烟贴片来帮助自己戒烟。
■* an eye-patch
[pætʃ] noun countable
COMPUTER 电脑
■a small computer program that can be added to an existing program in order to make the existing program work as it should （用来完善已有程式的）程式补钉，修补程式
• I downloaded a patch from their website. 我从他们的网站上下载了一个程式补钉。
Compare plugin
[pætʃ] noun countable
go through a bad/difficult/rough/sticky patch informal
■to experience a lot of problems in a period in your life 倒楣，不走运
• Andy's going through a bit of a rough patch at the moment - his wife wants a divorce. 安迪目前处境有点困难——他老婆要跟他离婚。
[pætʃ] noun countable
not be a patch on sth UK informal
■to be much less good than something 远比不上，远不如
• This new washing machine isn't a patch on our old one. 这台新洗衣机远不如我们那台旧的。
[pætʃ] verb
CONNECT 连接
transitive usually + adverb or preposition specialized
■to connect electronic or telephone equipment to a system 接通，连接（电子设备或电话）
[pætʃ] verb
PIECE OF MATERIAL 一块布料
transitive
■to put a patch on something 缝补；修补
[pætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] patch sth together
■to arrange something very quickly but not very carefully 仓促拼合，草草拼凑
• There is much disagreement, but the group of countries is trying to patch together a treaty on defence. 尽管存在很多分歧，这几个国家还是试图草拟出一份防御条约。
[pætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] patch sth up
■to try to improve a relationship after there have been problems 弥合（关系），和解
• Jackie and Bill are still trying to patch up their marriage. 杰基和比尔仍在设法修补他们的婚姻。
• Did you manage to patch things up with Jackie after your row? 你们争吵过后，你有没有设法和杰基言归于好？
■to repair something, especially in a basic and temporary way 修理；（尤指）临时草草修补
[pætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  patch sb/sth up
■to give basic medical care to someone that helps them temporarily 为…提供基本（或临时）的治疗，为…草草包扎
• If you've cut your hand, the first aider will patch you up. 如果你割破了手，急救员会为你处理的。
fix, mend, repair, patch
这组词都有“修理，修复”的意思，其区别是：
fix: 多用于美语，仅用于指带有安装固定性质的修理。
mend: 通常指较简单的修复过程，一般不需要专门技术或特殊工具。
repair: 可与mend换用，但一般指需要较高的职业技能和使用较复杂的工具进行修理。
patch: 通常指用类似材料修补破洞、裂缝或磨损的地方。
n. 眼罩；斑点；碎片；小块土地
 - spot, chip, debris
vt. 修补；解决；掩饰
 - decide, settle

Word: uprising
Front: uprising
[ˈʌpraɪzɪŋ] (托雅 7738/10350 -2)
Vocabulary: uprising
(once / 1657 pages)
n
An organized rebellion, especially against an authority or government — is an uprising. If your entire math class joined together in rebellion against your teacher's unfair grading practices, you could call it an uprising.
The word uprising is most often used to describe a political revolt, often a violent insurrection against the established rule, but its original meaning was very different. In the thirteenth century, an uprising was a resurrection, or "the action of rising from the grave," and soon after that it meant "an action of rising from the bed." It wasn't until the late 1500's that it came to mean "revolt."
WORD FAMILY
uprising: uprisings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Obama later pays tribute to the uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa as “a moment of opportunity” for change in the region.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Carandiru was Latin America’s largest jail before it was demolished in the aftermath of that uprising.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He called Burr a latter-day Catiline, the ancient Roman senator who attempted a populist uprising against the Republic.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 起义，暴动; 升起
分布：起义(97%)，升起(2%)，动词uprise的现在分词.(1%)
→比喻用法。
(also rising)
noun countable
■an act of opposition, sometimes using violence, by many people in one area of a country against those who are in power 起义；暴动
• Following a determined resistance in the east, there was eventually a popular uprising in the capital. 在东部发生坚决的抵抗运动后，最终在首都爆发了人民起义。
n. 起义；升起
 - intifada, putsch
adj. 升起的
 - risen
v. 起义（uprise的ing形式）；升起
 - raising

Word: personality
Front: personality
[ˌpɜ:səˈnæləti] (研四六托雅 2076/2326 -K3)
Vocabulary: personality
(once / 245 pages)
n
Your personality is what makes you "you" — the combination of characteristics that make you unique.
Despite sharing some of the same genes, your siblings may have different personalities from you. You may be outgoing and upbeat, your sister may be quiet and reserved, and your brother may be a perennial pessimist. A personality can also refer to someone who is well known in a certain field — such as a sports or television personality.
WORD FAMILY
personality: personalities+/depersonalise: depersonalisation, depersonalising/depersonalize: depersonalization, depersonalized, depersonalizing/ impersonal: impersonally/ interpersonal: interpersonally/nonperson: nonpersons/ person: foreperson, nonperson, personable, personal, personhood, personify, persons, unperson/ personable: personableness, personabler, personably/ personal: impersonal, interpersonal, nonpersonal, personalise, personality, personalize, personally, personals/personalise: depersonalise, personalised, personalising/personalize: depersonalize, personalized, personalizes, personalizing/ personification: personifications/ personify: personification, personified, personifies, personifying/unperson: unpersons
USAGE EXAMPLES
You are looking for someone who is a good fit with your personality.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
For the Seahawks, though, this season marked a somewhat stunning change in offensive personality.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At worst, Pickens’ remarks “reflect a non-racial personality conflict and amount to discourtesy, rudeness or lack of sensitivity,” they wrote in recent court filings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 生而为人; 人格，人品，个性; 人物; 名人
分布：个性(93%)，名人(5%)，特色(2%)
→来自personal,个人的。引申词义个性，特征。
人格,个性(person人)[-ality表名词"状态,性质"]
n.人格,个性He has a strong personality.他性格坚强.
US [ˌpɝ:.sən'æl.ə.tˌi] noun
CHARACTER 性格
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the type of person you are, which is shown by the way you behave, feel and think 个性，性格；人格
• She has a very warm personality. 她个性非常热情。
• He is well qualified for the job, but he does lack personality (= he is a boring person). 他非常胜任这份工作，但他确实缺乏个性。
UK [ˌpɜ:.sən'æl.ə.ti] US [ˌpɝ:.sən'æl.ə.tˌi] noun
FAMOUS PERSON 名人
 ADVANCED countable
■a famous person 名人，名流
• The show is hosted by a popular TV personality. 该节目由一位广受欢迎的电视名人主持。
nature, complexion, personality, disposition, character, temper
这组词都有“性格、气质、性情、习性”的意思，其区别是：
nature: 指天生的、不可改变性格。
complexion: 指由思维方式、态度和情绪所决定的本质特征。
personality: 主要指一个人稳定的心理特征。
disposition: 书面用词，指人的主要爱好或思想、精神方面的重要习性、气质。也可指短暂的情绪。
character: 指对个性或人格所作出的客观评价，常常与道德有关。
temper: 指从感情方面体现出来，决定处理问题或应付形势的方式的性格或性情，这种性情可以是暂时的也可以长久的。
n. [心理] 个性；品格；名人
 - being, kidney, lion, individuality

Word: credible
Front: credible
[ˈkredəbl] (雅宝 5991/9699 -2)
Vocabulary: credible
(once / 220 pages)
1adj 2adj
Someone who's credible is honest and believable. A pathological liar, for example, might not be the most credible witness for your case against the bank robber.
Similar to words like reliable and plausible, credible is an adjective that comes to us from the Latin credibilis, meaning “worthy to be believed.” A credible reputation is often earned through consistent good behavior and an overall trustworthy personality. Spill a secret you promised to keep, or lie under oath in a courtroom, and you lose all credibility.
WORD FAMILY
credible: credibility, credibleness, crediblest, credibly, incredible +/ credibility: credibilities/incredibility: incredibilities/ incredible: incredibility, incredibleness, incredibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
And otherwise credible professionals like the lawyer David Boies remain on the company’s board.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In each case, U.N. officials soon determined that the allegations against the soldiers and their units were credible enough to send them home.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Cuba publishes few credible economic statistics, but experts expect the country to end this year with gross domestic product growth of 1 percent or less.
Seattle Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 可信的，可靠的; （因看似可能成功而）可接受的
分布：可信的(60%)，可靠的(40%)
→来自词根cred, 相信，信任。
可靠的,可信的(cred相信+ible能...的)[creed,cred=believe,trust,表示"相信,信任"]
adjective
■able to be believed or trusted 可信的；可靠的
• They haven't produced any credible evidence for convicting him. 他们没有拿出任何可信的证据来给他定罪。
• The story of what had happened to her was barely (= only just) credible. 关于她的遭遇的说法不大可信。
incredible, incredulous, credulous, unimaginable, credible
incredible: adj 不可相信的（前两个含被动意味）；
incredulous: 不轻易相信的（后两个含被动意义）；
credulous: 轻信的，易受骗的；
unimaginable: 不能想象的，想不到的，难以理解的
credible: adj 可信的；
plausible, credulous, credible
这组词都有“可信的”的意思，其区别是：
plausible: a.似乎有理的(可信的)。常带有怀疑的意思。
 • Even though it is a plausible explanation, I am not completely convinced.   虽然这个解释合理，但仍不可能使我完全相信。
credulous: a.轻信的，易于相信的。
 • She was credulous when she listened to the salesman and bought the car for too much money.   她很容易轻信别人，竟然听信那个销售员的话以高价买了那辆车。
credible: a.可信的，可靠的。
 • That the student told the teacher a credible story that she missed classes because she was sick.   那个学生跟老师讲了实情，她没来上课是因为她病了。
adj. 可靠的，可信的
 - responsible, reliable, tried, honest, safe

Word: intense
Front: intense
[ɪnˈtens] (研四六托雅 2295/3202 -3)
Vocabulary: intense
(once / 105 pages)
adj
Intense means strong or extreme. If you accidentally spill a cup of hot coffee on yourself, you’ll probably feel intense heat, intense pain, and — if anyone happened to be watching — intense embarrassment.
When using intense, we often refer to a specific feeling or emotion, as in the case of “intense dread” or “intense happiness.” Intense can also be used to describe exciting experiences as well as people with strong or insistent personalities. For example, if your intense friend insists on taking you bungee jumping, you’re guaranteed to have an intense experience. Intense comes from a Latin word meaning “stretched,” implying that something has been stretched to its maximum limit.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
intense / intensive / intent
If your teacher offered you a choice between an intense course or an intensive one, which one would you choose? And would you wonder what his intent was?
Intense means of severe strength or force; having strong feelings. An intense course, then, would be an extremely tough course, such as advanced nuclear science. Intensive means focused on one subject or area for a short time; extremely thorough. So an intensive course would be very focused on one topic and would last short time, as with summer courses. The teacher's intent, his purpose or intention, might be to guide you to the best course for you. Or it might be to fill his summer course.
Searching online, you'll find that in particular intensive is used instead of intense:
Michigan Solar Panel Factory's Labor-Intensive Assembly Tasks
These hiking-intensive trips can, of course, be strenuous.
Implementation can be a time-intensive process in terms of training, data input, data conversion, and down time.
Some dictionaries point out that intense is usually connected with a subjective response, while intensive is generally connected to an objective description. Here are a few examples that get it right:
Intense heat sears Southern California for 4th day
‎Seaton's intent to lie, cheat is as serious as a felony‎
Professional mountain bike rider in intensive care after hit-and-run
WORD FAMILY
intense: intensely, intenser, intensest, intensity, intensively+/ intensity: intensities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m hoping it will alleviate some of the intense crowding on the 6 Line,” he said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But the pain became progressively intense that afternoon, wrapping around her torso.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The zoning changes proposed along the trolley will allow relatively intense commercial and residential development there, which fits with the city’s climate action plan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 热情的，强烈的，紧张的; 热烈的，热情的，认真的; [摄]（底片）明暗度强的; 有强烈感情（或意见、想法）的
分布：强烈的(46%)，激烈的(32%)，紧张的(19%)，深刻的(2%)，强大的(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-tense,延伸，词源同tend,tense.引申词义拉长，绷紧，剧烈的，强烈的。
强烈的,热烈的(in不+tense→拉到了不能在拉的地方→紧张的,强烈的)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
a.强烈的,剧烈的;热烈的,热情的For convenience of intensive study, he has an intense intention of making friend with me.为便于强化学习,他有和我交朋友的强烈意向.
adjective
■extreme and forceful or (of a feeling) very strong 强烈的，极度的
• intense cold/heat/hatred 严寒／酷热／痛恨
• an intense flavour/colour 浓烈的味道／浓重的颜色
• He suddenly felt an intense pain in his back. 他突然觉得背部一阵剧痛。
■Intense people are very serious, and usually have strong emotions or opinions 认真的；热切的；有强烈情感的；尖锐的
• an intense young man 认真的年轻人
adj. 强烈的；紧张的；非常的；热情的
 - burning, stressed, sharp, warm, hot

Word: sacrifice
Front: sacrifice
[ˈsækrɪfaɪs] (高研四六雅宝 4068/5282 -3)
Vocabulary: sacrifice
(once / 79 pages)
1nv 2n
A sacrifice is a loss or something you give up, usually for the sake of a better cause. Parents sacrifice time and sleep to take care of their children, while kids might sacrifice TV time to hang out with mom and dad.
Though no longer used only in a religious context, sacrifice comes from the Latin sacra and facere, meaning "to perform sacred rites." If you've studied ancient cultures like the Incas, you've probably heard of "human sacrifice," where a person is killed in a sacred ceremony to please the gods. But thankfully those kinds of sacrifices don't happen anymore.
WORD FAMILY
sacrifice: sacrificeable, sacrificed, sacrificer, sacrifices, sacrificial, sacrificing, self-sacrifice+/sacrificer: sacrificers/ sacrificial: sacrificially/sacrificing: self-sacrificing
USAGE EXAMPLES
They played well without sacrificing anything through a significant injury.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Governor Tom Wolf in a statement said Weaver would be remembered for “his bravery, his sacrifice, and his willingness to serve”.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Rather than revenue or profit, Kevin measures a small business through the family it supports and the sacrifices it demands.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 牺牲; 献祭，供奉; 牺牲行为; [宗]基督的献身
vt. & vi. 牺牲，把…奉献给…; 廉价卖出; 牺牲，献祭; [棒]作牺牲打
vt. 献祭; 奉献; 牺牲; 亏本出售
时态：sacrificed, sacrificing, sacrifices
分布：牺牲(78%)，献祭(11%)，祭品(5%)，供奉(4%)，亏本出售(2%)
→sacri-,神圣的，-fic,做，词源同 fact,benefice.引申诸相关词义。
牺牲n.牺牲品(sacri神圣+fice→为神做的东西→牺牲品)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
牺牲牺牲品(sacr+I+fic[=fact做]+e→做出来下献给神的东西→牺牲品)[sacr=holy表示"神圣"]
n.牺牲,牺牲品;祭品v.(for,to)牺牲,献出A mother will sacrifice her life for her children.母亲会为自己的孩子操劳一生的.
【记】sacr是“神圣”的词根
【参】sacrament（n 基督教圣礼）；sacred（adj 神圣的）；sacrosanct（adj 极神圣的）；sanctity（n 圣洁）
verb
GIVE UP 放弃
 ADVANCED transitive
■to give up something that is valuable to you in order to help another person 牺牲；献出
• Many women sacrifice interesting careers for their family. 许多女性为了家庭牺牲了自己感兴趣的工作。
['sæk.rɪ.faɪs] verb
KILL 杀
intransitive or transitive
■to kill an animal or a person and offer them to a god or gods 献祭；以（人或动物）为祭品
['sæk.rɪ.faɪs] verb
be sacrificed on the altar of sth literary
■to be destroyed by an activity, system or belief that is bad but more important or more powerful 成为…的牺牲品
• Service and quality have been sacrificed on the altar of profit. 为了利润牺牲了服务和品质。
['sæk.rɪ.faɪs] noun countable or uncountable
GIVING UP 放弃
 ADVANCED
■when you give up something that is valuable to you in order to help someone else 牺牲；献出
• We had to make sacrifices in order to pay for our children's education. 为了支付孩子们的教育费用，我们不得不作出牺牲。
• They cared for their disabled son for 27 years, at great personal sacrifice. 27年来，他们为照料残障的儿子作出了伟大的个人牺牲。
['sæk.rɪ.faɪs] noun countable or uncountable
KILLING 杀
■the act of killing an animal or person and offering them to a god or gods, or the animal, etc. that is offered 献祭，供奉；祭品，供品
• The people offered a lamb on the altar as a sacrifice for their sins. 人们在祭坛上献祭一头羔羊作为赎罪的祭品。
['sæk.rɪ.faɪs] noun countable or uncountable
make the ultimate / supreme sacrifice formal
■to die while fighting for a principle 牺牲生命，捐躯
n. 牺牲；祭品；供奉
 - offering, victimization
vt. 牺牲；献祭；亏本出售
 - immolate, martyr
vi. 献祭；奉献
 - offer, devote to

Word: harper
Front: harper
[ˈhɑ:pə] (-/8185)
Back: n. 弹竖琴者，竖琴师
分布：竖琴手(100%)

Word: principal
Front: principal
[ˈprɪnsəpl] (研四六托雅宝 3124/2225 -3)
Vocabulary: principal
(once / 84 pages)
1adjn 2n
For an adjective that points to the main or most important thing, your best choice is principal. Is your principal goal for the summer to have fun or to earn some extra money?
The word, principal, comes from the Latin principalis "first in importance" and is related to the title of prince. You can see the relation when you think about its meanings — the head of a school, the starring actor in a film, and the client of an agent. Don't confuse principal with its homophone principle, a moral rule or law of nature. If you talk about a country's principal exports, you mean the main ones.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
principal / principle
If offered a choice, would you rather have principles or principals?
A principle is a fundamental or general truth. It might also be the original (fundamental) source of something.
America's principles establish religious liberty as a fundamental right.
Microsoft principle group manager selling Issaquah 4BD
In principle refers to something in its fundamentals without all the details worked out:
After just one hearing, Arroyo's bill penalizing drunk driving and five other similar bills were approved "in principle" by the committee on transportation.
Principal, on the other hand, is the person with the highest authority in a group, such as a school principal or the principal investor in a company. It is also the original sum of money or assets invested or lent:
An Israeli high school principal has been summoned for a hearing by the country's Education Ministry.
Jan van Eck serves as a director and principal at the firm.
The FHA refinance plan for homeowners may allow for principal reductions and underwater refinancing opportunities for those who qualify.
If you remember that the principal is your pal, you'll be able to choose your words well.
WORD FAMILY
principal: principality, principally, principals, principalship+/principality: principalities/principalship: principalships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stewart, the principal, says she struggles to keep new teachers who often leave for better pay and less stress in other districts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dalrymple’s budget proposed transferring earnings to the general fund but leaving the principal untouched.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Taiwanese are starting to understand the impacts of displaying Nazi symbols, Yarden says, pointing to the presidential apology and the school principal’s resignation offer.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 最重要的; 主要的; 资本的; 本金的
n. 首长，负责人; 主要演员，主角; [法]委托人，当事人; 本金
分布：校长(54%)，主要的(17%)，本金(11%)，委托人(6%)，首要的(3%)，主犯(3%)，主角(3%)，资本(3%)
→来自古法语principal,主要的，最重要的，来自拉丁语principalis,最重要的，来自princeps,国王，统治者，酋长，词源同prince.引申词义名词词义校长，院长等。
主要的;首要的(prin主要的＋cip+al)[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
a.最重要的,主要的n.负责人,校长;资本,本金Since then the sincere princess has known the principal principle.从那时起诚实的公主就知道该主要原理.
【记】源于：prim（adj 最早的，最好的）
【区】principle（n 法则；原则）
【反】subordinate（adj 次要的）
adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■first in order of importance 最重要的
• Iraq's principal export is oil. 伊拉克最重要的出口商品是石油。
• He was principal dancer at the Dance Theatre of Harlem. 他是哈莱姆舞剧院的头号舞伶。
• That was my principal reason for moving. 那是我搬家最主要的原因。
['prɪnt.sɪ.pəl] noun
PERSON 人
countable US
■the person in charge of a school or college for children aged between approximately 11 and 18 （中小学或学院的）校长
['prɪnt.sɪ.pəl] noun
MONEY 金钱
countable usually singular specialized
■an amount of money which someone has invested in a bank or lent to a person or organization so that they will receive interest on it from the bank, person or organization 本金；可生息的资本
• She lives off the interest and tries to keep the principal intact. 她靠利息过日子，尽量不动用本金。
president, principal, headmaster
这组词都有“校长”的意思，其区别是：
president: 在美国专指大学的校长，在英国指学院院长。
principal: 在英国可指大学校长、院长以及中小学校长，但在美国仅指中小学校长。
headmaster: 在英国指对中小学校长的一般称呼，尤指私立学校的校长。
principal, leading, primary, foremost, capital, major, chief, main
这组词都有“首要的，主要的”的意思，其区别是：
principal: 用于人时，指地位优于其他人；用于物时，指该物在大小、重要性等方面优于他物。
leading: 侧重指具有影响力或凝聚力。从而有主导和引导的作用。
primary: 通常不用于人。用于物时，指在重要性方面占第一位。
foremost: 侧重指在行进或发展过程中居首位。
capital: 着重指因重要性、意义、优越或重大而名列同类之首。
major: 指同其他人或其它物、问题等相比较，显得更加重要和突出。
chief: 拽人时，表同类中职位最高，权力最大；指物时，表同类中最重要，价值最高。
main: 通常只用于物。指在一定范围内，某物的重要性、体积或力量等超过其它物。
n. 校长；委托人，当事人；资本；主犯
 - president, client, party, headmaster
adj. 首要的；最重要的
 - supreme, main, lead

Word: grain
Front: grain
[greɪn] (高研四六托雅宝 3222/3226 -K3)
Vocabulary: grain
(once / 177 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4nv
When carpenters sand a piece of wood, they "go with the grain." Grain is the texture on piece of wood, which often forms long patterns that show the direction in which the tree grew.
You may have heard someone say "there's a grain of truth to that" when referring to an outrageous story that has a tiny bit of truth to it. A grain can also be a speck or a particle — the tiniest bit of something. Don't confuse this with another definition of grain, the kind you find in your bread — wheat, oats, alfalfa, and so on. Check out all the grains in the ten-grain bread next time you're in the bakery!
WORD FAMILY
grain: grained, graining, grains, grainy +/graining: grainings/ grainy: grainier, graininess
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lots of vegetables, which are cheap; lots of grains and beans.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The facility will be able to receive two separate lanes of grain shipments at a pace of 30,000 bushels an hour.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
About 150 slaves worked the land, growing tobacco and grains.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 谷物，粮食; （沙，金，盐等的）颗粒; 谷粒，籽粒; （木材，大理石等的）纹理
vt. 把…作成细粒; 把…漆[画]成木纹; 染透; 刮去（皮上的）毛
vi. 成谷粒
时态：grained, graining, grains
分布：谷物(52%)，颗粒(18%)，纹理(11%)，谷类(11%)，格令(6%)，微量(2%)
→来自gre-no, 生长，词源同grass, corn. 后指谷物。
n.谷物,谷类;颗粒,细粒The gained grain drained away with the rain, all the pains were in vain again.收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费.
【参】granary（n 壳仓）grain，ary表示场所
noun
SEED 种子
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(a) seed from a plant, especially a plant like a grass such as rice or wheat （尤指像谷谷、小麦等像草一样的植物的）谷粒，颖果，谷（物）
• grains of wheat/rice 麦／米粒
• Grain (= the crop from food plants like grasses) is one of the main exports of the American Midwest. 谷物是美国中西部地区主要的出口商品。
⇒ See also wholegrain
[greɪn] noun
SMALL PIECE 小块
countable
■a very small piece of a hard substance 细粒；颗粒
• grains of sand 沙粒
only singular
■a very small amount of a particular quality 一点儿；微量，少量
• There wasn't a grain of truth in anything she said. 她无论说甚么都没有半句实话在里面。
• Anyone with a grain of common sense would have known what to do. 稍微有一点常识的人都会知道应该做甚么。
[greɪn] noun
PHOTOGRAPH 相片
countable or uncountable
■the pattern of extremely small spots of black and white or colour, or any of the separate spots, which form a photographic or film image （照片、底片的）显影颗粒
• fine/coarse-grain film 显影颗粒细（粗）的胶卷
[greɪn] noun
WOOD/CLOTH 木头和织物
the grain only singular
■the natural patterns of lines in the surface of wood or cloth （木头和织物等的）纹理
• to cut something along/against the grain 顺着纹理／横对着纹路切开某物
[greɪn] noun
WEIGHT 重量
countable old-fashioned
■a unit of mass, equal to 0.0648 grams 格令（质量单位，等于0.0648克）
[greɪn] noun
go against the grain
■If something goes against the grain, you would not usually do it because it would be unusual or morally wrong 违反常理；与…格格不入；不正常
• These days it goes against the grain to show respect for authority. 如今尊重权威反而不正常了。
particle, atom, grain, speck, molecule
这组词都有“粒，微粒”的意思，其区别是：
particle: 指任何物质的微粒，引申指任何小的部分。
atom: 指元素的最小粒子，其体积比molecule小。
grain: 通常指能为肉眼清楚看到的颗粒，比上述几个词所表“粒”的体积大。
speck: 一般指“微点”或“微粒”，可引申指“斑点、污点”。
molecule: 指物质中保持原物质的一切化学性质，能独立存在的最小微粒，即分子。
grain, crop, corn
这组词都有“谷物”的意思，其区别是：
grain: 指稻、麦等谷类及其粒子。
crop: 指谷物或果类等一年或一季的收成，也可指地里的农业作物或谷物。
corn: 主要指大麦、小麦、燕麦、裸麦、玉蜀黍这5种谷物及其粒子。
n. [粮食] 粮食； [摄] 颗粒； [作物] 谷物； [木] [纺] [岩] 纹理
 - particle, texture, corn, commissariat

Word: sunday

Word: hunger
Front: hunger
[ˈhʌŋgə(r)] (高研四六托 4584/5267 -2)
Vocabulary: hunger
(once / 104 pages)
nv
Hunger is the sensation of needing — or wanting — to eat something. People use the same word to describe a hankering for a snack or for the more dire meaning of starvation, as in "world hunger."
Hunger sometimes refers to an extreme lack of food, the equivalent to starvation: "We need to do something about hunger in poor communities." It can also simply mean your afternoon craving: "My daily hunger for chocolate was distracting me from my work." You can also hunger for things, both food (like when you hunger for French fries) and non-food things (like when you hunger for attention).
WORD FAMILY
hunger: hungered, hungering, hungers, hungry +/ hungry: hungrier, hungriest, hungrily, hungriness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Conference of Mayors Status Report on Hunger and Homelessness” in 38 U.S. cities conducted in December and released Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Sadeghi is one of eight prisoners said to be on hunger strike in Iran.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Her group is testing a drug that, in animals at least, acts like leptin, a hormone that controls hunger.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: n. 饿，饥饿; 欲望
vt. & vi. （使）饥饿
vi. 渴望
时态：hungered, hungering, hungers
分布：饿(51%)，饥饿(40%)，渴望(8%)，使 ... 饥饿(1%)
→来自古英语hungor,饥饿，饥荒，来自kenk,饥饿，饥渴，燃烧，可能来自skai,照耀，照射，词源同shine,hot,heat.后用于指饥饿，饥渴义不再使用。
n./v.饥饿;渴望A baby's cry may be expressive of hunger or pain.婴儿的啼哭可能表示饥饿或疼痛.
US [-gɚ] noun
NEED FOR FOOD 对食物的需求
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the feeling you have when you need to eat 饥饿感
• I can't believe that that enormous meal wasn't enough to satisfy your hunger. 我无法相信那么丰富的饭菜也不能填饱你的肚子。
• By about 9 o'clock she started to feel faint from/with hunger. 九点的时候，她开始饿到有点头晕。
• I often suffer from hunger pangs (= strong feelings of needing something to eat) in the middle of the afternoon. 下午三点，我经常会感到阵阵饥饿。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when the body does not have enough food 饥饿
• All over the world, people die of hunger every day. 世界上每天都有人饿死。
UK ['hʌŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] noun
DESIRE 渴望
[S or U]
■a strong wish or desire 渴望；盼望
• a hunger for adventure/knowledge/success 对冒险／知识／成功的渴望
UK ['hʌŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hunger after/for sth literary
■to want something very much 渴望；渴求
• I hunger for your touch. 我渴望你的抚摸。
• I've never hungered after power. 我从不渴望权力。
hunger, famine, starvation
这组词都有“饥饿”的意思，其区别是：
hunger: 普通用词，指人体对于食物迫切需要的正常生理现象。
famine: 指因天灾人祸而引起大规模饥荒；用作引申，指严重缺乏某种物资或人力。
starvation: 语气比hunger强得多。指因长期缺乏食物所造成的痛苦，甚至死亡，侧重人为的灾难所致。
n. 饿， [生理] 饥饿；渴望
 - aspiration, famine
vi. 渴望；挨饿
 - rare, aspire

Word: surveillance
Front: surveillance
[sɜ:ˈveɪləns] (宝 4825/6559 -2)
Vocabulary: surveillance
(once / 1729 pages)
n
Many times, a person suspected of something illegal by the authorities is placed under surveillance, meaning he or she is closely watched to see if their suspicions are well-founded.
If you break down the word surveillance you get the prefix sur, from the French word for "over" and the root veiller, meaning "to watch." All of which is a roundabout way of saying that if you are under surveillance, you are being closely watched — usually by the authorities, and usually not for a good reason! Those surveillance cameras in banks and stores are put there in the hopes of both preventing crimes and recognizing criminals after a crime has been committed.
WORD FAMILY
surveillance: surveillances
USAGE EXAMPLES
Learning of this through wiretaps and surveillance, Johnson was livid.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some industry and government officials are concerned current surveillance is insufficient.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The technology allows investigators to match photo or a surveillance video to databases of mug shots and driver’s licenses with accompanying identifying information.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 盯梢，监督; [法]管制，监视
分布：监视(75%)，监督(25%)
→来自法语 surveiller,监督，看管，来自 sur-,在上，veiller,看，看护，来自拉丁语 vigilare,看， 看护，词源同 vigil,wake.拼写比较 rail,regulate.后引申词义监视。
临视;看守(sur+veil看＋lance→在上面看→临视)[sur-表示"超过,在上面"]
【记】sur下面，veillance＝vigilance（n 警戒）：监视sur下面，veil（n 面纱），lance：脸的下面有面纱－蒙面大盗－监视别人
US [sɚ-] noun uncountable
■the careful watching of a person or place, especially by the police or army, because of a crime that has happened or is expected （尤指员警或军队的）监视，盯梢
• The police have kept the nightclub under surveillance because of suspected illegal drug activity. 这家夜总会因涉嫌非法贩毒而被警方监视。
• More banks are now installing surveillance cameras. 现在更多的银行开始安装监视录影机。
n. 监督；监视
 - supervision, observation, monitoring, watch, oversight

Word: downgrade
Front: downgrade
[ˌdaʊnˈgreɪd] (16410/15817 -1)
Back: v. 使降低; 使降职; 贬低; 低估
时态：downgraded, downgrading, downgrades
分布：使降级(80%)，使降低(20%)
贬低,降低(down向下→grade→向下贬低)[grad=step,grade,表示"步,级"]
verb transitive
■to reduce someone or something to a lower rank or position, or to make something less important or less valued （使）降级；（使）降职；贬低；轻视
• My job's been downgraded to that of ordinary editor. 我已经被降为普通编辑了。
• We mustn't let management downgrade the importance of safety at work. 我们绝不能允许管理层轻视工作安全问题。
Compare upgrade
n. 退步；下坡
 - setback, declivity
adj. 下坡的
 - declivous

Word: injure
Front: injure
[ˈɪndʒə(r)] (高研四六托 3721/3032 -K1)
Vocabulary: injure
(once / 66 pages)
v
Injure means to hurt, physically or mentally. Lose a bet and you might injure or bruise your pride, but lose your footing and you could injure your body instead.
When a player in a sport is injured, they leave the field to be examined by a trainer or a physician, to see how severe their injury really is. If you slip and fall on the ice, your mom might say, "Are you injured?" She doesn't mean a bruise–––she's talking about a broken bone or a sprained ankle. You can also injure or wound someone else. Insult your mother's cooking or tackle your little brother too roughly to the ground and you'll injure them, either emotionally or physically.
WORD FAMILY
injure: injured, injures, injuring, injury +/ injured: injuredly, uninjured / injurious: injuriously, injuriousness/ injury: injuries, injurious
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Texas Christian product spent the final 11 weeks of this season on the injured reserve list.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
After two receptions, his season ended on injured reserve.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Schnorenberg was injured during the altercation and treated at a hospital.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 损害，毁坏; 伤害（名誉、自尊等）; （尤指事故中）伤害; 伤害（感情，自尊心等）
时态：injured, injuring, injures
分布：伤害(53%)，损害(27%)，损伤(20%)
→in-,不，非，-jur,法律，公正，词源同jury,justice.即审判不公，引申词义伤害。
v.损害,损伤,伤害I assure the injured jury that a sure insurance is ensured.我让受伤的陪审团确信一笔有把握的保险得到的确保.
US [-dʒɚ] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to hurt or cause physical harm to a person or animal 伤害，损害
• A bomb exploded at the embassy, injuring several people. 一枚炸弹在大使馆爆炸，造成数人受伤。
• She fell and injured her shoulder. 她摔伤了肩膀。
• He was badly injured in the crash. 他在车祸中受重伤。
• He claimed that working too hard was injuring his health. 他声称工作过度损害了他的健康。
harm, hurt, damage, disable, injure, wound
这组词都有“损害，伤害”的意思，其区别是：
harm: 主要用于有生命的东西，语气略强于injure，指引起严重的痛苦和损伤；有时也用于抽象事物，指造成任何不良后果。
hurt: 普通用词，较口语化，侧重指给有生命的东西造成机体上或精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。
damage: 通常指对无生命物体的损害，并有降低其价值，破坏其功能等的后果。
disable: 强调使伤残。
injure: 较hurt正式，多用于有生命的事物。既可指伤害别人的事物。即可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等，又可指使别人受伤或东西受损，同时含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失功能的意味。
wound: 专指对身体的重伤，尤指在战斗中受的伤，强调外部创伤；也可指精神方面的伤害。
vt. 伤害，损害
 - hurt, knife

Word: meddle
Front: meddle
[ˈmedl] (托雅宝 16645/19051 -1)
Vocabulary: meddle
(once / 710 pages)
v
To meddle is to interfere. You can meddle in someone else's affairs, and you can meddle with someone else's things. Either way, you’re messing with someone else’s stuff and she probably doesn’t like it.
Meddle started out in the late 1400’s meaning “to mingle,” then it became a pain when it began to be used to mean “interfere,” which is how we use it now. For a little while there it also meant to be, um, romantic with someone, but it’s not used that way today. Meddle is what little sisters do, always getting in the middle of your business.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
medal / meddle / mettle
Here we have a trio of words that sound the same (at least in American English) but mean very different things: medal, meddle, and mettle.
A medal is a disc made of metal with an inscription or image. It is generally used as an award or a commemoration of an event:
‎Maplewood Officers Receive Medal Of Valor
Special Olympics duo wins gold medal in golf‎
To meddle is to interfere with someone or something:
Belarus will not let any other country meddle in its December presidential election.
Politicians meddle with existing taxation arrangements at their peril.
Finally, mettle is a quality or qualities that help a person in a difficult situation. Those qualities might include courage, ardor, and stamina:
Madison native tests his mettle in "Hell's Kitchen"
Test of mettle: How the Steelers can win without Roethlisberger
‎If you don't speak American English, you might be wondering why mettle makes this list. In American English, when a t appears in an unstressed syllable between two vowels—or between a vowel and an l, as is the case here—that t is said with a flap of the tongue similar to how we say d. Linguists call it a "medial flap." The same thing happens in betting, metal, noted, writing and many other words.
WORD FAMILY
meddle: meddled, meddler, meddles, meddlesome, meddling+/meddler: meddlers/ meddlesome: meddlesomely, meddlesomeness/meddling: meddlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her reason: Obama hadn’t silenced talk, based on findings of the CIA and FBI, that Russia meddled in the election to aid Trump.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
As she unpacked gloves, socks, hats, mugs and ski goggles, Meddles said the inventory is “based on what everyone forgets or loses while they’re here.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They also understood that the global information space, accessible to all, offered a cheap way for an impoverished ex-superpower to meddle in other countries’ politics.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: v. 干涉，插手; 弄，摸弄，用手玩弄; 参与，发生关系
时态：meddled, meddling, meddles
分布：干涉(100%)
→来自古法语medler,混合，干预，来自拉丁语miscere,混合，搅拌，词源同mix,miscellany.后引申词义干预，管闲事。
【记】源于：mix（v /n 混合）把别人的事情弄得混乱－干涉源于：middle（n / adj 中间的）到了别人的中间－干涉
【参】medley（n 混杂的人群；adj 混合的）
disapproving
verb intransitive
■to try to change or have an influence on things which are not your responsibility, especially by criticizing in a damaging or annoying way 干涉，干预；管闲事
• My sister's always meddling in other people's affairs. 我姐姐总是爱管别人的闲事。
• People shouldn't meddle with things they don't understand. 自己不懂的事情，就不该管闲事。
meddle, intervene, interfere
这组词都有“干涉，干预”的意思，其区别是：
meddle: 指干预与自己毫不相关的事或不属于自己职责范围的事，隐含未经许可或授权。可与interfere换用。
intervene: 书面用词，指介入争端，进行调停，也指干涉他人之事。
interfere: 侧重指无权或未获允许而妨碍、阻扰、干涉他人之事。
vi. 管闲事，干预他人之事
 - poke and pry, intermeddle

Word: priest
Front: priest
[pri:st] (研四六 2293/2532 -K3)
Vocabulary: priest
(once / 62 pages)
n
A priest is a religious figure who performs ceremonies, particularly in the Roman Catholic, Anglican, or Orthodox church. During a Catholic baptism, a priest sprinkles holy water on a baby's head.
Though priests are often thought of as Christian, there are other religions with priests, including some branches of Shintoism and Hinduism. Priests often lead religious services, perform weddings and other religious rites, and in many cases work full time for their churches. Priest comes from the Old English prēost, and it shares a root with Presbyterian, the Greek presbyteros, "an elder."
WORD FAMILY
priest: archpriest, priesthood, priestlike, priestly, priests+/archpriest: archpriests/priesthood: priesthoods/priestly: priestliest, unpriestly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My thoughts,” said the poet and priest George Herbert, “are all a case of knives / Wounding my heart.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Unfortunately, he was greeted at the emergency room doors by a priest, Grogan said, because nobody believed she would be survive.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In “Paterson,” Driver plays a laconic bus driver who writes plain-spoken poetry, and in “Silence,” he and Andrew Garfield portray 17th-century Jesuit priests.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 神父，牧师; 司铎，司祭; 领导者; 神甫
vt. 使成为神职人员
分布：牧师(59%)，神父(28%)，教士(11%)，僧侣(1%)，泰斗(1%)
→来自古英语preost,祭司，神父，来自拉丁语presbyter,长者，老人，词源同presbytery.
n.教士,神父The pretty priest protested the contest of protein test.漂亮牧师抗议蛋白质化验赛.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person, usually a man, who has been trained to perform religious duties in the Christian Church, especially the Roman Catholic Church, or a person with particular duties in some other religions 神父，牧师，司铎；（基督教以外的）神职人员
• Father O'Dooley was ordained a priest in 1949. 奥杜利神父是1949年被授予神父职位的。
• Many in the Anglican Church are still opposed to women priests. 英国圣公会中的许多人仍然抵制女祭司。
priest, father
这两个名词均与宗教中的神职人员有关。
priest: 牧师，指天主教及东正教中一个有权执行圣礼的教士。
father: 神父，神甫，指对教士的尊称。
n. 牧师；神父；教士
 - minister, father, preacher

Word: lease
Front: lease
[li:s] (研六托雅宝 6035/3049 -3)
Vocabulary: lease
(once / 520 pages)
nv
To lease something is to borrow it in exchange for money. If you lease a car from a dealer, for example, you make payments and you get to drive the car, but at the end of the contract you have to give it back.
As a noun, a lease is both the thing you are contracting to rent (the car itself is a lease) and the contract spelling out the terms of use — in other words, a rental agreement. Be sure to check the fine print on your apartment lease to avoid any unpleasant surprises when you move out — like owing money for painting over that hideous wallpaper in the living room.
WORD FAMILY
lease: leased, leases, leasing, lessee, sublease+/lessee: lessees/sublease: subleased, subleases, subleasing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite the complaints, the Vatican agency that oversees its real estate holdings approved a lease, and the restaurant quietly opened last week without public protests.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This will be a very challenged leasing environment almost everywhere,” Mr. Parsons said.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The Iridium satellite is to be launched by SpaceX from a leased launchpad at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 租约; 租契; 租赁物; 租赁权
vt. 出租; 租借
时态：leased, leasing, leases
分布：租约(55%)，出租(27%)，租期(8%)，租契(6%)，租得(4%)
→词源不确定，部分来自拉丁语lasso,松开，放手，词源同lax,部分来自古英语laetan,许可，让，词源同let.引申词义出租，租借。
vt.出租,租用n.租借,租期,租赁物My lease will expire on September 30th, this year.我的租约今年九月三十日到期.
【记】l，ease（v /n 安心），有了租约就会安心
verb transitive
■to make a legal agreement by which money is paid in order to use land, a building, a vehicle or a piece of equipment for an agreed period of time 租借，租用
• The estate contains 300 new homes, about a third of which are leased to the council. 住宅区里有300所新房屋，其中约1／3租给了市政委员会。
• [+ two objects] It was agreed they would lease the flat to him/lease him the flat. 按照约定他们要把公寓租给他。
[li:s] noun countable
■a legal agreement in which you pay money in order to use a building, piece of land, vehicle, etc. for a period 租约，租契
• He has the flat on a long lease. 他长期租用该公寓。
• The lease runs out/expires in two years' time. 租借契约将在两年后到期。
• We signed a three-year lease when we moved into the house. 我们搬进那所房子时签了一份三年的租约。
charter, let, lease, rent, hire
这组词都有“租，租用”的意思，其区别是：
charter: 指承租大型运输工具，如飞机、轮船、大客车以及火车等。
let: 尤指出租房屋或地产等。
lease: 指按照租约租出或租用房屋、土地或其它不动产。
rent: 在英国指较长时间租出或租入房屋、商店或土地；而在美国指长时间或短时期租用各种资产以及日用东西。
hire: 多指短期租用。在英国一般指租用车、船。
n. 租约；租期； [租赁] 租赁物；租赁权
 - tenancy agreement, rental agreement
vt. 出租；租得
 - rent, hire out
vi. 出租
 - rent, hire out

Word: update
Front: update
[ˌʌpˈdeɪt] (研六雅 4803/3884 -2)
Vocabulary: update
(once / 416 pages)
vn
When you renovate or improve something, changing it to make it more modern, you can say you update it. The process of doing this can also be called an update.
If you decide to download the latest version of an app or program, you update it, and when you add recent information to your resume before starting a job search, you also update that. You might also update your friends about your job hunt, letting them know you're seeking employment — you're giving them the latest information, or an update. The verb dates from the 1940s.
WORD FAMILY
update: updated, updates, updating+/updating: updatings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Update from pilot….because customs computers are down…we are the 20th plane in line for a gate.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
Dr. Michael E. Busha, a primary care physician at IU Health in Indianapolis, asked quietly as he updated Mr. Johnson’s electronic record.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last month he also seemed to reset U.S. nuclear policy via Twitter, saying the country needs to update its nuclear posture.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 更新，使现代化; 校正，修正
n. 现代化; 更新的信息; 更新的行为或事例
时态：updated, updating, updates
分布：更新(97%)，升级(3%)
→即最新日期，更新。
v.更新,使现代化The catalogue is updated every year.目录每年更新.
verb transitive /ʌpˈdeɪt/
 ADVANCED
■to make something more modern or suitable for use now by adding new information or changing its design 更新；使升级；使现代化
• an updated version of the software 该软体的升级版
 ADVANCED
■to give someone the most recent information 为…提供最新资讯
• We'll update you on this news story throughout the day. 我们将全天向您报道该新闻事件的最新进展。
noun countable /ˈʌp.deɪt/
 ADVANCED
■when you update something or someone with new information 新资讯，新情况；更新
• Jo's just doing an update on the mailing list. 乔正在更新邮寄名单。
• I'll need regular updates on your progress. 我要定期了解你的最新进展。
■a new form of something which existed at an earlier time 新型；新版
• It's an update of an old 60's movie. 它翻拍自一部60年代的老电影。
update, upgrade, upholder, upset
update: 更新；
upgrade: 升级，提升；
upholder: 抬高，举起，支持，鼓励，赞同，拥护；
upset: 推翻，颠覆，使不安
vt. 更新；校正，修正；使现代化
 - renovate, refresh
n. 更新；现代化
 - modernization, renewal

Word: interactive
Front: interactive
[ˌɪntərˈæktɪv] (托 4977/6279 -1)
Vocabulary: interactive
(once / 2637 pages)
adj
Something that is interactive is something that you can communicate or interact with. The coolest thing about the Internet is how interactive it is. You're constantly putting information and getting other information back.
Think of interactive as the adjectival version of the verb "to interact." The inter- part of the word means "between, together, among," while the act- part means "to do." Put them together, and you get "to do together or among." Turn that verb into an adjective, and you get interactive. Interactive games are the most fun, because the more you and the game interact, the more interesting it is.
WORD FAMILY
interactive: interactively+/ act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive/ activity: activities/ actor: actors/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/ enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts/ interaction: interactional, interactions/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
And she’s not opposed to using technology in museum exhibits, as long as interactive screens and other bells and whistles enhance the interpretation for visitors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In Kenya, another interactive text message system offering support for teachers helped reduce student dropouts by 50 percent.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Here is a selection of the best in interactive and multimedia storytelling from the past year.
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 互相作用的，相互影响的; [计]交互式的; 互动的
n. 交互式视频设备
分布：交互的(69%)，相互作用的(31%)
→来自interact,相互作用。
US [-tˌɚ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■describes a system or computer program which is designed to involve the user in the exchange of information 交互的，人机对话的，互动的
• an interactive game/video 互动式游戏／视讯
• This is an interactive museum where children can actively manipulate the exhibits. 这是一个互动式博物馆，孩子可以亲手摆弄展品。
 IMPROVER
■involving communication between people 互动的
• interactive teaching methods 互动式教学法
adj. [计] 交互式的；相互作用的
 - coactive

Word: campus
Front: campus
[ˈkæmpəs] (研四六托雅 2059/8068 -2)
Vocabulary: campus
(once / 702 pages)
n
The land and various buildings that make up a college are its campus. If you live on campus, you'll be close to your classes.
When you hear the word campus, you generally think of a college or university, which include libraries and labs and classrooms and dormitories, all of which make up a campus. Other institutions, including hospitals, high schools, and some companies' office buildings, also have campuses. The word campus is Latin for "a field" or "an expanse surrounded."
WORD FAMILY
campus: campuses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead of mini-moneymakers, though, the entire campus — potholed parking lots and all — needs anchors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Digital Future Lab works as an in-house internship opportunity for students studying on the Bothell campus, said Pace, the lab director.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She also remembers a time when Dominic called her while she was on campus to assure her that she would ace another exam.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 校园; 校区
分布：校园(93%)，校园的(6%)，场地(1%)
→来自camp, 平地，平原，后指校园。-us, 拉丁词阳性格。
校园(camp+us)[camp=field表示"田野"]
n.(大学)校园On the camp of the campus the campaign champion put the camera on the camel.在校园的营地上运动冠军将摄影机放在骆驼上.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the buildings of a college or university and the land that surrounds them （大学）校园，校区
• There's accommodation for about five hundred students on campus. 校园内可供约500名学生食宿。
n. （大学）校园；大学，大学生活；校园内的草地
 - schoolyard, college life

Word: informal
Front: informal
[ɪnˈfɔ:ml] (托 4529/3120 -K2)
Vocabulary: informal
(once / 1080 pages)
adj
If something’s informal, it’s casual and relaxed and doesn’t follow any particular rules or conventions, whether that's a style of writing, or the dress code for your dinner party.
If you have informal plans to see your friend, that means you’ll get together but you’re not sure when — you’ll figure it out later. Informal also means “casual,” like wearing jeans and a t-shirt. Informal writing or speech is the linguistic equivalent of wearing jeans and a t-shirt, with a relaxed tone and simple words. In an informal football club, you don't pay dues to anyone, you just show up at the park and play with whoever is there.
WORD FAMILY
informal: informality, informally+/ formal: formalest, formalise, formalism, formality, formalize, formally, formalness, formals, informal, semi-formal, semiformal/formalise: formalisation, formalised, formalising/formalism: formalisms, formalistic/ formality: formalities/formalize: formalization, formalized, formalizes, formalizing/informality: informalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The House and Senate passed the bill Wednesday without a public hearing and without debate during informal sessions in both chambers.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
I added photographs and produced an informal booklet.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Informal soccer, cricket and baseball games currently are played at the site.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. （语言） 非正式的; 口语体的; 不拘礼节的; 友好随便的
分布：非正式的(97%)，不拘形式的(3%)
→in-,不，非，formal,正式的。即不正式的，随便的。
US [-'fɔ:r-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■(of situations) not formal or official, or (of clothing, behaviour, speech) suitable when you are with friends and family but not for official occasions 非正式的，非正规的；（服装）日常使用的；（言行）随意的
• The two groups agreed to hold an informal meeting. 两个集团同意举行一次非正式会议。
• He's the ideal sort of teacher - direct, friendly and informal. 他属于那种理想的教师——坦率、友好且不拘礼节。
• 'Hi' is an informal way of greeting people. “喂”是一种随意的问候方式。
casual, informal, irregular
这组词都有“非正式的、非正规的”的意思，其区别是：
casual: 指不太注意场合，仪表等，随意性强。
informal: 指语言、穿着等随便，也指不举行任何形式或仪式的活动。
irregular: 指不按常规、固定模式或计划做事；或指不隶属于任何机构或组织。
adj. 非正式的；不拘礼节的；通俗的；日常使用的
 - popular, casual

Word: ultimate
Front: ultimate
[ˈʌltɪmət] (研四六托宝 2601/3002 -K3)
Vocabulary: ultimate
(once / 169 pages)
adjn
The last in a series can be described as the ultimate. A cheeky kid, when asked what she wants to be when she grows up, might say, "I want to be an actress, a singer, and a veterinarian, but my ultimate goal is to be President of the United States."
A definition for the adjective ultimate is the furthest in space or time or the highest in degree or order. Traveling for business, you are flying first to London, then to Portugal, but your ultimate destination is South Africa. The kids ask you if they can invite friends over to play video games. It's a good idea to reply, "Mom isn't home from work yet and she's ultimate authority on the schedule."
WORD FAMILY
ultimate: ultimacy, ultimately, ultimateness, ultimates
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said the conservancy's ultimate plan is to acquire the property — whose market value is a matter of dispute — and manage it for public use.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“We used to say the ultimate fantasy was to become a music director, and now she’s married to one.”
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
As the ultimate product of the intelligence community’s collection and analytic efforts, the PDB tends to command respect, as some presidential comments reflect.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 最后的; 极限的; 首要的; 最大的
n. 终极; 顶点; 基本原理; 基本事实
分布：终极(62%)，终极的(10%)，最后的(9%)，根本的(6%)，根本(6%)，极限的(5%)，极品(2%)
→ulter-, 词源同ultra-,那边的，-im, 最高级后缀，词源同prime, extreme. 引申词义最那边的，最终的。
a.最后的,最终的;根本的My intimate mate's ultimate estimate approximates the appropriate value.我亲密伙伴的最终估计接近恰当的值.
US [-tˌə-] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■most extreme or important because either the original or final, or the best or worst 极端的；最重要的；最初的；最终的；最好的；最差的
• Of course the ultimate responsibility for the present conflict without doubt lies with the aggressor. 当然，挑起事端的一方毫无疑问应对目前的冲突承担首要责任。
• The ultimate decision about who to employ lies with Andrew. 最终决定雇用谁取决于安德鲁。
• Infidelity is the ultimate betrayal. 通奸是最可耻的背叛。
• the ultimate luxury cruiser 顶级豪华游艇
UK ['ʌl.tɪ.mət] US [-tˌə-] noun
the ultimate in sth
■the best or most extreme example of something …中最好的例子；…的极致；…中的极品
• It describes the hotel as 'the ultimate in luxury'. 它把该旅馆描述为“豪华的极致”。
• I mean, tackling six men single-handedly - that really is the ultimate in stupidity! 我的意思是，独自对付六个人——真是愚蠢至极！
final, last, ultimate, latest
final: 最后的，指在一系列的事物中是最后的，而且是结论性的，决定性的。如：The judgment has become final.(这已是最后的判断。)
last: 最后的，与first相对，还可指“上一次的”。如：My seat is in the last row.
ultimate: 最终的，最后的，用于正式场合，含有最高的和最有权威的结果。如：He never considered the ultimate result of his action.(他从未考虑其行为的后果。)
latest: 最近的，指时间上。如：the latest news(最新消息)
adj. 最终的； [物] 极限的；根本的
 - final, organic, fundamental, radical, underlying
n. 终极；根本；基本原则
 - telos, fundamental principle

Word: delta
Front: delta
[ˈdeltə] (托宝 10451/7242 -1)
Vocabulary: delta
(once / 1174 pages)
n
Named for the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (shaped like a triangle), a delta is a triangular area where a major river divides into several smaller parts that usually flow into a larger body of water.
The first so-called delta was the Nile Delta, named by the Greek historian Herodotus. What makes a delta so special? Alluvial deposits are the rich mineral soil that can be found in the delta. Despite frequent floods, farmers often settle in a delta for this reason. Here's some more fun delta trivia: the deltoid muscles in your shoulders are named after the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet too.
WORD FAMILY
delta: deltas
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park said Monday no one was injured when the lava delta collapsed and sent showers of volcanic rock into the air.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Delta Air Lines last year added the same capability to its phone app.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Delta, in its statement, did not disclose specific terms of the agreement.
Reuters(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 希腊语字母表第四字母δ; （河流的）三角洲; [数]变量增量
分布：名词(100%)
→希腊字母表的第四个字母，三角洲因形如三角形而得名。
US [-tˌə] noun countable
■an area of low flat land, sometimes shaped approximately like a triangle, where a river divides into several smaller rivers before flowing into the sea 三角洲
• the Mississippi delta 密西西比河三角洲
• the delta of the Nile 尼罗河三角洲

Word: transformation
Front: transformation
[ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn] (四六托 3290/3415)
Vocabulary: transformation
(once / 698 pages)
n
A transformation is a dramatic change in form or appearance. An important event like getting your driver’s license, going to college, or getting married can cause a transformation in your life.
A transformation is an extreme, radical change. A simple haircut won't cause a transformation in your appearance, but if you dyed your hair purple and got a tattoo across your forehead, that would be another story. When a transformation occurs, we often use the phrase "undergo a transformation" in reference to the person or thing who has changed. So, if you do opt for the new hair color and tattoo, you will certainly have "undergone a transformation."
WORD FAMILY
transformation: transformations+/ transform: transformable, transformation, transformed, transformer, transforming, transforms/ transformer: transformers
USAGE EXAMPLES
These days it’s populated mainly by seagulls, boarded-up barracks, some art studios and old warehouses, but officials hope the museum triggers its transformation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Before the transformation was complete we moved our store back to our original stomping grounds in North Oakland.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Goff the leader seems more than ready to oversee that transformation.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 变化; <核>转换; <语>转换; <电>变换
分布：转化(38%)，转型(35%)，改造(27%)
转变,变形(transform+ation)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
US [-fɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a complete change in the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that they are improved 彻底改观；大变样
• Local people have mixed feelings about the planned transformation of their town into a regional capital. 当地人对于要把他们的小镇变成地区中心城市的计划喜忧参半。
• I'd never seen Carlo in smart evening clothes before - it was quite a transformation. 我之前从没见过卡洛穿漂亮的晚装——这可真是个天大的变化。
transfer, transaction, transition, transmission, transformation
这是一组在考研和CET-6中经常出现的形近易混词。
transfer: n.转移，转让；(工作的)调动；(旅途中的)换乘，改变路线。
 • The club's goalkeeper isn't happy here, and has asked a transfer.   这个足球俱乐部的守门员在此过得不愉快，已经要求转会到其他俱乐部。
transaction: n.交易行为，处理。
 • Transactions of shares on the stock exchange were up today.   今天证券交易所的股票成交额上升了。
transition: n. (从一种情况到另一种的)过渡，更替。
 • The transition from high school to college can be difficult for students.   对于学生来说，从中学到大学的过渡会是困难的。
transmission: n.传播(比如疾病)；广播。
 • The transmission of germs can occur by contact, breathing, and eating.   细菌通过接触、呼吸和饮食传播。
transformation: n. (外观或性质的)改变，改观，转变。
 • His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marrige.   他结婚之后性格判若两人。
n. [遗] 转化；转换；改革；变形
 - conversion, deformation, reform, distortion, switching

Word: proceeding
Front: proceeding
[prəˈsi:dɪŋ] (研六托雅 -/2107 -2)
Vocabulary: proceeding
(once / 303 pages)
n
The noun proceeding (often pluralized as proceedings) is used in legal settings to show something is happening, or moving forward: "During the legal proceedings the judge declared him mentally unbalanced."
Most of the time, the noun proceeding is used in law to show that a sequence of actions have taken place, leading up to judgment day in court. If you move forward with legal proceedings, you might start by filing a lawsuit or a claim against someone. Outside of the law, the noun is also used to show the steps taken, that there is involvement with a process or venture, or that progress is being made: "He took the necessary proceedings to make sure everything was okay."
WORD FAMILY
proceed: procedure, proceeded, proceeding, proceedings, proceeds, procession +/ procedural: procedurally/ procedure: procedural, procedures/ procession: processional, processions/processional: processionally, processionals
USAGE EXAMPLES
"This is an incredibly sensitive moment in this proceeding," Gergel said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This is an incredibly sensitive moment in this proceeding,” Gergel said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
UK ministers believed implementation of the poll tax in Scotland was "proceeding smoothly" in its early weeks, previously secret papers show.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 进行，进程; 行动; 诉讼; 会议记录
v. 进行( proceed的现在分词); 前进; （沿特定路线）行进; （尤指打断后）继续说
分布：诉讼程序(45%)，行动(37%)，会议记录(18%)
→来自proceed,前进，进行。引申词义诉讼，诉讼程序。
n.行动,进行,(pl.)会议录,学报
n. 进行；程序；诉讼；事项
 - going on, routine, program, conduct, law
v. 开始；继续做；行进（proceed的ing形式）
 - starting, beginning, initiating

Word: seemingly
Front: seemingly
[ˈsi:mɪŋli] (研六托雅 3541/4983)
Vocabulary: seemingly
(once / 443 pages)
adv
Something seemingly true appears to be true. Use the adverb seemingly when you want to say "on the face of it" or "apparently."
The word seemingly refers to how things look on the surface — how they seem — and it often suggests there's more to the story. A seemingly broken ankle might actually be sprained, and a seemingly rich man might actually be deeply in debt. While your dog is seemingly well-behaved, he may be eating the garbage when you're not home. Seemingly means about the same as apparently, ostensibly, or surely.
WORD FAMILY
seeming: seemingly +/ seem: seemed, seeming, seems
USAGE EXAMPLES
In an upcoming book, “Furious George,” Karl eviscerates seemingly everyone in the league.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is important to note that the link between Trump and someone like Spencer is tenuous and seemingly unidirectional.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Wexler can’t understand how a century’s worth of concern over the potential impact of gambling on the “integrity” of pro sports is seemingly being forgotten.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 看来似乎; 表面上看来; 貌似
分布：表面上(51%)，似乎(37%)，看起来(12%)
ad.外观上,表面上Seemingly there is nothing we can do.看来我们帮不上忙.
adverb
■appearing to be something, especially when this is not true 貌似…的；看似…的；（尤指）表面上的
• He remains confident and seemingly untroubled by his recent problems. 他依然自信如初，似乎没有被最近的问题所困扰。
■according to the facts that you know 看来；根据已知事实来看
• The factory closure is seemingly inevitable. 看来，工厂关闭势在难免。
• Seemingly, she's gone off to live with another man. 看样子，她去和另外一个男人同居了。

Word: hostage
Front: hostage
[ˈhɒstɪdʒ] (研六雅 3972/5420 -4)
Vocabulary: hostage
(once / 837 pages)
n
A hostage is a prisoner taken by kidnappers and held until the kidnappers get whatever they’re asking for. If you refuse to empty the litter box, your roommate might take your cat as a hostage until you clean it.
When hostages are taken, the hostage-takers often ask for ransom, which is money paid for the hostages. The funny thing about the movie Dog Day Afternoon is that when the bank robbers take hostages, the hostages don’t really want to leave because they sympathize with the robbers. People who take hostages might have other demands too. Unfortunately, hostages are not just in the movies, they’re abducted in real life for political and personal reasons.
WORD FAMILY
hostage: hostages
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jimmy Carter watched haplessly as the Soviets marched into Afghanistan and the Iranians held America hostage for 444 days.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Negotiators eventually won the release of the hostages by assuring the inmates that they would not be harmed or transferred to other prisons.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Capucci remained in the headlines following his release, attempting to mediate in the Iran hostage crisis.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 人质; 抵押品
分布：人质(100%)
→来自古法语hostage,客人，作为抵押的人质，来自拉丁语hospes,客人，来自ghostis,外来人，陌生人，词源同guest.
人质(host+age表名词→把客人[留住]→人质)[hospit,host=guest,表示"客人"]
n.人质Most hosts are hostile to the foremost ghost hostage almost to the utmost.大多数主人对最前面的幽灵人质的敌对态度几乎到了极顶.
US ['hɑ:.stɪdʒ] noun countable
■someone who is taken as a prisoner by an enemy in order to force the other people involved to do what the enemy wants 人质
• She was taken/held hostage by the gunmen. 她被持枪歹徒劫持作为人质。
• The terrorists have seized 20 hostages and are threatening to kill one a day unless their demands are met. 恐怖分子劫持了20名人质，并威胁除非他们的要求得到满足，否则将每天杀掉一名人质。
UK ['hɒs.tɪdʒ] US ['hɑ:.stɪdʒ] noun countable
hostage to fortune
■an action or statement that is risky because it could cause you trouble later 将来可能会引起麻烦的言行；冒险行为；冒险言论
• The Prime Minister was extremely cautious, saying nothing inflammatory and giving no hostages to fortune. 首相极为谨慎，不说任何具有煽动性和可能在将来引起麻烦的话。
n. 人质；抵押品
 - guarantee, pledge

Word: plague
Front: plague
[pleɪg] (研六托雅宝 6638/7688 -2)
Vocabulary: plague
(once / 333 pages)
1n 2nv 3nv
When the homeowner described her ant problem as a plague, the exterminator thought she was being a bit melodramatic. After all, a few bugs aren't exactly a huge calamity.
Centuries ago, if you had admitted to a friend that you had the plague, that friend would have hightailed it in the other direction. In the Middle Ages, the plague was a horribly contagious illness that spread like wildfire through Europe, killing millions of people. Thanks to the introduction of better hygiene and antibiotics, plague doesn't describe a killer disease as often these days. Instead, it commonly overstates an annoyance, like an apartment dweller claiming his building is plagued by cockroaches.
WORD FAMILY
plague: plagued, plagues, plaguey, plaguing, plaguy+/plaguy: plaguily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Each is poor, plagued by alcoholism and drug abuse and fractured families.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The killings remain well below the more than 100 per year that plagued the city throughout much of the 1990s.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A recent C.I.A. report described Uzbekistan as being plagued by “pervasive corruption.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 瘟疫; 灾害，折磨
vt. 使染瘟疫; 使痛苦，造成麻烦
时态：plagued, plaguing, plagues
分布：瘟疫(78%)，折磨(10%)，麻烦(5%)，灾祸(3%)，烦扰(3%)，造成麻烦(1%)
→来自拉丁语plaga,瘟疫，灾害，来自plangere,击，打，哀伤，捶胸顿足，来自plak,击，打，捶胸，可能来自声词，捶胸哀叹的声音，词源同plangent,apoplexy.比喻用法。
n.瘟疫,灾害,麻烦,苦恼vt.折磨,使苦恼I didn't evaluate the blue glue due to the vague plague.因为不明确的瘟疫,我没有对蓝色胶水估价.
【区】plaque（n 血小板；斑），play＋que：玩时不能缺血小板，否则血流而死。Plague也可以想成玩时缺，缺了瘟疫才能玩。
verb transitive
■to cause worry, pain or difficulty to someone or something over a period of time 不断困扰；折磨；使受煎熬
• Financial problems have been plaguing their new business partners. 财务问题一直困扰着他们的新业务伙伴。
• My shoulder's been plaguing me all week. 我的肩膀整个星期都很难受。
■to annoy someone, especially by asking repeated questions （尤指因不停提问而）使烦恼，打搅
• The children plagued him with questions all through lunch. 吃午餐时孩子不停地问他问题，使他感到烦厌。
• He's been plaguing me for a loan of the book. 他总是缠着我向我借那本书。
[pleɪg] noun countable or uncountable
■ bubonic plague or (an attack of) any serious disease which kills many people 瘟疫
a plague of sth
■a large number of things which are unpleasant or likely to cause damage （令人烦恼或可能造成破坏的）一大群
• a plague of insects 昆虫灾害
• humorous A plague of journalists descended on the town. 一大群记者来到镇上。
n. [医] 瘟疫；灾祸；麻烦；讨厌的人
 - disaster, trouble, headache
vt. 折磨；使苦恼；使得灾祸
 - harry, worry, trouble, tear, devil

Word: hawk
Front: hawk
[hɔ:k] (高研四六雅宝 7924/9990 -2)
Vocabulary: hawk
(once / 363 pages)
1nv 2n 3v 4v
A hawk is a relatively large bird that hunts small animals. Hawks tend to surprise their prey, swooping down on it from above.
Among birds of prey, hawks are medium-sized, with long tails and curved wings. Hawks use their high intelligence and sharp eyes for hunting smaller birds and mammals. You can also use the word hawk to mean a pro-war politician or political advisor, a term that's often contrasted with "dove," someone who almost always opposes war. This metaphorical hawk has been around since the 1960s.
WORD FAMILY
hawk: hawked, hawker, hawking, hawkish, hawks+/hawker: hawkers/hawking: hawkings/ hawkish: hawkishly, hawkishness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Throughout the week our uniform allegiance to the Hawks is noteworthy.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Black Hawk County Gaming Association this past year awarded a $41,800 building improvement grant for the center.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hawks: F Mike Scott was assigned to the Long Island Nets of the NBA Development League, his third D-League assignment of the season.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 霍克; 鹰; 鹰派人物，主战派; 掠夺别人的人，骗子
vt. 通过叫卖主动兜售（货物）; 清除嗓子中的（痰）
vi. 清嗓，咳痰; 用训练好的鹰狩猎; 象鹰一样俯冲攻击; 叫卖
时态：hawked, hawking, hawks
分布：鹰(85%)，清嗓(5%)，沿街叫卖(4%)，放鹰行猎(2%)，鹰派人物、主战分子(1%)，贪婪的人(1%)，鹰扑(1%)，散布(1%)
→来自中古英语havek,来自kap,抓住，词源同have,heave,capable.后用于指猛禽鹰或隼。
n.鹰,隼The lawyer's son-in-law likes hawk's claws and jaws.律师的女婿喜欢鹰爪和下颌.
【记】读：好客－好客的小贩才会叫卖
【参】falcon（n 猎鹰）fall下来就can吃到东西aquiline（adj 鹰的；象鹰的）一去一条线
US [hɑ:k] noun countable
BIRD 鸟
■a type of large bird which catches small birds and animals for food 鹰
UK [hɔ:k] US [hɑ:k] noun countable
PERSON 人
■a person who strongly supports the use of force in political relationships rather than discussion or other more peaceful solutions （主张采取强硬政治路线的）鹰派人物 Compare dove
UK [hɔ:k] US [hɑ:k] verb transitive
■to sell goods informally in public places 沿街兜售，叫卖
• On every street corner there were traders hawking their wares. 每个街角都有商贩在兜售商品。
vt. 兜售，沿街叫卖；捕捉；咳出
 - tout, cough up
vi. 清嗓；咳嗽；像鹰一般地袭击
 - have a cough
n. [鸟] 鹰；鹰派成员；掠夺他人的人
 - eagle

Word: sweet
Front: sweet
[swi:t] (中高 1567/2378 -K3)
Vocabulary: sweet
(once / 48 pages)
1adjn 2adjadv 3adj 4adj
Food that’s sweet is full of sugar, bad for your teeth, but oh so tasty. People who are sweet are super nice, like that sweet lunch lady who gives you an extra cookie.
Sweet can be an adjective or a noun. It can describe something pleasing to the senses, like a sweet song, or when you're playing basketball and get nothing but net. Sweet! As a noun, it's a confection, a little something for dessert. The poet Khalil Gibran said, “Friendship is always a sweet responsibility, never an opportunity.” Don’t opportunistically take your friends for granted, or you could become the target of some sweet revenge.
WORD FAMILY
sweet: nonsweet, semisweet, sweeten, sweeter, sweetest, sweetish, sweetly, sweetness, sweets, unsweet+/sweeten: sweetened, sweetener, sweetening, sweetens/sweetened: unsweetened/sweetener: sweeteners/sweetening: sweetenings/sweetish: sweetishly/sweetness: sweetnesses/unsweet: unsweetly
USAGE EXAMPLES
"While these sweet treats might be well meaning, they are also contributing to the current obesity epidemic and poor oral health," he added.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The older woman keeps asking questions, and the woman in the trench coat responds to each one in a sweet, patient voice.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
For Apple phones, the sweet spot is usually September after the company’s annual keynote product announcement.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 甜的; 愉快的，快乐的; 温柔的，亲切的; 芳香的
n. 糖果，甜食; 餐后的甜点心; 甜味; 宝贝
级别：sweeter, sweetest
分布：甜的(39%)，甜食(24%)，糖(20%)，悦耳的(8%)，芳香的(7%)，漂亮的(2%)
→来自古英语 swete,甜的，愉悦的，来自 Proto-Germanic*swotja,甜的，来自 swad,甜的， 词源同 suasion,persuade.引申诸相关词义。
a.甜的;可爱的,美好的n.(常pl.)糖果;甜食She met me in the Fleet Street and greeted me with a sweet smile.她在舰队街上遇见我,并对我致以甜甜的一笑.
adjective
TASTE 味道
 ESSENTIAL
■(especially of food or drink) having a taste similar to that of sugar; not bitter or salty （尤指食物或饮料）甜的
• The pineapple was sweet and juicy. 这个凤梨甜而多汁。
• Do you want your pancakes sweet or savoury? 您的煎饼是要甜的还是咸的?
[swi:t] adjective
PLEASANT 愉快的
■If an emotion or event is sweet, it is very pleasant and satisfying 愉快的，惬意的，令人满意的
• She was enjoying the sweet smell of success. 她沉浸在成功的喜悦中。
■If a sound is sweet, it is pleasant and easy to like （声音）甜美的，悦耳的，动听的
• She has a sweet singing voice. 她的歌声非常甜美。
■(especially of something or someone small) pleasant and attractive （尤指小东西或小孩子） 迷人的，漂亮的，吸引人的
• They live in a sweet little house. 他们住在一座漂亮的小房子里。
• What a sweet baby! 多可爱的小宝宝啊！
■kind and pleasant 温和的，和蔼的，讨人喜欢的
• I think Alex is really sweet. 我觉得亚历克斯的为人真好。
• It was sweet of you to help me. 您肯帮我真是太好了。
[swi:t] adjective
be sweet on sb old-fashioned informal
■to like someone very much in a romantic way 深爱，钟情于某人
• She's still sweet on him after all this time! 过了这么久她仍然深爱着他。
[swi:t] adjective
keep sb sweet
■to try to keep someone satisfied and pleased with you 取悦（某人），讨好某人
• We're allowing the French engineers to use our computers, to keep them sweet in case we need their help later on. 我们允许法国的工程师使用我们的电脑，以便打好关系，因为可能日后需要他们的帮助。
[swi:t] adjective
sweet fanny adams (abbreviation sweet FA) old-fashioned slang
■nothing 甚么也没有，无
• And what does she know about it? Sweet Fanny Adams! 她对此有甚么了解？她甚么也不知道！
[swi:t] noun
 IMPROVER countable UK (US candy)
■a small piece of sweet food, made of sugar 糖果
• She bought a packet of sweets to suck on the journey. 她买了一包糖果在路上吃。
 IMPROVER countable US
■any food with a lot of sugar in it 甜食
countable or uncountable UK
■sweet food eaten at the end of a meal 甜点
• There was only one sweet on the menu - chocolate cake with cream. 菜单上只有一种甜点——巧克力鲜奶油蛋糕。
[swi:t] noun
my sweet old-fashioned
■a way of talking to someone you love （亲昵的称呼）宝贝儿，亲爱的
adj. [食品] 甜的；芳香的；悦耳的；亲切的
 - harmonious, friendly, musical, fragrant, benign
n. 芳香；（英）糖果；宝贝（用作称呼）；乐趣
 - fun, joy, aroma, honey, enjoyment

Word: hopeful
Front: hopeful
[ˈhəʊpfl] (高研四六 5116/6877 -2)
Vocabulary: hopeful
(once / 324 pages)
adjn
If you're hopeful about something, you're optimistic. You think it's going to turn out OK. Your team has been doing well in practice, so you're hopeful that you'll win the finals.
Hopeful comes from the word hope, meaning "optimism about a future event," and the suffix -ful, meaning "full." So if you're hopeful, you're full of hope: you think something good is going to happen. You might be hopeful that you'll be offered a job after your great interview. Used as a noun, hopeful can describe a promising person who wants to succeed at a particular goal. The charismatic young politician is a hopeful for the next election.
WORD FAMILY
hopeful: hopefully, hopefulness, hopefuls, unhopeful+/ hope: hoped, hopeful, hopeless, hoper, hopes, hoping/hoped: unhoped/ hopeless: hopelesser, hopelessly, hopelessness/hopelessness: hopelessnesss/hoper: hopers/unhoped: unhopedly/unhopeful: unhopefully
USAGE EXAMPLES
He is not as hopeful of the South Carolina Senate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After this year of fake news in US politics and elsewhere, I am hopeful that consumers of news will become much more discerning.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
I’m hopeful that 2017 will see the flickering resurgence of outdoor civic spaces blossom into something more profound and lasting.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 抱有希望的; 给人以希望的
n. 有成功希望的人
分布：有希望的(100%)
有希望的(hope希望)[-ful 1.表形容词"有…的"2.表名词"满,量"]
a.给人希望的,抱有希望的I am hopeful that she will come tomorrow.我对她明天要来抱着希望.
US ['hoʊp-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■having hope 抱有希望的，充满希望的
• He was hopeful about the outcome of the meeting. 他对会议的结果充满希望。
• They were hopeful of a successful agreement. 他们对成功达成协议充满希望。
• I'm hopeful (that) we can reach a compromise. 我对我们能达成和解充满希望。
■giving hope 给人以希望的
• The green shoots were hopeful signs of spring. 绿色的嫩芽是春天充满希望的象征。
UK ['həʊp.fəl] US ['hoʊp-] noun countable usually plural
■a person who is trying to get a part in a film, play for a famous football team, etc. 希望成名的人（设法参与电影拍摄，戏剧演出，著名足球俱乐部等等）
• Over a thousand young hopefuls went to the Theatre Royal today to audition for a part in the new musical. 一千多名希望成名的年轻人今天去皇家剧院，参加那出新音乐剧其中一个角色的试镜。
hopeful, optimistic
这组词都有“充满希望的，乐观看”的意思，其区别是：
hopeful: 着重有根据的希望，充满自信。
optimistic: 指性格乐观，对未来充满希望，有时抱有不切实际的幻想。
adj. 有希望的；有前途的
 - promising, likely

Word: explosive
Front: explosive
[ɪkˈspləʊsɪv] (研四六托雅宝 5387/6878 -2)
Vocabulary: explosive
(once / 623 pages)
nadj
An explosive is a substance that can be made to explode by being hit or lit on fire. You can't bring explosives with you on an airplane, because they might be dangerous.
Explosives contain highly reactive chemicals that are full of potential energy, which can be released with a bang. You can also use the word explosive as an adjective, to describe such substances or anything else that is dramatic, abrupt, or loud. You might say that your brother has an explosive temper sometimes, or that your snow shoveling business has seen explosive growth this winter. The Latin root is explodere, "drive out."
WORD FAMILY
explosive: explosively, explosives, nonexplosive
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Giants’ defense was energetic and disruptive, bottling up an explosive offense with aggressive blitzes.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The explosives squad was called to intervene, at about 5 a.m., and that’s when the officer was gravely injured, police spokesman Cesare Taraschi said.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The men then detonated explosive belts they were wearing, killing themselves and the two security men.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 爆炸的; 易爆炸的; 突增的; 暴躁的
n. 爆炸物，炸药; [语言学] 爆破音
分布：炸药(98%)，引发争论的(1%)，大声的(1%)
炸药(explose爆炸)[-ive 1.表形容词2.表名词后缀,"人或物"]
a.爆炸(性)的,爆发(性)的n.爆炸物,炸药After an explosion the explorer restored the storage of the explosive in the exploiter's storehouse.爆炸过后勘探者恢复了剥削者的仓库里炸药的储量.
【参】explosion（n 爆发；爆炸（声））
US [-'sploʊ-] adjective
BURST 爆炸
■exploding or able to explode easily 易爆炸的；会爆炸的；可能引起爆炸的
• Certain gases are highly explosive. 一些气体极易爆炸。
• An explosive device (= a bomb) was found at one of London's busiest stations this morning. 今早在伦敦一个最繁忙的火车站发现一枚炸弹。
■very loud and sudden, like an explosion 如爆炸般的；震耳欲聋的
• There was an explosive clap of thunder overhead. 突然一个轰隆声在头顶炸开。
UK [ɪk'spləʊ.sɪv] US [-'sploʊ-] adjective
EMOTION 情感的
■describes a situation or emotion in which strong feelings are loudly or violently expressed （局势）一触即发的，爆炸性的；（情感）突然迸发的
• The situation in the poorer parts of some of America's major cities has become very explosive. 在美国一些主要城市的贫民区，形势已经到了一触即发的地步。
• Capital punishment is an explosive issue. 死刑是个极具争议的话题。
• She has an explosive temper. 她有个很火爆的个性。
UK [ɪk'spləʊ.sɪv] US [-'sploʊ-] adjective
INCREASE 增加的
■describes an increase which is very large and quick 激增的；迅速扩大的
• The last few years have seen an explosive increase in the number of homeless people on our streets. 在过去几年，无家可归流落街头的人数量激增。
UK [ɪk'spləʊ.sɪv] US [-'sploʊ-] noun countable or uncountable UK [ɪkˈspləʊ.sɪv] US [-ˈsploʊ-/
■a substance or piece of equipment that can cause explosions 炸药，爆炸物；引爆装置
adj. [力] 爆炸的；爆炸性的；爆发性的
 - volatile, fulminic
n. [化工] 炸药； [力] 爆炸物
 - blasting agent, detonator

Word: array
Front: array
[əˈreɪ] (研六托雅宝 3554/4766 -2)
Vocabulary: array
(once / 348 pages)
nv
An array is a display of something — usually something varied. So, you might encounter an array of bathing suits on the beach or an array of cereal brands in the cereal aisle of the grocery store. Which would you prefer?
Although the word array comes from the Old French areyer, "to put in order," an array often just comes together. It can be an intentional design of people or features — everything from software packages to fashion shows can have an "impressive array" of components. Or, an array can fall together in nature or by chance: "the clouds became an array of beautiful shapes after the storm."
WORD FAMILY
array: arrayed, arraying, arrays
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Cohen is well aware of the contemporary arguments arrayed against America’s interest, or competence, in waging war, which he addresses in Chapter 1.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At different growth stages, the plants require light in different intensities, and algorithms controlling the L.E.D. arrays adjust for that.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
An array of state, federal and international laws regulates the wildlife trade.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 队列，阵列; 数组; 一大批; 衣服
vt. 排列; 部署兵力; 打扮，装饰
时态：arrayed, arraying, arrays
分布：数组(76%)，排列(8%)，一系列(6%)，打扮(5%)，盛装(2%)，部署(2%)，大批(1%)
→前缀ar-同ad-. -ray, 词源同ready. 字母d,y音变。
n.大量;排列;盛装v.列阵;装扮;排列The stray betrayer arrayed the sprayers on the road.偶然的背信者在道路上排列喷雾器.
【记】ray（n 光线）：象整齐的一排。
noun countable usually singular
■a large group of things or people, especially one which is attractive or causes admiration and often one which has been positioned in a particular way （尤指非常有吸引力、令人赞赏并常以特定的方式排列的）一系列，一批，大量，大群
• There was a splendid array of food on the table. 满桌子都是美味佳肴。
• They sat before an array of microphones and cameras. 他们坐在那里，面对着无数的麦克风和摄影机镜头。
[ə'reɪ] verb transitive usually passive
■to arrange a group of things in a particular way 布置；排列
• A large number of magazines were arrayed on the stand. 报摊上摆放着很多杂志。
• Arrayed (= Standing in a group) before him were 40 schoolchildren in purple and green. 40名身穿紫绿两色校服的小学生列队站在他面前。
■to arrange a group of soldiers in a position for fighting 配置（兵力）
n. 数组，阵列；排列，列阵；大批，一系列；衣服
 - series of, clothes, thread, garment, ranging
vt. 排列，部署；打扮
 - dress oneself, rank, form

Word: boundary
Front: boundary
[ˈbaʊndri] (高研四六托雅 2776/2050 -2)
Vocabulary: boundary
(once / 276 pages)
n
If you play a sport you are familiar with the term "in bounds," which refers to the boundary, or limits of the playing field that the players must stay within. It is also the outer limits of any space.
A boundary is a border and it can be physical, such as a fence between two properties, or abstract, such as a moral boundary that society decides it is wrong to cross. If you have no sense of boundaries, you probably annoy people sometimes by getting too close to them or talking about inappropriate topics. Gustave Flaubert once said, “Earth has its boundaries, but human stupidity is limitless.” A boundary is basically what limits us.
WORD FAMILY
boundary: boundaries+/ bound: boundary, bounded, bounder, bounding, boundingly, boundless, bounds, inbound, rebound, unbound/bounded: boundedness, unbounded/bounder: bounderish, bounders/ boundless: boundlessly, boundlessness/ rebound: rebounded, rebounding, rebounds/unbound: unboundedly/unbounded: unboundedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“What Vladimir Putin needs is a sense of new boundaries,” Sen. Tom Cotton, Arkansas Republican, told “Fox News Sunday.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“What Vladimir Putin needs is a sense of new boundaries,” the senator said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Setting clear boundaries and expectations with family and friends, and clearly communicating these is an essential part of the change process,” he says.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 分界线; 范围; （球场）边线
分布：边界(93%)，分界线(7%)
n.分界线,边界The boundary around the round ground separates us from the surroundings.围绕着圆形场地的边界将我们同四周隔开.
【反】unrestraint（n 无拘束；放纵）
US [-dɚ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a real or imagined line that marks the edge or limit of something 分界线；边界
• The Ural mountains mark the boundary between Europe and Asia. 乌拉尔山脉是欧洲和亚洲的分界线。
• Residents are opposed to the prison being built within the city boundary. 居民们反对把监狱建在市区。
■the limit of a subject or principle 界限
• Electronic publishing is blurring the boundaries between dictionaries and encyclopedias. 电子出版使得字典与百科全书的界限变模糊了。
frontier, verge, border, boundary, rim
这组词都有“边界”的意思，其区别是：
frontier: n.边界，边境，边疆，指靠近边界(boundary)的区域；也可引申为"未开发的领域"，"(学术的)前沿"等。
 • The American West was still a frontier a century ago.   一个世纪以前美国西部还是一片边疆。
 • She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.   她是从事生物学前沿研究的生化学家。
verge: n. (道路、花坛等长着草的)边缘，引申为"某事即将发生之际"。
 • on the verge of war   战争爆发之际
border: n.较宽的边缘，边界，多指两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区、边界地带；也可以指物体的边缘等。
 • We crossed the Mexican bordersintosthe USA.   我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。
boundary: n.边界；界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。
 • The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.   这道栅栏是我的地和她的地的分界线。
rim: n.边，边缘，尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。
limitation, boundary
limitation: 局限，限制
boundary: 边界，分界线
limit, frontier, bounds, border, boundary
这组词都有“边界，边境”的意思，其区别是：
limit: 含义广泛，常用作复数。指任何界限、范围、分界线外面的部分，可指有形或无形的东西。
frontier: 指两国接壤的前沿地区，属于各国的国境和边疆，多指设防的边界。
bounds: 常与boundary换用，指土地边界，但意思不如boundary明确，主要用于抽象事物和文学作品中。
border: 多指国与国之间或两地区的分界处，即分界线附近的边缘部分。
boundary: 侧重地图上正式标定的、双方遵守的边界，也可指较小行政单位间的界线。
n. [地质] 边界；范围；分界线
 - region, extent, spectrum, territory, area

Word: promotion
Front: promotion
[prəˈməʊʃn] (六 3786/2334 -K)
Vocabulary: promotion
(once / 434 pages)
n
A promotion is a raise in pay or stature, or it's a way to raise the profile or attention of something. If you create an advertising promotion that increases sales of spray jeans in a can, for example, you might get a promotion to company vice-president.
Words that start with pro- usually hint at something positive or forward moving, and a promotion is a moving up or a motion forward. A product promotion pushes the item out in front so it gets more exposure, and a work or school promotion raises your salary or moves you up a grade. If you’re in the military a promotion means a higher rank, with more people under your command, and the same happens if you earn a promotion in a club or organization like the scouts.
WORD FAMILY
promotion: promotional, promotions+/ promote: promoted, promoter, promotes, promoting, promotion, promotive/ promoter: promoters/ promotional: promotionally/promotive: promotively
USAGE EXAMPLES
While DAMAC’s contract with Trump allows them to use his image in advertising the course, McLoughlin said the company would be “tasteful” in its promotions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With a $110m budget and millions more spent on promotion, Passengers will need a lift from foreign audiences.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The “Polar Bear Days” promotion begins Sunday and ends Feb. 28.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 促进，增进; 提升，升级; （商品等的）推广; 发扬
分布：提升(32%)，晋升(29%)，促销(23%)，促进(16%)
→来自promote,提拔。
促进;升级(promote+ion)[mot=move,表示"动"]
US [-'moʊ-] noun
ENCOURAGE 鼓励
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■activities to advertise something 促销，推销；宣传
• a sales promotion 促销
• There was a promotion in the supermarket and they were giving away free glasses of wine. 超市里有一项促销活动，可以免费品尝葡萄酒。
• Obviously as sales manager he'll be very involved in the promotion and marketing of the product. 很显然地，作为业务经理，他将积极参与这项产品的宣传和行销。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when something is encouraged to happen or develop 促进；推广，宣传
• the promotion of a healthy lifestyle 对健康生活方式的宣传推广
UK [prə'məʊ.ʃən] US [-'moʊ-] noun
RAISE 提升
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when someone is raised to a higher or more important position or rank 提升，晋升；升迁
• Did Steve get /Was Steve given the promotion he wanted? 史蒂夫得到他梦寐以求的升迁了吗？
• The job offers excellent promotion prospects. 这份工作有很好的升迁机会。
• Fiorentina's win against Palermo last night has considerably increased their chances of promotion this season. 佛罗伦斯队昨晚战胜巴勒莫队，大大增加了他们本赛季晋级的可能性。
n. 提升， [劳经] 晋升；推销，促销；促进；发扬，振兴
 - advancement, acceleration, impetus

Word: forbid
Front: forbid
[fəˈbɪd] (高研四六托宝 4698/4670 -2)
Vocabulary: forbid
(once / 138 pages)
v
When you forbid something, you refuse to allow it. You might have heard your parents say things like, "I forbid you to play ball in the house!" or "I forbid you to have any more parties when we're not home!"
Forbid comes from the Old English word forbeodan, meaning "forbid, prohibit." Forbid can also mean "prevent" or "keep from happening." The spare tire on your car will forbid you from driving any faster than 40 miles an hour — any faster and the car will shake. You may have heard forbid used in the expression "God forbid . . ." This refers to something you hope will not happen, so much so that you're asking God for a little help.
WORD FAMILY
forbid: forbad, forbade, forbiddance, forbidden, forbidding, forbiding, forbids+/ forbidden: forbiddenly/forbidding: forbiddingly, forbiddings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Physical contact was forbidden, and she wasn’t allowed to touch the baby, who was just learning to walk.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
The basis for this is the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention which forbids the transfer by an occupying power of its people into occupied territory.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
At the local barbershop, a line of long-haired customers waited on wobbly plastic chairs for haircuts that were forbidden under Islamic State rule.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 禁止; 阻止; 阻碍; 妨碍
时态：forbade, forbidden, forbidding, forbids
分布：禁止(78%)，不许(13%)，阻止(9%)
→for-, 否定，相反。bid, 命令。即命令不许做某事的，禁止做某事的。
v.禁止,不许The enforced law reinforced that forced divorce is forbidden.实施的法律强化了禁止强迫离婚.
【参】forbidding（adj 可怕的：企图威胁阻止进展的；令人难亲近的）
【反】countenance（v 赞助；支持n 面容）
US [fɚ-] (forbidding, forbade or old use forbad, forbidden) old use
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to refuse to allow something, especially officially, or to prevent a particular plan of action by making it impossible （尤指官方）禁止，不许，阻止，妨碍
• The law forbids the sale of cigarettes to people under the age of 16. 法律禁止向16岁以下的未成年人出售香烟。
• [+ to infinitive] He's obviously quite embarrassed about it because he forbade me to tell anyone. 他显然对此非常不好意思，因为他不许我告诉任何人。
• He is forbidden from leaving the country. 他被限制出境。
UK [fə'bɪd] US [fɚ-] (forbidding, forbade or old use forbad, forbidden) old use
verb transitive
heaven forbid (also God forbid)
■a way of saying that you hope something does not happen 但愿不会发生这事
• Heaven forbid (that) his parents should ever find out. 但愿他的父母永远都不会发现。
ban, forbid, prohibit
这组词都有“禁止”的意思，其区别是：
ban: 语气最强，指权威机关明文取消或禁止严重危害公众利益的事或行为，隐含道义上的谴责意味。
forbid: 通俗用语，指直接地、面对面吩咐不许他人采取某种行动。
prohibit: 正式用词，多指通过法律手段或制订规则加以禁止。
vt. 禁止；妨碍，阻止
 - bar, dispute, let, stem, block

Word: covering
Front: covering
[ˈkʌvərɪŋ] (13168/9655 -K2)
Back: n. 掩蔽物，遮盖物
v. 覆盖( cover的现在分词)
分布：覆盖物(74%)，掩护的(16%)，掩盖的(10%)
US [-ɚ-] noun countable
■a layer of something that covers something else （一层）覆盖层，覆盖物
• a light covering of snow 薄薄一层积雪
n. 遮盖物，覆盖物
 - housing, shelter
v. 覆盖；穿（cover的ing形式）；代替
 - clothing, mulching

Word: pure
Front: pure
[pjʊə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2416/2387 -K3)
Vocabulary: pure
(once / 52 pages)
adj
The adjective pure describes something that's made of only one substance and is not mixed with anything else. For example, your favorite soft, warm winter scarf might be made from pure merino wool.
Anything that's uncontaminated by extra, unnecessary, or unclean substances is pure. You can swim in pure water or wear a necklace that's made of pure silver. Pure can also mean "complete" or "absolute," especially when it describes happiness. A religious meaning of pure is "free from sin", good or wholesome. The Latin word purus, "clean or unmixed," is the root of pure.
WORD FAMILY
pure: impure, purely, pureness, purer, purest, purism, purity +/impure: impurely, impureness, impurer, impurest, impurity / impurity: impurities/purism: purisms, purist / purist: purists/ purity: purities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The 23-year-old Austin said he is moving forward “with pure joy” to chase his dream.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
We’ll never beat Arnie and Jack for pure competitive drama, but Jack and Tiger as historical theater has been pretty good, too.
Golf Digest(Dec 01, 2016)
In today’s NHL, pure enforcers are a dying breed, and as a result, fewer players are known for regularly dropping their gloves.
Washington Post(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 纯的; 单纯的; 纯真的; 干净的
prep. 清晰的，纯正的
级别：purer, purest
分布：纯粹的(42%)，纯的(32%)，纯洁的(26%)
→来自拉丁语purus,纯的，干净的，未装饰的，来自peue,纯化，清洗，词源同purge.
a.纯的,纯洁的;纯理论的,抽象的;完全的He did it out of pure kindness.他做那件事完全出于好心.
US [pjʊr] adjective
NOT MIXED 非混合的
 IMPROVER
■not mixed with anything else 纯的，不掺杂的
• a pure cotton shirt 纯棉衬衫
• pure orange juice 纯柳橙汁
• pure English honey 纯英格兰蜂蜜
• a pure Arab horse 纯种阿拉伯马
 ADVANCED
■describes a colour which is not mixed with any other colour 纯色的
• a swan's pure white plumage 天鹅的纯白色羽毛
 ADVANCED
■describes a sound which is clear and perfect （声音）纯净的
• the pure vocal tones of the choirboy 唱诗班男童纯净的嗓音
 ADVANCED
■clean and free from harmful substances 洁净的，纯净的，无有害物质的
• The mountain air was wonderfully pure. 山上的空气极为纯净。
• Tap water is never chemically pure. 自来水绝对不是化学上的纯水。
Opposite impure
UK [pjʊər] US [pjʊr] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■complete; only 完全的，纯粹的，十足的
• It was pure coincidence/chance that we met. 我们见面纯属巧合。
• This last month has been pure hell. 对我们来说，上个月是十足的地狱。
• Her face had a look of pure delight. 她满脸的愉悦。
• The minister dismissed the newspaper reports as pure speculation. 部长称这篇新闻报道纯属臆测而不予理睬。
[before noun]
■describes an area of study that is studied only for the purpose of developing theories about it, not for the purpose of using those theories in a practical way 纯理论的；抽象的
• pure mathematics 理论数学；纯数学
• pure economics 理论经济学
pure and simple
■used after a noun to mean 'and nothing else' （用于名词后）完全是，不折不扣，不过是
• He is motivated by greed, pure and simple. 他完全是被贪婪所驱使。
UK [pjʊər] US [pjʊr] adjective
MORALLY GOOD 道德高尚的
■behaving in a way that is morally completely good, or not having sex 纯洁的；无邪的；清白的；贞洁的
• I'm trying to think only pure thoughts. 我正试图保持思想纯洁，没有邪念。
• He invited me up to his flat for coffee, but I didn't think that his motives were entirely pure. 他邀请我去他的公寓喝咖啡，但我认为他动机不单纯。
• In many cultures, it is considered important for a woman to keep herself pure (= not to have sex) until she marries. 许多文化很注重女性在婚前要保持贞洁。
Opposite impure
UK [pjʊər] US [pjʊr] adjective
be as pure as the driven snow
■to be morally completely good （道德）纯洁无瑕
• How dare he criticize me for having an affair? He's not exactly as pure as the driven snow himself. 他怎么敢指责我有外遇？他自己也不是纯洁无瑕的。
adj. 纯的；纯粹的；纯洁的；清白的；纯理论的
 - stainless, whole, white, clean, net

Word: regardless
Front: regardless
[rɪˈgɑ:dləs] (高研四六托雅 2899/4283 -2)
Vocabulary: regardless
(once / 618 pages)
advadj
If something is done without consideration, it's done regardless, usually followed by the word "of." Today you can sit wherever you'd like on a bus, regardless of your race, but this wasn't always the case.
The word regardless can also be used as an adverb meaning despite everything. If your speaker had to cancel, you should carry on with the meeting regardless. People sometimes use the word irregardless when they mean regardless. Irregardless is an error resulting from a blend of irrespective and regardless. You may hear people say it, but grammarians consider it to be a mistake.
WORD FAMILY
regardless: disregardless, irregardless, regardlessly+/ disregard: disregarded, disregarding, disregards/ regard: disregard, regarded, regardful, regarding, regardless, regards, self-regard/regardful: regardfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
That means Mr. Trump will be in office when Cuba is no longer ruled by the Castro family, regardless of the pace of democratic reforms.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“And under California law they are protected, regardless of immigration status.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Regardless, school officials hope to begin building a new high school in the fall of 2017.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 不顾后果地; 不管怎样，无论如何; 不惜费用地
adj. 不重视的，不尊敬的; 不顾虑的，不关心的; 不受注意的，毫无价值的
分布：不顾(44%)，不顾的(28%)，不注意的(28%)
→来自 regard,看待，关心，-less,无，没有。
a./ad.不管...的,不顾...的,不注意的The guard guards the guarantee in the garden regardless of the hazard.卫兵不顾危险看守着花园里的抵押品.
US [-'gɑ:rd-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■despite; not being affected by something 不管怎样，无论如何；不管，不顾
• The plan for a new office tower went ahead regardless of local opposition. 尽管遭到当地居民的反对，新建高层办公大楼的计划还是付诸实施了。
• She knew it was dangerous to visit him except at night, but she set out regardless (of the risk). 虽然她知道除了晚上别的时候去看他都很危险，可她还是（不顾危险）动身去了。
• This job is open to all, regardless of previous experience. 这份工作任何人都可以应聘，不管其以前的工作经历如何。
adj. 不管；不顾；不注意
 - irregardless

Word: anxiety
Front: anxiety
[æŋˈzaɪəti] (高研四六托雅 2467/2612 -K3)
Vocabulary: anxiety
(once / 135 pages)
n
Anxiety is the vague, uneasy feeling you get when you're dreading something. Anxiety can also be a permanent state of nervousness that some people with mental illnesses experience, a milder version of panic.
When a scary or unpleasant event is looming, like getting a family portrait taken the year you have braces, you might feel some anxiety. You might also feel anxiety about passing chemistry, especially if you’ve skipped a lot of classes. Someone who suffers from a mild or severe mental illness might feel anxiety all the time. Deep breathing, playing relaxing music, and medication have all been known to help reduce anxiety.
WORD FAMILY
anxiety: anxieties, overanxiety
USAGE EXAMPLES
But I also saw how the money helped us, how it kept other anxieties at bay.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
There is robust scientific evidence demonstrating the value of the method in coping with O.C.D., phobias, and other anxiety disorders.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“This week, there were a lot of emotions and a lot of anxiety,” Smith said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 焦虑，忧虑; 切望，渴望; 令人焦虑的事; 挂念
分布：焦虑(86%)，担心(8%)，渴望(6%)
n.挂念,焦虑,焦急,忧虑;渴望,热望The anxious man is unconscious of my anxiety.那个不安的人没有觉察到我的忧虑.
US [-tˌi] noun
WORRY 忧虑
 IMPROVER uncountable
■an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness or worry about something that is happening or might happen in the future 焦虑，不安，担心
• Children normally feel a lot of anxiety about their first day at school. 第一天上学，孩子通常都会感到非常不安。
• That explains his anxiety over his health. 那就是他担心自己健康的原因。
• Her son is a source of considerable anxiety. 她的儿子总让她很放心不下。
countable
■something that causes a feeling of fear and worry 令人焦虑的事；焦虑的原因
• job anxieties 工作上的烦恼
UK [æŋ'zaɪ.ə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
EAGERNESS 渴望
uncountable + to infinitive
■eagerness to do something 渴望，热望；急切
• Peter's leaving at the end of this week - hence his anxiety to get his work finished. 彼得本周末就要离开了，所以他急着把工作赶完。
UK [æŋ'zaɪ.ə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
MEDICAL CONDITION 病理状况
uncountable
■a medical condition in which you always feel frightened and worried 焦虑（症）
• He has helped patients suffering from anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. 他曾医治过患有焦虑症、抑郁症和进食障碍的病人。
• an anxiety disorder/ attack 焦虑症／焦虑症发作
anxiety, concern, care, worry
这组词都有“焦虑、关心”的意思，其区别是：
anxiety: 指对预料中的不祥之事的焦虑。
concern: 作“关心”用时，是indifference(冷漠)的反义词，侧重对他人健康、安全等的关心，也可暗示对困难、危险或失败等的忧虑。
care: 强调因出于责任感或顾虑等而产生的不安。
worry: 侧重对未知事态演变的忧虑。
n. [心理] 焦虑；渴望；挂念；令人焦虑的事
 - solicitude, aspiration

Word: drift
Front: drift
[drɪft] (研四六托雅 3599/3522 -3)
Vocabulary: drift
(once / 172 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4vn 5n 6n
If you get my drift, you get the basic meaning of what I'm saying. Or, if you move around without a seeming fixed destination, you are said to drift — whether you're a snowflake or just a wanderer.
Interestingly, the verb to drift can be used either approvingly or disapprovingly. We rather admire the freedom of certain objects that drift, such as snow drifts or drift wood, but applied to people we're a bit more critical: we tend to harbor suspicions of the carefree Gypsy or nomad, hence the moral criticism (and danger) inherent in the term drifters.
WORD FAMILY
drift: driftage, drifted, drifter, drifting, drifts+/drifter: drifters/drifting: driftingly, driftings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those in attendance drifted in under a yellow-and-white striped awning, the men dressed in tuxedos, the women in ballgowns, many with their hair swept high.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It was a symbol of Israelis’ steady drift to the right in recent years.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Trout are fair while drifting deep bayous in the marsh.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. 流动; 随意移动; 漂泊; 浮现
vt. 漂流; 堆积成堆
n. 漂移，偏移; 趋势，动向; 大意; 放任自流
时态：drifted, drifting, drifts
分布：漂移(59%)，漂流(19%)，趋势(7%)，漂泊(5%)，偏离(4%)，使漂流(3%)，吹积(2%)，使堆积(1%)
→来自drive, 驱动。
v./n.漂,漂流(物)The drifter swiftly shifted the gift to the left of the lift.那个漂泊者敏捷地将礼物换到电梯的左边.
verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
 ADVANCED
■to move slowly, especially as a result of outside forces, with no control over direction （尤指在外力作用下）飘，漂流，漂移
• No one noticed that the boat had begun to drift out to sea. 没有人注意到船已经开始漂向大海了。
• A mist drifted in from the marshes. 一阵雾气从沼泽地里飘过来。
• After the band stopped playing, people drifted away in twos and threes. 乐队演奏结束后，人们便三三两两地散去了。
• figurative The talk drifted aimlessly from one subject to another. 谈话漫无目的地从一个主题转向另一个主题。
[drɪft] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
drift with the tide disapproving
■to agree with other people and not make your own decisions 随波逐流；没有自己的观点；人云亦云
[drɪft] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  drift apart
■If two people drift apart, they gradually become less friendly and their relationship ends. （关系）渐渐疏远，冷淡下来
[drɪft] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  drift off
■to gradually start to sleep 渐渐入睡
• I couldn't help drifting off in the middle of that lecture - it was so boring! 我在听讲座的过程中不知不觉地睡着了——这个讲座太乏味了！
[drɪft] noun
MEANING 含义
only singular
■the general meaning without the details 大意，主旨
• The general drift of the article was that society doesn't value older people. 文章的大意是社会对长者并不重视。
catch/get sb's drift informal
■to understand the general meaning of what someone is saying 大致明白某人所说的话
if you catch/get my drift informal
■used to say that you have left out information or your opinion from what you have just said, but that you expect the person listening still to understand it 你明白我的意思吧
• She's married, but she doesn't act as if she is, if you get my drift. 她结婚了，但她表现得不像是结了婚的，你明白我的意思吧。
[drɪft] noun
MOVEMENT 活动
countable
■a pile of snow or something similar, formed by the wind （风吹积而成的）一堆（雪）
• The snow lay in deep drifts. 到处是风吹起来的厚厚的雪堆。
[S or U]
■a general development or change in a situation 局势变化
• The downward drift in copper prices looks set to continue. 铜价下跌的趋势看来注定还要持续下去。
drift, float
这组词都有“漂流，漂浮”的意思，其区别是：
drift: 多指随风或顺水飘荡，表示动态。
float: 可与drift换用，但侧重指因有液体或气体所支持而不下沉，可表动态或静态。
n. 漂流， [电子] 漂移；趋势；漂流物
 - tendency, direction, tide, trend, set
vi. 漂流， [电子] 漂移；漂泊
 - extravagate, knock about

Word: arguably
Front: arguably
[ˈɑ:gjuəbli] (6770/7772 -1)
Vocabulary: arguably
(once / 4469 pages)
adv
Use the adverb arguably to describe something that can be asserted or shown to be a certain way. For example, you might say that your favorite teacher is arguably the best teacher in your school.
If you declare that a certain restaurant makes what's arguably the best milkshake in town, you mean that a solid argument can be made in favor of their shakes. Use arguably when you want to emphasize or back up a statement or opinion. The word was first used in the late 19th century to mean "as may be shown by argument," from the Latin root word arguere, "make known, prove, or demonstrate."
WORD FAMILY
arguable: arguably, inarguable, unarguable+/ argue: arguable, argued, arguer, argues, arguing, argument, argumentation, argumentative, re-argue/arguer: arguers/arguing: arguings/ argument: arguments, counterargument / argumentation: argumentations/ argumentative: argumentatively, unargumentative/ counterargument: counterarguments/inarguable: inarguably/unarguable: unarguably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Arguably more important than the legislative agenda for gun rights groups is Mr. Trump’s choice to fill the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Grimes was arguably the best high-school wide receiver in America.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Arguably, it’s one thing to deny climate change, which is a bit complicated and requires scientists to explain it.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 可论证地; 可以说; 按理说
分布：可论证地(75%)，雄辩地(25%)
US ['ɑ:rg-] adverb
■possibly 大概，可能
• He is arguably the world's best football player. 他可能是世界上最好的足球运动员。
• Arguably, the drug should not have been made available. 或许这种药根本就不该上市。
adv. 可论证地；可争辩地；正如可提出证据加以证明的那样地
 - demonstrably

Word: antitrust
Front: antitrust
[ˌæntiˈtrʌst] (-/30380 -1)
Vocabulary: antitrust
(once / 3244 pages)
adj
The adjective antitrust describes a kind of law or rule that protects fairness and competition in business. Antitrust laws are intended to stop companies from forming monopolies.
An antitrust attorney specializes in business law, and the rules and regulations that keep competition between businesses fair and equal. One example of an antitrust violation is price fixing, when different companies conspire to keep prices high for their customers. The term antitrust has been around since the 1890s, when the Sherman Act was passed, prohibiting business activities that harmed competition.
WORD FAMILY
trust: antitrust, distrust, entrust, intrust, mistrust, trusted, trustee, truster, trustful, trusting, trusts, trusty+/ distrust: distrusted, distrusting, distrusts, self-distrust/distrustful: distrustfully, distrustfulness/ entrust: entrusted, entrusting, entrusts/intrust: intrusted, intrusting, intrusts/mistrust: mistrusted, mistrustful, mistrusting, mistrusts/mistrustful: mistrustfully/trusted: trustedly/trustee: trustees, trusteeship/trusteeship: trusteeships/truster: trusters/trustful: distrustful, trustfully, trustfulness/ trusting: trustingest, trustingly, trustingness, untrusting/trusty: trustier, trusties, trustiest, trustily, trustiness, untrusty/untrusty: untrustiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cabela's said it continues to expect to get antitrust clearance for the deal in the United States and Canada during the first half of 2017.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
And that’s why Connecticut launched its investigation in mid-2014, quickly followed by the Justice Department’s antitrust division and Congress.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
A partner at Holland & Knight, an international firm, he specialized in commercial and antitrust litigation from his 30th-floor office in downtown Chicago.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 反托拉斯的; 反垄断的
分布：反垄断的(69%)，反托拉斯的(31%)
US [-tˌi-] US specialized
adjective
■Antitrust laws prevent companies from unfairly controlling prices. （法律）反托拉斯的，反垄断的

Word: runner
Front: runner
[ˈrʌnə(r)] (高四六 4214/4368 -K3)
Vocabulary: runner
(once / 471 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
If you jog every morning or run with your school's cross country team, you're a runner. A runner is a person who runs.
A casual runner jogs around the block or chases their dog on the beach. If you train to run in the Olympics, you're also a runner, and if you play baseball, you're a runner when you're moving from first to second base. Plants send out something also called a runner — a new shoot that sits on top of the ground and roots itself there. A strip of carpet down the hall or stairs is yet another kind of runner.
WORD FAMILY
runner: forerunner, runners+/ forerunner: forerunners/overrun: overran, overrunning, overruns/ rerun: reran, rerunning, reruns/ run: overrun, ran, rerun, runned, runner, running, runny, runs/running: runningly, runnings/ runny: runnier, runniness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The shoe in question was the Nike Air Rift, or “split-toe” inspired by Kenyan barefoot distance runners allowing extra toe movement.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
When I’m asked for my favourite inspirational scene, I nominate Tom Courtenay’s final, miserable act of defiance in The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Nick Furman, a local cyclist and runner, helped him with his bicycling and swimming in a crash course on the sport.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [体育运动]赛跑者; [棒球]跑垒者，[橄榄球]带球者; 逃亡者; 送信人，跑腿者
分布：跑步者(93%)，赛跑的人(7%)
→run,奔跑，-er,人。
US [-ɚ] noun countable
GOING QUICKLY 奔跑
 IMPROVER
■someone who runs, especially in competitions 奔跑的人；（尤指）参加赛跑的人
• a long-distance runner 长跑运动员
⇒ See also runner-up
 ADVANCED
■a horse running in a race （参加比赛的）赛马
■a person who works for someone by taking messages, collecting money, etc. 送信人，信差；收帐员
runners [plural] Australian * plimsolls
UK ['rʌn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
BLADE 刀刃
■one of two usually metal blades under a sledge which allow it to move along easily （雪橇的）滑板，雪板
UK ['rʌn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
STEM 茎
■a long stem of a plant that grows along the ground in order to put down roots in a new place 长匐茎，匍匐茎
UK ['rʌn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
TAKING 携带
■someone who takes illegal drugs or weapons from one place to another 走私，非法携带（枪支或毒品）
• a gun-runner 枪支走私分子
UK ['rʌn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
do a runner UK informal
■to leave a place in order to avoid a difficult or unpleasant situation or to avoid paying for something （为逃避困境或付款而）开溜，逃离，逃跑
n. 跑步者；走私者；推销员；送信人
 - salesman, smuggler

Word: ceiling
Front: ceiling
[ˈsi:lɪŋ] (中高研四六托 2641/2874 -K2)
Vocabulary: ceiling
(once / 358 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
A ceiling is the upper surface of a room. If you’re lying on the floor, you’re staring up at the ceiling. If you’re lying on the ceiling, you’ll be lying on the floor again soon.
You may have heard the sky’s the limit — but in truth, the limit is the ceiling, both physically and metaphorically. The top of a room, but still under the roof, a ceiling is the point at which you can go no farther. You’ll find both helium balloons and hot tempers hitting it. In the workplace, if you aren't getting that promotion and can't understand why, you might have hit a "glass ceiling."
WORD FAMILY
ceiling: ceilings
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is a sumptuous mosaic ceiling, with marble columns and copper clay friezes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The 25-year-old victim fell through the corrugated plastic ceiling of a kitchen annexe in a basement flat on Charles Road on New Year's Day.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Is there anything better than the Met’s Viennese chandeliers gliding to the ceiling as the lights dim?
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 天花板; 最高限度; 云幕高度; 隔板，舱室垫板
分布：天花板(84%)，上限(16%)
→来自kel, 隐藏，遮盖，词源同cell, cellar, hole.
天花板(ceil+cel)[cel=heaven(天空)]
n.天花板;(规定价格,工资等的)最高限额I perceived that the veil clung on the ceiling of the clinic was deceit.我觉察到粘附在诊所天花板上的幔子是个骗局.
noun
TOP OF A ROOM 天花板
 IMPROVER countable
■the inside surface of a room which you can see when you look above you 天花板，顶棚
['si:.lɪŋ] noun
LIMIT 限制
countable usually singular
■an upper limit, usually relating to money （通常指款项的）上限
• They have imposed/set a ceiling on pay rises. 他们给工资的增加幅度订定了上限。
⇒ See also glass ceiling
n. [建] 天花板；上限
 - overhead, high limit

Word: distort
Front: distort
[dɪˈstɔ:t] (研六托雅宝 6622/5932 -2)
Vocabulary: distort
(once / 625 pages)
v
Distort means to twist out of shape. When you look at a tree through a twisting kaleidoscope, you distort its image, making its branches and leaves look wavy and misshapen.
Distort is a verb that means to change the shape of something. You can distort pretzel dough by twisting it into the shape of an "S" instead of a normal pretzel shape. You can also distort, or change, the meaning of something. When one distorts the truth, it might not be an out-and-out lie; it could just be an exaggeration — like telling your pals you caught a six-foot tuna when you actually landed a six-inch minnow.
WORD FAMILY
distort: distortable, distorted, distorting, distortion, distorts+/ distorted: distortedly, undistorted/ distortion: distortionist, distortions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here’s an idea: Update part of the approval process that was patient zero for distorting data on a drug for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
She also plans to mention the effect of Brexit on the European Union, talking about “distorted pictures” of the EU and of parliamentary democracy.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Netanyahu called the decision “distorted” but said that Israel will overcome it.
Time(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: vt. 歪曲，扭曲; 曲解; 使变形
vi. 扭曲; 变形
时态：distorted, distorting, distorts
分布：扭曲(65%)，歪曲(24%)，变形(11%)
→dis-, 加强，完全的。-tort, 弯曲，词源同turn, contort. 即完全弯曲的，扭曲的。
曲解(dis坏+tort→扭坏了→曲解)[tort=twist表示"扭曲"]
v.弄歪(嘴脸等);扭曲;歪曲(真理,事实等)The escort resorted to the orthodox paradox to retort his distortion.陪护者借助正统悖论反驳他的歪曲.
【记】dis坏，tort扭曲－扭坏－扭曲；曲解
【参】distorted（adj 扭歪的；受到曲解的）；distortion（n 扭曲；曲解）
US [-'stɔ:rt] verb transitive
■to change something from its usual, original, natural or intended meaning, condition or shape 扭曲；使变形；歪曲
• My original statement has been completely distorted by the media. 我最初的说法被媒体彻底歪曲了。
vt. 扭曲；使失真；曲解
 - contort, misinterpret
vi. 扭曲；变形
 - become deformed, to morph

Word: humanitarian
Front: humanitarian
[hju:ˌmænɪˈteəriən] (六托 5270/9030 -2)
Vocabulary: humanitarian
(once / 1722 pages)
adjn
Despite many jokes to the contrary, a humanitarian is not someone who eats humans (as a vegetarian eats vegetables)! A humanitarian is a person concerned with the welfare of all humankind.
A millionaire would be considered a great humanitarian if he donated much of his wealth for improving education, housing, and food for the poor. As an adjective, humanitarian is used to describe something or someone who displays the characteristics of someone concerned with human welfare: "The humanitarian project was developed to help women become self-sufficient in third world countries."
WORD FAMILY
humanitarian: humanitarianism, humanitarians+/dehumanise: dehumanisation, dehumanised, dehumanising/dehumanize: dehumanization, dehumanized, dehumanizes, dehumanizing/ human: humanise, humanism, humanity, humanize, humanlike, humanly, humanness, humans, inhuman, nonhuman, subhuman, superhuman, unhuman/humanise: dehumanise, humanisation, humanised, humanises, humanising/ humanism: humanist, humanistic / humanist: humanists/ humanistic: humanistically/ humanity: humanitarian, humanities / humanize: dehumanize, humanization, humanized, humanizes, humanizing/ inhuman: inhumanity, inhumanly/inhumanity: inhumanities/superhuman: superhumanly/unhuman: unhumanly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Physical health is foundational to be sure, but its our more humanitarian capacities that need nurturing.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
"Everyone adored him,'' she said. "A great sense of humour and a great humanitarian.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
That kind of regional collaboration is critical, humanitarian officials say.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 人道主义的; 博爱的; 慈善的
n. 人道主义者; 慈善家; 博爱主义者
分布：人道主义的(53%)，人道主义者(21%)，博爱的(13%)，基督凡人论者(5%)，博爱者(5%)，相信基督为凡人的(3%)
→humanit-,人的，人道的，-arian,形容词后缀。
人道主义的(人)(human人)[-arian表形容词或名词"…的(人)"]
US [-'ter.i-] adjective noun countable
■(a person who is) involved in or connected with improving people's lives and reducing suffering 人道主义的；人道主义者
• The prisoner has been released for humanitarian reasons. 基于人道主义，那名囚犯被释放了。
• The United Nations is sending humanitarian aid (= food and supplies to help people) to the areas worst affected by the conflict. 联合国正在向受到冲突影响最为严重的地区输送人道援助。
• The well-known humanitarian, Joseph Rowntree, was concerned with the welfare of his employees. 著名的人道主义者约瑟夫‧荣特里非常关心其员工的福利。
adj. 人道主义的；博爱的；基督凡人论的
 - philanthropic, caritative
n. 人道主义者；慈善家；博爱主义者；基督凡人论者
 - philanthropist, charitarian

Word: bishop
Front: bishop
[ˈbɪʃəp] (高六 3437/2221)
Vocabulary: bishop
(once / 62 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A bishop is a religious authority figure in some Christian churches. In many churches, a bishop ordains, or appoints, ministers and priests.
In Christian traditions ranging from Roman Catholic to Lutheran, bishops play an important role in church oversight. In many orthodox and Catholic churches, bishops are believed to be the successors to the original twelve apostles from the Bible's New Testament. The chess piece called the bishop comes from this religious figure, and the word itself comes from the Greek episkopos, "watcher or overseer."
WORD FAMILY
bishop: archbishop, bishops, episcopal+/archbishop: archbishops, archepiscopal, archiepiscopal/episcopal: episcopally
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Vatican on Monday released the text of a Dec. 28 letter Francis sent to bishops about injustices to children.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Michael Harley, a team captain, reminded them of the Bishop Gorman game: did they remember how awful it felt to lose?
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Pope Francis – who is to visit Ireland in 2018 – was reportedly keen to examine the possibility of married priests at his next synod of bishops.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教; （国际象棋的）象; 香甜葡萄酒
分布：主教(100%)
→来自拉丁词episcopus. 前缀epi-, 在...上，词根scope, 看，同spect, 字母p,c置换。指宗教的监督者，监管者。
【记】bi两个，shop商店。主教有两个商店－家和教堂。Be shop？主教在shop里吗？不在！！
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a priest of high rank who is in charge of the priests of lower rank in a particular area 主教
• the Bishop of Durham 达拉谟主教
• Bishop Desmond Tutu 德斯蒙德‧图图主教
■(in chess) a piece that moves from corner to corner along squares of the same colour （国际象棋中的）象
n. 主教
 - pontiff, prelature

Word: refusal
Front: refusal
[rɪˈfju:zl] (高研四六雅 5933/3562 -K2)
Vocabulary: refusal
(once / 436 pages)
n
A refusal is when you absolutely won't do something. A little kid's refusal to eat his broccoli might result in his mother's refusal to take him out for ice cream after dinner.
When something is refused, or a person refuses to do something, it's a refusal. There's a stubborn quality to the word refusal, like a defiant child who won't be swayed. There is a legal term called the "right of first refusal," which gives a person an opportunity to buy or do something first, before anyone else has a chance, or to refuse the opportunity. The Latin root word is refundere, "pour back or give back."
WORD FAMILY
refusal: refusals+/ refuse: refusal, refused, refuses, refusing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite his stubborn refusal to be alarmist, Mass admits there’s climatological drama on our horizon.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The law puts the onus on the government to explain the refusal.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
To David Bowie, whose beauty and talent and refusal to quit signified something beyond words: your passing brought us together in sadness and silent adulation.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 拒绝; 优先取舍权
分布：拒绝(99%)，回绝(1%)
拒绝(refuse拒绝)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
n.拒绝,回绝They were offended by his refusal to attend the party.他们因他拒不参加聚会而很恼火.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone refuses to do or accept something 拒绝；回绝
• Our request for permission to travel met with/received a flat/point-blank (= complete) refusal from the authorities. 我们向当局申请旅游签证，但遭到断然拒绝。
• [+ to infinitive] The government's refusal to see that the protection of the environment must be our first priority today is a great tragedy. 环境保护乃我们当今社会的当务之急，但政府却对此视而不见，实乃一大悲剧。
n. 拒绝； [贸易] [金融] 优先取舍权；推却；取舍权
 - rejection, denial

Word: noise
Front: noise
[nɔɪz] (中高雅 2012/1667 -K3)
Vocabulary: noise
(once / 74 pages)
nv
A noise is any sound. Often, it means a sound people don't like, like the noise of traffic or a barking dog.
When someone yells "What is that noise?!" you can be sure they're not happy about what they're hearing. They mean noise as anything too loud or annoying. When it comes to music, people often disagree on what's noise and what isn't. Your noise might be another person's lullaby. A car siren will wake you up, but some noises can be soothing. "White noise" is an electronically generated sound often used to help someone fall asleep.
WORD FAMILY
noise: noised, noiseless, noises, noising, noisy +/noiseless: noiselessly, noiselessness/ noisy: noisier, noisiest, noisily, noisiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Above the noise, a man I’ll call Ivan, a new friend, began chatting with me about something he was working on.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some residents wrote on social media that their windows shook from the noise.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Such a minor delay may be caused by any minimal distraction: a sudden noise, a quick glance at the phone or a random thought.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 噪音; 嘈杂声，喧闹声; 声音，声响; 杂音
vt. 谣传; 哄传; 传说
vi. 发出声音; 大声议论
时态：noised, noising, noises
分布：噪声(59%)，响声(18%)，喧闹声(14%)，谣传(7%)，发出噪音(1%)，大声说话(1%)
→词源不详，通常认为来自nausea,晕船，恶心。引申词义呕吐声，大叫，后用于指噪音。
n.喧闹声,噪声,吵嚷声There is too much noise in this class.这课堂太嘈杂了.
noun
SOUND 声音
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■(a) sound, especially when it is not wanted, unpleasant or loud 噪声；杂音；嘈杂声；喧闹声
• The noise out in the street was deafening. 外面街道上的喧闹声震耳欲聋。
• I heard a loud noise and ran to the window. 我听见一声巨响，于是向窗户跑去。
• traffic/background noise 交通噪音／背景杂音
• dangerously high noise levels 达到危险水准的高噪音级
[nɔɪz] noun
SIGNAL 信号
uncountable specialized
■any bad change in a signal, especially in a signal produced by an electronic device （尤指电子设备的）干扰，干扰讯号
• Using a single chip reduces (the) noise on the output signal by 90%. 使用单晶片可使对输出信号的干扰降低90%。
[nɔɪz] noun
make (all) the right / correct , etc. noises UK
■to say the things you are expected to say, sometimes when you do not mean them 故作踊跃；随声附和
• He made all the right noises about my audition but I couldn't tell if he was genuinely impressed. 他不停说我的试唱好，但我判断不出他是否真的这样觉得。
[nɔɪz] noun
make a noise about sth informal
■to talk about or complain about something a lot 对…说个不停；不停地抱怨
• She's been making a lot of noise about moving to a new house. 她一直唠叨要搬新家的事。
[nɔɪz] noun
make noises UK informal
■to show what you think or feel by what you say, without stating it directly （在言语间）透露，暗示；放出风声
• She made very positive noises at the interview about me getting the job. 她在面试中明确暗示我能获得这份工作。
(also make a noise)
■to complain or make trouble 抱怨；惹麻烦
• If things start going badly again, our members are sure to make noises. 如果事态再次恶化，我们的成员肯定会抱怨。
voice, sound, noise
voice: 人的嗓音,
sound: 自然界各种各样的声音,
noise: 噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
n. 噪音；响声； [环境] 杂音
 - row-de-dow, klang
vt. 谣传
 - rumor
vi. 发出声音；大声议论
 - make a sound

Word: shoulder
Front: shoulder
[ˈʃəʊldə(r)] (中高研四六宝 986/1149 -K4)
Back: n. 肩膀; （衣服的）肩部; 山肩; 路肩
vt. 担负，承担; 肩起，挑起; 用肩顶…
时态：shouldered, shouldering, shoulders
分布：肩膀(46%)，承担(26%)，肩负(12%)，肩部(9%)，扛(7%)
→来 自 古 英 语 sculdor, 肩 膀 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*skuldro, 肩 膀 ， 可 能 来 自 Proto-Germanic*skelduz,盾，来自 skel,切，分开，词源同 shield,shell.引申诸相关词义。
n.肩,肩部v.肩负,承担The scout with shoulder-straps shouted on the outermost route as a routine.戴肩章的侦察员照例在最外围的路线上叫喊.
US ['ʃoʊl.dɚ] noun
BODY PART 身体部位
 ESSENTIAL countable
■one of the two parts of the body at each side of the neck which join the arms to the rest of the body 肩，肩膀，肩部
• I rested my head on her shoulder. 我把头靠在她的肩上。
• Then she put her arm round my shoulder and gave me a kiss. 接着她用手臂搂住我的肩，给了我一个吻。
• She glanced nervously over her shoulder to make sure no one else was listening. 她不安地回头扫了一眼，以确认没有人在听。
shoulders [plural]
■the top part of a person's back 双肩；上背部
• He was about six feet tall with broad shoulders. 他大约六呎高，双肩宽阔。
• "I don't know what to do about it, " said Martha, shrugging her shoulders. “我不知道该如何处理这件事，”玛莎耸耸肩说道。
■the parts of a piece of clothing which cover the wearer's shoulders （衣服的）肩部
• The shoulders look a bit tight. Do you want to try a larger size? 肩部看起来有点紧。你想试试尺寸大一点的吗？
• a jacket with padded shoulders 有垫肩的夹克
countable
■the part of a bottle that curves out below its opening 瓶肩（瓶颈下面扩大的部分）
countable US for * hard shoulder
UK ['ʃəʊl.dər] US ['ʃoʊl.dɚ] noun
RESPONSIBILITY 责任
sb's shoulders
■used to refer to the responsibility that someone has or feels for something （责任在）…的肩上，…承担
• A huge burden was lifted from my shoulders (= I became much less worried) when I told my parents about my problem. 我把自己的问题告诉父母后，感到如释重负。
• Responsibility for the dispute rests squarely on the shoulders of the president. 调解争端的责任完全落在主席的肩上。
UK ['ʃəʊl.dər] US ['ʃoʊl.dɚ] noun
MEAT 肉
countable or uncountable
■a piece of meat which includes the upper part of an animal's front leg （动物身上包括前腿上半部的）肩肘肉，前腿肉
• I've bought a shoulder of lamb for Sunday lunch. 我买了块羊肩肉，用来做星期天的午餐。
UK ['ʃəʊl.dər] US ['ʃoʊl.dɚ] noun
a shoulder to cry on
■someone who is willing to listen to your problems and give you sympathy, emotional support and encouragement 可以倾诉的对象，可以向其寻求安慰的人
• I wish you'd been here when my mother died and I needed a shoulder to cry on. 我母亲去世的时候，你要是在这里就好了，我当时需要一个可以给我安慰的人。
UK ['ʃəʊl.dər] US ['ʃoʊl.dɚ] noun
shoulder to shoulder
■If people are shoulder to shoulder, they are close together and next to each other 肩并肩地
• The refugees were packed shoulder to shoulder on the boat. 难民们肩挨着肩挤在船上。
UK ['ʃəʊl.dər] US ['ʃoʊl.dɚ] noun
stand shoulder to shoulder with sb
■to give someone or a group of people complete support during a difficult time 站在（某人）一边，全力支持（某人）
UK ['ʃəʊl.dər] US ['ʃoʊl.dɚ] verb
ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY 承担责任
shoulder the blame/burden/responsibility/cost, etc.
■to accept that you are responsible for something bad or difficult 承受谴责／承受重负／承担职责／承担费用等
• It is women who mainly shoulder responsibility for the care of elderly and disabled relatives. 都是女人承担照顾老人和残疾亲属的主要责任。
• Teachers cannot be expected to shoulder all the blame for poor exam results. 考试成绩不理想，责任不能全部归到老师身上。
UK ['ʃəʊl.dər] US ['ʃoʊl.dɚ] verb
BODY PART 身体部位
transitive
■to put something on your shoulders to carry it 用肩扛
• Shouldering her pack, she strode off up the road. 她背起背包，大步上路。
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to push something with one of your shoulders 用肩推，用肩顶
• She was carrying two suitcases and had to shoulder the door open. 她手提着两个箱子，不得不用肩膀把门顶开。
• He shouldered his way (= formed a way through by pushing with his shoulders) to the front of the crowd to get a better look. 他用肩膀开路挤到人群前面，以便看得更清楚。
serve, conduct, shoulder, tackle
serve: V服务；供（某人）饭菜；供职、服役 N 发球
conduct: N 行为，品德，指导，指挥，管理，经营 V 领导，指导，带领；控制，管理；传导（热、电流等）
shoulder: N 肩膀，肩部 V 扛，承担
tackle: 应付，对付，处理
vt. 肩负，承担
 - undertake, accept, sustain

Word: educational
Front: educational
[ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃənl] (雅 1587/1602 -1)
Vocabulary: educational
(once / 428 pages)
adj
If something is educational, it teaches you some new information or gives you new knowledge. Listening to an organic farmer describe the process of beekeeping can be very educational.
The adjective educational describes something that imparts new skills or knowledge. Reading a recipe is educational, if it teaches you how to make a perfect buttercream frosting for your cake, and a French class is also educational, as long as you learn something new from it. The word comes from the noun education, or "the process of teaching or learning," which actually meant "childrearing" in the 1500s, and was used interchangeably to mean "the training of animals."
WORD FAMILY
educational: coeducational, educationally+/coeducate: coeducated/ coeducational: coeducationally/ educate: co-educate, coeducate, educated, educates, educating, education, educative, educator/ educated: self-educated, undereducated, uneducated/ education: coeducation, educational, educationalist, educationist, educations, self-education/educationalist: educationalists/educationist: educationists/educative: educatively/educator: educators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some are noncontroversial, such as more training for law enforcement and increased social media campaigns and other educational efforts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And area residents already use the woodland for educational and recreational purposes, he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The outreach program will offer educational opportunities, athletics such as football, basketball and Fears’ favorite, boxing.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 教育（方面）的; 为教育的; 有教育意义的; 提供咨询的
分布：教育的(73%)，有教育意义的(27%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■providing education or relating to education 教育的；与教育有关的
• Reducing the size of classes may improve educational standards. 缩小班级规模或许会提高教学水准。
• She seems to have spent all her life studying in educational establishments. 她这一辈子好像一直待在教育机构里学习。
• humorous My father has never been to a rock concert before - it'll be an educational experience for him (= a new experience from which he can learn). 我爸爸以前从没有听过摇滚演唱会——这一次会给他好好上一课的。
adj. 教育的；有教育意义的
 - improving, instructional

Word: pill
Front: pill
[pɪl] (高研四六托 3425/4969 -K3)
Vocabulary: pill
(once / 746 pages)
1n 2n
A small, round dose of medicine is a pill. If you get sick, you might take a pill, which is a pain because it usually tastes bad. A person who’s a pain can also be called a pill.
In addition to medicine, you can take vitamins or other supplements in the form of a pill. Most pills have to be swallowed whole with water, but some can be chewed. Because of the association of pill with yucky medicine, there's also the colloquial meaning of "unpleasant person," like a little brother who's a total pill. And from the same association comes "a bitter pill to swallow," for "a difficult or painful necessity."
WORD FAMILY
pill: pills
USAGE EXAMPLES
For some minor procedures, the proposal calls for a limit of between nine and 12 pills.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
In most countries, including Australia and Britain, the drug retails for less than $1.50 per pill.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
Abortion in Poland is illegal in most circumstances, but after several weeks she was able to get the pills.
The New Yorker(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 药丸; 弹丸; 口服避孕药; 讨厌鬼
vt. 使服用药丸; 把…制成药丸; 投票反对; 抢劫
vi. 服用药丸; 制成药丸; 起球
分布：药丸(56%)，药片(39%)，服用药丸(4%)，把 ... 制成药丸(1%)
→来自拉丁语pilula,药丸，来自pila,球，球体，-ula,小词后缀，可能来自pilus,头发，毛发，词源同pile,depilatory.词义可能是由毛发引申为发球，绒球，最后指球体，小球。
n.药丸The ill man had a pill and sat on the pillar in stillness until now.那个坏人吃了一颗药丸后静止不动地坐在柱子上直到现在.
noun countable
MEDICINE 药
 ADVANCED
■a small solid piece of medicine which a person swallows without chewing (= crushing with the teeth) 药丸；药片
• a sleeping pill 安眠药
• a vitamin pill 维生素片；维他命药片
• My mother takes three or four pills a day. 我妈妈每天吃三至四颗药。
• Jamie's always had trouble swallowing pills. 杰米吞药时总是很费劲。
the pill
■a type of pill for women which is taken every day in order to prevent them from becoming pregnant （女性的）口服避孕药
• Are you on the pill? 你在服避孕药吗？
[pɪl] noun countable
PERSON 人 US an annoying person 令人讨厌的人
• Jennifer was being such a pill today. 珍妮佛今天真烦人。
[pɪl] noun countable
CLOTHING 衣服 US (UK bobble)
■a small ball of threads that develops on the surface of clothes or material （衣服或布料上的）球粒，纤维绒球
• She sat there sulking and picking the pills off her sweater. 她坐在那里生闷气，一直拔着毛衣上的绒球。
[pɪl] noun countable
sugar the pill UK (US sweeten the pill)
■to make something bad seem less unpleasant 使不愉快的事变得较易接受
• Plans to improve public services are a way of sugaring the pill of increased taxation. 改善公共服务的诸项计划是缓和人们对增税的不满情绪的一种方式。
[pɪl] verb intransitive US (UK bobble)
■If a piece of clothing or material pills, it develops small balls of threads on its surface. （衣服或布料）起球粒，起纤维绒球
n. 药丸；弹丸，子弹；口服避孕药
 - globule, bullet
vt. 把…制成丸剂；使服用药丸；抢劫，掠夺（古语）
 - harry, rob of

Word: column
Front: column
[ˈkɒləm] (研四六雅 2074/2007 -K3)
Vocabulary: column
(once / 107 pages)
1n 2n
Someone who writes a column for a newspaper provides an article that expresses his or her viewpoint on a regular basis, such as a column about local politics which appears in the Sunday edition.
If your boss says, “I’m going to give you a column!” you may be getting a regular writing gig, or you may be getting a large pillar typically used to support a building. (You’ll know which it is when you see it.)Column also refers to something that resembles a pillar or stack, such as a column of smoke, or columns of numbers that must be added. Column also describes lines of text that form long rectangles on a page, separated by a thin line of space.
WORD FAMILY
column: columnar, columniation, columnist, columnlike, columns+/columniation: columniations/ columnist: columnists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now I am sure that plenty of you right now are thinking: What an idiotic column.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
And yes, Mark, this annual dinner column is fake news, but please don’t filter it!
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There is a sumptuous mosaic ceiling, with marble columns and copper clay friezes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 纵队，列; 圆柱; 专栏
分布：列(56%)，栏(18%)，柱(13%)，专栏(10%)，圆柱(2%)，柱形物(1%)
→来自kel, 伸出，柱子，词源同hill. -mn, 名词后缀。
n.圆柱,柱状物;列;(报刊中的)专栏The columnist holds the colorful column of the colonial newspaper.那位专栏作家主持殖民地报纸的多彩专栏.
US ['kɑ:.ləm] noun countable
PRINTING 印刷
 IMPROVER
■one of several vertical blocks of print into which a page of a newspaper or magazine is divided （报纸、杂志上的）栏
• I didn't have time to read the whole article - just the first column. 我没有时间读整篇文章——只看了第一栏。
 IMPROVER
■a piece of writing in a newspaper or magazine which is always written by the same person and which appears regularly, usually on a particular subject （报纸、杂志上的）栏目，专栏
• She writes a weekly fashion/gossip column for the Evening Standard. 她每周都在《旗帜晚报》的时尚／漫谈专栏中发表文章。
■any vertical block of words or numbers （词或数字的）纵列
• Add the column of figures and divide the sum by three. 把这列数字相加，再将总数除以3。
UK ['kɒl.əm] US ['kɑ:.ləm] noun countable
BUILDING 建筑物
 ADVANCED
■a tall vertical stone post which is used as a support for a roof or in classical (= in the style of ancient Greece or Rome) buildings for decoration, or which stands alone as a monument (= as a symbol of respect for a special person or event) 石柱；纪念柱
• The roof of the temple was held up by a row of thick stone columns. 这座寺庙的屋顶由一排粗大的石柱支撑着。
• Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square 特拉法加广场上的纳尔逊纪念柱
⇒ See also spinal column
column of sth
■something with a tall narrow shape …柱
• A column of smoke rose from the chimney. 烟里冒出了一柱烟。
■a line of moving people or vehicles 一队，一列（移动的人或车辆）
• a column of refugees 一队难民
n. 纵队， [数] 列；专栏；圆柱，柱形物
 - pillar, tier

Word: significantly
Front: significantly
[sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntli] (1804/2145 -K)
Vocabulary: significantly
(once / 715 pages)
adv
Anything that happens significantly happens in a big way. A significantly happier person has gotten much happier. Moving into a significantly bigger house means you can finally get that indoor pony.
Significant things are important. When you see the word significantly, you know something is a big deal. A significantly higher tax rate would upset many people, because taxes went up a lot. A significantly lower-than-usual snowfall would upset skiers, because no one likes skiing on dry ground. A significantly timed speech happens at a time that is meaningful for some reason, like on a major holiday. This word often means the same as importantly.
WORD FAMILY
significant: insignificant, nonsignificant, significance, significantly +/co-sign: co-signed/countersign: countersignature, countersigned, countersigning, countersigns/insignificance: insignificances/ insignificant: insignificance, insignificantly/ sign: co-sign, countersign, signatory, signature, signed, signedly, signer, signify, signing, signs, undersign/ signatory: signatories/ signature: signatures/signed: unsigned/signer: signers/ significance: significances/signification: significations/signifier: signifiers/ signify: significant, signification, signified, signifier, signifies, signifying/signing: signings/undersign: undersigned, undersigning
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Thunder are a significantly better defensive team than the Rockets.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Solution: Bitpesa uses Bitcoin to significantly lower the time and cost of remittances and and business payments to and from sub-Saharan Africa.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
And there’s potential for significantly more CHP generation in Kentucky.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 意味深长地; 值得注目地
分布：意味深长地(58%)，较大地(14%)，意义深远地(14%)，重要地(14%)
adverb
IMPORTANT 重要
 IMPROVER
■in a way that is easy to see or by a large amount 显著地；相当数量地
• My piano playing has improved significantly since I've had a new teacher. 自从换了一位新老师，我的钢琴水准有了明显提升。
[sɪg'nɪf.ɪ.kənt.li] adverb
SPECIAL MEANING 特殊意义
■in a way that suggests a special meaning 意味深长地
• He said that he would be bringing a friend with him but, significantly, didn't say who it was. 他说会带一个朋友来，但耐人寻味的是，他没说出那人是谁。
adv. 意味深长地；值得注目地
 - meaningfully, expressively

Word: intrigue
Front: intrigue
[ɪnˈtri:g] (研六托雅宝 7897/11346 -2)
Vocabulary: intrigue
(once / 353 pages)
1nv 2v
An intrigue is a secret plot. If you ever become the monarch of a small island kingdom, keep watch for signs of any intrigue against you.
Intrigue comes from the Latin verb intricare, to entangle, and is related to intricate. It can be a noun, meaning underhanded plot, or a verb for the act of plotting. Agents of two opposing powers intrigue against each other. In the late nineteenth century it also came to mean the feeling of curiosity or interest. If someone's ideas intrigue you, you want to know more about them.
WORD FAMILY
intrigue: intrigued, intriguer, intrigues, intriguing +/intriguer: intriguers/ intriguing: intriguingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
At first I instantly thought it was marketing hype but slowly the story intrigued me and I began searching online.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The manuscript’s odyssey — from its creation in Mexico to its recent arrival in Manhattan — is a tale laced with intrigue.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But a more intriguing development is wearables with built-in airbags.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 密谋，阴谋; 私通，奸情
vi. 耍阴谋
vt. 以谋略达成; 激起…的好奇心
时态：intrigued, intriguing, intrigues
分布：阴谋(72%)，私通(12%)，密谋(10%)，复杂的事(3%)，欺骗(2%)，激起 ... 的兴趣(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-trig,琐事，繁琐，词源同trick,extricate.即卷进去的，引申词义激发，激起好奇心，同时，也用于指阴谋，密谋等。
n.阴谋v.密谋,私通;激起...的兴趣;诡计取得The news intrigued all of us.这条新闻引起了我们大家的兴趣.
【记】in进入，trigue＝tric计谋－用计谋让你进入兴趣源于：trigger（vt 引发；n 板机）－引起兴趣
【反】pall（v 使平淡无味）
verb transitive /ɪnˈtriːg/
■to interest someone a lot, especially by being strange, unusual or mysterious （尤指因奇怪、不寻常或神秘而）使很感兴趣，迷住
• Throughout history, people have been intrigued by the question of whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe. 纵观历史，人们一直被这样一个问题吸引着：宇宙的其他地方是否也存在著有智力的生物？
noun countable or uncountable /ˈɪn.triːg/
■(the making of) a secret plan to do something, especially something that will harm another person （尤指伤害他人的）密谋；阴谋，诡计
• a tale of political intrigue 政治阴谋的传闻
n. 阴谋；诡计；复杂的事；私通
 - scheme, designing, fraud, plot, conspiracy
vi. 私通；密谋
 - plot, collogue

Word: queue
Front: queue
[kju:] (高研四六宝 15489/4960 -2)
Vocabulary: queue
(once / 2716 pages)
1nv 2n
A queue is a line of things, usually people. If you go to the store on a big sale day, there will probably be a long queue at the check-out.
Queue comes from the Latin cauda, for tail. Outside the United States it means a line of people or vehicles waiting their turn, so if your English friend talks about queuing up for the movies, that means getting in line for a ticket. We also use it in computing to mean an order of messages to be sent. In a big office, you send documents to the printer queue, and they're printed in the order they are sent.
WORD FAMILY
queue: queued, queueing, queues, queuing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sadly they are even more popular with Asian mainlanders shopping in the major cities, and the ballot/queue system was in full effect there too.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Sure, the practicalities are hideous – no cabs, endless crowds and queues, quite a lot of mugging – but still!
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
In the closing ceremony, the 19-year-old from Ohio carried the US flag and was slowed down by queues of athletes demanding a selfie with her.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （人或车辆）行列，长队; 辫子
vi. （人、车等）排队等候
vt. （使）排队，列队等待
时态：queued, queuing, queues
分布：排队(69%)，长队(16%)，辫子(8%)，行列(7%)
→来自古法语cue,尾巴，来自拉丁语coda,尾巴。词源同coda,coward.引申词义队伍，行列。
n.行列,长队v.(up)排队,排队等待On my request the conqueror questioned the man who jumped the queue.根据我的请求,征服者质问了插队者.
【记】把queue看成eueue：推着小车排队的人们。
[kju:] UK (US line)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a line of people, usually standing or in cars, waiting for something （人或车排成的）队，队伍，行列
• Are you in the queue for tickets? 你是在排队买票吗?
• There was a long queue of traffic stretching down the road. 车辆在这条路上排起长龙了。
• If you want tickets you'll have to join the queue. 你想买票的话就要先排队。
• disapproving It makes me mad when someone jumps the queue (= goes straight to the front). 有人插队的话我就会很生气。
■a lot of people wanting something （想获取某物的）许多人
• There's a queue of companies wanting to sell the product. 有许多公司想要销售该产品。
[kju:] UK (US line)
verb intransitive UK (US line up) (also UK queue up)
 ADVANCED
■to wait in a line of people, often to buy something 排队
• Dozens of people were queueing up to get tickets. 有几十个人在排队买票。
• We had to queue for three hours to get in. 我们排了三个小时的队才进入。
■informal
■to want very much to do something 排队（等候）做…，非常想做…
• [+ to infinitive] There are thousands of young women queueing up to be models. 成千上万的年轻少女对当模特儿趋之若鹜。
queue, rank, line, row
这组词都有“列、队、排”的意思，其区别是：
queue: 指人们为做某事而有顺序排成的队，在等的过程中不断向前移动。
rank: 和file常为军事用语，前者指肩并肩排列整齐的士兵横排，后者指纵队。
line: 指人或物排成的行列。
row: 指单独的一列，也可指平行的数行中的一行，而不论是横或纵。
n. [数] 队列；长队；辫子
 - train, alignment, tail, rank
vi. [数] 排队；排队等候
 - line up for, stand in a line

Word: diversity
Front: diversity
[daɪˈvɜ:səti] (托宝 2531/4642 -2)
Vocabulary: diversity
(once / 919 pages)
n
When there's diversity, there's variety. Often, this word is used for diversity of race, class, or gender.
To have diversity, you need a mix of whatever you're talking about. If you like science fiction, romantic comedies, cartoons, and action movies, then you like a diversity of types of films. If you like nothing but kung fu films, then you don't like a diversity of films. No matter what kind of diversity you're talking about, there needs to be a real mix, kind of like a huge box of Crayolas.
WORD FAMILY
diversity: diversities+/ diverse: diversely, diverseness, diverser, diversity
USAGE EXAMPLES
The marching bands were the very soul of diversity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The broadcaster commissioned British photographer Martin Parr to "capture an evolving portrait of modern Britain in all its diversity" for 2017.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
“I don’t think diversity is a political statement,” she said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 多样化，（人在种族、民族、宗教等方面的）多样性; 差异; 分歧
分布：多样性(88%)，差异(12%)
多样性[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
【记】di分开，vers转－多样性
【参】adversity（n 不幸；灾祸；逆境；versatile（adj 多才多艺的）；diverse（adj 不同的；变化多的）；diversification（n 多样化）
【区】diversion（n 转移；解闷；娱乐）使你转向一边的行为－娱乐
【反】uniformity（n 同样；一致；均匀）
US [dɪ'vɝ:.sə.tˌi] noun [S or U]
 ADVANCED
■when many different types of things or people are included in something 多样性，多样化
• Does television adequately reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country? 电视节目能充分反映出这个国家民族和文化的多样性吗？
• There is a wide diversity of opinion on the question of unilateral disarmament. 对于单方面裁军问题，人们的看法各不相同。
n. 多样性；差异
 - difference, multiplicity

Word: ultra
Front: ultra
[ˈʌltrə] (13490/15582)
Vocabulary: ultra
(once / 4479 pages)
adj
Use the adjective ultra to describe something extreme, like your ultra strict parents or your own ultra radical political views.
If your sister is ultra uptight and your English teacher's syllabus is ultra traditional, it means that both of them hold unusual opinions, far outside of the normal range. Neither would be a good fit for your own ultra relaxed philosophy of life. Ultra means "beyond" in Latin, and its meaning of "outside the norm" comes from the French word ultra-royaliste, or "extreme royalist." Eventually, it was shortened to just ultra, to describe any extreme opinion.
WORD FAMILY
ultra
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Scotches explained that the strategy needed to complete - or even survive - a winter ultra is vastly different from that of a typical ultramarathon.
Washington Times(Dec 17, 2016)
The Scotches are also race directors for a similar race, the 80- or 160-mile Tuscobia Winter Ultra through northern Wisconsin held in early January.
Seattle Times(Dec 17, 2016)
With three others, they founded a guerrilla offshoot of Gulf Labor, which they named GULF, short for Global Ultra Luxury Faction.
The New Yorker(Dec 11, 2016)
Back: adj. 过激的，极端的
n. 过激论者，急进论者
分布：超(96%)，极端的(1%)，急进论者(1%)，过激论者(1%)，过激的(1%)
→来自al, 其它，那边，词源同alias, else, -tra, 比较级后缀，词源同entry, alternate, interior.
PREFIX
（置于形容词之前构成形容词，用以强调）表示“超…的”，“极其…的”
Ultra- is added to adjectives to form other adjectives that emphasize that something or someone has a quality to an extreme degree.
例：...a wide range of ultra-modern equipment.一大批超现代设备
例：...an ultra-ambitious executive.雄心勃勃的主管
adj. 极端的；过分的
 - extreme, excessive, tall
n. 极端主义者；过激论者；急进论者
 - extremist

Word: casualty
Front: casualty
[ˈkæʒuəlti] (研六托雅宝 4230/3944 -3)
Vocabulary: casualty
(once / 787 pages)
n
In wartime, you'll hear the word casualty used often for someone killed or injured. But casualty can also refer to deaths or injuries suffered in an accident or some other unfortunate event.
The term "casualties of war" has been around for a while and refers to the ugly downside of military victory. Anyone who loses life or limb, either in the fighting or as a civilian, is called a casualty. If you're feeling poetic, though, you can extend the meaning to include, say, the children of a divorce: while they don't die and aren't physically injured, their emotional suffering qualifies them to be called casualties of their parents' fighting. Driving drunk, too, results in casualties.
WORD FAMILY
casualty: casualties
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Evidently, ethics are the first casualty of the new Republican Congress," Pelosi said in a statement.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“Evidently, ethics are the first casualty of the new Republican Congress.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
She added: “Evidently, ethics are the first casualty of the new Republican Congress.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 伤亡（人数）; 事故，横祸; 受害者，死伤者; 损坏
分布：事故(53%)，伤亡人数(40%)，伤亡者(7%)
→来自词根cad, 掉落，词源同case, accident.原指偶然伤亡者，不幸者。
事故;灾难(casual+ty→[突然]落下的事→事故)[cad,cas,cid=fall,表示"落下,降临"]
n.伤亡人员;受害人;损失的东西;急诊室Televisions and telescopes give the visitors visual ability to see the casual casualty.电视和望远镜赋予参观者们看见偶然伤亡事故的视觉能力.
【记】casual偶然，ty踢：偶然一踢给踢死了－严重伤亡事故
noun
INJURED 受伤的
 ADVANCED countable
■a person injured or killed in a serious accident or war （严重事故或战争中的）伤亡人员
• The train was derailed but there were no casualties, police said. 警方称，火车出轨了，但没有人员伤亡。
• The rebels suffered heavy casualties. 叛乱分子伤亡惨重。
['kæʒ.ju.əl.ti] noun
BADLY AFFECTED 受到严重影响的
countable
■a person or thing that suffers as a result of something else happening 受害者，遇难者；毁坏物
• She lost her job in 1989, a casualty of the recession. 1989年她失业了，成了经济衰退的受害者。
• The first casualty of the reorganization will be the bus service, which will be stopped altogether. 公共汽车行业将首当其冲成为重组的受害者，完全停止运行。
['kæʒ.ju.əl.ti] noun
HOSPITAL 医院
uncountable UK (US emergency room)
■the part of a hospital where people who are hurt in accidents or suddenly become ill are taken for urgent treatment 急诊室，急症室
• She had to be rushed to casualty. 必须赶快把她送到急诊室。
n. 意外事故；伤亡人员；急诊室
 - contretemps, fortuity

Word: norm
Front: norm
[nɔ:m] (研六托雅宝 3387/3718 -2)
Vocabulary: norm
(once / 2755 pages)
n
A statistical average is called the norm. If you live in a town made up mostly of farmers but your trade is basket weaving, then you're outside the norm.
The noun norm is from the Latin word norma, which was a carpenter's square or pattern used in construction to make regular corners. Now we use norm for anything that sets a standard. You can score within the norm on a standardized test, score above the norm on an IQ test, or fall below the norm in acceptable standards of dress if you wear a halter top and cut-off jeans to a formal ball.
WORD FAMILY
norm: norms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now 36 years old, she grew up in a family where office work was the norm, and attended college intending to become a teacher.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Our greatest obligation will be to defend democracy itself, along with republican norms for governing and the openness that free societies require.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Changes to these unwritten norms generated much screaming in the House last year.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 标准; 规范; 准则; （劳动）定额
分布：规范(67%)，标准(33%)
→来自拉丁语norma,木工的方尺，准则，可能来自希腊语gnome,裁决，判断的基准，来自gne,知道，了解，词源同know,gnome,notice.
规范,行为准则[norm=rule,norm,表示"规则,规范"]
n.准则,规范,准则,平均数
US [nɔ:rm] noun countable usually plural
■an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that most people agree with （行为）准则；规范
• Europe's varied cultural, political and ethical norms 欧洲形形色色的文化、政治和道德准则
• accepted social norms 被认可的社会准则
the norm
■a situation or type of behaviour that is expected and considered to be typical 常态，正常行为
• One child per family is fast becoming the norm in some countries. 每个家庭一个孩子在部分国家正迅速普遍起来。
n. 规范，基准； [经管] 定额，分配之工作量
 - criterion, quota

Word: detain
Front: detain
[dɪˈteɪn] (研六托雅宝 7558/6059 -2)
Vocabulary: detain
(once / 258 pages)
v
When you detain someone, you hold them back, slow them down, or stop them from moving on. If you are detained by the police, you may be late for the big football game, even if you were speeding to get there by the kickoff.
There are lots of words that contain the root tain, like contain and retain. These come from Latin tenere, which means "to hold." Detain is specifically used when you're talking about holding someone so they can't go anywhere. It's often used in discussions involving the police who detain people who they think might be guilty. But you can use detain, say, when you're explaining why you were late: "I was detained at the office by a conference call that wouldn't end. Sorry."
WORD FAMILY
detain: detained, detainee, detaining, detainment, detains, detention +/detainee: detainees/detainment: detainments/ detention: detentions
USAGE EXAMPLES
According to the BBC, none of the detained are thought to be the gunman.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
The driver abandoned the car and fled on foot; his female passenger was detained and questioned by authorities, and later released, Nicholson said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rohingya activists said that police retaliated by detaining all males older than 8 for two days.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 留住，阻住; 耽搁; 拘留，扣留
时态：detained, detaining, detains
分布：扣留(66%)，耽搁(18%)，拘押(8%)，延误(8%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-tain, 抓，握，词源同contain, tenure. 即扣下，扣押。
阻拦;拘留(de加强动作+tain→拿住,拿下→拘留)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
v.耽搁;扣押,拘留Having attained the entertaining center, the retained man was detained and sustained pain.到达娱乐中心后,聘请的男子遭到拘留并经受到痛苦.
【记】de下，tain拿，抓－拿下－拘留
【参】attainment（n 成就；达到）；retain（v 保留）
【反】manumit（vt 解放；释放）
verb transitive often passive
■to force someone officially to stay in a place 使留下；拘留，扣押
• A suspect has been detained by the police for further questioning. 一名嫌疑人已被员警拘留接受进一步审讯。
• Several of the injured were detained overnight in hospital. 伤者中有几个人被留院观察了一晚。
■to delay someone for a short length of time （短时间地）耽搁，拖延
• I'm sorry I'm late - I was unavoidably detained. 对不起我来晚了——没办法我被耽搁了一会儿。
detain sb at His/Her Majesty's pleasure UK legal
■to keep someone in prison for as long as the courts feel is necessary 无限期关押（某人）
vt. 拘留；留住；耽搁
 - hold, delay

Word: subscriber
Front: subscriber
[səbˈskraɪbə(r)] (7205/8110)
Back: n. 用户，订户; <英>（慈善机关等的）定期捐款者; 预约者; 签署者
分布：订户(77%)，签署者(17%)，捐献者(6%)
→subscribe,订购，订阅，-er,人。引申词义消费者，用户。参照电话忙音：“Sorry!The subscriber you dialed is busy now ,please redial later.”
订户;捐助人(sub+scrib+er)[scrib,script=write,表示"写"]
US [-bɚ] noun countable
■someone who subscribes to a product, service or organization 订购者，订阅人；用户；定期捐款者
• Cable television companies have launched major campaigns to increase their number of subscribers. 有线电视公司已开展大型促销活动，以增加用户数。
n. [贸易] 订户；签署者；捐献者
 - signee

Word: passport
Front: passport
[ˈpɑ:spɔ:t] (中高雅 6239/5283 -K2)
Vocabulary: passport
(once / 783 pages)
n
A passport is a government-issued document you need to travel between countries. Americans must have a passport to travel out of the US, even if they're just going to Canada for the weekend.
A passport is a small book that includes the name, nationality, and photograph of the person it belongs to. Its many pages are stamped each time you enter a new country. When you apply for a passport, you have to prove your identity and nationality, and have your picture taken. Colloquially, passport also means something that helps you get where you want to go: "This amusement part ticket is your passport to fun!"
WORD FAMILY
passport: passports
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last month, South Korean authorities said they would cancel Ms. Chung’s passport.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Albania awards diplomatic passports to its international football players.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The State Department invalidated Mr. Snowden’s passport while he was still in Hong Kong, not after he left for Moscow on June 23.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 护照，通行证; 手段
分布：护照(97%)，手段(3%)
→pass,通过，port,港口，关口。即通关凭证。
护照(pass+port港口→通过港口的凭证→护照)[pass=passthrough表示"通过"]
n.护照,达到某种目的的手段On the porter's passport a portion of the portrait isn't proportional.在搬运工的护照上,部分肖像不成比例.
US ['pæs.pɔ:rt] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an official document containing personal information and usually a photograph which allows a person to travel to foreign countries and to prove who they are 护照
• Many refugees have arrived at the border without passports. 许多难民到达边境时身上没有护照。
• He was a German, travelling on a Swiss passport. 他是个德国人，持瑞士护照旅行。
• passport control (= the examining of travellers' passports) 护照检查
• a passport photo 护照照片
a passport to sth
■a certain way of getting something you want 获取…的手段
• Many students opt for business studies simply because it sounds like a passport to a good job. 许多学生选择学商，只因它似乎是找到好工作的一种手段。
• Beauty alone can be a passport to success. 人们单凭美貌也可能获得成功。
n. [法] 护照，通行证；手段
 - protection, instrument, shift, road, tool

Word: disastrous
Front: disastrous
[dɪˈzɑ:strəs] (研六托 7241/5261 -2)
Vocabulary: disastrous
(once / 566 pages)
adj
Setting things on fire to see how fast they burn might seem like fun, but it can be disastrous. Something that's disastrous has terrible consequences.
Any action that can cause serious damage is potentially disastrous, like driving too fast on an icy road or climbing a tree during a thunderstorm. You can also use the word disastrous to talk about something that's merely unsuccessful. You could have a disastrous first date, or a disastrous attempt to house-train your puppy. Disastrous comes from the French désastreux, "ill-starred" or "unlucky."
WORD FAMILY
disastrous: disastrously+/ disaster: disasters, disastrous
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then there was the humiliation of “Glitter,” Carey’s disastrous 2001 foray into film stardom, which was lambasted by the critics and public alike.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In January 1961, President Eisenhower warned of the “unwarranted influence” and “potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power” by the “military-industrial complex.”
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
But it proved disastrous and led to Moore’s departure.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 灾难性的; 损失惨重的; 极坏的; 悲惨的
分布：灾难性的(99%)，极糟的(1%)
灾难的(dis+astr+ous)[astro,aster=star,表示"星星"]
a.灾难性的Careless drive often results in disastrous accidents.开车时粗心大意常造成严重事故.
US [-'zæs.trəs] adjective
 ADVANCED
■extremely bad or unsuccessful 极其糟糕的，灾难性的，极为失败的
• Such a war would be disastrous for the country. 这样一场战争会给国家带来灾难性的后果。
• This decision will have a disastrous impact on foreign policy. 这个决定将对外交政策产生极为不利的影响。
• His first attempt was disastrous. 他第一次尝试败得很惨。
unhappy, unfortunate, disastrous, unlucky
这组词都有“不幸的”的意思，其区别是：
unhappy: 多用于表示心理状态，指由于不满意或遇到一般性倒霉事而感到不愉快。
unfortunate: 语气较强，多指因命运不佳，意外不幸或事业失败、生活处于困境等而感到不幸。
disastrous: 着重不可避免和后果严重。
unlucky: 指因缺少或一时无机遇，虽作了努力，但事不从心，感到失意。
adj. 灾难性的；损失惨重的；悲伤的
 - sinister, sorrowful

Word: photo
Front: photo
[ˈfəʊtəʊ] (中 1328/3394 -5)
Back: n. 照片，相片
vt. & vi. （给…）拍照
分布：照片(96%)，拍照(4%)
→缩写自photograph.
n.(photograph)照片Would you like to see my holiday photos?你要不要看看我在假日拍的照片?
US ['foʊ.tˌoʊ] (plural photos) informal
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a photograph 照片，相片
• She took a lot of photos of the kids. 她拍了很多孩子的照片。
• holiday/wedding photos 假期／婚礼照片
picture, photo, drawing
picture: 可指相片,图片,电影片,
photo: 用照相机拍摄的照片,
drawing: 画的画 Let's go and see a good picture.
n. 照片
 - picture, pix

Word: canal
Front: canal
[kəˈnæl] (高研四六托雅 5394/2963 -2)
Vocabulary: canal
(once / 236 pages)
1nv 2n
A canal is a long, man-made strip of water used for irrigation or boat access to a bigger body of water, like the famous Erie Canal, which connects the Hudson River to Lake Erie.
Canal is related to the word channel, and all its different shades of meaning have to do with tunnel shaped spaces that carry liquid from one place to another. Besides man-made irrigation canals, canals that connect boat docks to rivers and oceans, or street-like canals in boat cities like Amsterdam, there are canals in your body, like your nasal canal, or the birth canal you came out of. It's also a verb meaning "to dig a canal."
WORD FAMILY
canal: canalise, canalize, canalled, canalling, canals+/canalise: canalisation, canalised, canalises, canalising/canalize: canalization, canalized, canalizes, canalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
And township residents, in a brilliant deal with Port Huron over the Black River Canal, got resident passes to Lakeside Park.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But our lovely fourth-floor “Cosy” room — the middle price class — was serene with two tall windows overlooking the peaceful canal.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The New Year’s Day event encourages people to hike and bike the canal’s nearly 185-mile towpath along the Potomac River.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 运河，沟渠; 管道; 气管; 食道
vt. 建运河; 疏导
时态：canalled, canalling, canals
分布：运河(89%)，沟渠(4%)，建运河(2%)，疏导(2%)，气管(2%)，食管(1%)
→词源同cane, 芦苇。引申义笔直的人工河。
n.运河;(沟)渠In the canal, the Canadian analyzed the bananas.在运河里,那个加拿大人化验了香蕉.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a long thin stretch of water which is artificially made either for boats to travel along or for taking water from one area to another 运河；渠
• The Panama Canal provides a crucial shipping link between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. 巴拿马运河是连接大西洋和太平洋至关重要的航道。
⇒ See also alimentary canal
n. [水运] 运河； [地理] 水道； [建] 管道；灌溉水渠
 - pipeline, klong

Word: bounce
Front: bounce
[baʊns] (高研四六托雅 3792/4778 -2)
Vocabulary: bounce
(once / 604 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
Bounce is a word for an up and down movement or recovery — like a ball's bounce on the pavement or the stock market's rise after a crash.
Bounce can be a noun or a verb. A basketball player bounces a ball on the floor and it springs back into her hand. Trampolines have a lot of bounce in them; that's why they are fun to jump on. Good dance music makes you want to bounce up and down. The phrase “bounce back” describes how you might recover after a bad situation. Did you slip and suffer a painful bounce on the floor? Some hot chocolate will help you "bounce back."
WORD FAMILY
bounce: bounced, bouncer, bounces, bouncing, bouncy+/bouncer: bouncers/bouncing: bouncingest, bouncingly, bouncings/bouncy: bouncier, bounciest, bouncily, bounciness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In central Mexico’s Mezquital Valley, new pick-up trucks bounce along unpaved roads and U.S.-style houses are springing up alongside cornfields.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The sounds of soft, expert cork pops bounce percussively off every wall.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I really believe in pedicures because I bounce around on cement floors for hours a week.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 跳，反弹; 急促地动; 拒付，退票
vt. 弹跳; 使弹起; （使）上下晃动
n. 弹跳; 弹性; 活力
时态：bounced, bouncing, bounces
分布：弹跳(36%)，弹起(19%)，活力(13%)，弹力(12%)，使弹起(8%)，解雇(5%)，退票(3%)，驱逐(3%)，重新恢复(1%)
→拟声词。
n./vi.(球)弹起,弹回;弹起,跳起;n.弹力The counselor bounced up to denounce discount.顾问上升蹦跳指责折扣.
verb
JUMP 跳
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) move up or away after hitting a surface （使）弹起，（使）反弹；反射；跳跃
• The ball bounced off the post and into the net. 球击中门柱弹进了球网。
• She bounced the ball quickly. 她快速地拍球。
• Her bag bounced (= moved up and down) against her side as she walked. 她走起路来身旁的袋子一颠一颠的。
• The children had broken the bed by bouncing (= jumping up and down) on it. 孩子们老在床上蹦，把床蹦坏了。
• He bounced the baby (= lifted it up and down) on his knee. 他把婴儿放在膝上颠着玩。
• figurative Television pictures from all over the world are bounced off satellites (= are sent to and returned from). 世界各地的电视画面都透过卫星转播。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move in an energetic and enthusiastic manner （人）蹦蹦跳跳
• Tom bounced in , smiling broadly. 汤姆蹦蹦跳跳地进来了，脸上笑开了花。
[baʊnts] verb
NOT PAY 拒付
intransitive or transitive informal
■to (cause a cheque to) not be paid or accepted by a bank because there is no money in the account （因帐上存款不敷）（使支票）拒付，退回
• I had to pay a penalty fee when my cheque bounced. 由于支票被银行拒付，我得付一笔罚款。
• To my horror the bank bounced the cheque. 令我震惊的是，银行拒付了支票。
[baʊnts] verb
EMAIL 电子邮件
intransitive or transitive
■If an email that you send bounces or is bounced, it comes back to you because the address is wrong or there is a computer problem. （电子邮件）被退回，发送（电子邮件）失败
[baʊnts] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bounce back
■to start to be successful again after a difficult period, for example after experiencing failure, loss of confidence, illness or unhappiness 恢复；恢复元气；重振旗鼓
• Stock prices bounced back after a steep plunge earlier this week. 股票价格在本周较早时急剧下跌后又回弹了。
• Children often seem to bounce back from illness more quickly than adults do. 孩子通常比成人病后恢复得更快。
[baʊnts] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bounce sb into sth UK
■to force somebody to do something that they do not want to do, usually relating to politics （通常指在政治上）逼（某人）（做不愿做的事）
• [+ -ing verb] The opposition hopes to bounce the Prime Minister into calling an early election. 反对党希望迫使首相提前举行大选。
[baʊnts] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bounce sth off sb
■If you bounce something off someone, you tell someone about an idea or plan in order to find out what they think of it 试探（某人）对（某事）的看法
• Can I bounce a couple of ideas off you? 我可以跟你交流几个想法吗？
[baʊnts] noun countable or uncountable
■when something bounces, or the quality that makes something able to bounce 弹，反弹；弹力，弹性
• In tennis you must hit the ball before its second bounce. 打网球时必须在球第二次落地之前出手击打。
• figurative This shampoo will give your hair bounce (= make it look attractively thick) and shine. 这种洗发精会使头发富有弹性和光泽。
[baʊnts] noun countable or uncountable
on the bounce informal
■one after another with nothing else between 接连，连续
• The team has had five wins on the bounce. 这支队伍已获得了五连胜。
n. 跳；弹力；活力
 - energy, vitality, spring, elasticity, vigor
vi. 弹跳；弹起，反跳；弹回
 - rebound, resile

Word: wield
Front: wield
[wi:ld] (六托雅宝 7460/8514 -1)
Vocabulary: wield
(once / 798 pages)
v
If you wield a tool or a weapon, you handle it effectively. Picture a gallant knight wielding a sword or a skillful chef wielding a whisk.
You don't just have to wield something physical; you can also wield or exert influence or authority. Wield is frequently followed by the word power. If you were a king, you could wield great power in your kingdom — exerting your influence over everything from food rations to castle upkeep. As it is, though, you might just wield power over your pet goldfish. Note: wield follows the i before e, except after c spelling rule.
WORD FAMILY
wield: wielded, wielding, wields
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the past, the presidents’ siblings and sons, while holding no official titles, often wielded enormous power as “junior presidents.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But dad still wields enormous influence over his sons.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The statement calls on all sides wielding influence on the warring parties to provide the necessary support to halt hostilities.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 使用（武器、工具等）; 运用（权力），施加（影响）; 行使; 支配
时态：wielded, wielding, wields
分布：行使(52%)，挥舞(48%)
→来自wal,强健，支配，统治，词源同value,valiant.
【记】unwieldy（adj 笨拙的），un不，wield使用，y：不会使用的
verb transitive
■to hold a weapon or tool and look as if you are going to use it 挥舞，握，抓着（武器或工具）
• She was confronted by a man wielding a knife. 她被一名持刀男子威胁。
wield influence/power, etc.
■to have a lot of influence or power over other people 施加影响／运用权力等
• He still wields enormous influence within the party. 他在党内仍然很有影响力。
vt. 使用；行使；挥舞
 - make use of, fashion, employ, exercise

Word: aide
Front: aide
[eɪd] (3035/9020 -2)
Vocabulary: aide
(once / 853 pages)
n
Remember that aide with an "e" at the end is a noun. It refers to a person who helps or acts as an assistant, such as a nurse's aide or a presidential aide.
The noun aide is actually a shortened form of the 17th century French phrase, aide-de-camp, which meant "camp assistant" and was the title given to the secretary of a high-ranking military officer. It was used extensively throughout the Revolutionary War, and the shortened form is considered an Americanism. Today, we apply the word aide to anyone who serves as an advisor or as an assistant.
WORD FAMILY
aide
USAGE EXAMPLES
The aide, Martin Nejedly, stayed on as economic adviser to the Czech president, Milos Zeman, and vice chairman of his party.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The meeting will include both House and Senate Democrats, a senior Democratic aide confirmed.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Clinton aide John Podesta’s emails were also stolen and released publicly in the final weeks of the campaign.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 助手; 副官; 侍从武官
分布：助手(83%)，副官(14%)，侍从武官(3%)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person whose job is to help someone important, such as a member of a government or a military officer of high rank （政府或军队高官等的）助理，助手
• a senior government aide 政府高级助理
• an aide to the Prime Minister 首相助理
n. 助手；副官；侍从武官
 - friend, assistant, aid, mate, helper

Word: conservation
Front: conservation
[ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 2820/3076 -2)
Vocabulary: conservation
(once / 1009 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Conservation is when you keep something from running out — whether it's plants, animals, or resources. Your new conservation project, "Save the Pigeons," might not catch on as quickly as you'd hoped.
Conservation is closely related to preservation. Both are positive words that give an impression of care and attention. Your habit of never leaving the couch might sound more impressive if you refer to it as "energy conservation."
WORD FAMILY
conservation: conservationist, conservations, conservativist+/conservationist: conservationists/ conserve: conservancy, conservation, conserved, conserves, conserving
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Qarau hopes that his conservation work will create a sustainable harvest, enabling Fijians to eat turtles again.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Goldmark also last month approved expanding nearby Devil’s Lake Conservation Area from 80 acres to 495 acres.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We need political will, and the call to readers should be to support conservation action.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 保存; 保护; 避免浪费; 对自然环境的保护
分布：保护(56%)，守恒(26%)，节约(10%)，保存(8%)
保存;保持(conserve+ation)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
n.保存,保护,保守;守恒,不灭There is a need for the conservation of trees.有必要保护树木.
【记】con全部，serve（服务，保存）－全部保存－保存
【参】preservative（n 防腐剂）；reservation（n 保留，预定）
US [ˌkɑ:nt.sɚ-] noun uncountable
■the protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important structures and buildings, especially from the damaging effects of human activity （对动植物、自然地区、历史建筑等的）保育
• wildlife conservation 野生生物保育
• a conservation area 保育区
■carefully using valuable natural substances that exist in limited amounts in order to make certain that they will be available for as long a time as possible （对自然资源等的）保护，保存，节约
• the conservation of coal/gas/oil reserves 煤炭／天然气／石油储量的保护
• Energy conservation reduces your fuel bills and helps the environment. 节省能源能减少你的燃油费，而且还有利于环境。
n. 保存，保持；保护
 - preservation, protection, maintenance, lee, safeguard

Word: coin
Front: coin
[kɔɪn] (中高研四六托雅 4376/2964 -K1)
Vocabulary: coin
(once / 234 pages)
1n 2v
If you coin a phrase, that means you come up with a new way to say something, like the person who coined "webizens" to describe people who constantly use the Internet.
The verb coin literally refers to making coins, the change you probably have in your pocket. The word can be used in a broader sense — creating something new, usually something related to language. For example, you could coin a phrase or a new word for “joke.” The language authorities would be proud — unlike federal authorities if you tried to coin money. That kind of coining is a criminal offense.
WORD FAMILY
coin: coinage, coined, coiner, coining, coins+/coinage: coinages/coiner: coiners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Christian Weiss, who supervises the coin and bank-note collection at the Swiss National Museum, said the Swiss favor cash even when traveling abroad.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Washington won the coin toss and chose to receive the opening kick.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The round £1 will be legal tender alongside the new, more-secure coin until October 15.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 硬币; 金属钱币; [建筑]拐角，墙角石
vt. 制造硬币; 杜撰; 创造
时态：coined, coining, coins
分布：硬币(87%)，硬币的(11%)，金钱(1%)，投币的(1%)
→词源同cone, cuneiform(楔形). 来自ak, 尖，刺，见acid, acumen. 最早指铸造货币的楔形模子，后指铸造的硬币及创造义。
n.硬币,货币v.铸造(硬币),创造(新词)I pointed out the joint on the coin at the disappointing appointment.在令人失望的约会上,我指出了硬币上的接头.
noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a small round piece of metal, usually silver or copper coloured, which is used as money 硬币；金属货币
• a 10p/ten pence coin 面值十便士的硬币
• a pound coin 面值一英镑的硬币
• a ten-cent coin 面值十分的硬币
• gold coins 金币
• I asked for ten pounds in 20p coins. 我要10英镑面值为20便士的硬币。
• That machine doesn't take 50p coins. 那台机器不收50便士的硬币。
uncountable
■money in the form of metal coins （统称）硬币
[kɔɪn] verb
INVENT 发明
transitive
■to invent a new word or expression, or to use one in a particular way for the first time 创造，杜撰（新词或新的表达方式）；首次使用（某一词语）
• Allen Ginsberg coined the term "flower power". 艾伦•金斯堡创造了 flower power（权力归花）这个说法。
[kɔɪn] verb
MONEY 钱
coining it (in) UK informal
■to be earning a lot of money quickly 轻易地赚大钱，发大财，暴富
[kɔɪn] verb
to coin a phrase humorous
■something you say before using an expression that has been very popular or used too much 套用一句流行的话；常言道；俗话说
• I was, to coin a phrase, gobsmacked! 套用一句老话，我简直目瞪口呆！
coin, cash, money, currency
这组词都有“(金)钱”的意思，其区别是：
coin: 指铸造的硬币。
cash: 特指立即可以兑现的现金或现款。
money: 钱的通称，可以是硬币可以是纸币，也可指用作货币的其它物品。
currency: 指在流通中的货币，是全部流通中通货的总称，也可指纸币。
vt. 铸造（货币）；杜撰，创造
 - invent, to create
n. 硬币，钱币
 - piece, specie

Word: steep
Front: steep
[sti:p] (高研四六托雅宝 3973/3793 -K2)
Vocabulary: steep
(once / 197 pages)
1adjn 2v
Steep means sharply angled. When hiking trails lead straight up mountainsides, they've got a steep incline. Steep also means "to soak in," as in steeping a tea bag in boiling water.
You often hear steep used as an adjective to describe cliffs, hills, or even water park slides that have a perilous slope. Steep can apply to curves on a chart––you might say when someone who has a lot to learn that their learning curve is going to be steep. Steep also comes up to describe exorbitant changes in costs or spending. Everyone would love to travel more, but sometimes plane fare is too steep.
WORD FAMILY
steep: steeped, steeper, steepest, steeping, steepish, steeply, steepness, steeps+/steepness: steepnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The climb to the top appears as steep as ever.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Baldwin Street in the city of Dunedin on New Zealand's South Island is officially the world's steepest residential road.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
State highway officials say the department plans to place new signs in the area warning of the steep hills.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 陡峭的，险峻的; 过分的，夸张的; 极高的; 急剧升降的
vt. 浸泡; 使渗透或沉溺; 使浸透
vi. 在液体中浸泡
n. 泡的行为或过程; 被浸泡的状态; 浸泡液
时态：steeped, steeping, steeps
→来自古英语 steap,高耸的，深的，突出的，来自 Proto-Germanic*staupaz,高的，深的，来自 steup,扩大形式自 steu,推，击，打，刺，词源同 stoop,study,type.引申词义陡峭的，急剧 的等。
a.陡峭的;险峻的;急剧升降的vt.浸泡,沉浸After a deep sleep, the weeping sweeper keeps on peeping the sheep on the steep.酣睡之后,哭泣的清扫者继续窥视峭壁上的羊.
【记】从steep的悬崖上跳到下面的深谭中就steep了。
【参】steeple（n 尖塔）
【反】parch（v 烘干）
adjective
NOT GRADUAL 不平缓的
 IMPROVER
■(of a slope) rising or falling at a sharp angle （斜坡）陡的，陡峭的
• a steep slope 陡坡
• It's a steep climb to the top of the mountain, but the view is worth it. 爬上山顶的路非常陡，不过风景非常好，值得一爬。
• The castle is set on a steep hill/hillside. 城堡坐落在陡峭的山／山坡上。
 IMPROVER
■A steep rise or fall is one which goes very quickly from low to high or from high to low （上升或下降）急剧的，大起大落的
• There has been a steep increase/rise in prices. 物价飞涨。
[sti:p] adjective
TOO MUCH 太多 informal
■(especially of prices) too much, or more than is reasonable （尤指价格）过高的，高得离谱的
• They are having to face very steep taxes. 他们得面对非常高的税金。
• We enjoyed our meal at the restaurant, but the bill was a bit steep. 我们喜欢这家餐厅的东西，但价格高得有点离谱了。
• The membership fees at the golf club are pretty steep. 高尔夫球俱乐部的会费相当高。
[sti:p] verb intransitive or transitive
■to cause to stay in a liquid, especially in order to become soft or clean, or to improve flavour （尤指为软化、清洁或入味儿）浸，浸泡
• Leave the cloth to steep in the dye overnight. 把布放进染料里浸一夜。
• We had pears steeped in red wine for dessert. 我们的餐后甜品是红酒浸梨。
[sti:p] verb intransitive or transitive
steeped in blood literary
■describes a place where many people have died in a violent way, or a person responsible for the deaths of many people （地方）浸满鲜血的；（人）双手沾满鲜血的
• The castle's history is steeped in blood. 这个城堡的历史浸满鲜血。
[sti:p] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] steep sth/sb in sth
■If something or someone is steeped in something, they are completely surrounded by or involved in it, or they know a lot about it 使沉浸于；使深深浸入；使精通
• The college is steeped in history/tradition. 这所学院有着浓厚的历史／传统气息。
• These ancient scholars were steeped in poetry and painting, as well as maths and astronomy. 这些古代学者精通诗歌和绘画，同时对数学和天文学也深有研究。
steep, abrupt, sheer
这些形容词均含“陡峭的，险峻的”之意。
steep: 指坡度向上逐渐增加的斜陡坡，强调险峻，暗示难于攀登。
abrupt: 着重指地形突然起伏，形成尖角状。
sheer: 指自始至终近于垂直的陡峭，不仅仅很难爬上去，甚至于不可能攀登。
adj. 陡峭的；不合理的；夸大的；急剧升降的
 - tall, unreasonable
vt. 泡；浸；使…充满
 - dip, dunk
n. 峭壁；浸渍
 - crag, krantz

Word: backer
Front: backer
[ˈbækə(r)] (9207/12387 -1)
Back: n. 支持者，赞助者; （打字机的）垫纸; （赛马等的）赌客
分布：衬料(50%)，援助者(50%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
■someone who gives financial support to something 资助人，赞助人
• We need financial backers for the project. 我们需要有人资助这项工程。
n. 支持者；赞助人；援助者
 - advocate, supporter

Word: payroll
Front: payroll
[ˈpeɪrəʊl] (5345/10169 -1)
Vocabulary: payroll
(once / 1616 pages)
n
A company's payroll is a complete list of everyone who works there and how much money they make. The small coffee shop where you work might have just four employees on its payroll.
Any business or organization with a paid staff has a payroll. A school's payroll might include the principal, teachers, office workers, school nurse, and maintenance workers, for example. You can also use the term payroll for the entire amount of money that a company pays its workers over the course of a year, or for the department that calculates these salaries and hands out paychecks.
WORD FAMILY
payroll: payrolls
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s supposed to handle everything from student enrollment and scheduling to financial aid, staff payroll and the financial books — and let colleges easily share data.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The 2010 law, the budget office noted, increased the payroll tax rate for many high-income taxpayers and imposed a surtax on their net investment income.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The benefit, which will be phased in beginning in 2018, will be funded by worker payroll contributions.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 工资名单; 工资总支出，工薪总额
分布：工资单(95%)，工薪总额(5%)
US [-roʊl] noun
countable
■a list of the people employed by a company showing how much each one earns （公司员工的）在职人员工资表，工资名单
• a payroll tax 薪水税，工资税
• McDermot Software is growing fast, adding another 100 employees to its payroll over the last year. 麦狄蒙软体公司发展迅速，在职员工在去年内又增加了100人。
countable usually singular
■the total amount of money paid to the people employed by a particular company （公司的）工资发放总额
• With debts of $4 million and a monthly payroll of $1.2 million, the venture is clearly heading for trouble. 该企业欠债400万美元，每月又须支付120万美元工资，无疑它将陷入困境。
n. [劳经] 工资单
 - payslip

Word: commentator
Front: commentator
[ˈkɒmənteɪtə(r)] (托 5355/4631 -3)
Vocabulary: commentator
(once / 1095 pages)
n
A person who analyzes and discusses topics in politics and sports is called a commentator. If you want to hear opinions on the news rather than the news itself, listen to commentators.
A reporter delivers the news and a commentator analyzes it, sometimes within the same news program. If you're a top sports commentator, you may become an even bigger household name than the players you are discussing, and you may pull in just as much money too. Political commentators, who often offer more opinion rather than analysis, are also sometimes called pundits or talking heads.
WORD FAMILY
commentator: commentators+/ comment: commentary, commentate, commented, commenting, comments/ commentary: commentaries/commentate: commentated, commentates, commentating, commentator
USAGE EXAMPLES
"It's a great moment for Test cricket," said commentator Bill Lawry on Australia's Nine Network.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The stage was set for what one prominent commentator called “the end of history.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
He still attended games, and bragged about the school on the NFL Network, where he is a color commentator.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （电台的）时事评论员，实况广播报导员; 注解者，注释者; 评论员，解说员; 主持[解释]宗教仪式的非教士
分布：评论员(90%)，解说员(7%)，注释者(3%)
US ['kɑ:.mən.teɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
■a reporter for radio or television who provides a spoken description of and remarks on an event, especially a sports competition, as it happens （广播或电视的）解说员，评论员
• a radio commentator 电台解说员
• a sports/football commentator. 体育节目／足球评述员
n. 评论员，解说员；实况播音员；时事评论者
 - news analyst, narrator

Word: devastate
Front: devastate
[ˈdevəsteɪt] (托雅宝 6414/7732 -1)
Vocabulary: devastate
(once / 572 pages)
v
If a storm devastates your town, it comes pretty close to destroying it. To devastate is to cause destruction to or overwhelm.
Really bad news can devastate a person, or leave them devastated. They are so upset, they feel crushed. A basketball team can devastate an opponent by running roughshod over their defense. The root of the word is the Latin vastare which means to lay waste, which comes from vastus meaning desolate or empty. Imagine a city laid waste after a major earthquake and you've got the picture!
WORD FAMILY
devastate: devastated, devastates, devastating, devastation +/ devastating: devastatingly/ devastation: devastations
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We’re putting Vaseline on these babies to potentially prevent a very devastating disease.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The running back’s early punishment sets up devastating play-action passes later.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“A right-wing demagogue in charge of the world’s most influential repository of democratic values,” wrote Financial Times columnist Martin Wolf, “is a devastating fact.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 破坏; 毁灭; 蹂躏; 使荒废
时态：devastated, devastating, devastates
分布：毁坏(57%)，使荒芜(29%)，使震惊(14%)
→de-, 强调，整个的。vast, 广阔的。即整个摧毁。
【记】de坏，vast（adj 辽阔的；大量的；巨额的）－大量弄坏－破坏
【参】devastating（adj 破坏性的）
verb transitive
DESTROY 摧毁
■to destroy a place or thing completely or cause great damage 摧毁，毁灭，捣毁
['dev.ə.steɪt] verb transitive
UPSET 烦乱
■to make someone feel very shocked and upset 使极为震惊；使极为烦乱
vt. 毁灭；毁坏
 - destroy, damage

Word: defy
Front: defy
[dɪˈfaɪ] (研六托雅宝 5583/5975 -2)
Vocabulary: defy
(once / 164 pages)
v
To defy is to openly refuse to do something. You can defy the no-costumes-in-class rule if you wear your fairy wings to school, but just don’t try to defy the laws of gravity unless you can actually fly.
If you deliberately break a rule or ignore an order, you defy, or resist, that rule. The word defy comes from the Latin word disfidare for "renounce one's faith." So if you're expected to be faithful to a certain law or rule but you refuse to be, you defy it. There are different ways to defy — defy your parents by staying out past curfew, or defy common sense by walking in with shoes on your head.
WORD FAMILY
defy: defiant, defied, defies, defying+/ defiance: defiances/ defiant: defiance, defiantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a ubiquitous, cross-border commons, it often defies notions of state sovereignty.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The wolf hunt issue is just one example of a larger trend in which elected officials defy the will of the people who elected them.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They suspect that Trump, despite his self-evident indiscipline, may prove to be a popular and consequential President, defying his critics—many of them conservative.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 不服从; 公然反抗; 蔑视; 向…挑战
n. 挑战; 对抗
时态：defied, defying, defies
分布：反抗(42%)，藐视(40%)，挑衅(18%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-fy, 同-fid, 相信，词源同faith, confident. 即不再相信，引申义违抗。
v.(公然)违抗,反抗;蔑视Time is finite and infinite. I defy the indefinite definition.时间既是有限的又是无限的.我公然对抗这个模糊的定义.
【反】acquiesce（vi 默许；勉强同意）；obey（v 服从；顺从）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to refuse to obey a person, decision, law, situation, etc. 对抗；违抗；反抗
• children openly defying their teachers 公然与老师作对的孩子们
• A few workers have defied the majority decision and gone into work despite the strike. 几个工人不顾大多数人的罢工决定自己去上班了。
• The fact that aircraft don't fall out of the sky always seems to me to defy (= act against) the law of gravity. 我总认为飞机没有从天上掉下来，是不符合万有引力定律的。
• A forest fire raging in the south of France is defying (= is not changed by) all attempts to control it. 尽管采取了各种措施，法国南部的一场森林大火依然在肆虐。
defy belief/description/explanation
■to be extreme or very strange and therefore impossible to believe, describe or explain （因过于极端或奇特而）让人无法相信／描述／解释
• The chaos at the airport defies description. 机场里乱得一塌糊涂。
defy sb to do sth
■to tell someone to do something that you think will be impossible （用于向某人挑战）（某人）做出来看看，（某人）做一个试试
• I defy you to prove your accusations. 我倒要看看你能不能拿出证据来证实你的指控。
• I defy you to tell where I've painted over the scratch on my car. 你倒是给我指出来车的哪个地方因为有划痕而补过漆。
withstand, defy, resist, oppose
这组词都有“反抗，抵抗”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 较正式用词，指坚强地抵抗攻击或压力，有时也指抗住影响或吸引力。
defy: 指公开地、勇敢地反对或抵抗，有时含公然挑衅之意。
resist: 指积极地反抗一种攻击或暴力，或诱惑。
oppose: 普通用词，可表不同程度的抵抗。
vt. 藐视；公然反抗；挑衅；使落空
 - spurn at, sneeze at
n. 挑战；对抗
 - challenge, dare, war, confrontation

Word: valuation
Front: valuation
[ˌvæljuˈeɪʃn] (雅 10834/4633 -1)
Back: n. 估价; 估定的价格或价值; 定价; 评价
分布：估价(68%)，评价(32%)
noun countable or uncountable
■the act of deciding how much money something might be sold for or the amount of money decided on 估价；估定的价值
• You can receive a home loan of up to 95% of the official valuation of the property. 你可以获得高达该房产官方估价95%的购房贷款。
n. 评价， [经管] 估价；计算
 - appraisal, evaluation, assessment, calculation, computation

Word: assure
Front: assure
[əˈʃʊə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2571/2640 -K2)
Vocabulary: assure
(once / 48 pages)
v
If you assure your boss that you’ll finish your project by Tuesday, you are make a promise or commitment to have it done by Tuesday.
The verbs insure and ensure look and sound like assure but they aren't synonyms. There is some overlap in meaning — all of them can mean “to make secure or certain” — but assure is generally used in situations when you are referring to a person: “I assure you that I haven’t forgotten about driving you to the airport” or “He called his mother to assure her that everything will be fine.”
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
assure / ensure / insure
Although these three often show up at the same party, giving hugs, they're not the same, thank you very much. To assure is to tell someone everything's ok, to ensure is to make certain, and to insure is to protect financially. Have it straight now? Are you sure?
To assure is to remove doubt, or confidently tell someone about something. It's generally followed by an object, so you assure someone. You can also tell someone to rest assured when you know everything's under control:
"Rest assured that Brazil will have a great World Cup in 2014," Rebelo said. (Washington Post)
I assure you I meant no harm. (V for Vendetta)
He considered retirement before doctors assured him he could still fight. (Newsweek)
Ensure, on the other hand, means to make certain a thing will (or won't) happen:
Aides said the leaders conferred by telephone to ensure that their speeches, while different in tone, would not be incompatible. (Reuters)
Roast Brussels sprout mixture on sheet pan for 12 to 15 minutes, shaking pan about halfway through to ensure even cooking. (New York Times)
The "feed kids first" policy is designed to ensure that parents can eat in peace. (New York Times)
Finally, use insure when you need insurance. To insure is to arrange for financial compensation against the loss of something or against someone getting hurt or dying. You might insure your health, your Cadillac, your beachside condo, or your stocks and bonds:
Very well then, listen: You know our house was insured for a good deal of money — fifteen thousand dollars. (Gabrielle Emile)
Euro-area finance chiefs meeting tonight also will discuss using the European Financial Stability Facility to insure bonds of troubled governments. (Business Week)
Remarkably, younger and healthier individuals in other industrialized countries have long accepted the mandate to be insured in return for community-rated premiums and guaranteed issue. (New York Times)
Sometimes people say ensure or insure when they really mean assure, to remove doubt. Bryan Garner points out in Garner's Modern American Usage that the usage has become "ubiquitous." Harrumph! We assure you that there is a difference, and by reading this you've ensured that you know your homonyms, but alas we can't insure you. It's just not that kind of party.
WORD FAMILY
assure: assurance, assured, assures, assuring, reassure +/ assurance: assurances, self-assurance/ assured: assuredest, assuredly, assuredness, self-assured, unassured/ assuring: assuringly/reassurance: reassurances/ reassure: reassurance, reassured, reassures, reassuring / reassured: reassuredly/ reassuring: reassuringly, unreassuring/unreassuring: unreassuringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Negotiators eventually won the release of the hostages by assuring the inmates that they would not be harmed or transferred to other prisons.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The captured sailors are released, but only after Secretary of State John Kerry assures the Iranian government that he will not deploy James Taylor.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
She also remembers a time when Dominic called her while she was on campus to assure her that she would ace another exam.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 向…保证; 使…确信; <英>给…保险
时态：assured, assuring, assures
分布：确保(78%)，使确信(12%)，使放心(10%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. sure, 确信。
肯定;确信(as+sure确定→一不再确定→肯定)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
保证;确信(as→再+sure→一再肯定→确信)[sur=sure表示"肯定"]
vt.使确信,使放心(of);向...保证I assure the injured jury that a sure insurance is ensured.我让受伤的陪审团确信一笔有把握的保险得到的确保.
【记】as一再，sure肯定－一再肯定－确信
US [-'ʃʊr] verb transitive
SAY WITH CERTAINTY 肯定地说
 ADVANCED
■to tell someone confidently that something is true, especially so that they do not worry （尤指为消除其忧虑而）确定地对…说，向…保证，使确信；让…放心
• The unions assured the new owners of the workers' loyalty to the company. 工会向新企业主保证，工人们对公司是忠诚的。
• [+ speech] "Don't worry, your car will be ready tomorrow, " the mechanic assured him. “别担心，你的车明天就可以修好。”修理工向他保证。
• [+ (that)] She assured him (that) the car would be ready the next day. 她向他保证说他的车第二天就能修好。
• The Prime Minister assured the electorate (that) taxes would not be increased after the election. 首相向选民保证选举后不会增税。
• You can rest assured (= feel confident) that I shall be there as promised. 你放心，我答应了就一定会到的。
UK [ə'ʃɔ:r] US [-'ʃʊr] verb transitive
MAKE CERTAIN 使确定
 ADVANCED
■to cause something to be certain 确保；保障；使确定
• The play's popularity has been assured by the critics' rave reviews. 评论家们的赞赏，确保了这套戏剧会走红。
UK [ə'ʃɔ:r] US [-'ʃʊr] verb transitive
PROTECT 保护 UK (of an organization) to promise to pay a sum of money to a person or their family if they become ill, get injured, or die, in return for small regular payments 给…保险
insure, promise, pledge, guarantee, assure, ensure
这组词都有“保证”的意思，其区别是：
insure: 常与ensure换用，但前者多指经济方面的保证、保险。
promise: 侧重表自己的主观意向，设法用语言使人感到稳当可靠。
pledge: 正式用词，指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。
guarantee: 指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。
assure: 侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感，但不如ensure普通。
ensure: 侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果。
vt. 保证；担保；使确信；弄清楚
 - undertake, swear for

Word: anxious
Front: anxious
[ˈæŋkʃəs] (高研四六托 3827/2630 -K3)
Vocabulary: anxious
(once / 69 pages)
1adj 2adj
When you are anxious, you are very concerned or worried, but it can also refer to when you are quite interested in something. You might be anxious to improve your performance in math class after falling asleep during a big test.
The word anxious has generally been used to describe when someone is very concerned about something. In medical terms, to be anxious means feeling uneasy and worried but not always with a specific focus. On the other hand, being anxious can also mean that you are very eager. One meaning is negative and the other is positive!
WORD FAMILY
anxious: anxiously, anxiousness, overanxious
USAGE EXAMPLES
She seemed anxious about our interaction, and it was infectious.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The government was so anxious to unload, it protected Mr. Mnuchin and his group from almost all losses over 30% on many mortgages.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
But Mr. Ilves also played down the idea that the Baltic countries were anxious.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 焦急的; 渴望的; 令人焦虑的; 流露出忧虑的
分布：忧虑的(59%)，渴望的(41%)
→来自anger古义，焦急。字母g, x 音变。
焦虑的[angu,anx=distress(苦恼)]
a.焦虑的,担心的;急于(得到的),渴望的The anxious man is unconscious of my anxiety.那个不安的人没有觉察到我的忧虑.
adjective
WORRIED 忧虑
 IMPROVER
■worried and nervous 焦虑的，不安的，担心的
• My mother always gets a bit anxious if we don't arrive when we say we will. 如果我们说好回家却没有回去，我母亲总会有些担心。
• I saw my sister's anxious face at the window. 我看到了视窗姐姐那张忧心忡忡的脸。
• The drought has made farmers anxious about the harvest. 这场旱灾使农民因担心收成而焦虑不安。
['æŋk.ʃəs] adjective
EAGER 渴望
 ADVANCED
■eager to do something 渴望做某事
• Developing countries which are anxious for hard currency can rarely afford to protect the environment. 急于获得强势货币的发展中国家很难顾及环保问题。
• [+ to infinitive] I'm anxious to get home to open my presents. 我恨不得马上到家去打开礼物。
• [+ that] I'm anxious that we get there on time because I don't think there'll be many seats left. 我真希望我们能准时赶到那里，因为我觉得到时候就没有太多空座了。
anxious, keen, eager
这组词都有“急切的，渴望的”的意思，其区别是：
anxious: 强调因忧虑、关注或害怕而产生的急切心情。
keen: 强调因兴趣强烈或欲望而急于做某事。
eager: 侧重于急于成功的迫切心情。
adj. 焦虑的；担忧的；渴望的；急切的
 - eager, hungry, desired, sick, keen

Word: beneath
Front: beneath
[bɪˈni:θ] (高研四托 1977/1890 -K3)
Vocabulary: beneath
(once / 70 pages)
adv
Things that are under something else are beneath it. A star gazer is beneath the night sky, and tropical fish swim beneath the surface of the water.
When one apple hangs lower on a tree than another, the first apple is beneath the second. You can also use the adjective beneath in a figurative way, to describe something that ranks lower or has a low worth or status: "He didn't want to play soccer at all, because he thought the Junior Varsity team was beneath him." The Old English root is beneoðan, combining be-, "by," and neoðan, "below."
WORD FAMILY
beneath
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beneath brightly colored pictures featuring a wounded heart with wings, a chorus of students sang Michael Jackson’s “Man in the Mirror.”
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
She gestured toward her family, sitting beside her beneath the painted angels.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
I sometimes wonder why I responded this way, and what lies beneath a lie.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: prep. 在…的下方; （表示等级）低于; （表示状态）在…掩饰之下; （表示环境）在…影响之下
adv. 在下面; 在底下
分布：不值得(53%)，在底下(16%)，在下方(16%)，低于...(5%)，被...覆盖(5%)，在 ... 之下(5%)
→前缀be-, 强调。neath, 下面，同nether, 下面的。
在下面(be+neath下面)[be-①构成动词"使…成为"②构成一些介词]
prep.在...下边,在...之下ad.在下方The sun is now beneath the horizon.太阳此刻落到地平线下了.
preposition
BELOW 在下面
 IMPROVER
■in or to a lower position than, under 在…下方；到…下方
• Jeremy hid the letter beneath a pile of papers. 杰瑞米把信藏在一叠文件下面。
• We huddled together for warmth beneath the blankets. 我们裹着毛毯，挤成一堆取暖。
• After weeks at sea, it was wonderful to feel firm ground beneath our feet once more. 在海上呆了数星期后，双脚再次接触坚实土地的感觉真棒。
• Emma was so tired and hungry that her legs were beginning to give way beneath her (= she was about to fall over). 爱玛又累又饿，双脚已经开始发软了。
[bɪ'ni:θ] preposition
NOT GOOD ENOUGH 不够好
be beneath you
■If someone thinks an activity is beneath them, they think they should not have to do it because they are too important or too clever 对…来说不够好
• Office work of any description he felt was beneath him. 他觉得做任何办公室的工作都有失他的身份。
[bɪ'ni:θ] adverb
■below
• She looked out of the window at the children playing beneath. 她从窗户看着孩子们在下面玩耍。
under, below, underneath, beneath
这组词都有“在……下面”的意思，其区别是：
under: 普通用词，与over相对，指在某物的正下方，含垂直在下的意思。
below: 指位置低于某物或在某物下方，但不一定在正下方，所指范围较宽。
underneath: 书面口语均用，也常与beneath和under换用，但更含遮蔽的意味。
beneath: 书面用词，指紧挨……之下，其反义词是on。
prep. 在…之下
 - neath
adv. 在下方
 - under

Word: confine
Front: confine
[kənˈfaɪn] (研四六托雅宝 5337/2898 -K2)
Vocabulary: confine
(once / 129 pages)
v
Confine is all about setting limits. If you are confined to the house, it means you can't leave it. If you're really sick, you might be confined to your bed.
Confine can be used abstractly as well. In writing a term paper, your teacher might tell you to confine your examples to ones that you can support with direct evidence. In the 19th century, pregnancy and childbirth were often referred to as a woman's confinement—a time when she couldn't get up or out.
WORD FAMILY
confine: confined, confinement, confines, confining +/ confined: confinedly, unconfined / confinement: confinements/ unconfined: unconfinedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
And outside the confines of Mar-a-Lago, old grievances flare up.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The young Roughol’s disappointment was not confined to the lack of elephants in rural France.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He struggled to maintain regular body temperature, and he was confined to a wheelchair until he regained mobility in his limbs.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 限制; 局限于; 禁闭; 管制
n. 界限，范围; 国界
时态：confined, confining, confines
分布：限制(51%)，范围(20%)，禁闭(12%)，约束(10%)，界限(7%)
→con-, 强调。-fin, 界限，限制，词源同finish, finite.
限制,监禁(con全部+fine限制→全限制→监禁)[fin=end,boundary,表示"结束,范围"]
vt.限制;使不外出,禁闭n.[pl.]界限,范围The refiner defined a definite confine with her fine finger.提炼者用她精细的手指定义了一个明确的界限.
【记】con（全部），fine（限制）－全限制－监禁
【参】confined（adj 狭窄的，受限制的＝limited＝restricted）
verb
 ADVANCED transitive
■to limit an activity, person or problem in some way 把…局限在，限制
• Let's confine our discussion to the matter in question, please! 请把讨论集中在正题上！
• Please confine your use of the telephone to business calls. 请注意电话仅限于办公用途。
• By closing the infected farms we're hoping to confine the disease to the north of the region (= stop it from spreading to other areas). 透过关闭受感染的农场，我们希望把疾病限制在该地区的北部。
 ADVANCED transitive usually passive
■to keep someone closed in a place, often by force （常指强制）关押，监禁，禁闭
• The hostages had been confined for so long that they couldn't cope with the outside world. 人质被关押了那么久，以致于他们对外面的世界一时适应不了。
be confined to somewhere/sth
■to exist only in a particular area or group of people 仅存在于…；仅限于…
• We know that the illness is not confined to any one group in society. 我们知道这种疾病不只局限于社会的某一个群体中。
• This attitude seems to be confined to the upper classes. 这种态度似乎只存在于上层阶级中。
jail, imprison, confine
这组词都有“监禁”的意思，其区别是：
jail: (英国用gaol)多指审判之间的拘禁或对罪行较轻的罪犯的监禁。
imprison: 较正式用词，多指较长时间的监禁。
confine: 指监禁或幽禁；也指任何使行动受到限制的行为。
limit, restrain, bind, confine
limit: （能力或数量上）有限的
restrain: 抑制的，遏制的，可指彻底阻止也可指将……纳入控制、约束之中，强迫意味，可表示自我抑制vt
bind: 有约束力的
confine: （空间上）受限的
limit, restrict, confine
这组词都有“限制，限定”的意思，其区别是：
limit: 一般指事先确定空间、时间或数量的极限，一旦超越限度，就会造成不良结果。当然也可指不事先规定，而且自然的或固有的界限。
restrict: 指把某人或物限制在一定范围之内。
confine: 侧重施加不可逾越的限制，有时暗示束缚、囚禁。
n. 界限，边界
 - boundary, border
vt. 限制；禁闭
 - block, set a limit to

Word: privilege
Front: privilege
[ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ] (高研四六托雅宝 3612/3017 -2)
Vocabulary: privilege
(once / 138 pages)
nv
A privilege is a special advantage not enjoyed by everyone. If you're very snooty, you probably don't allow just anyone the privilege of being your friend.
Privilege comes from Latin privilegium, meaning a law for just one person, and means a benefit enjoyed by an individual or group beyond what's available to others. Someone wealthy come from privilege. Someone with a library card has borrowing privileges. Privilege can also be used as a verb. If you are on a committee giving away scholarships, you'll have to decide whether to privilege students from poor backgrounds or the students with high test scores.
WORD FAMILY
privilege: privileged, privileges, privileging+/ privileged: underprivileged
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wendy Garden, the curator of last year’s art exhibition On the Beach, wrote that beaches occupied “a privileged place in the national psyche”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
For example, I am not disabled – this is a major area of privilege for me.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“They are used to being a part of the European Union and enjoying all the privileges and rights of European citizens,” he said.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 特权; （因财富和社会地位而仅有部分人享有的）权益; 免责特权; 特殊荣幸
vt. 给与…特权，特免
时态：privileged, privileging, privileges
分布：特权(80%)，荣幸(17%)，免除(1%)，给特权(1%)，特别恩典(1%)
→来自拉丁语privilegium,私人法律，特权，来自privus,个人的，词源同private,-leg,法律，词源同legal.
特权(privi+lege法律→有个人法律→特权)[Priv=single,lone,表示"单个"]
n.特权,优惠,特许v.给予优惠,给予特权I've hatred for the hateful man's skates bought with prior private privilege.我对那个可恶男子用优先个人特权购买的冰鞋感到厌恶.
【记】pri＝private（adj 私人的），vilege＝village（n 乡村）：有私人的村庄－特权
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■an advantage that only one person or group of people has, usually because of their position or because they are rich （特定个体或群体的）特权，特别待遇
• Healthcare should be a right, not a privilege. 医疗保健应该是权利，而非特权。
• Senior management enjoy certain privileges, such as company cars and private healthcare. 高级管理阶层享受公司配车和私人医疗保健等特权。
 ADVANCED only singular
■an opportunity to do something special or enjoyable 荣幸
• I had the privilege of interviewing Picasso in the 1960s. 我在20世纪60年代很荣幸地采访到了毕卡索。
• It was a real privilege to meet her. 见到她真是莫大的荣幸。
uncountable
■the way in which rich people or people from a high social class have most of the advantages in society （富人或有权势者的）特权，特别待遇
• a life of privilege 特权生活
countable or uncountable specialized
■the special right that some people in authority have which allows them to do or say things that other people are not allowed to 特权；特免
• diplomatic/parliamentary privilege 外交／议会言论特权
privilege, power, right
privilege: 特权
power: 力量，权力
right: 权利
n. [计] 特权；优待；基本权利
 - franchise, peculiar

Word: tall
Front: tall
[tɔ:l] (中高 1524/1757 -K3)
Back: adj. 身材高的，高大的; （数量）大的; （俚）过分的，夸张的
adv. 夸大地; 趾高气扬地
级别：taller, tallest
分布：高的(100%)
→来自中古英语 tall,漂亮的，英俊的，谦和的，来自 Proto-Germanic*talaz,温和的，温顺的， 来自 del,瞄准，计算，思考，词源同 tale,talk.后引申词义长得高的。词义演变比较 hand,handsome.
a.(身材)高的,高大的;夸大的,离谱的The tall man installed a small wallet on the wall.高个男子把一小钱包安放到墙上.
US [tɑ:l] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■of more than average height, or of a particular height 高的，高大的；有…高的
• a tall girl 身材高挑的女孩
• a tall building 高层建筑
• He's six feet tall. 他身高六英尺。
• She's much taller than me. 她比我高得多。
UK [tɔ:l] US [tɑ:l] adjective
be a tall order
■to be something which is difficult to do 是件困难的事情；是件难以做到的事情
• Getting the essay done on time will be a tall order. 按时完成论文是件很难的事。
UK [tɔ:l] US [tɑ:l] adjective
stand/walk tall
■to act in a proud and confident way 昂首阔步；充满自信地做事
• You'd have more chance of success if you'd stand tall. 如果你满怀自信，就会有更多的成功机会。
UK [tɔ:l] US [tɑ:l] adjective
a tall tale
■a story or statement that is difficult to believe because it is too exciting or interesting 吹牛大话；夸诞的故事（一个难以置信的故事或说法，因为其内容过于刺激或有趣）
• He told me a tall tale about having met some top models in a night club. 他向我说了一个天方夜谭，说他在一家夜总会遇到了几个顶尖模特儿。
lofty, high, tall
这组词都有“高的”的意思，其区别是：
lofty: 书面用词，指外观宏伟壮丽的高耸物；用于指思想或目的时，表示崇高。贬义指 态高傲。
high: 普通用词，指本身高出地面之上，与low相对，不用于人。也可指程度、地位、声音等的高，还可作引申用。
tall: 仅指人或物的高度，指物的“高”时，可与high换用。
adj. 高的；长的；过分的；夸大的
 - high, excessive, ultra, long, lofty
adv. 夸大地
 - large, big

Word: guest
Front: guest
[gest] (中高雅 1310/1649 -K4)
Vocabulary: guest
(once / 148 pages)
1n 2n
If you invite a friend to your home, she is your guest. You might announce to your parents that you've invited seven guests for Thanksgiving.
Someone who's visiting, or who's been asked to come, is a guest. If your next door neighbor comes over for lunch, she's a guest, and every one of the two hundred people you invite to a wedding is also a guest. You're often referred to as a guest when you stay at a hotel, too. The Old English root of guest is gæst, "a stranger" or "an accidental guest."
WORD FAMILY
guest: guests
USAGE EXAMPLES
While enjoying reading cards and opening gifts, we were shocked to find 35 of our 140 guests did not leave a gift.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Mexican police finally are able to track him down during his four-week stint as a guest judge on “America’s Got Talent.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The city of Seattle should reject the idea of creating its own bank, writes guest columnist Michael Waite.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 客人; 旅客; 特邀嘉宾; [动]寄生虫
v. 做特邀嘉宾; 做客串; 做特约演员
adj. 客人的; 客座的; 为客人准备的
分布：客人(82%)，宾客(6%)，招待(5%)，做客(3%)，做特邀嘉宾(1%)，做特约演员(1%)，客串(1%)，特别来宾(1%)
→来自ghos, 陌生人，客人，词源同host, hospitable.
n.客人,宾客,旅客I guess the guest's gesture suggested that he could not digest well.我猜想客人的手势暗示了他消化不良.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who is staying with you, or a person you have invited to a social occasion, such as a party or a meal 客人；宾客
• 150 guests were invited to the wedding. 150位客人被邀参加婚礼。
• We have guests (US houseguests)staying this weekend. 有客人到家来和我们一起度周末。
• Is he on the guest list ? 他在不在宾客名单上？
• He is a paying guest (= He pays for the use of a room in someone's home). 他是个寄宿房客。
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who is staying in a hotel （宾馆的）旅客，宿客
• We would like to remind all our guests to leave their keys at reception before they depart. 我们要提醒所有客人在离开前将房间锁匙交还到服务台。
 ADVANCED
■a person, such as an entertainer , who has been invited to appear on a television or radio programme or in a performance （广播电视节目中的）特邀嘉宾，特别来宾；客串演员
• Our special guest on the programme tonight is Robert de Niro. 今晚我们节目请到的特别嘉宾是罗拔．迪尼路。
• Madonna made a guest appearance at the concert. 玛丹娜担任了那场音乐会的特别嘉宾。
• Simon Rattle will be the guest conductor with the London Symphony Orchestra. 西蒙‧拉特尔将在伦敦交响乐团担任客席指挥。
[gest] noun countable
Be my guest.
■something you say when you give someone permission to do or use something 别客气；请便
• "Can I try out your new bicycle?" "Be my guest." “我试骑一下你的新脚踏车可以吗？”“骑吧。”
[gest] verb intransitive
■If a person, especially an entertainer , guests on a programme or show, they are invited to appear or perform on it （尤指娱乐演员）当特约演员，作为特约演员参加
• He guests on their latest video. 他在他们最近录制的节目里担任特别嘉宾。
passenger, client, guest, customer, visitor
这组词都有“客人，访问者”的意思，其区别是：
passenger: 主要指乘坐交通工具的游人或旅客。
client: 与customer同义，多指进入商店被店员接待或购物的人。
guest: 多指事先受到激请而来，并受到欢迎与招待的宾客。也可指付钱居住者。
customer: 主要指交易一方的买主、主顾。
visitor: 普通用词，指出差、访问、旅游、参观或到旅馆投宿的人。
n. 客人， [经] 宾客；顾客
 - customer, client, consumer
vt. 款待，招待
 - serve, invite, attend
vi. 作客，寄宿
 - board, stay over

Word: inflate
Front: inflate
[ɪnˈfleɪt] (六托宝 8865/13902 -1)
Vocabulary: inflate
(once / 268 pages)
v
Using your own breath or an air pump, you can inflate a balloon — or anything else you need to pump air into. When you inflate something you fill it with air (or any other gas) to make it expand.
From the Latin verb inflāre, "to blow into," the word inflate appeared in English in the early 16th century. Although we usually think of the word inflate as referring to blowing air or gas into a balloon or a tire, anything that grows larger, from food prices to an egoist's self-image, can be inflated. When an item becomes scarce, its price is likely to be inflated.
WORD FAMILY
inflate: inflatable, inflated, inflater, inflates, inflating, inflation, inflator+/ inflated: inflatedly/ inflation: disinflation, inflationary, inflations/inflator: inflators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe the once unrivaled SEC isn’t as strong as initially perceived, thus inflating Alabama’s success this season.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
They are accused of misusing public money by paying inflated prices for public works contracts.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Voucher proponents dismiss the estimate as inflated by a Democratic state education chief.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 使充气（于轮胎、气球等）; （使）膨胀; （使）通货膨胀; 物价上涨
时态：inflated, inflating, inflates
分布：膨胀(73%)，使膨胀(12%)，使通货膨胀(12%)，使得意(3%)
→in-,进入，使，-flat,吹，鼓起，词源同blow,conflate.引申词义充气，膨胀。
充气,膨胀(in进+flat+e→吹气进去)[flat=blow,表示"吹"]
【参】inflated（adj 膨胀的；夸大不实的）＝pompous＝bombasticdeflate（vt 放气；紧缩通货）；conflate（v 合并）con共同，flate气：一个鼻孔出气－合并。
【反】minimize（vt 将…减到最少）
verb
FILL WITH AIR 充气
intransitive or transitive
■to cause to increase in size by filling with air （使）充气；（使）膨胀
• He inflated the balloons with helium. 他给气球充了氦气。
• We watch the hot-air balloon slowly inflate. 我们看着热气球慢慢胀大。
[ɪn'fleɪt] verb
MAKE LARGER 夸大
transitive
■to make something larger or more important 抬高；夸大
• They inflated their part in the rescue every time they told the story. 他们每次讲这个故事时都要夸大自己在营救中的贡献。
raise, extend, increase, expand, inflate, add
raise: 提高
extend: (程度、长度)
increase: 增加
expand: （尺码，数量，稳定性）扩大，增加，提高
inflate: 膨胀，鼓气，涨价
add: 增加，添加
enlarge, extend, stretch, prolong, inflate, expand, increase, multiply, lengthen, add, augment, amplify
enlarge: 放大（照片）
extend: 使…（在空间或时间上）更大，更长；伸长，伸展，延展；舒展（肢体），extend sth
stretch: vt 拉长，撑大；绵延，延续
prolong: 人为的延长时间
inflate: 使（轮胎、气球等）充气，膨胀，inflate sth (with sth)
expand: 使…变大，扩大，扩展，expand sth into sth
increase: 增加，增大（数目、数量、体积等），increase sth from…to…
multiply: 成倍的增加
lengthen: 指自然的延长时间或空间
add: 加，添加，add sth to sth
augment: vt 增多，增大，augment sth
amplify: 特指音量，电流等的扩大
vt. 使充气；使通货膨胀
 - blow up
vi. 膨胀；充气
 - fill, swell with

Word: magic
Front: magic
[ˈmædʒɪk] (中高研四六托雅 3411/3949 -K3)
Vocabulary: magic
(once / 133 pages)
nadj
Magic describes those unlikely events that seem to have a supernatural force behind them. When the elevator doors open just as you approach, it may seem like magic.
If you believe in witches and sorcerers, you probably already know that they can use magic to make impossible things happen. Magic is often used more broadly to describe things that just seem to involve some greater power. The waiter may appear as if by magic just when you’re craving dessert. Magic can also describe seemingly impossible tricks performed by an entertainer — a magician — such as making a person disappear or pulling a coin out of thin air.
WORD FAMILY
magic: magical, magician, magics+/ magical: magically/ magician: magicians
USAGE EXAMPLES
But against the Magic, the Knicks were again a sieve.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Two nights after yielding a season-worst 69 points in the first half to James Harden and Houston, the Knicks surrendered 67 to the Magic.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The chaebol all wrote checks, prosecutors say, usually after Mr. Ahn uttered the magic words: “The president is interested in this.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 魔法; 巫术; 戏法; 不可思议的魔力
adj. 魔术的; 幻术的; 不可思议的; 有奇异魔力的
v. 用魔法变出; 用魔法摆脱; 用魔法得到; 使中邪
分布：魔法(41%)，魔术(34%)，魔力(16%)，魔术的(5%)，有魔力的(3%)，奇妙的(1%)
→来自拉丁语magus,魔术师，巫师，智者，来自magh,使有能力，赋予力量，词源同machine,might.引申词义魔术，魔力。该词magh与gno(can,know)的区别在于前者的力量偏重于外人赋予，而后者的力量偏重于自身固有。
n.魔术,魔(魅)力,巫术a.有魔力的,魔术的The submitted submarine on the magic magazine is shining and magnificent.魔术杂志上那艘提交的潜艇闪亮而壮观.
noun uncountable
SPECIAL POWER 神奇力量
 ESSENTIAL
■the use of special powers to make things happen which would usually be impossible, such as in stories for children 魔法；法术；巫术
• The group are known for their belief in witchcraft and magic. 这个组织以相信巫术和魔法而出名。
• As if by magic] Like magic, the car changes into a boat when it hits the water. 汽车一碰到水就像变魔法般的变成了船。
 IMPROVER
■the skill of performing tricks to entertain people, such as making things appear and disappear and pretending to cut someone in half 魔术，戏法
• He's a comedian who also does magic. 他是个喜剧演员，但也表演魔术。
['mædʒ.ɪk] noun uncountable
SPECIAL QUALITY 特殊的品质
■a special and exciting quality that makes something seem different from ordinary things 魔力；魅力；神奇
• Although the film was made fifty years ago, it has lost none of its magic. 这部电影虽然拍摄于50年前，但至今魅力仍丝毫未减。
• No one could fail to be charmed by the magic of this beautiful city. 没有人不会为这座美丽城市的魅力所迷倒。
['mædʒ.ɪk] adjective
 IMPROVER
■with special powers 有魔力的
• The witch put a magic spell on the prince and turned him into a frog. 女巫施魔咒将王子变成了青蛙。
• I'll show you a magic trick. 我来表演一个魔术给你看。
 IMPROVER
■happening in an unusual or unexpected way, or easily or quickly 魔术般的；出乎意料的；容易的；迅速的
• There's no magic solution to the problem. 解决这个问题没有甚么妙方。
• There's no magic formula for winning - just lots of hard work. 没有致胜的诀窍——必须艰苦努力地做大量的工作。
['mædʒ.ɪk] adjective
a magic touch
■a special ability to do something very well 魔力（可以很好完成某事的特殊能力）
• The film's great success will no doubt please the 46-year-old director, who was rumoured to have lost his magic touch. 一度传闻这位46岁的导演已经失去了他的神奇魔力，这部电影的巨大成功无疑会令他非常欣慰。
['mædʒ.ɪk] exclamation UK old-fashioned informal
■used when you think something is very good and you like it a lot 好极了，太好了
• "Kate's having a party on Saturday night." "Magic!" “凯特星期六晚上要举行派对。”“太棒了！”
n. 巫术；魔法；戏法
 - medicine, witchcraft, wizardry
adj. 不可思议的；有魔力的；魔术的
 - mysterious, fantastic, miraculous

Word: lag
Front: lag
[læg] (研四六托雅宝 8448/9463 -2)
Vocabulary: lag
(once / 1109 pages)
1vn 2n 3v 4v 5v
When you can't keep up with your fellow marathon runners, you can say that you lag behind them.
The word lag describes a kind of slowness or delay. As a noun, it means a slowing: "The coach was disappointed by the lag in her swimmers' best times that day." When you lag behind someone, you fall back or don't measure up. A student who struggles with math, for example, might say that his grades lag behind his best friend's. In the 1550s, lag meant "last person."
WORD FAMILY
lag: lagged, lagger, lagging, lags+/lagger: laggers/lagging: laggings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Klawans frequently held cash while the market was rising; the fund seldom lost money, but often lagged the market.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Furman also suggested that consumer confidence was a lagging indicator.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Typically, there’s about a six-month lag between the time demand starts to slow and prices begin to fall, Soper said from his Toronto office.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 走得极慢，落后
vt. 落后于; 给…加上外套; 把…关进牢里; 逮捕
n. 滞后，（两事件之间的）时间间隔; 囚犯; 防护套; 桶板
时态：lagged, lagging, lags
分布：落后(93%)，时间间隔(5%)，缓慢进行(1%)，减退(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自lug,用力拖拉。引申词义缓慢，滞后。
v./n.落后,滞后vt.用隔热材料覆盖(锅炉等)The lagging man tagged the bags among the luggage with small flags.落伍者给行李中的袋子加上小旗标签.
【记】身上长了两条lag，而不是leg所以走得比较慢－落后。
【参】laggard（n 落后者；adj 缓慢的）；sluggard（n 懒人）
【反】forge ahead（稳步前进）
verb (-gg-)
MOVE SLOWLY 缓慢移动
intransitive
■to move or make progress so slowly that you are behind other people or things 缓慢移动；掉队，滞后
• He's lagging behind a bit - I think we'd better wait for him to catch us up. 他有点脱队了——我看我们最好等他赶上来。
• Sales are lagging at the moment. 目前的销售很不景气。
[læg] verb (-gg-)
COVER 覆盖
transitive
■to cover something with a thick layer of material in order to stop heat from escaping or to stop water from freezing （为保温而）覆盖，（为防止结冰而）给…加保温层
• to lag pipes 给管道加保温层
[læg] verb (-gg-)
PRISON 监狱
transitive Australian informal
■to send someone to prison or to arrest someone 使入狱，逮捕
[læg] noun countable
DELAY 延迟
■a delay between two things happening （两件事之间的）间隔，延迟
• You have to allow for a time lag between order and delivery. 订货和送货之间要有一段时间间隔。
[læg] noun countable
PRISONER 囚犯 UK old-fashioned informal
■a prisoner or a person who has often been a prisoner in the past 囚犯，犯人；惯犯
• an old lag 惯犯
n. 落后；迟延；防护套；囚犯；桶板
 - backwardness, prisoner
vt. 落后于；押往监狱；加上外套
 - trail, take the dust of
vi. [电子] 滞后；缓缓而行；蹒跚
 - file over, titubate
adj. 最后的
 - finishing, last, eventual, rearmost, dernier

Word: revelation
Front: revelation
[ˌrevəˈleɪʃn] (研六托雅宝 4184/4549 -2)
Vocabulary: revelation
(once / 419 pages)
n
Discovering that you had a long-lost sister would definitely be a revelation, or a surprising realization. Finding out she had been living in the house next door for years would be an even more startling revelation!
It is not a surprise that the word revelation is related to the word reveal, because revealing is the action of showing something that was previously covered up or unknown. You can even use both words in the same sentence: "You might find it a revelation if someone revealed to you that your house was sitting on top of a gold mine!"
WORD FAMILY
revelation: revelations+/ reveal: revealed, revealing, reveals, revelation, revelatory /revealed: unrevealed/ revealing: revealingly, revealings
USAGE EXAMPLES
That revelation called into question to what extent Whaley is kept in the loop.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And a few of them performed some of the more hilarious contortions seen on the campaign trail to deflect attention from the damaging revelations.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
The questions around him center on two revelations about his medical history.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. [宗]天启，启示; 揭发，暴露; 被揭露出来的事物; 意外的发现
分布：启示(87%)，揭露(10%)，泄露(2%)，发觉(1%)
n.揭示,揭露,显示,启示,新发现,被揭露的事The revelation that he was the murderer surprised us.他就是凶手这个事实使我们感到惊讶.
【记】源于：reveal（v 展现了；暴露）
【参】revealing（adj 有启迪作用的；揭露性的）
noun countable or uncountable
■when something is made known that was secret, or a fact that is made known 暴露；被揭示的真相，被揭露的内情
• a moment of revelation 真相大白的一刻
• [+ that] His wife divorced him after the revelation that he was having an affair. 他的婚外情暴露后，他的妻子和他离了婚。
• Shocking revelations about their private life appeared in the papers. 有关他们私生活的惊人内幕见诸报端。
come as/be a revelation
■to be an extremely pleasant surprise 让人大开眼界；令人耳目一新；出乎意料地使人惊喜
• This book came as a complete revelation to me. 这本书使我茅塞顿开。
n. 启示；揭露；出乎意料的事；被揭露的真相
 - exposure, message

Word: newcomer
Front: newcomer
[ˈnju:kʌmə(r)] (5610/5316 -2)
Vocabulary: newcomer
(once / 834 pages)
n
When you show up at your first meeting of the local swim club and you're the only one who didn't bring a towel, it may be because you're a newcomer, or someone who's new at participating in a particular group.
When you're a newcomer, you're an outsider just joining an activity or group. There are a lot of great words that have the same meaning as newcomer, like neophyte, rookie, and Johnny-come-lately. One popular slang term for newcomer is newbie, which is often shortened on the Internet to noob.
WORD FAMILY
newcomer: newcomers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then the class breaks into groups: Newcomers in a small cluster, returning fighters in a larger circle, brandishing their weapons.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The newcomers shared their adopted homeland's optimism about the journey ahead.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
A relative newcomer to the telecommunications big leagues, Wave is now focused largely on building fiber infrastructure to businesses and apartment buildings.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 新来的人; 新手; 新生事物
分布：新来的人(56%)，新手(38%)，新近出现的事物(6%)
→即新来的人。
US ['nu:ˌkʌm.ɚ] noun countable
■someone who has recently arrived in a place or recently become involved in an activity 新来者；新手
• We've lived here for 15 years, but we're relative newcomers to the village. 我们在这里生活了15年，但在村子里相对来说还是年头短的。
• The newcomer on the radio scene is a commercial station devoted to classical music. 广播界新出现了一家专门播放古典音乐的商业电台。
n. [劳经] 新来者；新到的移民
 - latecomer, tenderfoot

Word: motivate
Front: motivate
[ˈməʊtɪveɪt] (研四六托雅 3534/5069 -3)
Vocabulary: motivate
(once / 1043 pages)
v
To give someone the incentive to act in a certain way is to motivate that person. If you give your dad a food-processor for his birthday, you might motivate him to help out with the cooking.
The verb motivate means to prompt or incite. By giving speeches on college campuses across the country, John F. Kennedy motivated a lot of young people to join the Peace Corps in the early 1960s. People are not always motivated in positive ways, however. When a crime is described as racially motivated, it means the perpetrators picked their victim because of the color of his skin.
WORD FAMILY
motivate: motivated, motivates, motivating, motivation, motivator+/ motivated: unmotivated / motivation: motivational, motivations/ motivational: motivationally/motivator: motivators/ motive: motivate, motiveless, motively, motives, motivity/motiveless: motivelessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He said that he was motivated by a sense of instability because of the threat of terrorism and the conflict in Ukraine.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Pickens’ lawyers argue that even if all the allegations are true, none of her comments were racially motivated.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使有动机，促动，激发，诱导; 刺激; 激发…的积极性
时态：motivated, motivating, motivates
分布：给与动机(100%)
→来自motive,动机，-ive,使。比喻用法。
推动;激励(motive+ate→使有动机→推动)[mot=move,表示"动"]
vt.促动;激励,鼓励,作为...的动机What motivated you to do such a thing?引起你做这样的事的动机是什么?
【记】源于：motive（n 动机；目的）
US ['moʊ.tˌɪ-] verb
transitive often passive
■to cause someone to behave in a particular way 使产生动机；激起
• Like so many people, he's motivated by greed. 像许多人一样，他为贪婪所驱使。
• He is genuinely motivated by a desire to help people. 他做事完全是出于助人之心。
transitive
■to make someone want to do something well 激励；激发…的积极性
• [+ to infinitive] Teaching is all about motivating people to learn. 教学就是要激发人们学习。
motivate, encourage, excite, stimulate, inspire
这组词都有“鼓励、刺激”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: v.激发，促动，强调激起动机去做某事。
 • A desire to go to medical school motivates her to study hard everyday.   她希望上医学院，这成了她每天努力学习的动力。
encourage: v.鼓励，促进，含有"使增强勇气或给予希望"的意味。
 • He encouraged his son to go to good college.   他鼓励他的儿子上名牌大学。
excite: v.指使人感到激动、兴奋；煽动，鼓动。
 • The band played louder and excited the audience.   乐队演奏得更响亮了，使观众兴奋起来。
stimulate: v.刺激，激发，促进，强调刺激反应的结果。
 • Cold air stimulates me.   冷空气刺激我振作起来
inspire: v.鼓舞，激发，影响，常常带有"启迪，启发"的意思。
 • My mother inspires us with stories of her difficult childhood.   我的妈妈给我们讲童年时的艰苦生活以激励我们。
motivate, drive, prompt
这组词都有“促使，驱使”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: 强调驱使人们采取行动的原因或动机。
drive: 侧重外来的驱策力和内心的感情力量的驱使。
prompt: 与motivate近义，强调起因。
vt. 刺激；使有动机；激发…的积极性
 - stimulate, fan, needle, activate

Word: container
Front: container
[kənˈteɪnə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3361/4126 -K2)
Vocabulary: container
(once / 1744 pages)
n
A container holds things inside it. Bags, boxes, buckets, and pockets are all containers.
The purpose of a container is to carry, hold, or store something. You might buy nuts at the grocery store, then bring them home and put them in a container, or you could put your leftover pasta in an airtight container and store it in the refrigerator for tomorrow's lunch. The thing all containers have in common is that they contain, or hold, things. Both words are rooted in the Latin continere, "to hold together or enclose."
WORD FAMILY
container: containerful, containerise, containerize, containers+/ contain: contained, container, containing, containment, contains/contained: self-contained/containerize: containerized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wrap fragile ornaments in leftover tissue paper or newspaper, or invest in storage containers like archival ornament boxes from the Container Store.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
The investigation narrowed in on three helium containers within the second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“All these refrigerated containers, and meanwhile people are waiting in food lines each week just to buy a single chicken,” Arteaga said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 容器; 箱，匣; 集装箱，货柜
分布：容器(79%)，集装箱(21%)
n.容器;集装箱It's acertained that the certificate is behind the curtain of the stainless steel container.经查实证书在不锈钢容器的帘子后面.
US [-nɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a hollow object, such as a box or a bottle, which can be used for holding something, especially to carry or store it （尤指用于运输或储存的）容器
• an airtight container 密封容器
• a plastic drinks container 塑胶质地的饮品容器
■specialized
■a very large metal box used for transporting goods 货柜
• a container ship/lorry 货柜轮船／卡车
n. [交] 集装箱； [包装] 容器
 - vessel, pocket

Word: fragment
Front: fragment
[ˈfrægmənt] (研四六托雅宝 4744/3352 -2)
Vocabulary: fragment
(once / 202 pages)
nv
A fragment is a small piece that’s come off a larger whole, and to fragment is to break. If your teacher writes "frag" on your paper, you've got an incomplete sentence.
Fragment, meaning "a tiny, brittle shard," first appeared as a noun and later as a verb. That afternoon you hacked away at the fireplace in your parents’ living room in search of secret treasure as a child? Those dusty chunks of brick you scattered all over their shag carpet were fragments of a once-intact wall, and a happier time before you were grounded. Not only did you cause physical damage that day, but you also fragmented their trust in you.
WORD FAMILY
fragment: fragmental, fragmentary, fragmentation, fragmented, fragmenting, fragmentise, fragmentize, fragments+/fragmentary: fragmentarily/ fragmentation: fragmentations/fragmentize: fragmentized, fragmentizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s a transitional, fragmented episode built around narrative red herrings,” Mike Hale wrote in The New York Times.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It was pretty bad,” he says, in his fragmented English.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
No one is assigned to guard the site, much less catalog the fragments.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 碎片; 片段，未完成的部分; （将文件内容）分段
vt. （使）碎裂，破裂，分裂
vi. 破碎，碎裂
时态：fragmented, fragmenting, fragments
分布：片段(67%)，碎片(28%)，分裂(4%)，使破碎(1%)
→来自bhreg, 分开，破开，词源同break, fraction. 即破开的部分，碎片。
碎片;片断(frag+ment表名词)[fract,frang=break,表示"打碎"]
碎片(frag破碎)[-ment 1.表名词"行为或结果"2.表示具体物]
n.碎片,小部分,片断The ragged man drags a waggon of rag fragments.那个衣衫褴褛的人拉着一货车破布碎片.
【记】frag碎
【反】coalesce（v 接合；联合）
noun countable /ˈfræg.mənt/
■a small piece or a part, especially when broken from something whole 小片，小块；（尤指）碎片，碎块
• The road was covered with fragments of glass from the shattered window. 马路上到处是车窗的碎玻璃片。
• Literary scholars are piecing together her last unpublished novel from fragments of a recently discovered manuscript. 文学研究者们正在把最近发现的她最后一部未发表小说的手稿残片一点点拼凑起来。
verb intransitive or transitive /frægˈment/
■to break something into small parts or to be broken up in this way （使）支离破碎；打碎；（使）分裂
• The satellite will fragment and burn up as it falls through the Earth's atmosphere. 卫星坠经地球大气层时会碎裂起火，化为灰烬。
• The government is planning to fragment the industry before privatizing it. 政府正计划将该产业拆分后再进行私有化。
bit, scrap, slice, fragment, sheet, piece
这组词都有“片、块、段”的意思，其区别是：
bit: 侧重指微小，一点点，小碎片。
scrap: 侧重指废弃的零碎之物。
slice: 多指切得很薄的一片食物。
fragment: 指破裂的，不完整的，不可完整的碎片。
sheet: 侧重指平整很薄的一张或一片。
piece: 最普通用词，多指从整体上分割下来的东西，可大可小。
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
n. 碎片；片断或不完整部分
 - debris, chip

Word: concentration
Front: concentration
[ˌkɒnsnˈtreɪʃn] (研四六 2752/1564 -K3)
Vocabulary: concentration
(once / 671 pages)
1n 2n
If you have great powers of concentration, that means you're able to focus all your attention on the matter at hand. Concentration can also refer to something that's clustered together or to the density or strength of a solution.
A concentration of people means that there are many of them in one area. Your city may have a concentration of artists living in the warehouses by the river. A high concentration of a substance in a solution means that there's a lot of it relative to the volume: the Great Salt Lake has very few fish because of the high concentration of salt. To say that you have good concentration skills means that you pay attention well.
WORD FAMILY
concentration: concentrations+/ concentrate: concentrated, concentrates, concentrating, concentration, deconcentrate/ concentrated: concentratedly/deconcentrate: deconcentrated, deconcentrating
USAGE EXAMPLES
An effort is underway in the state to lower the legal blood-alcohol concentration for driving to .05 — a first in the nation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The unusually warm conditions fit into a long-term trend fueled by ever-increasing greenhouse gas concentrations resulting from human activities.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Dr. Veach said a hangover occurs when the concentration of alcohol in one’s system is decreasing.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 集中; 专心; 关注; 浓度
分布：浓度(61%)，集中(32%)，专心(7%)
集中;浓缩[centr=center,表示"中心"]
n.专心,专注;集中,集结;浓度This test will need all your concentration.这个测试需要全神贯注才能读懂.
US [ˌkɑ:nt-] noun
ATTENTION 专心
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the ability to think carefully about something you are doing and nothing else 专注，专心
• The noise outside made concentration difficult. 外面吵得我难以集中注意力。
• There was a look of intense concentration on her face. 她脸上带着全神贯注的表情。
• I find that yoga improves my powers of concentration. 我发现练瑜伽提高了我的注意力。
• I found it hard to follow what the teacher was saying, and eventually I lost concentration. 我发现自己难以理解老师在讲甚么，最后就出神了。
• The government's concentration on tax reduction has won them a lot of support. 政府集中推行减税政策，从而赢得了广泛的支持。
UK [ˌkɒnt.sən'treɪ.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:nt-] noun
AMOUNT 数量
countable or uncountable
■a large number or amount of something in the same place 集中；聚集；汇集
• There is a heavy concentration of troops in the area. 该地区有重兵驻扎。
countable or uncountable specialized
■the exact amount of one particular substance that is found in another substance 浓度
• a concentration of one part per million 百万分之一的浓度
• High concentrations of toxic elements were found in the polluted areas. 在受污染地区发现了高浓度的有毒元素。
n. [物] [化学] 浓度；集中；浓缩；专心；集合
 - thickness, compression, assembly, convergence, set

Word: decree
Front: decree
[dɪˈkri:] (六托雅宝 8412/5485 -2)
Vocabulary: decree
(once / 237 pages)
nv
Look carefully! A decree isn't something you get when you graduate. That one little letter change makes it something else altogether: a legally binding command or the announcement of such a thing.
If you go back far enough, a decree referred to a decision handed down by the Roman emperor. In more modern usage, a divorce decree is the document issued by a court that terminates a marriage. And if you want to go out with someone on a date, but things keep preventing you from having the chance to ask, you could say that fate did not decree it to be so.
WORD FAMILY
decree: decreed, decreeing, decrees
USAGE EXAMPLES
This month its 31 million people lurched a big step closer to that breaking point, thanks to another senseless decree by its autocratic populist government.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
The government in November published a draft decree “to prevent further reduction” of the National Fund.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 24, 2016)
Perhaps this is the wisdom of grandparents, who lived in areas where wine was consumed daily but the selection was meager and decreed by custom.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 法令，命令; （法院的）判决，裁定; （教会的）教令
vt. 命令; 颁布…为法令; （命运）注定; 裁决
vi. 发布命令; 注定
时态：decreed, decreeing, decrees
分布：法令(48%)，颁布(20%)，判决(17%)，裁定(8%)，注定(7%)
→de-, 向下。-cree, 分开，词源同crisis, certain. 用来指裁决，法令。拼写比较degree, agree.
【记】和decry（v 谴责）一起记de向下，cree＝creed（n 信条）：向下颁布的信条－法令
noun countable or uncountable formal
■an official statement that something must happen 法令，政令；命令
• The decree stopped short of a full declaration of independence. 这项法令差点儿就宣布完全独立了。
• More than 200 people were freed by military decree. 军方下令释放200多人。
[dɪ'kri:] verb transitive
■to officially state that something must happen 法令，政令；命令
• They decreed an end to discrimination on grounds of age. 他们下令不准再有年龄歧视。
• [+ that] The local council has decreed that the hospital should close. 当地议会下令关闭那间医院。
n. [法] 法令；判决
 - sentence, award, act, ordinance
vt. 命令；颁布；注定；判决
 - require, order, command, determine, fate
vi. 注定；发布命令
 - be doomed to, issue an order

Word: outsourcing
Front: outsourcing
['aʊtsɔ:sɪŋ] (30207/-)
Back: n. 外购; 外部采办
分布：外包(99%)，动词outsource的现在分词.(1%)
n. 外包；外购；外部采办
 - epiboly, outer pack

Word: invention
Front: invention
[ɪnˈvenʃn] (中高研四六 4773/4752 -K2)
Vocabulary: invention
(once / 249 pages)
n
If you create a new device or process, it's called an invention. Many futuristic inventions from science fiction have come true, though no one has successfully invented a time machine.
The act of inventing something is also referred to as invention. Your invention of an amazing new cookie might make you the hit of the bake sale. Something imagined or created in your mind can also be called an invention. The story of what happened to your homework may have been a complete invention, but it was probably entertaining for your teacher — especially the part about the alien abduction.
WORD FAMILY
invention: inventions+/ invent: invented, inventing, invention, inventive, inventor, invents, reinvent / inventive: inventively, inventiveness, inventivest, uninventive/ inventor: inventors/ reinvent: reinvented, reinventing, reinvents/uninventive: uninventively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mencken’s timeless wisdom: A martini is “the only American invention as perfect as the sonnet.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Being a businessman in addition to a researcher helped Stella propel his inventions from patents to products.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Official portraiture is about advertising, and therefore about invention.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 发明; 发明物; 捏造：内心捏造的东西，特指谎言; 发明才能
分布：发明(97%)，发明物(2%)，虚构(1%)
→来自invent,发明，创造。
n.发明,创造,发明物The invention of the wheel was a milestone in the history of the world.发明轮子是世界历史上的重大事件.
noun countable or uncountable
NEW DESIGN 创造
 IMPROVER
■something which has never been made before, or the process of creating something which has never been made before 发明，创造
• The world changed rapidly after the invention of the telephone. 电话发明后世界的变化日新月异。
• a most amazing invention 非常了不起的发明
[ɪn'vent.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
NOT TRUE 虚构
■a story or excuse that is not true, or the act of creating a story or excuse that is not true 捏造，编造，虚构的故事
• All that gossip about Linda was just pure invention. 有关琳达的所有流言都纯属虚构。
• Be careful what you believe - her powers of invention (= ability to think of excuses, etc.) are well known. 注意你该信甚么——她编瞎话的本领是出了名的。
n. [专利] 发明；发明物；虚构；发明才能
 - fiction, contrivance

Word: leg
Front: leg
[leg] (中高 856/851 -K4)
Vocabulary: leg
(once / 66 pages)
1n 2n
A leg is the part of a person's body that they use to walk around. All legs, including those of humans and tables alike, are meant to support.
Your leg is the appendage that stretches from your hip to your ankle, bending handily at the knee so you can run, walk, jump, sit, and skip. You probably also use the word leg to refer to one side of your pants; a support holding a table up; and one separate section of a long trip: "I'm stopping for coffee on the next leg of my journey." Leg probably comes from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to bend."
WORD FAMILY
leg: foreleg, leggy, legless, leglike, legs+/foreleg: forelegs/ leggy: leggier, leggiest, leggily/legs: legses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Oakland already was without its quarterback and league MVP candidate, Derek Carr, after he suffered a broken bone in his leg.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
His right leg got caught beneath him, and he stayed on the ground, then hobbled off with help, putting no pressure on his left leg.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He says the gunman was walking on that bench, then looked down and shot him in the leg.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 腿; 支柱，支架; 裤腿; 一段赛程
vi. <口>走，跑
分布：腿(99%)，用脚走路(1%)
→来自lek,弯，转，词源同limb.引申词义臂弯或膝弯，后固定用于指腿。
n.腿,腿部;支柱;(旅程的)一段,一站The one-legged beggar begins to beg eggs illegally.独腿乞丐开始非法讨蛋.
noun countable
BODY PART 身体部位
 ESSENTIAL
■one of the parts of the body of a human or animal that is used for standing or walking, or one of the thin vertical parts of an object on which it stands 腿，腿部
• My legs were tired after so much walking. 走了这么远的路，我的腿有些累了。
• He broke his leg skiing. 他滑雪时摔断了腿。
• The horse broke its front leg in the fall. 这匹马摔断了前腿。
• a chair/table leg 椅子／桌子腿
■the part of a piece of clothing that you put your leg in 裤腿
• He rolled up his trouser legs and waded into the water. 他卷起裤腿趟进水里。
[leg] noun countable
STAGE 阶段
■a particular stage of a journey, competition or activity 段，阶段
• He has tickets for the first leg of the UEFA Cup tie. 他有欧洲联盟杯第一轮淘汰赛的门票。
• The last leg of the race was Paris to London. 最后一段赛程是从巴黎到伦敦。
[leg] noun countable
get your leg over UK slang
■(of a man) to have sex （男子）发生性关系
[leg] noun countable
give sb a leg up informal
■to help someone to climb over something 帮助（某人）爬过去
■to help someone to improve their situation, especially at work 帮助（某人）提高，帮（某人）一把
[leg] noun countable
have a leg up on sb US informal
■to have an advantage over someone 优于（某人），比（某人）有优势
[leg] noun countable
have legs informal
■If a story in the news has legs, it will continue for a long time 未完待续；对某事的后续报道还将持续很长时间
• This latest scandal has legs - you'll probably still be reading about it in a year's time. 最近的丑闻还有下文。也许近一年内，你还会读到其后续报道。
■If something has legs, it can continue to exist and be successful 经久不衰的；持续时间久且成功的
• The business has legs. 这家企业有很强的生命力。
[leg] noun countable
leg before wicket (abbreviation lbw)
■in the game of cricket, when your time as the person trying to hit the ball is ended because the ball has hit your leg when it should not have （板球比赛中）打击手腿部触球出局，腿截球
[leg] noun countable
not have a leg to stand on
■to be in a situation where you cannot prove something 没有依据，无法证明
• If you haven't got a witness, you haven't got a leg to stand on. 如果没有证人，你就无法证明。
[leg] noun countable
pull sb's leg informal
■to try to persuade someone to believe something which is not true as a joke （指开玩笑时）哄骗（某人）
• Is it really your car or are you pulling my leg? 这真是你的汽车，还是你在骗我？
[leg] verb UK informal
leg it
■to run away in order to escape from something 跑开，躲开
• They legged it round the corner when they saw the police coming. 他们一看见员警来了，就转过街角跑了。
n. [解剖] 腿；支柱
 - backbone, stay

Word: attribute
Front: attribute
[əˈtrɪbju:t] (研四六托雅宝 3346/3247 -2)
Vocabulary: attribute
(once / 167 pages)
1nv 2v
An attribute is a quality or characteristic given to a person, group, or some other thing. Your best attribute might be your willingness to help others, like when you stopped traffic so the duck family could cross the street.
Attribute comes from the Latin verb attribuere, which is made up the prefix ad, meaning "to," and tribuere meaning "give or bestow." As a verb, to attribute is to give credit, like if you attribute the A on your test to all that hard studying. In Greek and Roman mythology an attribute will often stand in for a character such as Zeus's lightning bolt or Poseidon's trident.
WORD FAMILY
attribute: attributable, attributed, attributes, attributing, attribution, attributive, reattribute+/ attributable: unattributable/ attribution: attributions/attributive: attributively/reattribute: reattributes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Choice period detail: A story about the boom in skiing attributes the sport’s popularity to innovations in “metal skis and stretch pants.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
It played like an average, unreliable squad that settles for decency, squints when the lights are bright and fails to maximize its best attributes.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Sometimes the voices people hear are not their own, and instead are attributed to a celestial source.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 认为…是; 把…归于; 把…品质归于某人; 认为某事[物]属于某人[物]
时态：attributed, attributing, attributes
分布：属性(95%)，特征(2%)，象征(1%)，标志(1%)，把 ... 归于(1%)
→前缀at-同ad-. tribute, 贡金，给予，词源同tribe, 部落。
归因于n.属性(at加强动作+tribute→[把原因]给出→归因)[tribut=give,表示"给予"]
v.(to)归因于,归属于n.属性,品质,特征Trivial tributes constitute the attribute of constituent's report.琐屑的颂词形成选民的报告的属性.
【参】attribution（n 归因）；distribute（vt 分发）；tribute（n 贡品）
【反】exculpate（v 使无罪）；attribute guilt（归罪）
noun countable /ˈæt.rɪ.bjuːt/
■a quality or characteristic that someone or something has 特性；特质；属性
• Organizational ability is an essential attribute for a good manager. 组织能力是一个出色经理必备的素质。
verb[əˈtrɪb.jʊt/ /-juːt]
  Phrasal Verbs  attribute sth to sb
■to think that someone or something has a particular quality or feature 将（某种特质）归属于（某人）；认为（某人）有（某种特性）
• I wouldn't dream of attributing such a lack of judgment to you. 我做梦也想不到你会如此缺乏判断力。
verb[əˈtrɪb.jʊt/ /-juːt]
  Phrasal Verbs  attribute sth to sb/sth ADVANCED
■to say or think that something is the result or work of something or someone else 把…归因于…；认为…由…产生；认为…是…所为
• The doctors have attributed the cause of the illness to an unknown virus. 医生们认为这种疾病是由一种未知的病毒引起。
• To what do you attribute this delay? 你认为造成这次延误的原因是甚么？
• Most experts have attributed the drawing to Michelangelo. 大多数专家认为这幅画出自米开朗基罗的手笔。
sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge
这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是：
sign: 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。
emblem: 指选定象征一个国家、民族或家庭等的图案或实物。
symbol: 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。
token: 语气庄重，指礼品、纪念物等作为表示友谊、爱情等的象征或标志。
attribute: 指人或物及其地位、属性的象征。
mark: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。
signal: 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
badge: 一般指金属证章或写有姓名的带状标志物。
peculiarity, properity, quality, attribute, feature, characteristic, character, trait
这组词都有“特性、特点、品质”的意思，其区别是：
peculiarity: 指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩。
properity: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人。
quality: 最普通用词，既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征。
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物。
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征。
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征。
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征。
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征。
attribute, ascribe
这两个动词均有“把……归于”之意。
attribute: 指出于相信而把……归于某人或某物，含较多的客观性。
ascribe: 指根据推论或猜想把……归于某人或某物，含主观臆断成分较重。
attribute, owe
attribute: 归因于；
owe: 归功于，用于“某人的好处应归功于”
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
n. 属性；特质
 - particularity, idiosyncracy
vt. 归属；把…归于
 - ascribe to

Word: bang
Front: bang
[bæŋ] (高研四六托雅 5069/4572 -2)
Vocabulary: bang
(once / 423 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v 5adv
A bang is a loud noise, like a door slamming or something heavy being dropped on a wood floor. Hearing a bang outside your house at night might make your dog start barking.
The sharp sound of a bang might be made by someone pounding on your front door, or two cars colliding. A bang can also be a painful physical knock, like a bang on your head when you crash your bike. You can use it as a verb as well: "Don't bang your laptop down on the table — you'll break it!" Bang shares a Scandinavian root with the Old Norse banga, "to pound."
WORD FAMILY
bang: banged, banger, banging, bangs+/banger: bangers/banging: bangingly, bangings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meyers banged the floor with his hand in disgust, earning a technical foul.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He dumps it into the post for Morris, who bangs his way into the paint and scores.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
They also announce their presence in the stadium by executing drills and salutes, through flags and chants, by banging drums and setting off flares.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 猛击; 猛撞; 巨响; 爆炸声
vt. 猛击，猛撞
vi. 发出砰的一声，砰砰作响，砰地敲[推，扔]; 男性和（女性）性交
adv. 正好，完全地
时态：banged, banging, bangs
分布：巨响(48%)，刘海(15%)，重击(14%)，准确地(8%)，突然巨响(7%)，剪成刘海(4%)，大声敲(2%)，正好地(2%)
→拟声词。
n.砰砰的声音;猛击v.砰地关上,猛撞,猛击The language angel hanged up the gang and banged them at the angle of the triangle.语文天使将那伙人吊起朝三角形的角上猛撞.
verb
NOISE 噪音
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something to) make a sudden very loud noise or noises 砰砰猛击，重击；（使）发出巨响
• She banged her fist angrily on the table. 她气愤地一拳打在桌子上。
• Outside a door was banging in the wind. 外面的一扇门被风吹得砰砰作响。
• He could hear someone banging at the door. 他听到有人在砰砰地敲门。
• I could hear her in the kitchen banging about (= doing things noisily). 我能听见她在厨房里弄得砰砰乱响。
[bæŋ] verb
HIT 撞
transitive
■to hit a part of the body against something by accident （身体部位）砰地撞上
• I banged my head against/on the shelf as I stood up. 我起身时头撞在架子上。
[bæŋ] verb
SEX 性行为
intransitive offensive
■to have sex 性交
[bæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bang on informal disapproving
■to talk about something for a long time, especially in a way that is boring to other people 喋喋不休，说个没完没了
• My parents are always banging on about how much better life was 20 years ago. 我父母总是没完没了地唠叨20年前的生活是多么多么的好。
[bæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bang sb up slang
■to lock someone up, especially in prison 监禁（某人）
• She's terrified of him and won't make a statement until we've got him banged up in the cells. 她很怕他，除非我们把他关进监狱，否则她是不会作任何供述的。
[bæŋ] noun countable
NOISE 噪音
 ADVANCED
■a sudden very loud noise 砰砰猛击，重击；（使）发出巨响
• The window slammed shut with a loud bang. 窗户砰的一声关上了。
[bæŋ] noun countable
HIT 撞
■a blow or hit 打击，撞击
• I think she must have got a bang on the head. 我想她肯定撞了头。
[bæŋ] noun countable
go with a bang UK (US go over with a bang) informal
■If a party or event goes with a bang, it is very exciting and successful. 非常顺利，极为成功
[bæŋ] noun countable
more bang for your buck (s) informal
■the best result for the smallest effort 以最小的代价获得最大的收益
[bæŋ] exclamation
■used to suggest the sound of a sudden loud noise, such as a gunshot or an explosion 突然的一声巨响（如枪声或爆炸声）
• "Bang! Bang! You're dead!" said the child, pointing a plastic gun at me. “砰！砰！你被打死了！”小孩用塑胶枪指着我说。
go bang
■to make a sudden loud noise （突然的一声）巨响，咚咚声，当当声，砰砰声
• The balloon went bang when it landed on the bush. 气球落在灌木丛中时发出砰的一声。
[bæŋ] exclamation
bang goes sth informal
■said when you have just lost the opportunity to do something …泡汤了，化为泡影
• He says I have to work late tonight - so bang goes my trip to the cinema. 他说我今晚要加班——所以看电影一事就泡汤了。
[bæŋ] adverb informal
■exactly or directly 恰好，正好
• The car came to a halt bang in the middle of the road. 那辆汽车正好停在了路中央。
• I live bang opposite the cinema. 我正好住在戏院对面。
• I turned the corner and walked slap bang into him. 我转过街角，与他撞个正着。
• software that is bang (= completely) up-to-date 最新的软体
[bæŋ] adverb informal
be bang on
■to be exactly right 完全正确
• What was your answer? 76? That's absolutely bang on! 你的答案是甚么？76？完全正确！
n. 刘海；重击；突然巨响
 - pound, devel
adv. 直接地；砰然地；突然巨响地
 - directly, immediately, straight, fair
vt. 重击；发巨响
 - pound on, body blow

Word: sixth
Front: sixth
[sɪksθ] (中高 3527/3007 -4)
Back: pron. 第六; 第六感觉; 特别感应; 直觉
n. （英国中学的最高年级）六年级; [乐]六度音程
分布：第六(92%)，六分之一(7%)，六度音(1%)
→six,六，-th,表序数。
ordinal number
 IMPROVER
■6th written as a word 第六（的）
• I have to return my library books on the sixth (of July). 我得在（7月）6号归还图书馆的书。
• England were/came sixth in the 100 metres. 英格兰在百米比赛中获得第六。
[sɪksθ] noun countable
■one of six equal parts of something 六分之一
• Cut the cake into sixths. 把蛋糕切成六块。
adj. （与 the 连用）第六的，第六个的；六分之一的
 - sextus

Word: multinational
Front: multinational
[ˌmʌltiˈnæʃnəl] (7698/8077 -2)
Vocabulary: multinational
(once / 6382 pages)
adj
When something is described as multinational, it involves more than two countries. A multinational corporation buys and sells in several countries, and it may also have offices in these countries.
A multinational conflict is a war that involves the governments of three or more countries. Multinational peacekeepers might be from an organization like the United Nations (which could also be described as a multinational organization), working in many countries toward a peaceful agreement between them. The adjective multinational uses the prefix multi-, or "many," adding it to national, from the Latin nationem, "birth, kind, or tribe."
WORD FAMILY
national: International, international, multinational, nationalise, nationalism, nationality, nationalize, nationally, nationals, supranational, transnational +/International: Internationals/denationalise: denationalisation, denationalised, denationalising/denationalize: denationalization, denationalized, denationalizes, denationalizing/ international: internationalise, internationalism, internationality, internationalize, internationally/internationalise: internationalisation, internationalised, internationalising/ internationalism: internationalist, internationalistic/internationalist: internationalists/internationality: internationalities/internationalize: internationalization, internationalized, internationalizes, internationalizing/ nation: national, nationhood, nations/nationalise: denationalise, nationalisation, nationalised, nationalising/ nationalism: nationalisms, nationalist, nationalistic, ultranationalism/ nationalist: nationalists/ nationalistic: nationalistically/ nationality: nationalities/ nationalization: nationalizations/nationalize: denationalize, nationalization, nationalized, nationalizes, nationalizing/nationhood: nationhoods/supranational: supranationally/ultranationalism: ultranationalistic
USAGE EXAMPLES
He currently serves as a senior vice president of operations for a multinational investment company.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But for some companies, your medications, test results and hospital records are the building blocks of a multinational business.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Hundreds of the multinational corporations rushed to channel international profits through subsidiaries in the country, among them McDonald’s, Fiat, Amazon, Shire Pharmaceuticals and Skype.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 多国的; 跨国的
n. 跨国公司
分布：跨国公司(97%)，多国的(2%)，多种国籍的(1%)
→multi-,许多，多个，national,国家的。
US [-tˌi-] adjective
■involving several different countries, or (of a business) producing and selling goods in several different countries 多国的；（企业）在多国经营的，跨国的
• The UN has sent a multinational peace-keeping force. 联合国已派出一支多国维和部队
• a major multinational food company 大型的跨国食品公司
UK [ˌmʌl.ti'næʃ.ən.əl] US [-tˌi-] noun countable
■a large and powerful company that produces and sells goods in many different countries 跨国公司
• Are multinationals now more powerful than governments? 现在跨国公司比政府更有影响力吗？
n. 跨国公司
 - transnational corporation, international corporation, transnational company, transnational coorporation, worldwide corporation

Word: wipe
Front: wipe
[waɪp] (高研四六 2711/3112 -3)
Back: vt. 擦，拭; 擦去，消除; 涂上; 刷卡
n. 擦，拭; 抹布，毛巾; 用力打
vi. 擦，抹; 打，揍
时态：wiped, wiping, wipes
分布：擦(64%)，抹(14%)，擦拭(8%)，抹布(5%)，消除(4%)，揩(3%)，拭去(1%)，用力打(1%)
→来自weip,弯，转，摇晃，词源同vibrate,whip。引申词义前后移动，清洗，擦拭。
v./n.擦,揩,抹I use the ripe recipe to wipe the pipeline.我用成熟的配方来擦拭管道.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to slide something, especially a piece of cloth, over the surface of something else, in order to remove dirt, food or liquid 擦，拭，抹
• Have you got a cloth that I can wipe the floor with? 你有没有找到我可以用来擦地板的布？
• I'll just get a sponge and wipe the crumbs off the table. 我这随便找块海绵把桌子上的碎屑擦掉。
• Don't wipe your nose on your sleeve! 别用袖子擦鼻子！
• Someone has wiped their dirty hands on my nice clean towel! 有人在我干净漂亮的毛巾上擦过脏手！
[waɪp] verb transitive
wipe sth off the map (also wipe sth off the face of the Earth/globe)
■to destroy completely 完全摧毁
• There are bombs so powerful that whole nations could be wiped off the map by them. 有一种炸弹威力十分巨大，能将所有国家都彻底摧毁。
[waɪp] verb transitive
wipe the floor with sb informal
■to defeat someone very easily 轻松击败
• "I hear Italy beat France in the semi-finals last night." "Beat them? They wiped the floor with them!" “我听说义大利队昨晚在半决赛中击败了法国队。”“击败？简直就是横扫！”
[waɪp] verb transitive
wipe the slate clean
■to start a new and better way of behaving, forgetting about any bad experiences in the past 重新开始，将以前的糟糕经历一笔勾销
• A new relationship presents you with the opportunity to wipe the slate clean. 一段新的感情使你有机会忘掉以前的不愉快，开始新生活。
[waɪp] verb transitive
wipe the smile off sb's face
■to make someone feel less happy or confident, especially someone who is annoying you because they think they are very clever 令（某人）不再得意（或高兴）
• Tell him you saw Helena at the cinema with another guy - that should wipe the smile off his face! 告诉他，你在电影院里看见海伦娜和另外一个家伙在一起——这样他就不会再那么洋洋得意了！
[waɪp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wipe sth down
■to clean the surface of something, such as a table, with a cloth （用抹布）擦拭，擦干净
• Every night we wipe the tables down before we shut the restaurant. 每天晚上在饭馆关门之前，我们都要把桌子擦干净。
[waɪp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wipe sth off sth
■to remove something from something 从…中除去（或抹去）
• All their customer information was wiped off the computer by a virus. 病毒将他们全部的客户资讯都从电脑上删掉了。
• $8 billion has been wiped off share prices worldwide. 全世界的股价总共下跌了80亿美元。
[waɪp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wipe sth out
■to destroy something completely 完全摧毁
• Whole villages were wiped out in the fighting. 所有村子都在战斗中被彻底摧毁了。
• One bad harvest could wipe out all of a grower's profits for the previous two years. 一次失收可能会将种植者前两年的收益全部抵销掉。
[waɪp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  wipe out US informal
■to lose control, especially in a vehicle, and have an accident （尤指车辆）失控，出事故
• I was going too fast and I wiped out on the bend. 我开得太快了，在拐弯处失去控制。
[waɪp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wipe sth up
■to remove a substance, usually liquid, with a cloth or something similar （用抹布等）擦掉（液体）
• I was just wiping up the soup that you spilt in the kitchen. 我刚在厨房把你洒出来的汤擦干净。
• Have you got something I could wipe up this mess with ? 你有没有甚么东西我可以用来把这摊脏东西擦干净？
[waɪp] noun countable
countable
■an act of wiping 擦，拭，抹
• I'd better give the floor a quick wipe before someone slips on it. 我最好赶快擦一下地板，免得有人滑倒。
■a piece of soft, wet cloth or paper that you use for wiping （湿）抹布；（湿）纸巾；（湿）手巾
• baby wipes 婴儿纸巾
scrub, clear, clean, dust, wipe, mop, sweep
这组词都有“使干净”的意思，其区别是：
scrub: 指用硬刷、肥皂或水用力地擦洗某物。
clear: 指清除不要的东西。
clean: 是这些动词中最常用的词，指将某物或某处的污物等清除掉，弄干净。
dust: 指将积落在物体表面的尘土抹去、掸掉或擦去以保干净。
wipe: 多指用布、纸等物把东西擦净，也指擦掉某物。
mop: 侧重指用拖把擦洗地板，有时也指擦干净或擦去。
sweep: 指用扫帚等进行清扫，也用作比喻。
vt. 擦；消除；涂上
 - eliminate, avoid
vi. 擦；打
 - strike, hit
n. 擦拭；用力打
 - towelling

Word: topic
Front: topic
[ˈtɒpɪk] (高研四六托雅 1860/2051 -K2)
Vocabulary: topic
(once / 252 pages)
n
A topic is a subject. It's what you're discussing or what a newspaper article is about, the theme of a documentary, or the focus of your term paper.
Green energy, the Oscar nominees, what's on the lunch menu, boxers or briefs — these are all considered topics. If something is a "hot topic," then everybody is talking about it. If it's a "topic for discussion," then someone wants to have a serious conversation about it. If you're at a dinner party, you can talk about all kinds of topics with other guests. But to keep peace at the table, avoid bringing up controversial political or religious topics.
WORD FAMILY
topic: topical, topics+/ topical: topicality, topicalize, topically/topicality: topicalities/topicalize: topicalization
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m interested in military topics, masculine hobbies, hard, tough, extreme things, things that require you to overcome physical discomfort,” he said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
What is the best way to open up about difficult topics?
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Through the Learning Fund, student tutors offer help with a variety of middle and high school subjects, including foreign language, math, English and other topics.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 主题; 话题，论题; 标题，细目
分布：话题(73%)，题目(23%)，标题(4%)
→来自拉丁语 topica,题目，话题，来自希腊语 topikos,关于某地的，来自 topos,地方，词源同 topography.
n.话题,主题,题目The academic topic is why the blade of the spade is still sharp after decades' decay.学术话题是为什么铁锨刃口经过几十年的腐烂之后仍然锋利.
US ['tɑ:.pɪk] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a subject which is discussed, written about or studied 话题；主题
• Our discussion ranged over various topics, such as acid rain and the hole in the ozone layer. 我们的讨论涉及各种话题，例如酸雨和臭氧层空洞。
topic, subject, theme, issue
这组词都有“主题、话题”的意思，其区别是：
topic: 普通用词，含义广泛，但其范畴小于subject。既可指文章、讲话的题目，谈话的内容，又可指提纲中的标题甚至段落的主题或中心思想。
subject: 一般用词，使用广泛。指书籍、文章、演讲、讨论等中所隐含的、暗示的，需要由读者或听众推断的主题或中心话题。
theme: 系正式用词，多指文学、艺术作品的主题，或论文、演说的主题。
issue: 指有争论、议论，急需讨论研究的热点话题。
n. 主题（等于theme）；题目；一般规则；总论
 - theme, subject, titles, motive

Word: dean
Front: dean
[di:n] (研六雅 4946/3709 -1)
Vocabulary: dean
(once / 1447 pages)
n
A dean is the head of a specific area of a college, university, or private school. When you're thinking about studying in Madagascar for a semester, you might make an appointment to talk to the study abroad dean.
Individual colleges within a larger university system often have separate deans, like the dean of the medical school and the dean of arts and sciences. Within the college, there might also be a dean for each separate year, like the sophomore class dean, and deans for different offices or departments. Dean comes from the Latin decanus, first "commander of ten soldiers," and then "head of ten monks in a monastery," from the Greek word for "ten," deka.
WORD FAMILY
dean: deanery, deans, deanship+/deanery: deaneries/deanship: deanships
USAGE EXAMPLES
“In many ways, I think, he deferred,” said Mr. Nasr, now the dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She's in Northeastern's MBA program, and works in the dean's office on the side, coordinating with the school to help students find jobs and internships.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
He returned to the university in 1978 as vice chancellor for research and dean of the graduate college.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. （大学的）学院院长，系主任; 教务长; [宗]主任牧师; （大学，尤指牛津、剑桥大学的）学监
分布：系主任(48%)，学院院长(33%)，教务长(19%)
→来自拉丁语decanus, 修道院管理十个人的牧师，词源同ten, December.后词义通用化。
n.(大学)院长;主持牧师;(基督教)教长They hate the dean.他们恨那个学监.
noun countable
COLLEGE OR JOB 学院或职业
■a high-ranking official in a college or university who is responsible for the organization of a department or departments 系主任；学院院长
• She is the new dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences. 她是社会科学学院的新任院长。
• the Dean of Medicine 医学系系主任
■US
■someone among a group of people who has worked the longest in the particular job or activity they share, and who is their unofficial leader （某行业或活动中的）元老，前辈，资深人物
• Parsons is the dean of the TV news correspondents at Channel Nine. 帕森斯是9频道电视新闻记者中的元老。
[di:n] noun countable
CHURCH 教会
■a high-ranking priest in the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church, who is in charge of managing a large church or cathedral （英格兰圣公会的）主任牧师；（天主教的）枢机主教长

Word: ear
Front: ear
[ɪə(r)] (中高 1337/1599 -K3)
Vocabulary: ear
(once / 46 pages)
1n 2n
Your ears are the parts of your body you use for hearing. Your ears also help you keep your balance.
People have one ear on each side of their heads, and so do all animals, although some — like sea creatures — have ears that are completely internal, with no visible parts. If someone compliments you by saying, "Good ear," they mean that you're skilled at hearing or appreciating certain sounds, particularly music. A completely different kind of ear is an ear of corn, the part that holds the seeds or kernels.
WORD FAMILY
ear: ear-like, earful, earless, ears+/ earful: earfuls
USAGE EXAMPLES
More recently, advocates for “new space” got Trump’s ear and were added to the transition team for “balance.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
How do you control who gets the president’s ear?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
He pulled Mills into a bear hug and murmured plaudits into his ear.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 耳朵; 听觉，听力; 耳状物; 穗
vi. 抽穗; （美俚）听见
分布：耳朵(77%)，听觉(10%)，倾听(7%)，抽穗(4%)，麦穗(2%)
→1.耳朵，来自ous, 耳朵，进一步来自au，感知，词源同auricle, audit, aesthete.
n.耳,耳朵;听力,听觉;穗With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb.我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动.
US [ɪr] noun countable
BODY PART 身体器官
 ESSENTIAL
■either of the two organs, one on each side of the head, by which people or animals hear sounds, or the piece of skin and tissue outside the head connected to this organ 耳，耳朵
• The hearing in my left ear's not so good. 我左耳听力不是太好。
• She leant over and whispered something in his ear. 她俯过身去，贴着他的耳朵小声说了些甚么。
⇒ See also aural
UK [ɪər] US [ɪr] noun countable
PLANT PART 植物上的一部分
■the flower part of a plant like a grass, such as wheat, which later contains the grains which are used as food 穗
• an ear of corn 玉米穗
UK [ɪər] US [ɪr] noun countable
be all ears
■to be waiting eagerly to hear about something 全神贯注地听；洗耳恭听
• I'm all ears - tell us what they had to say. 我洗耳恭听——快告诉我们他们是怎么说的。
UK [ɪər] US [ɪr] noun countable
be out on your ear informal
■to be forced to leave a job or place, especially because you have done something wrong （尤指因为做错了事而）被迫离职，被迫离开
UK [ɪər] US [ɪr] noun countable
be up to your ears in sth
■to be very busy, or to have more of something than you can manage 忙于…；埋头于…；深陷于…
• I'm up to my ears in work. 我现在工作忙得不可开交。
• She's up to her ears in debt. 她债台高筑。
UK [ɪər] US [ɪr] noun countable
close your ears
■to stop listening 不愿听；掩耳不听
• I tried to close my ears to the sounds coming from next door. 我努力不去听隔壁传来的声音。
UK [ɪər] US [ɪr] noun countable
ears are flapping informal
■If you say that someone's ears are flapping, you mean that they are trying to hear what you are saying, although they are not part of your conversation. 竖起耳朵偷听
UK [ɪər] US [ɪr] noun countable
your ears must be burning informal
■something that you say to someone who is being talked about （因为被人议论）耳根发热，发窘
• All this talk about Emma - her ears must be burning! 听听大家这个议论啊——艾玛耳朵不发热才怪！
UK [ɪər] US [ɪr] noun countable
go in one ear and out the other informal
■If you say that something you hear goes in one ear and out the other, you mean you quickly forget it 左耳进右耳出；当作耳边风
• If I have to listen to something I don't understand, it just goes in one ear and out the other. 要是非得让我听我不懂的事情，那也只是左耳进右耳出。
UK [ɪər] US [ɪr] noun countable
grin / smile from ear to ear
■to look extremely happy 非常开心，笑得合不拢嘴
• 'We've had a fantastic response,' he said, grinning from ear to ear. “我们收到的反应极好，”他说着，笑得嘴都合不拢了。
UK [ɪər] US [ɪr] noun countable
have an ear for sth
■If someone has an ear for music or languages, they are good at hearing, repeating or understanding these sounds 擅长学习（音乐或语言），对…一听就会
• She's never had much of an ear for languages. 她从来就不太擅长学习语言。
UK [ɪər] US [ɪr] noun countable
have the ear of sb
■If someone has the ear of an important person, their ideas are listened to and considered important by that person. 使（某人）听得进去；在（某人）那里说得上话
UK [ɪər] US [ɪr] noun countable
have/keep your ear to the ground
■to pay attention to everything that is happening around you and to what people are saying 耳听八方；注意周围情况；保持关注
n. 耳朵；穗；听觉；倾听
 - listen, auditory sensation
vi. （美俚）听见；抽穗
 - hear

Word: terminal
Front: terminal
[ˈtɜ:mɪnl] (高研四六托雅宝 5777/4011 -2)
Vocabulary: terminal
(once / 853 pages)
1adjn 2n 3n 4adj
Terminal is a word with many meanings. Depending on how it's used, it can describe a place where passengers end their journey, a computer screen and keyboard, or a life-ending disease.
As a noun, terminal describes a bus or train station at the end of the line. When your aunt takes the bus into town, you pick her up at the terminal. Her visit becomes very sad when your aunt tells you she's been diagnosed with an illness that's terminal — an adjective meaning she hasn't long to live. This is surprising news, since you've always believed your aunt is a hypochondriac. Now you have to go to your computer terminal and look up her disease.
WORD FAMILY
terminal: subterminal, terminally, terminals+/ interminable: interminably/terminable: interminable / terminate: terminable, terminated, terminates, terminating, termination, terminative/ termination: terminations/terminative: terminatively/ terminus: terminal, terminate, termini, terminuses
USAGE EXAMPLES
A massive $6 billion redevelopment project includes apartments, hotels and a ferry terminal.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Pemex spokesman said relatively few gasoline stations were affected, although protesters temporarily blocked storage terminals, delaying the delivery of gasoline to retail points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The work also included adding nearly 13,000 square feet of interior space and remodeling about 20,000 square feet of the existing terminal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 末期的; 晚期的; 定期的; 末端的
n. 终端; 终点站; 航空站; （电路的）端子
分布：终点(32%)，末端(18%)，终点站(16%)，终端机(10%)，末端的(8%)，晚期的(6%)，航站楼(5%)，终点的(5%)
→termin-,边界，终端，-al,形容词后缀。即终端的，后形容词作名词使用。
终结的n.终端(termin+al)[termin=limit,表示"界限"]
a.晚期的;终点的;期末的n.终点(站);终端The thermal therapy terminated after the terminal germ seminar.热疗在期末细菌研讨会后终止了.
US ['tɝ:-] adjective
ILLNESS 疾病
 ADVANCED
■(of a disease or illness) leading gradually to death （疾病）晚期的，末期的
• She has terminal cancer. 她患有末期癌症。
■A terminal patient is one who is seriously ill and will die soon. （病人）病情危重的
UK ['tɜ:.mɪ.nəl] US ['tɝ:-] adjective
EXTREME 极度的
 ADVANCED
■extreme, when referring to something unpleasant or negative 极其的，极度的
• He has nothing to do all day and is suffering from terminal boredom. 他终日无所事事，极其无聊。
• She claims that the shipbuilding industry is in terminal decline. 她声称造船业已经衰败到极点。
UK ['tɜ:.mɪ.nəl] US ['tɝ:-] noun countable
BUILDING 建筑
 ADVANCED
■the area or building at a station, airport or port which is used by passengers leaving or arriving by train, aircraft or ship 月台；候机楼，航站；码头
• Your flight to Perth will leave from Terminal 4. 您乘坐前往珀斯的航班将在第四航厦起飞。
UK ['tɜ:.mɪ.nəl] US ['tɝ:-] noun countable
COMPUTER 电脑
■a piece of equipment consisting of a keyboard and screen, which is used for communicating with the part of a computing system that deals with information 电脑终端
UK ['tɜ:.mɪ.nəl] US ['tɝ:-] noun countable
ELECTRICITY 电 specialized the point at which a connection can be made in an electric circuit （电路的）端子，线接头
stop, terminal, station
这组词都有“站”的意思，其区别是：
stop: 多指公共汽车站，尤指中途停车站。
terminal: 指火车、公共汽车或飞机的终点(总)站。
station: 普通用词，一般指火车站或汽车站。
n. 末端； [交] 终点； [计] 终端机；极限
 - destination, limitation, threshold, bottom, goal
adj. [动] 末端的； [交] 终点的；晚期的
 - advanced, finishing, marginal

Word: loosen
Front: loosen
[ˈlu:sn] (研四六托宝 6023/7609 -2)
Vocabulary: loosen
(once / 569 pages)
v
When you loosen something, you make it less tight. A ballerina, for example, might loosen her tightly coiled hair after dance practice.
You might need to loosen your belt after eating a huge meal, or loosen your collar and tie after a long day at work. Things sometimes also loosen on their own, like when a dog's collar loosens gradually until she can slip right out of it to chase a squirrel. There is also a figurative way to loosen things, making them less strict, like when a community loosens certain rules or laws.
WORD FAMILY
loosen: loosened, loosening, loosens, unloosen+/ loose: loosed, loosely, loosen, looseness, looser, looses, loosest, loosing, unloose/looseness: loosenesses/loosening: loosenings/unloose: unloosed, unlooses, unloosing/unloosen: unloosened, unloosening, unloosens
USAGE EXAMPLES
And Vice President-elect Mike Pence led the charge as the state’s governor to loosen eligibility requirements and greatly expand the program’s reach.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
The only bad thing about winning for Cleveland was that the victory loosened its grasp on next year’s first pick in the draft.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Trump is also reportedly in talks to loosen ties with his business empire, according to the Times.
Time(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: vt. 解开或使松; 放宽，放松; 使（肠）通畅
vi. 变松或变得更松
时态：loosened, loosening, loosens
分布：放松(56%)，放宽(18%)，松开(16%)，变松(5%)，松弛(5%)
→来自loose,松开，-en,使。
v.解开,放松The loosened goose chooses the cheese to eat.被解开的鹅挑选奶酪吃.
【反】tauten（v 拉紧）
verb
NOT FIXED 未固定的
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) become loose （使）松散，（使）松开
• The screws holding the bed together had loosened. 床上的螺丝钉松了。
['lu:.sən] verb
LESS TIGHT 松开
transitive
■to make something less tight 松开，使…放松
• He loosened his tie. 他松开了领带。
['lu:.sən] verb
loosen your grip
■If you loosen your grip on an object, or your grip loosens, you hold something less tightly 松开，放松（紧握的东西）
• He held my hand very tightly at first but gradually his grip loosened. 一开始他紧紧地握着我的手，但后来慢慢地松开了。
['lu:.sən] verb
loosen your grip/hold
■If you loosen your grip/hold on a situation, or your grip/hold loosens, you decide to control it less 放松对…的控制；放宽对…的限制
• The dictator's grip on the country has not loosened. 独裁者没有放松其对全国的控制。
['lu:.sən] verb
loosen your tongue
■to make you speak more freely 打开话匣子
• A couple of glasses of champagne had loosened my tongue and I said things that perhaps I shouldn't have. 喝了几杯香槟后我的话就开始多了起来，可能说了一些不该说的话。
['lu:.sən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] loosen (sth) up
■to prepare your muscles for a physical activity by stretching and doing simple exercises （体育活动前）进行准备活动，热身
• I do a few stretches to loosen up before I run. 我伸展四肢热了热身，然后开始跑步。
['lu:.sən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  loosen (sb) up
■to start to feel less embarrassed and to become more relaxed when you are with other people, or to make someone feel like this （使）（某人）心情放松，（让）（某人）放松下来
• He seemed quite nervous at the beginning of the meeting, but he soon loosened up. 会议刚开始的时候，他似乎非常紧张，但不久就放松了下来。
• A gin and tonic will loosen you up. 喝一杯加了通宁水的杜松子酒能缓解你的紧张情绪。
vt. 放松；松开
 - relax, lighten up
vi. 放松；松开
 - relax, lighten up

Word: franco
Front: franco
[ˈfrɑ:ŋkəu] (-/5907)
Back: adj. 免费的，邮费（运费）准免的
adj. [交] 运费准免的；免费的
 - free, gratuitous

Word: spectacular
Front: spectacular
[spekˈtækjələ(r)] (研六托雅宝 4196/3644 -3)
Vocabulary: spectacular
(once / 921 pages)
adjn
Spectacular is both a noun and an adjective. The noun spectacular refers to a big, beautiful production, like a play or musical performance that has a huge cast and many dance numbers.
As an adjective, spectacular has the same quality of being over-the-top, like a spectacular restaurant with excellent food, celebrities at all the table and a gigantic waterfall along one wall. If something is spectacular, it seems like a rare feat, a real stop-and-stare moment. That's why it can also be associated with drama, or making a spectacle or scene, like a spectacular argument you witness out on the street.
WORD FAMILY
spectacular: spectacularly, spectaculars, unspectacular+/ spectacle: spectacular /unspectacular: unspectacularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“These are two spectacular places. Two great cities,” Bacigalupi says.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
People at the event told the BBC everyone enjoyed the spectacular evening.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A spectacular effort, and a scorpion kick, true to its – blurred – definition.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 场面富丽的，壮观的; 引人注意的; 惊动一时的; 惊人的
n. 壮观的场面，精彩的表演; 〈美〉一小时半以上的大场面电视节目; 特大霓虹灯广告
分布：壮观(57%)，壮观的(40%)，令人惊叹的(2%)，豪华节目(1%)
→spectacle,精彩表演，壮观场面，-ar,形容词后缀。
奇妙的;惊人的(spect+acular...的,来自spectacle奇观)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
壮观的(spect看+ac+ular[-ular表形容词"有…形状或性质的"]
a.壮观的,引人注目的n.壮观的演出The respectful spectator gave the prospective president a retrospect of the spectacular spectrum.恭敬的旁观者对未来的总统回顾了壮观的光谱(景象).
US [-lɚ] adjective
 IMPROVER
■very exciting to look at 壮观的，壮丽的；令人惊叹的
• a spectacular view 蔚为壮观的景象
• He scored a spectacular goal in the second half. 他在下半场攻进了漂亮的一球。
• There was a spectacular sunset last night. 昨天的日落非常壮观。
■especially great 非常大的，巨大的；惊人的
• We've had spectacular success with the product. 我们的产品取得了惊人的成功。
UK [spek'tæk.jʊ.lər] US [-lɚ] noun countable
■an event or performance which is very exciting to watch and which involves a lot of people 壮观场面；盛大演出
adj. 壮观的，惊人的；公开展示的
 - tremendous, incredible

Word: taxi
Front: taxi
[ˈtæksi] (中高雅 5161/3317 -K2)
Back: n. 出租车; 滑行
vi. 乘出租车; （指飞机）在地面或水面滑行
vt. 用出租车运送; 使滑行
时态：taxied, taxiing, taxies
分布：出租车(98%)，用出租车运送(1%)，乘计程车(1%)
→缩写自 taximeter cab,计程马车，计程车，来自 taximeter,计程表，计价器。
n.出租汽车v.[指飞机](使)滑行Axe the tax on taxis. Wax may relax the body.削减出租车的税费.蜂蜡可以使身体放松.
noun countable (also taxicab) (also cab)
 ESSENTIAL
■a car with a driver who you pay to take you somewhere 计程车
• I took a taxi from the station to the hotel. 我从车站乘计程车去饭店。
• a taxi driver 计程车司机
['tæk.si] verb intransitive (taxiing, taxied, taxied)
■(of an aircraft) to move slowly on the ground （飞机）在地面滑行
vi. [车辆] 乘出租车； [航] 滑行
 - coast
n. [车辆] 出租汽车
 - motorcab, cab

Word: warfare
Front: warfare
[ˈwɔ:feə(r)] (研六托 5066/6384 -2)
Vocabulary: warfare
(once / 389 pages)
n
When two countries fight violently with each other, the conflict is called warfare.
Whenever a group engages in war or violence, it can be described with the noun warfare, which is another way of saying "the act of war." Terrorists might use guerrilla warfare tactics against their enemies, and governments may resort to warfare to put down revolutions. The word war originally comes from a Germanic root, werso, which means "to perplex or confuse."
WORD FAMILY
warfare: warfares
USAGE EXAMPLES
The subtitle of Banks' book is "Tales of Mischief, Mayhem and Guerrilla Warfare in the EU Referendum Campaign".
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr Younger also warned that "hybrid warfare", which included cyber-attacks and subverting democracy, was becoming an "increasingly dangerous phenomenon".
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The Super Hornet and its electronic warfare variant, the EA-18G Growler, employ thousands in St. Louis at Boeing and its contractors.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 战争，战争状态; 斗争，冲突; 军事行为; 兵火
分布：战争(89%)，冲突(11%)
→war,战争，fare,旅程，进行。
n.战争(状态);斗争;冲突"Beware the software in the warhouse during the warfare," hare said glaring at me.兔子怒视着我说："战争期间当心仓库里的软件."
US ['wɔ:r.fer] noun uncountable
■the activity of fighting a war, often including the weapons and methods that are used 战争；作战，交战
• guerrilla/naval/nuclear/trench warfare 游击战／海战／核战／堑壕战
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
n. 战争；冲突
 - war, interference, sword, conflict, collision

Word: lean
Front: lean
[li:n] (研四六托宝 1520/1867 -K3)
Vocabulary: lean
(once / 74 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4adj
If you lean on something, you incline your body against it, like the way you lean against a wall while waiting in line. If you lean on a person, you rely on her for moral support, like the way you lean on your best friend when you're feeling sad or worried.
If you’re tired, lean back in your chair. If you’re broke, lean on your family for financial help. But something can lean all by itself, if it’s not standing straight. The famous Tower of Pisa leans at an angle of about 4 degrees. As an adjective, we use lean to describe something skimpy or lacking excess flesh. When you're experiencing financial difficulty, you could say you're going through lean (not prosperous) times.
WORD FAMILY
lean: leaned, leaner, leanest, leaning, leanly, leanness, leans, leant+/leaner: leaners/leaning: leanings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He did say the front office will lean heavily on Jackson in finding a QB.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As Anderson was recounting the scary scene, linebacker Corey Nelson leaned in and told him, “I was scared for you. I was so scared, bro.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Feet need to be squared up; pushes need to be absorbed, not leaned into.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）倾斜，屈身
vt. 倚; 依赖; 使斜靠; 使变瘦
adj. 瘦的; 贫瘠的; 简洁的; 精干的
n. 瘦肉; 倾向; 倾斜; 倾斜度
vi. 倾向于（某种观点、意见或态度等）（与to 或 toward连用）
时态：leaned, leaning, leans
分布：瘦肉(33%)，倾斜(16%)，倾向(15%)，依靠(12%)，倚(10%)，瘦的(9%)，贫乏的(2%)，屈身(2%)，无脂肪的(1%)
→来自klei,倾斜，词源同clime,incline. 引申词义依靠。
v.倾斜,屈身;倚,靠,依赖a.瘦的,无脂肪的The lean man leans on the clean bean plant to read a leaf leaflet.瘦人斜靠在干净的豆科植物上读叶片传单.
verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (leaned or UK ALSO leant, leaned or UK ALSO leant)
 IMPROVER
■to (cause to) slope in one direction, or to move the top part of the body in a particular direction （使）倾斜，（使）向一侧歪斜
• She leaned forward and whispered something in my ear. 她俯身过来和我耳语了几句。
• I sat down next to Bernard, who leaned over to me and said "You're late." 我在伯纳德身边坐下，他凑过身子对我说：“你来晚了。”
• Lean your head back a bit. 头向后仰一点。
• That fence is leaning to the right. 那个栅栏向右倾斜。
[li:n] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (leaned or UK ALSO leant, leaned or UK ALSO leant)
  Phrasal Verbs  lean (sth) against/on sth ADVANCED
■to sit or stand with part of your body touching something as a support 斜靠着，倚着
• He leaned against the wall. 他倚着墙。
• She leaned her head on his shoulder. 她把头靠在他的肩上。
[li:n] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (leaned or UK ALSO leant, leaned or UK ALSO leant)
  Phrasal Verbs  lean sth against/on sth
■to put something against a wall or other surface so that it is supported 把…斜靠在，把…倚靠在
• She leant the brush against the wall. 她把刷子靠在墙上。
[li:n] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (leaned or UK ALSO leant, leaned or UK ALSO leant)
  Phrasal Verbs  lean on sb/sth
■to use someone or something to help you, especially in a difficult situation 依靠，凭借
• He's always had his big brother to lean on. 他总是依靠他大哥。
[li:n] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (leaned or UK ALSO leant, leaned or UK ALSO leant)
  Phrasal Verbs  lean on sb informal
■to try to make someone do what you want by threatening or persuading them 向（某人）施加压力，威胁（某人）
• We may have to lean on them a bit if we want our money. 我们如果想把钱拿回来就必须要对他们施加一些压力。
[li:n] adjective
NO FAT 没有脂肪
■describes meat that has little fat （肉）瘦的
■thin and healthy 瘦且健康的
• lean and fit 瘦而健康
[li:n] adjective
NOT ENOUGH 不够
■If a period of time is lean, there is not enough of something, especially money or food, at that time 收益少的，匮乏的
• It has been a particularly lean year for the education department. 对教育部而言这是尤为不景气的一年。
[li:n] adjective
EFFICIENT 高效的 approving
■A lean company or organization uses only a small number of people and a small amount of money etc. so that there is no waste （公司或机构）精简的
• Nowadays even efficient, lean, well-run industries are failing. 如今即使是那些高效、精干、管理良好的行业也在亏损。
[li:n] adjective
lean and hungry
■showing a very strong and determined wish to get something 野心勃勃，志在必得
• He's got that lean and hungry look. 他一副志在必得的样子。
lean, slim, slight, slender, thin
这组词都有“瘦的”的意思，其区别是：
lean: 侧重缺少脂肪。既可能是因病而瘦，也可能因饥饿而消瘦。也指身体消瘦，但肌肉结实，身体健康。
slim: 指身体的细长，体重轻不着重外形的优美，可用于不同的性别，常用于减轻体重的人。
slight: 指身材又瘦又小。
slender: 指身体细长、体态优美、苗条适中，多用于指女性。
thin: 普通用词，指腰细、骨架窄，常因疾病或疲劳而消瘦。
vi. 倾斜；倚靠；倾向；依赖
 - pitch, slope, tend, affect
adj. 瘦的；贫乏的，歉收的
 - poor, thin, spare
vt. 使倾斜
 - slope, tilt
n. 瘦肉；倾斜；倾斜度
 - slope, gradient

Word: loud
Front: loud
[laʊd] (中高研四 3094/3207 -K3)
Vocabulary: loud
(once / 71 pages)
1adjadv 2adj
The adjective loud describes a noise that has a very high volume, like loud music at a concert that kept your ears ringing even after you left.
The word loud comes from the Old English word hlud, which means "making noise, sonorous."Loud is most often used to describe the volume level of music, but it can also refer to voices or other sounds that are unpleasant and high-volumed. Loud can also describe a tasteless or showy fashion choice, like a loud Hawaiian shirt paired with bright orange shorts.
WORD FAMILY
loud: louden, louder, loudest, loudly, loudness, louds+/louden: loudened, loudening, loudens/loudness: loudnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Loud, inappropriate and unruly behavior is not tolerated in our luxury resorts.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Progressive voices, loud ones, will be needed to hold him accountable.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
DJs blast deafening music in each room, the beat so loud it rattles your sternum and lungs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 响亮的，大声的，高声的; 响亮的，洪亮的，高亢的; 高声的，激烈的; 刺眼的，太招摇的
adv. 大声地，高声地，响亮地
级别：louder, loudest
分布：大声地(31%)，大声的(26%)，吵闹的(24%)，响亮地(16%)，引人注目的(3%)
→来自古英语hlud,吵闹的，响亮的，来自kleu,听，词源同listen.
a.大声的,响亮的;吵闹的,喧嚣的Riding on the ridge of the bridge, the proud bride shouts loudly to the cloud.骄傲的新娘骑在桥脊上对着云大声喊.
adjective adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■making a lot of noise 吵闹的（地），大声的（地），响亮的（地）
• a loud explosion/noise/voice 巨大的爆炸声／巨大的吵闹声／洪亮的嗓音
• I heard a loud bang and then saw black smoke. 我听到砰的一声巨响，接着就看到了黑烟。
• Could you speak a little louder, please? 请你说话大声一点，好吗？
[laʊd] adjective adverb
loud and clear
■very clear and easy to understand 清晰易懂的，清楚明白的
• I can hear you loud and clear. 我能非常清楚地听到你讲话。
• The message from management came through loud and clear: things would have to change. 管理层发出的资讯非常明确：必须进行变革。
[laʊd] adjective disapproving
■(of clothes) having unpleasantly bright colours or too strong patterns, or (of a person) demanding attention and talking and laughing loudly （衣服）过于鲜艳的，花哨的；（人）惹人注目的，招摇的
• You shouldn't wear anything too loud to a job interview. 你去参加求职面试时不要穿得太花哨。
• The men at the bar were loud and obnoxious. 酒吧里的那些男人咋咋呼呼的让人作呕。
aloud, loud, loudly
这些副词均含有“高声地、大声地”之意。
aloud: 强调出声，能让人听见，无比较级。用于修饰cry, call, shout等动词时，有高声之意。
loud: 指声音响亮，高声说话，一般放在所修饰的动词后面。
loudly: 与loud含义相同，可放在动词之前或之后，用以说明声音的强度，含“喧闹”的意味。
adj. 大声的，高声的；不断的；喧吵的
 - ceaseless, unceasing
adv. 大声地，高声地，响亮地
 - aloud, ringingly

Word: cheaply
Front: cheaply
[ˈtʃi:pli] (13400/8583 -K)
Back: adv. 便宜地，不值钱地
分布：廉价地(75%)，粗俗地(25%)
adverb
■for a low price 便宜地，廉价地
• The shop round the corner does shoe repairs very cheaply. 街角那家店修鞋非常便宜。
adv. 便宜地；廉价地
 - inexpensively

Word: violate
Front: violate
[ˈvaɪəleɪt] (高研六托雅宝 2909/7012 -3)
Vocabulary: violate
(once / 188 pages)
v
Violate is a verb that describes actions that show no respect for people, laws, property, and customs. Drivers violate the law when they fail to stop at red lights, and people violate your privacy when they eavesdrop on your personal conversations.
Violate comes from the Latin word violatus which means "to break," as in a promise or oath. As members of our society, we make unspoken promises — to follow all laws, to help people if we can, or at the very least, not hurt them. So when we violate — laws, property, people's abilities to live safe, peaceful lives — we break the promises that come with being lawful citizens.
WORD FAMILY
violate: inviolate, violable, violated, violates, violating, violation, violative, violator +/ inviolable: inviolably/ inviolate: inviolately/violable: inviolable / violation: violations/ violator: violators
USAGE EXAMPLES
They alleged Remington violated state law by selling a dangerous weapon to the public.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
As Salon’s own Jeremy Binckes pointed out on Tuesday, Trump’s position violates legal precedent that has been settled for quite some time.
Salon(Dec 01, 2016)
Painter said Trump risked violating the US constitution if he retained ownership of his vast network of companies.
The Guardian(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 违反; 妨碍; 侵犯; 亵渎，强奸
时态：violated, violating, violates
分布：违反(78%)，侵犯(15%)，亵渎(4%)，强奸(2%)，扰乱(1%)
→词源同violence,暴力，引申词义违背，违反。
vt.违背;冒犯;妨碍;侵犯;亵渎(圣物)By the biography, the biologist's playing the violet violin violently violated rules.据传记记载,生物学家猛奏紫罗兰色的小提琴违犯了规矩.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to break or act against something, especially a law, agreement, principle or something that should be treated with respect 违反，违背，违犯（尤指法律、协议、原则等）
• They were charged with violating federal law. 他们被控违犯了联邦法律。
• It seems that the planes deliberately violated the cease-fire agreement. 那些飞机似乎是故意违反停火协议。
• The doctor has been accused of violating professional ethics. 那名医生被控违反了职业道德。
 ADVANCED
■to go, especially forcefully, into a place or situation which should be treated with respect and in which you are not wanted or not expected to be 侵犯；打扰
• The fishermen claimed that ships from another country had violated their territorial waters. 那些渔民宣称另一个国家的船只侵犯了他们的水域。
• Questions of this kind violate my privacy and I am not willing to answer them. 这种问题侵犯了我的隐私，我拒绝回答。
■formal
■to rape someone 强暴；强奸
• She said that she had been treated so roughly by the hospital staff that she felt violated. 她说医护人员待她非常粗暴，她感觉受到了侮辱。
vt. 违反；侵犯，妨碍；亵渎
 - let, act against

Word: fertility
Front: fertility
[fəˈtɪləti] (6103/5169)
Vocabulary: fertility
(once / 748 pages)
1n 2n
Fertility is the ability to have babies or to reproduce. When fertility rates in a community increase, more babies are born.
Fertility is the quality of a human's ability to produce offspring, which is dependent on age, health, and other factors. The noun can also refer to the state of a plant or animal's being capable of reproduction. When you hear about "fertility rates," it means the number of births that happen during a certain time period in a specific location. The Latin root word is fertilis, "bearing in abundance or fruitful," from ferre, "to bear."
WORD FAMILY
fertility: antifertility, fertilities+/ fertile: fertilely, fertilest, fertilise, fertility, fertilize, fertily, infertile, unfertile/fertilisation: self-fertilisation/fertilise: cross-fertilise, fertilisation, fertilised, fertiliser, fertilises, fertilising/fertilised: self-fertilised, unfertilised/fertiliser: fertilisers/ fertilization: fertilizations, self-fertilization/fertilize: cross-fertilize, fertilizable, fertilization, fertilized, fertilizer, fertilizes, fertilizing/fertilized: self-fertilized, unfertilized/fertilizer: fertilizers/ infertile: infertility/infertility: infertilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The researchers believe studying the embryos will improve fertility treatments and revolutionise knowledge of the earliest stages of human life.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
As Sammy gets older, he will be monitored for late effects including leukemia and fertility problems.
Washington Post(Dec 25, 2016)
The Millers conceived the multiples naturally, meaning Kortney became pregnant with quadruplets without the aid of medical fertility drugs.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. （土地的）肥沃; 肥力; 丰产; <生>繁殖力
分布：名词(100%)
肥沃;多产(fertile+ity)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
US [fɚ'tɪl.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
PEOPLE/ANIMALS/PLANTS 人／动物／植物
 ADVANCED
■(of animals and plants) the quality of being able to produce young or fruit （动植物的）生殖力，繁殖能力
• a fertility symbol 生殖力的象征
• declining fertility rates 下降的生育率
UK [fə'tɪl.ɪ.ti] US [fɚ'tɪl.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
LAND 土地
■(of land) the quality of producing a large number of good quality crops （土地的）肥沃度（土地出产大量优质农作物的能力）
• the fertility of the soil 土壤的肥沃度
UK [fə'tɪl.ɪ.ti] US [fɚ'tɪl.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
IMAGINATION 想像力 literary
■(of the mind or imagination) the quality of producing a lot of unusual and interesting ideas （头脑）奇思妙想的能力
n. 多产； [土壤] 肥沃； [生物] [生理] [农经] 生产力；丰饶
 - productivity, pregnancy

Word: highway
Front: highway
[ˈhaɪweɪ] (高研四六 2583/4470 -K2)
Vocabulary: highway
(once / 298 pages)
n
A highway is a busy road with many lanes. Highways are usually the quickest route for driving between one city and another.
Highways were originally built to connect cities and towns, and since they're wide and have high speed limits, they decreased the travel time. Highways are always considered public land, and they're usually maintained by the individual state. The Old English precursor was heahweg, "main street" or "main way." The word high has often been used to mean "main" or "major," especially when describing a street.
WORD FAMILY
highway: highways, superhighway+/superhighway: superhighways
USAGE EXAMPLES
Next to the construction area of the new Highway 520 bridge, birds still gather despite the high-decibel sounds from the work.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
So far, the technology is being built into just a few miles of highway in a handful of states, even as smartcars hit the roads.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
And the Highway Patrol said security footage caught two people splattering motor oil on the sidewalk and Capitol building on Halloween night.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 公路; 公用通道; 干线; 途径，方法
分布：公路(100%)
→high,高，此处义为主要的或表强调，way,道路。
n.公路,大路The sightseer speaks highly of the highway with sigh.观光者叹息着盛赞这条公路.
noun countable
 IMPROVER US or UK formal
■a public road, especially an important road that joins cities or towns together 公路（尤指连接城镇的重要公路）
• a coastal/interstate highway 滨海／州际公路
⇒ See also superhighway
['haɪ.weɪ] noun countable
the highways and byways literary
■the roads and paths of a place 大街小巷
• They travelled the highways and byways of Britain. 他们游遍了英国的大街小巷。
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
n. 公路， [公路] 大路；捷径
 - high road, chaussee

Word: somehow
Front: somehow
[ˈsʌmhaʊ] (研四六雅 1649/2005 -K3)
Back: adv. 以某种方式，用某种方法; <非正>不知怎么地，不知道怎样，不晓得什么缘故; 设法，想办法，想个方法; 莫明其妙地
分布：以某种方式(60%)，不知怎么地(40%)
ad.以某种方式,用某种方法;不知怎么地Somehow I don't like him.不知什么缘故我不喜欢他.
adverb
 ESSENTIAL (US informal also someway)
■in a way or by some means which is not known or not stated 以某种方法，以某种方式
• It won't be easy, but we'll get across the river somehow. 过河不是件容易的事，但我们总会有办法的。
 ESSENTIAL
■for a reason which is not clear 不知甚么原因
• I know what we're doing is legal, but somehow it doesn't feel right. 我知道我们正在做的事情是合法的，但不知甚么原因总觉得不对劲。
adv. 以某种方法；莫明其妙地
 - one way or another, puzzlingly

Word: characteristic
Front: characteristic
[ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk] (高研四六托雅宝 2032/1811 -K3)
Vocabulary: characteristic
(once / 127 pages)
1adjn 2n
If something is a characteristic of someone or something, it is a feature you would expect. A characteristic of classical-style architecture is large stone columns. A characteristic of poodles is their pom-pom like tails.
A characteristic feature needn't just be a something physically apparent, it can describe a type of personality or atmosphere as well, as in: "The characteristic of all funeral homes is their gloomy air." As their spelling and meaning implies, there is a close link between the words characteristic and character, meaning the essential nature of a thing, and in fact both words come from the ancient Greek kharackter, meaning a "symbol or imprint on the soul."
WORD FAMILY
characteristic: characteristically, characteristicly, characteristics, uncharacteristic+/ character: charactered, charactering, characterise, characteristic, characterize, characterless, characters/characterisation: characterisations/characterise: characterisation, characterised, characterises, characterising/ characterization: characterizations/ characterize: characterization, characterized, characterizes, characterizing/uncharacteristic: uncharacteristically
USAGE EXAMPLES
What are some examples and characteristics of the opposite of a weapon of math destruction?
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Film language is well equipped to convey the dislocated shifts in time that are characteristic of grieving.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
State media reported that Yu called on Catholic churches to adhere to “socialism with Chinese characteristics.”
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 特有的; 独特的; 表示特性的; 显示…的特征的
n. 特性，特征，特色，[数]（对数的）首数; 独特性; 性质
分布：特性(40%)，特点(21%)，特色(20%)，特有的(14%)，典型的(5%)
a.(of)特有的,独特的n.特征,特性In this chapter, the capture characterized the characteristics of the characters.俘虏在本章描述了字符的特性.
【参】characterization（n 描绘，刻画）；characterize（v 描述或刻画某人或某事物的特点）
US [ˌker-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a typical or noticeable quality of someone or something 特色，特点，特征
• Unfortunately a big nose is a family characteristic. 不幸的是，大鼻子是家族特征。
• Sentimentality seems a characteristic of all the writers of that period. 多愁善感似乎是那个时期所有作家的特征。
• The male bird displays (= has) several characteristics which distinguish him from the female. 雄鸟有几个有别于雌鸟的特征。
UK [ˌkær.ɪk.tə'rɪs.tɪk] US [ˌker-] adjective
■typical of a person or thing 特有的，典型的
• With the hospitality so characteristic of these people, they opened their house to over fifty guests. 这些人生性好客，他们敞开家门接待了五十多位客人。
• She behaved with characteristic dignity. 她表现出自己特有的尊严。
• The creamy richness is characteristic of the cheese from this region. 有着浓郁的奶香是该地区出产的起司的特色。
distinctive, peculiar, individual, characteristic
这组词都有“特有的，显示特征的”的意思，其区别是：
distinctive: 突出与众不同的或令人称赞的个性或特征。
peculiar: 侧重指某人或某物本身与众不同；也可指种族、民族或性别，着重有其无可争议的特点。
individual: 指特指的人或物，着重其与众不同，强调可将其区别出的品质与特性。
characteristic: 侧重指具有区别能力，典型的或本质的事物。
peculiarity, properity, quality, attribute, feature, characteristic, character, trait
这组词都有“特性、特点、品质”的意思，其区别是：
peculiarity: 指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩。
properity: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人。
quality: 最普通用词，既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征。
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物。
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征。
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征。
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征。
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征。
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
adj. 典型的；特有的；表示特性的
 - typical, representative, proper, very, own
n. 特征；特性；特色
 - quality, identity, tang, specific, distinction

Word: mate
Front: mate
[meɪt] (研四六托宝 4061/3060 -K3)
Vocabulary: mate
(once / 162 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Someone's mate is their spouse, partner, boyfriend, or girlfriend. Your grandmother's long-term sweetheart is her mate. Awwww.
A husband or wife is one kind of mate, and animals have mates too, chosen for reproduction and sometimes to assist in raising babies. Anything that comes in a pair — like socks, contacts, shoes, or earrings — also has a mate. Your pal or buddy can be called a mate as well. As a verb, to mate means "to breed" or "to reproduce." In Middle Low German, mate means "one eating at the same table."
WORD FAMILY
mate: mated, mateed, mateless, mater, mates, matey, mating, mismate+/mated: unmated/mater: maters/mating: matings/mismate: mismated, mismates, mismating
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he looked deeper and found this lovely move, calculating – despite having just two minutes left on his clock – that mate was inevitable.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
July 12: Trump again attacks the Carrier decision during a campaign rally in suburban Indianapolis, three days before he announces Pence as his running mate.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
A tiger mates with a lion in the distance.
The Guardian(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. （工人间的）伙伴，同事，老兄，老弟〔工人，水手间的亲密称呼〕; 配偶〔男女任何一方〕，动物之偶（尤指鸟类），（一对中的）一只，配对物; [医学]（军医等的）助手; [航海]（商船的）大副，驾驶员
vt. & vi. （使）成为配偶; （使）交配; （一对动物或鸟）交配; 交尾(~ with sth)
时态：mated, mating, mates
分布：交配(40%)，配偶(28%)，伙伴(20%)，同事(10%)，使 ... 配对(1%)，使 ... 一致(1%)
→来自低地德语gemate,同桌吃饭的人，餐桌伙伴，来自Proto-Germanic*ga-maton,一起吃饭，来自*ga-,一起，词源同com-,*maton,食物，词源同meat.引申词义伙伴，伴侣，以及动物交配等。mate 将军，将死
n.伙伴,同事,同伴,配偶v.结伴,配对,交配My intimate mate's ultimate estimate approximates the appropriate value.我亲密伙伴的最终估计接近恰当的值.
noun countable
FRIEND 朋友
 IMPROVER UK informal
■a friend 朋友，伙伴
• We've been mates since our school days. 我们从学生时代起就是朋友。
• I usually play football with some of my mates from the office on Saturdays. 我星期六通常和办公室的同事一起踢足球。
• She's my best mate. 她是我最好的朋友。
■UK informal
■used as a friendly way of talking to someone, especially a man （尤用作男人间的友善称呼）老兄，老弟，伙计
• Have you got a light, mate? 有火吗，老兄？
[meɪt] noun countable
SEXUAL PARTNER 配偶
■an animal's sexual partner （动物的）偶
• Peacocks use their beautiful tails to attract mates. 孔雀用美丽的尾巴来吸引配偶。
[meɪt] noun countable
HELPER 帮忙者 UK a person who is employed to help a skilled worker 助手，帮手
• a carpenter's/plumber's mate 木工／管道工的助手
[meɪt] noun countable
SHIP 船
■a type of officer on a trading ship rather than a military ship （商船上的）大副
• He had worked as a ship's mate for ten years. 他当了十年的大副。
[meɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
■to have sex and produce young, or to make animals do this （使）交配
• Tigers mate repeatedly over a period of several days. 老虎在几天里多次交配。
• Mating a horse with a donkey produces a mule. 马和驴交配后生出骡子。
[meɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
mate for life
■If animals mate for life, they keep the same sexual partner for their whole life. （动物）终生保持同一配偶
acquaintance, pal, mate, friend
这组词都有“朋友”的意思，其区别是：
acquaintance: 指彼此相识，但交往不甚密切，相互间没有深厚情感的人。
pal: 口语用词，指十分要好的朋友。
mate: 最普通用词，既可指好友、同事，又可指合伙人，还可指配偶的一方。
friend: 一般用词，指某人喜爱并乐意与之相交往的人。
n. 助手，大副； [生物] 配偶；同事；配对物
 - friend, assistant, brother, aid, fellow
vt. 使配对；使一致；结伴
 - accord, unify
vi. [生物] 交配；成配偶；紧密配合
 - copulate, close fit

Word: offensive
Front: offensive
[əˈfensɪv] (研六托宝 3168/5947 -K3)
Vocabulary: offensive
(once / 247 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adjn
Offensive describes rude or hurtful behavior, or a military or sports incursion into on opponent's territory. In any context, "on the offensive" means on the attack.
Although offense and defense are opposites, offensive and defensive aren't always. Defensive can mean anxiously challenging of all criticism. Offensive can mean not just attacking someone or something, but belching, insulting people, or otherwise not respecting common standards of behavior.
WORD FAMILY
offensive: counteroffensive, inoffensive, offensively, offensiveness, offensives+/counteroffensive: counteroffensives/ inoffensive: inoffensively/ offend: offended, offender, offending, offends, offensive / offended: offendedly/ offender: offenders/offending: unoffending/unoffending: unoffendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He’d decided to remain in Baltimore as the offensive coordinator of the Ravens.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Gordon followed with a layup from an offensive rebound, and the Rockets comfortably led by 10 near the final minute.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The last and most common argument against Prescott for MVP—as well as Elliott for MVP—is that outstanding Dallas offensive line.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 无礼的，冒犯的，唐突的; 讨厌的，令人不快的; 进攻（性）的，攻击的，攻势的
n. 进攻，攻势
分布：攻势(49%)，攻击(38%)，冒犯的(6%)，令人不快的(6%)，与进攻有关的(1%)
→来自offend,进攻，冒犯。
冒犯的(of+fens+ive)[fend,fens=strke,表示"打击"]
a.冒犯的,攻击的n.攻势,进攻The offensive offender defended himself with the fence.那个讨厌的触犯者用篱笆自卫.
adjective
UPSETTING 冒犯
 IMPROVER
■causing offence 冒犯的；令人不快的，讨厌的
• This programme contains language that some viewers might find offensive. 这个节目使用了某些观众可能觉得不快的语言。
• He told some really offensive sexist jokes. 他讲了一些极令人不快的性别歧视的笑话。
Opposite inoffensive unpleasant 讨厌的；令人不愉快的
• offensive smells 难闻的味道
[ə'fent.sɪv] adjective
ATTACKING 进攻
■used for attacking 进攻（性）的；攻击的
• Since the other side had taken offensive action (= attacked) , we had no choice but to defend ourselves. 既然对方已经采取了攻势，我们除了自卫别无选择。
• Knives of any sort are classed as offensive weapons. 任何刀具都属于攻击性武器。
[ə'fent.sɪv] noun countable
■a planned military attack （军事）进攻，攻势
• They launched the land offensive in the middle of the night. 他们在午夜发动了地面进攻。
• UN troops have gone on the offensive (= started to attack). 联合国军队已经开始进攻。
take the offensive
■to attack first 率先攻击；先发制人
aggression, invasion, assault, attack, offensive
这些名词均有“进攻、侵略”之意。
aggression: 词义宽泛，既可指武装入侵别国领土，又可指文化、经济等方面的侵略。侧重敌意行动和征服的企图。
invasion: 多指具体的侵入或侵犯别国领土，也可用于指抽象事件。
assault: 主要指突然而猛烈的进攻。
attack: 普通用词，含义广，指事先不发警告，主动地向对方发起武力进攻或对言论等进行抨击。
offensive: 多指进攻的态势，常指大规模的协同军事行动。
adj. 攻击的；冒犯的；无礼的；讨厌的
 - evil, rank
n. 攻势；攻击
 - attack, attempt, push

Word: entity
Front: entity
[ˈentəti] (研六托雅宝 3932/3875 -2)
Vocabulary: entity
(once / 1050 pages)
n
If your little sister turns her lemonade stand into a lemonade empire, she might incorporate it as a company. Under the law, it would be considered an entity, or a separate being for purposes of government control.
The word entity originally meant "being, existence," and was borrowed from Medieval Latin entitas, from Latin ens, irregular form of esse "to be, exist." The suffix –ity means "quality or state." Medieval Christian philosophers, influenced by the Church Fathers and Aristotle, discussed the concept of ens "abstract being" versus esse "actual being."
WORD FAMILY
entity: entities, nonentity +/ nonentity: nonentities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The larger the government entity - from local to state to federal - the more complicated it all is.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Catholic Benefits Association, a group of Catholic hospitals, dioceses and other entities, filed a separate lawsuit against the HHS rule last week.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Ma, whose multimedia studio, Shizhi Media, produced the taxi cartoon, said about a fifth of its clients were party or state entities.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 实体; 实际存在物; 本质
分布：实体(94%)，存在(4%)，本质(2%)
→ent-, 存在，来自拉丁文esse的现在分词，is的原型，词源同essence, absent.
存在[et=being(存在)]
n.实体;存在(物);组织,机构;本质The whole country is a single entity.全国一盘棋.
US [-tˌə.tˌi] formal
noun countable
■something which exists apart from other things, having its own independent existence 实体；独立存在体
• The museums work closely together, but are separate legal entities. 这些博物馆密切合作，但它们都是独立的法人实体。
• He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity. 他把这个国家的北部地区视为一个独立的文化实体。
n. 实体；存在；本质
 - presence, existence, essence, principle, texture

Word: depth
Front: depth
[depθ] (高研四六雅 2555/2159 -K3)
Vocabulary: depth
(once / 116 pages)
n
Depth is the measure of how deep something goes. The swimming pool has a depth of six feet. The well has an unknown depth. People can be deep as well—you know by looking at some people that they have depth.
Depth goes with other measure words that end in "th." Length is how long something is. Breadth is how wide or broad. The expression "plumb the depths" means to take a measure of how deep something goes. Depth also can mean deepness—your English teacher might instruct you to write papers with depth.
WORD FAMILY
depth: depths+/ deep: deepen, deepest, deeply, deepness, deeps, depth /deepen: deepened, deepening, deepens/deepening: deepenings/deeply: deeper
USAGE EXAMPLES
College scout teams consist of scholarship players who are buried on the depth chart and walk-ons who volunteer to be tackling dummies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Prior to his injury, Ross split time between receiver and cornerback due to depth concerns.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s easy to imagine that she’s walking into the murky depths, never to return.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 深度; 深处，深海; 深奥，奥妙; 进深
分布：深(60%)，深度(35%)，深奥(2%)，深刻(2%)，厚度(1%)
→来自deep的名词形式。
深度(dep=deep深的)[-th表名词,通常指抽象名词]
n.深,深度,深奥,深刻Snow accumulated to a depth of 12 feet.雪已积到十二英尺深.
noun
DISTANCE DOWN 向下的距离
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the distance down either from the top of something to the bottom, or to a distance below the top surface of something 深度；高度
• the depth of a lake/pond 湖泊／池塘的深度
• There are very few fish at depths (= distances below the surface) below 3000 metres. 水下3000米处很少有鱼。
• The river froze to a depth of over a metre. 河面冰层厚度超过一米。
the depths [plural] literary
■the lowest part of the sea 海底；深渊
• The ship sank slowly to the depths of the ocean. 那艘船慢慢沉入大洋深处。
[depθ] noun
SERIOUSNESS 严肃
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you have serious qualities or the ability to think seriously about something （思维的）深度，深刻；洞察力
• Terry lacks depth - he's a very superficial person. 特里的思想缺乏深度——他是个很肤浅的人。
• Her writing shows astonishing depth. 她的作品思想深刻，令人惊讶。
• Jo has hidden depths (= serious qualities that you do not see immediately). 祖是个深藏不露的人。
in depth
■in a serious and detailed way 深入细致地
• I'd like to look at this question in some depth. 我要深入细致地研究一下这个问题。
[depθ] noun
DISTANCE BACKWARDS 深度
countable or uncountable
■the distance from the front to the back of something 深度；厚度；宽度
• Measure the depth of the cupboard/shelf. 量一量橱柜／书架的深度。
[depθ] noun
STRENGTH 力度
countable or uncountable
■when a feeling, state or characteristic is strong, extreme or detailed （情感、状态、特性等的）深度，力度，强度
• He spoke with great depth of feeling. 他饱含深情地发表讲话。
• I was amazed at the depth of her knowledge. 她的学识渊博，令我十分惊讶。
in the depth(s) of sth
■experiencing an extreme and negative emotion 处于极为…的消极情绪之中
• He was in the depths of despair/depression about losing his job. 他丢了工作，深感绝望／沮丧。
■during the worst period of a bad situation 处于最艰难的时期
• The company was started in the depth of the recession of the 1930s. 该公司在20世纪30年代经济最萧条的时期创办。
[depθ] noun
LOW SOUND 低音
uncountable
■the quality of having a low sound （声线）深沉，低沉
• The depth of his voice makes him sound older than he is. 他声线低沉，听起来要比他实际年龄大一些。
[depθ] noun
DARKNESS 暗
uncountable
■when something, especially a colour, has the quality of being dark and strong （尤指颜色的）浓厚
• I love the depth of colour in her early paintings. 我喜欢她早期油画作品的浓厚色彩。
[depθ] noun
in the depth(s) of somewhere
■in the middle of somewhere, and a long distance from its edges 在…的深处
• a house in the depths of the forest 森林深处的房屋
[depθ] noun
in the depth(s) of winter
■in the middle of winter 隆冬
[depθ] noun
out of your depth
■not having the knowledge, experience, or skills to deal with a particular subject or situation 无法驾驭，不能胜任
• I was out of my depth in the advanced class, so I moved to the intermediate class. 由于高级班太难，我转到了中级班。
■in water that is so deep that it goes over your head when you are standing 淹没头顶，没过头顶
• I'm not a strong swimmer so I prefer not to go out of my depth. 我不谙水性，所以不会到水深超过我身高的区域。
n. [海洋] 深度；深奥
 - profoundity, deepness

Word: preside
Front: preside
[prɪˈzaɪd] (研六宝 6781/6406 -2)
Vocabulary: preside
(once / 427 pages)
v
When you preside over something, you're acting as the leader or president. The captain of a club presides over the meetings.
Whether your title is President or not, when you preside, you're acting as a president or another kind of leader. A judge presides over a courtroom. The owner of a business presides over staff meetings. If you work in an office, your boss presides over the office. Presiding can mean ruling or just supervising something. If you preside over something, you're in charge of it.
WORD FAMILY
preside: presided, presides, presiding
USAGE EXAMPLES
Family Court Judge David Guyton, himself the parent of an adopted child, was presiding.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Although the Obama administration is often criticized by the fossil fuel industry, it presided over a boom that saw domestic oil and gas production soar.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 26, 2016)
But there is now an Orthodox church alongside him, partly financed by the man who once presided over an atheist state.
BBC(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: vi. 主持，指挥; 担任会议主席
时态：presided, presiding, presides
分布：主持(93%)，任主席(4%)，统辖(3%)
→pre-,在前，-sid,坐，词源同sit,seat.即坐在前面，比喻用法。
主持(pre前面+side→在前面坐→主持)[Sid=sit,表示"坐"]
v.(at,over)主持Who will preside at the meeting?谁将主持会议?
【记】pre前，side坐－坐在前面－主持
【参】president（adj 总统，校长）
verb intransitive
■to be in charge of a formal meeting or ceremony 主持（会议或仪式）
• Who would be the best person to preside at/over the public enquiry? 谁来主持大众调查最合适呢？
[prɪ'zaɪd] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  preside over sth
■to be in charge of a situation, especially a formal meeting or a trial 掌管；主持（尤指正式会议或审判）
• Judge Langdale is to preside over the official enquiry into the case. 兰代尔法官将主持这个案子的正式调查。
• This government has presided over some of the most significant changes in education this century. 本任政府主导了本世纪某些最重大的教育变革。
vi. 主持，担任会议主席
 - to chair, run the show
vt. 管理
 - manage, conduct, run, direct, control

Word: framework
Front: framework
[ˈfreɪmwɜ:k] (高研四六托雅 2968/2177 -2)
Vocabulary: framework
(once / 1081 pages)
n
Framework refers to the initial structure of a building. If you ever wanted to walk through walls, you can get your chance when a new house has just the framework done, because the house will have walls with openings for windows and doors but no plaster or siding.
From the literal meaning of framework — the initial structure of a building — English added figurative meanings. The noun framework, for example, can be any underlying structure something is built on, so you will see examples like: a framework for solving the problem, a framework for the computer program, and a framework for a new relationship.
WORD FAMILY
framework: frameworks
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The court stuck with the basic framework of Virginia, so it’s still pretty messed up, especially in Northern Virginia,” Cannon said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But the most important difference is the context in which the two frameworks are being proposed.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
When reached Wednesday by phone, Brinkley, who is a professor at Rice University in Houston, declined to discuss Trump’s framework for the inaugural address.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 构架; 框架; （体系的）结构; 机构，组织
分布：框架(88%)，结构(9%)，体系(3%)
n.构架;框架;结构;组织;机构This bridge over the river has a steel framework.这座跨江大桥是钢骨结构.
US [-wɝ:k] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a supporting structure around which something can be built （建筑物等的）架构，框架
 ADVANCED
■a system of rules, ideas or beliefs that is used to plan or decide something （规则、观念或信仰的）框架，体系，结构
• a legal framework for resolving disputes 解决争端的法律体系
n. 框架，骨架；结构， [建] 构架
 - configuration, mechanics, texture, structure

Word: nominal
Front: nominal
[ˈnɒmɪnl] (研六雅宝 10783/6079 -2)
Vocabulary: nominal
(once / 714 pages)
1adjn 2adj
Schools, libraries, and other organizations often ask you to make a nominal donation to their cause. While you want to support many causes, these nominal donations soon add up to a substantial portion of your budget!
Another meaning for the adjective nominal is "in name only" or only having a title. The CEO is the nominal head of the company, but you know his assistant is one who is really in charge of the day-to-day business of the company. He is the go-to person for signing invoices, purchase orders, and resolving personnel issues.
WORD FAMILY
nominal: binominal, nominalism, nominally, nominals+/nominalism: nominalisms, nominalist, nominalistic/nominalist: nominalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The company did not say how much the payments were or how they were paid, but did describe them as “nominal.”
New York Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Police argued he should get a "nominal" award of £1 at a hearing on Wednesday.
BBC(Dec 21, 2016)
They are not under contract and as nominal amateurs suffer no financial penalty from quitting their teams.
New York Times(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: adj. 名义上的; 微不足道的; 票面上的; 名字的，列名的
n. 名词性词
分布：名义上的(59%)，象征性的(22%)，名词性的(13%)，名词词组(6%)
→来自拉丁语nomen,名字，词源同name.即名字的，名义上的。
名义上的(nomin+al)[nomin=name,表示"名称,名字"]
a.名义上的;(金额,租金)微不足道的The dominant candidate is nominally nominated for president.占优势的候选人名义上被任命为总统.
【记】nomin＝name，al一名义上的
【参】nomenclature（n 命名法；术语）；nominate（v 提名）
US ['nɑ:.mə-] adjective
NOT IN REALITY 非事实的
■in name or thought but not reality 名义上的；有名无实的
• She's the nominal head of our college - the real work is done by her deputy. 她名义上是我们学院的校长——实际工作都是由她的副手来完成的。
UK ['nɒm.ɪ.nəl] US ['nɑ:.mə-] adjective
SMALL 小的
■describes a sum of money which is very small compared to an expected price or value （金额）微不足道的，象征式的
• a nominal sum/charge 象征式的一笔款项／一点费用
• For a nominal fee, they will deliver orders to customers' homes. 他们只象征式收点费用，就会送货上门。
adj. 名义上的；有名无实的； [会计] 票面上的
 - titular

Word: legally
Front: legally
['li:ɡəlɪ] (4563/4929 -K)
Vocabulary: legally
(once / 804 pages)
adv
When something is done legally, it follows the rules of law. If a couple has gotten a marriage license and a ceremony's been performed by a judge, they are legally married.
When you act legally, you obey the law. If you're driving a car, legally turning right at a red light generally involves using your turn signal and stopping to make sure the road is clear. When an American turns twenty-one, she's legally considered to be an adult — in other words, the law says that's the age of adulthood. The Latin root of legally is legalis, "pertaining to the law," from lex, or "law."
WORD FAMILY
legal: illegal, legaler, legalise, legalism, legality, legalize, legally, nonlegal+/ illegal: illegalise, illegality, illegalize, illegally/ illegality: illegalities/ illegalize: illegalized/legalise: legalisation, legalised, legalises, legalising/legalism: legalisms/ legality: legalities/legalize: legalization, legalized, legalizes, legalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rodriguez now lives in the United States legally and owns three restaurants.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Many, including the State of Iowa, are legally required to approve budgets that are balanced.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many less toothy animals, birds, reptiles, plants, fish and shells are legally protected.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: adv. 法律上，合法地
分布：合法地(84%)，法律上地(16%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■as stated by the law 依法，按照法律
• Children under sixteen are not legally allowed to buy cigarettes. 法律规定16岁以下未成年人不得购买香烟。
adv. 合法地；法律上
 - lawfully, licity

Word: maximum
Front: maximum
[ˈmæksɪməm] (高研四六托雅 3603/2427 -K3)
Vocabulary: maximum
(once / 505 pages)
adjn
Both a noun and an adjective, maximum takes it to the max: it means the most, the fastest, the biggest.
"The most you can have is the maximum": that's the noun. In "the maximum amount is the most you can have," it's used as an adjective. You might be familiar with the shortened version of the word: the "max." If you take something "to the max," you're doing as much of it as possible. You take it to the limit. You take it to the maximum.
WORD FAMILY
maximum: maxima, maximise, maximize, maximums+/maximise: maximisation, maximised, maximising/ maximize: maximization, maximized, maximizes, maximizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Someone convicted of killing a turtle faces a maximum fine of about $240 and up to three months in jail.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
French forward Giroud said his strike owed much to "maximum luck".
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s not that she hasn’t courted maximum attention, both adoring and hostile; she is, after all, starring in an E!
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 最大值的，最大量的
n. 最大的量、体积、强度等
分布：最大限度(49%)，最高的(29%)，最大量(8%)，最大极限的(7%)，最高点(7%)
→来自拉丁语magnus,大的，巨大的，词源同magnate,magnum.-im,最高级后缀，词源同ultimate,intimate.-um,中性格，词源同datum.即大的最高级中性名词，引申词义最大量，最高限度等。
n.最大值,极限a.最大的,最高的The maximum plus or minus the minimum makes minute difference.最大值加上或者减去最小值只产生极小的差异.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■being the largest amount or number allowed or possible 最大的；最高的；顶点的
• maximum speed/effort/temperature 最高速度／最大努力／最高温度
• The bomb was designed to cause the maximum amount of damage. 设计这种炸弹是为了造成最大程度的破坏。
['mæk.sɪ.məm] noun countable usually singular (plural maxima or maximums)
 ADVANCED
■the largest amount allowed or possible 最大限度；最大量；最大值
• The temperature will reach a maximum of 27°C today. 今天最高气温将达摄氏27度。
Compare minimum
gigantic, maximum, excess, excessive, multiple, surplus
gigantic: 巨大的，庞大的
maximum: 最大的，最高的
excess: （作定语） 过度的，额外的，超过了正常限度或标准
excessive: 过度的，过分的
multiple: 多样的，多重的，多倍的
surplus: 过剩的，多余的，剩余的
n. [数] 极大，最大限度；最大量
 - ceiling amount
adj. 最高的；最多的；最大极限的
 - highest, supreme, peak, top, most

Word: uniform
Front: uniform
[ˈju:nɪfɔ:m] (高研四六托雅宝 3043/3504 -K3)
Vocabulary: uniform
(once / 141 pages)
nadjv
Uniform means the same. If your school has a uniform it means all the kids wear the same clothes. If you are told to make your handwriting uniform, they want your letters to be the same shape and size over and over.
When you break uniform down, you'll see uni for one, and form, for shape––things that are uniform have the shape. If you are building a Zombie Army, it's more fun to create zombies who are not uniform. Some can wear shredded shrouds, others can wear whatever they find. Some walk just fine, others leave body parts wherever they go.
WORD FAMILY
uniform: nonuniform, uniformed, uniforming, uniformise, uniformity, uniformize, uniformly, uniformness, uniforms+/ uniformity: nonuniformity, uniformities/uniformize: uniformizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Are you Peter Dahlin?” said one of the uniformed agents packing the alleyway outside.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Throughout the week our uniform allegiance to the Hawks is noteworthy.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The man, who was dressed in a Charlotte baggage handler’s uniform, appeared unharmed and refused medical treatment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 制服; 军服; 通讯中用以代表字母 u 的词
adj. （形状，性质等）一样的; 规格一致的; 始终如一的
v. 使规格一律; 使均一; 使穿制服
时态：uniformed, uniforming, uniforms
分布：制服(57%)，统一的(32%)，一致的(11%)
→uni-, 一，词源同unit,form, 形式。用于指制服。
一贯的,一致的(uni[uni-表示"一个,单一"]+form形状)
一致的;n.制服(uni一个+form→一种形状→一致的)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
同样的,一致的(uni+form形状)[un,uni=one,表示"单一,一个"]
一致的(uni一个+form)[-form表形容词"有…形状的"]
n.制服,军服a.相同的,一律的The bookworm in uniform is informed of the storm.穿制服的书呆子得到暴风雨的消息.
【记】uni一个，form（n 形状）：一致的
【反】variegation（n 杂色；彩色；斑）
US [-fɔ:rm] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a particular set of clothes which has to be worn by the members of the same organization or group of people 制服
• military/school uniform 军装／校服
• a nurse's uniform 护士服
• I love a man in uniform! 我喜欢男人穿制服的样子！
Compare mufti
countable
■a type of clothes that are connected with any group of people （某一群体的人穿的）典型服装，特有服装
• Photographs show him wearing the scruffy T-shirt and jeans that were the student's uniform of the time. 照片上的他穿着当时的校服，就是那种脏兮兮的T恤和牛仔裤。
UK ['ju:.nɪ.fɔ:m] US [-fɔ:rm] adjective
■the same; not changing or different in any way 相同的；一律的；整齐划一的
• As in so many offices that you see, the walls and furniture are a uniform grey. 和你看到的很多办公室一样，墙壁和家俱一律都是灰色的。
• Small businesses are demanding that they receive uniform treatment from the banks. 小企业要求银行给予它们一视同仁的待遇。
uniform, clothing, clothes, dress, garment, suit, costume, gown, robe, coat
这组词都有“衣服、服装”的意思，其区别是：
uniform: 指某团体或组织统一做的制服，如军服、校服等。
clothing: 常用词，集合名词，是衣服的总称。
clothes: 普通用词，多指包括上衣、内衣或裤子等具体的一件件衣服。
dress: 多指正式场合或为某些特定用途而穿的服装，也指童装或女性穿的连衣裙。
garment: 语气庄重，正式用词，复数形式可与clothes换用，指身上全部穿着。单数形式指单件衣服，尤指长袍、外套等外面的衣服。
suit: 指一套服装，一般有几件配成一套的套装。
costume: 指流行某一地区或某一时代的服装，也指演员的戏装。
gown: 指女人穿的长服，尤指教士、法官、教授等的礼服或妇女的睡衣等，也指长袍。
robe: 指长袍，也指浴衣、晨衣。
coat: 指上衣、外衣、大衣、外套及女式上装。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。
adj. 统一的；一致的；相同的；均衡的；始终如一的
 - united, consistent, corresponding, matching, same
n. [服装] 制服
 - monkey suit, livery

Word: pensioner
Front: pensioner
[ˈpenʃənə(r)] (21916/3588 -2)
Back: n. 领取退休、养老金或抚恤金的人; 退休的人; 随从，跟班; <英>剑桥大学的自费生
分布：领养老金的人(70%)，靠补助金生活的人(30%)
US [-ɚ] mainly UK (UK also old age pensioner)
noun countable
■a person who receives a pension, especially the government pension given to old people 领退休金（或养老金、抚恤金）者
• Students and pensioners are entitled to a discount. 学生和退休人士可享有折扣。

Word: tolerate
Front: tolerate
[ˈtɒləreɪt] (高研四六托 4319/4959 -2)
Vocabulary: tolerate
(once / 143 pages)
v
The verb tolerate means "to put up with or allow." You can tolerate your sister's love of Broadway musicals but really, you prefer dramas.
Think of tolerate as the open-minded verb. It means you allow something to happen or exist, even if you don't really like it. For example, you don't like your neighbor's loud music but you tolerate because he only blasts it on Saturday afternoons. Scientifically speaking, when your body can tolerate a drug, poison or even pollution, it means you aren't harmed by it.
WORD FAMILY
tolerate: tolerable, tolerance, tolerated, tolerates, tolerating, toleration+/ intolerable: intolerablest/ tolerable: intolerable, intolerably, tolerablest, tolerably/ tolerance: overtolerance, tolerances/toleration: tolerations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Loud, inappropriate and unruly behavior is not tolerated in our luxury resorts.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“It shouldn’t be tolerated. Officers are supposed to be guardians not warriors. I don’t think what they expressed reflects the values of the department.”
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
It’s the opposite, it’s being in a place of searching and being able to tolerate that.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 容许; 承认; 忍受; 容忍（不同意或不喜欢的事物）
时态：tolerated, tolerating, tolerates
分布：容忍(65%)，忍受(29%)，容许(6%)
→来自拉丁语 tolerare,忍受，容忍，来自 tele,忍受，支撑，举起，词源同 talent,extol.
宽容[toler=endure,表示"容忍"]
vt.容忍,默许;对(药物,毒品等)有耐力I can't tolerate the acceleration in decorating the refrigerator.我不能容忍对冷库装饰的加速.
【反】brook（v 容忍）/ stomach（v 容忍）－refuse to tolerate（拒绝容忍）
US ['tɑ:.lə.reɪt] verb transitive
ACCEPT 接受
 ADVANCED
■to accept behaviour and beliefs which are different from your own, although you might not agree with or approve of them 宽容；忍受；容忍
• I will not tolerate that sort of behaviour in my class. 在我的课堂上我不会容许那种行为。
• [+ -ing verb] I won't tolerate lying. 我不会容忍说谎。
UK ['tɒl.ər.eɪt] US ['tɑ:.lə.reɪt] verb transitive
DEAL WITH 解决
 ADVANCED
■to deal with something unpleasant or annoying, or to continue existing despite bad or difficult conditions 忍耐；忍受
• It seems these ants can tolerate temperatures which would kill other species. 看来这些蚂蚁能够忍受可以导致其他物种死亡的高温。
withstand, tolerate, stand, endure, suffer, abide
这组词都有“忍受”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 指因具有一定实力、权力或能力而能忍受某种情况。
tolerate: 指以自我克制的态度，对待令人反感或厌恶的东西，含默认宽容意味。
stand: 口语用词，常可与hear换用，但前者侧重指经受得起，后者强调容忍，是普通用语。
endure: 书面用词，指长时间忍受痛苦和不幸，着重体力或意志力的坚强不屈服。
suffer: 通常指非自愿或被迫忍受各种痛苦、困难或不快，强调受到苦难。
abide: 指忍受长期的痛苦或折磨，强调耐心和屈从。多用于否定句和疑问句中。
withstand, bear, tolerate, stand, endure
这些词都表忍受，忍耐。
withstand: 经受，承受，指顶住外来的压力和攻势。如：They have withstood all test.(他们经受了一切考验。)
bear: 忍受，容忍，指忍受使人悲痛、烦恼或痛苦的事情。如：It is hard to bear to be laughed at.(被人取笑是难以忍受的。)
tolerate: 容忍，容许，指自我克制的态度，对于令人反感的事没有任何抗议。如：I can’t tolerate him if he goes on like that. (他如果继续这样下去的话，我决不会容忍他。)
stand: 忍受，与bear同义，但较口语化。如：She can’t stand having nothing to do.(没事干，她受不了。)
endure: 忍耐，书面语，指长时间经受痛苦而不屈服。如：It takes patience to endure hardships. 忍受苦难需要耐力。)
vt. 忍受；默许；宽恕
 - stomach, go, stand, abide, tough

Word: recommendation
Front: recommendation
[ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃn] (四六托雅 2765/2208)
Vocabulary: recommendation
(once / 441 pages)
n
If you give someone a recommendation, you're saying, "try this, it's good" or "this is the best way to proceed," or "this person will do a great job."
The noun recommendation stems from the Middle Latin word recommend, meaning "praise" or "present as worthy." Policy makers have made a strong recommendation to implement renewable energy initiatives to alleviate our dependence on fossil fuels. It used to be that you carried a letter of recommendation from a prominent person and used it as an introduction to polite society in an unfamiliar place, but nowadays, such a letter simply explains why someone is qualified for a particular job or school.
WORD FAMILY
recommendation: recommendations+/ commend: commendable, commendation, commended, commending, commends, recommend / commendable: commendably/ commendation: commendations/ recommend: recommendation, recommended, recommending, recommends
USAGE EXAMPLES
“After exchange w Trump transition team, changed my recommendation: stay away,” he tweeted on the morning of Nov. 15.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The plan was created by coalition that Gov. Terry Branstad tasked with developing recommendations to prevent and reduce impaired driving.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Trump, who campaigned on building a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border and endorsed mass deportations, effectively rejected the recommendation — and won anyway.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 推荐; 推荐信; 建议; 可取之处
分布：推荐(56%)，建议(44%)
→来自 recommend,推荐，举荐。
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a suggestion that something is good or suitable for a particular purpose or job 推荐，介绍
• I bought this computer on John's recommendation (= because John told me that it was good). 我买的这台电脑是约翰推荐的。
• I got the job on Sam's recommendation (= because she told her employers that I was suitable for the job). 我是透过森姆的推荐得到这份工作的。
 IMPROVER countable
■advice telling someone what the best thing to do is 提议，建议；意见
• [+ that] The report makes the recommendation that no more prisons should be built. 该报告建议不要再建新的监狱。
advice, opinion, progposal, suggestion, recommendation, view
这些名词均含“意见、建议”之意。
advice: 普通用词，侧重依据个人经验、学识和正确判断而提出的忠言。
opinion: 日常用词，泛指对某事物的想法和意见。
progposal: 指正式提出来供研究、采纳或实行的建议。
suggestion: 普通用词，语气比advice婉转客气，也不如proposal正式。着重为改进工作、解决困难等提出的建议，有时含所提建议不一定正确，仅供参考的意味。
recommendation: 指在自己经历的基础上而提出的有益建议、意见或忠告。
view: 侧重指对重大的或引起公众关注的问题所持的看法和态度。
n. 推荐；建议；推荐信
 - suggestion, advice, proposal, instance

Word: geneva
Front: geneva
[dʒiˈni:və] (-/5771)
Back: n. （荷兰）杜松子酒
分布：名词(100%)

Word: traveller
Front: traveller
['trævələ(r)] (20361/3016 -K3)
Back: n. 旅行者，旅客; [机]移动式起重机; [船]（铁杆或缆索上的）活环，带有活环的铁杆
分布：旅行者(100%)
UK [-lər] US [-əl.ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who travels 旅行者；游客
• This hotel is for serious travellers, rather than tourists on two-week package holidays. 这家旅馆接待真正热衷旅行的人士，而不是那些参加两星期旅行团的游客。
 IMPROVER UK * a New Age traveller or gypsy
n. 旅行者
 - tourist, farer

Word: myth
Front: myth
[mɪθ] (研六托雅 3076/3413 -3)
Vocabulary: myth
(once / 407 pages)
n
A myth is a story that’s told again and again and serves to explain why something is the way it is. A creation myth, for example, is a story that tells how the world came into being.
You may have studied Greek or Roman myths in which gods and goddesses wage war and play tricks on each other. These myths are not necessarily true stories from the past — the main idea is that they explain certain ideas about the world and how people act. The story might be accepted as true and serve to explain some fact about the world, or it might be known to be made-up but nevertheless illustrates something about people or history.
WORD FAMILY
myth: mythic, mythical, mythicise, mythicize, myths+/mythic: mythically/mythicize: mythicized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sometimes, before sleep, he would talk to the heroes from Hawthorne’s “Greek Myths.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The Medal Myth will be broadcast on BBC One Scotland on Monday 2 January at 20:30.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
In “Mastering the Art of Quitting,” for example, Peg Streep and Alan Bernstein reject the “myth of persistence.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 神话; 神怪故事; 奇人，奇事; 虚构的人，虚构的事
v. 使神话化
分布：神话(99%)，虚构的故事(1%)
→来自希腊语mythos,想法，故事，神话，口口相传的传说，词源不详。可能来自某拟声词根mu,说话。比较其与mystery的词义区别。
n.神话;虚构的理论We don't believe the myth that racial discrimination was imposed by God.我们并不相信种族歧视是上帝加诸于人的观念.
noun
ANCIENT STORY 古代故事
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■an ancient story or set of stories, especially explaining in a literary way the early history of a group of people or about natural events and facts 神话
• ancient myths 古代神话
• The children enjoyed the stories about the gods and goddesses of Greek and Roman myth. 那些孩子都喜欢听希腊、罗马神话中诸神的故事。
• Most societies have their own creation myths. 大多数社会都有自己的创世神话。
[mɪθ] noun
FALSE IDEA 错误的看法
 ADVANCED countable + that disapproving
■a commonly believed but false idea 普遍但却错误的看法，无根据的观念
• Statistics disprove the myth that women are worse drivers than men. 统计数据证明，女人驾驶技术比男人差的观念是错误的。
n. 神话；虚构的人，虚构的事
 - fairy story, fairy tales

Word: instinct
Front: instinct
[ˈɪnstɪŋkt] (研四六托雅 4239/3843 -2)
Vocabulary: instinct
(once / 106 pages)
nadj
An instinct is something you don't need to learn — it happens naturally, without you even thinking about it. Babies cry by instinct, and ducks follow their mother by instinct.
Animals and humans learn a lot of things from other animals and humans. But if there isn't any learning involved, then the behavior is an instinct. Instincts come naturally, like a baby's desire to feed. Some behaviors are a combination of instinct and learned behavior, like language. Others happen without any teaching at all, like the instinct to run when you see a big, hungry looking bear. When you see the word instinct, think natural response.
WORD FAMILY
instinct: instinctive, instinctly, instincts+/ instinctive: instinctively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He is definitely playing with a killer instinct,” McAdoo said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Most of the instinct stuff is still the same,” Bowles said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To deny the tug of that on all your most primitive instincts is to deny that you are human at all.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 本能，天性; 冲动; 天资，天才
adj. 深深地充满着
分布：本能(74%)，直觉(16%)，天性(9%)，充满的(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-stinct,刺，词源同stick,distinct.其原义为刺激，推动，后引申词义天生的能力，本能，天性。
本能,本性(in内+stinct→内在的刺激→本能)[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
n.本能,直觉,天性In this district I can strictly distinguish the distinct distinctions of bees' stings by instinct.在该地区我能靠直觉严格分辨蜜蜂刺的明显特征.
【记】in里面，stinct刺，刺激－对刺激的内部反映
【参】instinctive（adj 本能的；直觉的）
【反】learned response（后天学到的反应）
noun countable or uncountable
■the way people or animals naturally react or behave, without having to think or learn about it 本能，直觉
• All his instincts told him to stay near the car and wait for help. 他的直觉告诉他要留在车旁、等待救援。
• [+ to infinitive] Her first instinct was to run. 她的第一反应是逃跑。
• It is instinct that tells the birds when to begin their migration. 是本能让鸟类知道何时开始迁徙。
• figurative Bob seems to have an instinct for (= is naturally good at) knowing which products will sell. 鲍勃好像能凭直觉知道哪些产品有销路。
n. [生物] 本能，直觉； [心理] 天性
 - intuition, natural ability
adj. 充满着的
 - abrim

Word: extension
Front: extension
[ɪkˈstenʃn] (高研四六托雅 3190/2123 -K2)
Vocabulary: extension
(once / 392 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
An extension is the act of getting more time, space, or length, like an extension of a deadline that gives you one more day to turn in a paper, or extensions that make your hair look longer.
The noun extension comes from the Latin word extendere, meaning “stretch out.” If you’re a great gymnast, you probably have amazing extension — flexible and long-reaching limbs. If someone meets your sister and assumes you will be exactly like her, you might say, "That's a stretch," meaning this person has, by extension, drawn conclusions about you which are somewhat true but not completely accurate.
WORD FAMILY
extension: coextension, extensional, extensions+/coextensive: coextensively/ extend: extendable, extended, extendible, extending, extends, extensible, extension, extensive, extensor, hyperextend, overextend/ extended: extendedly, unextended/extensible: inextensible/ extensive: coextensive, extensively, extensiveness/extensor: extensors/hyperextend: hyperextension/overextend: overextended, overextending, overextends
USAGE EXAMPLES
Second Avenue line – technically a four-stop extension of the Q – is a substantial achievement for the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In 1906, Mark Twain, dressed in his signature white suit, addressed the Senate patents committee as he argued for the extension of copyright protection.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
For now, Blake receives Spinraza free because she is enrolled in an extension study of the drug.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 伸展，扩大; 延长，延期; [医]牵引; 电话分机
分布：延长(50%)，延期(19%)，电话分机(14%)，伸展(11%)，扩充(3%)，特别课程(1%)，观念发展(1%)，增强(1%)
→来自extend, 延长。
延展,扩张;延期(ex+tens+ion)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
n.延长;扩大;范围;大小;尺寸;电话分机May I have Extension 63, please?请接分机 63 号.
noun
REACH 达到
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when something reaches, stretches or continues; when you add to something in order to make it bigger or longer 伸展；延伸
• Martin Luther King, Jr, campaigned for the extension of civil rights to (= for them to include) black people. 小马丁‧路德‧金发起了为黑人争取公民权利的运动。
• The extension (= increasing) of police powers in the province has been heavily criticized. 在该省增加警力的做法遭到严厉的抨击。
• His report contained serious criticisms of the finance director, and, by extension (= therefore) , of the entire board of management. 他的报告对财务总监进行了严厉批评，进而又扩及到整个管理委员会。
• The article is an extension of (= takes further) the ideas Professor Fox developed in an earlier book. 这篇文章进一步伸展了福克斯教授在先前出版的著作中阐述的观点。
• I've applied for an extension to my visa (= asked for it to last longer). 我已经申请将签证延期。
• They are hoping to get an extension of their loan (= to be given a longer period of time in which to pay it back). 他们希望能够将贷款期限延长。
[ɪk'sten.tʃən] noun
BUILDING 建筑物
countable UK (US addition)
■a new part added to a house or other building 扩建部分
• We're building an extension to/on our house. 我们正在对房屋进行扩建。
[ɪk'sten.tʃən] noun
TELEPHONE 电话
countable
■any of two or more telephones in the same house which share the same number, or any of a number of telephones connected to a switchboard in a large building such as an office （共用一个号码的）电话分机；（号码不同的）电话分机
• We have an extension in our bedroom. 我们在卧室装了一部分机。
• When you call, ask for extension 3276. 当你打电话时，请总机转入分机3276。
[ɪk'sten.tʃən] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
countable
■the last part of the name of a computer file, which comes after a (.), and shows what type of file it is 副档名（电脑档案名称的最后一部分，用于区分档案种类）
n. 延长； [经] 延期；扩大；伸展；电话分机
 - delay, spread

Word: poet
Front: poet
[ˈpəʊɪt] (高研四六托 2923/2613 -3)
Vocabulary: poet
(once / 38 pages)
n
If you’re a poet and you know it, you’re someone who writes poems. Poets have been charming people with their words ever since Orpheus sang his way to Hades and back.
A poet is a writer who regularly publishes poems, but a poet can also be anyone who uses language creatively. Try it! The root of poet can be traced back to the Greek poein, "to make." Some poets write in carefully metered, rhyming lines, while others compose looser prose poems or "free verse," and the very best poets convey something that's essential or true. The Romantic poet William Wordsworth described good poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”
WORD FAMILY
poet: poetic, poetise, poetize, poets+/ poetic: poetically, poetry /poetise: poetised, poetises, poetising/poetize: poetized, poetizer, poetizes, poetizing/poetizer: poetizers/ poetry: poetical, poetiser, poetries
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My thoughts,” said the poet and priest George Herbert, “are all a case of knives / Wounding my heart.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The poets Byron, Shelley, Keats and Coleridge were regular drinkers here.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Sitting bolt upright, laboring to breathe, was the poet Robert Lowell.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 诗人; 空想家; 古典芭蕾舞大师
分布：诗人(100%)
→来自拉丁语poeta,诗人，来自希腊语poetes,创作者，诗人，来自希腊语poiein,产生，制造，创作，来自kwei,建造，制造，词源同onomatopoeia.
n.诗人The poet's toes get out of his shoes. Here heroes are zeros.诗人的脚趾露出了鞋子.在这里英雄无足轻重.
US ['poʊ.ət] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who writes poems 诗人
n. 诗人
 - fili, metrist

Word: leftist
Front: leftist
[ˈleftɪst] (9101/16498 -1)
Back: n. 左派的人; 急进派; 左撇子
adj. 左派的; 左撇子的; 激进的
分布：左派的(46%)，急进派的(29%)，左翼的人(25%)
→来自left,左边。用于政治术语来自1837年，因英国立法院成员分坐左右两侧而得名。
noun countable
■a supporter of the political left 左派人士，左翼分子
['lef.tɪst] adjective
■supporting the political left 左派的，左翼的
n. 左派；急进派；左翼的人；左撇子
 - southpaw
adj. 左派的；左撇子的；急进派的
 - cack-handed

Word: afterwards
Front: afterwards
[ˈɑ:ftəwədz] (5652/1951 -K3)
Back: adv. 然后，后来地; 以后; 之后; 继
分布：后来(50%)，以后(50%)
→after,在后。-ward, 副词后缀，向。-s, 副词所有格。
US ['æf.tɚ.wɚdz/ (US also afterward)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■after the time mentioned; later 过后，以后，后来
• We had tea, and afterwards we sat in the garden for a while. 我们喝了茶，后来在花园里坐了一会儿。
• They separated, and soon/shortly afterwards Jane left the country. 他们分手了，此后不久简就离开了这个国家。
adv. 后来；然后
 - then, next, since, subsequently

Word: quantum
Front: quantum
[ˈkwɒntəm] (宝 5616/6774 -2)
Vocabulary: quantum
(once / 4087 pages)
n
While quantum refers to a general quantity or size, it is most often used in physics as a measure of the smallest amount of something — usually energy — that something can possess. The plural form is quanta.
In the 17th century, the word quantum, from the Latin word for "how much," referred to a portion. Quantum is usually a noun referring to a specific amount of something. However, it can also be used as an adjective, as in the phrase "quantum leap," where it refers to a sudden, important change. Outside of physics, the word might be used with "not" to refer to something insignificant, as in "There's not a quantum of truth in what you say."
WORD COUNT
How Did "Quantum" Come to Mean "Really Big"?
Verizon offers "Even faster FiOS Quantum Internet" speeds. Duracell has a new Quantum alkaline battery. James Bond had his Quantum of Solace. Any number of companies have "quantum" in their names as well.
The implication is that "quantum" is something big and powerful, with a hint of science behind it.
That's a fairly recent development. As a noun, for most of its linguistic life it has meant "something that has quantity"; as an adjective, its common use today, it's meant merely "some measurable amount," with the, um, quantity of that amount unspecified.
The first English use of "quantum," which appeared in 1567, was philosophy-related, according to The Oxford English Dictionary. A legal use as a "quantity of money" came about 50 years later. It was used in 1649 to mean simply "share" or "allotment," as in "Poverty is her portion, and her quantum is but food and raiment."
"Quantum" passed into physics in 1870, the OED says, in a now unused sense of the "quantity of electric fluid present in an electrically neutral body." "Quantum theory" came along early in the 20th century, courtesy of both Max Planck and Albert Einstein, the OED says. It's a "theory of matter and energy based on the concept of quanta," or the idea that light contains many small but measurable bits of energy. (Though Einstein used "quanta" as the plural in his theories, a more commercial plural is "quantums.")
Duracell touts its battery as "a quantum leap in battery power." That expression began life as a "quantum jump" in 1924, adding "quantum leap" in 1932. In physics, both originally meant merely an abrupt transition, as a "quantum" of electromagnetic energy was absorbed or released. And for a time, a "quantum leap" meant a very small, discrete amount, according to the OED.
The TV program Quantum Leap, from 1989-93, where Scott Bakula played a scientist (sometimes described as a "quantum" physicist), had it exactly right: Bakula could travel through time (the abrupt-shift sense of "quantum leap"), but could travel back only a short period to inhabit the body of a specific person (the small, discrete sense).
The first use of "quantum leap" to mean "really big" was in 1956, the OED says, in a discussion of the US-Soviet balance of power in a nuclear postwar world, where a writer described "The enormous multiplication of power, the 'quantum leap' to a new order of magnitude of destruction."
The use of "quantum" in English took a "quantum leap" after 1916, no doubt because of Einstein and Planck, according to a Google Ngrams graph charting mentions of "quantum" in books.
Webster's New World College Dictionary had no definition for "quantum leap" or "quantum jump" in the 1964 printing of its first edition; by the 1982 printing of the second edition, the terms had been added, with a definition of "any sudden and extensive change or advance, as in a program or policy."
Though using "quantum leap" to mean "big jump" is fully idiomatic, it's best to avoid using just plain "quantum" to mean "huge" (especially if addressing a physicist). Most dictionaries still define it as simply "an amount." It's only the hyperbole that gives it mass quantity.
WORD FAMILY
quantum: quanta, quantise, quantize, quantums+/quantise: quantisation, quantises/quantize: quantization, quantized, quantizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The laws of gravity and quantum theory allow universes to appear spontaneously from nothing,” he explained.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Maybe this seems humble alongside other winning physics breakthroughs: radiation, quantum mechanics, semiconductors, the Higgs boson.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
His specialties included quantum electrodynamics, which describes the interactions of matter and light, and quantum chromodynamics, a study of the behavior of subatomic particles.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. [物]量子; 定量，总量; 美国昆腾公司（世界领先的硬盘生产商）
分布：量(52%)，量子(45%)，定量(2%)，额(1%)
→来自拉丁语quantus,多大，多少，-um,中性格。用于物理名词量子。
【记】quant数量，um一定量
【参】quantity（n 数量，总量）
US ['kwɑ:n.tˌəm] (plural quanta) specialized
noun countable
■the smallest amount or unit of something, especially energy 量子
• quantum theory 量子理论
n. 量子论；额；美国昆腾公司（世界领先的硬盘生产商）
 - forehead, frons

Word: electrical
Front: electrical
[ɪˈlektrɪkl] (高研四六雅 3789/3190 -K2)
Back: adj. 用电的，与电有关的，电学的; 令人激动的，紧张的，惊人的
分布：电的(57%)，与电有关的(43%)
a.电的,电学的The electrical connection in the photoelectric elevator involves electronics.光电升降机内的电气连接涉及到电子学.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■related to electricity 电的；与电有关的
• electrical equipment/goods/devices 电气设备／电器产品／电气装置
• an electrical fuse/circuit/fault 保险丝／电路／电路故障
electrical, electric, electronic
这三词都与电有关
electrical: 多指本身不产生电，但是与电有关的。如：electrical engineering(电机工程)；an electrical transcription(广播唱片)
electric: 着重于发电的，电动的或导电的。如：electric generator(发电机)；electric light(电灯)
electronic: 电子的，电子操作的。如：electronic engineering(电子工程学)

Word: seeker
Front: seeker
[ˈsi:kə(r)] (9609/12208)
Back: n. 搜索者，探求者; 搜查人; 自动导引的弹头
分布：探求者(56%)，搜索者(44%)
US [-kɚ] noun countable
■a person who is looking for the thing mentioned …搜索者；…探求者
• asylum seekers 寻求政治庇护者
• job-seekers 求职者
n. 探求者；搜查人
 - quester

Word: reconciliation
Front: reconciliation
[.rekənsɪli'eɪʃ(ə)n] (托 5765/6542)
Vocabulary: reconciliation
(once / 728 pages)
n
Reconciliation is the act of getting two things to be compatible with one another. You might have a reconciliation with a former enemy, or your mom might call for a reconciliation between your spending habits and your diminishing bank account.
If you want to do something on Friday night, but your friend is trying to save money, going to a free art gallery opening would be a reconciliation of both your desires. Reconciliation can also mean the reestablishment of civil relations after a conflict. If you and your friend got into an argument over what to do Friday night, you’d need to have a reconciliation before you go hang out.
WORD FAMILY
reconciliation: reconciliations+/ irreconcilable: irreconcilably/reconcilable: irreconcilable, unreconcilable/ reconcile: reconcilable, reconciled, reconciler, reconciles, reconciliation, reconciling/ reconciled: unreconciled/reconciler: reconcilers/reconciling: reconcilingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mothers and daughters who watched them on Oprah saw a mutuality in their regard for one another, and reconciliation in their rapport.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“Societal reconciliation is the appropriate answer to Daesh,” he said recently.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Other problems included delays in reconciling bank accounts and failing to update policy governing bank reconciliations.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 和解，调停; 一致; 服从，顺从; 和谐
分布：和解(91%)，调和(9%)
【记】源于：reconcile（v 使和解），re反复，conciliate（v 安慰）－反复安慰双方－和解
【反】estrangement（n 疏远）；rift（n 裂缝；不和）
noun
countable or uncountable
■when two people or groups of people become friendly again after they have argued 和解；和好；修好
• It took hours of negotiations to bring about a reconciliation between the two sides. 双方谈了好几个小时才达成和解。
uncountable
■the process of making two opposite beliefs, ideas or situations agree 调和；和谐；一致
n. 和解；调和；和谐；甘愿
 - coordination, accordance, harmony, concert

Word: silva
Front: silva
['sɪlvə] (-/17366)
Back: n. 森林里的树木，森林，森林志
分布：森林志(60%)，森林(40%)
n. 森林里的树木；森林志（等于sylva）
 - sylva

Word: sorry
Front: sorry
[ˈsɒri] (中高 1205/870 -K4)
Vocabulary: sorry
(once / 81 pages)
adj
To be sorry is to feel regret or feel bad about something — usually something you did. "I'm sorry" is an apology.
If you're feeling sorry about something, then you're feeling a combination of sadness and regret. You can be sorry for things you did, and you can also be sorry for bad things that happen to other people that don't involve you. At a funeral, people say "I'm sorry for your loss." The word sorry can also be used as an adjective to mean shoddy or crappy, as in "That is one sorry excuse!"
WORD FAMILY
sorry: sorrier, sorriest, sorrily, sorriness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sorry, I can’t hear you, the ushers are ringing the bell.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I’m sorry for it. When you are full of adrenaline, things happen that you don’t perceive. I will try to behave differently in the future.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“Sorry, I’ve been advised not to discuss my existential status.”
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 对不起的; 无价值的，低等的; 遗憾的; 感到伤心的
级别：sorrier, sorriest
分布：对不起(70%)，遗憾的(9%)，抱歉的(8%)，对不起的(8%)，难过的(5%)
→来自古英语 sarig,难过的，悲伤的，来自 sar,难过，悲伤，即 sore 的古英语拼写形式，-ig,古 英语形容词后缀。
a.对不起,抱歉的;难过,悔恨的;使人伤心"Sorry, I'll borrow the lorry tomorrow," the sorrowful man said with worry in the corridor."对不起,明天我要借用这辆卡车."那个悲伤的人在走廊里担心地说.
US ['sɔ:r-] adjective
SAD 难过的
 ESSENTIAL [after verb]
■feeling sadness, sympathy, or disappointment, especially because something unpleasant has happened or been done 悲伤的，难过的；惋惜的
• I'm just sorry about all the trouble I've caused her. 我为给她带来的所有麻烦而感到抱歉。
• He'd really upset her and he didn't seem at all sorry. 他确实惹恼了她，但他似乎一点也不感到愧疚。
• [+ (that)] I'm sorry (that) you had such a difficult journey. 你的旅程如此艰辛，我深表同情。
• [+ to infinitive] We were both sorry to hear you've been ill again. 听说你又生病了，我们两个都很难过。
• I feel so sorry for the children - it must be really hard for them. 我为孩子们感到十分难过——对他们而言这肯定非常困难。
feel sorry for yourself disapproving
■to feel sad because you have a problem and you feel that it is not fair that you are suffering so much （因发生的倒楣事而）愤愤不平
• He sounded very sorry for himself on the telephone. 他在电话里听起来一肚子怨气。
I'm sorry to say
■used to show that something which must be said causes sadness or disappointment 我很遗憾；我很抱歉
• I'm sorry to say that the project's funding has been cancelled. 我很遗憾，企划案的资金被取消了。
• Most people who start the course do, I'm sorry to say, give up within the first two weeks. 我很遗憾，大部份学这门课程的人在头两周内就确实放弃了。
UK ['sɒr.i] US ['sɔ:r-] adjective
APOLOGY 道歉
 ESSENTIAL [after verb]
■used to say that you wish you had not done what you have done, especially when you want to be polite to someone you have done something bad to 抱歉的，对不起的
• Oh, I'm sorry - I didn't see you there. 哦，很抱歉——我在那里没看见你。
• Tom, I'm so sorry about last night - it was all my fault. 汤姆，我对昨晚的事感到非常抱歉——都是我的错。
• I've said I'm sorry. 我已经说对不起了。
UK ['sɒr.i] US ['sɔ:r-] adjective
SAYING NO 说不
I'm sorry
 IMPROVER
■used to show politeness when refusing something or disagreeing （婉转地表示拒绝或反对）对不起，抱歉
• I'm sorry but I think you've made a mistake. 对不起，但我认为你犯了一个错误。
• I'm sorry, I can't agree. 很抱歉，我不能同意。
UK ['sɒr.i] US ['sɔ:r-] adjective
BAD CONDITION 糟糕的情况
sorry sight/state/tale
■a bad condition or situation 悲惨的景象／糟糕的状况／糟糕的事情
• He was a sorry sight when he got home - soaking and covered in mud. 他到家的时候，一副惨兮兮的样子——浑身湿透了，而且全身是泥。
• It's a sorry state of affairs when there isn't any food in the house. 家里甚么吃的都没有，真是够可怜的。
UK ['sɒr.i] US ['sɔ:r-] exclamation
APOLOGY 道歉
 ESSENTIAL
■used when apologising for something 遗憾；抱歉
• "That's my foot you're treading on." "Sorry!" “你踩了我的脚。”“对不起！”
UK ['sɒr.i] US ['sɔ:r-] exclamation
POLITE NEGATIVE 抱歉
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show politeness when refusing something or disagreeing （婉转地表示拒绝或反对）对不起，抱歉
• Sorry, you can't go in there. 抱歉，你不能到那里面去。
 IMPROVER mainly UK
■used when politely asking someone to repeat something or when politely interrupting someone （表示礼貌地请对方重复或打断对方的话）你说甚么，没听清楚
• "He's late." "Sorry?" "I said he's late." “他迟到了。”“你说甚么？”“我说他迟到了。”
• Sorry, could you just say that last sentence again please? 我没听清楚，你能否把最后一句话重复一下？
unhappy, miserable, wretched, sorry
这组词都有“不幸的”的意思，其区别是：
unhappy: 侧重指精神上的不快或失望。
miserable: 指因贫穷、不幸或屈辱等外部因素给人造成精神痛苦、烦恼或肉体折磨，令人同情和可怜。
wretched: 多指由于疾病、担忧、忧伤等造成的不幸和痛苦，在外表上显得沮丧、可怜、失望，语气比miserable强。
sorry: 常作礼貌用词，表遗憾、婉惜。也指说话人表示同情、悲哀等，感情色彩较强。
adj. 遗憾的；对不起的，抱歉的
 - regretful, woeful

Word: landing
Front: landing
[ˈlændɪŋ] (四六托 3688/3538 -2)
Back: n. 登陆，着陆; 终点; 登陆处; 楼梯的过渡平台
v. （使）登陆(land的现在分词)
分布：着陆(58%)，登陆(32%)，楼梯平台(7%)，登陆处(2%)，动词land的现在分词.(1%)
noun countable
PLANE 飞机
 ADVANCED
■an arrival on the ground of an aircraft or boat 着陆；靠岸
• One person has died after the pilot of a light aircraft was forced to make a crash/emergency landing in a field. 飞行员驾驶轻型飞机在田地里迫降／紧急着陆后有一人死亡。
['læn.dɪŋ] noun countable
FLOOR 地板
■an area of floor joining two sets of stairs, or an area of floor or a passage at the top of a set of stairs which leads to bedrooms and other rooms （连接两段楼梯的）平台；（连接楼梯顶端的）过道
n. [军] 登陆；码头；楼梯平台
 - pier, disembarkation
v. [军] 登陆（land的ing形式）
 - disembarking

Word: ugly
Front: ugly
[ˈʌgli] (中高研四六雅宝 3262/4485 -K2)
Vocabulary: ugly
(once / 196 pages)
adj
Ugly means "extremely unattractive." On Halloween, some people wear ugly masks as part of their scary costumes.
Anything that looks or feels quite unpleasant is ugly. The adjective ugly can describe the way something or someone looks, but it can also describe behavior or actions — the ugly scene your little brother made at the toy store when he didn't get what he wanted or the ugly breakup of a friendship. Remember that when ugly becomes uglier and ugliest, the y becomes an i.
WORD FAMILY
ugly: uglier, ugliest, uglily, ugliness+/ugliness: uglinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was amid that heated and ugly rhetoric that the center announced its expansion plans — and promptly ran into a wall of opposition.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Some of these high points are bad and some are downright ugly.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
There was no sentimentality Saturday in a game that turned ugly late.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 难看的; 丑陋的; 有敌意的; 不祥的
n. 丑陋的人（东西）
级别：uglier, ugliest
分布：丑陋的(68%)，难看的(30%)，令人困窘的(1%)，令人不愉快的(1%)
→来自egh, 恐惧，害怕，引申词义丑陋，-ly, 形容词后缀。比较其同源词awe, 敬畏。
a.丑陋的,难看的;丑恶的,讨厌的The ugly druggist gauged the huge plug in the refugee's rug.丑陋的药剂师测量了难民毛毯中的巨大插头.
adjective
NOT ATTRACTIVE 不吸引人的
■unpleasant to look at; not attractive 丑陋的，难看的
• I find a lot of modern architecture very ugly. 我发现很多现代建筑都非常难看。
• Yesterday in town I saw the ugliest baby I've ever seen in my life. 昨天在城里我看见了有生以来见过的最丑的婴儿。
• I feel really fat and ugly today. 今天我感觉自己真是又胖又丑。
• He was a really unpleasant man and as ugly as sin (= very ugly). 他是一个非常讨厌的人，而且丑得要命。
['ʌg.li] adjective
THREATENING 威胁的
■unpleasant and threatening or violent 讨厌的；危险的；暴力的
• There were ugly scenes outside the stadium. 体育场外发生了暴力事件。
• The demonstration turned ugly when a group of protesters started to throw bottles at the police. 一群示威者开始向员警投掷瓶子，示威游行于是演变成了暴力事件。
adj. 丑陋的；邪恶的；令人厌恶的
 - evil, ill, black, wicked

Word: random
Front: random
[ˈrændəm] (高研六托雅宝 3619/3811 -2)
Vocabulary: random
(once / 619 pages)
adj
Something that’s random is lacking in order, plan, or purpose. It happens totally by chance, like the random picking of lottery numbers or unplanned random acts of kindness.
Sometime in the 1980s, teenage slang hijacked the adjective random and tried to turn it into a word meaning weird, odd or out of place. As in "Dude! That guy wearing purple spandex at the party was so random!" But don't fall for it. Something that’s truly random is totally governed by chance and has no specific pattern, like choosing a card at random from a magician’s deck.
WORD FAMILY
random: nonrandom, randomise, randomize, randomly, randomness +/randomise: randomisation, randomised/randomize: randomization, randomized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such a minor delay may be caused by any minimal distraction: a sudden noise, a quick glance at the phone or a random thought.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Some people jumped into the Bosphorus to save themselves after the attacker began shooting at random just over an hour into the new year.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Ask a random sampling of Washingtonians and you’ll find that many want to be closer to nature.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 任意的; 随机的; 胡乱的
n. 随意; 偶然的行动
分布：随机的(42%)，随意(21%)，任意(16%)，随意的(9%)，任意的(8%)，随机地(4%)
→缩写自短语 at random,高速的，引申词义横冲直撞的，莽撞的，后用于指随机的。来自古法 语 randon,冲，冲力，速度，来自 randir,快跑，词源同 run.
a.随机的,随意的n.随机,随意The grandson branded the brandy randomly.孙子给白兰地随机地打上烙印.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■happening, done or chosen by chance rather than according to a plan 任意的；随机的；胡乱的
• random checks/tests /attacks 随机检查／随机测试／胡乱攻击
• We asked a random sample/selection of people what they thought. 我们随机挑选一些人，问了他们的想法。
■informal
■strange or unusual 奇怪的，异常的
• I just saw Billy wearing a top hat - he's so random! 我刚才看见比利戴着一顶高帽子－－可真是怪模怪样！
at random
■without choosing intentionally; by chance 任意地；随意地；随机地
• The winning entry will be the first correct answer drawn at random. 从所有给出正确答案的参赛者中，随意抽出的第一个将获得大奖。
random, casual
这两个形容词均含“随便的，任意的”之意。
radom: 指无明确的方向或目的、方法与系统，暗示没有指挥或控制。
casual: 指非正式的，轻松随便的，强调随和性。
adj. [数] 随机的；任意的； [建] 胡乱的
 - stochastic, arbitrary
n. 随意
 - ad libitum
adv. 胡乱地
 - wild

Word: leverage
Front: leverage
[ˈli:vərɪdʒ] (四 6493/14331 -2)
Vocabulary: leverage
(once / 1915 pages)
nv
If you have leverage, you hold the advantage in a situation or the stronger position in a contest, physical or otherwise.
The lever is a tool for getting more work done with less physical force. With the right leverage, you might be able to lift a heavy box. This refers to non-physical situations too: the power to move or influence others is also leverage. Since your boss has the power to fire you, that's a lot of leverage to get you to do what he wants. If your friend owes you a favor, you have leverage to get a favor of your own.
WORD FAMILY
leverage: leveraged, leverages, leveraging+/ lever: leverage, levered, levering, levers
USAGE EXAMPLES
He still sometimes implies he might let Syrian migrants flood Europe again to gain diplomatic leverage, as if the threat doesn’t also hurt Turkey’s security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
But they should also leverage the opportunity to ask higher-level questions about the state’s long reliance on the managed-care model for medical assistance.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The political consequences are that it reduces U.S. leverage because of the perceived hypocrisy. The moral case is drastically undermined.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 杠杆作用; 优势，力量; 影响力; 举债经营
v. 举债经营; 借贷收购
时态：leveraged, leveraging, leverages
分布：杠杆(84%)，杠杆作用(13%)，举债经营(2%)，对…产生影响(1%)
→来自lever,杠杆。即杠杆作用，用于多种比喻义。
杠杆作用(lever+age状态;作用)[lev,live=raise,lighten,表示"提高,举起,变轻"]
【记】lever（n 杠杆；v 抬起）lev是词根：抬起
US ['lev.ɚ.ɪdʒ] noun uncountable
ACTION 作用
■the action or advantage of using a lever 杠杆作用；杠杆效力
UK ['li:.vər.ɪdʒ] US ['lev.ɚ.ɪdʒ] noun uncountable
POWER 力量
■power to influence people and get the results you want 影响力
• If the United Nations had more troops in the area, it would have greater leverage. 如果联合国在该地区有更多的军队，就会有更大的影响力。
UK ['li:.vər.ɪdʒ] US ['lev.ɚ.ɪdʒ] noun uncountable
VALUE 价值 US (UK gearing) specialized
■the ratio between the amount of money that a company owes to banks and the value of the company 杠杆比率（公司举债数目与其价值之比）
UK ['li:.vər.ɪdʒ] US ['lev.ɚ.ɪdʒ] verb transitive specialized
■to use borrowed money to buy a company 借贷收购，信贷投机
n. 手段，影响力； [力] 杠杆作用；杠杆效率
 - instrument, shift, road, tool, resort

Word: swift
Front: swift
[swɪft] (高研四六托雅宝 6627/5978 -2)
Vocabulary: swift
(once / 113 pages)
adjn
If you were the first one to reach the finish line in gym class, the coach might have called you swift. Swift means quick or fast-moving. A glance, a current, even a decision can be swift.
You can use the adjective swift to describe things that move or happen rapidly and smoothly. Deciding to borrow a parent's car without permission could result in swift punishment. Foxes are so swift that if you leave the chicken coop open for a moment, one might slip in. Conversely, if innuendo sails over your head, your friends might say, “You’re not too swift on the uptake, are you?” A swift is also a small bird that looks a lot like a swallow.
WORD FAMILY
swift: swifter, swiftest, swiftlet, swiftly, swiftness, swifts+/swiftlet: swiftlets
USAGE EXAMPLES
The online reaction to the puzzle was swift, though it seemed more people were entertained than offended.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Activists cheered the government’s pledge for swift action, and the state-run news media called it a “monumental win for elephants.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mills met this swift rebuttal of his nostalgia with a game smile.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 迅速的; 敏捷的; 立刻的; 突然发生的
n. 雨燕; 环球金融同业电讯会; [人]斯威夫特，《格利佛游记》作者
adv. 迅速地，敏捷地
级别：swifter, swiftest
分布：迅速的(48%)，雨燕(20%)，快的(17%)，敏捷的(13%)，线轴(2%)
→来自古英语 swift,快速的，来自 Proto-Germanic*swiftaz,快速的，来自 sweip,缠绕，弯曲， 来自 swei,弯，转，摇摆，词源同 swing,sweep.引申诸相关词义。
a./ad.快的(地);敏捷的(地)a.立刻的n.雨燕The drifter swiftly shifted the gift to the left of the lift.那个漂泊者敏捷地将礼物换到电梯的左边.
adjective
■happening or moving quickly or within a short time, especially in a smooth and easy way 迅速的，敏捷的，快的
• The local police took swift action against the squatters. 当地警方对擅自占地者采取了迅速的行动。
• Thank you for your swift reply. 感谢您的即时回覆。
• The gazelle is one of the swiftest and most graceful of animals. 瞪羚是最敏捷、最优雅的动物之一。
[swɪft] noun countable
■a small bird with curved pointed wings that can fly very fast 雨燕
hasty, quick, prompt, fast, instant, rapid, speedy, swift
hasty: 多指匆忙、草率或仓促的行动，着重缺乏深思熟虑。
quick: 特指瞬时动作，强调动作敏捷迅速；也指匆忙的行为，而不暗示速度很快。
prompt: 主要指动作迅速，毫不拖延，含“快得令人愉悦”的意味。
fast: 常指人或物持续地高速运动，强调运动的方式。
instant: 指某事很快发生或急待解决，含刻不容缓之意。
rapid: 比fast和quick正式，常指运动本身，侧重速度惊人。所指动作可能是短暂的，也可能是持续的。
speedy: 指人或物或其运动、活动时，着重极度的快捷，多含匆忙意味。
swift: 正式用词，强调非常迅速，往往含动作轻快敏捷之意。
adj. 快的；迅速的；敏捷的；立刻的
 - quick, rapid, fast, forward, ready
adv. 迅速地
 - quickly, rapidly, fast, promptly, ready

Word: bunch
Front: bunch
[bʌntʃ] (高研四六托雅 2658/4503 -K3)
Vocabulary: bunch
(once / 294 pages)
nv
A group or cluster of something is a bunch. It could be a bunch of people or a bunch of grapes. If you pick a bunch of bananas, you might end up being followed by a bunch of monkeys.
When you use the word bunch, you're generally talking about an approximate number of similar items, like a bunch of flowers or a bunch of cats or a bunch of your friends meeting for dinner. The verb bunch means "gather together," or "form into a bunch," the way you might bunch daisies together in a vase, or your socks might bunch down inside your boots.
WORD FAMILY
bunch: bunched, bunches, bunching, bunchy+/bunchy: bunchiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
When he hit the ground, he heard “a whole bunch of pops.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
They end up with a bunch of names and pick one or two.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The newest of the bunch is the trendy Off Paris Seine, which opened last summer.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 束，串，捆; 一串，一群; 一帮，一伙; [非正式用语]大量
vt. 聚成一串，形成一串; 聚成一组; 使起褶：使（织物）起褶
vi. 形成一串，形成一组; 打褶; 膨胀，凸出
时态：bunched, bunching, bunches
分布：束(36%)，一群(29%)，串(21%)，捆(8%)，隆起(4%)，突出物(1%)，成束成群(1%)
→词源不详。一说来自bun, 块状。一说来自band 变体，band, 绑。
n.(一)簇,束,捆,串I bundled a bunch of branches and anchored it on the punching bench.我捆起一簇树枝,将它栓在冲压工作台上.
noun
GROUP 组
 IMPROVER countable
■a number of things of the same type fastened together or in a close group 串，束，扎
• a bunch of flowers/grapes/bananas/keys 一束花／一串葡萄／一串香蕉／一串锁匙
• mainly US informal The reorganization will give us a whole bunch (= a lot) of problems. 重组将会给我们带来许多问题。
only singular
■a group of people 一帮人
• They're a bunch of hooligans. 他们是一帮流氓。
• Your friends are a nice bunch. 你的一帮朋友都很好。
the best/pick of the bunch
■the best person or thing from a group of similar people or things 出类拔萃的人（或物）；精英；精品
• Send in your poems and we'll publish the pick of the bunch. 把你的诗歌寄过来，我们将择优出版。
[bʌntʃ] noun
HAIRSTYLE 发型
bunches UK
[plural]
■If a girl has her hair in bunches, it is tied together in two parts with one at each side of her head. （扎在头两侧的）小辫
• As a little girl she wore her hair in bunches. 小时候她把头发梳成两个小辫。
[bʌntʃ] noun
a bunch of fives old-fashioned slang
■If you give someone a bunch of fives, you hit them hard with your hand closed. 一拳痛击
[bʌntʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bunch (sth) up/together
■to move close together to form a tight group （使）聚拢；（使）挤成一团；（把…）聚成一堆
• The monkeys bunched together in their cage. 猴子在笼中挤成一团。
• We were all bunched up at the back of the room. 我们都挤在房间的后面。
[bʌntʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bunch (sth) up
■If material bunches up, or if someone bunches it up, it moves into tight folds （把…）团成一团；（使）打褶
• Your shirt's all bunched up at the back. 你的衬衣后面都是褶。
parcel, package, bundle, bunch, packet, pack
这组词都有“捆，包”的意思，其区别是：
parcel: 着重指邮包，也指将东西扎成小包或不太大的包。
package: 指包装整齐严密的包裹或一包、一捆、一盒东西。
bundle: 指多件东西被捆扎在一起。
bunch: 指有规则地把同类东西固定在一起。
packet: 一般指小件行李、邮包、还可指更小一些的包。
pack: 指专为背负而包扎的包裹，也指驮物等。
n. 群；串；突出物
 - cluster, gang, qun
vi. 隆起；打褶；形成一串
 - fix pleats

Word: grasp
Front: grasp
[grɑ:sp] (高研四六托 4181/3973 -2)
Vocabulary: grasp
(once / 127 pages)
vn
To grasp is to get a hold of something, literally or figuratively. Grasp the grammar textbook with both hands and then read it to grasp the rules of the English language.
It makes sense that the word grasp means understanding a concept since you are "getting a hold of an idea" just as you would grasp something tangible to hold. Grasp is good for when you're talking about comprehending the scale of something, or the full picture of a multi-faceted problem or idea. You might know that there is going to be a heat wave, but you may not grasp the idea of its relationship to global warming.
WORD FAMILY
grasp: graspable, grasped, grasping, grasps+/grasped: ungrasped/grasping: graspingly, graspings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I won’t even be able to bring this thing with me,” Long said, grasping the edge of the desk.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Clark leaned close and grasped each girl by a shoulder.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
But, like espionage, it is a murky world where it is hard for outsiders to get an exact grasp on what is being done.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 抓住; 了解; 急忙抓住; 急切（或贪婪）地抓住
n. 控制; 控制力; 能力所及
vi. 攫取（常与 at 连用）; 急于接受; 急切地寻求（常与 for 连用）
时态：grasped, grasping, grasps
分布：抓住(38%)，把握(30%)，领会(16%)，抓紧(9%)，紧握(7%)
→词源同grab, 抓住，抓牢。字母s、p置换。
v./n.抓住,抓紧;掌握,领会The wagging wasp grasps the crisp clasp for a gasp.摇摆的黄蜂抓住脆钩喘息.
US [græsp] verb transitive
TAKE 抓紧
 ADVANCED
■to quickly take something in your hand(s) and hold it firmly 抓紧；握紧
• Rosie suddenly grasped my hand. 罗茜突然抓住了我的手。
■If you grasp an opportunity, you take it eagerly 急忙抓住，毫不犹豫地把握住（机会）
• We must grasp every opportunity to strengthen economic ties with other countries. 我们必须把握住一切机会加强与其他国家的经济联系。
UK [grɑ:sp] US [græsp] verb transitive
UNDERSTAND 理解
■to understand something, especially something difficult 理解，领悟，明白（尤指费解之事）
• I think I managed to grasp the main points of the lecture. 我觉得我理解到演讲的要点。
• The Government has acknowledged that homelessness is a problem but it has failed to grasp the scale of the problem. 政府已经承认很多人无家可归是个问题，但还没有意识到问题的严重性。
UK [grɑ:sp] US [græsp] verb transitive
grasp the nettle UK
■to force yourself to be brave and do something that is difficult or unpleasant 迫使自己迎难而上；果断处理棘手的问题；破釜沉舟
• You've been putting off making that phone call for days - I think it's about time you grasped the nettle! 那个电话你拖了好几天都没有打—— 我觉得你应该果敢地去面对这个问题。
UK [grɑ:sp] US [græsp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  grasp at sth
OPPORTUNITY
■to try to take an opportunity 尽力抓住（机会）
• Certainly if the job were offered me I'd grasp at the chance. 如果给我这份工作的话，我当然会竭尽全力去把握机会。
OBJECT
■to try to hold or touch something 尽力去抓住（或触摸）
• She grasped at his shirt as he ran past. 他从她身边跑过的时候，她一手抓住了他的衬衫。
UK [grɑ:sp] US [græsp] noun
HOLD 抓住
only singular
■when you hold onto someone or something 紧抓；紧握；抓牢
• He shook my hand with a very firm grasp. 他非常有力地和我握了握手。
uncountable
■the ability to get, achieve or keep something 力所能及；掌握，把握
• The presidency at last looked within her grasp (= It looked possible that she might become president). 终于，总裁的职位对她来说似乎伸手可及。
• Why is success always beyond my grasp (= impossible to get) ? 为甚么我总是功败垂成？
• The gold medal slipped from his grasp (= He was unable to get it) in the last moments of the race. 在比赛最后一刻他与金牌失之交臂。
• I sometimes think that he's losing his grasp on reality (= his ability to judge what is real and what is not). 有时我觉得他认不清现实。
UK [grɑ:sp] US [græsp] noun
UNDERSTANDING 理解
[S or U]
■understanding 理解
• I'm afraid my grasp of economics is rather limited. 恐怕我对经济学知识的了解非常有限。
grasp, appreciate, understand, comprehend, apprehend
这组词都有“理解”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 从本义抓紧、抓住，引申作“理解、掌握”。
appreciate: 语气较弱，指对某事物或意义有充分的理解。着重有能力领域或觉察。
understand: 一般用词，很常用，指对事实或意义不仅知道得很清楚。
comprehend: 较正式用词，指对较复杂的事物能透彻理解其意义。
apprehend: 指知道某事物或某观念的大概意义，但未能理解其内涵意义，暗含一知半解意味。
grasp, clasp, catch, grip
grasp: 指用手、牙等抓住或咬住
clasp: 握紧，攥（在手中）
catch: 指用手接住（运动着的物体），捉住，捕获
grip: 紧抓，紧握，用于被动时指吸引某人的注意力
grasp, grab, clasp, seize, take, clutch, grip, snatch
这组词都有“抓住，握紧”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 指紧紧抓住、抓牢。
grab: 指粗暴而急迫的抓住。
clasp: 指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。
seize: 指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。
take: 最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或控制某物。
clutch: 强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。
grip: 语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。
snatch: 指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。
n. 抓住；理解；控制
 - control, understanding, comprehension, guiding, hold
vt. 抓住；领会
 - see, appreciate, noble, collar
vi. 抓
 - strike, scratch

Word: clock
Front: clock
[klɒk] (中高研四雅 2635/2543 -K3)
Vocabulary: clock
(once / 212 pages)
nv
A clock is a device that keeps time, displaying hours, minutes, and often seconds. If there's a clock in your calculus classroom, it can sometimes be hard to keep from watching the minutes tick by.
You might have an antique grandfather clock in your hall or an alarm clock beside your bed. Clocks are either analog, with hands that move around a numbered circular face, or digital, showing the time in digits, like 4:27. If you clock your friend as she runs a mile, it means you keep track of how long it takes her. Originally, the word was clokke, "clock with bells," from the Medieval Latin clocca, "bell."
WORD FAMILY
clock: clocked, clocking, clocks+/clocking: clockings
USAGE EXAMPLES
She put teaching on the back burner and helped her husband run his clock business.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Lee hillside to monitor the sign and surrounding areas, and a police officer sits in a guard house around the clock, Baumgart said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The clock starts Tuesday for the Minnesota Legislature.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 钟，时钟; 计时器; 秒表; 仪表
vt. 记录（时间或速度）; 测…的速度
vi. 打卡; 记下时间
时态：clocked, clocking, clocks
分布：时钟(89%)，计时(6%)，打卡(5%)
→拟声词，模仿钟表滴答的声音，比较click.
n.钟vt.记录(时间,速度等),为...计时At 8 o'clock the clerk locked the flock of cocks in the room.八点钟时办事员将那群公鸡锁在房间里.
US [klɑ:k] noun
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a device for measuring and showing time, which is usually found in or on a building and is not worn by a person 钟表，时钟
• We have an antique clock on our mantelpiece. 我们家的壁炉架上有一个古老的钟。
• The town-hall clock says (= shows that the time is) 9 o'clock. 市政厅的大钟显示时间为九点。
• I think the kitchen clock is fast/slow (= is showing a later/earlier time than it should). 我觉得厨房的钟快／慢了。
• The clock began to strike twelve. 时钟敲响12点。
• She set her clock (= put it to the right time) by the time signal on the radio. 她根据收音机上的报时讯号把时钟校准。
put / turn the clocks back UK (US set/turn the clocks back)
■to change the time on your clocks to an hour earlier, at an officially chosen time of year （按照官方时间）把时钟拨慢一小时
• Don't forget to turn the clocks back tonight. 今晚别忘了把钟拨慢一小时。
put / turn the clocks forward (US also set the clocks ahead)
■to change the time on your clocks to an hour later, at an officially chosen time of year （按照官方时间）把时钟拨快一小时
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] noun
SPEED 速度
the clock only singular
■a speedometer (= a device that measures speed) 速度计
• I was only doing 30 mph on the clock. 速度表上显示我的车速只有每小时30英里。
■a mileometer (= a device for recording distance travelled) 里程表，计程器
• My car's only got 10 000 miles on the clock. 根据里程表，我的车才跑了一万英里。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] noun
against the clock
■If you do something against the clock, you do it as fast as possible and try to finish it before a certain time. 抢时间，争分夺秒
■When people do something against the clock, the time they take to do it is recorded, in order to find which person or attempt is the fastest. 计时（决名次）
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] noun
be watching the clock (also have/keep your eye on the clock)
■to be looking to see what the time is, usually because you are bored or eager to leave （通常因厌烦或急于离开而）老是看表
• I had a train to catch, so I was watching the clock all through the meeting. 我要赶火车，所以开会的时候我一直在不停地看时间。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] noun
put / turn the clock back
■to make things the same as they were at an earlier time 倒退；倒行逆施；复古
• The court's decision on this case will turn the clock back fifty years. 法庭对这个案子的判决简直是将历史巨轮倒退了50年。
• If I could turn the clock back and do things differently, I would. 要是我能让时光倒流，换个方式做事情的话，我倒是很愿意。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] noun
round/around the clock
■all day and all night 昼夜地，日以继夜，日夜不停地
• Doctors and nurses worked round the clock to help those injured in the train crash. 医生和护士日以继夜地工作，救治那些火车相撞意外的伤者。
• She needed round-the-clock nursing. 她需要24小时看护。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] noun
turn back the clock
■to remember or imagine times in the past 回顾，回想，追溯
• Now we're going to turn back the clock with some rock 'n' roll from the 1950s. 现在我们来听一些20世纪50年代的摇滚乐，回味一下那段岁月。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] verb transitive
TIME 时间
■to take a particular time exactly to do or complete something 需时；达到（某一时间）
• He clocked 10 seconds in the 100 metres (= He ran it in 10 seconds). 他100米跑了10秒。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] verb transitive
SPEED 速度
■to show or reach a particular speed or distance on a measuring device 显示，达到（某一速度或里程）
• [+ -ing verb] The police clocked him doing 80 mph in a 50 mph area. 员警测出他在限速每小时50英里的地区开到了时速80英里。
• Jim's car has clocked (up)(= travelled) 40 000 miles in less than two years. 吉姆的车不到两年就跑了四万英里。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] verb transitive
HIT 打 UK informal
■to hit someone, especially on the head or face 打，揍，击（尤指头部或脸部）
• Then the other guy turned round and clocked him one (= hit him). 这时，另一个家伙转过身来揍了他一顿。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  clock in (UK also clock on) informal
■to record the time you arrive at work on a special machine （在专门的机器上）纪录上班时间，上班打卡
• What time did you clock in this morning? 今天早上你几点打卡了？
• Clocking-in time is 9.00 a.m. 打卡时间是上午九点。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  clock out (UK also clock off) informal
■to leave work, especially by recording the time you leave on a special machine （尤指在专门的机器上）纪录下班时间，打卡下班
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clock sth up mainly UK informal
■to win or achieve a large number of similar things 赢得，获得（大量的某物）
• The Australians have clocked up three gold medals and two silvers in the swimming events. 在游泳项目上，澳大利亚队获得三枚金牌和两枚银牌。
n. 时钟； [仪] 计时器
 - timer, calculagraph
vt. 记录；记时
 - register, to record

Word: transparent
Front: transparent
[trænsˈpærənt] (高研四六托雅宝 5884/6902 -K1)
Vocabulary: transparent
(once / 457 pages)
adj
You can see right through something transparent. A window is transparent, but so are the intentions of a Peeping Tom looking through that window.
Obviously the glass of a window is transparent, but transparency is also a way to describe something that is clearly understood and lacks any deception or secrecy. Reporters use it these days to describe the ideal way for government to develop policy, where voters can see the process and how decisions are achieved. Some in government, however, would argue that the leaking of top-secret information takes it a step too far.
WORD FAMILY
transparent: semitransparent, transparence, transparency, transparently, transparentness+/semitransparent: semitransparency/ transparency: transparencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We need to understand what is collected and be transparent. We need some kind of oversight in place before the line gets pushed too far.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In fact, they are axiomatic and, increasingly, transparent.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“Ron,” said the other voice, with transparent disbelief.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 透明的; 清澈的; 易识破的; 显而易见的
分布：透明的(94%)，明显的(4%)，清晰的(2%)
→trans-,进入，穿过，-par,发光，透明，词源同 appear,apparent.
透明的(trans+par平等＋ent→横穿过去看得一样清楚→透明的)[trans-①表示"横过,越过"②表示"变换,改变,转移"]
透明的;明白的(trans穿过+par+ent→穿过去能看见→透明的)[par,pear=comeinsight,表示"看见"]
a.透明的,透光的;易理解的;明显的His parents apparently stare at the transparent cigarettes.他父母显然凝视着透明香烟.
【记】trans穿过，parent－光线可以穿过－透明的
【反】opaque（adj 不透明的）；deceitful（adj 欺诈的）；delusive（adj 欺骗的）
US [træn'sper-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■If a substance or object is transparent, you can see through it very clearly 透明的
• Grow the bulbs in a transparent plastic box, so the children can see the roots growing. 把球茎种在透明的塑胶盒里，这样孩子就能看到根的生长。
• Her blouse was practically transparent! 她的衬衫几乎是透明的！
Compare opaque ; translucent clear and easy to understand or recognize 清楚易懂的；显而易见的
• I think we should try to make the instructions more transparent. 我觉得我们应该尽可能使这些指示更清楚易懂些。
clear, transparent
这组词都有“透明的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 指视力不受阻碍，强调清晰透澈。
transparent: 指某物完全透明状态，通过它能清楚看到其它东西。
adj. 透明的；显然的；坦率的；易懂的
 - apparent, honest, decided, crystal, open

Word: diverse
Front: diverse
[daɪˈvɜ:s] (高研四六托雅宝 2813/4813 -2)
Vocabulary: diverse
(once / 441 pages)
adj
A diverse group is made up of people or things that are very different from each other. If your class mixes kids from all over the world, you could call it diverse.
The adjective diversified has the same meaning, and a near synonym is varied. An earlier spelling of the English adjective was divers, and the final –e was probably added by association with words such as traverse and converse. The word divers is still in use in the sense "more than one, several, various:" divers methods and styles.
WORD FAMILY
diverse: diversely, diverseness, diverser, diversity +/ diversity: diversities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Few athletes might be as prepared for a life after basketball than Kobe, a man of diverse interests and immense worldwide popularity.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Last year's victor was Jack Garratt, who praised the "very diverse" range of acts on the 2017 list, and encouraged fans to embrace new talent.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But the Puget Sound economy is much more diverse today and firing on all cylinders.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 不同的，多种多样的; 变化多的; 形形色色的
分布：不同的(83%)，多种多样的(17%)
→di-, 分开，散开，来自dis-变体。-verse, 转，词源同converse, versus. 即转开，多样的。
不同的(di分开+vers+e→转开了→不同的)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
a.多种多样的,(from)不同的I averted my eyes from the diverse advertisements for the invert converter.我把目光从花样繁多的倒置转换器广告上移开.
US [dɪ'vɝ:s] adjective
 ADVANCED
■varied or different 各种的；不同的
• Students from countries as diverse as Colombia and Lithuania use Cambridge textbooks. 来自哥伦比亚、立陶宛等不同国家的学生都在使用剑桥的课本。
• New York is a very culturally/ethnically diverse city. 纽约是一个在文化／种族方面十分多元化的城市。
different, diverse, various
这组词都有“不同的”的意思，其区别是：
different: 普通用词，强调事物间的区别或本质的不同。有时侧重对比，不着重差别。
diverse: 语气较强，指性质完全不同，着重显著的区别。
various: 通常强调种类的数目。
diverse, vivid, alive, mobile
diverse: 多种多样的，不同的
vivid: （记忆，描述）清晰的， 逼真的，（光，颜色）鲜艳的，耀眼的
alive: 活着的，有活力的，继续存在的
mobile: 易于快速移动的，易变的，流动的
diverse, differential
diverse: 多种多样的
differential: 差异的，区别的
adj. 不同的；多种多样的；变化多的
 - different, unlike, varying, another, dissimilar

Word: yellow
Front: yellow
[ˈjeləʊ] (中高雅 1665/2173 -K3)
Back: adj. 黄色的; 黄皮肤的; 黄种人的; 胆怯的
vt. & vi. （使某物）变黄或发黄
n. 黄色; 黄种人; 黄色颜料
时态：yellowed, yellowing, yellows
分布：黄色(69%)，黄色的(29%)，黄种人(1%)，蛋黄(1%)
→来自ghel,发光，照耀，词源同gold,gall,glass,引申词义发黄色光，黄色的。
a.黄的,黄色的n.黄色The fellow's yellow pillow is hollowed by his follower.那个家伙的黄色枕头被他的跟随者掏空了.
US [-oʊ] adjective noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(of) a colour like that of a lemon or gold or the sun 黄色（的）
• a bright yellow T-shirt 亮黄色T恤衫
• It was early autumn and the leaves were turning yellow. 正值初秋时节，树叶开始转黄。
• You should wear more yellow - it suits you. 你应该多穿些黄色的衣服——那适合你。
UK ['jel.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
PEOPLE 人 offensive
■belonging to a race that has pale yellowish brown skin 黄色人种的；黄皮肤的
UK ['jel.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
NOT BRAVE 胆怯的 informal
■ cowardly ; not brave 胆小的，懦弱的
UK ['jel.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to become yellow, or to make something become yellow （使）变黄
adj. [光] 黄色的；黄皮肤的
 - maize, xanthic
n. [光] 黄色；黄种人； [染料] 黄色颜料
 - sunking, giallo

Word: impress
Front: impress
[ɪmˈpres] (高研四六 3055/4079 -K3)
Vocabulary: impress
(once / 49 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v
Think of the verb impress as "leaving a mark." You might impress a print onto canvas, or you might impress prospective employers in a job interview. Whether that impression will be good or bad is up to you!
The past participle of the Latin verb imprimere, "to press," is impressus, which evolved in the 14th Century to the meaning "to make a permanent image." That meaning included a figurative meaning of "to impress upon the mind or heart." Impress also means conscription into the military, or taking people to serve against their will — in other words, the draft.
WORD FAMILY
impress: impressed, impresses, impressible, impressing, impression, impressive, impressment+/ impressed: unimpressed/impressible: impressibly/ impression: impressionable, impressionistic, impressions/ impressionable: unimpressionable/ impressionistic: impressionistically/ impressive: impressively, impressiveness, unimpressive/impressment: impressments/unimpressive: unimpressively
USAGE EXAMPLES
But, it was the massive tulip poplar that impressed him.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He also impressed on the students that they were just playing a game.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Not that Baldwin seemed too impressed about it afterward.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 印; 给…以深刻印象; 使铭记
n. 印象; 印记
时态：impressed, impressing, impresses
分布：印象(82%)，影响(7%)，印记(4%)，特征(3%)，传送(2%)，印刻(1%)，使 ... 有印象(1%)
→im-,进入，使，press,压，按。即压进去的，引申词义使留下印象。
盖印;使感动(im进+press→压进去→盖印→印入头脑→感动)[press=press表示"挤压"]
v.(on)印,盖印;留下印象,引人注目The man depressed by the pressure from the press expressed the impression on him.那个受到来自新闻界压力压抑的人表达了他的印象.
【记】im进入，press（n /v 压）－压入头脑－使印象深刻
verb intransitive or transitive [not continuous]
 IMPROVER
■to cause someone to admire or respect you because of something that you have done or said 给…留下深刻印象；使钦佩
• I remember when I was a child being very impressed with how many toys she had. 我记得小时候我对她有那么多的玩具羡慕不已。
• Your mother was clearly not impressed by our behaviour in the restaurant. 你妈妈对我们在餐厅的行为显然没有好印象。
• He tried to impress me with his extensive knowledge of wine. 他想以自己在葡萄酒方面的渊博知识让我对他刮目相看。
• formal I'm afraid the new theatre fails to impress. 恐怕这座新戏院不会受到瞩目。
[ɪm'pres] verb intransitive or transitive [not continuous]
  Phrasal Verbs  impress sth on/upon sb
■to make someone understand or be familiar with the importance or value of something 使（某人）明白…的重要性（或价值）
• Mr Simmons tried to impress on me how much easier my life would be if I were better organized. 西蒙斯先生力图让我明白，如果我能更有条理，我的生活会更安逸。
affect, influence, impress
这些动词均含“影响”之意。
affect: 作主语通常是物而不是人，指一物对另一物产生的消极影响。
influence: 侧重在思想、性格、行为等方面所产生的潜移默化的影响，也可指自然力的影响。
impress: 强调影响既深刻又持久。
vt. 盖印；强征；传送；给予某人深刻印象
 - propagate
n. 印象，印记；特征，痕迹
 - print, mark, characteristic, trace

Word: blast
Front: blast
[blɑ:st] (研四六托雅宝 4739/5574 -3)
Vocabulary: blast
(once / 231 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n 5n 6v
A blast is an explosion, or a sudden sharp noise. When you blast someone, you either shoot them, or hit them with a verbal explosion––a tirade of criticism.
Your teacher might blast your class for being rowdy; she’ll go on and on about how you are acting like first graders. On the Fourth of July, you might hear a different kind of blast — first your neighbors' bottle rockets, then the explosion of fireworks sponsored by your town. It's very exciting to watch a rocket launch into space––little kids love to play at the game, chanting, "5...4...3...2...1...blast off!
WORD FAMILY
blast: blasted, blaster, blasting, blasts, counterblast+/blasted: blastedest, blastedly/blaster: blasters/blasting: blastingly/counterblast: counterblasts
USAGE EXAMPLES
DJs blast deafening music in each room, the beat so loud it rattles your sternum and lungs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Monday's blast in Sadr City hit a square where day laborers typically gather.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
There are no immediate details on the midday blasts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 爆炸; 一阵（疾风等）; （吹奏乐器、哨子、汽车喇叭等突然发出的）响声; 突如其来的强劲气流
vt. 击毁，摧毁; 尖响; 裁判高声吹哨; 枯萎：使枯萎
vi. 爆炸; 吼叫; 枯萎：枯萎; 攻击：严厉批评或猛烈攻击
时态：blasted, blasting, blasts
分布：爆炸(77%)，爆破(17%)，摧毁(3%)，批评(1%)，严厉的批评(1%)，巨响(1%)
→词源同blow.
n.一阵(风);爆炸冲击波;管乐器声v.爆炸After the blast the plastics show everlasting elasticity.爆炸过后,塑胶显示出永久的弹性.
US [blæst] verb
EXPLODE 爆炸
intransitive or transitive
■to explode or destroy something or someone with explosives, or to break through or hit something with a similar, very strong force 炸毁，爆破
• A tunnel was to be blasted through the mountains. 要在群山中开凿一条隧道。
• They heard the guns blasting away all night. 他们听到枪炮声响了一整夜。
• figurative Their latest record blasted (its way) up the charts (= moved very quickly because of its popularity). 他们最新的唱片在排行榜上名次直线上升。
⇒ See also sandblast
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] verb
NOISE 噪声
intransitive
■to make a very loud and unpleasant noise 产生巨大噪声；发出刺耳声
• guns/music blasting (away/out) 炮声隆隆／音乐震天响
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] verb
CRITICIZE 批判
transitive informal
■to criticize someone or something severely 抨击，严厉批评
• The government was blasted by the opposition for failing to reduce inflation. 政府因未能缓解通货膨胀而遭到反对派的抨击。
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  blast off
■If a rocket blasts off, it leaves the ground to go into space. （火箭）发射
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] noun
EXPLOSION 爆炸
 ADVANCED countable
■an explosion 爆炸，爆破
• Three people were injured in the blast. 爆炸中有三人受伤。
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] noun
AIR 风
countable
■a sudden strong blow of air 一阵（疾风或强劲的气流）；狂风，暴风
• A blast of cold air hit him as he opened the window. 他打开窗，一阵冷风向他袭来。
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] noun
NOISE 噪声
countable
■a sudden loud noise 突然的巨响
• a blast of music 突然响起的音乐
• The headteacher blew three blasts on a whistle. 小学校长吹了三声哨子。
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] noun
EVENT 事件
countable usually singular US informal
■an exciting or enjoyable experience or event, often a party 喧嚣的派对，狂欢
• You should have come with us last night, we had a real blast! 昨天晚上你真该跟我们一起来，我们痛快地狂欢了一场！
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] noun
a blast from the past humorous
■something that you experience which surprises you because it is a very long time since you last experienced it and you had almost forgotten about it 令人触动很大的往事
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] exclamation (also blast it) old-fashioned informal
■an expression of anger 该死，讨厌
• Oh blast! I've left my keys at home! 哎，该死！我把锁匙留在家里了！
n. [力] 爆炸；冲击波；一阵
 - detonation, burst
vi. 猛攻
 - tear into, charge at
vt. [力] 爆炸；损害；使枯萎
 - hurt, blow apart

Word: sufficient
Front: sufficient
[səˈfɪʃnt] (研四六托雅宝 3099/1582 -K3)
Vocabulary: sufficient
(once / 50 pages)
adj
If you have a sufficient amount of something, it's enough — not too much, not too little, just right. Goldilocks would be pleased.
Sufficient comes from a Latin verb meaning "to meet the need." If something is sufficient it has met, or satisfied, a need. Enough is often used as a synonym for sufficient, and when something is not sufficient, it is too little to take care of what's needed. Sufficient can, however, also suggest just enough and not an abundance, as in "the money was sufficient for groceries, but we needed more to fill the gas tank."
WORD FAMILY
sufficient: insufficient, self-sufficient, sufficienter, sufficientest, sufficiently +/insufficiency: insufficiencies/ insufficient: insufficiency, insufficienter, insufficiently/self-sufficient: self-sufficiency/ suffice: sufficed, suffices, sufficiency, sufficient, sufficing/ sufficiency: sufficiencies/sufficing: self-sufficing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Fourth Ohio District Court of Appeals rejected those arguments in a unanimous ruling last week, saying there was sufficient evidence to support the convictions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Hogan’s gambit that talking about Israel to Jewish audiences is sufficient to win over my community is misguided.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Clinton was unable to compensate for these demographic losses with sufficient gains among Hispanic, white and college-educated voters.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 足够的; 充足的; 充分的
分布：足够的(73%)，充分的(27%)
→suffice,使足够，足以，-ent,形容词后缀。
足够的(suf+fici做+ent→在下面先做好,用的时候→足够的)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在...下面"]
足够的,充分的(suffice+inet)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
a.(for)足够的,充分的(比enough拘谨,正式)The puffy staff's stuffy chests are stuffed with sufficient suffering.喘气的职员们闷热的胸中填满了足够的痛苦.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■enough for a particular purpose 足够的，充足的
• This recipe should be sufficient for five people. 这份食谱应该足够五个人吃。
• It was thought that he'd committed the crime but there wasn't sufficient evidence to convict him. 人们都认为他是犯罪凶手，但没有足够证据将他定罪。
Opposite insufficient
have had sufficient formal
■to have eaten enough 吃饱了
• "Would you like some more stew?" "No thanks, I've had sufficient." “你还想要一些牛排吗？”“不；谢谢！我已经吃饱了。”
adequate, enough, sufficient
这些形容词均含“足够的，充足的”之意。
adequate: 指数量上足够，质量上适当。
enough: 最普通用词，口语、书面语可用，较侧重分量或数量的足够，多指希望的满足。
sufficient: 正式用词，侧重数目或数量或程度达到某一特定要求或需要。
adj. 足够的；充分的
 - competent, plenty, wealthy

Word: safeguard
Front: safeguard
[ˈseɪfgɑ:d] (研六雅宝 9121/6520 -2)
Vocabulary: safeguard
(once / 916 pages)
nv
A safeguard is a defense or precaution. You could describe a flu shot as a safeguard against getting sick, for example.
Safeguards protect against something negative, whether it's an attacking army invading a country or a boy you don't like much asking you to the prom. A store's security system is a safeguard against theft, and a secret password is a safeguard against your sister reading your email. You can use it as a verb too: "We clearly need to safeguard our Halloween candy so Mom and Dad don't steal it after we go to bed."
WORD FAMILY
safeguard: safeguarded, safeguarding, safeguards
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bruce Schneier, a technology security expert, said Trump was right to question the safeguards that exist for protecting his own communications as president.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Last month, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau issued a welcome, industrywide call for comments on third-party data access and possible additional safeguards.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But, more importantly, it ultimately helps to safeguard our patients from avoidable harm.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 保护，保卫; 防护措施; 安全设施
vt. 保护，保卫; 防护
时态：safeguarded, safeguarding, safeguards
分布：保护(67%)，保卫(25%)，保护措施(7%)，保卫者(1%)
→safe,安全的，guard,保卫。
v.维护,保护,捍卫n.安全装置,安全措施The guardian found a quarterly quart of quartz in the safeguard.监护人在安全装置内找到了四分之一夸脱石英.
【记】safe安全，guard保卫safeguard是P&G的舒肤佳香皂商标－保护皮肤
US [-gɑ:rd] verb transitive
■to protect something from harm 保护，保卫；捍卫，维护
• The union safeguards the interests of all its members. 工会捍卫每位成员的利益。
UK ['seɪf.gɑ:d] US [-gɑ:rd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  safeguard against sth
■to do things that you hope will stop something unpleasant from happening 预防，避免
• A good diet will safeguard against disease. 搭配合理的饮食可以预防疾病。
shelter, guard, harbour, safeguard, defend, shield, protect
这组词都有“保护、保卫”的意思，其区别是：
shelter: 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭危害。
guard: 普通用词，指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。
harbour: 贬义词，指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。
safeguard: 语气强，指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危险。
defend: 普通用词，指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害，消除危险。用作比喻时，指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。
shield: 语气比protect强，但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。
protect: 普通用词，指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。
n. [安全] 保护；保卫；保护措施
 - protection, lee, conservation
vt. [安全] 保护，护卫
 - secure, preserve, shelter

Word: philosophy
Front: philosophy
[fəˈlɒsəfi] (研四六托 2252/2351 -K3)
Vocabulary: philosophy
(once / 63 pages)
n
The noun philosophy means the study of proper behavior, and the search for wisdom.
The original meaning of the word philosophy comes from the Greek roots philo- meaning "love" and -sophos, or "wisdom." When someone studies philosophy they want to understand how and why people do certain things and how to live a good life. In other words, they want to know the meaning of life. Add the suffix -er to philosophy, and you get a word for someone whose job it is to think these big thoughts.
WORD FAMILY
philosophy: philosopher, philosophic, philosophical, philosophies, philosophise, philosophize +/ philosopher: philosophers/ philosophical: philosophically/philosophise: philosophised, philosophiser, philosophises, philosophising/philosophiser: philosophisers/ philosophize: philosophized, philosophizer, philosophizes, philosophizing/philosophizer: philosophizers/philosophizing: philosophizings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Our children should not die as a result of their parents’ philosophy, religion or misinformation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And it’s a philosophy supported by existing research.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Much of Trump’s political philosophy was formed in the 1980s too.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 哲学; 哲学体系，哲学思想; 生活信条; 哲理
分布：哲学(95%)，哲理(5%)
→philo-,爱，爱好，-soph,思考，智慧，词源同Sophia,sophist.引申词义哲学家。
哲学(philo+sophy智慧→爱智慧→哲学)[phil,philo=love,表示"爱"]
哲学(philo爱+sophy→爱智慧→哲学)[Soph=wise,表示"智慧,聪明"]
n.哲学,哲理,人生观,价值观,世界观Hess has an unusual philosophy of life.海丝有不寻常的人生观.
US [-'lɑ:.sə-] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the use of reason in understanding such things as the nature of reality and existence, the use and limits of knowledge and the principles that govern and influence moral judgment 哲学
• René Descartes is regarded as the founder of modern philosophy. 勒奈‧笛卡尔被视为现代哲学的奠基人。
⇒ See also PhD
the philosophy of sth
■a group of theories and ideas related to the understanding of a particular subject （某学科的）多种理论思想
• the philosophy of education/religion/science 教育／宗教／科学知识
countable
■a particular system of beliefs, values and principles 哲学思想；哲学体系
• the Ancient Greek philosophy of Stoicism 古希腊斯多葛哲学体系
countable usually singular informal
■someone's outlook on life and their way of dealing with it 人生哲学；生活（或工作）准则
• Live now, pay later - that's my philosophy of life ! 现在享受，以后付出——这是我的人生哲学。
n. 哲学；哲理；人生观
 - Weltbild, Anschauung

Word: collateral
Front: collateral
[kəˈlætərəl] (托宝 10379/15524 -1)
Vocabulary: collateral
(once / 1993 pages)
1adj 2adj 3n
It's what you promise to give someone if you don't repay a loan, like the car you put up as collateral when you take a loan out from the bank. As an adjective, collateral can refer to something indirect or off to the side, like collateral damage.
Collateral is the watch you put on the table in a poker game, or the shoes you trade in at the bowling alley. If you pay back your debts, you get your goods back. As an adjective, collateral describes something indirect, like collateral damage (non-soldiers inadvertently killed in war) or collateral relatives such as your second-cousin-once-removed that your mother keeps bugging you to call.
WORD FAMILY
collateral: collateralize, collaterally, collaterals+/collateralize: collateralized, collateralizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It asks the viewer to find warmth in the darkness, which is something that “Collateral Beauty” also focuses on.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In a classic business deal, an entrepreneur puts up collateral to get a loan for a potentially profitable investment.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Even a bantamweight approach to the subject such as Collateral Beauty is walking on eggshells, trying to reassure audiences that it isn’t one big downer.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 担保物; 旁系亲属
adj. 并行的; 附属的; 旁系的
分布：并行的(29%)，附属的(22%)，旁系的(22%)，附属担保物(11%)，副保(8%)，支亲(8%)
→col-, 强调。-later, 边，词源同lateral. 即放在旁边作为抵押物品的。
并列的,并行的(col+later边→al→周边的→并列的)[col-,cor在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"]
【记】col共同，later旁边－共同的边－平行的
【参】bilateral（adj 有两面的，双边的）；equilateral（adj 等边的）
US [-'lætˌ.ɚ-] noun uncountable specialized
■valuable property owned by someone who wants to borrow money which they agree will become the property of the company or person who lends the money if the debt is not paid back 担保品，抵押品
• She used/put up her house as collateral for a loan. 她用自己的房屋作抵押来贷款。
UK [kə'læt.ər.əl] US [-'lætˌ.ɚ-] adjective formal
■connected but less important, or of the same family although not directly related 附带的，次要的；（亲戚）旁系的，非直系的
• collateral senses of a word 词语的次要意义
• a collateral branch of the family 家族的旁系
adj. 并行的； [遗] 旁系的；附属的
 - subsidiary, paralleled
n. 抵押品； [法] 担保品；旁系亲属
 - security, guarantee

Word: reminder
Front: reminder
[rɪˈmaɪndə(r)] (托宝 4390/4679 -2)
Vocabulary: reminder
(once / 1038 pages)
n
A reminder helps you remember something. If you write "don't forget lunch" on your arm every morning, it means you need a reminder to grab your brown paper bag on your way out the door.
A reminder helps you remember, whether it's an appointment, an acquaintance's name, or a grocery list. You can give yourself a reminder, or write one to another person who's prone to forgetting details. The word's been around since the 1650s, and it came from remind, which originally meant "to remember." Later, remind came to mean "to make someone remember," or "to put someone in mind of something."
WORD FAMILY
reminder: reminders+/ remind: reminded, reminder, remindful, reminding, reminds
USAGE EXAMPLES
But for many of Mosul’s far-flung residents, displaced by more than two years of war, it’s a reminder of home.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Another in Ghana aimed at combating drug resistance found that such reminders helped people to finish all of their antimalarial drugs.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A sign in the dining room is a reminder of the tumultuous construction era: “One long whistle: Preparing to blast.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 令人回忆起…的东西; 提醒…的东西; （告知该做某事的）通知单; 提示信
分布：提示(78%)，催单(16%)，提醒物(6%)
US [-dɚ] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a written or spoken message which reminds someone to do something （告知该做某事的）通知单，提示信，提醒（的话），提示
• If he forgot to pay his rent, his landlady would send him a reminder. 如果他忘了付房租，女房东就会去信提醒他。
• [+ to infinitive] Mum sent me off with a final reminder to be back before 11pm. 妈妈最后又提醒了我一句要在晚上11点之前回家后就把我打发走了。
UK [rɪ'maɪn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
a reminder of sb/sth
■a person or thing which makes you remember a particular person, event or situation 使人想起…的东西；引起对…回忆的人；提醒人…的事物
• [+ question word] Alison's story is a reminder of how vulnerable women can be in what is still essentially a man's world. 爱丽森的短篇小说提醒人们，在一个实质上仍属于男性的世界里，女性会是多么的柔弱。
n. 暗示；提醒的人/物；催单
 - connotation, implication, allusion

Word: prosper
Front: prosper
[ˈprɒspə(r)] (研托 8251/8601 -1)
Vocabulary: prosper
(once / 609 pages)
v
As any fan of Star Trek knows, “live long and prosper” is good advice. The verb prosper means to do well, succeed, or thrive.
The verb prosper commonly means to generate wealth like, “the bank aims to prosper from its new investments.” But more generally it means “grow stronger” or "flourish" — such as “after a slow start, fall crops prosper,” or “we hope the animals will prosper in their new environment.” You can prosper from good advice or a wise decision, for example, “cheaters never prosper” is one piece of advice that you can prosper from.
WORD FAMILY
prosper: prospered, prospering, prospers
USAGE EXAMPLES
To care for your fellow creatures is to want them to be happy and prosper, to want to change what is causing them to suffer.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
We do not root for Mr. Trump to fail; we root for the nation to succeed and prosper.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Aberdeen prospered by being assertive and more certain in their attacking play.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 繁盛，成功
vt. 使…成功; 使…昌盛
时态：prospered, prospering, prospers
分布：成功(56%)，兴旺(42%)，繁盛(2%)
→pro-,向前，-sper,希望，兴旺，词源同speed,desperate.
繁荣(pro前面+sper→希望在前面→繁荣)[Sper=hope,表示"希望"]
v.成功,兴隆,昌盛,使成功,使昌隆,繁荣The rope is proper property to the prospering rope maker.绳子对成功的制绳者来说是真正的财产.
US ['prɑ:.spɚ] verb intransitive
■(of a person or a business) to be or become successful, especially financially （人或企业）成功；（尤指经济上）繁荣，昌盛
• A lot of microchip manufacturing companies prospered at that time. 当时许多生产晶片的公司都非常昌盛。
succeed, prosper, thrive, flourish
这组词都有“兴旺，成功”的意思，其区别是：
succeed: 表示成功，强调完成某件想往或企图去做的事，与fail相对。
prosper: 指持续不断地成功，也指越来越成功。
thrive: 指蓬勃发展，常指显而易见的成功。
flourish: 指处于成功、繁荣、进步的顶盛阶段。
vi. 繁荣，昌盛；成功
 - arrive, flower, win, thrive

Word: disclose
Front: disclose
[dɪsˈkləʊz] (研四六雅宝 4420/3879 -3)
Vocabulary: disclose
(once / 199 pages)
v
Disclose means to reveal or expose information that has previously been kept a secret — like a politician might be forced to disclose his finances or former scandals while running for office.
When a politician, corporate executive, or celebrity announces that he or she has something to disclose, the public listens. They know that the information they're about to hear was kept secret for a reason. Something incriminating or juicy is about to be revealed, like a secret affair or plummeting company profits.
WORD FAMILY
disclose: disclosed, discloses, disclosing, disclosure +/disclosed: undisclosed/ disclosure: disclosures
USAGE EXAMPLES
Parson released a statement Monday disclosing the surgery.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Branstad spokesman Ben Hammes says the group’s accountant is still gathering information on the contributors and plans to file an amended return disclosing them.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Implementing the Place of Last Drink program.The program requires that offenders disclose where they were served their last drink.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 公开; 揭露; 使显露; 使暴露
时态：disclosed, disclosing, discloses
分布：公开(63%)，揭露(35%)，使某物显露(2%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。close, 关闭。即打开，揭露。
揭发;泄露(dis打开+close→把关的打开→揭发)[clos,clud,clus=close,表示"关闭"]
v.揭示,泄露The prose author's diagnosis discloses that the hose is damaged.散文作者的诊断透露软管被损坏.
【记】dis不，close关－显露
【参】disclosure（n 揭发；败露的事情）
US [-'skloʊz] formal
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make something known publicly, or to show something that was hidden 公开，公布；透露，揭露
• Several companies have disclosed profits of over £200 million. 几家公司已公布其利润超过两亿英镑。
• [+ that] The police have disclosed that two officers are under internal investigation. 警方公布说有两名员警正在接受内部调查。
reveal, expose, disclose, uncover
这组词都有“揭露、暴露”的意思，其区别是：
reveal: 多指揭露一直隐藏或隐秘的东西，或启示超乎常人领导能力的真理。
expose: 多指揭露丑闻、坏人坏事或各种阴谋。也可指某物暴露在外。
disclose: 侧重指揭露或泄露鲜为人知或保密的事。
uncover: 主要指移去遮盖物，让东西显露出来。也可指揭露阴谋、秘密等。
vt. 公开；揭露
 - reveal, expose

Word: observation
Front: observation
[ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn] (研四六托雅 2105/1842 -K2)
Vocabulary: observation
(once / 110 pages)
n
When you take a good look at something, noticing facts or taking measurements, you are engaging in observation, something a little more intense than just a quick glance. When you share an observation, you communicate an insight.
The Latin verb observāre, "to attend to," is the foundation for our word observation, which requires that you pay attention. If a hospital holds you overnight for observation, they want to keep an eye on your condition. If you have a lot of funny or interesting observations on a topic, maybe you should write a book. Scouts founder Robert Baden-Powell once said, "If you make listening and observation your occupation you will gain much more than you can by talk."
WORD FAMILY
observation: observational, observations+/ observable: observably, unobservable/ observance: nonobservance, observances/ observant: nonobservant, observantly, unobservant/observational: observationally/ observatory: observatories/ observe: observable, observance, observant, observation, observatory, observed, observer, observes, observing/ observed: unobserved/ observer: observers/observing: observingly/unobservable: unobservably/unobservant: unobservantly/unobserved: unobservedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
These observations are especially poignant considering Karen’s profession.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Our training, experiences and observations align, both here and in low-income nations: vaccines save lives.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That prediction was spectacularly undone by observations, however.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 观察; 观察力; 评论; 观察所得
分布：观察(91%)，注意(4%)，观察力(3%)，评论(2%)
→来自observe,观察，监视。
观察(observe+ation)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
n.观察,观测,监视;(pl.)观察资料;观察力Keep him under observation.监视他.
US [ˌɑ:b.zɚ-] noun
WATCHING 观察
uncountable
■when you observe something or someone 观察；观测；监视
• close observation of nature/human nature/animal behaviour 对自然／人性／动物行为的认真观察
• The police are keeping the suspect under observation. 警方监视着犯罪嫌疑人。
• She was admitted to hospital for observation (= so that doctors could watch her and see if anything was wrong with her). 她被收治入院接受观察。
UK [ˌɒb.zə'veɪ.ʃən] US [ˌɑ:b.zɚ-] noun
NOTICING 观察
uncountable
■when you notice or see something 观察
• She has remarkable powers of observation (= is very good at noticing things). 她具有非凡的观察力。
countable formal
■a remark about something that you have noticed 评论，评述；言论
• The book is full of interesting observations on/about the nature of musical composition. 这本书里有许多关于音乐创作本质的有趣评论。
• May I make an observation? 我可以发表一下评论吗？
n. 观察；监视；观察报告
 - view, monitoring, surveillance, watch

Word: accurate
Front: accurate
[ˈækjərət] (研四六托雅宝 2728/2738 -K3)
Vocabulary: accurate
(once / 135 pages)
adj
Something that is accurate is exact and true. It's important to be accurate in the kitchen with your measurements and in the courtroom with your testimony.
The adjective accurate comes from the Latin roots ad curare, meaning "to take care," and that is precisely what you do when you make sure something is accurate. You take care to make sure it is perfectly correct: an accurate answer, an accurate headcount, an accurate assessment of the problem. By adding the Latin root in, meaning not, you can make the antonym inaccurate (not accurate).
WORD FAMILY
accurate: accuracy, accurately, accuratest, inaccurate +/ accuracy: accuracies, inaccuracy / inaccuracy: inaccuracies/ inaccurate: inaccurately
USAGE EXAMPLES
Problem: A lack of accurate information about how to achieve certain hairstyles and where to find a high quality stylist.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Because the survey relied on the memories of the participants, the researchers wrote, the more recent gun acquisition data might be more accurate.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
These predictions for 2017 are found to be extraordinarily accurate.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 精确的，准确的; 正确无误的
分布：准确的(61%)，精确的(39%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. cure, 关心，照料。指用心使精确。
准确的,精确的(ac+cur+ate→一再关心,弄精确为止)[cur=care,表示"关心"]
a.正确无误的;准确的,精确的At any rate, the separation ratio is accurate.无论如何,这个分离比是精确的.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■correct, exact and without any mistakes 准确的；精确的；正确的
• an accurate machine 精密的机器
• an accurate description 准确的描述
• The figures they have used are just not accurate. 他们引用的数字太不准确。
• Her novel is an accurate reflection of life in post-war Spain. 她的小说是战后西班牙生活的真实写照。
• We hope to become more accurate in predicting earthquakes. 我们希望能更准确地预测地震。
Opposite inaccurate
correct, accurate, exact, true, right, precise
这组词都有“准确的，正确的”的意思，其区别是：
correct: 最常用词，主要指按一定标准或规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或无缺点错误。
accurate: 指通过谨慎的努力达到符合事实或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性，与事实无出入。
exact: 着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比accurate强。
true: 暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件丝毫不差。
right: 使用广泛，可与这些词中的correct换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动等方面的正确。
precise: 侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确无误。
adj. 精确的
 - precise, mathematical, strict, rigid, refined

Word: comply
Front: comply
[kəmˈplaɪ] (研六托雅宝 4637/3441 -2)
Vocabulary: comply
(once / 300 pages)
v
Comply is to act according to someone's wishes or rules. Although you might like to stay out with your friends, you'll have to comply with your parents' rules and be home by midnight.
Comply shares a root with the word, complete. In a way, when you comply with a rule or agreement, you are completing it, or completing your part in it. When someone is in compliance with an agreement or a legal ruling, that means that they have done everything they needed to satisfy the ruling. Comply with the rules of grammar or your English teacher will turn your paper red with ink!
WORD FAMILY
comply: compliance, compliancy, compliant, complied, complies, complying+/ compliance: compliances/ compliant: compliantly, noncompliant / noncompliant: noncompliance, noncompliants
USAGE EXAMPLES
“So the announcement will just help Nebraskans to comply with the existing law.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In late August, on the day before classes resumed, Harriott instructed his team to comply with St. Thomas’s grooming standards.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Officers found the man in the park and tried to talk to him but he did not comply.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 遵从; 依从，顺从; 应允，同意
时态：complied, complying, complies
分布：顺从(50%)，答应(25%)，遵照(25%)
→com-, 强调。-ple, 装满，满的，词源同full, fulfill. 即补足，顺从。拼写受ply影响。
同意,答应(com共同+ply→[观点]共同叠在一起→同意)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
v.(with)遵照,照做,应允;顺从,服从He gladly complied with my request.他欣然同意我的要求.
【记】com一起，ply＝play玩，要comply规则
formal
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to act according to an order, set of rules or request 服从；遵守；依从
• He's been ordered to have the dog destroyed because it's dangerous, but he refuses to comply. 那只狗很危险，因此他接到了把它人道毁灭的命令，但他拒绝服从。
• There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations. 不遵守规定者将受到严惩。
conform, comply, abide, adhere
这组词都有“遵守”的意思，其区别是：
conform: v.后接to表示“遵守，符合”。
 • All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by their governments.   每个人都应该遵守政府制订的法律。
comply: v.后接with表示“遵守，服从”，用于正式的场合。
 • Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying taxes.   我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。
abide: v.后接by表示“遵守，同意”。
 • I will abide by the director' decision.   我将遵从主任的决定。
adhere: v.后接to表示“遵守”。(当然adhere一词的其它意思如“坚持；粘附”也经常被考到。)
 • Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving.   汽车司机必须遵守驾驶规则。
obey, submit, comply
这组词都有“服从、听从”的意思，其区别是：
obey: 一般用词，指服从或接受某种权威，或遵循某种原则而行事。
submit: 指顺从或屈服于自己不能进一步抵制或抵抗的人或事物。
comply: 指同意依从他人的愿望或请求，或遵守某种规则或顺应某种环境条件。
approve, consent, subscribe, comply, agree
这组词都有“同意、赞同”的意思，其区别是：
approve: 侧重对认为正确或满意的事表示赞同或批准。作不及物动词用时，常与of连用。
consent: 指同意别人的请求、建议或满足他人的愿望，着重意愿或感情，常和to连用。
subscribe: 指完全地赞成已阐明的立场。多用于比较愿意支持一种立场或为一种立场所辨护的情况。
comply: 指答应某人已经提出或可能要求做的某事，与with连用。
agree: 普通用词，侧重指对某事同其他人有相同的意见或想法。
vi. 遵守；顺从，遵从；答应
 - engage, abide by/obey/observe

Word: profession
Front: profession
[prəˈfeʃn] (高研四六托雅 2886/2211 -K3)
Vocabulary: profession
(once / 82 pages)
1n 2n
An open declaration of an opinion or belief is a profession. If you announce that you believe the earth is flat, your profession of this opinion might cause some giggling among your well-educated friends.
Careers that require specialized training or advanced degrees are considered professions. Your parents may want you to go into a profession like the practice of law, but you dream of being a rodeo clown. The collective group of people practicing a profession is also called profession. The medical profession doesn't know what to make of that thing growing out of your foot. You are a medical mystery!
WORD FAMILY
profession: professional, professions+/ profess: professed, professes, professing, profession /professed: professedly/ professional: nonprofessional, professionalise, professionalism, professionalize, professionally, professionals, semiprofessional, unprofessional/professionalise: professionalisation, professionalised/ professionalism: professionalisms/professionalize: professionalization, professionalized, professionalizes, professionalizing/semiprofessional: semiprofessionals/unprofessional: unprofessionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
These observations are especially poignant considering Karen’s profession.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But the medical profession increasingly understands that painful as it is, the revolution is necessary and unstoppable.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s traditional English style that’s a bit medical, a bit military – a nod to his professions – but he’s also got to be ready for action.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 职业，专业; 同行; 宣称; 信念，信仰
分布：职业(69%)，行业(25%)，声明(4%)，信仰(2%)
→来自profess,宣称，信奉，-ion,名词后缀。引申词义职业，行业，即内心的召唤。词义演变比较vocation,voice.
职业(pro在前面+fess+ion→在前面说话→进入[律师,教师等]职业;参考：professor)[fess=speak,表示"说"]
n.职业,专业,表白,宣布He is a salesman by profession.他的职业是推销员.
noun
WORK 工作
 IMPROVER countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■any type of work which needs special training or a particular skill, often one which is respected because it involves a high level of education （尤指需要特殊训练或专业技能的）职业
• He left the teaching profession in 1965 to set up his own business. 他1965年离开教师岗位自己创业。
• The report notes that forty per cent of lawyers entering the profession are women. 这份报告指出，执业律师中有40%是女性。
• Teaching as a profession is very underpaid. 教书作为一种职业，酬劳其实过低。
• He's a doctor by profession. 他的职业是医生。
 ADVANCED countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■the people who do a type of work, considered as a group 某职业的全体人员；同行，同业
• There's a feeling among the nursing profession that their work is undervalued. 在护理人员之间存在一种看法——认为他们的工作未得到应有的重视。
the professions
■jobs which need special training and skill, such as being a doctor or lawyer, but not work in business or industry （医生或律师等需特殊训练或技能的）职业
[prə'feʃ.ən] noun
STATEMENT 表示
countable
■a statement about what someone feels, believes or intends to do, often made publicly 表示，表白
• The government's professions of commitment to the environment seem less believable every day. 政府支持环保的表态似乎一天比一天不可信。
• his professions of love 他的爱情表白
assignment, task, profession, job
assignment: 指分派做的特定任务，也指长期性工作
task: 被派或自愿承担工作，尤指困难、辛劳的工作
profession: 指从事脑力劳动，经过特殊培训的“职业”，如老师
job: 常指短期任务
work, vocation, occupation, employment, trade, profession, career, job
这组词都有“职业”的意思，其区别是：
work: 指任何种类的工作，也泛指职业。
vocation: 较正式用词，语气庄重，指长期从事，但不一定以此为主计的职业。
occupation: 泛指任何一种职业，既不分什么行业，也不管是脑力还是体力劳动。
employment: 指受雇于他人，领取工资以谋生计，有较固定工作的职业。
trade: 指需要有熟练技巧、技能和体力的职业。
profession: 以前常指要受过高等教育(尤指法律、医学和神学)才能获得的职业，现在一般指为谋生日的职业，尤指从事脑力劳动和受过专门训练，具有某种专业知识的职业。
career: 指经过专门训练，终身愿意从事的职业。
job: 通常指一切有收入，不分脑力与体力运动，不论是否有技艺的长期或临时的职业。
n. 职业，专业；声明，宣布，表白
 - employment, career, calling, pursuit, statement, occupation

Word: divert
Front: divert
[daɪˈvɜ:t] (研六托雅宝 5673/4924 -2)
Vocabulary: divert
(once / 279 pages)
1v 2v
To divert means to shift or turn from one thing to another. A magician might attempt to divert your attention as he shoves the rabbit into the hat.
The police will divert traffic if there has been an accident that blocks the road, and it's a good idea to divert some of your income into a savings account so you don't spend it all. Are you throwing a surprise party for a friend at his house? Have a neighbor divert him for a little while if he comes home early so that you can finish getting ready. While these uses concern physically guiding something to a different location, divert can also be used to mean "distract" or "entertain." If your friend can't stop worrying about her grades, you might want to divert her with the latest school gossip.
WORD FAMILY
divert: diversion, diverted, diverting, diverts+/ diversion: diversionary, diversionist, diversions/diversionist: diversionists/ diverting: divertingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Did hockey leagues divert precious resources — namely, young men — from duty, or were they vital to morale?
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“To divert attention, their networks overseas were being told” to attack.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
A news release from the Tampa Police Department said traffic was diverted while police investigated.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 使转移; 娱乐; 转移注意力
时态：diverted, diverting, diverts
分布：转移(97%)，娱乐(3%)
→来自diverse, 转开，转移。-t,过去分词后缀。
转向;消遣(di偏离+vert转偏离→转向)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
vt.使转向,使改道;转移(注意力);使娱乐The noise diverted our attention from the books.噪音把我们的注意力从书本上移开.
【记】di离开，vert转－转向
US [dɪ'vɝ:t] verb transitive
CHANGE DIRECTION 改变方向
■to cause something or someone to change direction 使改变方向，使转向
• Traffic will be diverted through the side streets while the main road is resurfaced. 这条主干道重铺路面时，车辆行人将被分流到小路通行。
• Our flight had to be diverted to Stansted because of the storm. 由于暴风雨，我们的班机被迫改在斯坦斯特德机场降落。
■to use something for a different purpose 将…用于其他目的；改变…的用途
• Should more funds/money/resources be diverted from roads into railways? 是否应该将更多的资金／资源从公路转投到铁路上？
UK [daɪ'vɜ:t] US [dɪ'vɝ:t] verb transitive
TAKE ATTENTION AWAY 转移注意力
■to take someone's attention away from something 分散，转移（注意力）
• The war has diverted attention (away) from the country's economic problems. 战争转移了人们对国家经济问题的关注。
■formal
■to entertain someone 使开心，供（某人）消遣
• It's a marvellous game for diverting restless children on long car journeys. 这个游戏很棒，可供那些乘车长途旅行时出现烦躁情绪的孩子们进行消遣。
deviate, divert, distract
这组词都有“转移”的意思，其区别是：
deviate: v.背离，偏离。多指脱离正轨或正题等。
 • He deviated from society by becoming a drug addict.   他成为一名吸毒者，从而违背了社会道德准则。
divert: v.转移，使转向，着重改变后的结果，后常接介词from。
 • A loud noise diverted everyone's attention from their work.   一声巨响转移了每个人的工作注意力。
distract: v.使分心，分散(注意力、心理等)。常带有不能专心的意思。
 • Noise distracts him, so he can't study for exams.   喧闹声分散了他的注意力，所以他无法进行考试的复习。
vt. 转移；使…欢娱；使…转向
 - shift, distract from
vi. 转移
 - transfer, metastasize

Word: toxic
Front: toxic
[ˈtɒksɪk] (研六托雅宝 4090/5147 -2)
Vocabulary: toxic
(once / 1896 pages)
adj
Danger! Hazardous! Do not eat! These are just some of the warnings you'll see on toxic substances — meaning stuff that's poisonous and even deadly.
Cobra bites, wild mystery mushrooms and strong chemicals are all toxic. So are certain people, if they have particularly mean personalities. Toxic is related to the word toxin, which is a kind of poison. It comes from the ancient Greek word toxikon, which means "poison for arrows." Some toxic arrows could come in handy for those toxic personalities...
WORD FAMILY
toxic: antitoxic, detoxify, nontoxic, toxically, toxicity+/detoxicate: detoxicated, detoxicates, detoxicating/detoxify: detoxicate, detoxification, detoxified, detoxifies, detoxifying/toxicity: toxicities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the country is now facing the limits of that model amid slowing growth, toxic pollution and the shift of manufacturing work to less-developed nations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
That bout of smog saw 460 million people, a population greater than North America, breathing toxic air, according to Greenpeace.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Environmentalists counter that the issue is crucial because stormwater is the largest source of toxic pollution in Puget Sound.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 有毒的; 中毒的; 因中毒引起的
n. 毒物; 毒剂
分布：有毒的(100%)
→tox-,毒，有毒的，-ic,形容词后缀。
有毒的(tox+ic)[tox=poison表示"毒"]
a.有毒的;中毒的It's a toxic drug.这是毒药.
【记】tox毒，ic－有毒的
【参】detoxify（v 解毒）
【反】beneficial（adj 有益的）
US ['tɑ:k-] adjective
POISONOUS 有毒的
■poisonous 有毒的；引起中毒的
• toxic waste/chemicals/effluent 有毒的废料／化学品／废水
UK ['tɒk.sɪk] US ['tɑ:k-] adjective
UNPLEASANT 令人不快的 informal
■very unpleasant or unacceptable 令人极不愉快的；不可接受的
■informal
■causing you a lot of harm and unhappiness over a long period of time 恶毒的，造成阴影的（在较长一段时间内使你感到不快，又给你造成很多伤害的）
• toxic parents 恶毒的父母
• a toxic friendship 让人产生阴影的友谊
adj. [内科] [毒物] 有毒的；中毒的
 - poisonous, virous

Word: permission
Front: permission
[pəˈmɪʃn] (高研四六托 3233/2468 -K3)
Vocabulary: permission
(once / 182 pages)
n
If you give someone approval to do something, you are giving them permission. Think of the permission slip your parents sign to let you go on a field trip––they are approving your going on the trip.
Permission has the same Latin root word as permit. They both come from permittere, which means to allow to go or pass through. Permission can be given in writing, it can be given orally, or it can be assumed or unspoken––by passing the box of cookies around the room you're giving everyone tacit permission to help themselves.
WORD FAMILY
permission: permissions+/ impermissible: impermissibility, impermissibly/ permissible: impermissible, permissibility, permissibly/ permissive: permissively, permissiveness, unpermissive/ permit: permissible, permission, permissive, permiting, permits, permitted, permitting/unpermissive: unpermissively, unpermissiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wells opened up millions of accounts without the permission of its customers, just to goose internal numbers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Her breakthrough video, Station, was shot, without permission, at a local railway station, with Nadia dancing nonchalantly on the tracks as a train pulled in.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The National Trust refused the firm permission to conduct surveys in Clumber Park, a few miles to the north of the forest.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 允许; 批准，正式认可，认可
分布：允许(45%)，许可(41%)，同意(14%)
→来自permit,许可，-ss,过去分词格。
允许(per始终＋miss＋ion→始终放入→允许)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
n.允许,同意You must ask permission if you want to leave early.如果你想早走的话,必须得到允许.
US [pɚ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■If someone is given permission to do something, they are allowed to do it 允许，许可，准许
• [+ to infinitive] You will need permission from the council to extend your garage. 扩建车库必须得到市议会的批准。
• Official permission has been granted for more building near the river. 在这条河附近建造更多房子的做法已获得官方许可。
• The authorities have refused permission for the demonstration to take place. 官方拒绝批准游行示威。
• Planning permission was refused for the hypermarket after a three-week inquiry. 经过三周的调查，兴建特大型超市的规划被否决了。
approval, permission
approval: 赞同，许可
permission: 批准
n. 允许，许可
 - allows, liberty, leave

Word: sprawl
Front: sprawl
[sprɔ:l] (托雅宝 9269/12278 -1)
Vocabulary: sprawl
(once / 887 pages)
vn
When you sprawl, you spread out in an ungainly way, like when you're lying down comfortably on the sofa with your legs and arms flung out around you.
As a noun, the most common use of this word nowadays is in the phrase "urban sprawl" (or "suburban sprawl"), which describes municipal development — things like new neighborhoods, shopping malls, and office complexes — that spreads out of control, according to no approved plan, and usually with pretty ugly results.
WORD FAMILY
sprawl: sprawled, sprawler, sprawling, sprawls, sprawly+/sprawler: sprawlers/ sprawling: sprawlingly, sprawlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is not uncommon for new development plans in Northern Virginia to raise hackles among residents who want to limit suburban sprawl.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
More often, they say, they’re considering sprawl a health hazard.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The report suggests rewarding communities that build housing near jobs and transportation, but penalizing suburban sprawl by linking it to California climate change legislation.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vi. 伸开四肢坐[躺]; 蔓延; 杂乱无序地拓展
n. （城市）杂乱无序拓展的地区; 随意扩展; 蔓延; 蔓延物
时态：sprawled, sprawling, sprawls
分布：蔓延(45%)，扩张(39%)，躺卧(14%)，使蔓延(2%)
→可能最终来自 sper,播洒，散播，展开，词源同 spark,spread.引申词义蔓延，杂乱的扩张。 拼写受 crawl 影响。
【记】源于：crawl（n /v 爬）－懒散的趴在地上－舒展四肢坐、躺
【区】scrawl（v 潦草地写）
【参】sprawling（adj 蔓生的；无计划的）
US [sprɑ:l] disapproving
verb
BODY 身体
intransitive
■to spread the arms and legs out carelessly and untidily while sitting or lying down （懒散地）摊开四肢坐（或躺）
• I knocked into her in the corridor and sent her sprawling (= knocked her over). 我在走廊里和她迎头相撞，把她撞了个四脚朝天。
UK [sprɔ:l] US [sprɑ:l] disapproving
verb
CITY 城市
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■(especially of a city) to cover a large area of land with buildings which have been added at different times so that it looks untidy （尤指城市）杂乱无序地扩展，散乱地延伸
• The refugee camps sprawl across the landscape. 眼前杂乱地散落着许多难民营。
UK [sprɔ:l] US [sprɑ:l] disapproving
noun
BODY 身体
uncountable
■a position with the arms and legs spread out carelessly and untidily while sitting or lying down （懒散地）摊开四肢坐（或躺）
UK [sprɔ:l] US [sprɑ:l] disapproving
noun
CITY 城市
countable usually singular
■a large area of land covered with buildings which have been added at different times so that it looks untidy 没有城市规划（某地大面积散布的建筑物，是随时间而增加的、无计划的，因此看起来不整齐）
• the urban sprawl of South Florida 佛罗里达州南部杂乱无序的城市扩展
vi. 蔓延；伸开手足躺；无计划地扩展
 - creep, to spread
vt. 懒散地伸开；使蔓生
 - sprig
n. 蔓生；伸开手足躺卧姿势
 - rampancy

Word: breakthrough
Front: breakthrough
[ˈbreɪkθru:] (高雅 5308/6455)
Vocabulary: breakthrough
(once / 2222 pages)
1n 2n
An amazing discovery or a huge amount of progress can be called a breakthrough. The discovery of penicillin in 1928 was a breakthrough for modern medicine.
A personal breakthrough might be overcoming your fear of spiders once and for all. A bigger breakthrough, one that affects many people, is the invention of indoor plumbing. There's a sense of suddenness and drama associated with most breakthroughs. The word started out with a military meaning of literally "breaking through a barrier" in 1918. By the 1930s, it came to have the second meaning of "abrupt solution."
WORD FAMILY
breakthrough: breakthroughs
USAGE EXAMPLES
The industrial plant appears especially significant as it offers a breakthrough by capturing CO2 without subsidy.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Other Nixon scholars called Mr. Farrell’s discovery a breakthrough.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Her breakthrough video, Station, was shot, without permission, at a local railway station, with Nadia dancing nonchalantly on the tracks as a train pulled in.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 突破; 穿透; 重要技术成就; 炉衬烧穿
分布：关键问题的解决(100%)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an answer to a problem 重大进展；突破
• Scientists are hoping for a breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer. 科学家们希望在治愈癌症的研究上取得突破。
• A major breakthrough in negotiations has been achieved. 谈判有了重大进展。
n. 突破；突破性进展
 - penetration

Word: mislead
Front: mislead
[ˌmɪsˈli:d] (研四六托 8670/8459 -1)
Vocabulary: mislead
(once / 595 pages)
v
Use the verb mislead to describe what you're doing when you don't tell the whole truth, or when you let someone believe something false.
You mislead someone when you point them in the wrong direction, literally or metaphorically. If you let your cousin think an expensive gift is from you when you actually just sent her a card, you are misleading her. And if you give a tourist directions away from the chain restaurant he's looking for, you are misleading him. Finally, if you think this doesn't really count as lying, you're misleading yourself.
WORD FAMILY
mislead: misleader, misleading, misleads, misled+/ lead: lead-colored, leaded, leader, leading, leadless, leads, led, mislead /leaded: nonleaded, unleaded/ leader: leaders, leadership / leadership: leaderships/leading: leadingly, leadings/misleader: misleaders/misleading: misleadingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The purpose of the press is to inform and educate, not mislead with incomplete information presented as facts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She’s also is accused of misleading police on Banks’ identity in order to help him evade law enforcement.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Indeed, the very term “superpower” may be misleading or obsolete.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 把…带错路; 把…引入歧途
时态：misled, misleading, misleads
分布：误导(82%)，欺骗(11%)，使误入歧途(5%)，使产生错误印象(2%)
→mis-,坏的，错的，不好的，lead,引导。
v.把...带错路,使误入岐途The misleader let me use the lead instead of the unsteady metal.误导者让我用铅代替不稳定的金属.
【记】mis错，lead引导－误导
[ˌmɪs'li:d] (misled, misled)
verb transitive
■to cause someone to believe something that is not true 误导；使…产生错误的想法；把…引入歧途
• He has admitted misleading the police about his movements on the night of the murder. 他承认误导了警方，使他们对他在谋杀案发生当晚的行踪产生了错误的判断。
vt. 误导；带错
 - misdirect, misguide

Word: suspicious
Front: suspicious
[səˈspɪʃəs] (研四六托雅宝 4603/4462 -K2)
Vocabulary: suspicious
(once / 293 pages)
adj
Suspicious behavior inspires distrust. Prancing around your backyard in a trench coat and fake mustache during daylight might elicit weird looks from your neighbors; do it at night, though, so that your silhouette glides past their windows, and what appeared innocent enough hours before will quickly transition to suspicious.
Use this adjective to describe a behavior or event that arouses doubt or mistrust. How to avoid appearing suspicious? Well, for one, stop pausing mid-conversation to take covert notes in that little journal of yours. And two, don’t wear sunglasses indoors, and don’t try to walk without making a sound. That will make people cagey, which is a synonym for suspicious. Other synonyms include apprehensive, doubtful, wary, and watchful.
WORD FAMILY
suspicious: oversuspicious, suspiciousest, suspiciously, suspiciousness, unsuspicious+/ suspect: suspected, suspectedly, suspecting, suspectingly, suspects, suspicion /suspected: unsuspected/suspecting: unsuspecting/ suspicion: suspicions, suspicious /unsuspected: unsuspectedly/unsuspecting: unsuspectingly/unsuspicious: unsuspiciously
USAGE EXAMPLES
The document was intended to help companies mitigate Russian hacking and report any suspicious activity to the government.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Police did not say whether Ms Tierney's death was being treated as suspicious.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
For cash deals above 100,000 francs, a Swiss retailer must now confirm customers’ identities and report suspicious transactions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 可疑的; 猜疑的，怀疑的; 多疑的，不信任的; 多心
分布：可疑的(82%)，多疑的(18%)
→suspicion,怀疑，-ous,形容词后缀。
多疑的(sus+spic+ious)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
a.(of)可疑的,多疑的,疑心的Two suspicious aspects are suspected respectively.两个可疑的方面分别受到怀疑.
【记】源于：suspect（n 嫌疑犯；adj 令人怀疑的；v 怀疑）
【参】suspicion（n 猜疑）
adjective
SEEM GUILTY 可疑的
 IMPROVER
■making you feel that something illegal is happening or that something is wrong 可疑的，引起怀疑的
• Her behaviour was very suspicious (Australianinformalsuss). 她的举止相当启人疑窦。
• The fire at the bank is being treated as suspicious. 银行起火这件事被认为相当可疑。
• It 's a bit suspicious that no one knows where he was at the time of the murder. 有点可疑的是，没有人知道谋杀案发当时他在哪里。
• There were some suspicious characters hanging around outside. 有些可疑的人在外面晃荡。
• There's a suspicious- looking van parked at the end of the road. 路的尽头停着一辆看起来很可疑的货车。
• His new book bears a suspicious resemblance to a book written by someone else (= His book is so similar to the other book that it seems as if he has copied it). 他的新书与别人写的另外一本书内容雷同，令人生疑。
[sə'spɪʃ.əs] adjective
DOUBT 怀疑的
 IMPROVER
■feeling doubt or no trust in someone or something 怀疑的，猜疑的；不信任的
• His colleagues became suspicious (= thought that there was something wrong) when he did not appear at work, since he was always punctual. 他一向按时上班，所以当他没有上班时，他的同事们起了疑心。
• They are deeply/highly (= very) suspicious of one another/ of each other's motives. 他们对彼此的动机都很怀疑。
• My mother has a very suspicious nature (= does not trust people). 我妈妈天生喜欢猜疑。
adj. 可疑的；怀疑的；多疑的
 - doubtful, questionable

Word: declaration
Front: declaration
[ˌdekləˈreɪʃn] (研六托雅 5595/3227 -3)
Vocabulary: declaration
(once / 245 pages)
1n 2n
An emphatic statement — either written or spoken — is called a declaration. The Continental Congress announced their intention to form a new nation when they wrote the Declaration of Independence.
To declare is a verb, but when you add the suffix tion, you transform it to a noun. A formal public statement can be called a declaration. You would be making a formal declaration of your love, if you paid to have "I Love You, Alex" put on the big screen at the game. When you travel, you may need to make a declaration — a formal statement — about any taxable items you purchased outside the country when you return.
WORD FAMILY
declaration: declarations+/ declarative: declaratively/ declare: declarable, declaration, declarative, declaratory, declared, declarer, declares, declaring/declared: declaredly, undeclared/declarer: declarers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The declaration says a significant amount of livestock was lost in the storm.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Much like the Balfour declaration, these parameters were in fact tailored point by point to Zionist desires.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He compared the value of the declaration to the one U.S.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 宣言，布告，公告，声明; （纳税品在海关的）申报; [法]（原告的）申诉，（证人的）陈述，口供; [牌]摊牌，叫牌
分布：申报(53%)，宣言(26%)，宣布(21%)
定言;陈述(declare+ation)[clear,clar,clair=clear,bright,表示"清楚,明白"]
n.宣言,宣布,声明Ancient people like to have a declaration before war.古人开战以前都喜欢声明一下.
noun countable
ANNOUNCEMENT 公告
 ADVANCED
■an announcement, often one that is written and official 宣言；声明；公告
• Members of Parliament must make a declaration of their business interests. 议员们必须将自己的商业股权公诸于众。
• As witnesses to the accident, we were asked to make written declarations of what we had seen. 作为事故的目击者，我们被要求以书面形式陈述看到的一切。
• The company made a declaration of intent to follow an equal opportunities policy. 公司宣称愿意遵守平等机会原则。
[ˌdek.lə'reɪ.ʃən] noun countable
CRICKET 板球
■in cricket, when a team stops batting (= hitting the ball) because they think they already have enough runs (= points) to win 在板球比赛中，一方因已达足够分数获胜，而放弃继续击球。
• a cleverly timed declaration 时机掌握得恰到好处的宣布停止击球
n. （纳税品等的） [税收] 申报；宣布；公告； [法] 申诉书
 - profession, announcement

Word: harry
Front: harry
[ˈhæri] (托宝 17022/1975 -1)
Vocabulary: harry
(once / 94 pages)
v
When one army sends raiding parties into another's territory, they're harrying them. They're not making an all-out attack, they're just trying to bother and distract the other army.
Although harry is not a word you hear commonly now, it does frequently occur as harried — which is an adjective used to describe what it feels like to be asked for things from all sides. You might feel harried during final exams, or two days before Christmas, if you haven't yet started your shopping.
WORD FAMILY
harry: harried, harrier, harries, harrying, harrys+/ harried: harriedly/harrier: harriers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Harry B. Harris told an audience in Australia recently that “reports of America’s abandonment of the Indo-Asia-Pacific are greatly exaggerated.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s the lowest total since 1951-52, in the final years of Harry Truman’s presidency.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The story touches upon elements from the “Harry Potter” and “X-Men” mythologies, if seen through the eyes of David Lynch.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 一再骚扰; 使烦恼; 在战争中攻击，掠夺抢劫
n. 恶魔，恶鬼; 胡闹的青年人; 伦敦佬; （人名）哈里
时态：harried, harrying, harries
分布：侵掠(35%)，侵扰(33%)，不断骚扰(16%)，打扰(16%)
→来自古英语hergian,开战，劫掠，抢劫，来自here,军队，来自koro,军队，队伍，词源同harbinger,harbor.由打战引申词义烦扰，折磨，在古代军队也常常形如土匪。
【记】有人harry你，你就hurry跑
【反】comfort＝mollify（vt 安慰；使缓和）；check（v 阻止）；harried（adj 受骚扰的）－untroubled（adj 没烦恼的）
['hær.i] formal
verb transitive
■to repeatedly demand something from someone, often causing them to feel worried or angry 不断索求；不断烦扰
• She harried the authorities, writing letters and getting up petitions. 她写信、组织请愿，不断烦扰当局。
vt. 折磨；掠夺；骚扰；使苦恼
 - worry, trouble, tear, devil

Word: flower
Front: flower
[ˈflaʊə(r)] (中高雅 1489/1270 -K4)
Vocabulary: flower
(once / 45 pages)
1nv 2n
If someone tells you they think you'll flower when you go to college, they don't mean they think you'll grow blossoms on your head, but that you'll really come into your own and find your potential.
A flower is a fragile blossom that has petals and grows at the top of the stem of a plant. Flowers attract bees, who help out with the pollination process so more plants can grow. Roses, daisies, and carnations are all types of flowers. Flower is also a verb meaning to bring forth flowers. And if something besides a plant — a business, a person, a community — has a period of extra productivity or prosperity, we say it is flowering.
WORD FAMILY
flower: florist, flowered, flowering, flowerless, flowers, flowery +/ florist: florists/flowering: flowerings, nonflowering/ flowery: flowerily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Flowers will mark the Pumas’ first outing in two weeks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The theme of the Rose Parade that year was "Headlines in Flowers."
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
The teacher who keeps all this machinery in good order is Catkin Flowers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 花; 精华; 开花植物
vi. 开花; 繁荣; 成熟
vt. 使开花; 用花装饰
时态：flowered, flowering, flowers
分布：花(85%)，开花(7%)，成熟(2%)，精华(2%)，开花植物(2%)，用花装饰(1%)，盛时(1%)
→来自拉丁语florem, 花，来自bhel, 鼓起，膨胀，开花，词源同blow, foil. 拼写比较tower,turret.
n.花;精华,精粹,精英;盛时vi.开花I lowered flowing flowers below the table.我把飘垂的花降低到桌子之下.
US ['flaʊ.ɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the part of a plant which is often brightly coloured with a pleasant smell, or the type of plant that produces these 花；开花植物
• wild flowers 野花
• to pick flowers 摘花
• a bunch/bouquet of flowers 一束花
• cut/dried flowers 剪下的／干花
UK ['flaʊ.ər] US ['flaʊ.ɚ] noun countable
the flower of sth literary
■the best of a particular group or type …的最佳部分，…的精华；…的精英
• The flower of the nation's youth were killed in the war. 该国的青年精英都死于这场战争。
UK ['flaʊ.ər] US ['flaʊ.ɚ] noun countable
in flower
■describes a plant that has open flowers 开花
• Our roses are usually in flower from April to November. 我们的玫瑰通常在4月到11月开花。
UK ['flaʊ.ər] US ['flaʊ.ɚ] noun countable
in the flower of sb's youth literary
■when someone was young and in the best and most active period of life 在（某人）风华正茂时
• He died in the very flower of his youth. 他去世时风华正茂。
UK ['flaʊ.ər] US ['flaʊ.ɚ] verb intransitive
DEVELOP 发展 literary
■to develop completely and become obvious 成熟；繁荣
• Her talent flowered during her later years. 她的天赋到了晚年充分展露出来。
UK ['flaʊ.ər] US ['flaʊ.ɚ] verb intransitive
PLANT 植物
■to produce flowers 开花
• When does this plant flower? 这株植物甚么时候开花？
bloom, flower, blossom
这组词都有“花”的意思，其区别是：
bloom: 主要指诸如牡丹、玫瑰、梅花、菊花等供观赏的花以及花的状态。
flower: 指开放的花朵或泛指花卉。
blossom: 一般指树木开花，尤指果树上开的花。
n. [植] 花；精华；开花植物
 - essence, elite, prime, bloom, distillation
vi. 成熟，发育；开花；繁荣；旺盛
 - mature, age, develop
vt. 使开花；用花装饰
 - bloom

Word: hefty
Front: hefty
[ˈhefti] (8480/11356 -1)
Vocabulary: hefty
(once / 3514 pages)
adj
Something that's hefty is big and heavy. When you have to lug a hefty suitcase around, it helps if it has wheels.
Hefty objects are large and bulky, and you can describe people as hefty when they're big and brawny and strong. When you buy a hefty bag of dog food for your hefty bull mastiff, you might want to ask a hefty young employee if she'll help you carry it to your car. Hefty comes from heft, which means both "to lift" and "weight or heaviness."
WORD FAMILY
hefty: heftier, heftiest, heftily, heftiness+/ heft: hefted, hefting, hefts, hefty
USAGE EXAMPLES
The legislation is likely to erase the mandate that people buy insurance or face hefty IRS fines, which Republicans despise.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
None of them outshone the year’s top sporting animal, though: Brazil’s hefty and nonplussed golf course capybaras.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
After he lost his long legal battle over a hefty state fine, the Czech president warned him to pay up or lose his post.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 重的; 健壮的; 异常大的
n. 健壮的人
级别：heftier, heftiest
分布：重的(65%)，肌肉发达的(20%)，异常大的(9%)，相当多的(6%)
→来自heft,举起，搬动，词源同heavy.
adjective
■large in amount, size, force, etc （数额、尺寸、力量等）大的，可观的
• a hefty bill/fine 巨额帐单／罚款
• Her salary will go up by a hefty 10%. 她的薪水将会暴增10%。
• a hefty woman with dyed blond hair 头发染成金黄色的高大女子
adj. 重的；肌肉发达的；异常大的
 - weighty, muscular
adv. 强有力地；非常
 - strongly, extremely, badly, highly, greatly, too

Word: mike
Front: mike
[maɪk] (8754/2108 -1)
Back: vt. 通过话筒传送
n. (=microphone)<口>话筒，扩音器
分布：麦克风(57%)，扩音器(26%)，用扩音器传送(17%)
(US also mic) [maɪk] noun countable informal for
■ microphone
n. 扩音器，麦克风；话筒
 - microphone, amplifier

Word: practise
Front: practise
[ˈpræktɪs] (中研四六 23578/2744 -K2)
Vocabulary: practise
(once / 225 pages)
v
The word practise is a variant spelling for the verb practice. American English spells both the noun and verb forms practice. For the Brits, the noun form is still spelled practice, but the verb is practise.
To practise is to do something repeatedly or habitually. If you've always practised good spending habits, you are probably in good shape financially even though the economy is bad. To practise also means to learn something or become proficient at it by rehearsing or performing regularly. If you ask a Brit how to get to Carnegie Hall, he might respond, "Practise, practise, practise."
WORD FAMILY
practise: practised, practises, practising+/practised: unpractised
USAGE EXAMPLES
The family was traditional but did not practise religion.
BBC(Dec 23, 2016)
She was in the last few weeks of her life, and was practising that song over and over again.
The Guardian(Dec 22, 2016)
Rock stacking is practised around the world and some consider it an art.
BBC(Dec 08, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 练习; 实习; 积极从事; 执业
na. “practice”的变体
时态：practised, practising, practises
分布：练习(68%)，实践(20%)，实行(9%)，开业(2%)，=practice.(1%)
→来自practice的拼写变体。
v.练习,实习,实践,实行,使...练习,训练You don't practise enough.你练得不够.
UK (ALSO US practice) ['præk.tɪs] verb
TRAINING 训练
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to do or play something regularly or repeatedly in order to become skilled at it 练习
• I'm quite good at tennis but I need to practise my serve. 我网球打得不错，不过我需要练习发球。
• She practises the violin every day. 她每天都练习拉小提琴。
• [+ -ing verb] His written French is very good but he needs to practise speaking it. 他的法语写得不错，但他需要练习口语。
UK (ALSO US practice) ['præk.tɪs] verb
WORK 工作
intransitive or transitive
■to work in an important skilled job for which a lot of training is necessary 从事（专业性强的重要职业）；执业
• How long have you been practising as a dentist? 你从事牙医这一行有多久了？
• She practised medicine for twenty years. 她行医20年。
UK (ALSO US practice) ['præk.tɪs] verb
REGULAR ACTIVITY 经常做
transitive
■to do something regularly, often according to a custom, religion or set of rules, or as a habit 经常做，习惯做
• The new government has promised all citizens the right to practise their religion. 新政府已保证全体公民享有宗教信仰自由的权利。
• Practising safe sex is an important way of avoiding HIV infection. 安全性行为是避免感染爱滋病的重要方式。
• The company denies that it has practised discrimination against any of its employees. 公司否认对任何员工有歧视。
UK (ALSO US practice) ['præk.tɪs] verb
practise what you preach
■to do the things that you advise other people to do 言传身教，以身作则；言行一致
• He's such a hypocrite! He never practises what he preaches. 他真是个伪君子！他从来都是言行不一。
vi. 练习，实践；实施，实行；从事
 - exercise, wage
vt. 练习，实践；实施，实行
 - execute, exercise, fulfil, enforce

Word: tube
Front: tube
[tju:b] (高研四六托雅 2520/2688 -K3)
Vocabulary: tube
(once / 264 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A tube is a pipe shape, a cylinder with a hollow space inside. If you're like most people, you sip your milkshake through a straw — a long, plastic tube.
Chemists use glass tubes in labs, and plumbers work with pipes — tubes made of plastic and metal. Another kind of tube is the rubber one inside a tire. If you slide down a snowy hillside on an inflated tire tube, or ride through choppy water while sitting on one, you can also use tube as a verb. Though it's not true in the US, in London the subway is also familiarly known as the Tube.
WORD FAMILY
tube: tubal, tubed, tubeless, tubelike, tubes, tubing, tubular+/tubing: tubings/tubular: tubularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
And, hey, maybe the kid is unusually good at navigating the series of tubes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She is fed through a feeding tube and uses a ventilator much of the day to help her breathe.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I administered diuretics and fitted an oxygen tube to his nostrils.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 管，管状物; 电子管; 地铁; 电视机
vt. 把…装管; 把…弄成管状; 用管输送
vi. 乘地铁; 不及格
时态：tubed, tubing, tubes
分布：管子(68%)，电视(17%)，管状器官(9%)，管状物(4%)，提供或装上管子(2%)
→来自拉丁语 tubus,管子，管道，词源同 tuba.
n.管,软管;电子管,显像管;地铁The steel tubes were clogged with dirty matters.钢管里塞满了脏物.
US [tu:b] noun
PIPE 管子
 IMPROVER countable
■a long hollow cylinder made from plastic, metal, rubber or glass, especially used for moving or containing liquids or gases （塑胶、金属、橡胶或玻璃制成的）管，管子
• Gases produced in the reaction pass through this tube and can then be collected. 反应中产生的气体透过这个管子就可以收集起来。
countable
■in biology, any hollow cylindrical structure in the body that carries air or liquid （生物的）管状器官，管，道
• the bronchial tubes 支气管
UK [tju:b] US [tu:b] noun
CONTAINER 容器
countable
■a long thin container made of soft metal or plastic, which is closed at one end and has a small hole at the other, usually with a cover, and which is used for storing thick liquids （由软金属或塑胶制成的通常有盖的，盛膏状物的）软管
• a tube of toothpaste 一管牙膏
countable Australian informal
■a can or bottle of beer 一听（或一罐）啤酒
• a tube of lager 一瓶淡啤酒
UK [tju:b] US [tu:b] noun
TRAIN 列车
the tube only singular (often the Tube) UK informal
■London's underground train system （伦敦的）地铁
• I got the Tube to Camden Town. 我乘地铁去卡姆登镇。
• I go to work on the tube. 我坐地铁去上班。
• a Tube station 地铁站
UK [tju:b] US [tu:b] noun
TELEVISION 电视
the tube only singular mainly US
■the television 电视；电视机
• What's on the tube this weekend? 这个周末有甚么电视节目？
UK [tju:b] US [tu:b] noun
go down the tubes informal
■to fail completely 彻底失败；完蛋
• If business doesn't pick up soon, the company will go down the tubes. 如果生意近期没有起色的话，公司将会倒闭。
UK [tju:b] US [tu:b] noun
have your tubes tied informal
■If a woman has her tubes tied, she has a medical operation in which her fallopian tubes are closed to stop her eggs being released so that she cannot become pregnant. 接受了输卵管结扎手术（如果某一妇女接受了输卵管结扎，那么她的输卵管在手术时已被封闭，排卵受阻，不会怀孕）
subway, tube, underground
这组词都有“地铁”的意思，其区别是：
subway: 指城市中的地铁或通道，主要用于美国。
tube: 主要用于英国口语中。
underground: 一般用词，指城市中的地铁，主要用于英国。
n. [生物] 管；电子管；隧道；电视机
 - pipe, tunnel
vi. 乘地铁；不及格
 - fail, take the subway

Word: shield
Front: shield
[ʃi:ld] (研四六托雅宝 5606/4113 -2)
Vocabulary: shield
(once / 204 pages)
nv
A shield is a cover that protects whatever is behind or beneath it. If you carry a shield you might be a knight, or a traffic cop who likes to flash the badge.
Ancestors of the word shield include the Old English scild, similar to sciell, or "shell," which suggests the meaning of the word. If you're a turtle, you might use your shell as a shield. But a shield doesn't have to be something physical. Philosopher Soren Kierkegaard once said, "Love is my sword, goodness my armor, and humor my shield." The word can also be used as a verb. You might shield your tender ears from hearing naughty words. Don't worry, shield is perfectly safe.
WORD FAMILY
shield: overshielding, shielded, shielder, shielding, shields+/shielded: unshielded/shielder: shielders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later, he taught overseas suppliers how to shield production lines and compartmentalize information to avoid leaks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hens recalls ruefully that she did not try to shield her sons from their brutal father.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Brown’s parents insist the academic records are shielded as private because they involve a juvenile.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 盾; 护罩; 盾形奖牌; 保护人
vt. 保护; 掩护; 庇护; 给…加防护罩
时态：shielded, shielding, shields
分布：盾(74%)，保护(20%)，庇护(4%)，盾状物(1%)，防卫物(1%)
→来自中古英语 shelde,来自古英语 scield,盾，防御物，板，来自 Proto-Germanic*skelduz,分开， 来自 skel,分开，词源同 scale,shell.原指简易的木头板，引申词义盾。
n.防护物,护罩;盾,盾状物v.保护,防护The unyielding man fiercely pierced the shield in the field.那个不屈的人凶猛地刺穿田野里的盾牌.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■in the past, a large flat object made of metal or leather that soldiers held in front of their bodies to protect themselves （旧时的）盾（牌）
 ADVANCED
■a large flat object made of strong plastic that policemen hold in front of their bodies to protect themselves （警用的）防暴盾牌
• The police held up their riot shields against the flying rocks and bricks. 员警举着防暴盾牌阻挡飞来的石头和砖块。
■something or someone used as protection or providing protection 保护物，屏障；保护者
• The anti-personnel mines were laid as a protective shield around the town. 城镇周围布设了杀伤性地雷作为保护屏障。
• Anger can function as a shield against (= a way of avoiding) even more painful emotions of loss and hurt. 愤怒可以起到这样的作用：避免更加痛苦的失落感和受伤害情绪。
■a flat object with two straight sides, a rounded or pointed lower edge and usually a straight top edge, on which there is a coat of arms 盾形纹章（或徽章）
■an object shaped like a shield, which is given as a prize or used as a symbol or badge 盾形奖牌
• Our school won the county football shield this year. 我们学校赢得了今年全郡足球赛盾形奖牌。
[ʃi:ld] verb transitive
■to protect someone or something 保护
• She held her hand above her eyes to shield them from the sun. 她把手搭在眼睛上方以遮挡太阳。
• They are accused of trying to shield the General from US federal investigators. 他们被指控试图包庇将军，使其逃避美国联邦调查员的调查。
shelter, guard, harbour, safeguard, defend, shield, protect
这组词都有“保护、保卫”的意思，其区别是：
shelter: 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭危害。
guard: 普通用词，指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。
harbour: 贬义词，指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。
safeguard: 语气强，指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危险。
defend: 普通用词，指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害，消除危险。用作比喻时，指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。
shield: 语气比protect强，但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。
protect: 普通用词，指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。
n. 盾；防护物；保护者
 - dong, fendering
vt. 遮蔽；包庇；避开；保卫
 - avoid, shadow, guard, curtain
vi. 防御；起保护作用
 - protect sb./sth. from sth.

Word: mighty
Front: mighty
[ˈmaɪti] (六托雅宝 5943/5620 -2)
Vocabulary: mighty
(once / 79 pages)
1adj 2adv
Something that's mighty is large and powerful. Mighty Mouse is no ordinary mouse; he's a superhero. It's best not to mess with anyone with mighty in their name.
A mighty beast in a fairy tale is ferocious and intimidating, and a mighty power in the business world exerts great influence. Colloquially, you can also use mighty to emphasize something, or to mean "extremely." This informal use is especially common in the U.S. South, where a host might say, "We're mighty glad to have you!" Mighty comes from the Old English root mæht, "strength or power."
WORD FAMILY
mighty: mightier, mightiest, mightily, mightiness+/ might: mights, mighty /mightiness: mightinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some Springdale residents, meanwhile, are calling on the state to tone down its “Mighty Five” tourism campaign focused on the state’s national parks.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But the mighty humpbacks are one of the great conservation successes in human history.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Ms. Kikta — tall, cool, mighty — cleaves space apart with the lines and force of her dancing.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 趾高气扬; 巨大的; 强有力的; 浩瀚的
adv. 非常，很
级别：mightier, mightiest
分布：强大的(58%)，很(28%)，巨大的(11%)，极其(3%)
→来自mighty,强大的，有力的。
【记】might（n 力量；威力；权力；能；可能）；y读：外（国人），可能是外国人－强有力的
US [-tˌi] adjective literary
 ADVANCED
■very large, powerful or important 强大的；巨大的；伟大的
• In the next game they will face the mighty Redskins. 下一场比赛中他们将迎战实力强大的红人队。
• the mighty River Po 滔滔的波河
UK ['maɪ.ti] US [-tˌi] adverb mainly US informal
■very 很，极，非常
• They offered to raise salaries by 12% - that's a mighty generous deal. 他们表示愿意加薪12%，那可真是慷慨啊。
mighty, powerful
这组词都有“强有力的”的意思，其区别是：
mighty: 书面语用词，指力量、威力或能力等非常大，非一般可比，多作引申用，有时含夸张意味。
powerful: 普通用词，指事物本身具有巨在的力量、能力或权力，也可作引申用。
adj. 有力的；强有力的；有势力的
 - powerful, male, influential, vigorous, energetic
adv. 很；极；非常
 - greatly, quite, badly, too, extremely, far, highly
n. 有势力的人
 - big guns

Word: drove
Front: drove
[drəʊv] (宝 14747/18464)
Back: n. 人群 ; 畜群
v. 驾驶（drive的过去式）
分布：畜群(55%)，一大群(27%)，移动的人群或大批的东西(18%)
US [droʊv] verb past simple of
■drive
UK [drəʊv] US [droʊv] noun countable mainly UK a large group of animals, especially cattle or sheep, moving from one place to another 迁徙中的畜群（尤指牛群、羊群）
droves [plural]
■a large group, especially of people, moving towards a place （前往某地的）群体；（尤指移动的）人群
• Every summer droves of sightseers crowd the city. 每年夏天大批观光客令该市拥挤不堪。
• Fans came in droves] UK also in their droves to see her concerts. 歌迷们蜂拥而至来参加她的音乐会。
UK [drəʊv] US [droʊv] verb transitive (drove, drove) UK specialized
■to move farm animals on foot from one place to another 驱赶（牲口），使（家畜）迁徙
n. 畜群；牛群、羊群等；移动的人群或大批的东西
 - herd

Word: acre
Front: acre
[ˈeɪkə(r)] (高研四托 -/3286 -3)
Vocabulary: acre
(once / 235 pages)
n
A acre is a unit for measuring area, especially larger areas like farms. An acre is 4840 square yards.
It's pretty easy to imagine a square yard: three feet by three feet. Now imagine 4840 of them and you've got an acre. That's a pretty large chunk of land, and acres are used for measuring big areas in some English-speaking countries. Large areas such as farms, forests, and golf courses are likely to be measured in acres. Farms in particular need many acres to grow crops and give the animals space to live.
WORD FAMILY
acre: acres+/acres: acreses, acress
USAGE EXAMPLES
Goldmark also last month approved expanding nearby Devil’s Lake Conservation Area from 80 acres to 495 acres.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For instance, there are 9 acres on the college property that contain loblolly pine trees that are beginning to fail from old age.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The 20 ski trails spread over 144 acres are unchanged.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 英亩; 土地，耕地; [口]大量
分布：英亩(100%)
→来自词根agro, 农业，农田，见agriculture,农学。在古英语里指一块土地，后量化为一头牛一天所能耕作的土地，即1英亩。
n.英亩;田地;地产He ploughed an acre in six hours.他六小时犁一英亩地.
US [-kɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a unit for measuring area, equal to 4047 square metres or 4840 square yards 英亩（＝4047平方米或4840平方码）
• He's got 400 acres of land in Wales. 他在威尔士有400英亩土地。
n. 土地，地产；英亩
 - soil, domain, ground

Word: sin
Front: sin
[sɪn] (研四六托 3285/3651 -2)
Vocabulary: sin
(once / 78 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
You might not want to be the one at the party who takes the last piece of cake, but then again, it would be a sin to let it sit there, uneaten. A sin is a deeply regrettable action.
The most common definition of sin is religious: it's an immoral act against God or divine law. Any serious offense, even if it's not religious, can be called a sin, and so can something less serious if you're talking about it in a joking way, as in, "You've got to buy those shoes — it would be an absolute sin not to." In math, sin is the abbreviation of sine, the trigonometric function.
WORD FAMILY
sin: sinful, sinless, sinned, sinner, sinning, sins+/sinful: sinfulest, sinfully, sinfulness/sinfulness: sinfulnesses/sinless: sinlessly, sinlessness/sinner: sinners/sinning: sinnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It is a sin that shames us,” the pope wrote.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Certainly it is rare to hear of parents apologising for the sins of their children globally.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The experience was unknown and therefore was sin.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 违背宗教[道德原则]的恶行; 罪恶，罪孽; 过错，罪过; 愚蠢的事，可耻的事
vi. 犯罪，犯过错
vt. 犯罪
时态：sinned, sinning, sins
分布：犯罪(76%)，原罪(24%)
→来 自 古 英 语 sinn, 伤 害 ， 有 罪 ， 罪 行 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*sundijo, 罪 ， 罪 行 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*sunjo,真实，事实，来自 sent,真实的，存在的，来自 es,是，存在， 词源同 is,essence,sooth.
n.罪,罪恶v.犯罪The sinful single singer's finger skin is singular.有罪的单身歌手的手指皮肤独特.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the offence of breaking, or the breaking of, a religious or moral law （违反宗教戒律或道德规范的）罪，罪过
• to commit/confess a sin 犯罪／忏悔罪过
• He thinks a lot about sin. 他对罪孽有很多思考。
• [+ to infinitive] informal I think it 's a sin (= is morally wrong) to waste food, when so many people in the world are hungry. 我认为浪费食物是一种罪过，因为世界上还有那么多人在挨饿。
• humorous For my sins (= As if it were a punishment) , I'm organizing the office party this year. 真是活该，今年将由我来安排办公室派对。
[sɪn] noun countable or uncountable
as guilty/miserable/ugly as sin informal
■very guilty, miserable or ugly 非常惭愧／不幸／丑陋
[sɪn]
■written abbreviation for * sine
[sɪn] verb intransitive (-nn-)
■to break a religious or moral law 犯戒律；犯过失
violation, sin, crime, offence, guilt
这组词都有“犯法，犯罪，罪恶”的意思，其区别是：
violation: 指违背誓言、条约、规则以及良心等，也指侵犯权利。
sin: 主要指违反道德原则或违反宗教戒律的过失或罪过行为。
crime: 指严重的违法行为或罪行。
offence: 使用广，可泛指对任何规则、道德标准、法律、纪律等的违反与触犯，其罪行可重可轻。
guilt: 多用于指违反道德或社会标准的不法行为，含应予惩办之意。这种惩办是以证据为根据的。
n. 罪恶；罪孽；过失
 - error, evil, crime, mistake, blame
vi. 犯罪；犯过失
 - commit a crime, offend against
vt. 犯罪
 - commit a crime, offend against

Word: frequency
Front: frequency
[ˈfri:kwənsi] (研四六雅宝 3009/2406 -2)
Vocabulary: frequency
(once / 1170 pages)
n
Frequency measures how often things repeat over time. City buses often reach stops at a frequency of every 15 minutes, unless it's snowing or raining really hard. In that case, the frequency will slow.
You probably know the word frequent, a synonym for often. So, it is tempting to think frequency describes something that happens often. However, this isn't true: frequency describes any rate of time at which something repeats. For example, from Earth, Halley's Comet is visible at a frequency of 76 years — it's not frequent, but it is on schedule.
WORD FAMILY
frequency: frequencies+/frequence: frequences/ frequent: frequence, frequency, frequentative, frequented, frequenter, frequenting, frequently, frequents, infrequent /frequentative: frequentatives/frequented: unfrequented/frequenter: frequenters/ infrequent: infrequency, infrequenter, infrequently/unfrequented: unfrequentedest, unfrequentedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The time created by the clocks is used in GPS location devices and is used to control the wave frequency of television broadcasts.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Lastly, there is an interesting game that uses instant messaging as its main interface: Frequency.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
The organization, a state-sponsored agency, bases its yearly choices on significance, rather than frequency.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 频繁性; [数][物]频率，次数; 频率分布
分布：频率(95%)，频繁(5%)
→来自frequent, 频繁的。用于语音学名词。
n.频率,周率This radio station broadcasts on three different frequencies.这家电台用三种不同的周率广播.
【反】rarity（n 稀有）
noun
HAPPENING 发生
countable or uncountable
■the number of times something happens within a particular period, or the fact of something happening often or a large number or times （事件发生的）频度，次数；频繁
• Complaints about the frequency of trains rose by 201% in the last year. 去年对火车发车频率的投诉增长了201%。
• the increasing frequency of terrorist attacks 越来越频繁的恐怖袭击
• It's not the duration of his absences from work so much as the frequency that worries me. 与他的旷工时日相比，他旷工的频繁程度更让我担忧。
['fri:.kwənt.si] noun
LIGHT/SOUND/RADIO, ETC 光／声音／电波
uncountable specialized
■the number of times that a wave, especially a sound or radio wave, is produced within a particular period, especially one second （尤指声波或无线电波每秒振动的）频率
• the frequency of light 光的频率
• low frequency radiation 低频辐射
• The human ear cannot hear very high-frequency sounds. 人耳听不到极高频率的声音。
countable specialized
■a particular number of radio waves produced in a second at which a radio signal is broadcast 频率（无线电信号的每秒电波数）
• Do you know what frequency the BBC World Service is on ? 你知道英国广播公司的广播频率是多少吗？
n. [物] 频率；频繁
 - periodicity

Word: server
Front: server
[ˈsɜ:və(r)] (6259/3365 -1)
Back: n. 服务器 ; 侍者; 上菜用具; 发球者
分布：服务器(98%)，侍者(1%)，托盘(1%)
→serve,服务，-er,表人或物。
US ['sɝ:.vɚ] noun countable
COMPUTING 电脑
 ADVANCED specialized
■a central computer from which other computers get information 伺服器
• a client/network/file server 客户／网路／档案伺服器
UK ['sɜ:.vər] US ['sɝ:.vɚ] noun countable
PROVIDE FOOD/DRINK 提供食物／饮料
■a large spoon, etc. that is used for serving food 上菜用具
• salad servers 分沙拉用的器具
n. [计] 服务器；发球员；服伺者；上菜用具
 - Weblogic, Serer

Word: threshold
Front: threshold
[ˈθreʃhəʊld] (研六托雅 4724/4990 -2)
Vocabulary: threshold
(once / 390 pages)
1n 2n
A threshold is what you step across when you enter a room. A threshold takes you from one place into another, and when you're about to start something new, you're also on a threshold.
A threshold is a point of departure or transition. Graduation can mark a threshold — when you graduate from circus school, you're standing at the threshold of your new career as a trapeze artist. Another kind of threshold is a limit or boundary. If you have a high threshold for pain, you can tolerate a lot of it, and your dentist can drill away without worrying about your squirming and howling.
WORD FAMILY
threshold: thresholds
USAGE EXAMPLES
Threshold Editions, the imprint publishing “Dangerous,” was founded, in 2006, with a politically conservative mission.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
The CDC adjusts its threshold periodically as nationwide average levels drop.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
The book is due to be published by the Threshold Editions imprint of Simon & Schuster and would be autobiographical, reported the Hollywood Reporter on Thursday.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 门槛，入口，开始; [物理学]临界值; <英>级限协定; [航空学]跑道入口
adj. 阈值的，临界值的; <英>按物价指数变动工资的，工资极限的，级限的
分布：门槛(78%)，开端(9%)，界限(7%)，入口(6%)
→来自古英语 threscold,门槛，来自 threscan,踩踏，词源同 thresh.后拼写可能受 hold 影响俗化， 引申诸相关词义。
n.门槛;入门,开端I would rather withhold than uphold you unfold the gold foil on the threshold.我宁愿扣留而不支持你展开黄金箔在门槛上.
US [-hoʊld] noun
ENTRANCE 入口
countable
■the floor of an entrance to a building or room 门槛
UK ['θreʃ.həʊld] US [-hoʊld] noun
LEVEL 水准
countable usually singular
■the level or point at which you start to experience something, or at which something starts to happen 阈，界限；起点
• I have a low/high boredom threshold (= I do/don't feel bored easily). 我很容易／不容易感到厌倦。
• His secretary earns £268 a month, well below the threshold for paying tax. 他的秘书每月赚268英镑，远远不够纳税的标准。
UK ['θreʃ.həʊld] US [-hoʊld] noun
on the threshold of sth
■at the start of a new and important time or development 在…的开始，在…的起点
• We are on the threshold of a new era in European relations. 我们欧洲国家间的关系即将进入一个新时代。
n. 入口； [建] 门槛；开始；极限；临界值
 - entry, conception, limitation, beginning, opening

Word: turbine
Front: turbine
[ˈtɜ:baɪn] (研四六 7278/10576 -1)
Vocabulary: turbine
(once / 2998 pages)
n
A turbine is a device used to generate energy as a flowing liquid causes a bladed rotor to move around. A water wheel is a turbine.
There are many ways we get energy, such as fossil fuels and solar power. Another is a gadget called a turbine. A turbine uses the power of water (or another liquid) to move a wheel, generating energy. A windmill is also an example of a turbine, though it uses wind instead of liquid. Other turbines use gas or steam to generate energy. Ever since the 1800s, engineers have used many sorts of turbines to help satisfy our ever-increasing energy needs.
WORD FAMILY
turbine: turbines
USAGE EXAMPLES
The centerpiece of the project is a special turbine built by Toshiba and designed for the punishingly high pressure used in the process.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In one letter, Mr. Trump referred to the turbines as “monsters,” appearing to underline the word by hand.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 21, 2016)
Last December, Trump lost his appeal against the turbines at the supreme court.
The Guardian(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 涡轮机; 汽轮机; 透平机
分布：涡轮(100%)
→来自法语 turbine,汽轮机，涡轮机，来自拉丁语 turbinis,旋转的，来自 turbo,旋转，旋顶，回 旋，来自 stwer,旋转，转动，词源同 stir,storm.
涡轮(turb+ine)[turb=stir"表示"搅动"]
n.汽轮机,涡轮机Banned murders in the suburb bring turbulent disturbance and burden to the urban turbine works.在郊区被禁止的谋杀给都市透平工厂带来汹涌骚乱和重负.
US ['tɝ:-] noun countable
■a type of machine through which liquid or gas flows and turns a special wheel with blades in order to produce power 涡轮机，叶轮机，透平机
• a steam turbine 汽轮机
• a turbine engine 涡轮引擎

Word: enlargement
Front: enlargement
[ɪnˈlɑ:dʒmənt] (13723/12305)
Back: n. 放大; 放大物; 放大的照片
分布：扩大(89%)，扩建(6%)，放大的照片(5%)
US [-'lɑ:rdʒ-] noun
[S or U]
■when something is enlarged 扩大；扩充；扩展；增大
• I am pleased to announce the enlargement of the History Department by three new teachers. 我非常高兴地宣布，历史系又有三名新教师加入，师资更强。
countable
■something, especially a photograph, that has been enlarged 扩大物，放大物；（尤指）放大照片
• I had an enlargement of my graduation photo done for my grandparents. 我把毕业照放大了一张送给爷爷奶奶。
n. [摄] 放大；放大的照片；增补物
 - enhancement, amplification

Word: plate
Front: plate
[pleɪt] (中高托 1525/1494 -K3)
Vocabulary: plate
(once / 106 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4n 5n 6n 7n 8n
A plate is a flat dish meant for serving one person's portion of food. It would make perfect sense to eat spaghetti from a plate, but you probably shouldn't use a plate for your soup.
While plates can be any shape and made of various materials (including plastic, metal, or paper), they're usually round and ceramic. You can also use this handy noun to mean "the amount of food that fits on a plate;" a sheet of glass or metal; a license plate; or a rigid section of the earth's surface. As a verb, plate means "to coat in metal" or "to arrange food attractively on a plate."
WORD FAMILY
plate: plated, plateful, platelike, plater, plates, plating+/plateful: platefuls/plater: platers/plating: platings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officers attempted to pull over a Maserati with paper plates on the 170 Freeway shortly before 8:30 p.m.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 1974, he was travelling from Beirut to Jerusalem in a car bearing Vatican diplomatic plates when it was stopped by Israeli security forces.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“Maybe we don’t need to eat eel after all,” one presenter said as he tucked into his plate.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 盘子，盆子; 金属板; 均匀厚度的片状硬物体; [摄]底片，感光版
vt. 镀，在…上覆盖金属板; 覆盖; 电镀; [印]给…制铅板
时态：plated, plating, plates
分布：盘(73%)，碟(9%)，板块(7%)，金属板(6%)，电镀(3%)，用金属板固定(1%)，给 ... 装钢板(1%)
→来自古法语plate,薄板，薄金属板，来自拉丁语plata,盘子，金属板，来自希腊语platys,平的，宽的，来自pele,展开，放平，词源同plan,plain.
盘子(盘子中间是平的)[plat=flat,表示"平坦"]
n.金属板,片;盘子,盆子;板,钢板v.镀,电镀The chocolates on the plate stimulated my son to calculate.盘子里的巧克力鼓励了儿子进行计算.
noun
DISH 盘
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a flat, usually round dish with a slightly raised edge that you eat from or serve food from 盘子，碟子
• paper/plastic/china plates 纸／塑胶／瓷碟
• a dinner/salad plate 餐碟／沙拉碟
• clean/dirty plates 干净／脏的碟子
• There's still lots of food on your plate. 你的盘子里还有很多食物。
countable (also plateful)
■an amount of food on a plate 一碟；一盘；一盘之量
• Stephen ate three plates of spaghetti. 史蒂芬吃了三盘义大利面条。
[pleɪt] noun
FLAT PIECE 平板
countable
■a flat piece of something that is hard and does not bend 平板；板条；板材
• Thick bony plates protected the dinosaur against attack. 厚厚的骨质鳞甲帮助恐龙抵御攻击。
• The ship's deck is composed of steel plates. 该船的甲板由钢板制成。
⇒ See also license plate;number plates
countable specialized
■a flat piece of metal with words and/or pictures on it that can be printed 金属版；铅版
[pleɪt] noun
PICTURE 图画
countable specialized
■a picture, especially in colour, in a book （书籍的）插图，彩色插图
• The three birds differ in small features (see Plate 4). 这三只鸟的细微特征有所区别（见插图4）。
[pleɪt] noun
BASEBALL 棒球
the plate only singular US informal for
■ home plate
[pleɪt] noun
THIN LAYER 薄层
uncountable
■ordinary metal with a layer of another metal on top 表面有镀层的金属制品
• The knives and forks are silver plate. 这些刀叉是镀银的。
uncountable
■objects, especially plates, dishes and cups, completely made of a valuable metal such as gold or silver 贵重金属制品（尤指餐具）
• The thieves got away with £15 000 worth of church plate. 窃贼偷走了教堂中价值一万五千英镑的餐具。
[pleɪt] noun
give/hand sth to sb on a plate informal
■to allow someone to get or win something very easily 把…拱手让给（某人）；让（某人）轻松赢得
• They were handed the contract on a plate. 他们很轻松地得到了合约。
• Arsenal handed the game to them on a plate. 兵工厂队让对手轻易取胜。
[pleɪt] noun
have sth on your plate informal
■to have something, usually a large amount of important work, to deal with 有（很多工作）要做
• She's got a lot on her plate - especially with two new projects starting this week. 她有很多工作要做——特别是这个星期她又开始了两个新专案计划。
• The aid agencies have (more than) enough on their plate without having unnecessary visitors to look after. 即使不需接待不速之客，救援机构也已经忙得不可开交。
[pleɪt] verb transitive
■to cover a metal object with a thin layer of another metal, especially gold or silver 镀上；用（金、银等）电镀
• We normally plate the car handles with nickel and then chrome. 我们通常先用镍再用铬来镀汽车的把手。
dish, plate
这组词都有“盘子”的意思，其区别是：
dish: 是盘子的总称。
plate: 指供个人分菜食用的盘子。
n. 碟；金属板；金属牌；感光底片
 - dish
vt. 电镀；给…装甲
 - electro

Word: demographic
Front: demographic
[ˌdemə'ɡræfɪk] (4615/7407)
Vocabulary: demographic
(once / 4112 pages)
nadj
Advertising agencies like to schedule their commercials in television shows that appeal to the 18-49 demographic, because this segment of the population has a lot of spending power.
Demographic is a word companies use when they're trying to sell their products to a particular group of consumers. A movie studio that wants to promote its new film, "Revenge of the Senior Kitties," might aim for the 65-to-85-year-old cat-lover . A demographic can consist of people who are in the same age group, such as 18-to-29-year-olds, or ethnic group, such as African-Americans.
WORD FAMILY
demographic: demographically, demographics
USAGE EXAMPLES
Latinos spend the most time of any demographic group on smartphones — an average of 14 hours and 31 minutes per week, according to Nielsen.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
BBC Scotland originally asked Sport Scotland for demographic information about the athletes it supports - a total of more than 500.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
People are trying to analyze how demographics shaped the election results.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 人口统计学的; 人口统计的
分布：形容词(94%)，名词(6%)
[见上,-ic...的]人口统计的[popul-人民;dem(o)人民]
ADJ
人口（学）的;人口统计（学）的
Demographic means relating to or concerning demography.
N-PLURAL
(某个地方或社会的)人口特征，人口统计数据
The demographics of a place or society are the statistics relating to the people who live there.
例：...the changing demographics of the United States.美国不断变化的人口特征
N-SING
(尤指特定年龄段的)人群
In business, a demographic is a group of people in a society, especially people in a particular age group.
例：Most of our listeners are in the 25-39 demographic.我们的大多数听众都属于 25至39 岁这个年龄段。
adj. 人口统计学的；人口学的
 - larithmic

Word: routinely
Front: routinely
[ru:'ti:nlɪ] (托 4727/10097)
Vocabulary: routinely
(once / 2859 pages)
adv
When you do something routinely, you do it often and regularly. Many people routinely brush their teeth before they go to bed and again when they wake up in the morning.
Something that's become a habit or an often repeated series of actions is done routinely. Your actual daily routine is one example of this — you might routinely eat cereal for breakfast, or routinely feed your cat at 5:00, for example. You can also say that a movie critic who always seems to find some fault with a film routinely trashes all your favorite movies. The French root is routine, "usual course of action," from route, "way or path."
WORD FAMILY
routine: routinely, routines, subroutine+/subroutine: subroutines
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once opposed to women in the organization, White routinely called Rousey the sport’s biggest and most important star.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
As the year draws to a close, Harambe is routinely mentioned alongside people who died this year.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Many experts think that by 2020, Americans will begin to routinely spot commercial drones operating in the wild.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 例行公事地; 常规地，惯常地; 老一套地
分布：例行公事地(60%)，通常地(30%)，日常地(10%)
adverb
■used for describing what often or usually happens 日常地，常规地
• Health and safety rules are routinely flouted/ ignored. 卫生和安全法规经常被忽视。

Word: prosperous
Front: prosperous
[ˈprɒspərəs] (研四六托宝 7343/6904 -1)
Vocabulary: prosperous
(once / 159 pages)
adj
If you have a new car, a new high-paying job, and some flashy new shoes, then you could be described as prosperous, meaning you have material success that seems like it will continue to grow.
The adjective prosperous often describes a person or a person’s future, but it can apply to anything that’s experiencing growth and success. Prosperous derives from the Latin word prosperus, meaning “doing well.” Great pronouns of this happy word include golden, well-heeled, flourishing, and thriving.
WORD FAMILY
prosperous: prosperity, prosperously+/ prosperity: prosperities
USAGE EXAMPLES
It would protect its allies militarily while hoping that peace would promote prosperous, stable and democratic societies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
And on that note: Whether you agree with me or not about Trump, I wish you and yours a happy, healthy and prosperous 2017.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Like today the original miners were secretive about their claims, often laying false trails and misinformation to lure their competitors away from prosperous sites.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 繁荣的，兴旺的; 富裕的; 幸福的，运气好的; 良好的
分布：繁荣的(87%)，兴旺的(13%)
→来自prosper,使繁荣，昌盛。
兴旺的,繁荣的(pro+sper希望+ous→希望很多→兴旺的)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
繁荣的(prosper+ous)[Sper=hope,表示"希望"]
繁荣的(pro在前+sper希望+ous)[-ous表形容词,通常放在一个完整的单词后,表示"…的"]
a.繁荣的,兴旺的,茂盛的,顺利的New York is a prosperous city.纽约是个繁荣的城市.
【反】depressed（adj 沮丧的）；impecunious（adj 身无分文的）
US ['prɑ:.spɚ-] adjective
■successful, usually by earning a lot of money 繁荣的；富裕的
• In a prosperous country like this, no one should go hungry. 在这样一个繁荣的国家里，不应该有人挨饿。
adj. 繁荣的；兴旺的
 - flourishing, booming

Word: backlash
Front: backlash
[ˈbæklæʃ] (8075/12108 -1)
Vocabulary: backlash
(once / 4064 pages)
nv
When many people react against something in the same way, you can call it a backlash. A backlash against government policies can result in mass protests.
When people get angry enough about something — or just tired of hearing about it — the result can be a backlash. An influx of refugees to a city can cause a backlash against immigration, and the popularity of a particular style of music might eventually cause a backlash against it. A true backlash involves many people acting together. The original, 1815 meaning of backlash was "recoil between parts of a machine." It wasn't until the 1950's that the figurative meaning came into use.
WORD FAMILY
backlash: backlashed, backlashes, backlashing
USAGE EXAMPLES
However the backlash prompted him to defend the proposal in a Facebook post last week.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Journalists who tried to investigate Ms. Choi suffered a vicious official backlash.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Occupy movement was a backlash to the financial crisis.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 反击; 后坐; 激烈反应
分布：强烈反对(63%)，后冲(16%)，激烈反应(12%)，反撞(3%)，缠结(3%)，齿轮隙(3%)
noun countable
■a strong feeling among a group of people in reaction to a change or recent events in society or politics （社会或政治方面的）强烈反应，强烈反对
• the Sixties backlash against bourgeois materialism 60年代对资产阶级物质主义的强烈抵制
• the backlash against feminism 对女权主义的强烈反对

Word: creature
Front: creature
[ˈkri:tʃə(r)] (高研四六 2353/2268 -K2)
Vocabulary: creature
(once / 64 pages)
n
A creature is a living thing: there are flying creatures, sea creatures, and even imaginary creatures, like unicorns.
Ever heard of a "creature feature"? That's a horror movie about weird scary creatures and other monsters. But you can call pretty much any living thing a creature. You'll find all kinds of creatures at the zoo, and maybe even a few lurking in your smelly gym shoes. Bears, bugs, birds, and bunnies are all creatures. When you see the word creature, think "It's alive!"
WORD FAMILY
creature: creatures+/ create: created, creates, creating, creation, creative, creator, creature, miscreate, re-create, recreate /created: re-created/ creation: creationism, creations, re-creation/ creative: creatively, creativeness, creativity, uncreative/ creator: creators/miscreate: miscreated, miscreating, miscreation/miscreation: miscreations/re-create: re-creating/ recreate: recreated, recreates, recreating, recreation / recreation: recreational, recreations/ recreational: nonrecreational, recreationally/uncreative: uncreatively, uncreativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
To care for your fellow creatures is to want them to be happy and prosper, to want to change what is causing them to suffer.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Two years ago, Sieswerda discussed with the Guardian increased sightings around New York City of whales and other large marine creatures, including great white sharks.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Reliefs that once displayed gods and mythical creatures are reduced to random chunks showing a hand or a few feathers of a genie’s wing.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 生物，动物; 人; 创造物; （他人的）工具
分布：生物(50%)，人(28%)，动物(22%)
→来自create, 创造。
生物;创造物(create+ure→创造物,生物)[cre,creas=grow,make,表示"增长,产生"]
n.人,动物;生物He created the great creature with concrete for recreation.他用混凝土创造了这个伟大的创造物作消遣.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■any large or small living thing which can move independently; an animal 生物；动物
• Rain forests are filled with amazing creatures. 雨林中满是奇异的生灵。
• Don't all living creatures have certain rights? 难道不是一切生物都具有某些权利吗？
• Blue whales are the largest creatures ever to have lived. 蓝鲸是有生命以来最大的动物。
 ADVANCED
■used to refer to a life form that is unusual or imaginary （神秘不寻常的）怪物，生物；（想像出来的）生物
• The unicorn is a mythical creature. 独角兽是神话中虚构出来的东西。
• The film was about creatures from outer space. 电影讲述的是来自外部空间的怪物。
• The duck-billed platypus is a truly bizarre creature. 鸭嘴兽的确是一种奇异的动物。
■used to refer to a person when an opinion is being expressed about them …的人
• John is a strange/weak/pathetic creature. 约翰是个怪人／软弱的人／可怜人。
• A lovely blonde creature (= a beautiful blonde woman) walked into the room. 一位美丽的金发女郎走进了房间。
UK ['kri:.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
be the creature of sb/sth formal disapproving
■to do everything that you are asked to do by a particular person or organization, without question 是…的傀儡；成为…的奴才
• He had become the creature of the secret police. 他成了秘密员警的走狗。
UK ['kri:.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
creature of habit
■someone who always does the same thing in the same way 墨守成规的人；生活极有规律的人
• My father's such a creature of habit - he always has to have a biscuit and a cup of tea at bedtime. 我父亲生活极有规律——睡前总要吃块饼干喝杯茶。
beast, brute, creature, cattle, animal
这组词都有“动物”的意思，其区别是：
beast: 指有别于爬行动物、昆虫等的较大的四脚兽类或牛、马等牲畜。
brute: 特指野兽。用于人时，突出其野蛮或残忍。
creature: 通常指生物或动物，与非生动相对。指人时，则含怜悯或轻蔑的意味。
cattle: 指大牲畜，尤其指牛。
animal: 普通用词，指区别于植物和矿物而言的动物的总称。
life, creature, maintenance, survival, existence
life: 生命，生活
creature: 生物，动物，人
maintenance: 保持，保养，维修，一般不指人；
survival: 在困难中的生存、幸存；
existence: 艰难或无聊的生活方式
n. 动物，生物；人；创造物
 - animal, biology, person

Word: tunnel
Front: tunnel
[ˈtʌnl] (研四六托雅 3355/2770 -K3)
Back: n. 隧道; 地道; 烟道; （动物栖息的）穴
vi. 打通隧道; 挖掘隧道
vt. 在…挖掘隧道; 在…打开通道
时态：tunnelled, tunnelling, tunnels
分布：隧道(87%)，地道(8%)，挖隧道(2%)，洞穴(2%)，挖地道(1%)
→来自古法语 tonel,小桶，来自 tonne,木桶，水桶，词源同 tun.原指一种漏斗形的捕鸟网或烟囱， 后引申词义地道，隧道等。
隧道(tunn管道+el)[-el表名词"人或物"]
n.隧道,山洞The hungry drunk plunged a trunk of lungs into the tunnel under the channel.饥饿的醉汉把一大箱肺投进了水渠下面的隧道.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a long passage under or through the ground, especially one made by people 隧道；地道；坑道
• The train went into the tunnel. 火车驶入隧道。
['tʌn.əl] verb intransitive or transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to dig a tunnel 开凿隧道；挖地道
• The decision has not yet been made whether to tunnel under the river or build a bridge over it. 还没有决定是在河底挖掘隧道还是在河上建桥。
• The alternative is to tunnel a route through the mountain. 另一个办法是挖一条穿山隧道。
• He was trapped in a collapsed building but managed to tunnel his way out. 他被困在倒塌的楼房下，但他想办法挖地道出来了。
n. [交] 隧道；坑道；洞穴通道
 - tube, cuniculus
vt. 挖；在…打开通道；在…挖掘隧道
 - dig

Word: prosecute
Front: prosecute
[ˈprɒsɪkju:t] (研托雅宝 5089/5409 -3)
Vocabulary: prosecute
(once / 184 pages)
v
To prosecute is to participate in or pursue something to completion, like a government’s intention to prosecute a war. Prosecute is most often used for bringing legal action against an accused person or group.
Prosecute comes from the Latin, “prosesutus,” meaning “follow after.” The legal sense of the word first appeared in the 1570s. A district attorney will often prosecute, by bringing legal charges and action against a person or group (watch any TV legal drama, and the prosecution will no doubt prosecute eventually). A company may prosecute by suing to protect against damages. Prosecute should not be confused with the word persecute, which means to harass or oppress.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
persecute / prosecute
But I firmly believe these particular bureaucrats have only one group they plan to monitor and persecute — I mean prosecute — on this issue.
What is it about pursuing legal action that makes people think of harassing someone? Although we're not sure, it turns out that people have been confusing persecute and prosecute from the start.
Prosecute entered English first: probably before 1425 from prosecuten (to follow up or pursue) in Polychronicon by Ranulf Higdon. Higdongot his term from the Latin prōsecūtus, whose root means to pursue. By 1579, prosecute had taken on the sense of pursuing legal action before a court:
His compassion and experience would allow him to prosecute cases that will make us all safer.
Persecute, on the other hand, entered English in 1450 meaning to pursue for the purpose of harming. Before 1450, it had often been confused with prosecuten from (you guessed it) Higdon's Polychronicon. Persecute, however, comes from the Middle French persécuter, to pursue, torment, or begin legal action. Today, persecute can mean harming, harassing, tormenting, or oppressing:
"It was actively involved in every operation to persecute, expel and exterminate the Jews from the very beginning," he said.
Given that persecute and prosecute once both meant shades of to pursue and to begin legal action, perhaps those who confuse the two should be neither prosecuted or persecuted.
WORD FAMILY
prosecute: prosecuted, prosecutes, prosecuting, prosecution, prosecutor +/ prosecution: prosecutions/ prosecutor: prosecutors
USAGE EXAMPLES
He called the police on his son’s dealer, who was prosecuted.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“If they want to prosecute FETO, they should start with themselves.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some online called for them to be prosecuted for negligence.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: v. 控告; 起诉; 继续从事; 担任控方律师
时态：prosecuted, prosecuting, prosecutes
分布：起诉(81%)，告发(9%)，从事(7%)，彻底进行(2%)，担任检察官(1%)
→pro-,向前，-sec,跟随，追随，词源同execute,sequence.引申诸相关词义。
检举;指控(pro+secu追随+ate→追随到[法院]前面→检举;指控)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
控告,起诉(pro在前+secute→跟随到[法官]前面→控告)[secut,sequ=follow表示"跟随"]
vt.实行,从事v.起诉,告发vi.作检察官Trespassers will be prosecuted.非法侵入者将被起诉.
US ['prɑ:.sɪ-] verb
LEGAL 法律的
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a court of law, or (of a lawyer) to try to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime 起诉；检举
• Shoplifters will be prosecuted. 商店扒手将遭到起诉。
• He was prosecuted for fraud. 他因诈骗而被起诉。
• Any manufacturer who does not conform to the standards could be prosecuted under the Consumers Protection Act, 1987. 对任何不遵守标准的生产商都可依据1987年通过的《消费者保护法》予以起诉。
• The victim has said that she will not prosecute. 受害者说她不会起诉。
Compare defend
UK ['prɒs.ɪ.kju:t] US ['prɑ:.sɪ-] verb
CONTINUE 继续
transitive formal
■to continue to take part in a planned group of activities, especially a war 把…进行到底，继续参与尤指战争
• He seemed convinced that the US would prosecute the war to its end. 他似乎确信美国会将这场战争进行到底。
vt. 检举；贯彻；从事；依法进行
 - carry out, undertake, pursue, address, have
vi. 起诉；告发；作检察官
 - law, take legal action

Word: surrender
Front: surrender
[səˈrendə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 5024/5031 -3)
Vocabulary: surrender
(once / 170 pages)
vn
To surrender is to give up control of something to someone else. If you miss curfew, your parents might make you surrender the keys to the car. Okay, it's only a minivan, but it's still cooler than being on foot patrol.
If you want someone to give up, you might order them to surrender. The witch in the Wizard of Oz wrote "Surrender Dorothy!" in the sky above the Emerald City. You can use the noun surrender when you give up on a task. For example, if you are cleaning the house, but every time you finish a room, the kids mess up another, you can throw your hands up and declare, "I surrender!"
WORD FAMILY
surrender: surrendered, surrenderer, surrendering, surrenders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two nights after yielding a season-worst 69 points in the first half to James Harden and Houston, the Knicks surrendered 67 to the Magic.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Negotiators were able to get the man to surrender shortly after 1 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The suspect fled the scene but later returned and surrendered.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 投降; 屈服; 自首
vt. 使投降; 放弃; 交出; 听任
n. 投降; 放弃; 屈服; （保险的）解约
时态：surrendered, surrendering, surrenders
分布：投降(69%)，放弃(21%)，屈服(10%)
→sur-,在上，向上，render,给回，返还，给予，递交。原指放弃，交出，后引申词义投降，屈 服等，且成为主要词义。词义演变比较 give up.
投降,放弃(sur下面+render给予→给到下面→[把枪]放下→投降)[rend=givee,表示"给"]
vi.投降,屈服vt.放弃,交出n.投降,认输The tenderer surrendered her tremendously slender tender fingers.投标者交出了她异常纤细娇嫩的手指.
【记】sur上面，render给予－把枪放过头顶－投降
【反】appropriate（v 挪用；拨出）
US [sə'ren.dɚ] verb
ACCEPT DEFEAT 承认失败
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to stop fighting and admit defeat 投降
• They would rather die than surrender (to the invaders). 他们宁死也不（向侵略者）投降。
intransitive
■If you surrender to an experience or emotion, you stop trying to prevent or control it 任凭摆布，屈服
• I finally surrendered to temptation, and ate the last remaining chocolate. 我最后还是抵挡不住诱惑，吃掉剩下的最后一块巧克力。
UK [sər'en.dər] US [sə'ren.dɚ] verb
GIVE 给
transitive
■to give something that is yours to someone else because you have been forced to do so or because it is necessary to do so （被迫）交出，放弃
• The police demanded that the gang surrender their weapons. 警方要求那个团伙交出武器。
• Neither side is willing to surrender any territory/any of their claims. 双方都不愿意在领土上作出任何让步／坚持各自对所有权的主张，谁也不愿放弃。
UK [sər'en.dər] US [sə'ren.dɚ] noun countable or uncountable
■when you stop fighting and admit defeat 投降
• The rebels are on the point of surrender. 叛军很快就要投降了。
submit, yield, surrender
这组词都有“让步，屈服”的意思，其区别是：
submit: 表示“甘心忍受”，作及物动词时，宾语为反身代词，但一般为不及物动词，后接介词to 。
yield: “投降”，与surrender 大致同义，但是指“温和的让步”。
surrender: “投降”，强调“被迫投降，压力很大”，是不及物动词，后接介词to；用作及物动词时，表因战败或被迫“交出”，“放弃”某些事物。
vt. 使投降；放弃；交出；听任
 - desert, quit
vi. 投降；屈服；自首
 - give in to sb, throw up the sponge
n. 投降；放弃；交出；屈服
 - submission, Caved In

Word: inject
Front: inject
[ɪnˈdʒekt] (研六托雅 5597/5577 -2)
Vocabulary: inject
(once / 873 pages)
v
To inject is to give an injection, or a shot. When your doctor tells you that you need a flu shot, she wants to inject you with a vaccine that will help keep you from getting sick.
You are most likely to hear the verb inject at the doctor's office. Veterinarians inject dogs each year with rabies vaccines, and sometimes if you're sick enough, a doctor or nurse might need to inject you with antibiotics. You can use inject in a figurative way, too: "I'd like to inject a new topic into this conversation, it's getting so boring." The Latin root is inicere, "to throw in" or "to throw on."
WORD FAMILY
inject: injectable, injected, injecting, injection, injector, injects+/injectable: uninjectable/ injection: injections/injector: injectors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now, they’ve injected major oomph to the curious equation of this rematch.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Hughes-Games proposed injecting conservation themes into TV dramas and children’s programming.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The plan is to inject the liquid radioactive waste so that it coats the tiny particles that would ultimately be sealed in stainless-steel canisters.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. （给…）注射（药物等）; （给…）注射（液体）; （给…）添加; （给…）投入（资金）
时态：injected, injecting, injects
分布：注入(70%)，注射(23%)，插入(4%)，引入(3%)
→in-,进入，使，-ject,投，掷，词源同jet,project.即扔进去，引申词义注射。
注射(in进+ject→扔进去→注射)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
vt.注射(药液等);注入The adjective injected new meaning into the objected objective object.这个形容词给受到反对的客观物体注入了新的意义.
verb transitive
DRUG 药
■to use a needle and syringe (= small tube) to put a liquid such as a drug into a person's body 注射；给…注射
• Phil's a diabetic and has to inject himself with insulin every day. 菲尔患有糖尿病，每天都要替自己注射胰岛素。
[ɪn'dʒekt] verb transitive
SOMETHING NEW 新东西
■to introduce something new that is necessary or helpful to a situation or process 投入；增添；引入，带来
• A large amount of money will have to be injected into the company if it is to survive. 如果要挽救这家公司就必须注入大量资金。
• I tried to inject a little humour into the meeting. 我试图给会议增添一点幽默气氛。
project, inject, eject
这是一组形近易混词。
project: v.伸出，突出；预计，预报；投射，放映。
 • The balcony projects out beyond the wall of the house.   阳台从房子的墙壁上突出来。
 • The government projects that the defence budget will increase by 20% .   政府预计国防预算将增长百分之二十。
inject: v.注射。
 • The nurse injected some medicine into the patient with a needle.   护士用注射器给患者打针。
eject: v.跳出，喷出，弹射出。
 • The pilot ejected from the falling airplane.   飞行员从坠落的飞机中弹射出去。
vt. 注入；注射
 - breathe into, inflood

Word: dismantle
Front: dismantle
[dɪsˈmæntl] (宝 7083/6880 -2)
Vocabulary: dismantle
(once / 1761 pages)
v
To take something apart or down is to dismantle it. If you dismantle a computer to see what it looks like inside, you better know how to put it back together, or you might be looking at the inside of your room for awhile.
Dismantle is a verb used for both physical things and ideas. You can dismantle a campground by taking down the tents and breaking apart the fire logs, or you can dismantle a government by going against its leadership and bringing down its rule. Often when you dismantle something, you take away its ability to work, as with a nuclear warhead, but you can also take apart decorative or non-working things, as when you dismantle a science-fair display or a city made of blocks.
WORD FAMILY
dismantle: dismantled, dismantlement, dismantles, dismantling+/dismantling: dismantlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wednesday, he will meet with Democratic lawmakers to discuss ways to protect the Affordable Care Act from efforts by Trump and Republicans to dismantle it.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Amid pressure from the mayors, Democrats in Washington and civil rights groups, the Obama administration moved last week to dismantle the program.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“I confess I am on a mission to dismantle certain truisms . . . about nature, nurture, genes, twin studies, and the ‘hardwired’ brain,” she writes.
Washington Post(Dec 13, 2016)
Back: vt. 拆开; 拆卸; 废除; 取消
时态：dismantled, dismantling, dismantles
分布：拆除(70%)，废除(15%)，拆开(12%)，去除(3%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。mantle,斗篷。原指脱下斗篷，引申词义解下，拆开。比较escape.
【记】mantle（n 披风；斗篷v 覆盖）dis去掉，men人，tle头：拆除
US [-tˌl] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to take a machine apart or to come apart into separate pieces 拆开，拆卸
• She dismantled the washing machine to see what the problem was, but couldn't put it back together again. 她拆开洗衣机想看看出了甚么问题，但是却装不起来了。
• The good thing about the bike is that it dismantles if you want to put it in the back of the car. 这种脚踏车的好处是可以拆开放在汽车的后部。
transitive
■to get rid of a system or organization, usually over a period of time 废除，取消；解散
• Unions accuse the government of dismantling the National Health Service. 工会指责政府裁撤了国家卫生署。
vt. 拆除；取消；解散；除掉…的覆盖物
 - recall, demolish

Word: negotiator
Front: negotiator
[nɪˈgəʊʃieɪtə(r)] (7047/9107)
Vocabulary: negotiator
(once / 1920 pages)
n
A negotiator is a person who either comes to an agreement with someone else, or one who helps other people reach such an agreement. When two people cannot see eye to eye, it's time to bring in a negotiator.
When two businesses are merging, they can use the help of a negotiator to work out details of the plan. And, when a married couple gets divorced, attorneys or mediators do the work of negotiators, ensuring that the agreement is one that works for each person. Back in the 1500s, negotiator simply meant "businessperson," from the Latin root negotium, "a business or occupation."
WORD FAMILY
negotiator: negotiators+/ negotiable: negotiably, non-negotiable/ negotiate: negotiable, negotiated, negotiates, negotiating, negotiation, negotiator, renegotiate/ negotiation: negotiations/renegotiate: renegotiated, renegotiates, renegotiating
USAGE EXAMPLES
Negotiators were able to get the man to surrender shortly after 1 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Negotiators eventually won the release of the hostages by assuring the inmates that they would not be harmed or transferred to other prisons.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A month later, company officials invited labor negotiators to Trump Tower for a three-day negotiation.
New York Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 磋商者; 交涉者; 出售者; 交易者
分布：磋商者(56%)，交涉者(44%)
US [-'goʊ.ʃi.eɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
■someone who tries to help two groups who disagree to reach an agreement with each other, usually as a job 谈判者；（通常指职业的）谈判专家
• Some very skilful negotiators will be needed to settle this dispute. 解决这纠纷需要一些非常老练的谈判专家。

Word: operative
Front: operative
[ˈɒpərətɪv] (宝 10270/11393 -2)
Vocabulary: operative
(once / 1140 pages)
1adj 2adj 3n
Bond, James Bond, is perhaps the most famous fictional operative of our time. Martini-drinking, globe-trotting, and womanizing aside, let us not forget his primary role as a government secret agent — collecting intelligence and bringing down the world's enemies.
As a noun, operative is often used as a synonym for spy. It can also, less covertly, be used to name a skilled worker, as in "No one aligns gears better than Joe, an operative at the car factory." As an adjective, operative can mean that something is working, as in "an operative car alarm." Finally, operative can mean "the most important or effective word." James Bond is a fictional operative, and the operative word in that statement is fictional.
WORD FAMILY
operative: inoperative, operatively, operatives, postoperative, preoperative +/ inoperable: inoperably/interoperable: interoperability/ operable: inoperable, interoperable/ operate: operable, operated, operates, operating, operation, operative, operator / operation: operational, operations/ operational: nonoperational, operationalism, operationally/operationalism: operationalist/ operator: operators/postoperative: postoperatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, the locations served as retreats for Russian diplomats and intelligence operatives.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It is the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s job to identify and track the operatives, part of a routine cat-and-mouse game.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
At the CIA’s annual Memorial Wall ceremony in 2000, Kirzinger said Tenet’s vivid remarks about the slain operatives inspired his project.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 手术的; （计划、法律等）实施中的，起作用的; 最适合的; 关键词句
n. 工作人员; （尤指）体力劳动者; 密探; （尤指政府的）特工人员
分布：有效的(61%)，侦探(16%)，技工(13%)，运作的(5%)，至关重要的(5%)
→来自operate,运作，操作。
US ['ɑ:.pɚ.ə.tˌɪv] noun countable formal
■a worker, especially one who is skilled in working with their hands 工人；（尤指）技工
• a factory operative 工厂技工
■mainly US
■a person who works secretly for an organization 密探；特工人员
• a CIA operative 中央情报局特工
UK ['ɒp.ər.ə.tɪv] US ['ɑ:.pɚ.ə.tˌɪv] adjective formal
■working or being used 有效的；实施中的；使用中的
• The agreement will not become operative until all members have signed. 所有的成员都签字后，协议才会生效。
Opposite inoperative
UK ['ɒp.ər.ə.tɪv] US ['ɑ:.pɚ.ə.tˌɪv] adjective formal
the operative word
■the most important word in a phrase, which explains the truth of a situation 关键词；最重要的词
• He was a painter - 'was' being the operative word since he died last week. 他曾经是位画家——“曾经”是关键词，因为他上周去世了。
adj. 有效的；运转着的；从事生产劳动的
 - valid, available, effective, virtual, telling
n. 侦探；技工
 - hawkshaw, intelligencer

Word: forthcoming
Front: forthcoming
[ˌfɔ:θˈkʌmɪŋ] (研六雅 6748/4117 -2)
Vocabulary: forthcoming
(once / 1041 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
You know when you go to a movie and they show the previews under the heading "coming soon?" They could just as well say forthcoming, because it means the same thing. Only who would want to see that stuffy movie?
"Forthcoming with" means "providing"––if your neighbors are not forthcoming with candy on Halloween, you might have to egg their house. When parents complain that their teenagers are not forthcoming with information about their life at school, they should remember how much they valued their privacy when they were their kid's age.
WORD FAMILY
forthcoming: forthcomingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a longtime state politician, Bill agrees to a lengthy sit-down interview with me for another story for this publication, which is forthcoming.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There’s cause to be skeptical about forthcoming changes in the law, however.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“The Leaves Fall,” a forthcoming solo album, reveals another side of Mr. Carter, as a singer-songwriter enamored of chiming British psych-folk.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 即将到来的; 现成的; 唾手可得的; 乐于助人的
n. 来临; 临近
分布：即将到来的(89%)，现成的(9%)，乐意帮助的(2%)
→即向前面走来的，即将发生的。
a.即将到来的;准备好的;乐意帮助的;n.来临We needed money, but none was forthcoming.我们需要钱,但一点也没有筹到 [着落]
US ['fɔ:rθ-] adjective
SOON 不久
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■happening soon 即将发生的
• We have just received the information about the forthcoming conference. 我们刚刚收到即将举行的大会的资料。
UK ['fɔ:θˌkʌm.ɪŋ] US ['fɔ:rθ-] adjective
WILLING 情愿的
■friendly and helpful, willing to give information or to talk 乐于助人的；乐于提供资讯的；乐于交谈的
• I had difficulty getting any details. He wasn't very forthcoming. 我很难得到详细情况。他不太乐意透露资讯。
UK ['fɔ:θˌkʌm.ɪŋ] US ['fɔ:rθ-] adjective
SUPPLIED 提供的
[after verb]
■produced, supplied, given 产生的；供应的；现成的
• No explanation for his absence was forthcoming. 他缺席一事没有任何解释。
• Will financial support for the theatre project be forthcoming? 剧院企划案会得到财政支援吗？
adj. 即将来临的
 - upcoming, imminent
n. 来临
 - oncoming

Word: dire
Front: dire
[ˈdaɪə(r)] (宝 7077/8437 -1)
Vocabulary: dire
(once / 706 pages)
adj
Dire refers to situations or events that cause great fear and worry. A dire calamity causes much suffering.
If a family is in dire need, they need immediate help. Dire predictions or warnings tell us that a disaster may happen in the future. If you are trapped between the burning building behind you and the high cliffs in front of you, you might describe yourself as being in dire straits.
WORD FAMILY
dire: direful, direly, direr, direst+/direful: direfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
But as the Islamic State became a dire enough threat to return American troops to Iraq, Mr. Obama felt compelled to change course on Afghanistan.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
However, Orcutt said distraction is dire enough to warrant legislation.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
That’s how players overcome inconsistency, by playing their best when the alternative seems dire.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 可怕的，恐怖的; 悲惨的; 迫切的，极端的
级别：direr, direst
分布：可怕的(85%)，悲惨的(14%)，极其的(1%)
→来自拉丁语dirus, 恐惧的，预兆不祥的，词源同dinosaur.
【记】di弟弟，re热：糟了！弟弟发烧了，才2个月，抵抗力这么弱，太可怕了，急需送医院！读：DELL（著名的电脑品牌）其发展速度到了令其竞争对手可怕的程度。
【反】pleasant（adj 令人愉快的；舒适的）
US [daɪr] adjective
■very serious or extreme 严重的；危急的；极端的
• These people are in dire need of help. 这些人急需援助。
• He gave a dire warning that an earthquake was imminent. 他郑重警告说马上就要地震了。
• This decision will have dire consequences for local people. 这一决定将对当地人产生严重的后果。
■informal
■very bad 很坏的
• I thought that film was dire! 我觉得那部电影糟透了！
adj. 可怕的；悲惨的；极端的
 - terrible, ultra, extreme, horrible, awesome

Word: nationwide
Front: nationwide
[ˌneɪʃnˈwaɪd] (高托 4929/7933 -2)
Vocabulary: nationwide
(once / 1215 pages)
adjadv
Something nationwide refers to or covers the whole country. A nationwide shortage of wheat would affect everyone in every single state.
A gossipy news story about a presidential candidate might cause a nationwide scandal, if everyone in the whole country were talking about it. And if a drought seemed to be spreading nationwide, farmers from Maine to California would start to worry about that year's crops. Nationwide combines nation, from the Latin nationem, "origin" or "race of people," and wide, from its "extending through the whole of" meaning.
WORD FAMILY
nationwide
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Please be advised, @CustomsBorder outage is nationwide. They are working to restore. Thanks for your patience," Miami International Airport said on its Twitter feed.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A little over a month ago, Braxton told his parents he wanted to donate Legos to the other children at Nationwide.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 全国范围的; 全国性的
adv. 在全国范围内; 就全国而论
分布：全国性的(59%)，在全国范围内(41%)
adjective
 ADVANCED
■existing or happening in all parts of a particular country 全国性的，全国范围的
• a nationwide network/chain of shops 全国性网路／连锁商店
• a nationwide survey/referendum 全国性调查／全民公决
adj. 全国范围的；全国性的
 - countrywide

Word: erode
Front: erode
[ɪˈrəʊd] (托 6821/7591 -2)
Vocabulary: erode
(once / 1420 pages)
v
When soil or land erodes, it wears away or is removed. Many beaches seem to get smaller and smaller, as the endless wash of the waves begins to erode the fine sand.
While erode is most commonly used when describing land loss, you can also use it in less literal ways. Numerous hospital bills can cause your savings to erode. Each time you catch your friend in a lie, your trust in her erodes a little more. Consumer confidence is eroding away as the media reports more and more bad economic news. What’s key here is both the sense of loss, as well as the idea that it is a gradual process.
WORD FAMILY
erode: eroded, erodes, eroding, erosion, erosive+/ erosion: erosions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Saturday’s collapse set off large waves that eroded part of the older sea cliff and lava viewing area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
New technology may further erode the dignity of work.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
We are left with talk of the need to strengthen nonproliferation, when in reality this is being eroded.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 侵蚀，腐蚀
vi. 逐渐毁坏; 削弱，损害
时态：eroded, eroding, erodes
分布：侵蚀(74%)，腐蚀(22%)，受到侵蚀(4%)
→e-, 向外。-rad, 刮，磨，词源同raze, rodent.
侵蚀(e出+rode→咬出去→[水上]侵蚀掉)[rod,ros=bite,表示"咬"]
【记】e出，rode咬－咬掉－腐蚀
【参】rodent（adj 咬的n 啮齿动物）
【反】deposition（n 沉积作用）－process of eroding（侵蚀过程）；deposit（v 堆积；沉淀）
US [-'roʊd] verb intransitive or transitive
■to rub or be rubbed away gradually 侵蚀，腐蚀；磨损，磨去
• Wind and rain have eroded the statues into shapeless lumps of stone. 这些雕像遭受风雨侵蚀，成了一堆堆不成形的乱石。
• The cliffs are eroding several feet a year. 这些悬崖每年都被侵蚀掉数英尺。
■to slowly reduce or destroy 削弱；逐步破坏
• His behaviour over the last few months has eroded my confidence in his judgment. 他过去几个月的表现已经使我对他的判断力渐渐失去了信心。
vt. 腐蚀，侵蚀
 - weather, eat into
vi. 侵蚀；受腐蚀
 - eat into, burn into

Word: melt
Front: melt
[melt] (研四六 3460/4531 -K2)
Vocabulary: melt
(once / 202 pages)
vn
To melt means to fade away slowly and disappear, like a snowman in the middle of the Sahara.
"I'm melting! I'm melting!" — Those are the feeble cries of ice cubes on a hot summer day and Wicked Witches doused with water by a meddling girl from Kansas. To melt a stick of butter into liquid form sounds like an excellent idea for your popcorn — but perhaps not for your diet. And when your puppy looks up at you with those big brown puppy eyes, your heart probably melts — even if he just ate your slippers.
WORD FAMILY
melt: meltable, melted, melter, melting, melts+/melted: unmelted/melter: melters/melting: meltingly, meltings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He used to doubt climate change was melting this huge Greenland glacier.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Roast, turning often, until the skins blacken and flake and the eggplants collapse and are meltingly tender, 10 to 15 minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Continue stirring until the cheese is completely melted.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. 熔化，溶解; 逐渐融合; 逐渐消失; 感动，软化，感情上变得温和
vt. 熔化，溶解; 使混合在一起; 逐渐消散; 使变得温和或温柔
时态：melted, melting, melts
分布：融化(65%)，熔化(21%)，使融化(3%)，消散(3%)，使熔化(3%)，使消散(2%)，熔化物(2%)，熔解(1%)
→来自古英语meltan,液化，熔化，融化，来自mel,软的，词源同mallet,mild.
v.(使)融化,(使)熔化The cell seller seldom sees the bell belt melt.小单间的卖主很少见到铃铛带子融化.
verb
BECOME LIQUID 变为液体
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to turn from something solid into something soft or liquid, or to cause something to do this （使）融化；（使）熔化；（使）溶解
• The snow usually melts by mid March. 通常雪到三月中旬就融化了。
• Melt the chocolate slowly so that it doesn't burn. 将巧克力慢慢融化，这样就不会烧焦。
• The meat's beautifully cooked - it melts in your mouth (= is so pleasantly soft that you do not need to chew it). 肉煮得极好——柔嫩可口。
[melt] verb
FEEL LOVE 爱慕
intransitive
■to start to feel love or sympathy, especially after feeling angry （尤指生气后）心软，态度软化
• He only has to look at her, and she melts. 他只要看着她，她的心就软了。
• He'd been going to refuse but his heart melted when he saw the children's faces. 他本来要拒绝，可看到孩子的脸时，他就心软了。
[melt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  melt away
■to disappear slowly 逐渐消失；逐渐散去
• As the police sirens were heard, the crowd started to melt away. 警笛一响，人群就开始散开了。
■If a strong feeling melts away, you feel it less strongly and it disappears （强烈的情绪）变弱，消失
• Her anger melted away when she read the letter. 她读着信，怒火慢慢消失了。
[melt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] melt sth down
■to heat a metal object until it turns to liquid, because you want to use the metal rather than the object 熔化，熔毁
• They melted down the gold rings and bracelets. 他们将金戒指和金手镯熔化了。
[melt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  melt (away) into sth
■to look so similar to something else all around you, or to be so much a part of it, that people do not see or notice you 融入…中
• The security men just melted into the background until they were needed. 保安人员都躲在不显眼的地方，直到有人需要他们的时候才会现身。
[melt] noun countable mainly US
■a sandwich containing melted cheese （涂有融化了的起司的）三明治
• a tuna melt 鲔鱼三明治
fuse, dissolve, melt
这组词都有“融化，溶解”的意思，其区别是：
fuse: 可与melt换用，但侧重指在高温下使两种或两种以上金属的熔合，也可作引申用。
dissolve: 多指固体溶于溶剂的过程。
melt: 最常用词，指任何固体的熔化过程，常引申作“消散、淡化或消失”解。
vi. 熔化， [化学] 溶解；渐混
 - flux, fuse
vt. 使融化；使熔化；使软化；使感动
 - oil, soften up
n. 熔化；熔化物
 - fusion, burnoff

Word: overturn
Front: overturn
[ˌəʊvəˈtɜ:n] (研托宝 6200/7061 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）翻倒
vt. 使垮台，推翻; 撤销（判决等）
n. 推翻，垮台; 瓦解; 灭亡，毁灭
时态：overturned, overturning, overturns
分布：推翻(63%)，颠覆(13%)，倾覆(12%)，打翻(7%)，翻倒(5%)
→over-,超过，过度，turn,转。比喻用法。
颠覆(over+rurn转→翻转)[over-①表示"过度,过分"②表示"在……之上"③表示"翻转"]
n.倾覆,破灭,革命v.打翻,推翻,颠倒,翻倒The rough water overturned their boat.大浪打翻了他们的船.
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ'tɝ:n] verb
GO UPSIDE-DOWN 翻倒
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) turn over 打翻，弄翻；（使）倾覆；（使）翻倒
• The car skidded off the road, hit a tree and overturned. 汽车滑出道路，撞到树上后翻了。
• The burglars had overturned all the furniture in the house. 入屋爆窃的贼人翻了屋子里所有家俱。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'tɜ:n] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ'tɝ:n] verb
CHANGE 改变
 ADVANCED transitive formal
■to change a legal decision 推翻（法律裁决）
• The Court of Appeal overturned the earlier decision. 上诉法庭推翻了早前作出的裁决。
transitive UK
■If you overturn someone's majority in a British election, you defeat them 在英国大选中因获得多数席位而获胜
• The Labour candidate unexpectedly overturned the long-standing Tory majority. 工党候选人出乎意料地击败了长期以来占多数议席的保守党。
vt. 推翻；倾覆；破坏
 - destroy, throw down
vi. 推翻；倾覆
 - tip, throw down
n. 倾覆；周转；破灭
 - capsizal, turn-round

Word: perfectly
Front: perfectly
[ˈpɜ:fɪktli] (四六 2435/2036 -K3)
Back: adv. 完美地; 理想地; 完全地; 无瑕疵地
分布：完美地(40%)，完全地(22%)，无瑕疵地(22%)，圆满地(11%)，完整地(5%)
US ['pɝ:-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in a perfect way 完美地，圆满地
• The jacket fits perfectly, the skirt not so well. 这件短上衣非常合身，裙子却不太合身。
• They're perfectly suited. 他们是天造地设的一对。
 ADVANCED
■used to emphasize the word that follows （用于强调所修饰的词）十足地，完全地，彻底地
• To be perfectly honest, I don't care any more. 十分坦白地说，我已不在乎了。
• You know perfectly well what the matter is. 你很清楚是怎么回事。
• I made it perfectly clear to him what I meant. 我把我的意思非常清楚明白地告诉了他。
• I was perfectly happy on my own. 我一个人生活非常幸福。
adv. 完美地；完全地；无瑕疵地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully

Word: settler
Front: settler
[ˈsetlə(r)] (高 5489/8005 -2)
Vocabulary: settler
(once / 383 pages)
1n 2n
A settler is a person who moves to a new place with the intention to stay there. Colonial America was built by settlers who came mainly from England.
Settlers often think of themselves as being the first people to live in an area, although through history settlers moved to places already inhabited by native people. A settler's primary goal is to set up a home — claim land, build houses, and establish new towns with other settlers. The noun settler originally meant "thing that settles," though by the 1690s it was used to mean "person moving to a new country," from the Old English word setlan, "cause to place."
WORD FAMILY
settler: settlers+/ resettle: resettled, resettlement, resettles, resettling/resettlement: resettlements/ settle: resettle, settled, settlement, settler, settles, settling, unsettle/settled: settledly/ settlement: settlements/settling: settlings/unsettle: unsettled, unsettles, unsettling/unsettled: unsettledly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Settlers, meanwhile, brush it off as an irrelevance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
So in any crunch, he sides with the settlers, and they keep pushing.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The group says there are 12 settlements in East Jerusalem, inhabited by about 200,000 settlers.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 移民，侨民; 殖民者; 决定者
分布：定居者(100%)
US ['setˌ-] noun countable
■a person who arrives, especially from another country, in a new place and takes the land in order to live on it and farm it （尤指来自别国的）移居者，定居者；殖民者
n. 移居者；殖民者
 - migrant, emigre

Word: peasant
Front: peasant
[ˈpeznt] (高研四六 4680/2564 -2)
Vocabulary: peasant
(once / 185 pages)
n
If you enjoy reading tales set in the Middle Ages, you’ve probably encountered your fair share of knights, dragons, and peasants, or residents of the countryside.
During the Middle Ages in Europe, most members of the population were peasants who lived a meager existence, working farmland that was owned by wealthy noblemen. Peasant is still used sometimes today to describe a relatively poor person who works as a farm laborer. Peasant can also be used to mean “an unsophisticated and ill-mannered person,” so when using this word, be sure your intended meaning is clear.
WORD FAMILY
peasant: peasanthood, peasants
USAGE EXAMPLES
Grigory Rasputin, a mystic peasant who captivated the Russian imperial court, met his death at the hands of aristocratic enemies 100 years ago.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Born to peasants in a small village in Western Siberia, the young Rasputin turned to religion early in his life.
Time(Dec 29, 2016)
The decline that began then was not caused by manufactured imports from today’s designated villain, China, which was a peasant society.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 农民; 农夫; 佃农; 粗俗的人
分布：农民(100%)
→来自古法语pais,乡村，农村，缩写自拉丁语pagensis,乡村居民，来自pagus,乡村，来自pag,固定，标记，界限，词源同page,pagan.-ant,人。
n.(不用于英国或美国)小农;佃农;农民Please release that pleasant peasant teaser who brings us plenty of pleasure.请释放那个带给我们巨大快乐的友好的农民逗趣者.
noun countable
■a person who owns or rents a small piece of land and grows crops, keeps animals, etc. on it, especially one who has a low income, very little education and a low social position. This is usually used of someone who lived in the past or of someone in a poor country （通常指旧时或贫穷国家的）农民，农夫
• Tons of internationally donated food was distributed to the starving peasants. 数吨国际社会所捐赠的食品被分给了这些饥饿的农民。
• Most of the produce sold in the market is grown by peasant farmers. 市场上出售的大部分产品是由自耕农民种植的。
• Peasant women with scarves around their heads were working in the fields. 农妇头上都包着围巾，正在田地里工作。
■informal disapproving
■a person who is not well educated or is rude and does not behave well 没教养的人，粗人
• Joe's a real peasant. 乔很没教养。
farmer, peasant
这组词都有“农民”的意思，其区别是：
farmer: 主要指经营大片土地的农场主。
peasant: 一般指无地、少地或经营小块土地的农民。
n. 农民；乡下人
 - farmer, provincial

Word: attraction
Front: attraction
[əˈtrækʃn] (高四托 3800/3108 -K2)
Vocabulary: attraction
(once / 320 pages)
1n 2n
The charm or special quality of something that draws you to it is its attraction. The attraction of a college might be its sports program, for example, or the attraction of a job might be its high pay.
An attraction can be a physical force as well as a psychological one — though sometimes, as with love, it can be hard to tell the two apart. Planets have a gravitational attraction to each other, as do opposite magnetic poles. Attraction can also refer to a public entertainment, such as a popular place or a performer or event. You might line up to visit a tourist attraction, or look forward to seeing the main attraction go onstage.
WORD FAMILY
attraction: attractions, counterattraction+/ attract: attractable, attracted, attracter, attracting, attraction, attractive, attractor, attracts/attracter: attracters/ attractive: attractively, attractiveness, unattractive/attractor: attractors/unattractive: unattractively, unattractiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I want to offer a positive attraction to everyone within the Dover community.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The season runs from May through October with a main attraction being daily street bullfights hosted through a rotation of sponsoring villages.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Buses and tram lines stop nearby, and most attractions are within easy walking or biking distance.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 吸引; [物]引力; 魅力; 引人注意的东西，有趣的东西
分布：吸引(64%)，吸引力(35%)，有吸引力的人或事物(1%)
吸引力(attract+ion)[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
【反】repulsion（n 推斥，厌恶，反驳）
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■something which makes people want to go to a place or do a particular thing 吸引（力）；有吸引力的事物
• Life in London has so many attractions - nightclubs, good restaurants and so on. 伦敦的生活有很多诱人之处——夜总会、高级餐厅等都令人迷恋。
• tourist attractions 旅游景点
• The opportunity to travel is one of the main attractions of this job. 能有机会去不同的地方是这份工作富有吸引力的一大因素。
• Skiing holds no attraction for me. 滑雪对我来说没有吸引力。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you like someone, especially sexually, because of the way they look or behave （尤指两性间的）诱惑，迷恋，喜爱
• She felt an immediate physical attraction to him. 她立即因他的长相而产生了爱慕之情。
n. 吸引， [力] 吸引力；引力；吸引人的事物
 - appeal, charm

Word: fraction
Front: fraction
[ˈfrækʃn] (研四六托雅宝 4719/3509 -2)
Vocabulary: fraction
(once / 785 pages)
nv
A fraction is a part of a whole. If two of you split the take from a bank heist, you would each get half. If you had a getaway driver, then the money would be split three ways, into fractions of one-third each.
The quotient of two numbers is called a fraction, as is the action of performing division. Most of us, however, think of a fraction as a small part of an item — as in: "You only use a fraction of your actual brain power in the course of your life." Just think of a whole as a pie, and a fraction as a slice of that pie.
WORD FAMILY
fraction: fractional, fractionate, fractioned, fractioning, fractions+/fractional: fractionally/fractionate: fractionated, fractionating, fractionation/fractionation: fractionations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once this technology is commonplace and driverless cars are ubiquitous, those numbers will shrink to a tiny fraction of what they are today.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
That is a fraction of the roughly 3,700 megawatts produced at this gargantuan plant, the largest in the Lone Star State.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Salmon and steelhead runs are a fraction of what they were before modern settlement.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [数]分数; 一小部分，些微; 不相连的一块，片段; [化]分馏
时态：fractioned, fractioning, fractions
分布：小部分(49%)，分数(46%)，片段(4%)，少许(1%)
→来自bhreg, 分开，破开，词源同break, fragment. 即破开的部分，少量。
部分;小片,分数(fract+ion)[fract,frang=break,表示"打碎"]
n.碎片,小部分,一点儿;分数In the reaction, the fraction acts as an agent.在反应中,这些碎片起一种媒剂的作用.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a number that results from dividing one whole number by another, or a small part of something 分数；小部分
• ¼ and 0.25 are different ways of representing the same fraction. 1/4和0.25是同一分数的不同表达方式。
• Although sexual and violent crimes have increased by 10%, they remain only a tiny/small fraction of the total number of crimes committed each year. 尽管性犯罪和暴力犯罪案件增长了10%，但它们在每年的罪案总数中所占比例仍然很小。
• They can produce it at a fraction of the cost of (= much more cheaply than) traditional methods. 他们能够以大大低于传统方法的成本生产它。
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
n. [数] 分数；部分；小部分；稍微
 - score, marks, proportion, part, portion

Word: sway
Front: sway
[sweɪ] (研四六托雅宝 5924/7824 -2)
Vocabulary: sway
(once / 241 pages)
vn
Back and forth...back and forth...back and forth...are you sea-sick yet? The sway, or rocking motion, of a boat is too much for many stomachs.
People can sway if they're dizzy, tilting from side to side as they walk. On a windy day you can see trees swaying and bending in the wind. Swaying is usually a gentle motion, but if you're easily swayed, you're in trouble. That means you're easily influenced by others. People of power often "hold sway" over their followers, controlling them with the seeming ease of the breeze.
WORD FAMILY
sway: swayed, swayer, swaying, sways+/swayed: unswayed/swayer: swayers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A motor causes the thin, upright metal rods of Mike Shaffer’s “Ocean Motion” to jiggle and sway.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Obama suggested he still holds enough sway over the coalition of voters that elected him twice to get them to vote for him once again.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Perhaps just as important, the old warlord’s sway over hundreds of thousands of ethnic Uzbeks in the north may be weakening.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vi. 摇摆; 歪，倾斜; 改变
vt. 使前后或来回摇摆; 使倾斜; [航海]升起桅杆
n. 摇摆; 支配，统治
时态：swayed, swaying, sways
分布：影响(46%)，摇摆(36%)，支配(13%)，摇动(5%)
vi.摇动;倾斜vt.使摇动n.摇动;影响力Anyway, the prayer swayed by me always goes away by subway.不管怎样,受我支配的祈祷者总是从地铁走向远方.
【参】swagger（n /v 大摇大摆；吹牛）
verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive
■to move slowly from side to side 摇摆，摆动
• The trees were swaying in the wind. 树在风中摇曳。
• The movement of the ship caused the mast to sway from side to side/backwards and forwards. 桅杆随着船的行驶左右／前后摇摆。
• A drunk was standing in the middle of the street, swaying uncertainly and trying hard to stay upright. 一个醉汉摇摇晃晃地站在街道中间，努力想要站直身子。
transitive
■to cause something to move or change 使移动，使改变
• Recent developments have swayed the balance of power in the region. 最近的发展使这个地区的实力均势产生了改变。
[sweɪ] verb
PERSUADE 说服
transitive
■to persuade someone to believe or do one thing rather than another 说服，使动摇
• Her speech failed to sway her colleagues into supporting the plan. 她的演说没能说服她的同事们支援这个计划。
[sweɪ] noun uncountable formal
■control or influence 控制，统治；影响
• In the 1980s, the organization came under the sway of (= became strongly influenced by) Christian fundamentalism. 在20世纪80年代，这个组织深受基督教基本教义的影响。
• Her parents no longer seem to have much sway over her. 她的父母似乎再也管不了她。
• The party could hold sway (= have an important imfluence) on some crucial votes. 该党可对一些关键选票施加重要影响。
sway, rock, swing
这组词都有“摇动”的意思，其区别是：
sway: 主要指树枝等的来回摇动。
rock: 多指猛烈地摇动或摇晃。
swing: 指有规律地前后、上下摆动，也可指不停地转动。
vt. 影响；统治；使摇动
 - affect, influence, impact of, impact on, reach
vi. 影响；摇摆
 - impact of, impact on, work on
n. 影响；摇摆；统治
 - effect, influence, infection, impression, governance

Word: laser
Front: laser
[ˈleɪzə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3896/4841 -2)
Vocabulary: laser
(once / 3834 pages)
n
A laser is a focused beam of light used for many reasons, from eye surgery to gun scopes to laser pointers.
The first laser was created more than 50 years ago. The word laser actually stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," and the result is a powerful beam of light that happens to be very useful. Many people know lasers from science fiction movies, where aliens fire deadly lasers at Earth. Lasers aren't that dramatic in real life, but they are used in many ways, including surgery, light shows, and actual weapons.
WORD FAMILY
laser: lasers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Each unit’s record platter is checked by lasers and human workers to ensure perfect balance.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Shining a laser pointer at an occupied air craft is now a misdemeanor offense.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“There's not a lot of spaces being built like this anymore,” said Tony Castillo, 36, who creates laser cutting art and is a tenant.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 激光; 激光器，镭射器
分布：激光(98%)，镭射(2%)
→首字母缩写词，来自light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
n.激光In occasional case the phrase emphasizes the importance of the phase to the laser.在偶然情况下该短句强调了相位对于激光的重要性.
US [-zɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■(a device which produces) a powerful narrow beam of light that can be used as a tool to cut metal, to perform medical operations, or to create patterns of light for entertainment 雷射（器）
• laser beam 雷射光束
• laser surgery 雷射手术

Word: woo
Front: woo
[wu:] (高宝 8645/9768 -2)
Vocabulary: woo
(once / 593 pages)
v
When you woo someone, you are being charming because you think that it will make them love you more. You want to win their heart, so you woo them, you flirty dog you.
Poetry is a great way to woo someone, because who could resist such beautiful words? Wooing requires a romantic heart and a lot of focused attention on the person you desire. But wooing isn’t always just done for love, and you can woo someone because you want their support, like when a rock band woos a record label to release their album, or wooing your grandmother because you need to borrow some money.
WORD FAMILY
woo: wooed, wooer, wooing, woos+/wooer: wooers/wooing: wooings
USAGE EXAMPLES
And for another, Cleveland — despite efforts to sell bobbleheads and woo conventioneers — remains a city with a chip on its shoulder.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
All before that it’s “turn up, get lit, get drunk, get high, party, woo woo woo” and before you leave, “Let me pray over you.”
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Twice a week at the Potomac Community Recreation Center, he wooed potential students with exhibitions of his world-class talent.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. 求爱，求婚; 争取…的支持
vi. 求爱; 恳求
时态：wooed, wooing, woos
分布：求爱(50%)，求婚(40%)，寻求支持(10%)
→词源不详，可能来自古英语wog,弯曲，弯腰，引申义恭敬，求爱。
【记】象声词：雄鹿求爱时的woowoo的声音。
[wu:] (wooing, wooed, wooed)
verb transitive
■to try to persuade someone to support you or to use your business 争取；努力说服
• The party has been trying to woo the voters with promises of electoral reform. 该政党承诺进行选举改革，以争取选民的支持。
• The airline has been offering discounted tickets to woo passengers away from their competitors. 这家航空公司一直在出售折扣机票，以从竞争对手那里争取乘客。
■old-fashioned
■If a man woos a woman, he gives her a lot of attention in an attempt to persuade her to marry him （男子）向…求爱，向…求婚
• He wooed her for months with flowers and expensive presents. 他用鲜花和昂贵的礼物追求了她好几个月。
vt. 追求；招致；向…求爱；恳求
 - invite, secure, spell
vi. 求爱；恳求
 - court, pray for

Word: catastrophe
Front: catastrophe
[kəˈtæstrəfi] (高研六托雅宝 6648/8422 -2)
Vocabulary: catastrophe
(once / 592 pages)
n
A catastrophe is a disaster. If a wedding reception is disrupted by a fistfight between the bride and her new mother-in-law, you could call the occasion a catastrophe.
Catastrophe comes from a Greek word meaning "overturn." It originally referred to the disastrous finish of a drama, usually a tragedy. The definition was extended to mean "any sudden disaster" in the 1700s. Nowadays, catastrophe can be used to refer to very tragic events as well as more minor ones. A hurricane destroying hundreds of homes is certainly a catastrophe; baking a birthday cake without following a recipe might also result in catastrophe, if you don't know anything about cooking.
WORD FAMILY
catastrophe: catastrophes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Besides the optimism, the poll also found a lack of perceived catastrophe.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
It was the greatest catastrophe ever to befall the human species.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
On Thursday, a former top EU lawyer warned of a "catastrophe" for the UK if no interim trade accord was struck.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 大灾难; 惨败; 悲剧的结局; 地表突然而猛烈的变动，灾变
分布：大灾难(74%)，大祸(24%)，彻底失败(2%)
→cata-, 向下。-strophe, 转，词源同turn, tropical,storm.即急转而下的。
灾难,大祸(cata[cata-表示"向下,相反,离开"]+strophe转→转下去→灾难临头)
n.大灾难;(悲剧)结局Their English party turned out to be a catastrophe.他们的英语晚会结局糟透了.
【记】cata向下，strophe翻转－天向下翻转－塌下来了－大灾难
【参】catastrophic（adj 悲惨的，灾难的）
noun countable
■a sudden event that causes very great trouble or destruction 大灾难；大灾祸
• They were warned of the ecological catastrophe to come. 警告过他们生态灾难即将来临。
■a bad situation 困境，不利的局面
• The emigration of scientists is a catastrophe for the country. 大量科学家移居国外对这个国家大为不利。
disaster, misfortune, calamity, catastrophe
这组词都有“灾难”的意思，其区别是：
disaster: 普通用词，指大破坏、痛苦或伤亡。
misfortune: 普通用词，多批较为严重的不幸，强调不幸多由外界因素所致。
calamity: 多指个人的不幸，比disaster严重，强调灾难引起的悲痛以及对于损失的感觉。
catastrophe: 语气最强，指可怕的灾难，强调最终的结局。
n. 大灾难；大祸；惨败
 - fiasco, smashup

Word: volatility
Front: volatility
[ˌvɒlə'tɪlətɪ] (11720/10769)
Vocabulary: volatility
(once / 4944 pages)
n
Volatility is the trait of being excitable and unpredictable. Your volatility might ultimately be the thing that makes you unsuitable as a preschool teacher.
The noun volatility is the characteristic of changing often and unpredictably. Your sister's volatility might be shown in how quickly she switches from laughing to crying. If you talk about the volatility of the stock market, stock prices are most likely fluctuating wildly. In chemistry, volatility means the speed with which a substance changes from solid to liquid, liquid to vapor, and so on. The root is the Latin volatilis, "fleeting, transitory, flying."
WORD FAMILY
volatility: volatilities+/ volatile: nonvolatile, volatiles, volatilise, volatility, volatilize/volatilisable: nonvolatilisable/volatilise: volatilisable, volatilised, volatilises, volatilising/volatilizable: nonvolatilizable/volatilize: volatilizable, volatilized, volatilizes, volatilizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Our mindset is, if you're doing business here in Indonesia, the spirit is to maintain stability. Don't create unnecessary volatility to create business," he added.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
"I would say this is too optimistic an assumption and I think we will see more volatility this year."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
In Achilles, Lowell seemed to find a heroic reflection of his own mental volatility.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 挥发性; 挥发度; 反复无常
分布：挥发性(78%)，挥发度(15%)，轻快(7%)
ADJ-GRADED
易变的;动荡不定的;反复无常的
A situation that is volatile is likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly.
例：There have been riots before and the situation is volatile...以前曾发生过暴乱，现在局势不太稳定。
例：The international oil markets have been highly volatile since the early 1970s...从20世纪70年代初开始，国际石油市场就一直很不稳定。
ADJ-GRADED
（人）易变的，情绪无常性的
If someone is volatile, their mood often changes quickly.
例：He accompanied the volatile actress to Hollywood the following year...第二年他陪着这位情绪无常的女演员去了好莱坞。
例：He has a volatile temper.他脾气反复无常。
ADJ-GRADED
（液体等物质）易挥发的，易发散的
A volatile liquid or substance is one that will quickly change into a gas.
例：It's thought that the blast occurred when volatile chemicals exploded.人们认为，易挥发的化学物质爆炸时产生了冲击波。
n. [化学] 挥发性； [计] 易变；活泼
 - animation, brightness

Word: allocate
Front: allocate
[ˈæləkeɪt] (高研六托雅宝 6763/3035 -2)
Vocabulary: allocate
(once / 2227 pages)
v
To allocate is to set aside a certain amount of money for an expense. You usually hear about the government allocating funds for education or the military, but you may personally allocate some of your allowance to buying comic books.
Aside from money, a common thing to allocate is time: "The old woman in the shoe had so many children she could only allocate 2.7 minutes per day to talk to each one individually." Resources are also often allocated. Teachers, for example, are continuously allocating their year's supply of resources so they don't run out of glue sticks and paper before the end of the school year.
WORD FAMILY
allocate: allocable, allocatable, allocated, allocates, allocating, allocation, allocator, reallocate +/ allocation: allocations/allocator: allocators/ reallocate: reallocated, reallocates, reallocating, reallocation/reallocation: reallocations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Private funders customarily pick and choose where they’d like to allocate their funds, and those decisions are often directed by narrowly targeted purpose.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Each sanctioned Ironman event is allocated a number of spots for each age group in Kona.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Those criteria helped LaClergue run a simulation: He allocated 5,000 units to the properties rated most likely to be developed.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 分配，分派; 把…拨给
时态：allocated, allocating, allocates
分布：分配(97%)，分派(2%)，分配额(1%)
→前缀al-同ad-. 词根loc, 放置，见locate.
分配,部署(al一再+locate→不断送给地方→分配[东西])[loc=place,表示"地方"]
v.分配,分派;拨给;划归The educator located the local location allocated to him.教育家定出了分配给他的局部的位置.
【记】al一再，loc地方－一再给地方－分配
【参】location（n 地理位置）；locomotive（n 机车，火车头）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to give something to someone as their share of a total amount, for them to use in a particular way 分配；分派；拨给，划拨
• The government is allocating £10 million for health education. 政府将拨出1000万英镑作为健康教育经费。
• [+ two objects] As project leader, you will have to allocate people jobs/allocate jobs to people. 作为企划案负责人，你必须给大家分派工作。
• It is not the job of the investigating committee to allocate blame for the disaster/to allocate blame to individuals. 调查委员会的任务不是确定谁该为这场灾难负责任／哪些人应该负责任。
acknowledge, assigned, allocate, allot, admit, confess
acknowledge: 表承认某事可以承担责任
assigned: 用途明确，但“指定”意味强，常常暗示分配人的武断性
allocate: 正式用词，尤指政府部门拨出定额款项的行为
allot: 指完整或定量的东西分为若干份来分配，不强调公平性和数量上的平均
admit: 表被迫承认做过某事
confess: 承认一些不好的事情，常有“忏悔”之意
assign, distribute, allocate, divide
这组词都有“分配，分发”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 指按照某种原则进行的硬性分配，也不一定是很公平的。
distribute: 通常指以整体或定量分为若干份来分配。
allocate: 主要指金钱、财产、权力或领土等的分配，着重分配的比例和专门用途。
divide: 普通用词，侧重将某物分成若干份分配给他人，当某物一分为二时，含平均分配之意。
separate, detach, allocate, divide
这组词都有“分开”的意思，其区别是：
separate: v.人为地分开，使隔离开。
 • We separated the salad forks from the dinner forks.   我们把沙拉叉与餐叉分隔开。
detach: v.拆开组合的物体；远离，疏远。
 • We need a carpenter to detach this bookshelf from the wall.   我们需要一名木匠将书架从墙上拆下来。
allocate: v.分配，把……拨给。
 • The city government allocated money for schools and the police in this year's budget.   市政府在今年的预算中给学校和警察部门分配了资金。
divide: v.指将整体分为若干个部分。
 • The huge corporation dividedsintossmaller companies.   这家特大公司分成一些较小的公司。
vt. 分配；拨出；使坐落于
 - portion, part, appropriate
vi. 分配；指定
 - parcel out, to assign

Word: salt

Word: wolf
Front: wolf
[wʊlf] (中高研四六 4150/5062 -1)
Back: n. 狼; 贪婪的人; 有害的幼虫
vt. 狼吞虎咽
时态：wolfed, wolfing, wolfs
分布：狼(96%)，狼吞虎咽(3%)，特立独行的人(1%)
→来自wlkwo，狼，可能来自拟声词，词源同lupine,lupin,werewolf.
n.狼Having played golf, the wolf in wool rested on the tool stool in the zoo.打过高尔夫球之后,穿羊毛衣的狼歇在动物园里的工具登上.
noun (plural wolves)
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED countable
■a wild animal of the dog family 狼
• Wolves hunt in groups known as packs. 狼群集体觅食。
• We could hear wolves howling in the distance. 我们能听到远处的狼嗥声。
[wʊlf] noun (plural wolves)
MAN
countable usually singular old-fashioned disapproving
■a man who often tries to have sex with the women he meets 色狼（形容那些总是设法和碰到的女性发生性关系的男性）
• He had the reputation of being a bit of a wolf. 他因好色而声名狼藉。
[wʊlf] noun (plural wolves)
keep the wolf from the door
■to have just enough money to be able to eat and live 勉强维持生计，勉强过活
• As a student, he took an evening job to keep the wolf from the door. 他上学时兼做一份夜间工作，勉强维持生计。
[wʊlf] noun (plural wolves)
a wolf in sheep's clothing
■a person who hides the fact that they are evil, with a pleasant and friendly appearance 披着羊皮的狼
[wʊlf] verb transitive informal
■to eat a large amount of food very quickly 狼吞虎咽
• The boys wolfed the sandwiches (down) and then started on the cakes. 男孩子们狼吞虎咽地吃掉了三明治，然后又开始吃蛋糕。
n. [脊椎] 狼；色狼；残忍贪婪之人
 - Lothario, lady-killer
vt. 大吃；狼吞虎咽地吃
 - tie into, gulp down

Word: constraint
Front: constraint
[kənˈstreɪnt] (六托宝 4643/2988 -2)
Vocabulary: constraint
(once / 1458 pages)
n
A constraint is a limit or restriction. Hopefully your school won't cut the sports or music programs due to budget constraints!
You might notice that constraint is similar to the verb constrict, as in boa constrictor. A constraint tightens around you like a snake and prevents you from doing what you want. Financial constraints prevent you from buying the latest electronic device. Are you tired of living under the constraint of your parents' rules? Sometimes your worries or feelings act as a constraint. You know that someone has become a close friend when you can talk to them without constraint.
WORD FAMILY
constraint: constraints, unconstraint
USAGE EXAMPLES
Because of budget constraints, Wal-Mart no longer creates those special positions.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Police officers were not on duty because of budget constraints.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
With a higher risk of unemployment, rising inflation and "affordability constraints", housing demand was likely to be curbed, Mr Ellis said.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 强制; 限制; 约束
分布：约束(89%)，强制(5%)，约束条件(5%)，虚情假意(1%)
约束;强迫[stirain,striet,string=tighten,表示"拉紧"]
noun
countable
■something which controls what you do by keeping you within particular limits 限制；束缚；约束
• The constraints of politeness wouldn't allow her to say what she really thought about his cooking. 出于礼貌，她不会说出自己对他的厨艺的真实看法。
• Financial constraints on the company are preventing them from employing new staff. 公司财务紧张使得他们不能再聘请新员工。
uncountable formal
■unnatural behaviour which is sometimes the result of forcing yourself to act in a particular way 拘束；局促
• She tried to appear friendly, but her constraint was obvious. 她尽力显得友好，可是显然很拘束。
under constraint formal
■If you do something under constraint, you do it only because you have been forced to 被强迫地；迫于压力；在强制下
• They confessed, but only under severe constraint. 他们迫于巨大的压力才说出了真相。
n. [数] 约束；局促，态度不自然；强制
 - enforcement, restriction

Word: pragmatic
Front: pragmatic
[prægˈmætɪk] (雅宝 7519/6695 -1)
Vocabulary: pragmatic
(once / 1734 pages)
1adj 2n
To describe a person or a solution that takes a realistic approach, consider the adjective pragmatic. The four-year-old who wants a unicorn for her birthday isn't being very pragmatic.
The opposite of idealistic is pragmatic, a word that describes a philosophy of "doing what works best." From Greek pragma "deed," the word has historically described philosophers and politicians who were concerned more with real-world application of ideas than with abstract notions. A pragmatic person is sensible, grounded, and practical — and doesn't expect a birthday celebration filled with magical creatures.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
pragmatic / dogmatic
If you're pragmatic, you're practical. You're living in the real world, wearing comfortable shoes. If you're dogmatic, you follow the rules. You're living in the world you want, and acting a little stuck up about it.
Pragmatic people have their feet on the ground and their heads there, too. No time for dreaming! They're realistic. A pragmatic approach to something is the sensible one. A pragmaticway to fix a bike is to use the tools you have rather than the ones you wish you had. Examples:
"The academic and political atmosphere in the 1990s was decidedly pragmatic, rather than optimistic." (The Guardian)
"Clinton, meanwhile, focuses on the pragmatic instead of the aspirational, using her experience as a guide to what can get done." (Salon)
"Shoes were thick-soled, while bags were pragmatic large backpacks." (US News)
Dogmatic people are very firm their convictions, which usually come from some authority. The authority is often religious, but it doesn't have to be. Anything dogmatic is by the book. If you're dogmatic, you're 100% sure of your system despite evidence to the contrary. Dogmatic can also mean close-minded. Check it out:
"That is, if they can get past the dogmatic denial of man-made climate change." (Washington Times)
"We need more such balanced analyses, and fewer dogmatic opinions, on both sides." (Nature)
"When I became a cardiologist 30 years ago, I was pretty dogmatic about the low-fat, low-cholesterol diet to prevent heart disease." (Washington Post)
Pragmatic people know what time it is. Dogmatic people tell you what time it should be.
WORD FAMILY
pragmatic: pragmatically, pragmatics, pragmatism +/ pragmatism: pragmatical, pragmatisms, pragmatist / pragmatist: pragmatists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Republicans prioritize policies that will allow them to maintain power, while Democrats favor pragmatic governance.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Ms. Reynolds, who died Wednesday, didn’t so much act as sell — she sold happiness, she sold pragmatic romance, she sold professional stardom.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
It’s hard to imagine a more pragmatic way to help kids thrive than by keeping red ink off the menu.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 实际的; 实用主义的; 好管闲事的; 国事的
n. 爱管闲事的人; 专断的人; 国事诏书; 实务家
分布：实际的(58%)，实用主义的(42%)
→来自拉丁语pragmaticus,熟练的，来自希腊语pragma,实践，行为，来自prassein,去做，行动，可能来自per,向前，前行，尝试，词源同experiment,peril.
实用主义的(pragm行动)[-atic表形容词"有…性质的"]
实用主义的(以行为为最重要)[pragm=deed(行为)]
【记】源于：practical（adj 实际的）p破，rag抹布，mat席子，ic：整天用破抹布席子－实用主义的
US [-'mætˌ-] mainly approving
adjective
■solving problems in a realistic way which suits the present conditions rather than obeying fixed theories, ideas or rules 讲究实际的，重实效的；实用主义的
• In business, the pragmatic approach to problems is often more successful than an idealistic one. 在商界里，用实际的方法来解决问题往往比空想更有成效。
practical, feasible, practicable, pragmatic
practical: a.实践的，实用的，实际的，指未经过实践检验的事物，如计划、项目等。
 • She felt that most of what she learned in the course was of no practical use.   她感到在课上学到的大部分知识都没有实际用途。
feasible: a.可行的，行得通的，用来表示实施后可以成功的。
 • Your work plan is feasible, so we can build the bridge immediately.   你的工作计划是可行的，所以我们可以马上修建那座桥。
practicable: a.能实施的，可行的，只表示一种可能性，但是实施后的效果不一定理想。
 • Their marriage was so bad that divorce seemed the only practicable solution.   他们的婚姻是如此的糟糕以至于离婚似乎是唯一可行的解决办法。
pragmatic: a.讲究实际的，实用的，务实的，强调用常识解决实际问题，不追求不切实际的目标。
 • He would like to be a doctor, but he has a pragmatic attitude and realizes that he cannot afford medical school.   他想成为一名医生，但是他很实际，知道自己上不起医学院。
adj. 实际的；实用主义的；国事的
 - practical, actual, effective, real, positive

Word: scan
Front: scan
[skæn] (高研四六托雅宝 4031/5003 -2)
Vocabulary: scan
(once / 456 pages)
1vn 2vn
When you scan a subway car to see if your friend is on it, your eyes pass quickly across the riders. When you get a scan of your knee at the doctor's office, a much more detailed picture is taken, showing your bones, tendons, and muscles.
You might need a medical scan if you are in an accident or have a terrible headache. One of the most common kinds of scans is performed on a pregnant woman, to check out the size and health of her fetus. This kind of scan is called an "ultrasound" or a "sonogram." These use sound waves to take a picture of the inside of a person's body.
WORD FAMILY
scan: scanned, scanner, scanning, scans, scansion+/scanner: scanners/scanning: scannings/scansion: scansions
USAGE EXAMPLES
My patient completed his course of radiation and chemotherapy, and his subsequent scans showed no evidence of residual disease.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
A CT scan found a 15-centimeter tumor in his chest, so big it was pressing on his windpipe.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Soon after bringing her home, the then-7-year-old child scanned the night sky and asked, “What’s that?”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. <计>扫描; 细看; 细查; （雷达）对…进行扫描
n. 扫描; 浏览; 审视; （雷达）（屏面上的）光点
vi. （光束、雷达等）扫描; 扫略; （诗歌）符合韵律; 标出诗歌的格律
时态：scanned, scanning, scans
分布：扫描(77%)，浏览(12%)，审视(5%)，细看(4%)，合韵律(1%)，划分音步(1%)
→来自拉丁语 scandere,攀爬，攀登，来自 skand,爬，跳，词源同 ascend,descend.字母 d 脱 落，比较 lawn,land.引申词义标出诗歌的韵律，即标出诗歌的抑扬顿挫，并进一步引申词义 仔细看，检查，察看，浏览，后用于指扫描，且成为主要词义。
v.细看,审视;浏览;扫描n.扫描Having canceled X-ray scan, the cancerous candidate on the canvas ate the idle candles in the candy can.取消X线扫描后,帆布上的癌症候选人吃了糖果罐里的闲置蜡烛.
verb (-nn-)
LOOK 看
transitive
■to look at something carefully, with the eyes or with a machine, in order to get information （用肉眼或用机器）细看，审视
• She anxiously scanned the faces of the men leaving the train. 她急切地盯着一张张走下火车的人的脸。
• Doug scanned the horizon for any sign of the boat. 道格注视着海平面，搜寻着那只船。
intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to look through a text quickly in order to find a piece of information that you want or to get a general idea of what the text contains 粗略地看；快读，浏览
• I scanned through the booklet but couldn't find the address. 我很快地翻阅了一遍小册子，但没有找到那个地址。
• Scan the newspaper article quickly and make a note of the main points. 把报上的那篇文章快速浏览一遍，记下要点。
intransitive or transitive
■to use a machine to put a picture of a document into a computer, or to take a picture of the inside of something 扫瞄（使用机器，将某一档的图片输入到电脑中，或拍摄某物内部的图片）
• I'll just scan the article into the computer. 我就把这篇文章扫瞄到电脑中。
• Volunteers' brains were scanned while they looked at the pictures. 在自愿者观察这些图片的同时，他们的脑部都经过扫瞄了。
• All hand luggage has to be scanned. 所有手提行李都必须先经扫瞄。
[skæn] verb (-nn-)
POEM 诗
intransitive specialized
■If a poem or part of a poem scans, it follows a pattern of regular beats （诗）符合韵律节拍
• This line doesn't scan - it's got too many syllables. 这行诗不合节拍——它的音节太多。
[skæn] noun
only singular
■when you look at or through something carefully or quickly 粗略一看；浏览
• I gave the book a quick scan, and decided not to buy it. 我粗略翻阅了一下那本书，决定不买了。
countable
■a medical examination in which an image of the inside of the body is made using a special machine （身体的）扫描检查
• to do a brain scan 接受脑部扫描
• to have an ultrasound scan 接受超音波扫瞄
examine, scan, inspect, investigate
这组词都有“调查、检查”的意思，其区别是：
examine: 最普通用词，可指粗略地查看，也可指仔细观察或调查以确定事物的性质、功能、特点等。
scan: 原义是仔细地检查分析，现用于指细看或浏览。
inspect: 侧重按一定质量标准检查某物，找出不足或不同之处。
investigate: 指为发现事实真相或了解掌握情况而进行深入细致的现场考察。
devor, read, scan, skim
这组词都有“读、阅读”的意思，其区别是：
devor: 指贪婪地读，暗含对某些作者或作品迷恋之义。
read: 最普通用词，含义广泛。既指朗读又可指默读。
scan: 指快速扫视文章等以抓住其要旨。
skim: 指略读或浏览。
vt. 扫描；浏览；细看；详细调查；标出格律
 - glance through, look through
n. 扫描；浏览；审视；细看
 - survey, scrutiny

Word: appreciate
Front: appreciate
[əˈpri:ʃieɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 1738/1989 -K3)
Vocabulary: appreciate
(once / 115 pages)
1v 2v
If you appreciate something, you recognize its value. We can all appreciate how refreshing cold lemonade is on a sweltering summer day.
The oldest meaning of appreciate is "to know the worth of something": "The parolee appreciated his newfound freedom." A related sense is "to be grateful for something," but this usage can sound wordy. Instead of "I would appreciate your sending me more information," consider: "Please send me more information." The word can also be used (without a direct object) to mean "to rise in worth": "The vintage Corvette would appreciate in value over the years."
WORD FAMILY
appreciate: appreciable, appreciated, appreciates, appreciating, appreciation, appreciative, appreciator+/ appreciable: appreciably, inappreciable/ appreciated: unappreciated / appreciation: appreciations/ appreciative: appreciatively, appreciativeness, unappreciative/appreciator: appreciators/inappreciable: inappreciably/unappreciative: unappreciatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The faculty of Strain-Japan say they see and appreciate these advantages.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But football critics, he said, failed to appreciate the sport’s importance to low-income students.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
And too few such people, it figured, appreciate the finer points of hip-hop.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 感激; 欣赏; 领会; 鉴别
vi. （使）增值，涨价
时态：appreciated, appreciating, appreciates
分布：欣赏(47%)，感激(38%)，增值(4%)，领会(4%)，赏识(4%)，意识到(3%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. 词根prec, 价格，见price. 指给出一个合理的价格，给出一个好价格。
欣赏(ap+preci价值+ate→一再给价→欣赏)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
评价;欣赏(ap+prec+iate→给以价值→评价;欣赏)[prais,preci=value表示"价值"]
v.为...表示感激,感谢;欣赏,赏识,评价I highly appreciate the preceding man's precious precise exercise.我高度欣赏前面那个人可贵的精确演练.
【记】ap朝向，preci价值－朝向价值－欣赏
verb
VALUE 评价
 IMPROVER transitive
■to recognize or understand that something is valuable, important or as described 欣赏；赏识；理解，领会；意识到
• There's no point buying him expensive wines - he doesn't appreciate them. 给他买名贵的酒没有用——他不懂品酒。
• We appreciate the need for immediate action. 我们充分意识到了马上采取行动的必要性。
• [+ that] I appreciate that it's a difficult decision for you to make. 我体会到，你作出这样的决定有多难。
• [+ question word] I don't think you appreciate how much time I spent preparing this meal. 我觉得你没有意识到我做这顿饭花了多少时间。
I/We appreciate...
 IMPROVER
■used when you are thanking someone or showing that you are grateful 我／我们对…非常感谢
• We really appreciate all the help you gave us last weekend. 上周末得到你们的大力帮助，我们非常感谢。
• [+ -ing verb] I appreciate your making the effort to come. 你能拨冗前来，我深表感激。
would appreciate
 IMPROVER
■used when you are politely requesting something （用于礼貌地请求某事）（如果…）将不胜感激
• I would appreciate it if you could let me know (= Please let me know) in advance whether or not you will be coming. 如能提前告知能否前来，我将不胜感激。
  Common Learner Errors  would appreciateRemember: would appreciate is usually followed by it. Don't say 'I would appreciate if...', say I would appreciate it if... :
✗ I would appreciate if you could pick me up from the airport.
[ə'pri:.ʃi.eɪt] verb
INCREASE 增加
intransitive
■to increase in value 涨价；增值
• The value of our house has appreciated by 50% in the last two years. 过去两年内我们房子的价格涨了50%。
• Our house has appreciated (in value) by 50% in the last two years. 过去两年内我们的房子增值了50%。
Opposite depreciate
[ə'pri:.ʃi.eɪt] verb
  Common Learner Errors  appreciate Warning: Check your spelling! Appreciate is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
grasp, appreciate, understand, comprehend, apprehend
这组词都有“理解”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 从本义抓紧、抓住，引申作“理解、掌握”。
appreciate: 语气较弱，指对某事物或意义有充分的理解。着重有能力领域或觉察。
understand: 一般用词，很常用，指对事实或意义不仅知道得很清楚。
comprehend: 较正式用词，指对较复杂的事物能透彻理解其意义。
apprehend: 指知道某事物或某观念的大概意义，但未能理解其内涵意义，暗含一知半解意味。
appreciate, enjoy
appreciate: 指对事物有深刻的理解能力并能鉴赏。
enjoy: 是一般用语，仅指感官或智力上的满足，“享受”的意味较强。
vt. 欣赏；感激；领会；鉴别
 - enjoy, see, grasp
vi. 增值；涨价
 - value added, rise in price

Word: opus
Front: opus
[ˈəʊpəs] (宝 19078/25418 -1)
Vocabulary: opus
(once / 2829 pages)
n
An opus is a created work, usually musical in nature. The composer's greatest opus was inspired by the blooming of the spring flowers.
While an opus is a piece of work, usually musical, the best way to remember it is to know that the preferred plural of opus is opera which everyone associates with music. You can also say opuses for the plural if you want, but how is that going to help you remember anything? A common usage of opus is with the term magnum opus which refers to one’s greatest work, musical or otherwise.
WORD FAMILY
opus: opuses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Although his magnum opus is in effect a history of early globalisation, Osterhammel is cautious about using the word.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Behold Daniel Clowes’ magnificently controlled opus Patience, a time-travel epic propelled by slabs of bright, confectionary color and the unhinged grief of a widower.
The Guardian(Dec 19, 2016)
The congregation voted to have Juget-Sinclair build the new Opus 46 organ.
Washington Times(Nov 27, 2016)
Back: n. 作品; 乐曲
分布：名词(77%)，形容词(23%)
→来自拉丁语opus,工作，创作，作品，来自op,努力，劳作，创作，词源同opulent,operate.引申词义巨著，主要作品。
US ['oʊ-] (plural opuses or specialized opera) specialized
noun countable (written abbreviation Op.)
■a piece of music written by a particular musician and given a number relating to the order in which it was published （由某一作曲家创作、按发表顺序编号的）音乐作品；编号作品
• Carl Nielsen's Opus 43 quintet 卡尔‧尼尔森的第43号五重奏曲
■formal
■any work of art 艺术作品
• He showed us his latest opus, a rather awful painting of a vase of flowers. 他向我们展示了他的最新作品——一幅画有一瓶花的相当糟的油画。
n. 作品
 - works, production, writing

Word: rightly
Front: rightly
[ˈraɪtli] (7631/4289 -K)
Back: adv. 正确地; 公正地; 肯定地; 无疑地
分布：正确地(67%)，正当地(22%)，公义地(11%)
adverb
MORALLY ACCEPTABLE 合乎道德的
 IMPROVER
■behaving in a way that is suitable and acceptable 公正地；正当地；合情合理地
• They quite rightly complained to the manager. 他们向经理投诉，这完全合乎情理。
rightly or wrongly
■used to mean that whether something is correct or not, it is a fact 无论对错；不管怎样
• Rightly or wrongly, she has been given the post of managing director. 且不要问对错，她反正已经被任命为总经理了。
['raɪt.li] adverb
CORRECTLY 正确地
■in a correct or exact way 正确地；确切地
• Many people rightly believe that the war is a sham. 很多人认为这场战争只不过是个骗局，这是真知灼见。
adv. 正确地；恰当地；公正地；合适地
 - correctly, properly, exactly, happily

Word: slaughter
Front: slaughter
[ˈslɔ:tə(r)] (研六雅宝 8340/8774 -2)
Vocabulary: slaughter
(once / 362 pages)
nv
Slaughter refers to the killing of large numbers of animals or people. When cattle are old enough, they're sent to slaughter and their meat is processed and shipped to stores.
The noun slaughter was first used in the 1300s and comes from the Old Norse word slahtr, which also described the mass killing of animals or people. A verb form came along later, in the 1530s. You might hear slaughter used to describe the killing of large numbers of people in a war, a genocide, or a massacre. It also can be used figuratively to describe a crushing defeat, like the slaughter of your basketball team by your bitter rivals.
WORD FAMILY
slaughter: slaughtered, slaughterer, slaughtering, slaughterous, slaughters+/slaughterer: slaughterers/slaughterous: slaughterously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officials expressed dismay over the scenes of slaughter in the Compaj prison, which held more than 1,200 inmates, about triple its official capacity.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s a lot of emotion in our community about how innocent people are getting slaughtered,” he said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Her farm, which raises and fattens the rare American mulefoot hogs for slaughter, is essential to their survival, she believes.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 屠宰（动物）; 大屠杀; 大减价，贱卖; 〈口〉强烈谴责，猛烈抨击
vt. 屠宰（动物）; 大屠杀，残杀; 大减价，贱卖; 〈口〉强烈谴责，猛烈抨击
时态：slaughtered, slaughtering, slaughters
分布：屠杀(85%)，残杀(13%)，大量杀戮(2%)
→来自 slay,屠宰，宰杀，-ghter,名词后缀，比较 laughter.引申比喻义屠杀。
n.屠杀,屠宰vt.屠杀,宰杀They slaughtered sheep for food.他们宰杀羊作为食物.
US ['slɑ:.tˌɚ] noun
[S or U]
■the killing of many people cruelly and unfairly, especially in a war （尤指战争中的）屠杀，杀戮
• Hardly anyone in the town escaped the slaughter when the rebels were defeated. 叛乱分子被击败后，镇上几乎没有人能逃过随之而来的大屠杀。
• We must find ways of reducing the slaughter which takes place on our roads (= death of many people in motor accidents) every year. 我们必须设法减少每年因车祸而造成的重大死亡。
uncountable
■the killing of animals for meat 屠宰，宰杀
• The geese are being fattened for slaughter. 鹅养肥了好用于宰杀。
⇒ See also slaughterhouse
only singular
■when one team is very easily defeated by the other 一方大败的比赛，一边倒的比赛
• Saturday's game was an absolute slaughter. 周六的比赛绝对是场一边倒的比赛。
UK ['slɔ:.tər] US ['slɑ:.tˌɚ] verb transitive
■to cruelly and unfairly kill a lot of people 屠杀，杀戮
• Thousands of people were slaughtered in the civil war. 成千上万的人在内战中惨遭屠杀。
■to kill an animal for meat 屠宰，宰杀
• The animals are slaughtered in abattoirs. 动物在屠宰场被宰杀。
■to defeat someone very easily 轻松击败
• England slaughtered Germany 5-1 at football. 英格兰足球队以五比一的比分轻松击败了德国队。
massacre, execute, murder, slaughter, assassinate, kill
这组词都有“杀，杀死”的意思，其区别是：
massacre: 语气比slaughter强。指大屠杀，尤指屠杀失去了自卫能力的人。
execute: 指依法处死罪犯。
murder: 指谋杀或凶杀。
slaughter: 本义指大批宰杀动物，也指像屠宰牲畜一样一次杀死许多人。
assassinate: 通常指因政治原因用非法手段杀害政治领袖人物或短名人士。
kill: 普通用词，含义广泛，泛指以任何方式使人、动物或植物死亡。
vt. [畜牧] 屠宰，屠杀；杀戮；使惨败
 - put to the sword, shed blood
n. [畜牧] 屠宰，屠杀；杀戮；消灭
 - kill, extinction

Word: urgent
Front: urgent
[ˈɜ:dʒənt] (高研四六托宝 5330/3268 -K3)
Vocabulary: urgent
(once / 325 pages)
adj
If something is urgent it requires immediate attention or action. If you break your leg, you'll need urgent attention at the hospital — that means the doctors will tend to you without delay.
Urgent comes from the Latin word urgentem, meaning "to press hard, urge." You can see that urgent contains the word urge, meaning "to demand or insist." When you get an urgent message, you need to drop what you're doing to deal with it. An urgent need, like hunger, is a pressing one. If you're a music fan, you might know the song "Urgent" by the band Foreigner. The song's lyrics "make it fast, make it urgent" and its frenetic style help define the word.
WORD FAMILY
urgent: urgency, urgentest, urgently+/ urge: urged, urgent, urges, urging/ urgency: urgencies/urging: urgings
USAGE EXAMPLES
These aren’t your typical protests but are our young democracy’s natural response to an urgent existential threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Still, quarterback is a more complicated, urgent and tone-setting position.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
That incident happened on 30 December and again the man - believed to be from Gabon - required urgent medical attention.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 急迫的; 催促的; 强求的; 极力主张的
分布：紧急的(64%)，急迫的(24%)，坚持要求的(12%)
→来自urge,催促。
a.急迫的,紧要的,紧急的At the agency, the aged agent is urgently urged to go for surgery by the gentle surgeon.在办事处,温和的外科医生急切地催促年老的代理商做外科手术.
US ['ɝ:-] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 IMPROVER
■needing attention very soon, especially before anything else, because important 紧急的，急迫的
• He's got to sign that paper - will you tell him it's urgent? 他务必要签署那份文件——请你告诉他这很紧急，好吗?
• The most urgent thing in a fire is to make sure everyone is out of the building. 失火时最紧要的事是确保所有人都撤离大楼。
• Many people are in urgent need of food and water. 很多人极需食物和水。
UK ['ɜ:.dʒənt] US ['ɝ:-] adjective
ALWAYS TRYING 不断尝试 formal
■(especially of a person's actions) repeated and determined in trying to get or do something （尤指某人的行动）执着的，坚定的
• His urgent pleas of innocence made no difference to the judge's decision. 他一再申辩自己无罪，却无法改变法官的判决。
hasty, urgent, prompt, instant
hasty: 匆忙的，草率的
urgent: 紧迫的，紧急的
prompt: 快速的，及时的
instant: 立即的，指几乎察觉不到的时间段
critical, crucial, urgent, acute
这组词都有“严重的，重要的”的意思，其区别是：
critical: a.意为"关键的"，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。
 • 与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指"批判性的，分析性的"。
 • It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.   为了考好你必须用功学习，则你会不及格的。
crucial: a.意为"决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的"，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。
 • Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.   消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。
urgent: a.意为"紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的"，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调"紧急的"状态。
 • We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.   我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。
acute: a.剧烈的，严重的；急性的(病)。
 • An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.   食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。
adj. 紧急的；急迫的
 - emergency, instant

Word: constantly
Front: constantly
[ˈkɒnstəntli] (托 2498/2628 -K)
Vocabulary: constantly
(once / 139 pages)
adv
When something happens constantly, it never stops or changes. If you sister constantly complains that she's hungry, she is always insisting that she's starving.
If your dog barks constantly when he's in the car, he doesn't stop until you reach your destination, and if you're constantly thinking about your upcoming trip to France, you can't ever get it out of your head. The adverb constantly comes from constant, or "continual," which is rooted in the Latin constantem, "standing firm, stable, steadfast, or faithful."
WORD FAMILY
constant: constancy, constantly, constants, inconstant +/ constancy: constancies/ inconstancy: inconstancies/ inconstant: inconstancy, inconstanter, inconstantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Alexander says Parkes constantly yelled at her, denied her requests for training and failed to inform her of meetings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Unless they continue to fight it constantly, they will regain the weight,” he said.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Tiny, almost massless, these constantly whizz through our planet and our bodies.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 不断地，时常地; 时刻; 常川; 历来
分布：不断地(80%)，经常地(20%)
US ['kɑ:nt-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■all the time or often 总是；经常地，不断地
• He's constantly changing his mind. 他的想法时常在变。
• She has the television on constantly. 她总是开着电视。
adv. 不断地；时常地
 - forever, continually, unceasingly, straight, endlessly

Word: aftermath
Front: aftermath
[ˈɑ:ftəmæθ] (宝 5655/6944 -2)
Vocabulary: aftermath
(once / 2313 pages)
n
The aftermath of a car crash might include a broken fender, a sprained rib, and a lecture from a police officer. The consequences of an unpleasant event make up its aftermath.
The math in aftermath does not refer to adding or subtracting numbers, rather it is related to a Germanic word for mowing, or harvest. If you have been mowed down by a class of excited first graders, the aftermath might be a bruised knee, a headache from all of the squealing, and red face from embarrassment.
WORD FAMILY
aftermath: aftermaths
USAGE EXAMPLES
Carandiru was Latin America’s largest jail before it was demolished in the aftermath of that uprising.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Aftermath: Population Zero imagines that overnight humanity vanishes from the planet.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
And while an onslaught of publications ably assessed the aftermath of the presidential election, the most surprising was Teen Vogue.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 后果; 余波; 再生草
分布：后果(72%)，余波(25%)，灾后时期(2%)，再生作物(1%)
→after,在后。-math,割草，拟声词，同mow。原指割的第二遍草，即质量比较差的草，引申比喻义后果，余波。
【记】after以后，ma拼：马，th读：死－马死以后。在香港赌马特容易受骗。我有一次根据《马经》精心挑选了的一匹“阿伏特马嘶”竟然在赛场上暴毙，害的我损失惨重。当然，事情不会这样快的结束，事件的后果、余波，还有待进一步的追踪报道。据说是有人赛假马！
UK [-mɑ:θ] US ['æf.tɚ-] noun only singular
■the period which follows an unpleasant event or accident, and the effects which it causes （不愉快事件）结束后的一个时期；（不愉快事件的）后果
• Many more people died in the aftermath of the explosion. 更多的人死于爆炸后的一段时间里。
n. 后果；余波
 - sequel, backwash

Word: gesture
Front: gesture
[ˈdʒestʃə(r)] (中高研四六雅宝 2969/2883 -3)
Vocabulary: gesture
(once / 179 pages)
nv
The thing to remember about gesture, whether you're using it as a verb or a noun, is that not only is it a movement of the hands or body, but it's also a movement that has some meaning, intention, or emotion behind it.
When you use gesture, you are entering into a whole history of human communication, because there is no language that exists entirely without gesture (a fun fact to bring up at parties). People can't communicate without gesture. It's so connected to intention that there is a phrase "empty gesture," used to mean an action or movement that is without genuine feeling.
WORD FAMILY
gesture: gestured, gestures, gesturing
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s a logic to the Virginia painters’ show at the Athenaeum, even if their methods allow wild juxtapositions and improvisational gestures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The Russian president, Vladimir V. Putin, declined to respond in kind to the measures, a gesture that Mr. Trump appeared to view favorably.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Watson celebrated with a double-arm motion that was like a raise-the-roof gesture in reverse, as if he were signaling that he was lowering the boom.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 手势，姿势; 举止，动作; 〔古语〕仪态; [计算机]光笔指令
vt. 做手势
vi. 用手势表现，表达或指导
时态：gestured, gesturing, gestures
分布：手势(74%)，姿势(25%)，作手势表达(1%)
→来自词根ger, gest, 含有，带来，词源同exaggerate, gesture. 指指姿势，手势。
姿势;手势(gest+ure→带来信息的动作→手势)[gest,gister=carry,bring,表示"带来,产生"]
n.姿势,姿态,手势v.做手势I guess the guest's gesture suggested that he could not digest well.我猜想客人的手势暗示了他消化不良.
【记】gest带来－带来信息的动作－手势
【参】gesticulate（v 做姿势表达）；
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
MOVEMENT 动作
 ADVANCED
■a movement of the hands, arms or head, etc. to express an idea or feeling 手势；姿势；示意动作
• The prisoner raised his fist in a gesture of defiance as he was led out of the courtroom. 犯人被带出法庭时，举起拳头以示抗议。
• She made a rude gesture at the other driver. 她对另一个司机做了个粗鲁的手势。
UK ['dʒes.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
SYMBOLIC ACT 象征性的行动
 ADVANCED
■an action that you take which expresses your feelings or intentions, although it might have little practical effect 姿态；表示
• The Government donated £500 000 as a gesture of goodwill. 该政府捐助了50万英镑以示友善。
• Not having butter on his potatoes was his only gesture towards healthy eating. 他说要注意饮食健康，可也仅仅是吃马铃薯时不抹奶油而已。
UK ['dʒes.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb intransitive
■to use a gesture to express or emphasize something 做手势；用手势表示；用动作示意
• When he asked where the children were, she gestured vaguely in the direction of the beach. 他问她孩子们在哪里，她心不在焉地朝沙滩方向指了一下。
• He made no answer but walked on, gesturing for me to follow. 他没有回答而继续向前走，打了个手势让我跟上。
n. 姿态；手势
 - motion, sign, stance

Word: dominance
Front: dominance
['dɒmɪnəns] (6288/5432)
Vocabulary: dominance
(once / 2646 pages)
n
When you have power over others you are said to have dominance. For years, the British Empire had dominance over much of the world, ruling vast stretches of Africa, India, and Asia.
In packs of animals, the males will often fight to determine dominance, i.e., who is top dog. Or top lion. This happens in classrooms too, with the teacher needing to establish dominance over unruly students. If your football team has dominance over its league, it means they usually beat—or dominate—most of the other teams in the league.
WORD FAMILY
dominance: dominances+/ dominant: dominance, dominantly, dominants, subdominant
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though the Huskies pushed them, the depth of Alabama’s recent dominance boggles the mind.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Rousey’s dominance then difficulty should serve as a cautionary tale to fighters everywhere.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Hearts' reorganisation stemmed some of Aberdeen's dominance, but not their edge.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 优势; 支配; 统治; 优性
分布：优势(44%)，统治(27%)，支配(20%)，控制(9%)
N-UNCOUNT
支配;控制
The dominance of a particular person or thing is the fact that they are more powerful, successful, or important than other people or things.
例：...an attempt by each group to establish dominance over the other...各个小组都想要控制其他小组的企图
例：These economies will no doubt maintain their dominance of financial markets...这些经济制度将毫无疑问地维持他们在金融市场上的主导权。
significance, dominance, eminence
significance: 重要性，意义，显著性
dominance: 主导，统治
eminence: 显赫，名望
n. [植] 优势；统治；支配
 - governance, superiority, advantage, disposal, edge

Word: atrocity
Front: atrocity
[əˈtrɒsəti] (宝 8040/11990 -2)
Vocabulary: atrocity
(once / 748 pages)
n
Atrocities, acts of outrageous cruelty, are often committed during wars and armed conflicts.
The word atrocity describes both the act of cruelty as well as the sense of cruelty. If you go to visit a poorly run prison, you might be overwhelmed by the atrocity of the place when you see that no one is treated with respect, and torture is rampant. The word atrocity is also often used in the context of warfare and frequently as a plural. There were numerous atrocities on both sides, as the war raged on and the fighters’ capacity for cruelty seemed to increase.
WORD FAMILY
atrocity: atrocious, atrocities+/ atrocious: atrociously, atrociousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Japan’s Asian neighbors harbor bitter memories of the country’s atrocities before and during World War II, when it colonized or invaded much of the region.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The evacuation of wounded civilians began amid reports of renewed atrocities.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
South Korea and China remain angered by what they see as Japanese efforts to ignore or sugarcoat atrocities.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 暴行; 凶恶，残暴; 恶劣的行为
分布：暴行(72%)，残暴(28%)
→来自火。-oc, 同词根op, 眼睛，见optic, 光学的。指发狂，暴行，眼睛射出火。
残暴[atroc=cruel(残酷)]
【记】at在，ro读：肉，city城市－在血肉横飞的城市－充满了暴行。
US [-'trɑ:.sɪ.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
■when someone does something extremely violent and shocking 凶恶；残暴
• They're on trial for committing atrocities against the civilian population. 他们因残害平民的暴行而受到审判。
• These people are guilty of acts of great atrocity (= cruelty). 这些人犯下了令人发指的残忍罪行。
n. 暴行；凶恶，残暴
 - enormity, thuggism

Word: classify
Front: classify
[ˈklæsɪfaɪ] (高研四六托雅宝 4515/4168 -2)
Vocabulary: classify
(once / 366 pages)
1v 2v
Humans seem to have the need to classify things, arranging them into different classes by such unifying traits as size, color, or shape. It’s fine to do this to inanimate objects, but doing it to people can be very wrong.
The word classify contains the base word class, which means "category" and comes from the Latin classis, which actually referred to an army or group called to arms. It eventually came to mean "a group," and thus classify means "to group." As a security measure, you can also classify information that is not to be shared. Writer Ambrose Bierce once said, “The small part of ignorance that we arrange and classify we give the name of knowledge.”
WORD FAMILY
classify: classifiable, classification, classificatory, classified, classifier, classifies, classifying, declassify, reclassify +/ class: classed, classes, classify, classing, classless, classy, subclass, superclass, underclass/classifiable: classifiably, unclassifiable/ classification: classifications, reclassification/classified: classifieds, unclassified/classifier: classifiers/ classy: classier, classiest, classily/declassify: declassification, declassified, declassifying/reclassification: reclassifications/ reclassify: reclassified, reclassifying/subclass: subclasses/underclass: underclasses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The EpiPen inquiry also revealed potential errors in how the government classifies drugs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Sunday, every thoroughbred — as mandated by the rules of the sport — will be classified a year older.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The Post reported this week that about 150 times a year, the agency loses track of offenders it classifies as high risk.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 分类，归类; 把…列为密件
时态：classified, classifying, classifies
分布：分类(87%)，归类(13%)
v.分类,分等(级)We shall classify these subjects under three topics.我们将把这些问题分成三个主题.
【记】class（n 级别），ify使…－分类
【参】classification（n 分类，分类法）；
verb transitive
■to divide things into groups according to their type 将…分类，将…归类；把…分级
• The books in the library are classified by/according to subject. 图书馆的书是按照学科分类的。
• Biologists classify animals and plants into different groups. 生物学家把动物和植物归入不同的类别。
arrange, classify, sort, organize
这组词都有“使有条理，安排”的意思，其区别是：
arrange: 指按计划、秩序、需要和可能等进行安排。
classify: 指按照事物类型、质量或是否相似进行分类。
sort: 通常指根据类型或种类分类或整理选择。
organize: 指按计划或需要把人或物安排组织成一个整体。
vt. 分类；分等
 - categorize, sort through

Word: atom
Front: atom
[ˈætəm] (高研四六托 5184/4241 -K2)
Vocabulary: atom
(once / 315 pages)
n
An atom is the basic unit of an element. When you see the chemical formula for water, H2O, it's telling you that each molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
In science class, you've probably come across atoms, the bits that make up molecules. Less scientifically, the word atom can also mean a very small piece of anything at all. The Greek root of atom is atomos, which means "indivisible," since the scientists who first gave the atom its name imagined it couldn't be split or divided into smaller pieces. Even though we know there are smaller things that make up an atom (protons, neutrons and electrons), it's still a good way to think about the word atom.
WORD FAMILY
atom: atomic, atomise, atomism, atomize, atoms+/ atomic: atomically, subatomic/atomise: atomisation, atomised, atomiser, atomising/atomism: atomistic/atomistic: atomistical, atomistically/ atomize: atomization, atomized, atomizer, atomizes, atomizing/atomizer: atomizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Haber discovered that was necessary as a catalyst to break the bonds between air's nitrogen atoms and persuade them to bond with hydrogen instead.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
But there is no guarantee that Wimps – if they exist – will ever interact with atoms of normal matter.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
More constant than the earth’s rotation are atomic clocks, which measure the regular and super-precise vibration of cesium atoms.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 原子; 原子能; 微粒，微量
分布：原子(98%)，微粒(2%)
→前缀a-, 不，非。词根tom, 切，见anatomy. 因古代哲学观念认为原子是最小的不可切分单位而得名。
原子(a不+tom→不能在切割的小东西→原子)[tom=cut表示"切割"]
n.原子;微粒,微量Put the spotless potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco atoms into the hot pot.把无斑点的土豆,番茄和烟草微粒放进热锅里.
【记】a非，无，tom分割－不能分－原子
US ['ætˌ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the smallest unit of any chemical element, consisting of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons. Atoms can combine to form a molecule 原子
• A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO 2)has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. 二氧化碳（CO2）分子是由一个碳原子和两个氧原子构成的。
• figurative He hasn't an atom of sense (= He has no sense) , that boy. 那个孩子啊，一点头脑也没有。
particle, atom, grain, speck, molecule
这组词都有“粒，微粒”的意思，其区别是：
particle: 指任何物质的微粒，引申指任何小的部分。
atom: 指元素的最小粒子，其体积比molecule小。
grain: 通常指能为肉眼清楚看到的颗粒，比上述几个词所表“粒”的体积大。
speck: 一般指“微点”或“微粒”，可引申指“斑点、污点”。
molecule: 指物质中保持原物质的一切化学性质，能独立存在的最小微粒，即分子。

Word: pin
Front: pin
[pɪn] (高研四六雅 4347/4542 -K3)
Vocabulary: pin
(once / 355 pages)
1nv 2vn 3n 4n 5n
A pin is a small, sharp device that's made for attaching and holding things together. When you sew a shirt, you first have to pin the paper pattern to the fabric with pins.
Pins used for tacking paper to a bulletin board are made of sharp metal. A piece of jewelry that fastens to your shirt is also a pin. There are numerous other pins, from the pegs a guitar's strings are attached to; to the wooden pins you try to knock down when you're bowling; to the pins that hold your hairdo in place. And when you pin, you secure with a pin, or you hold someone down while wrestling.
WORD FAMILY
pin: pinned, pinning, pins, unpin+/pinning: pinnings/unpin: unpinned, unpinning, unpins
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some fans will pin the defeat on that play.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
A successful punt into that “coffin corner” would be unreturnable, and pin the opposing team deep in its territory.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The tweet was pinned to the top of his timeline, so anyone who visited his feed would see it.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 钉; 别针，扣针，饰针; 大头针; 没价值的东西
vt. 压住; （用钉等）钉住，钉住，别住，扣住; 用障壁等)围住，关住（俚语）抓住; [军]牵制
adj. 针的; 钉的; 销的; 大头针的
时态：pinned, pinning, pins
分布：钉住(39%)，别住(27%)，固定住(17%)，徽章(17%)
→来自古英语pinn,插销，螺栓，来自Proto-Germanic*penn,突点，尖，来自拉丁语pinna,箭，尖点，来自spei,尖，刺点，词源同pinnacle,spike.引申词义大头针，钢钉，插销，瓶柱等多种词义。
n.钉;大头针,别针,徽章v.(up)钉住,别住From the tiny tin pin, the spinner pinched off an inch.纺纱工从小锡别针上掐掉一英寸.
noun
METAL STICK 金属棒
 ADVANCED countable
■a small thin piece of metal with a point at one end, especially used for temporarily holding pieces of cloth together （尤指用于固定布料用的）别针，大头针
• I'll keep the trouser patch in place with pins while I sew it on. 在把裤子的补丁缝上去时，我会用别针把它固定好。
 ADVANCED countable
■a thin piece of metal 钉，楔，销，栓
• If you pull the pin out of a hand-grenade, it'll explode. 拉掉手榴弹上的保险栓它就会爆炸。
• Is it a two-pin plug or a three-pin plug? 那是双脚插头还是三脚插头？
• Doctors inserted a metal pin in his leg to hold the bones together. 医生把一根钢针钉进他腿里，把骨头固定好。
countable
■a decorative object, used as jewellery 饰针
• a hat/tie pin 女帽饰针／领带别针
countable US for * brooch
[pɪn] noun
LEG 腿
countable usually plural old-fashioned humorous
■a leg 腿
• Grandpa's very old now and he's a bit shaky on his pins. 爷爷现在年纪很大了，走路有点不稳。
[pɪn] noun
IN CHESS 棋局
countable specialized
■In the game of chess , a pin is a special move which stops the other player from moving one of their pieces, because to move it will put another more valuable piece in danger 牵制，困子（国际象棋中“牵制”或“困子”是特殊的一步，移动后可阻止另一方移动某棋子，因为移动该棋子会使另一个更重要的棋子有危险）
• That nasty pin stopped me from moving my knight. 这步讨厌的牵制，使我无法移动我的马。
[pɪn] noun
be on pins and needles US
■to be nervously waiting to find out what is going to happen 如坐针毡，焦虑不安，急得要命
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
METAL STICK 金属棒
 ADVANCED transitive + adverb or preposition
■to fasten something with a pin （用别针等）别住，钉住，固定住
• A large picture of the president was pinned to/(up) on the office wall. 总统的巨幅照片钉在办公室的墙上。
• She had pinned up her lovely long hair. 她把美丽的长发用发夹别了起来。
transitive US old-fashioned
■When a young man pins a young woman, he gives her a piece of jewellery to show that they love each other. （青年男子）向（青年女子）赠送首饰
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
STOP MOVEMENT 停止动作
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to force someone or something to stay in a particular place by putting weight on them 按住，压住
• She was pinned (down) under a pile of rubble. 她被压在一堆碎石下面。
• A huge guy leapt out at Chris and pinned him (up) against the wall. 一个体形庞大的家伙向克里斯扑过去，把他按在墙上。
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
pin back your ears (also pin your ears back) UK informal
■to listen carefully 倾听，仔细听
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
pin your hopes on sth/sb
■to hope very much that something or someone will help you to achieve what you want 把希望寄托在…上
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pin sb down
SURROUND
■to stop someone from escaping by surrounding them and shooting at them if they try to escape 使（某人）动弹不得；困住（某人）
• [often passive] Government forces were pinned down by resistance fighters 30 miles north of the capital. 政府军被抵抗组织的战士钳制在首都以北30英哩处。
GET DETAILS
■to make someone provide details about something or make a decision about something （使）（某人）明确说明；（使）（某人）作出决定
• I've tried asking Stephanie, but she's proving difficult to pin down to a particular date. 我已经问过史蒂芬妮了，但她很难确定具体日期。
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pin sth down
■to discover exact details about something 清楚地知道；确认
• We can't pin down where the leak came from. 我们无法确定哪里发生了外泄。
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pin sth on sb (also hang sth on sb)
■to blame someone for something, especially for something they did not do 把…归咎于（尤指无辜者）
• You can't pin the blame on her - she wasn't even there when the accident happened. 你不能把责任推到她身上——意外发生时她根本不在现场。
n. 大头针，针；栓；琐碎物
 - needle, plug
vt. 钉住；压住；将……用针别住
 - nail up, transfix

Word: medicare

Word: tire
Front: tire
[ˈtaɪə(r)] (高研四六托宝 2850/11152 -K1)
Back: vt. 使…疲惫; 使…厌烦
vi. 厌烦; 疲劳
n. 轮胎; 头饰
时态：tired, tiring, tires
分布：轮胎(95%)，厌烦(3%)，劳累(1%)，金属圈(1%)
→来自古英语 teorian,耗尽，停止，厌倦，来自 deu-s,*deu,缺乏，缺少，滞后，由该 PIE 词衍生前缀 dys-,坏的，差的，如 dysfunction,dyslexia.引申词义使疲劳，厌倦。tire 轮胎
v.(使)疲倦,(使)厌倦n.(=tyre)轮胎,车胎A title is entitled to the retired worker who repaired the entire tire tirelessly.那个不倦地修理了整个轮胎的退休工人被授予了一个头衔.
US [taɪr]
 ADVANCED
■to begin to feel as if you have no energy and want to rest or go to sleep, or to make someone feel this way （使）感到疲劳；（使）感到累
• She's been leading throughout the race, but it now looks as if she's tiring. 她在整个赛跑中一路领先，但现在看上去似乎累了。
• Even doing the garden tires me these days. 最近，我连在花园里整理花草都会感到累。
verb intransitive or transitive UK [taɪər] US [taɪr]
  Phrasal Verbs  tire of sth/sb ADVANCED
■to become bored with someone or something, or to stop enjoying an activity 对…感到厌倦（或厌烦）
• This is the kind of toy that children will soon tire of. 这种玩具小孩会很快玩腻的。
• He never tires of (= He enjoys) playing games on his computer. 电脑游戏他百玩不厌。
verb intransitive or transitive UK [taɪər] US [taɪr]
  Phrasal Verbs  tire of sth
■to be annoyed by something 对…感到厌烦
verb intransitive or transitive UK [taɪər] US [taɪr]
  Phrasal Verbs  tire sb out
■to make someone very tired 使（某人）筋疲力尽
• Let the kids run around in the garden and that'll soon tire them out. 让孩子在院子里跑跑吧，他们很快就会筋疲力尽的。
tired out
adjective [after verb]
■very much in need of rest or sleep 筋疲力尽的
• We were all really tired out after our long journey. 长途旅行后我们都感到疲惫不堪。
noun countable UK [taɪər] US [taɪə˞]US for tyre
vi. 疲劳；厌倦
 - fatigue, be sick of
vt. 使…疲倦；使…厌烦
 - tucker
n. [橡胶] 轮胎；头饰
 - headwear, topknot

Word: chicken
Front: chicken
[ˈtʃɪkɪn] (中高研四六 1538/3030 -K3)
Vocabulary: chicken
(once / 256 pages)
1n 2adjn 3n
A chicken is a domesticated bird that is raised on farms for meat or eggs. Many cities allow people to keep a few chickens in their yards as pets and egg layers.
You can talk about your pet chicken with its brown feathers and funny feet, but you might also use the word chicken to order dinner at a restaurant: "I'll have the chicken." When a person is described as a chicken, it means she's easily scared or a coward. The Old English cicen, "young fowl," is the source of chicken. Calling someone chicken for being frightened has been hurting feelings since the 14th century.
WORD FAMILY
chicken: chickens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Swansea Mayor Ken Mueller says his family raised chickens when he was a child.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Shortly after 5 a.m., a vendor selling chicken and cheese tamales wheeled her cart up to the group.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There’s actually noise registering on the decibel meter, and it’s not just for free chicken.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 鸡; 鸡肉; 胆小鬼; 懦夫
adj. 胆怯的; 幼小的; 胆小的
vi. 以畏缩的方式去做，失去勇气; 在最后一刻因胆怯而退出了
分布：鸡(76%)，鸡肉(22%)，胆小的(1%)，失去勇气(1%)
→来自keuk, 鸡叫声，拟声词，词源同cock.
小鸡(chick小鸡)[-en 1.表动词"变成"2.表形容词"由…制成",通常加在名词后面3.表名词"人或物"]
n.鸡肉;鸡,小鸡,小鸟The thin sick chicken picks the thick sticky stick quickly.瘦病鸡快速地啄粘乎乎的粗棍.
noun
BIRD 禽
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a type of bird kept on a farm for its eggs or its meat, or the meat of this bird which is cooked and eaten 鸡；鸡肉
• A male chicken is called a cock and a female chicken is called a hen. 公鸡叫 cock，母鸡称作 hen。
• We're having roast/fried chicken for dinner. 晚饭我们吃烤鸡／炸鸡。
['tʃɪk.ɪn] noun
PERSON 人
countable informal
■a coward (= person who is not brave) 胆小鬼，懦夫
• Jump, you chicken! 跳呀，你这胆小鬼！
['tʃɪk.ɪn] noun
a chicken and egg situation informal
■a situation in which it is impossible to say which of two things existed first and which caused the other one 鸡与蛋孰先难定的情况；因果难定的情形
['tʃɪk.ɪn] noun
play chicken slang
■to play dangerous games in order to discover who is the bravest 比试胆量
['tʃɪk.ɪn] adjective [after verb] child's word
■not brave; cowardly 胆小的，胆怯的
• Why won't you jump? Are you chicken? 你干吗不跳？害怕了？
['tʃɪk.ɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  chicken out slang disapproving
■to decide not to do something because you are too frightened （因害怕而）退缩，放弃
• I was going to go bungee jumping, but I chickened out. 我本来打算去玩高空弹跳的，可是因为害怕放弃了。
chicken, chick
这二者均可指小鸡,
chicken: 还可以当鸡肉 The chicken is delicious.
chick: 小鸡
n. 鸡肉；小鸡；胆小鬼，懦夫
 - sheep, chucky
adj. 鸡肉的；胆怯的；幼小的
 - small, baby

Word: pig
Front: pig
[pɪg] (中高研四 3488/3014 -K2)
Vocabulary: pig
(once / 233 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Oink. A pig is a farm animal with a curly tail, hooves, floppy ears, and a flat snout for rooting. Cooked pig is popular, but the pig from Charlotte’s Web is saved from becoming bacon by a crafty spider.
Pigs are omnivores — they eat both plants and meat — and on small farms, they're fed kitchen leftovers as well as their basic diet. Their dining habits have given pigs the reputation of being greedy, and led to the informal use of pig to mean "greedy person," and pig out to mean "eat voraciously." Another colloquial meaning of pig, one that's been considered derogatory since it was coined in the nineteenth century, is "police officer."
WORD FAMILY
pig: pigged, pigging, piggish, piggy, piglet, pigs+/piggish: piggishly, piggishness/piggy: piggies, piggiest/piglet: piglets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Until then, she’ll be raising her pigs and working to convince restaurants in food-crazy places like Portland, Boston and New York to use their meat.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Tomcat and an apprentice chef were holding a pig spit roast.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Fang expects profit margins nationwide to average 300-400 yuan per pig next year.
Reuters(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 猪; 猪肉; 令人不快（或讨厌）的人; 金属块（锭）
vi. 生小猪; 像猪一样过活; 举止像猪; 贪吃
vt. 吃得过量，大吃特吃; 生小猪
时态：pigged, pigging, pigs
分布：猪(93%)，猪肉(4%)，生小猪(2%)，像猪一样的人(1%)
→来自中古英语pigge,猪，来自古英语*picga,猪，词源同picgbread,猪食。
n.猪,猪肉;猪一般的人(指肮脏,贪吃的人)The pig is obliged to dig a big pit for the pigeon.猪被迫为鸽子掘一个大坑.
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 IMPROVER (US also hog)
■a large pink, brown or black farm animal with short legs and a curved tail, kept for its meat 猪
• The meat produced from a pig is called pork, bacon or ham. 从猪身上取得的食用肉品有鲜猪肉、熏咸肉和火腿。
• a pig farm 养猪场
[pɪg] noun countable
UNPLEASANT PERSON 令人讨厌的人 informal
■a person who is unpleasant and difficult to deal with 令人讨厌的人，难相处的人
• He was an absolute pig to her. 对她来说他讨厌至极。
• He's a real pig of a man. 他这人真讨厌。
■offensive
■a police officer 警官
be a pig to do/play, etc. UK informal
■to be very difficult or unpleasant to do/play, etc 做／演奏起来等很难
• It's a beautiful piece of music but it's a pig to play. 这首乐曲很好听，但演奏起来难度很高。
[pɪg] noun countable
EATS TOO MUCH 吃得过多 informal
■a person who eats too much 贪吃的人
• You greedy pig! You're not having another chocolate biscuit! 你这只贪吃鬼，你不能再吃巧克力饼干了！
[pɪg] noun countable
make a pig of yourself disapproving
■to eat too much 吃得过多
• They made complete pigs of themselves at the dinner. 他们在晚宴上大吃大喝。
[pɪg] noun countable
make a pig's ear of sth UK informal
■to do something badly, wrongly or awkwardly 弄糟，搞砸
• He's made a real pig's ear of that bookcase he was supposed to be making. 他把正在制作的书架弄得不成样子了。
[pɪg] noun countable
a pig in a poke
■something that you buy or accept without first seeing it or finding out whether it is good 盲目购买（或接受）的东西
[pɪg] noun countable
Pigs might fly. humorous saying
■said when you think that there is no chance at all of something happening 根本不可能的事情；无稽之谈
• "I'll have finished it by tomorrow." "And pigs might fly!" “明天我就能完成了。”“那才怪呢。”
[pɪg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pig out informal
■to eat a lot or too much 大吃大喝，狼吞虎咽
• We pigged out on all the lovely cakes and pastries. 我们狼吞虎咽地吃着各种可口的蛋糕和点心。
n. 猪；猪肉；警察
 - police, copper, swine, pork

Word: instability
Front: instability
[ˌɪnstəˈbɪləti] (六 6926/7796 -2)
Vocabulary: instability
(once / 2618 pages)
n
Instability is the quality of not being stable, balanced, or predictable. If you've ever walked out onto a diving board, you've probably noticed its instability — meaning the board bends and bounces as you move.
Instability comes from the Middle French word instabilite, meaning "unsteadiness." Instability can refer to objects that are not stable, but it can also describe unpredictable situations or relationships. For example, you might hear people talk about economic instability. Or if your behavior at school grows erratic and unpredictable, you might be asked to speak to a therapist about your psychological instability.
WORD FAMILY
instability: instabilities+/destabilise: destabilised/ destabilize: destabilization, destabilized, destabilizes, destabilizing/stabilisation: destabilisation/stabilise: destabilise, stabilisation, stabilised, stabiliser, stabilising/ stability: instability, stabilities/ stabilization: stabilizations/ stabilize: destabilize, stabilization, stabilized, stabilizer, stabilizes, stabilizing /stabilizer: stabilizers/ stable: stabilise, stability, stabilize, stabled, stableness, stabler, stables, stabling, stably, unstable /stabling: stablings/ unstable: unstableness, unstably
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said that he was motivated by a sense of instability because of the threat of terrorism and the conflict in Ukraine.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Among his contemporaries, recognition of Lowell’s mental instability was inextricably bound up with awe of his talent.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The year might be drawing to a close but the instability of 2016 will continue.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 不稳定，不稳固; 不坚决，反复无常; 基础薄弱
分布：不稳定(97%)，不安定(3%)
→in-,不，非，stable,稳定的。
【记】stability（n 稳定性）
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
■ uncertainty caused by the possibility of a sudden change in the present situation 不稳定，不稳固
• political/economic instability 政治上／经济上的不稳定
• The instability of the euro continues. 欧元持续不稳定。
• The building's instability makes it extremely dangerous. 该建筑不稳固，非常危险。
n. [气象] 不稳定（性）；基础薄弱；不安定
 - flux, imbalance

Word: memoir
Front: memoir
[ˈmemwɑ:(r)] (宝 5572/7238 -1)
Vocabulary: memoir
(once / 400 pages)
n
The beginning of a short memoir of your life might read like this: I was born on a dark and stormy night. My days remained blustery — school was difficult for me, and my parents argued all of the time. My luck changed when...
A memoir is a person's own account of his or her life. Memoirs allow for a bit more literary freedom than autobiographies as they involve introspection and a creative view of your past. As you go through life or a phase in life, you can write things down in your memoirs so that at a later time, you can publish a memoir about it.
WORD FAMILY
memoir: memoirs
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the end, the whole package is engagingly chipper, a memoir of delight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Ms. Fisher characterizes her memoir as just one more “pathetic bid” for the attention she did not receive as a young child.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But, like Unsinkable Molly Brown—she called her 1988 memoir “Unsinkable”—she kept at it, touring, performing, entertaining.
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 回忆录，自传; 记事录
分布：自传(66%)，传记(17%)，实录(13%)，学术论文集.(4%)
→来自拉丁语memoria,记忆，回忆，词源同memory.引申词义回忆录。
US [-wɑ:r] noun
countable
■a book or other piece of writing based on the writer's personal knowledge of famous people, places or events 传记，传略
• She has written a memoir of her encounters with W.H. Auden over the years. 她写了一本传记，记述了自己多年来与维斯敦‧休‧奥登的交往。
memoirs [plural] (US also memoir)
■a written record of a usually famous person's own life and experiences 回忆录；自传
• She plans to write her memoirs. 她计划写自传。
• Waugh's first volume of memoirs dealt with his childhood and youth. 渥夫的回忆录第一册写的是他的童年和青年时代。
n. 回忆录；研究报告；自传；实录
 - autobiography

Word: chrysler
Front: chrysler
[ˈkraɪslə] (-/23532)
Back: 克莱斯勒汽车
分布：克莱斯勒汽车(100%)

Word: hectare
Front: hectare
[ˈhekteə(r)] (-/5902 -1)
Back: n. 公顷
分布：公顷(100%)
→hect-,百，are,公亩，100平方米，来自area.即公顷，1000平方米。
US [-ter] noun countable
■a unit of measurement of an area of land (10, 000 m 2) 公顷
n. 公顷（等于1万平方米）
 - hektare

Word: unionist
Front: unionist
[ˈju:niənɪst] (24716/5492)
Back: n. 工会会员; 工会主义者; 联合主义者; (U-)联邦主义者
分布：工会会员(100%)

Word: obviously
Front: obviously
[ˈɒbviəsli] (四六 1278/908 -K4)
Vocabulary: obviously
(once / 248 pages)
adv
Something obviously true is clearly, totally, unmistakably true. There's just no doubt about it.
Obviously is a word people use when they are sure of something and sure that it's plainly clear to others. When you get presents on your birthday, you're obviously happy. Dogs obviously like to chase squirrels. The sky is obviously blue. People also use this word when they're being mean or sarcastic. If you didn't know who walked on the moon, a friend might say, "Obviously, it was Neil Armstrong!"
WORD FAMILY
obvious: obviously, obviousness, unobvious+/obviousness: obviousnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I thought for a first match it was great, because my expectations were obviously quite low.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Obviously not all of them were qualified to be president; some of them — here we are thinking of “Lincoln Chafee” — were probably imaginary.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Obviously, this reassuring vision no longer describes the real world, if it ever did.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 明显地
分布：显然地(100%)
US ['ɑ:b-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in a way that is easy to understand or see 清楚地；明白地；显而易见地
• He was in tears and obviously very upset. 他泪流满面，显然很难过。
• Obviously the school cannot function without teachers. 显而易见，学校没有老师就无法运转。
adv. 明显地
 - clearly, broadly, markedly, distinctly, visibly

Word: overtake
Front: overtake
[ˌəʊvəˈteɪk] (研四六雅 8889/5931 -2)
Back: vt. 追上，赶上; 压倒; （不愉快的事）突然降临
时态：overtook, overtaken, overtaking, overtakes
分布：赶上(63%)，压倒(27%)，突然来袭(10%)
→over-,在上，超过，take,拿，取。
v.追上,超过,突然降临,压倒I overtake the undertaker who takes my stake by mistake.我追上那个误拿我赌注的承办人
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] (overtook, overtaken)
verb
GO PAST 超过
 ADVANCED transitive
■to go past something by being a greater amount or degree （数量或程度上）大于，超过
• Our US sales have now overtaken our sales in Europe. 我们在美国的销售额现已超过了我们在欧洲的销售额。
• We'd planned to hold a meeting tomorrow, but events have overtaken us (= things have changed). 我们本打算明天召开一个会议，但情况发生了变化。
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive UK (US pass)
■to come from behind another vehicle or a person and move in front of them 超过，赶上，追上（人或车辆）
• Always check your rear view mirror before you overtake (another car). 超车前一定要先看一下倒后镜。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'teɪk] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] (overtook, overtaken)
verb
HAPPEN 发生
   transitive
■to happen to a person or a place suddenly and unexpectedly 突然降临于；意外发生在
• The family was overtaken by tragedy several years ago, and they still haven't recovered. 几年前这家人突遭不幸，到现在还没复原过来。
vt. 赶上；压倒；突然来袭
 - catch up with, to catch up
vi. 超车
 - cut in

Word: rebound
Front: rebound
[rɪˈbaʊnd] (5885/18845 -1)
Vocabulary: rebound
(once / 563 pages)
vn
To rebound is to come back from a slump. You might rebound from an illness, or your country might rebound from an economic recession.
Like many words that start with the prefix re, rebound involves something happening again. In this case, to rebound is to bounce back to a previous state or condition. If you gain 20 pounds and then lose it, you rebound. If the stock market crashes and then returns to a healthy level, it rebounds.
WORD FAMILY
rebound: rebounded, rebounding, rebounds+/ bound: boundary, bounded, bounder, bounding, boundingly, boundless, bounds, inbound, rebound, unbound/ boundary: boundaries/bounded: boundedness, unbounded/bounder: bounderish, bounders/ boundless: boundlessly, boundlessness/unbound: unboundedly/unbounded: unboundedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trevor Booker led the Nets with 17 points and 15 rebounds.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Vikings held on for an overtime win against Langley Wednesday at the Governor’s Challenge, to rebound from last Tuesday’s 66-53 loss to McDonogh.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Bulldogs rebounded from their loss to Wise with wins against Battlefield and Olympic at the Governor’s Challenge.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 弹回; 从诸如衰败或失望中恢复过来; 回荡，回响; 抢得篮板球
vt. 使弹回; 使回升; 使回响
n. 弹回，跳回; 反弹球; 篮板球; 振作，反应
时态：rebounded, rebounding, rebounds
分布：弹回(57%)，篮板球(31%)，振作(8%)，反作用于(4%)
→re-,向后，往回，bound,弹回。
verb intransitive /ˌriːˈbaʊnd/
■to bounce back after hitting a hard surface 弹回；反弹；跳回
■If one of your actions rebounds on you, it does not have the effect you hoped for but has an unpleasant effect on you instead 产生事与愿违的结果；适得其反
• His continual demands for sympathy rebounded on him because his friends finally stopped listening. 他没完没了地希望从别人那里得到同情，结果却适得其反，因为最终他的朋友们都不愿再听他诉苦。
noun countable or uncountable /ˈriː.baʊnd/
■when something rebounds 弹回；反弹；跳回
• I hit the ball on the rebound (= after it had hit the wall or ground once). 球反弹回来时被我击中了。
noun countable or uncountable /ˈriː.baʊnd/
on the rebound informal
■unhappy and confused because a close, romantic relationship of yours has recently finished （因失恋而）处于心灰意懒的状态
• Five months after Nick had left her, she married another man on the rebound. 尼克离开她五个月后，她心灰意冷地嫁给了另外一个男人。
n. 回弹；篮板球
 - springback, ringback
vi. 回升；弹回
 - firm up, resile
vt. 使弹回
 - carom

Word: beam
Front: beam
[bi:m] (高研四六托雅宝 3741/3945 -2)
Vocabulary: beam
(once / 180 pages)
1n 2nv 3v 4n
A beam is a long board that's used to hold up a roof or doorway. The beams in your kitchen ceiling help support the upstairs floor just above it.
In construction, beams are made of wood or metal and are used to frame a building and provide structure. In gymnastics, a beam is used for balancing and doing tricks on. If someone comments that you're getting "broad in the beam," they're disparaging the width of your body, especially your hips. In Old English, a beam first meant a tree, and later a rafter or a ship's timber.
WORD FAMILY
beam: beamed, beaming, beamish, beams, beamy+/ beaming: beamingly/ beamish: beamishly/beamy: beamily
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s beamed wirelessly across the neighborhood, but it’s not password protected,” she said.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The beams of light also brought the promise of better luck this ski season.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Asked to pose for a picture, Fadumo throws her arm around her mom’s shoulders and beams.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 梁，栋梁; 束; 光线; （电波的）波束
vi. 发出光与热; 面露喜色
vt. 播送; 以梁支撑; 用…照射; 流露
vt. & vi. 笑容满面，眉开眼笑; 发射电波，播送; 放出束状的光（或热）
时态：beamed, beaming, beams
分布：光线(45%)，发射(21%)，播送(14%)，桁条(7%)，微笑(5%)，发光(5%)，用梁支撑(3%)
→词源同be, 生长，存在，此处指长成柱子。笑容来自柱子的比喻义，笑容如明亮的光线束。
n.(横)梁,桁条;(光线的)束,柱v.微笑The football team stopped the steam stream with beams.足球队用横杆堵住了蒸汽流.
noun countable
LINE 线
■a line of light that shines from a bright object 光线；光束；光柱
• We could just pick out the path in the weak beam of the UK usuallytorch/ USflashlight. 我们借着手电筒微弱的光线，仅能勉强认清路。
• The rabbit stopped, mesmerized by the beam of the car's headlights. 兔子被汽车车前大灯射出的光束迷住了眼，停了下来。
⇒ See also moonbeam;sunbeam
■a line of radiation or particles flowing in one direction （定向发出的）射束，粒子流
• a laser beam 雷射光束
• an electron beam 电波
[bi:m] noun countable
WOOD 木头
■a long thick piece of wood, metal or concrete, especially used to support weight in a building or other structure （尤指支撑建筑物或其他结构的）梁，桁架，栋梁
• The sitting room had exposed wooden beams. 客厅顶上的木梁露出来了。
the beam
■in the sport of women's gymnastics , a wooden bar on which the competitors balance and perform movements （女子体操运动中的）平衡木
[bi:m] verb
SMILE 微笑
intransitive
■to smile with obvious pleasure 高兴的微笑，眉开眼笑
• She beamed with delight/pleasure at his remarks. 她听完他的话，高兴得眉开眼笑。
• The child beamed at his teacher as he received the award. 那个孩子在领奖时对他的老师报以微笑。
• [+ speech] "I'm so pleased to see you, " he beamed (= said as he smiled). “很高兴见到你，”他微笑着说。
[bi:m] verb
SEND OUT 发送
intransitive or transitive
■to send out a beam of light, or an electrical or radio signal, etc. 辐射；发光；闪光；发射电波；播送
• The midday sun beamed (= shone brightly) down on the boat as it drifted along. 正午的阳光照在缓缓漂动的船上。
• The concert was beamed (= broadcast) by satellite all over the world. 演唱会经卫星转播到世界各地。
giggle, laugh, chuckle, roar, sneer, beam, jeer, grin
这组词都有“笑”的意思，其区别是：
giggle: v.咯咯地笑，痴笑，傻笑，多指女人和孩子由于紧张、被逗乐、尴尬时所发出的笑声。
 • The schoolgirls giggled when the famous football player walkedsintostheir classroom.   当这个著名的足球运动员走进教室时，女生们都咯咯地笑起来。
laugh: v.笑，大笑，用于一般的笑或出声的大笑。
chuckle: v. (书面语)吃吃的笑，抿嘴笑，轻声笑，多指因得意或领会到某事中的趣味而暗自发笑。
 • She does not laugh out loud; she only chuckles.   她没有笑出声来，只是抿嘴而笑。
roar: v.怒吼，咆哮，引申为放声大笑，哄堂大笑。
 • He roared when he heard the joke.   听完这个笑话，他哈哈大笑。
sneer: v.冷笑，嘲笑，指以语言、表情、和声调表示轻蔑或嘲弄。
 • He sneered at the offer and said it was two low.   他对报价嗤之以鼻，说它太低了。
beam: v.本义指照耀，放光，引申为"微笑"，是正式用语，指面带喜悦或笑容，暗示对他人的友好或内心的满足。
 • She beamed with happiness.   她高兴得眉开眼笑。
jeer: v.讥笑，嘲笑，其同义词是mock。
 • The crowd jeered when the boxer was knocked down.   当那个拳手被人打倒时，人群开始嘲笑他。
grin: v.露齿而笑，指人因高兴、满足、轻蔑等咧开嘴露齿地笑。
 • He grinned at his mother.   他冲他的妈妈咧嘴一笑。
laugh, smile, siggle, grin, beam, sneer
这些动词均含“笑”之意。
laugh: 最常用词，指因喜悦、愉快或轻视而出声的笑或大笑。
smile: 指面露微笑，侧重于无声。
siggle: 指发出咯咯的笑声，较多地用于女人或孩子。
grin: 指露齿而笑。
beam: 书面用词，指人因心情舒畅而发出的笑，即喜形于色地笑。
sneer: 指冷笑、嘲笑。
n. [建] 横梁；光线；电波； [船] 船宽； [计量] 秤杆
 - ray, stream
vt. 发送；以梁支撑；用…照射；流露
 - to transmit, send out
vi. 照射；堆满笑容
 - irradiate

Word: ditch
Front: ditch
[dɪtʃ] (研四六托雅宝 6890/6459 -2)
Vocabulary: ditch
(once / 453 pages)
1nv 2v 3v
A ditch is a long trench or pit dug into the ground. If your lawns are always soggy, build a drainage ditch for the excess water to flow into.
A ditch can be a man-made trench, usually long and narrow, dug into the earth, or a natural ditch made by flowing water. Originally used for farming, we now use ditch for any pit in the ground. Ditch can also be a verb meaning to toss something or forsake it. You can ditch a plan that's going wrong, or a boyfriend who is misbehaving. If you make an emergency crash landing, you ditch your plane.
WORD FAMILY
ditch: ditched, ditches, ditching
USAGE EXAMPLES
I kept the chocolate and ditched the exercise.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Ditch your expectations before beginning the journey and keep an open and curious mind.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
That sent her vehicle rolling into a five-foot ditch four times.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 沟渠; 壕沟
vt. 摆脱，抛弃; 在…上掘沟; 把…开入沟里; 使（火车）出轨
vi. 使（飞机）在海上紧急降落，（在海上）迫降; 开沟
时态：ditched, ditching, ditches
分布：沟渠(44%)，壕沟(37%)，丢弃(13%)，坠入沟中(2%)，飞机紧急降落(2%)，挖渠(2%)
→词源同dig, dike. 插入字母t, 比较bake, batch.
n.沟,沟渠,水沟The pitch made me itch. I pitched the switch into the ditch around the kitchen.沥青使我发痒.我把开关抛进围绕厨房的水沟里.
noun countable
■a long narrow open hole dug into the ground usually at the side of a road or field, which is used especially for supplying or removing water, or for dividing land （尤指路边或田边用来供水、排水或划分土地的）沟渠，壕沟
[dɪtʃ] verb
GET RID OF 摆脱
transitive informal
■to get rid of something or someone that is no longer wanted 抛弃，遗弃，丢弃
• The getaway car had been ditched a couple of kilometres away from the scene of the robbery. 逃离现场用的车辆被丢弃在距抢劫地几公里以外的地方。
• Did you know that Sarah has ditched (= ended her relationship with) her boyfriend? 莎拉把男朋友给甩了，你知道吗？
[dɪtʃ] verb
AIRCRAFT 飞机
intransitive or transitive
■to land an aircraft in water in an emergency （使）在水上迫降
vt. 在…上掘沟；把…开入沟里；丢弃
 - reject, slough off
vi. 开沟；掘沟
 - furrow
n. 沟渠；壕沟
 - conduit, sike

Word: closure
Front: closure
[ˈkləʊʒə(r)] (宝 5773/3074 -2)
Vocabulary: closure
(once / 2847 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4nv 5n
Closure is the end or the closing down of something. It can be physical — like the closure of your local library — or emotional, like the closure you experience when you finally come to terms with the end of a romance.
Closure comes from the Latin claus ("shut"), and it has many different shades of meaning. A road closure blocks that road from traffic. If you find closure after an emotional hardship, you're ready to move on. An obstruction in a small passage, like a pipe, is also a closure, as is the button on your sweater. In debate, closure (usually cloture), stops debate and starts the vote.
WORD FAMILY
closure: closured, closures, closuring+/ close: closed, closely, closeness, closer, closes, closest, closing, closure, enclose /closeness: closenesses/closer: closers/closing: closings/ enclose: enclosed, encloses, enclosing, enclosure / enclosed: self-enclosed, unenclosed/ enclosure: enclosures
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jay Bender, an attorney for The Associated Press and other media outlets, argued against the closure.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Your heart breaks at the loss of life. It’s kind of closure for a lot of people.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The temporary closure blocked all traffic except residents and lift ticket holders at the resort about 40 miles from Las Vegas.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （永久的）停业，关闭; 结束; [电]闭合; [数]闭包
vt. 使结束，使终止; 使停止辩论
时态：closured, closuring, closures
分布：关闭(96%)，终结(2%)，讨论终结(1%)，关口(1%)
→来自close,关闭，-ure,名词后缀。
关闭;停止(clos+ure;close的名词)[clos,clud,clus=close,表示"关闭"]
关闭(close关闭)[-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示"一般状态,行为"…ature","iture"注:-ture在s结尾的词根后变成-sure]
US ['kloʊ.ʒɚ] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■when a business, organization, etc. stops operating 停业；倒闭；关闭
• factory/branch closures 工厂／分店的关闭
• The unions fought hard against the government's programme of pit closures. 工会奋力反对政府关闭煤矿的计划。
uncountable
■the feeling or act of bringing an unpleasant situation, time or experience to an end, so that you are able to start new activities 解脱，宽慰
• a sense of closure 解脱感
• to achieve/reach closure 获得／达到解脱
n. 关闭；终止，结束
 - completion, finish, termination
vt. 使终止
 - drop, kill

Word: bankrupt
Front: bankrupt
[ˈbæŋkrʌpt] (研六托雅宝 8878/7629 -2)
Vocabulary: bankrupt
(once / 450 pages)
adjvn
You might not have any money in your pocket, but it doesn’t necessarily mean you are bankrupt. It takes a legal proceeding for the courts to declare a person bankrupt — or officially unable to pay his debts.
Despite the word bank in bankrupt, the word can be used to describe an entity that is short of something other than money. A bankrupt nation might not have the natural resources for its people to produce goods. A nearby country that could easily help but chooses not to may be considered morally bankrupt because of its lack of compassion. Or, maybe there is more to the story. That nation might fear that helping another will bankrupt its own shaky economy. (That is how bankrupt can be used as a verb.)
WORD FAMILY
bankrupt: bankruptcy, bankrupted, bankrupting, bankrupts+/ bankruptcy: bankruptcies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Certainly there was personal enmity between Hamilton and the bankrupt “voluptuary” he called Burr.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“The old system was bankrupt,” Roizman said in an interview.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
“Nothing justifies this disaster that is bankrupting the country. We’re spending the holidays in line. They will not be very joyful.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 破产的，倒闭的; 完全缺乏的; （名誉）扫地的，（智力等）完全丧失的; 垮了的，枯竭的
n. 破产者; 无力偿还债务者; 丧失（名誉，智力等）的人
vt. 使破产，使枯竭，使极端贫困
时态：bankrupted, bankrupting, bankrupts
分布：破产的(72%)，破产者(11%)，使破产(9%)，枯竭的(4%)，无知的人(3%)，道德败坏的(1%)
→bank, 凳子。词根rupt, 破，见corrupt. 来自14世纪时威尼斯货币商人如破产则砸碎凳子。
破产的(bank柜台+rupt→柜台断了→破产了)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
破产者(bank椅子-柜台+rupt断-柜台断 了-破产)[bank=bench(长椅)]
a.破产的;彻底缺乏的vt.使破产n.破产者Thanks to the bankrupt banker, my ankle avoided an injury.多亏那位破产的银行家,我的脚踝免受伤害.
【记】bank银行，rupt断－银行断了－破产
【参】corruption（n 腐败）；interrupt（v 打断）
adjective
 ADVANCED legal
■unable to pay what you owe, and having control of your financial matters given, by a court of law, to a person who sells your property to pay your debts 破产的，资不抵债的
• He went bankrupt after only a year in business. 他仅仅做了一年的生意就破产了。
• The recession has led to many small businesses going bankrupt. 经济不景气导致许多小企业破产。
■informal
■having no money 无钱的
• I shall go bankrupt if you children keep on asking for more pocket money! 如果你们几个孩子不断地向我要零用钱，我会破产的！
■disapproving
■not having a particular quality 缺乏…的
• He believes that modern society is morally bankrupt. 他认为现代社会道德沦亡。
['bæŋ.krʌpt] noun countable legal
■a person who is officially bankrupt 破产者
• He was declared a bankrupt in 1991. 1991年他被宣告破产。
['bæŋ.krʌpt] verb transitive legal
■to cause someone to become bankrupt 使某人破产
• They feared that the loss would bankrupt them. 他们担心这笔损失会使他们破产。
adj. [经] 破产的
 - broke, belly-up
vt. [经] 使破产
 - put out of business, bust
n. [经] 破产者
 - insolvent

Word: notable
Front: notable
[ˈnəʊtəbl] (研六托雅宝 5293/4196 -2)
Vocabulary: notable
(once / 257 pages)
adjn
When something is notable, it's worthy of notice, or even famous. It might be a notable feature of your trip to New York City that you spotted one of the city's notable celebrities.
Notable is a very useful word––it allows you succinctly to note that from a long list of things you could say, you have thoughtfully picked out only the ones that are the most notable, the most worthy — a notable example of kindness to your listeners.
WORD FAMILY
notable: notability, notables, notably +/notability: notabilities/ note: notable, noted, notes, noting/ noted: notedest, notedly, unnoted
USAGE EXAMPLES
Harden’s feat was especially notable because of the high point total.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There are certainly other notable accounts of the “Transcendental Études.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Most notable is Chicago, where the city’s 700-plus slayings are more than double the combined total in the Washington region.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 值得注意的; 显著的; 著名的
n. 名人; 显要人物
分布：显著的(49%)，著名的(39%)，名人(12%)
→来自note,注意，留意。即值得注意的，值得留意的。
值得注意的(not+able能...的)[Not=know,表示"知道,注意"]
n.值得注意的,显著的,著名的The notorious man's noted notation denotes a notable secret.那个臭名昭著的男子的著名符号代表一个值得关注的秘密.
US ['noʊ.tˌə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■important and deserving attention, because very good or interesting 显要的；显著的；值得注意的
• a notable collection of rare plants 一批引人注目的奇花异草
• Getting both sides to agree was a notable achievement. 使双方达成共识是一项显著的成就。
• This attractive building is particularly notable for its garden setting. 这幢漂亮的建筑因其花园布局而格外引人注目。
UK ['nəʊ.tə.bl] US ['noʊ.tˌə-] noun countable literary
■an important or famous person 显要人物；名流
• Other notables among his pupils were the kings of Saudi Arabia and Thailand. 他的学生中，另外两位显要人物是沙乌地阿拉伯国王和泰国国王。
famous, notorious, eminent, notable, noted, prominent, outstanding
这组词都有“著名的，知名的”的意思，其区别是：
famous: 是普通用词，指传播很广，引起人们注意的人或事物。
notorious: 指因劣迹而臭名昭著，含强烈贬义；但有时也作“众所周知的”解。
eminent: 指在某方面杰出卓越或突出的人或物。
notable: 用于指事件时，侧重其重要、值得注意；用于指人时，与famous同义，但语气较弱。
noted: 多指因成绩卓著而备受注意的专家或权威及其著作，有时含贬义。
prominent: 指出人头地，为公众所熟悉，至少在地方上闻名。
outstanding: 侧重指因素质优良，功绩卓著而超过同类的人或物，强调“突出”。
adj. 值得注意的，显著的；著名的
 - famous, obvious, remarkable, prominent, marked
n. 名人，显要人物
 - personality, lion, celebrity

Word: malaria
Front: malaria
[məˈleəriə] (雅 9136/12432 -1)
Vocabulary: malaria
(once / 1570 pages)
n
Malaria is an infectious disease that spreads through mosquitoes. If you're traveling in a warm-climate area in the tropics, you might be in danger of contracting malaria. Pack your Deep Woods OFF!.
Malaria's symptoms include high fevers, chills, flu-like symptoms, and anemia. Malaria is found in warmer-climate places like the tropics and subtropics. When people travel on vacation to these places, they are in danger of contracting the disease. While Malaria is treatable, more than a million people die of the disease each year.
WORD FAMILY
malaria: malarial, malarias+/antimalarial: antimalarials/malarial: antimalarial
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most of these cases are due to pneumonia being misdiagnosed as malaria.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The hospital is also seeing more cases of measles, malaria and skin diseases, mostly affecting the more than 3 million people displaced by the war.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In 2009, the Sri Lankan government decided to do something extraordinary: to try to eradicate malaria in less than five years.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. <医>疟疾; 瘴气; 瘴疠; 痁
分布：疟疾(100%)
→来自意大利语mala aria,坏空气，来自mala,坏的，邪恶的，aria,空气，词源同air.因古代观念认为疟疾，瘴气等疾病是由恶臭的空气引起的。
US [-'ler.i-] noun uncountable
■a disease that you can get from the bite of a particular type of mosquito (= a small flying insect) which causes periods of fever and makes you feel very cold and shake. It is common in many hotter parts of the world. 疟疾
n. [内科] 疟疾；瘴气
 - paludism, agrue

Word: miracle
Front: miracle
[ˈmɪrəkl] (研四六托雅宝 3279/4110 -2)
Vocabulary: miracle
(once / 159 pages)
n
A miracle is an event so marvelous that it seems like it was sent from above. Catching that foul ball from the stands at the World Series? A miracle!
Miracle, a noun meaning “amazing or wonderful occurrence," comes from the Latin miraculum “object of wonder." Dig way back and the word derives from smeiros, meaning "to smile," which is exactly what you do when a miracle happens. To quote the American-French author Anais Nin, “The dream was always running ahead of me. To catch up, to live for a moment in unison with it, that was the miracle.” Just ask any rock star.
WORD FAMILY
miracle: miracles, miraculous +/ miraculous: miraculously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My life is full of miracles. Energy is everything,” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Immunotherapy is the newest way to treat cancer - and it’s working miracles right here in Charleston.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“I felt like it was a miracle to get in there to begin with,” Bright said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 奇迹，圣迹，神迹; 令人惊奇的人（或事）
分布：奇迹(100%)
→来自拉丁语miraculum,令人惊奇之物，上帝创造的鬼斧神工之物，来自mirari,惊讶，惊奇，来自smei,笑，惊叹，词源同marvel,mirror,smile.引申词义奇迹，圣迹。
奇迹(mir＋acle东西→让人惊奇的东西)[mir=wonder,look,表示"惊奇,看"]
奇迹(mir惊奇;参考:mirror镜子)[-acle表名词"…物品,状态"]
n.奇迹,令人惊奇的人(或事)The miracle mirrors a horrible error made by the terrorists in the terrible territory.这件奇事反映了恐怖分子在这一可怕地区犯的可怕错误.
【记】mir惊奇，acle东西：令人惊奇的东西－奇迹
【反】ordinary（adj 平凡的）；miraculous（adj 奇迹的）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an unusual and mysterious event that is thought to have been caused by a god, or any very surprising and unexpected event 奇迹；奇事，令人惊叹的事
• [+ (that)] Looking at the state of his car, it's a miracle (that) he wasn't killed! 看看他的车的情况，他没死真是个奇迹！
• I can't promise a miracle cure , but I think we can improve things. 我无法承诺会有奇迹般的解决办法，但我认为我们可以改善情况。
['mɪr.ɪ.kl] noun countable
perform/work miracles/a miracle informal
■to be extremely effective in improving a situation 创造奇迹；有奇效
• You've performed a miracle on this kitchen - I've never seen it so clean! 你真是创造了奇迹——我从没见过这个厨房如此干净过！
phenomenon, miracle, marvel, wonder
这组词都有“奇迹”的意思，其区别是：
phenomenon: 指罕见的现象或奇人、奇事。
miracle: 一般指被认为是人力所办不到的奇异之事。
marvel: 侧重异乎寻常，奇怪，从而使人好奇。
wonder: 通常指使人惊奇的事迹、人物或景观，主要指人创造的奇迹。
n. 奇迹，奇迹般的人或物；惊人的事例
 - phenomenon, wonder

Word: hydrogen
Front: hydrogen
[ˈhaɪdrədʒən] (高研四六托雅 5103/5200 -2)
Back: n. <化>氢
分布：氢(100%)
→hydro-,水，-gen,生成，词源同generate.因氢接触氧气生成水而得名。
n.氢Her boyfriend fed a box of oxygen and hydrogen to the ox and fox.她男朋友给牛和狐狸喂了一盒子氧和氢.
noun uncountable
■the lightest gas, with no colour, taste or smell, that combines with oxygen to form water 氢，氢气

Word: elephant
Front: elephant
[ˈelɪfənt] (中高研四六 4355/4323 -2)
Vocabulary: elephant
(once / 267 pages)
n
An elephant is an enormous, four-footed animal with big ears and a long trunk. Unless you've been to certain parts of Asia or Africa, you've probably only seen elephants in zoos and wildlife parks.
Elephants are the largest animals that live on land. They are spectacular animals, with curved ivory tusks on either side of a trunk that they use for grasping objects, vocalizing, and sucking up water to drink. Elephants are plant eaters that live in tight-knit groups led by females and have a lifespan of around 45 years. The Greek root of elephant is elephas, which means both "elephant" and "ivory."
WORD FAMILY
elephant: elephants
USAGE EXAMPLES
Activists cheered the government’s pledge for swift action, and the state-run news media called it a “monumental win for elephants.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Just as you would eat an elephant - one bite at a time.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Road funding is the $1 billion elephant in the room.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 象，大象
分布：大象(99%)，庞大笨拙难处理的事物(1%)
→来自拉丁语elephantus，象。
n.(动物)象To the ants, the infant elephant is a giant in the plantation.对蚂蚁们来说,幼小的大象是种植园里的庞然大物.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a very large grey mammal which has a trunk (= long nose) with which it can pick things up 象，大象
['el.ɪ.fənt] noun countable
an elephant in the room informal
■If you say there is an elephant in the room, you mean that there is an obvious problem or difficult situation that people do not want to talk about. （人们不愿提及的）棘手问题

Word: junk
Front: junk
[dʒʌŋk] (高研六雅 5130/7753 -2)
Vocabulary: junk
(once / 1287 pages)
1nv 2n
Junk is trash, debris, or garbage — it's something that's left behind or thrown away because it's not wanted. You might view the broken toaster as junk, while your sister sees it as an interesting repair project.
After an accident, your car might be junk, and if it's hauled off to a scrapyard, you can say you had to junk it, using the verb meaning "to throw it away." One person's junk, however, is another person's valuable metal that can be sold to recycling companies. A completely different, non-trashy kind of junk is a Chinese sailing ship. These uses are connected through the nautical origin of junk, originally spelled junke and meaning "old rope or cable."
WORD FAMILY
junk: junked, junking, junks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some consumer groups argued that the letters looked like junk mail.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
I thought, “What kind of junk is this with all the sensational news about ‘fake news’?”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Corporate junk bond funds, which tend to fare well in good economies, are up a hefty 13% this year.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 废旧物品，破烂物; 中国式平底帆船; 便宜货，假货; 废话，哄骗
vt. 丢弃，废弃; 把…分成块
时态：junked, junking, junks
分布：垃圾(97%)，丢弃(2%)，废旧杂物(1%)
→来自中古英语junke,船上的旧缆绳或绳索，可能来自古法语junc,来自拉丁语juncus,芦苇，灯芯草，词源同junket.后引申词义船上的垃圾，废弃物。junk 中国式帆船
n.废物,旧货;舢板Stop eating juck food!别再吃垃圾食品了!
noun
RUBBISH 垃圾
uncountable
■things that are considered to be of no use or value, or of low quality 废弃的旧东西；破烂的东西；便宜货
• We ought to clear out this cupboard - it's full of junk. 我们应该清理一下这个橱柜——里面都是没用的东西。
• I can't stand watching the junk that's on TV these days. 我受不了现今电视上播放的那些乱七八糟的节目。
[dʒʌŋk] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable mainly US slang
■a dangerous drug, especially heroin 危险毒品；（尤指）海洛因
[dʒʌŋk] noun
SHIP 船
countable
■a Chinese ship with a flat bottom and square sails （平底方帆的）中国式帆船：戎克船
[dʒʌŋk] verb transitive informal
■to get rid of something because it is of no use or value 丢弃，扔掉（废物）
waste, debris, rubbish, litter, garbage, junk
这组词都有“废物，垃圾”的意思，其区别是：
waste: 普通用词，概念广泛，指任何被丢弃的东西。
debris: 着重指分解、分裂或破坏后剩下的碎片，也指零散的普通废品。
rubbish: 普通用词，指任何成堆的、破损的、用过的或无用的东西，尤指弃掉的垃圾堆。也可作引申用。
litter: 是四下乱丢物品的总称，尤指散落于地，有碍观瞻的废物。
garbage: 主要指有机废料，包括厨房的剩菜剩饭或不能再用的食物。也可作引申用。
junk: 指回收的旧汽车或大型机器，也指毫无实用价值，或破烂物体，但不指垃圾。
n. 垃圾，废物； [船] 舢板
 - refuse, garbage, waste, rubbish, trash

Word: adjustment
Front: adjustment
[əˈdʒʌstmənt] (高托 3121/3424)
Vocabulary: adjustment
(once / 774 pages)
1n 2n
The act of making an alteration or modification is an adjustment. If you buy a new pair of jeans, but they are too long, you can make a quick adjustment and hem them, have someone else hem them, or use safety pins.
The process of adapting to your environmental conditions is also called an adjustment. After you leave home for college, both you and your parents will have a period of adjustment. Some people adjust easier to change than others — you may be having a ball going to class, eating cereal for dinner, and making new friends but an adjustment your parents will have to make is that they will need to stop worrying about you.
WORD FAMILY
adjustment: adjustments+/ adjust: adjustable, adjusted, adjuster, adjusting, adjustive, adjustment, adjusts, readjust / adjustable: adjustably, unadjustable/ adjusted: unadjusted/adjuster: adjusters/ readjust: readjusted, readjusting, readjustment, readjusts/ readjustment: readjustments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Florida law requires annual adjustments to gas taxes based on changes in the consumer price index, which measures what people are paying for goods.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Those adjustments are necessary to maintain as long a pop career as Ms. Carey’s.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This minor adjustment also removes another major hurdle for some savers: affordability.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 调解，调整; 调节器; 调解，调停; （赔偿损失的）清算
分布：调整(83%)，调节(17%)
noun countable or uncountable
CHANGE 改变
 ADVANCED
■a small change 调整；调节；小改动
• She made a few minor adjustments to the focus of her camera. 她稍微调了调照相机的焦距。
[ə'dʒʌst.mənt] noun countable or uncountable
BECOME FAMILIAR 变得熟悉
■the ability to become more familiar with a new situation 适应力；顺应（度）
• He has so far failed to make the adjustment from school to work. 他到现在还没有适应从学生生活到工作的变化。
n. 调整，调节；调节器
 - restructuring, conditioning, modulation, setup, accommodation

Word: stumble
Front: stumble
[ˈstʌmbl] (研四六托雅 4001/5372 -2)
Vocabulary: stumble
(once / 320 pages)
vn
To stumble means to nearly fall by tripping or missing a step. When you walk over uneven cobblestones, it’s easy to stumble, so please be careful.
While stumble often means to nearly fall, it can also mean to make a misstep of a different kind. If you stumble over your words, you speak in a stuttering confused manner. Politicians make so many public decisions that they're bound to stumble — make a mistake — occasionally. When you stumble on rare mushrooms, i.e. come across them unexpectedly, be sure have the species verified before you eat them.
WORD FAMILY
stumble: stumbled, stumbler, stumbles, stumbling+/stumbler: stumblers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The stumbling block over and over again is the federal illegality,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After World War II, the United States stumbled upon a global strategy.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
At one point, he hit a Palm Beach Lakes running back so hard that the player stumbled grotesquely around the field before collapsing.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 跌跌撞撞地走，蹒跚; 结巴; 弄错，失足; 偶然碰见
n. 绊脚，失足; 差错，失误; 过失，失败
时态：stumbled, stumbling, stumbles
分布：绊倒(46%)，蹒跚(26%)，错误(14%)，犯错误(7%)，无意中发现(7%)
n.跌倒,绊倒vi.绊(摔)倒;结结巴巴说I stumbled over a stone and fell.我在石头上绊了一下跌倒了.
【记】s，tumble（v /n 跌倒）－绊脚
verb
WALK 行走
intransitive
■to step awkwardly while walking or running and fall or begin to fall 绊脚；绊倒
• Running along the beach, she stumbled on a log and fell on the sand. 她沿着海滩跑步时绊到一块木头上摔倒了。
• In the final straight Meyers stumbled, and although he didn't fall it was enough to lose him first place. 迈耶斯在最后的直线跑道绊了一下，虽然没有摔倒，但也足以使他丢掉第一的位置。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to walk in a way which does not seem controlled 跌跌撞撞地走，蹒跚而行
• We could hear her stumbling about/around the bedroom in the dark. 我们可以听到她摸黑在卧室里跌跌撞撞地走动。
• He pulled on his clothes and stumbled into the kitchen. 他披上衣服，摇摇晃晃地走进厨房。
['stʌm.bl] verb
PAUSE 停顿
intransitive
■to make a mistake, such as repeating something or pausing for too long, while speaking or playing a piece of music 犯错；结结巴巴地说，支吾；不顺畅地演奏
• When the poet stumbled over a line in the middle of a poem, someone in the audience corrected him. 诗人在朗诵一首诗的过程中念错了一句，听众中有人纠正了他。
['stʌm.bl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stumble across/on/upon sth/sb
■to discover something by chance, or to meet someone by chance 偶然发现；撞见；邂逅
• Workmen stumbled upon the mosaic while digging foundations for a new building. 工人在挖一栋新楼的地基时，偶然发现了那幅镶嵌画。
vi. 踌躇，蹒跚；失足；犯错
 - hesitate, stand at
vt. 使…困惑；使…绊倒
 - puzzle, baffle
n. 绊倒；蹒跚而行
 - trip

Word: transmission
Front: transmission
[trænsˈmɪʃn] (研四六托雅 3665/4198 -2)
Vocabulary: transmission
(once / 1018 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Transmission is the act of transferring something from one spot to another, like a radio or TV broadcast, or a disease going from one person to another.
The noun transmission comes from the Latin word transmissio, which means “sending over or across, passage.” The transmission of a message is the delivery of the message. Transmission can also be a communication sent out by radio or television, while the transmission of a disease is the passing of that virus or bacteria between people. A vehicle’s transmission is the part of the engine that uses the energy created by the burning fuel to make the axle turn.
WORD FAMILY
transmission: transmissions+/retransmit: retransmitted, retransmitting/transmissible: nontransmissible/ transmit: retransmit, transmissible, transmission, transmits, transmittable, transmittal, transmitted, transmitter, transmitting/transmittal: transmittals/transmitter: transmitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Both shows start on Saturday and their transmissions overlap for 25 minutes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Jason Klenklen, supervisor of transmission maintenance, says the drones currently are used primarily in rural areas to inspect transmission lines.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
East River’s transmission system suffered severe damage to almost 500 structures.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 播送; 传送; （电台或电视）信息; 传动装置
分布：传输(61%)，传播(27%)，变速器(8%)，播送(4%)
→transmit,传送，发射，-ss,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。
转送;传达(trans横＋miss+ion→横着送→传送过去)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
n.播送,发射;传动,传送The influenza virus has shown person-to-person transmission in a given locale.业已证明流行性感冒病毒能在特定地点在人与人之间传播.
US [træns-] noun
RADIO/TELEVISION 广播／电视
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the process of broadcasting something by radio, television, etc., or something which is broadcast （广播、电视等的）播送，播送内容
• We apologize for the interruption to our transmissions this afternoon. 我们为今天下午广播节目的中断表示歉意。
UK [trænz'mɪʃ.ən] US [træns-] noun
PASSING 传递
uncountable
■the process of passing something from one person or place to another 传递；传播
• the transmission of disease 疾病的传播
UK [trænz'mɪʃ.ən] US [træns-] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
countable or uncountable
■the machinery that brings the power produced by the engine to the wheels of a vehicle 传动装置
• automatic transmission 自动传动装置
• The car had a faulty transmission. 这辆汽车的传动装置出现故障。
transfer, transaction, transition, transmission, transformation
这是一组在考研和CET-6中经常出现的形近易混词。
transfer: n.转移，转让；(工作的)调动；(旅途中的)换乘，改变路线。
 • The club's goalkeeper isn't happy here, and has asked a transfer.   这个足球俱乐部的守门员在此过得不愉快，已经要求转会到其他俱乐部。
transaction: n.交易行为，处理。
 • Transactions of shares on the stock exchange were up today.   今天证券交易所的股票成交额上升了。
transition: n. (从一种情况到另一种的)过渡，更替。
 • The transition from high school to college can be difficult for students.   对于学生来说，从中学到大学的过渡会是困难的。
transmission: n.传播(比如疾病)；广播。
 • The transmission of germs can occur by contact, breathing, and eating.   细菌通过接触、呼吸和饮食传播。
transformation: n. (外观或性质的)改变，改观，转变。
 • His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marrige.   他结婚之后性格判若两人。
n. 传动装置， [机] 变速器；传递； [计] [通信] 传送；播送
 - gear, driving device

Word: innocent
Front: innocent
[ˈɪnəsnt] (高研四六托雅 2775/3421 -K3)
Vocabulary: innocent
(once / 92 pages)
adjn
You may think your fluffy white cat is just an innocent, or harmless, little kitty, but she shows no mercy when attacking that toy mouse.
Innocent is an adjective that describes someone or something that is not harmful or at least doesn’t cause harm on purpose. It can also be used when talking about a person who did not commit a crime. “Innocent until proven guilty” is a phrase that means people who have been accused of a crime should be considered innocent, or free of blame, unless a judge or jury decides that they are officially guilty.
WORD FAMILY
innocent: innocence, innocency, innocently, innocents+/ innocence: innocences/innocency: innocencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Few South Koreans believe the chaebol are innocent victims in the unfolding case.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
US President Barack Obama, who is on holiday in Hawaii, offered condolences "for the innocent lives lost" and offered "appropriate assistance".
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
National Security Council spokesman Ned Price said the attack on “innocent revelers” celebrating New Year’s shows the attackers’ savagery.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 无辜的，无罪的; 清白的; 天真无邪的; 无知的
n. 无辜者; 头脑简单的人; 天真无邪的人
分布：无辜的(68%)，清白的(20%)，无害的(6%)，无知的(5%)，天真纯洁的(1%)
→in-,不，非，-noc,伤害，词源同noxious,nuisance.即没有伤害的，引申词义无辜的，天真的。
无害的;天真的(in无+noc+ent→无害的)[noc,nox=hurt,poison,表示"伤害,毒"]
a.(of)清白的,无罪的;无害的;单纯的,无知的Those innocent adolescents ascending the hill are the tribe's descendants of decent descent.这些爬山的天真青少年是这个部落具有正派血统的后代.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■(of a person) not guilty of a particular crime, or having no knowledge of the unpleasant and evil things in life, or (of a thing) not intended to harm anyone （人）无罪的，天真的，无辜的；（事物）无恶意的
• He firmly believes that she is innocent of the crime. 他坚信她是清白的。
• She has such an innocent face that I find it hard to believe anything bad of her. 她一脸天真无邪，我很难把她往坏的方面想。
• It was an innocent remark, I didn't mean to hurt his feelings. 那句话没有恶意，我并不想伤害他的感情。
Compare guilty
 ADVANCED
■An innocent person is someone who is not involved with any military group or war 无辜（受害）的
• Several innocent bystanders were injured in the explosion. 几个无辜的旁观者在爆炸中受了伤。
['ɪn.ə.sənt] noun countable
■a person who has very little experience and does not know about the bad things that happen in life 幼稚的人；不谙世事者
adj. [法] 无辜的；无罪的；无知的
 - dark, empty, clear
n. 天真的人；笨蛋
 - simple, turkey, put

Word: dinner
Front: dinner
[ˈdɪnə(r)] (中高雅 1076/1422 -K4)
Vocabulary: dinner
(once / 54 pages)
n
Dinner — also called supper — is the third meal of the day. It's the main meal, the one families often try to have together at the end of the day.
If you skipped breakfast and lunch, then you probably can't wait for dinner: you must be starving! Dinner has always been the main meal, but it used to be served in the middle of the day and supper was last. Now that dinner is in the evening, too, supper and dinner are almost the same thing in the United States — you might go to a dinner in honor of someone, but not a supper, which wouldn't be as fancy.
WORD FAMILY
dinner: dinners+/ dine: dined, diner, dines, dining, dinner, undine/ diner: diners/dining: dinings/undine: undines
USAGE EXAMPLES
And yes, Mark, this annual dinner column is fake news, but please don’t filter it!
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If years were relatives, 2016 would be the uncle who shows up at your Thanksgiving dinner wearing his underpants on the outside.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
After dinner, they retired to a large rock.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 正餐，主餐; 宴会; 晚餐
分布：晚餐(82%)，晚宴(14%)，主餐(4%)
→来自dine, 用餐。词义由早餐到中餐，现在指正餐，晚餐。
n.正餐,宴会Shall we have chicken or duck for dinner?正餐我们吃鸡还是吃鸭?
US [-ɚ] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the main meal of the day, usually the meal you eat in the evening but sometimes, in Britain, the meal eaten in the middle of the day 正餐（通常指晚餐，在英国有时指午餐）
• We were just having (our) dinner. 我们正在吃晚餐。
• We had some friends round for dinner on Saturday. 星期六我们请了一些朋友来吃晚饭。
• a romantic candlelit dinner 浪漫的烛光晚餐
Compare lunch
countable usually singular
■a formal social occasion in the evening at which a meal is served 晚宴
• They held a dinner to celebrate his retirement. 他们举行晚宴来庆祝他退休。
• a charity/society dinner 慈善／社交晚宴
dinner, feast, banquet, party
这组词都有“宴会”的意思，其区别是：
dinner: 普通用词，含义广。本义指一日的主餐，但多用于指宴请客人的正式的一餐。
feast: 指筵席酒席，有时可与banquet换用，但前者强调共享欢乐的气氛。
banquet: 指正式而盛大的宴会或国宴。
party: 指一般的社交聚会，也引申指宴请或宴会。
dinner, meal
这组词都有“餐”的意思，其区别是：
dinner: 正餐。指一日中的主餐，可中午吃，也可晚间吃。
meal: 泛指一日三餐的任一餐，也可指一餐所吃的东西。
n. 晚餐，晚宴；宴会；正餐
 - supper, evening meal

Word: execute
Front: execute
[ˈeksɪkju:t] (研四六托雅宝 3642/3704 -3)
Vocabulary: execute
(once / 44 pages)
1v 2v
To execute means to carry out in full or perform. If you execute all the difficult steps of the dance perfectly, you will make your instructor proud.
Here’s what’s tricky about execute: the first thing you think of is being punished with death for criminal actions. Actually, it's more commonly used in the sense of “to carry out in full.” So don't be alarmed with visions of the hooded guy at the guillotine when someone congratulates you on a plan well executed. Think of the word executive to get a closer grasp of both the meaning and the context.
WORD FAMILY
execute: executable, executant, executed, executes, executing, execution, executive, executor +/executable: executability/executant: executants/ execution: executioner, executions/ executioner: executioners/ executive: executively, executives/ executor: executors
USAGE EXAMPLES
But even if Roof is sentenced to death, it's highly unlikely he'd be executed any time soon.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Whether he is sentenced to death or not, it is unlikely Roof would be executed anytime soon, under either jurisdiction.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Whether he’s sentenced to death or not, it’s unlikely Roof would be executed anytime soon, in either jurisdiction.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 执行; 处死，处决; 履行; 完成
时态：executed, executing, executes
分布：执行(93%)，完成(3%)，处决(2%)，实行(2%)
→ex-, 向外。-sec, 跟随，相接，词源同sequence, prosecute. 即一步接一步的执行。
v.实行;实施;执行;完成;履行;处死He had an amusing excuse for executing the executive.对于处决决策人,他有一个可笑的理由.
【参】execution（n 执行；死刑）；executioner（n 刽子手）；executive（adj 实行的；n 经理）
verb transitive
KILL 杀死
 ADVANCED
■to kill someone as a legal punishment （依法）处决，处死
• He was executed for murder. 他因犯谋杀罪被处死。
['ek.sɪ.kju:t] verb transitive
DO 做 formal
■to do or perform something, especially in a planned way （尤指有计划地）实施，履行，表演
• to execute a deal/plan 进行交易／实施计划
• The whole play was executed with great precision. 这出戏由头到尾都表演得丝丝入扣，有板有眼。
execute a will legal
■If you execute someone's will, you deal with their money, property, etc., according to the instructions in it. 执行遗嘱
massacre, execute, murder, slaughter, assassinate, kill
这组词都有“杀，杀死”的意思，其区别是：
massacre: 语气比slaughter强。指大屠杀，尤指屠杀失去了自卫能力的人。
execute: 指依法处死罪犯。
murder: 指谋杀或凶杀。
slaughter: 本义指大批宰杀动物，也指像屠宰牲畜一样一次杀死许多人。
assassinate: 通常指因政治原因用非法手段杀害政治领袖人物或短名人士。
kill: 普通用词，含义广泛，泛指以任何方式使人、动物或植物死亡。
execute, conduct, do, perform, fulfil
这组词都有“做，执行，实施，完成”的意思，其区别是：
execute: 指需专门技术熟练技巧去完成某种复杂的任务或表演等，也指用行动把计划或打算付诸实施或执行某项命令。
conduct: 和perform一样比较正式，二者意义相近，但conduct含指导、领导或监督等意味。
do: 最普通常用词，指完成某项具体工作、任务，也指完成某种行为或动作。
perform: 指完成困难较大、较复杂的任务。较正式用词。
fulfil: 指履行和实现所许诺的、所期望或要求的事情，含最终完成的意味。
vt. 实行；执行；处死
 - perform, implement, enforce

Word: distinction
Front: distinction
[dɪˈstɪŋkʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 2921/1865 -2)
Vocabulary: distinction
(once / 164 pages)
n
When you are marked for distinction, it means you are someone who is going to do well in life. You will set yourself apart from others. Distinction means being set apart, often by excellence.
When things are distinct from one another, they are different. It is the distinctions that make them this way. In your school, an outside observer might at first be unable to see the distinctions among the kids, but with a little time they'll be able to see how kids are identified and associated with their peculiar qualities.
WORD FAMILY
distinction: distinctions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The distinction between fact and fiction was erased, creating a sprawling universe of competing claims.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
This distinction is hard to notice, because he looks more or less like anybody else.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But even then, there is an important distinction.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 区别; 荣誉; 特质; 卓越
分布：区分(50%)，差别(33%)，荣誉(10%)，优秀(4%)，对比(3%)
区别;优秀(distinct+ion)[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
n.区别,差别;级别;特性;声望;显赫In this district I can strictly distinguish the distinct distinctions of bees' stings by instinct.在该地区我能靠直觉严格分辨蜜蜂刺的明显特征.
【反】repute（n 名誉；名声）－1ack of distinction（不知名）；
noun
DIFFERENCE 区别
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a difference between two similar things 区别，差别，不同
• There's a clear distinction between the dialects spoken in the two regions. 这两个地区的方言有着明显的不同。
• This company makes no distinction between the sexes. 这间公司男女平等。
[dɪ'stɪŋk.ʃən] noun
HIGH QUALITY 卓越
uncountable
■the quality of being excellent 优秀，卓越
• a writer/scientist/wine of distinction 一流的作家／科学家／葡萄酒
countable
■a mark given to students who produce work of an excellent standard （学生作业的）优，优等
[dɪ'stɪŋk.ʃən] noun
SPECIAL 特殊的
only singular
■the quality of being special or different 特质，特性
• She has the distinction of being one of the few people to have an honorary degree conferred on her by the university this year. 今年，只有几个人被授予了大学荣誉学位，她有幸成为其中之一。
difference, distinction, discrimination, discrepancy
这组词都有“差别，区别”的意思，其区别是：
difference: 普通用词，可指事物本质上的差异或数量上的差额，也可指事物在某一方面的差别，还可指人们之间的不同意见。
distinction: 较正式用词，除指事物在本质上的差别外，还指在某一方面或某一细节上的区分，要在认真观察、研究后才易觉察。
discrimination: 侧重指在判断、见识方面的差别，也可指待遇上的区别。
discrepancy: 多用于言论和记述方面，指两物之间缺乏使之相似或平衡的协调。
n. 区别；差别；特性；荣誉、勋章
 - quality, identity, character, tang, discrimination

Word: literary
Front: literary
[ˈlɪtərəri] (高研四六托 2700/2512 -3)
Vocabulary: literary
(once / 58 pages)
adj
Use literary when you want to indicate writing with high artistic qualities. Something doesn't have to be "literature" to be literary, but they are related.
Literary comes from the Latin litterarius, meaning "letters," as in letters of the alphabet. Think of literary writing as writing that explores the richness of language or even contributes to it, especially in a high cultural way. The clever rhymes you invented about your grade school principal's bathing habits made your classmates laugh, but that doesn't make them great literary achievements.
WORD FAMILY
literary: literarily, literature, nonliterary, subliterary, unliterary+/ literature: literatures
USAGE EXAMPLES
All around her there are silences, empty places, held breaths—an extraordinary act of literary finesse.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The Seattle literary scene is emerging from its December deep freeze.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Why does actor Benedict Cumberbatch cut such a dash as British literary detective Sherlock Holmes?
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 文学（上）的; 精通文学的; 爱好文学的; 从事文学研究（或写作）的
分布：文学的(100%)
→来自拉丁语litera,书写，字母，词源同letter.引申词义文学的。
文学的(liter+ary)[liter=letter,表示"文字,字母"]
a.文学上的,文学的;精通文学的,从事写作的Latin was the literary language of Italy.拉丁语是意大利的文学语言.
US ['lɪtˌ.ə.rer-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■connected with literature 文学的，与文学相关的
• a literary critic 文学评论家
• literary prizes 文学奖
• a literary style 文学风格
literary, literal
literary: 有文化的(反义词是illiterate),如：people applying for the job should be computer literate.(申请这份工作的人应会使用电脑。)
literal: 文字上的，字面的。如：a literal interpretation of a passage(对一段文章的字面解释)
adj. 文学的；书面的；精通文学的
 - written

Word: indigenous
Front: indigenous
[ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs] (托雅宝 3679/5810 -1)
Vocabulary: indigenous
(once / 1455 pages)
adj
Use indigenous to describe a plant, animal or person that is native or original to an area. Though Switzerland is known for its chocolates, chocolate, which comes from the cocoa plant, is indigenous to South America.
Indigenous, aboriginal and native all mean the same thing. Aboriginal, however, is commonly used in connection with Australia, and native with North America. The most neutral of the three terms, indigenous comes from the Latin word, indigena meaning "a native." An indigenous ceremony or religion is one traditionally used by a certain group of people.
WORD FAMILY
indigenous: indigenously, indigenousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The powwow is the one of the world’s largest gatherings of Native Americans and indigenous people.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
I much admired two books about indigenous peoples and colonial histories.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
They also destroyed churches in the capital city and slaughtered Cambodian Christians, along with Muslims and ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese and indigenous minorities.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 土生土长的; 生来的，固有的; 本地的; 根生土长
分布：土生土长的(55%)，本地的(36%)，天生的(9%)
→indi-,在内，在里，来自in-的扩大形式，-gen,生育，孕育，词源同gene,generate.即本地产的。
土产的,土著的(indi内部+gen+ous→内部产生→土产的)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
【记】in里面，di地，gen产生，ous－在地里产生的－土生土长的in里面，dig挖－拼命往下挖，想要本地的人参。
【反】acquired（adj 后天通过自己的努力得到的）；foreign（adj 外国的）exotic（adj 异国情调的；外来的）；nonnative（adj 非本土的）
adjective
■naturally existing in a place or country rather than arriving from another place 当地的；本土的，土生土长的
• Are there any species of frog indigenous to the area? 这个地区是否有本地品种的青蛙？
• So who are the indigenous people of this land? 那么谁是这块土地的原住民？
adj. 本土的；土著的；国产的；固有的
 - native, inherent, mainland, intrinsic

Word: centrist
Front: centrist
[ˈsentrɪst] (13442/26137 -1)
Vocabulary: centrist
(once / 6156 pages)
nadj
A centrist is someone who has very moderate political views. Most centrists are against any big political shifts — either to the left or to the right.
Some politicians like to describe themselves as centrists because it makes them sound very reasonable and balanced. In reality, centrists are rare in politics, since people tend to have strong opinions about issues including taxes, the size of government, and inequality. Centrist comes from the French centriste, ultimately from the Latin centrum, "center."
WORD FAMILY
centrist: centrists+/centrism: centrist
USAGE EXAMPLES
In his telling, Trump is a political centrist who is misconstrued as an extremist.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But both are relatively centrist by their countries’ standards.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Yet even centrist parties in Israel don’t oppose some settlements.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （政治上的）中立派; 温和派
adj. 温和派的
分布：中立派议员(55%)，中立者(27%)，中立派的(18%)
→来自center, 中间。
adjective
■supporting the centre of the range of political opinions 中间派的；温和派的

Word: leaning
Front: leaning
[ˈli:nɪŋ] (18179/18634)
Back: n. 倾向，爱好，偏爱
v. （使）倾斜，屈身( lean的现在分词 ); 倚; 依赖; 使斜靠
分布：倾斜(62%)，倾向(28%)，倾斜的(7%)，倾向的(2%)，动词lean的现在分词.(1%)
noun countable usually plural
■a preference for a particular set of beliefs, opinions, etc （指信念、意见等的）倾向性
• I don't know what his political leanings are. 我不知道他的政治倾向。
n. 倾向，爱好；倾斜
 - tendency, liability, trend, interest, slope

Word: uphold
Front: uphold
[ʌpˈhəʊld] (研六托雅宝 5354/8694 -2)
Vocabulary: uphold
(once / 563 pages)
v
When you uphold something, you stick up for or support it. Police officers are paid to uphold the law, and crazy Elvis fans uphold their belief that he's still alive out there somewhere.
If you reverse the two parts of this word, you get hold up. And that's exactly what upholding is: holding up or supporting an idea or practice. You might uphold your dog's innocence, even though it's pretty obvious he dug up the neighbor's flower bed. When America fought for independence, we upheld the idea of fair representation. When you uphold something, you're taking a stand for it.
WORD FAMILY
uphold: upheld, upholder, upholding, upholds+/upholder: upholders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Promoting diversity and upholding basic rights aren’t the same thing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A flag was thrown immediately, and the call was upheld on review.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Park was impeached by parliament early last year, a decision that must be upheld or rejected by the Constitutional Court.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 支持; 维持; 赞成; 支撑
时态：upheld, upholding, upholds
分布：维护(61%)，支持(23%)，维持(12%)，举起(4%)
→比喻用法。
支持;拥护(up+hold→向上拿住→拥护)[up=up,over表示"向上"]
vt.支持,赞成;举起;坚持I would rather withhold than uphold you unfold the gold foil on the threshold.我宁愿扣留而不支持你展开黄金箔在门槛上.
【反】abrogate（v 废除）；impugn（v 打击）
US [-'hoʊld] (upheld, upheld)
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to defend or keep a principle or law, or to state that a decision which has already been made, especially a legal one, is correct 支援，维护，赞成（尤指法律上的决议）
• As a police officer you are expected to uphold the law whether you agree with it or not. 作为员警，不管你赞成与否都应该维护法律。
• Judge Davis upheld the county court's decision. 戴维斯法官维持了郡法院的判决。
support, sustain, back, uphold, advocate
这组词都有“支持，支援，拥护”的意思，其区别是：
support: 含义广泛，多指在道义上或物质上支持某人，也可指对某项事业的支持。
sustain: 侧重指连续不断的支持。
back: 通常指对论点、行动、事业等的强有力支持。
uphold: 既可指积极努力对陷入困境者的支持，也可指给某人在行动、道义或信仰上的支持。
advocate: 多指通过写文章或发表演说等来支持或拥护，往往暗示提倡某事或为某事辩护。
vt. 支撑；鼓励；赞成；举起
 - encourage, agree, heart, sustain

Word: meal
Front: meal
[mi:l] (中高雅 1710/1415 -K3)
Vocabulary: meal
(once / 117 pages)
1n 2n
When you eat a meal, you sit down and dine on food. Breakfast is usually the first meal of the day, but if you oversleep your first meal might be lunch instead.
You can use the word meal to talk about the occasion (like dinner or brunch), or about the food itself. For example, you might say that chili and cornbread is your favorite meal during the colder months, or that a fast food hamburger eaten in the car is a poor excuse for a meal. Yet another meaning of meal is "edible ground grain or beans," like cornmeal or soybean meal.
WORD FAMILY
meal: meals, mealy +/ mealy: mealier, mealiest, mealyer
USAGE EXAMPLES
Airlines are not obliged to compensate travelers with lodging or meals for delays because of extreme weather.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The center relies on other agencies and volunteers for various programs, including meals through the Northeast Iowa Area Agency on Aging.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Writing down your meals, snacks and daily stressors helps clarify your true habits, and set healthy, reachable goals.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 餐，饭; 进餐（时间）; 〈英〉一次挤奶量; 谷物粗粉（用作饲料或加工面粉）
vi. 进餐
分布：一餐(60%)，膳食(36%)，粗碾的谷物(4%)
→来自古英语mael,固定时间，吃饭点，来自Proto-Germanic*maela,来自me,测量，词源同meter,measure.词义由测量引申为固定时间，最后引申词义用餐时间，一顿饭。词义演变比较同源词time,tide,deal.meal 谷物粗粉
n.膳食,一餐The zealous dealer has an ideal idea of dealing with the meal.热心的商人有一个处理膳食的理想主意.
noun
FOOD 食物
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an occasion when food is eaten, or the food which is eaten on such an occasion 进餐；餐，一顿饭
• a hot meal 一顿热饭
• a three-course meal 有三道菜的一餐
• a heavy (= large) meal 丰盛的一餐
• a light (= small) meal 简单的一顿饭
• I have my main meal at midday. 我一天的正餐是在中午。
• You must come round for a meal sometime. 你有空一定要过来吃顿饭。
[mɪəl] noun
POWDER 粉
uncountable
■a substance which has been crushed to make a rough powder, especially plant seeds crushed to make flour or for animal food 粗磨粉
• bone meal 骨粉
• soya meal 大豆粉
[mɪəl] noun
make a meal (out) of sth UK disapproving
■to spend more time or energy doing something than is necessary 对…小题大做
• I only asked for a summary of the main points but she's making a real meal out of it. 我只要个提纲，可是她弄得过于详细。
dinner, meal
这组词都有“餐”的意思，其区别是：
dinner: 正餐。指一日中的主餐，可中午吃，也可晚间吃。
meal: 泛指一日三餐的任一餐，也可指一餐所吃的东西。
n. 一餐，一顿饭；膳食
 - board, feed
vi. 进餐
 - have a dinner, dine

Word: vanish
Front: vanish
[ˈvænɪʃ] (研四六托雅 3949/4129 -2)
Vocabulary: vanish
(once / 162 pages)
v
A car driving into the distance, a member of a near-extinct species, or that last piece of pecan pie in the refrigerator — any of these things is likely to vanish soon, meaning "to disappear."
The word vanish entered English by way of French, but it can be traced back to the Latin word evanescere, meaning to “die away” or “to dissipate.” The word covers all kinds of disappearing acts, from the disappearance of an object or a person. You might, for example, vanish from school when the last bell rings on Friday. Things we can't see can also vanish, like the stress that vanishes when your big project is complete.
WORD FAMILY
vanish: vanished, vanisher, vanishes, vanishing +/vanisher: vanishers/ vanishing: vanishings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The university says the six were returning to Columbus when the plane vanished late Thursday shortly after takeoff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities are also searching for 13-year-old Fabian Xavier Rosales, who vanished from the backyard of his Aurora home Sunday night.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A beverage distribution company executive was piloting the plane when it vanished Thursday night.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 消失; 突然不见; 消亡，消灭; [数]化为零
vt. 使消失，使不见
n. [语音学]消失音，弱化音
时态：vanished, vanishing, vanishes
分布：消失(93%)，绝迹(4%)，不见了(3%)
→缩写自拉丁语evanescere,来自e-,向外，-van,空出，虚无，词源同vain。引申词义消失。
不见,消失(van+ish→空空→消失了)[vac,van,void=empty表示"空"]
消失(van空,失去+ish)[-ish 1.表形容词"像…一样,有的..."通常放在一具体名词后2.表动词"造成…"3.表示"国家的或语言"]
vi.突然不见;消失The animals unanimously vanished from the mammal's room furnished with Spanish furniture.动物一齐从配备有西班牙家具的哺乳动物的房间消失.
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to disappear or stop being present or existing, especially in a sudden, surprising way （尤指突然）消失，灭绝
• The child vanished while on her way home from school. 那个小女孩在放学回家的路上不见了。
• We rushed out of the shop in hot pursuit, but the thief had vanished into thin air (= had completely disappeared). 我们冲出商店，拼命追赶，但小偷已经消失得无影无踪。
• Cheap rural housing is vanishing in the south of the country. 廉价的乡间住房在该国南部行将绝迹。
fade, evaporate, disappear, vanish
这组词都有“消失”的意思，其区别是：
fade: 侧重逐渐消失。
evaporate: 指像水蒸发时那样悄然逝去，也指某人悄悄地、突然退出或离去。
disappear: 普通用词，强调从视线或脑海中消失。这消失可能是暂时的、突然的或永久的，视上下文而定。
vanish: 语气强，指完全、往往是神秘而突然的消失，不留任何蛛丝马迹。
die away, fade, disappear, vanish
die away: 听不见了，侧重于变弱，逐渐止息
fade: 退色，凋谢
disappear: a. 看不见了 b.消失，一般用语
vanish: 侧重于突然不见或消失
vi. [数] 消失；突然不见；成为零
 - disappear, blank
vt. 使不见， [数] 使消失
 - unmake

Word: perspective
Front: perspective
[pəˈspektɪv] (研四六托雅宝 1412/2305 -3)
Vocabulary: perspective
(once / 637 pages)
n
Your perspective is the way you see something. If you think that toys corrupt children's minds, then from your perspective a toy shop is an evil place.
Perspective has a Latin root meaning "look through" or "perceive," and all the meanings of perspective have something to do with looking. If you observe the world from a dog's perspective, you see through the dog's eyes. In drawing, perspective gives your drawing the appearance of depth or distance. If we say someone "has perspective," we mean she has a sensible outlook on life.
WORD FAMILY
perspective: perspectives
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It puts a lot of things in perspective,” Anderson said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here is a summary of some of the high points, from my perspective.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“This puts it all in perspective,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 透镜，望远镜; 观点，看法; 远景，景色; 洞察力
adj. （按照）透视画法的; 透视的
分布：透视(53%)，看法(25%)，远景(14%)，透视的(8%)
→per-,完全的，-spect,看，词源同spectate,specter.引申词义观点，看法，态度。
透视的(per+spect看＋ive→看透了→透视的)[per-①表示"贯穿,自始至终"②表示"假,坏"]
看法;眼界;透视(per全部+spect+ive→全部看到→透视,看法)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
n.透视画法,透视图;远景,前途;观点,看法The prospective inspector prospected his prospect with his own perspective.未来的检查员用自己的观点勘察的他的前景.
US [pɚ'spek-] noun
THOUGHT 想法
 IMPROVER countable
■a particular way of considering something （思考问题的）角度，观点，想法
• Her attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject. 她的态度为这个问题提供了新的视角。
• He writes from a Marxist perspective. 他从一个马克思主义者的角度写作。
• Because of its geographical position, Germany's perspective on the situation in Eastern Europe is rather different from Britain's. 由于地理位置不同，德国对东欧局势的看法与英国大相迳庭。
get/keep sth in perspective
■to think about a situation or problem in a wise and reasonable way 恰当地估计；合理地评价；正确地看待
• You must keep things in perspective - the overall situation isn't really that bad. 你必须正确看待问题——总体局势还没那么糟糕。
put sth in(to) perspective
■to compare something to other things so that it can be accurately and fairly judged 客观地比较；客观地审查
• Total investments for this year reached £53 million, and, to put this into perspective, investments this year were double those made in 2001. 今年的总投资额达到5300万英镑，客观地来看，这是2001年的两倍。
UK [pə'spek.tɪv] US [pɚ'spek-] noun
ART 艺术
uncountable
■the way that objects appear smaller when they are further away and the way parallel lines appear to meet each other at a point in the distance 透视（画）法
• In 15th-century Italy, artists rediscovered the rules of perspective. 在15世纪的义大利，艺术家重新发现了透视规则。
in perspective
■An object or person that is in perspective has the correct size and position in comparison with other things in the picture. 透视比例正确的；有透视效果的
out of perspective
■An object or person that is out of perspective does not have the correct size or position in comparison with other things in the picture, and therefore does not look real or natural. 透视尺度失真的；比例（或位置）不当的
n. 观点；远景； [数] 透视图
 - viewpoint, outlook, eye, sentiment, standpoint
adj. [数] 透视的
 - clairvoyant

Word: oversight
Front: oversight
[ˈəʊvəsaɪt] (托宝 6063/14508 -1)
Vocabulary: oversight
(once / 1423 pages)
1n 2n
An oversight is a mistake you make when you're not paying full attention. Your failure to add the sugar to the cookies was an unfortunate oversight — you were so engrossed in texting that you forgot it.
Oversights are not intentional mistakes. Usually they're just the result of inattention. If you make an oversight in your inspection of a nuclear power plant and it later goes into meltdown, you'll get fired. An inspector is supposed to pay attention. But if you forgot your cousin's birthday because you're busy taking care of Grandma, that's a forgivable oversight. Oversight is also the act of supervising something, like the construction of a dam, or a high school prom.
WORD FAMILY
oversight: oversights+/ foresight: foresightful, foresights/foresighted: foresightedly, foresightedness/foresightful: foresightfulness, unforesightful/ sight: foresight, oversight, sighted, sighting, sightless, sights/sighted: foresighted, sightedly, sightedness, unsighted/sighting: sightings/sightless: sightlessly, sightlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We need to understand what is collected and be transparent. We need some kind of oversight in place before the line gets pushed too far.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Democrats demanded more oversight of handover of the $4.2 billion to a trio of private insurers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The U.S. economic and political model, mixing markets and government oversight, would be emulated.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 疏忽; 监督，照管; 失察; 负责
分布：监管(62%)，疏忽(31%)，失察(6%)，看管(1%)
→over-,在上，超过，过度，sight,看，看管。即在上面看，负责，照管。同时，也用于否定义，看过头，疏忽，忽视。比较overlook.
疏漏(over越过+sight→越过[漏洞]没看到;参考,overlook疏忽)[sight=vision,表示"眼光"]
US ['oʊ.vɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
■a mistake made because of a failure to notice something 失察；疏忽；疏漏
• They claimed it was simply (an) oversight. 他们声称这不过是个疏忽。
n. 监督，照管；疏忽
 - supervision, surveillance

Word: citizenship
Front: citizenship
[ˈsɪtɪzənʃɪp] (托 4851/6242 -1)
Vocabulary: citizenship
(once / 1034 pages)
n
Citizenship is the status of being a citizen. If you have citizenship in a country, you have the right to live there, work, vote, and pay taxes!
Citizenship comes from the Latin word for city, because in the earlier days of human governments, people identified themselves as belonging to cities more than countries. Citizenship is more than merely living somewhere. If you have citizenship, you have a whole set of rights that non-citizens might not have. Usually you have citizenship in the country you're born in, but if you're an immigrant from somewhere else, you have to apply for it.
WORD FAMILY
citizenship: citizenships+/ citizen: citizens, citizenship, noncitizen/noncitizen: noncitizens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nebraska State Tax Commissioner Tony Fulton said Amazon is “exhibiting responsible corporate citizenship. “The tax is owed,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Critics, however, blast the practice as a way to gain citizenship for children by unfairly gaming the immigration system.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Bush administration, rewards foreign investors with a path to citizenship if they put money into a job-creating economic development project.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 公民身份; 公民权
分布：国籍(65%)，公民权(34%)，公民的身份(1%)
公民身份(citizen公民)[-ship 1.表示某种关系或状态2.表示某种技能]
US ['sɪtˌ-] noun uncountable
■the state of being a member of a particular country and having rights because of it 公民身份；公民资格
• He was granted Canadian citizenship. 他取得了加拿大国籍。
• He holds joint citizenship in Sweden and Peru. 他拥有瑞典和秘鲁双重国籍。
■the state of living in a particular area or town and behaving in a way that other people who live there expect of you 市民义务；公民义务
n. [法] 公民身份，公民资格；国籍；公民权
 - nationality, civil status

Word: revolt
Front: revolt
[rɪˈvəʊlt] (研四六托雅宝 8955/6556 -2)
Vocabulary: revolt
(once / 62 pages)
1vn 2v
Revolt means to rise up against an authority in an act of rebellion. You might see an opposition group revolt against a government, or you might revolt against your oppressive 10:00 curfew.
Revolt has a noun form as well to describe that kind of rebellious uprising. Your revolt is successful if you get permission to stay out past 11:00. Revolt can also mean to disgust or sicken, either physically or in terms of your sensibilities. Your stomach may revolt at the idea of eating cauliflower again. You could combine the two meanings of revolt if you stage a revolt in the kitchen to stop from having to eat vegetables that revolt you.
WORD FAMILY
revolt: revolted, revolting, revolts, revolution +/counterrevolution: counterrevolutionary, counterrevolutionist, counterrevolutions/counterrevolutionary: counterrevolutionaries/ revolting: revoltingly/ revolution: counterrevolution, revolutionary, revolutionise, revolutionism, revolutionize, revolutions/ revolutionary: revolutionaries, revolutionarily/revolutionise: revolutionised, revolutionises, revolutionising/revolutionism: revolutionisms, revolutionist / revolutionist: revolutionists/ revolutionize: revolutionized, revolutionizes, revolutionizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Resolving the contradictions within the government’s various positions, and preventing backbench revolts destroying its slim parliamentary majority, will be all-consuming.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Half-a-dozen revolts that he helped organise against an ossified Qing dynasty were failures.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The populist revolt highlights the need to rejuvenate democratic public discourse, to address the big questions people care about, including moral and cultural issues.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. （使）厌恶
vi. 反叛，背叛; 厌恶，反感
n. 造反，起义
时态：revolted, revolting, revolts
分布：反抗(56%)，叛乱(33%)，反感(10%)，起反感(1%)
→来自 revolve,旋转，转动，-t,过去分词格。引申词义反抗，叛乱，起义等。
反叛(re+volt转→反过转→反叛)[re-①表示"向后,相反,不"②表示"一再,重新"]
叛变,起义(re反+volt转→转反了→叛变)[vol,volv,volt=roll,turn,表示"卷,转"]
v./n.反抗,起义The voluntary revolutionaries revolted like the outbreak of volcano.志愿革命者们象火山爆发一样起义了.
【记】re反，volt转一反转一叛乱
【参】revolve（v 使旋转；循环出现）；revulsion（n 抽回；厌恶）
US [-'voʊlt] verb
FIGHT 战斗
intransitive
■If a large number of people revolt, they refuse to be controlled or ruled, and take often violent action against authority 反抗；造反；反叛
• The people revolted against foreign rule and established their own government. 人们奋起反抗外来统治，并成立了自己的政府。
UK [rɪ'vəʊlt/ UK [-'vɒlt] US [-'voʊlt] verb
UNPLEASANT FEELING 厌恶
transitive
■to make someone feel unpleasantly shocked or disgusted 使厌恶；使惊骇；使反感
• We were revolted by the dirt and mess in her house. 她家里又脏又乱，我们看着心里生厌。
• It revolts me to know that the world spends so much money on arms when millions are dying of hunger. 这个世界有数以百万计的人因饥饿挣扎在死亡线上，但却有那么多的钱花在军备上，这真让我感到震惊。
⇒ See also revulsion
UK [rɪ'vəʊlt/ UK [-'vɒlt] US [-'voʊlt] noun countable or uncountable
■an attempt to get rid of a government by using violence 反抗；造反；反叛
• Troops were called in to crush/put down the revolt. 军队被调来镇压叛乱。
• The army is in revolt (against its commanders). 军队叛乱（调转枪口指向了指挥官们）。
⇒ See also revolution
revolt, revenge
revolt: 造反，反抗
revenge: 报复，复仇
revolt, riot, rebellion
这组词都有“造反、叛乱、骚乱”的意思，其区别是：
revolt: 指规模相对较小的，持续时间较短，侧重对压迫或不能容忍的情况的反抗。
riot: 多指没有组织的一群人突然掀起的闹事。也可指暴乱或暴动。
rebellion: 通常指有组织、公开地大规模武断叛乱，着以失败而告终。
revolt, resist, rebel
revolt: 反叛，造反，反对，反抗；
resist: vt. 抵抗，反抗，一般为褒义；
rebel: 造反，反叛，贬义
vi. 反抗；反叛；反感，厌恶
 - strive against, come out against
vt. 使反感；使恶心
 - sicken
n. 反抗；叛乱；反感
 - resistance, hate, rebellion

Word: fold
Front: fold
[fəʊld] (高研四六托宝 3493/3975 -K3)
Vocabulary: fold
(once / 104 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4v
To fold is to crease or bend something over so it covers part of itself. Before you put your clean sheets and towels away in the closet, you should probably fold them.
Some people drop their clothes on the floor at the end of the day, while others neatly fold theirs. You can call the crease in a folded piece of paper or pillow case a fold too. There are several ways to fold, including to gently mix ingredients, incorporating them without stirring; and to drop out of a poker hand, laying your cards down on the table.
WORD FAMILY
fold: enfold, foldable, folded, folder, folding, folds, unfold +/ enfold: enfolded, enfolding, enfolds/enfolding: enfoldings/folder: folders/folding: foldings, infolding/infolding: infoldings/ unfold: unfolded, unfolding, unfolds/unfolding: unfoldings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s like being above the fold in a newspaper,” she said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Light and shadow are deftly conveyed, as are the folds of voluminous costumes.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Rogers said his favorite part is folding the sheets, and “really likes” his job.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 折叠; 合拢; 抱住; 笼罩
vi. 折叠起来; 彻底失败
n. 折痕; 信徒; 羊栏; （起伏地的）凹处，洼
时态：folded, folding, folds
分布：折叠(65%)，包(10%)，折痕(7%)，倒闭(6%)，交叉(6%)，翻倍(3%)，折层(1%)，屈服(1%)，拥抱(1%)
→来自pel, 折叠，词源同triple, diplomat. 羊栏义词源不详。
v.折叠;合拢;抱住n.褶,褶痕;羊栏;信徒The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand.大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里.
US [foʊld] verb
BEND 弯曲
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to bend something, especially paper or cloth, so that one part of it lies on the other part, or to be able to be bent in this way 折叠，对折（尤指纸或布）；可折叠；可对折
• I folded the letter (in half) and put it in an envelope. 我把信对折后装进一个信封里。
• He had a neatly folded handkerchief in his jacket pocket. 他的上衣口袋里有一方叠得整整齐齐的手帕。
• Will you help me to fold (up)the sheets? 你能帮我把床单叠起来吗？
transitive
■to wrap 包，裹
• She folded her baby in a blanket. 她把婴儿裹在一块毯子里。
• He folded his arms around her. 他用双臂搂住了她。
fold your arms
 IMPROVER
■to bring your arms close to your chest and hold them together 双臂交叉在胸前
transitive
■to move a part of your body into a position where it is close to your body 盘起，交叠
• She sat with her legs folded under her. 她盘腿而坐。
UK [fəʊld] US [foʊld] verb
FAIL 失败
intransitive
■(of a business) to close because of failure （企业）倒闭
• Many small businesses fold within the first year. 许多小公司在第一年就倒闭了。
UK [fəʊld] US [foʊld] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  fold sth in/fold sth into something
■(in cooking) to mix a substance into another substance by turning it gently with a spoon （烹调中）把…调入，拌入
• Fold the egg whites into the cake mixture. 把蛋白调入蛋糕混合物。
• Fold in the flour. 拌入面粉。
UK [fəʊld] US [foʊld] noun countable
BEND 弯曲
■a line or mark where paper, cloth, etc. was or is folded （纸、布的）褶线，褶痕
• Make a fold across the centre of the card. 在卡片中间折一道线。
■specialized
■a bend in a layer of rock under the Earth's surface caused by movement there （地壳岩层的）褶皱
UK [fəʊld] US [foʊld] noun countable
SHELTER 遮蔽处
■a small area of a field surrounded by a fence where sheep can be put for shelter for the night 羊栏，羊圈
the fold
■your home or an organization where you feel you belong 家；所属的组织
• Her children are all away at college now, but they always return to the fold in the holidays. 她的孩子们现在全都离家上大学了，但是他们假期总是都回来。
wrinkle, fold
这组词都有“使皱”的意思，其区别是：
wrinkle: 指使某物起折痕或把某物弄皱。
fold: 指对折或叠若干次。
vt. 折叠；合拢；抱住；笼罩
 - infold, enfold
n. 折痕；信徒；羊栏
 - Christian, believer

Word: recycle
Front: recycle
[ˌri:ˈsaɪkl] (高研六托雅 5806/7344 -2)
Vocabulary: recycle
(once / 3178 pages)
1v 2v
When you recycle something, you process it so it can be used again. You might recycle an old tire and make it into a snazzy black knapsack with some very cool skid marks.
The prefix re- means again, and when you recycle something, you process it for another cycle of use. The phrase "reduce, reuse, recycle" gives you three ways to prevent waste. When you recycle plastic bottles, they’re melted down and made into new bottles or even furniture or clothing. You might do some creative recycling and turn your old textbooks into a coffee table. When you have your washing machine repeat the wash or rinse cycle, that’s a different recycle.
WORD FAMILY
recycle: recyclable, recycled, recycles, recycling+/recycling: recyclings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps a section of upscale goods like goji berries, bison burgers and recycled toilet paper alongside a more down-home selection of everyday staples.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But what about the 99 percent, and the new art that is not being recycled in the great moneymaking machine of today’s market?
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Readers rave about recycle truck driver Santa, rant about rude Seahawks fans.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 回收利用; 使再循环
vi. 重复利用
时态：recycled, recycling, recycles
分布：循环(69%)，再利用(13%)，再循环(10%)，使再循环(5%)，再制(3%)
→re-,再，重新，cycle,圈，循环。引申词义再利用。
再循环;回收[circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示"圆,环"]
v./n.再循环,重复利用Empty bottles can be recycled.空瓶能够被循环再用.
【记】re再，cycle循环－废物再循环－回收利用
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to collect and treat rubbish in order to produce useful materials which can be used again 回收利用；再利用；（从废物中）提取利用
• The Japanese recycle more than half their waste paper. 日本人将一半以上的废纸回收利用。
n. 再生；再循环；重复利用
 - regeneration, breeding, rebirth

Word: rivalry
Front: rivalry
[ˈraɪvlri] (托宝 6597/7075 -2)
Vocabulary: rivalry
(once / 815 pages)
n
Rivalry is the act of competing for the same thing against another person. Your rivalry with your older sister is amusing to the family but very annoying to her.
Rivalry comes from the noun rival, the person you compete against. Often a rivalry starts when people want the same reward — and their talents are just about equal. Your rivalry for the lead in the play at the local theater isn't between you and George Clooney — it's between you and the other guy who also had a great audition.
WORD FAMILY
rivalry: rivalries+/ rival: rivaled, rivaling, rivalled, rivalling, rivalrous, rivalry, rivals/rivaled: unrivaled/rivalled: unrivalled/unrivaled: unrivaledest
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Reeves-Vogel rivalry will hardly be the only one simmering inside what everyone here calls “Mr. Jefferson’s Capitol.”
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The Warriors and the Cavaliers appear determined to re-establish that sort of rivalry.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Imagine, if you will, the Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers facing off in the Super Bowl in a reprise of their 1970s rivalry.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 竞争，对抗，对立; 竞争行为，对抗行为
分布：竞争(69%)，对抗(20%)，敌对(11%)
→来自 rival,竞争者，-ry,名词后缀。
竞争,敌对(rival对手)[-ry表名词,通常放在一个完整的单词后面1.表示"状态,性质"2.表示"行业,学科"3.表示集合名词4.表示"场地"]
noun countable or uncountable
■when people, businesses, etc. compete with each other for the same thing 相互较劲
• There's such rivalry among/between my three sons. 我的三个儿子相互较劲，闹得不可开交。
• There's fierce rivalry for the job/ to get the job. 很多人想要得到这份工作，竞争非常激烈。
n. 竞争；对抗；竞赛
 - competition, war, struggle, match, contest

Word: guardian
Front: guardian
[ˈgɑ:diən] (雅 5671/2951 -2)
Vocabulary: guardian
(once / 120 pages)
n
A guardian is a keeper or protector who looks after the welfare of other people or their property. In legal language, guardian is typically used as an alternative to "parent."
Guardians are often adults who can make legal decisions for children who are not their own. Sometimes they take care of them, too, just like a parent would. A guardian angel is a figure that some people believe (either seriously or jokingly) watches over them and protects them. The term is also used to describe people who believe they are "guarding" something important, like morality, culture, or fashion.
WORD FAMILY
guardian: guardians, guardianship+/guardianship: guardianships
USAGE EXAMPLES
In June the Kenyan company won awards from the clean energy charity Ashden, reports the Guardian.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The president-elect did not respond to a question from the Guardian about whether Ferguson would be performing Strange Fruit at the inauguration.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It "reached new heights of action and emotion", according to The Guardian's Mark Lawson, who saw parallels between Benedict Cumberbatch's Sherlock Holmes and James Bond.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 监护人; 保护者，维护者; 法国修道院院长
分布：监护人(85%)，保护人(15%)
US ['gɑ:r-] noun countable
■a person who has the legal right and responsibility of taking care of someone who cannot take care of themselves, such as a child whose parents have died 监护人
• The child's parents or guardians must give their consent before she has the operation. 在给这个孩子动手术前，一定要得到她父母或其监护人的同意。
■formal
■someone who protects something 保护者；护卫者；维护者
• These three official bodies are the guardians of the nation's countryside. 这三个官方机构负责监护全国乡村地区。
• a self-appointed guardian of public morals 自封的社会公德卫道人士
n. [法] 监护人，保护人；守护者
 - keeper, curator
adj. 守护的
 - warding

Word: overthrow
Front: overthrow
[ˌəʊvəˈθrəʊ] (研六雅宝 8555/8785 -2)
Vocabulary: overthrow
(once / 390 pages)
1vn 2n
When you overthrow a ruler or a regime, you throw them out, usually by force. If you're a rebel you may plan to overthrow the current government and install a new regime.
You can also use overthrow as a noun. You might plot to overthrow the parking ticket authority so that you won't have to pay your tickets. There are also more literal uses of the word. In baseball, football, and other games that involve throwing a ball, you overthrow when you throw the ball past the person you're aiming for. You can say "the pitcher overthrew the ball to the first baseman," or "the pitcher overthrew the first baseman."
WORD FAMILY
overthrow: overthrew, overthrowing, overthrown, overthrows+/ throw: overthrow, threw, throwed, thrower, throwing, throws/thrower: throwers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Romo, completed three of four passes for 29 yards, overthrew Terrance Williams on a deep pass on his first play.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The right defended the status quo; the left agitated to overthrow or at least ameliorate it.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
A failed military attempt to overthrow the government in May added to the turmoil.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. 打倒，推翻; 使屈服，征服; 使瓦解; 撞倒
n. 推翻，打倒; 打翻; 倾倒; [棒]投得过高的球
时态：overthrew, overthrown, overthrowing, overthrows
分布：推翻(70%)，打倒(15%)，颠覆(12%)，瓦解(3%)
→over-,超过，过度，throw,扔。比喻用法。
推翻(over+throw扔→扔翻了→推翻)[over-①表示"过度,过分"②表示"在……之上"③表示"翻转"]
v./n.推翻,颠覆The overthrown president is overwhelmed by the controversy.被推翻的总统被辩论降服.
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ'θroʊ] transitive
■to remove someone from power, using force; to defeat （用武力）推翻，打倒；打败
• He said that Allende's government in Chile was overthrown by the army and the CIA in 1973. 他说智利的阿连德政府是被军队和中央情报局于1973年推翻的。
verb (overthrew, overthrown)
THROW 扔 UK ['əʊ.və.θrəʊ] US ['oʊ.vɚ.θroʊ] UK [ˌ--'-] intransitive or transitive US
■to throw a ball past the person or object you intended to throw to 投（球）过猛；投球超过（接手或目标）；扔得比…远
• Joe Montana overthrew (the pass). 乔‧蒙塔纳传球过猛。
noun UK [ˈəʊ.və.ɵrəʊ] US [ˈoʊ.və˞.ɵroʊ]
DEFEAT 打败
countable usually singular
■when someone or something is removed from power using force （用武力）推翻，打倒；打败
• the overthrow of the monarchy 君主制的推翻
noun UK [ˈəʊ.və.ɵrəʊ] US [ˈoʊ.və˞.ɵroʊ]
THROW 扔
countable usually singular
■when a ball is thrown too far 投球过猛；（球被）扔太远
countable
■a score in cricket made when the ball is thrown past the person it was intended to be thrown to 投（球）过猛；投球超过（接手或目标）；扔得比…远
undergo, overcome, overthrow, withhold
undergo: 经受、经历、遭受
overcome: 克服、战胜；
overthrow: 推翻、颠覆；
withhold: 压住、制住、抑制；
defeat, beat, overcome, conquer, subdue, overthrow
这组词都有“征服，战胜”的意思，其区别是：
defeat: 普通用词，多指在战争、比赛、竞选或辩论中战胜对手，侧重胜利的暂时性。
beat: 口笔语均可用，可与defeat换用。
overcome: 多指战胜或克服非物质的东西，如困难和不良习惯等。语气较弱也可指在斗争或竞争中战胜或压倒对方。
conquer: 侧重战胜和控制。书面用词。
subdue: 正式用词，与conquer同义，但强调失败后的臣服状态；也可用作借喻，表克制、压抑感情、欲望等。
overthrow: 指彻底击败对手，使其丧失力量和地位。
n. 推翻；倾覆；瓦解
 - capsizal, disintegration
vt. 推翻；打倒；倾覆
 - floor, fell

Word: bundle
Front: bundle
[ˈbʌndl] (研四六托雅 6005/5598 -2)
Vocabulary: bundle
(once / 295 pages)
1nv 2v
A bundle is a package of things wrapped together. To wrap things together in a compact way is to bundle them. A baby wrapped up in a blanket is a bundle of joy, and if it’s cold outside, bundle up!
Bundle comes from the Middle Dutch word for bind, which is what you do when you bundle stuff — you bind it together. It also means to wrap in warm clothes. This is a word for things that are tightly packed together. If you get a package in the mail, it's a bundle. If you have knickknacks all over the place, you'll need to bundle them when you move by putting them in a box.
WORD FAMILY
bundle: bundled, bundles, bundling+/bundling: bundlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bundling is when an individual or intermediary group collects many contributions on behalf of a candidate.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Seattle’s campaign-financing experiment will be extraordinarily expensive and poses potentially troubling scenarios about bundling.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
She walked to her closet and found a bundle of black yarn.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 捆; 一批（同类事物或出售的货品）; 一大笔钱; 风趣的人
vt. & vi. 收集，归拢，把…塞入
vt. 额外免费提供（设备等），（尤指出售计算机时）赠送软件
vi. 匆匆送走; 推搡; 赶; （成群地）匆忙赶往
时态：bundled, bundling, bundles
分布：包(37%)，束(32%)，捆(28%)，大笔钱(1%)，匆忙地走(1%)，把 ... 扎成一捆(1%)
→bund, 同band, 绑。-le, 小词后缀。
n.捆,包,束My grandpa sent me a large bundle on my birthday.我生日时爷爷给我寄来一个大包裹.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a number of things that have been fastened or are held together 束，捆
• a bundle of clothes/newspapers/books 一捆衣服／报纸／书
• a bundle of sticks 一捆柴火
['bʌn.dl] noun countable
bundle of joy
■a baby 婴孩
• Three days after the birth, Paul and Sandra took their precious bundle of joy home. 孩子出生三天后，保罗和桑德拉把宝宝抱回了家。
['bʌn.dl] noun countable
a bundle of laughs informal
■a funny, entertaining person or situation 好笑的人（或情景）；笑料
• He's not exactly a bundle of laughs, is he? 他并不是个很滑稽搞笑的人，是不是？
['bʌn.dl] noun countable
a bundle of nerves informal
■someone who is extremely nervous and worried 焦躁的人；紧张不安的人
• Sorry for shouting - I'm a bundle of nerves these days. 很抱歉冲你大叫大嚷——这些天我很焦躁。
['bʌn.dl] noun countable
go a bundle on sth UK informal
■to like something very much 非常喜欢
• usually in negative I don't go a bundle on his taste in clothes. 我不太喜欢他的衣着品味。
['bʌn.dl] noun countable
make a bundle informal
■to earn a lot of money 赚取大量金钱
• They made a bundle selling their business. 他们卖掉他们的公司，大赚了一笔。
['bʌn.dl] verb
PUSH 推
intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to push or put someone or something somewhere quickly and roughly 推搡；匆匆送走；乱堆；乱塞
• He bundled his clothes into the washing machine. 他把衣服塞进洗衣机里。
• She was bundled into the back of the car. 她被匆匆推进了车后座上。
• The children were bundled off to school early that morning. 那天一大早孩子们就被匆匆送往学校。
['bʌn.dl] verb
SELL TOGETHER 一起卖
transitive
■to include an extra computer program or other product with something that you sell 捆绑销售（电脑软体等）；搭售
• The system came bundled with a word processor, spreadsheet and graphics program. 这个系统销售时还外带文字处理、电子制表和图像制作软体。
['bʌn.dl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bundle (sb) up
■to put warm clothes on yourself or someone else （使某人）穿得暖和
• The kids were bundled up in coats and scarves. 孩子们穿着大衣，系着围巾，裹得严严实实。
['bʌn.dl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bundle sth up
■to tie a number of things together 把…捆扎起来
parcel, package, bundle, bunch, packet, pack
这组词都有“捆，包”的意思，其区别是：
parcel: 着重指邮包，也指将东西扎成小包或不太大的包。
package: 指包装整齐严密的包裹或一包、一捆、一盒东西。
bundle: 指多件东西被捆扎在一起。
bunch: 指有规则地把同类东西固定在一起。
packet: 一般指小件行李、邮包、还可指更小一些的包。
pack: 指专为背负而包扎的包裹，也指驮物等。
n. [解剖] 束； [印刷] 捆
 - tract, truss
vt. [印刷] 捆
 - rope
vi. 匆忙离开
 - bolt out, blow through

Word: considerable
Front: considerable
[kənˈsɪdərəbl] (研四六托雅宝 2855/1042 -K4)
Vocabulary: considerable
(once / 62 pages)
adj
Use the adjective considerable to describe something that is large in amount. Things you probably spend a considerable amount of time on: homework and laundry. Things you'd rather spend time on: anything that isn't homework and laundry!
The adjective considerable can describe something of importance and is worthy of notice or respect. If you are an excellent singer, dancer, musician, writer, or similar profession, people may ask you to donate your considerable talents to charitable causes. If you're not an excellent singer, dancer, musician, or writer, they will still ask you to donate, but they are more likely to ask for money!
WORD FAMILY
considerable: considerabler, considerablest, considerably, inconsiderable+/ consider: considerable, consideration, considered, considering, considers, reconsider / consideration: considerations, inconsideration/ considered: ill-considered, unconsidered/inconsiderable: inconsiderably/inconsideration: inconsiderations/ reconsider: reconsideration, reconsidered, reconsidering, reconsiders/reconsideration: reconsiderations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The president enjoys considerable influence over prosecutors, tax collectors and state security agents, whose careers are largely determined by political loyalty rather than merit.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The prosecutors are also likely to re-emphasize the considerable evidence of Mr. Roof’s premeditation and clearly articulated racial intent.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It wasn’t only the considerable shadow of her mother that Fisher recoiled from.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 相当大（或多）的; 该注意的，应考虑的
分布：相当大的(57%)，可观的(23%)，重要的(20%)
→来自consider, 考虑。即值得考虑的，相当多的。
a.相当大(或多)的,可观的;值得考虑的Considering considerable spiders outside, I stay in the president's residence.考虑到外面有相当多的蜘蛛,我呆在总统的住宅里.
【记】这次走私的数目considerable，需要好好consider
US [-ɚ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■large or of noticeable importance 相当大的；相当多的；非常可观的；相当重要的
• The fire caused considerable damage to the church. 那场火灾令教堂造成了重大损失。
considerate, considerable
considerate: 考虑周到的，体谅的。如：It was considerate of you not to trouble us.(你真体贴人，不打扰我们。)
considerable: 相当多的，可观的。如：He met a considerable amount of trouble.(他遇到了许多麻烦。)
adj. 相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的
 - crucial, important, material, big, major

Word: prolong
Front: prolong
[prəˈlɒŋ] (研六托雅宝 9450/8448 -1)
Vocabulary: prolong
(once / 315 pages)
v
I don't want to prolong this definition, so I'll keep it short. To prolong is to make something last longer or to stretch it out in time.
You see the word long in prolong and it's no trick. If you prolong an argument with a sibling, you make it longer than it naturally would be. Prolong always has to do with time. When you stretch your neck or a piece of cloth to make it appear longer, you are elongating, not prolonging, it.
WORD FAMILY
prolong: prolongation, prolonged, prolonging, prolongs+/prolongation: prolongations/ prolonged: prolongedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
PASADENA, Calif. — In mid-August, after prolonged vacillation, Southern California Coach Clay Helton declared the junior Max Browne his starting quarterback.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But it will need some rescue act to prolong the club’s top-flight stay.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Arpaio faces the charge for prolonging his immigration patrols for 17 months after a judge ordered them stopped.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 延长，拉长; 拖延，延期
时态：prolonged, prolonging, prolongs
分布：延长(94%)，拖延(6%)
→pro-,向前，long,长的。引申词义延长。
延长,引申(pro向前+long→向前长→延长)[long,leng表示"长"]
v.拉长,延长,拖延The delegation decided to prolong their visit by two weeks.代表团决定把访问延长两个星期.
【记】pro向前，long长－拉长
【反】curtail（v 缩减）；truncate（v 截去）
US [-'lɑ:ŋ] verb transitive
■to make something last a longer time 延长，拖延
• We were having such a good time that we decided to prolong our stay by another week. 我们过得非常愉快，决定再多待一个星期。
• She chewed each delicious mouthful as slowly as she could, prolonging the pleasure. 她细嚼慢咽，尽情地享受每一口美食。
suspend, defer, postpone, prolong, delay, put off
这组词都有“推延，延期”的意思，其区别是：
suspend: 指暂时中断以待某种条件的实现。
defer: 正式用词，语气强于postpone，多指故意拖延。
postpone: 正式用词，语气较强，多指有安排的延期，常指明延期到一定的时间。
prolong: 指把时间延长至超过正常或通常的限度。
delay: 普通用词，多指因外界原因推迟或耽误，也可指有意推迟。
put off: 口语用词，与postpone同义，但较通俗。
enlarge, extend, stretch, prolong, inflate, expand, increase, multiply, lengthen, add, augment, amplify
enlarge: 放大（照片）
extend: 使…（在空间或时间上）更大，更长；伸长，伸展，延展；舒展（肢体），extend sth
stretch: vt 拉长，撑大；绵延，延续
prolong: 人为的延长时间
inflate: 使（轮胎、气球等）充气，膨胀，inflate sth (with sth)
expand: 使…变大，扩大，扩展，expand sth into sth
increase: 增加，增大（数目、数量、体积等），increase sth from…to…
multiply: 成倍的增加
lengthen: 指自然的延长时间或空间
add: 加，添加，add sth to sth
augment: vt 增多，增大，augment sth
amplify: 特指音量，电流等的扩大
vt. 延长；拖延
 - drag on, drag out

Word: fake
Front: fake
[feɪk] (研六托雅宝 5098/9663 -2)
Vocabulary: fake
(once / 1125 pages)
nadjv
You should have known that copy of the "Declaration of Independence" was a fake when you saw it was signed by "Jon Hancrock" instead of "John Hancock." Something that's fake isn't authentic.
A person who falsely claims to be, feel, or do something can be said to be fake. When your friend acts sweet but spreads rumors about you behind your back, you can call her a fake. As a verb, fake means to take an action with the intent to deceive. If you've ever tried to fake a grade on your report card, you know that it's especially hard to change an F to an A.
WORD FAMILY
fake: faked, faker, fakery, fakes, faking+/faker: fakers/fakery: fakeries
USAGE EXAMPLES
And yes, Mark, this annual dinner column is fake news, but please don’t filter it!
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If he couldn’t fill the job description, he said, there was no use trying to fake it.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After this year of fake news in US politics and elsewhere, I am hopeful that consumers of news will become much more discerning.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 伪造; 篡改; 对…做手脚; 仿造
vt. & vi. 假装
n. 骗子; 冒牌货，赝品; [体]假动作; 冒充，诈骗
adj. 假的，冒充的
时态：faked, faking, fakes
分布：伪造(31%)，假的(25%)，假货(16%)，骗子(11%)，伪装(8%)，欺骗(6%)，假造(3%)
→犯罪分子俚语，词源不确定。可能来自词根fact, 做，词源同face, factitious. 即人为的，伪造的。
n.假货,赝品a.假的,冒充的v.伪造;伪装The painting looked old but was a recent fake.这幅画看上去年代久远,实际是最近的一幅赝品.
【记】玩过《红色警报》的同学都不会陌生，fake就是里边的假主基地。
noun countable
■an object which is made to look real or valuable in order to deceive people 赝品；假货
• Experts revealed that the painting was a fake. 专家透露那幅画是赝品。
• The gun in his hand was a fake. 他手里的枪是假的。
■someone who is not what or who they say they are 冒充者；骗子
• After working for ten years as a doctor, he was exposed as a fake. 行医十年后，他被揭发是个冒牌货。
[feɪk] adjective
■not real, but made to look or seem real 假的，伪造的
• He was charged with possessing a fake passport. 他被控持有假护照。
• fake fur/blood 人造毛皮／假血
[feɪk] verb
FEELING/ILLNESS 感情／病痛
intransitive or transitive
■to pretend that you have a feeling or illness 装出（某种感情）；假装（有病）
• to fake surprise 佯装惊讶
• to fake an orgasm 假装达到性高潮
• She didn't want to go out, so she faked a headache. 她不想出去，就假装头痛。
• He faked a heart attack and persuaded prison staff to take him to hospital. 他假装心脏病发作，说服狱警把他送到医院。
• He isn't really crying, he's just faking. 他不是真的在哭，只是在装哭。
[feɪk] verb
OBJECT 物体
transitive
■to make an object look real or valuable in order to deceive people 伪造
• to fake a document/signature 伪造文件／签名
sham, fake
这组词都有“冒牌货”的意思，其区别是：
sham: 指可以以假乱真的东西，尤指明显的欺骗。
fake: 通常指没有价值的冒牌货或代用品，但目的不一定全是为骗人。
false, fake
这组词都有“假的”的意思，其区别是：
false: 指说明某物与真的相像，强调看上去像真的，不一定用作冒充、谎骗。
fake: 指某物不是真的。

Word: pit
Front: pit
[pɪt] (研四六托雅 3857/2882 -3)
Vocabulary: pit
(once / 279 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv
A pit is a hole in the ground, like the one in Poe’s “The Pit and the Pendulum” that the narrator tries not to fall into. A pit can also be smaller indentation. There’s also a pit hiding inside a peach.
Pit is a word with a wide variety of meanings. There's the pit you dig on the beach as a moat for your sandcastle, and the pit a hunter digs for trapping an animal. Then there's the sunken area of a performance hall where musicians play, an orchestra pit, and the area that's reserved for certain activity, like the trading pit at a stock exchange. Finally, a pit is also a large, hard seed — like a peach pit.
WORD FAMILY
pit: pits, pitted, pitting+/pitting: pittings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The restrictions include bans on wood in fireplaces and outdoor fire pits.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The biggest game of the week pits the Packers against the Lions for the NFC North title.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Their showdown pits the Tigers’ mostly aerial attack against a Buckeyes offense that dominates with a punishing ground game and the run-pass option.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 井; 煤矿; 麻子; （赛车道旁的）修理加油站
vt. 使有麻子; 使有凹陷
vi. 凹陷; 起凹点
时态：pitted, pitting, pits
分布：坑(77%)，矿井(8%)，陷阱(5%)，凹陷(5%)，使竞争(2%)，使凹陷(2%)，凹痕(1%)
→来自古英语pytt,水坑，井，来自Proto-Germanic*puttjaz,水坑，井，借自拉丁语puteur,水坑，井，来自peue,清洗，纯化，词源同pure,purity.引申坑，井，洞，休息区等多种词义。pit 核，果核
n.坑,陷阱;煤矿,矿井It's a pity that the spitbox in the pit was hit and split.遗憾的是坑内的痰盂被打裂.
noun countable
PLACE/AREA 地方／区域
 ADVANCED
■a large hole in the ground, or a slightly low area in any surface 坑；麻子，痘痕
• They'd dug a shallow pit and left the bodies in it. 他们挖了一个浅坑把尸体扔在里面。
• These pits in my skin are from when I had chickenpox. 我皮肤上的麻子是我出水痘时留下的。
⇒ See also armpit;sandpit
 ADVANCED
■a coal mine or an area of land from which a natural substance is taken by digging 矿道，矿井
• The coal-mining industry wants new pits to be opened. 煤矿业需要开凿新的矿井。
• a gravel/chalk pit 砾石／白垩坑
■slang
■a very untidy or dirty place 异常凌乱的地方；肮脏的地方
• I'm afraid my room is a complete pit! 恐怕我的房间乱得一塌糊涂！
the pit only singular
■in a theatre, the seats at the lowest level, or the orchestra pit 剧院的正厅后座；乐池，乐队席
the pits [plural] informal
■something that is of extremely low quality 品质极为低劣之物
• The hotel we stayed in was the pits! 我们住的饭店实在太糟糕了！
■the area next to a motor race track where the cars are given fuel or repaired during a race 赛车场的检修加油站
[pɪt] noun countable
SEED 种子 US for stone (SEED)
[pɪt] noun countable
pit of your stomach
■the part of the body in which people say they feel fear or nervousness 胸口，心窝；心底
• I got a sick feeling/a knot in the pit of my stomach when the news of the attack was announced. 当发动攻击的消息宣布时，我感到胸口很难受／心揪得紧紧的。
[pɪt] verb transitive (-tt-)US for stone (SEED)
[pɪt] verb transitive (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pit sb/sth against sb/sth
■to cause one person, group or thing to fight against or be in competition with another 使相斗；使竞争；使较量
• It was a bitter civil war, that pitted neighbour against neighbour. 那是一场可怕的内战，使人和人之间相互为敌。
• [R] The climbers pitted themselves against the mountain. 攀登者与大山一较高下。
pit your wits against sb/sth
■to see if you can be cleverer than someone or something 与…斗智
• Would you like to pit your wits against our quiz champion? 你想和我们的益智竞赛冠军斗智吗？
hollow, cavity, pit, cave, hole
这组词都有“洞、穴”的意思，其区别是：
hollow: 通常指表面上的坑或凹处，也指物体内部的空洞。
cavity: 比hole正式，指实体内中或表面的空洞或空腔。
pit: 指天然的大洞，尤指地上的洞，也指为采掘矿物而挖的深洞。
cave: 指出洞、窑洞或溶洞，可以是天然的或人造的。
hole: 最普通用词，泛指实体上的洞、孔或坑，不涉及其大小、深浅或穿透与否。
n. [矿业] 矿井；深坑；陷阱；（物体或人体表面上的）凹陷；（英国剧场的）正厅后排；正厅后排的观众
 - mine, trap
vt. 使竞争；窖藏；使凹下；去…之核；使留疤痕
 - cache
vi. 凹陷；起凹点
 - cave, sink marks

Word: explode
Front: explode
[ɪkˈspləʊd] (高研四六托雅 3106/3934 -K3)
Vocabulary: explode
(once / 201 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
Anything and anyone can explode — that is, produce a violent, sudden and usually very loud release of energy.
Explode's two most common meanings refer to a physically destructive act, most commonly a bomb going off, or metaphorically, as in your parents' sudden fury when they see your end-of-year grades. Originally explode meant something quite different — to drive an unpleasing actor or group of performers from the stage by clapping and booing. (From the Latin words ex, meaning "out," and plaudere, "to clap one's hands.") Those ancient Greek and Roman crowds were tough.
WORD FAMILY
explode: exploded, explodes, exploding, explosion +/exploded: unexploded/ explosion: explosions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Samsung, the icon of South Korean technological prowess, suffered global humiliation with its recent recall of exploding Galaxy Note 7 smartphones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Writing that crackles off the page and explodes in the imagination.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Diners’ palates became more refined, and Washington’s restaurant scene exploded.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vi. 爆[突]发，发怒; 激增，迅速扩大
vt. （使）爆炸; 突然（发出巨响，活跃起来，迸发感情）; 推翻; 驳倒
时态：exploded, exploding, explodes
分布：爆炸(71%)，爆发(21%)，激增(3%)，使爆炸(3%)，驳倒(2%)
→ex-, 向外。-plod, 拍掌声，爆炸声，词源同implode.
爆炸(ex出+plod+e→出来大声音→爆炸)[pold=bignoise,表示"大声音"]
v.(使)爆炸,(使)爆发Bombs explode.炸弹会爆炸.
US [-'sploʊd] verb
BREAK APART 破裂
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) break up into pieces violently （使）爆炸，（使）爆破
• A bomb exploded at one of London's busiest railway stations this morning. 今早一枚炸弹在伦敦最繁忙的一个火车站爆炸。
• He was driving so fast that his car tyre exploded. 他的车开得太快导致爆胎。
Compare implode
UK [ɪk'spləʊd] US [-'sploʊd] verb
EMOTION 情感
intransitive
■to react suddenly with a strong expression of emotion （情感）突然迸发，爆发，突然发作
• [+ speech] "What on Earth do you think you're doing?" she exploded (= said angrily). “你究竟知不知道你在干甚么？”她大发雷霆。
• The children exploded into giggles (= suddenly started laughing uncontrollably). 孩子们突然咯咯地笑起来。
UK [ɪk'spləʊd] US [-'sploʊd] verb
INCREASE 增加
intransitive
■to increase very quickly 急剧扩大；激增，突增
• The population has exploded in the last ten years. 在过去十年中，人口激增。
UK [ɪk'spləʊd] US [-'sploʊd] verb
PROVE FALSE 证明错误
transitive
■to show something to be wrong 推翻；驳倒；破除
• This book finally explodes some of the myths about the origin of the universe. 这本书最终推翻了关于宇宙起源一些毫无根据的说法。
UK [ɪk'spləʊd] US [-'sploʊd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  explode into sth
■to suddenly change into something powerful or exciting 突发；迸发
• London's parks have exploded into colour (= become very colourful because many flowers have opened) in the last week. 上星期，伦敦各个公园一时之间百花怒放、姹紫嫣红。
explode, erupt, burst
这组词都有“爆炸、爆发”的意思，其区别是：
explode: 指物体爆炸而释放大量热能的一刹那。
erupt: 主要指火山的爆发，也可用作引申意义。
burst: 强调爆炸能量的突然释放和力量的突然迸发。
explode, burst, break out
explode: （炸弹）爆炸；
burst: （the ball）爆裂
break out: 爆发（战争）；
vi. 爆炸，爆发；激增
 - blow apart, burst up
vt. 使爆炸；爆炸；推翻
 - shoot, spring, blast

Word: rebellion
Front: rebellion
[rɪˈbeljən] (研四六托 6331/5367 -2)
Vocabulary: rebellion
(once / 222 pages)
n
A rebellion is when you rise up and fight those in power, usually on a large scale. In "Star Wars," the good guys fighting the powerful, evil empire were known as the rebellion.
If you know that a rebel is someone who fights authority, then you won’t be surprised that a rebellion is something similar. Rebellions can be wars, particularly wars for independence from the ruling government, but many rebellions never come to armed conflict. Most of the time they're wars of words, or even just small-scale rule-breaking that is supposed to make a larger point. Students might wear shorts to school, for example, as a rebellion against the dress code.
WORD FAMILY
rebellion: rebellions, rebellious +/ rebel: rebeled, rebeling, rebelled, rebelling, rebellion, rebels/ rebellious: rebelliously, rebelliousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The developments are easily visualised: the PA collapses in strife or rebellion and the Israeli army ends up governing.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Russia and Turkey also back opposite sides in the conflict, with Turkey supporting the rebellion against Mr Assad.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The Russian Revoution of 1917 toppled the czar, sent tremors of socialist rebellion throughout Europe and drove Vladimir Lenin into power by year’s end.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 造反，叛乱; 反抗
分布：叛乱(55%)，反抗(45%)
→来自 rebel,反抗，叛逆。
反叛;反抗(re反+bell打＋ion→反打→反叛)[bell,bel=war,fight,表示"战争,打斗"]
n.叛乱,反抗,起义The expelled man repelled billions of rebellions.遭到驱逐的男子击退了数十亿次叛乱.
noun countable or uncountable
■violent action organized by a group of people who are trying to change the political system in their country 反叛，造反；叛乱
• The government has brutally crushed the rebellion. 政府残酷镇压了叛乱。
■action against those in authority or against the rules or against normal and accepted ways of behaving 叛逆；抗争；反抗
• a backbench rebellion against the new foreign policy 后座议员对新外交政策的反对
• her teenage rebellion 她青春期的叛逆行为
revolt, riot, rebellion
这组词都有“造反、叛乱、骚乱”的意思，其区别是：
revolt: 指规模相对较小的，持续时间较短，侧重对压迫或不能容忍的情况的反抗。
riot: 多指没有组织的一群人突然掀起的闹事。也可指暴乱或暴动。
rebellion: 通常指有组织、公开地大规模武断叛乱，着以失败而告终。
n. 叛乱；反抗；谋反；不服从
 - resistance, insurgency

Word: friendship
Front: friendship
[ˈfrendʃɪp] (中高 3036/3092 -K3)
Vocabulary: friendship
(once / 118 pages)
n
Friendship is the state of being friends with someone. A good job, good health, and romantic love are important, but without real friendship, your life might not feel full.
When we talk about friendship, we're often talking about the value of having friends, not just the fact of it. A book might explore the importance of friendship in a young girl's life. You might decide to stop working such long hours and spend more time developing your friendships, in an effort to lead a happier life. A deep friendship can last through many shifts and changes in life, as long as you write or call every now and then.
WORD FAMILY
friendship: friendships+/ friend: friendless, friendly, friends, friendship /friendless: friendlessly, friendlessness/friendliness: friendlinesses/ friendly: friendlier, friendlies, friendliest, friendlily, friendliness, unfriendly/unfriendly: unfriendlier, unfriendliest, unfriendliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Thank you for your loyalty, friendship and memories,” she said in a final message to customers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“That’s the power of family, friendship, and brotherhood.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Maintaining her friendships was important to Debbie, and her home reflected that with pictures everywhere of family and friends.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 友情，友谊; 友善的关系; 友善，好意
分布：友谊(95%)，友好(5%)
→来自friend,朋友。-ship, 抽象名词后缀。
友谊(friend朋友)[-ship 1.表示某种关系或状态2.表示某种技能]
n.友谊,友好Their friendship lasted for twenty years.他们的友谊持续了二十年.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when two people are friends 友谊
• Their friendship goes back to when they were at school together. 他们的友谊可追溯到学生时代。
• Did you form any close/lasting friendships while you were at college? 你上大学时是否与人建立了亲密／持久的友谊？
• I value her friendship above anything else. 我把她的友谊看得比甚么都重。
n. 友谊；友爱；友善
 - fellowship, companionship

Word: equality
Front: equality
[iˈkwɒləti] (高研四六托 4590/4197)
Vocabulary: equality
(once / 317 pages)
n
Equality is when things are the same (equal) in some particular way. You had to rethink your campaign for equality in the household when you realized this meant doing your own laundry and sharing the remote control.
Equality means "the state of being equal." It's one of the ideals a democratic society, and so the fight to attain different kinds of equality, like racial equality, gender equality, or equality of opportunity between rich and poor, is often associated with progress toward that ideal of everyone being truly equal. Equality doesn't have to be used only for social ideals, though. There can be equality in weight between two barrels of apples, or between two molecules.
WORD FAMILY
equality: equalitarian, equalities, inequality +/coequal: coequally/ equable: equablest, equably/ equal: coequal, equaled, equaling, equalise, equality, equalize, equalled, equalling, equally, equals, equate, unequal/equaled: unequaled/equalisation: equalisations/equalise: equalisation, equalised, equaliser, equalises, equalising/equalised: unequalised/equalitarian: equalitarianism/equalization: equalizations/equalize: equalization, equalized, equalizer, equalizes, equalizing/equalized: unequalized/equalizer: equalizers/equalled: unequalled/ equate: equable, equatability, equated, equates, equating, equation, equator / equation: equations/ equator: equatorial, equators/equatorial: equatorially, equatorials/ inequality: inequalities/unequal: unequally
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It reduced everything to the equality of objects. Everything became exchangeable because everything became a commodity.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jane Lane, from the Race Equality Foundation, believes the issues are not solely to do with colour.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Smith, of Equality Texas, said that Texas’s conservative politicians telegraphed their intentions to introduce more anti-equality legislation long before Trump’s victory.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 同等，平等; [数]相等，等式
分布：平等(96%)，同等(4%)
→来自equal, 平等的。
平等(equal+ity)[equ,equi=equal,even,表示"相等,平均"]
平等(equal平等的)[-ity表名词,指具备某种性质]
n.同等;平等;相等;等式;等同性In some countries black people do not have equality with white people.在某些国家黑人没有和白人同等的权利.
US [-'kwɑ:.lə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the right of different groups of people to have a similar social position and receive the same treatment （社会地位、待遇上的）平等；均等
• equality between the sexes 男女平等
• racial equality 种族平等
n. 平等；相等； [数] 等式
 - equivalence, egality

Word: miner
Front: miner
[ˈmaɪnə(r)] (四六 5693/3339 -3)
Vocabulary: miner
(once / 386 pages)
n
Picture a hardhat, a headlamp and a pick, and you are on the right track. A miner is a person who makes a living digging coal, salt, gold, minerals, or other natural resources out of the earth.
The root here is the noun mine—not the word that possessive toddlers like to shout, but the one that describes a man-made underground network of tunnels and quarries. Don’t confuse miner with minor (note the “o”). Minor refers to musical intervals, small or trivial things, and people under age 18.
WORD FAMILY
miner: miners+/countermine: countermined, countermines, countermining/ mine: countermine, mined, miner, mines, mining/mined: unmined/mining: minings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The miners are banking on a boost in infrastructure spending, which they believe would offset the price declines caused by slowing growth in housing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Steady demand for kitty litter helped Wyo-Ben and other bentonite miners through the downturn.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Other deaths this year included wall collapses and a miner who crashed in a personal vehicle on an access road.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 矿工; 采矿机; 地雷工兵; 矿业股
分布：矿工(100%)
→来自mine,开矿。miner 矿工
US [-nɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who works in a mine 矿工
• a coal miner 煤矿工
n. [矿业] 矿工；开矿机
 - collier, pitman

Word: jihad
Front: jihad
[dʒɪ'hɑ:d] (10338/29104 -1)
Vocabulary: jihad
(once / 3798 pages)
n
Jihad is an Islamic religious term that most often means a kind of inner struggle for a spiritual goal. Many Muslims view jihad as an important duty of their religious life.
The word jihad literally means "struggle" in Arabic. It's an important concept in Islam, one that appears dozens of times in the Quran, usually in the sense of a believer's internal struggle to be a good Muslim and fulfill essential religious duties. In Western popular culture and news, and among some groups of Muslims, jihad is more often used to mean "holy war," or a violent struggle against the enemies of Islam.
WORD FAMILY
jihad: Jihadist, jihads+/Jihadist: Jihadists
USAGE EXAMPLES
“ISIS and other Islamist terrorists continually slaughter Christians in their communities and places of worship as part of their global jihad.”
Time(Dec 21, 2016)
In the video, Altintas, dressed incongruously in a black suit and tie, shouts, “We are those who pledged jihad to Muhammad!”
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
“Those who pledged allegiance to Muhammad for jihad. God is great!”
Time(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. <宗>伊斯兰圣战; 维护信仰[主义，政策等]的运动反对某项主义的运动; 讨伐异教徒，护教战争，拥护运动
分布：圣战(78%)，讨伐异教徒(16%)，拥护运动(6%)
→来自阿拉伯语jihad,圣战，其原义为竞争，努力，与内心作斗争。
noun
countable or uncountable
■a holy war which is fought by Muslims against people who are a threat to the Islamic religion or who oppose its teachings （伊斯兰教的）圣战，吉哈德，护教战争
countable
■a spiritual fight against the evil in yourself 内心挣扎（抗拒内心邪恶的心理斗争）

Word: confusion
Front: confusion
[kənˈfju:ʒn] (研四六托雅 3335/2692 -K2)
Vocabulary: confusion
(once / 152 pages)
n
If things are a little hazy and you're not quite sure what's going on, you're in a state of confusion.
Confusion involves disorder, whether it's mixed up thoughts or plain old chaos. If everyone is screaming and running around, there's a lot of confusion. If you don't understand a math problem, you could be in a state of confusion. Mixing up two people who look alike is another type of confusion. If someone wants to make something very clear, they might say, "Let me clear up any confusion."
WORD FAMILY
confusion: confusions+/ confuse: confusable, confused, confuses, confusing, confusion / confused: confusedly, confusedness, unconfused/ confusing: confusingly/unconfused: unconfusedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
While there is wide support for the concept of buffers, county officials contend there is confusion and questions about the law.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Eyewitnesses described panic and confusion as the attack unfolded.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Farah’s main concern in the interview was confusion surrounding his case.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 混乱; 混淆; 困惑
分布：混乱(73%)，混淆(24%)，惶惑(2%)，不确定状态(1%)
混乱(confuse+ion)[fus=pour,表示"流,泻"]
n.困惑,糊涂;混淆;混乱,骚乱I refuse to accuse Fuse of diffusing confusion.我拒绝控告导火索散播混乱.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when people do not understand what is happening, what they should do or who someone or something is 困惑，糊涂；迷惑不解；混淆
• There seems to be some confusion over who is actually giving the talk. 好像不是很清楚到底是谁在作报告。
• To avoid confusion, the twins never wore the same clothes. 为了避免混淆，这对双胞胎从不穿一样的衣服。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a situation, often with a lot of activity and noise, in which people do not know what to do 混乱状态
• In the confusion after the bomb blast, I lost my bag and wasn't able to stop and look for it. 在爆炸发生后的一片混乱中，我丢了袋子，也无法停下来寻找它。
chaos, disturbance, disordr, mess, confusion
这些名词均表示事物的混乱状态。
chaos: 着重指令人无能为力或感到绝望的混乱状态。突出没有很好的组织。
disturbance: 主要指社会中政治性的动乱、骚乱；也可指个人或少数人的闹事。
disordr: 正式用词，含义广泛。指事物因失去原有的秩序而造成混乱；也可指社会中的动乱或骚乱。
mess: 语气强，口语中较常用的非正式用词。指既混乱又肮脏，尤指人思想混乱或外表不整洁。
confusion: 指东西搅混在一起，凌乱得难以辨认；也可指思想混乱，以致无法进行正常的思维活动。
n. 混淆，混乱；困惑
 - chaos, disorder, involvement, mix, turmoil

Word: gloom
Front: gloom
[glu:m] (托宝 9432/5722 -2)
Vocabulary: gloom
(once / 119 pages)
n
Gloom is a hazy darkness or dimness. The gloom of a moonless autumn evening is perfect for trick-or-treating, but not so perfect for sizing up your candy stash.
It might make you nervous to walk in the gloom of your friend's rural neighborhood at night if you're used to well-lit city streets. And while gloom perfectly describes the near-dark of dusk or a foggy evening, it can also describe a dark, dismal mood. Your brother's gloom when his favorite basketball team loses in the playoffs will only deepen if your favorite team wins the tournament. Gloom is a Scottish word, originally meaning "a sullen look."
WORD FAMILY
gloom: gloomful, glooms, gloomy +/gloominess: gloominesses/ gloomy: gloomier, gloomiest, gloomily, gloominess
USAGE EXAMPLES
Consumer and environmental activists cautioned against painting agriculture with too much doom and gloom.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
But for all of his faux gloom, by the time I leave, only two of his grievances ring wholly true.
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
In Europe the Islamist threat, the problem of Muslim integration and the return of blood-and-soil nationalism top the litany of Western gloom.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 昏暗，阴暗; 忧郁
vi. 变黑，变暗; 忧郁，沮丧
vt. 使变黑，变暗; 使忧伤，沮丧
分布：黑暗(45%)，忧郁(32%)，阴暗(23%)
→词源同gleam, glimmer, 微光，朦胧。引申义忧郁。
【参】gloomy（adj 黑暗阴沉的；令人沮丧的）＝depressing＝pessimistic
noun uncountable
WITHOUT HOPE 没有希望
■feelings of great unhappiness and loss of hope 忧郁；愁闷；沮丧
• Bergman's films are often full of gloom and despair. 伯格曼导演的电影通常都弥漫着忧郁和绝望的气氛。
• There is widespread gloom and doom about the company's future. 大家普遍觉得公司的前景不妙，劫数难逃。
[glu:m] noun uncountable
DARKNESS 黑暗
■when it is nearly dark and difficult to see well 昏暗；幽暗；黑暗
• She peered into the gloom, but she couldn't see where the noise was coming from. 她努力朝黑暗中看去，但就是辨不出声响是从哪里传来的。
• A figure emerged from the gloom of the corridor. 幽暗的走廊中出现了一个人影。
n. 忧郁；阴暗
 - doldrums, hyp
vi. 变阴暗；变忧沉；感到沮丧
 - shadow, heart sink
vt. 使黑暗；使忧郁
 - cloud

Word: snow
Front: snow
[snəʊ] (中高 1781/2665 -K3)
Back: n. 雪，雪花; 积雪; 雪季
vt. 使纷纷落下; 使变白; 下雪; 被雪覆盖，被雪阻挡
vi. 降雪
时态：snowed, snowing, snows
分布：雪(77%)，下雪(10%)，积雪(9%)，雪覆盖(3%)，使变白(1%)
→来自中古英语 snow,来自古英语 snaw,来自 Proto-Germanic*snaiwaz,雪，来自 sneigwh,下 雪。
n.雪,下雪vi.下雪;如雪一般地落下It is snowing hard.正下着大雪.
US [snoʊ] noun
WEATHER 天气
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the small soft white pieces of ice which sometimes fall from the sky when it is cold, or the white layer on the ground and other surfaces which it forms 雪；积雪
• Outside the snow began to fall. 外面开始下雪了。
• Let's go and play in the snow! 我们一起去玩雪吧！
• A blanket of snow lay on the ground. 地上积着厚厚的一层雪。
• Her hair was jet-black, her lips ruby-red and her skin as white as snow. 她头发乌黑，嘴唇红润如宝石，肌肤洁白如雪。
countable
■a single fall of snow 一场雪
• We haven't had many heavy snows this winter. 今年冬天我们这里没下过几场大雪。
UK [snəʊ] US [snoʊ] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable slang
■ cocaine
UK [snəʊ] US [snoʊ] verb
WEATHER 天气
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■If it snows, snow falls from the sky 下雪，飘雪
• It's snowing. 下雪了。
• It's starting to snow. 开始下雪了。
• It had snowed overnight and a thick white layer covered the ground. 一整个晚上都在下雪，地上积了厚厚的一层。
be snowed in
■to be unable to travel away from a place because of very heavy snow 被雪困住
• We were snowed in for four days last winter. 去年冬天，我们被雪困了四天。
UK [snəʊ] US [snoʊ] verb
TRICK 欺骗
transitive US informal
■to deceive or trick someone by clever talk or by giving them a lot of information （用花言巧语）欺骗，蒙骗
• She always snowing the bosses with statistics. 她总是用众多的统计资料来蒙骗老板们。
UK [snəʊ] US [snoʊ] verb
be snowed under (with sth)
■to have so much work that you have problems dealing with it all （因工作太多）忙得不可开交
• I'm absolutely snowed under with work at the moment. 眼前我正为手头的工作忙得不可开交。
n. [气象] 雪，积雪；下雪
 - yuki, firn
vt. 使纷纷落下；使变白
 - bleach

Word: beneficiary
Front: beneficiary
[ˌbenɪˈfɪʃəri] (六托 6549/6087 -1)
Vocabulary: beneficiary
(once / 2746 pages)
1n 2n 3adj
A beneficiary is simply the recipient of money or other benefits. So when your big sister finally moves away to college and you get to move into her bigger bedroom? You become a lucky beneficiary.
In other words — if you benefit from something, you are a beneficiary. This word pops up most commonly when people are creating their wills and trusts — you have to choose beneficiaries as the people who will get what you have when you die. But it isn't always so morbid. You can be the beneficiary of someone's kindness, the beneficiary of a good education, or even the beneficiary of your own hard work.
WORD FAMILY
beneficiary: beneficiaries, co-beneficiary+/benefice: beneficed, benefices, beneficiary /beneficed: unbeneficed
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are simply beneficiaries of their good graces, and prisoners of their rages.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Finally, they are aimed at multiple parts of the progressive base and designed to mobilize beneficiaries to protect the benefits they enjoy.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
It also allowed states to expand Medicaid eligibility, with the federal government paying most of the cost for new beneficiaries.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 受益人; 封臣; 受俸牧师
adj. 受封的; 臣服的
分布：受益人(92%)，受惠者(8%)
【记】bene好，fic做，ary表示人－得到好处的人－受益人
【区】benefactor（n 恩人，捐助者，赞助人）
US [-i.er.i] noun countable
■a person or group who receives money, advantages, etc. as a result of something else 受益人
• Her husband was the chief beneficiary of her will. 她丈夫是她的遗嘱的主要受益人。
n. [金融] [保险] 受益人，受惠者；封臣
 - homager

Word: challenger
Front: challenger
[ˈtʃælɪndʒə(r)] (8781/9110)
Vocabulary: challenger
(once / 1936 pages)
n
Challengers don’t let things stay the way they are, they go against something already in place, like a rule or the score on the scoreboard. Or they go after the same thing you may want, like victory in a competition or even the parking spot you were waiting for.
In earlier history, during the Middle Ages, a challenger was mostly a dreaded foe or someone who wanted to fight to the death with a sword. Some challengers want to challenge the truth or rightness of something, and that can be pretty serious too. In modern times, though, the word challenger often describes competitors who want to challenge each other in sports, on TV game shows, or in arguments. These challengers enjoy the challenge itself.
WORD FAMILY
challenger: challengers+/ challenge: challengeable, challenged, challenger, challenges, challenging, counterchallenge/challengeable: unchallengeable/challenged: unchallenged/ challenging: challengingly/unchallengeable: unchallengeably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But prior to Friday’s bout, one foreboding figure loomed for the challenger.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The challenger wants the final word to be his decisive punch to Cruz’s face.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
He easily defeated a Republican challenger this year after a 2,700-vote squeaker in 2014, the same year Hogan defeated Democrat Anthony Brown.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 挑战者; 夺标者
分布：挑战者(99%)，需要全力对付的事物(1%)
US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
■someone who tries to win a competition, fight or sports event from someone who has previously won it 挑战者
n. 挑战者
 - defier

Word: cheat
Front: cheat
[tʃi:t] (中高研四六 4369/5936 -K2)
Vocabulary: cheat
(once / 409 pages)
1vn 2n
To cheat is to use sneaky, unfair methods to get something you want. No one's going to want to play with you if you always cheat at mini golf.
Some people cheat at cards, and others cheat during math tests by copying from the student beside them. In either case, they're trying to succeed using underhanded tricks. You can refer to someone who does this as a cheat as well. Cheat comes from the Old French escheat, a legal term for the state taking someone's property when he or she dies without heirs. This practice was resented, and it came to mean "confiscate unfairly."
WORD FAMILY
cheat: cheated, cheater, cheating, cheats+/cheater: cheaters/cheating: cheatingly, cheatings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Since no one can know the future, analysts cheat.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
The long time periods involved also mean some drug cheats have already spent their winnings.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
"These people, they have been cheated from so much," he added.
BBC(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 欺骗，诈骗; 误导，愚弄; 躲避，逃脱
vi. 作弊，行骗; 犯规; 俚〉不忠; 消磨，解（闷），消除（疲劳）
n. 欺骗（行为）; 骗子; 雀麦; 〈美俚〉反光镜
时态：cheated, cheating, cheats
分布：欺骗(43%)，作弊(35%)，骗子(13%)，骗取(6%)，行骗(3%)
→来自古法语escheat, 来自拉丁词*excadere,前缀ex-,向外，词根cad, 掉落，词源同case, accident. 原为一特殊官职，其主要职责为清收无主领地或财产，或没有继承人的财物，因担任这一职务的官员经常做一些中饱私囊，侵吞国有财产的事情，最终固定为现在的词义。
v.欺骗;作弊n.骗子;欺诈,欺骗行为We beat (defeated) the cheat who heated the wheat.我们打败了给小麦加热的骗子.
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to behave in a dishonest way in order to get what you want 欺骗，行骗；作弊
• Anyone caught cheating will be immediately disqualified from the exam. 任何人如被发现作弊将被立即取消考试资格。
• He cheats at cards? 他玩牌时作弊吗？
• She cheated in the test by copying from the boy in front. 她在测验中作弊，抄袭前座男孩的答案。
• I suspect he cheats the taxman (= avoids paying taxes by using illegal methods). 我怀疑他逃税。
[tʃi:t] verb intransitive or transitive
cheat death literary
■to succeed in staying alive in an extremely dangerous situation 死里逃生，幸免于难，逃出鬼门关
• As a racing driver, he was involved in many serious crashes and had cheated death on several occasions. 作为一名赛车手，他经历了多次严重的撞车事故，好几次都死里逃生。
[tʃi:t] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cheat on sb informal
■If you cheat on your husband, wife or usual sexual partner, you secretly have a sexual relationship with someone else 对（丈夫或妻子）不忠
• She found out that he'd been cheating on her. 她发现他对她不忠。
[tʃi:t] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cheat sb out of sth
■to unfairly prevent someone from getting or achieving something which should belong to them 骗取，诈取，剥夺（某人的）…
• She claimed that her cousin had cheated her out of her inheritance. 她声称她的表哥骗取了本该由她继承的遗产。
[tʃi:t] noun
countable
■a person who behaves in a dishonest way 骗子；作弊者
• Trouble broke out in the match when one of the players called a member of the other team a cheat. 比赛中，一名队员叫对方一名队员骗子，纠纷就此爆发。
only singular
■something dishonest which makes people believe that something is true when it is not 骗人的东西
• You can use cocoa powder to make the cake rather than chocolate - it's a bit of a cheat, but nobody notices the difference. 你可以用可哥粉而不用巧克力做蛋糕——这有点骗人，可是没人会注意到其中的差别。
countable
■a collection of instructions or special information which someone can use to help them play a computer game more successfully （玩电脑游戏时使用的）秘技，作弊码
• the latest game cheats 最新的游戏秘技
• cheat codes 作弊代码
deceive, cheat, hide, conceal
deceive: 不告诉实情
cheat: 不诚实手段获取个人利益；
hide: 不含故意的意思；
conceal: 故意隐藏；
deceive, cheat, trick, fool
这组词都有“欺骗”的意思，其区别是：
deceive: 最普通用词，指用虚假外表使人信以为真，或蓄意歪曲事实，或造成错误印象使人上当受骗。
cheat: 普通用词，指用蒙蔽他人的手段取得所需之物，尤多指在赢利的买卖中欺骗人。
trick: 指用阴谋诡计等骗得信任或得到所需之物。
fool: 指把别人当傻瓜，愚弄欺骗别人。
vt. [法] 欺骗；骗取
 - sell, fox, kid
vi. [法] 欺骗；作弊
 - kid, pull a fast one
n. [法] 欺骗，作弊；骗子
 - fraud, sharp, deception

Word: organ
Front: organ
[ˈɔ:gən] (高研四六雅 3394/3101 -K2)
Vocabulary: organ
(once / 102 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An organ is a part of your body that performs a specific function: like your brain, lungs, or skin.
You might not use the word organ often, but you use organs every second — imagine getting through a day without your heart or skin. An organ may also serve a specific function for an institution: a periodical like a newsletter can be an organ of an organization. An organ is also the wind instrument — sometimes called a pipe organ — often played in church. People who want their organs to be used by others after their death are called organ donors.
WORD FAMILY
organ: organic, organification, organist, organs+/inorganic: inorganically/micro-organism: micro-organisms/microorganism: microorganisms/ organic: inorganic, organically, organicism, organics, organism /organicism: organicistic/ organism: micro-organism, microorganism, organismal, organisms/organist: organists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It's why he's now dedicated to a healthier, more active lifestyle and volunteering for OneLegacy — a nonprofit organ and tissue recovery organization.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
For many years, China harvested the organs of executed prisoners to help meet demand.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
It features pizzicato cello and a subtle growl of organ, along with lyrics that revel in comeuppance.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 机构; 器官; 风琴; 元件
分布：器官(72%)，风琴(16%)，机构(9%)，喉舌(2%)，报刊(1%)
→来自希腊语organon,工具，乐器，身体器官，来自werg,工作，做工，词源同work,ergative.引申词义运行，组织，机构等。
n.器官;机构,机关;风琴The original Organ Organization was originated with an original man.最初的风琴组织是由一个有创见的人发起的.
US ['ɔ:r-] noun
BODY PART 身体部位
 ADVANCED countable
■a part of the body of an animal or plant which performs a particular job （动植物的）器官
• an external/internal/reproductive organ 外部／内部／生殖器官
• an organ donor/transplant 器官捐赠者／移植
UK ['ɔ:.gən] US ['ɔ:r-] noun
INSTRUMENT 乐器
countable
■a musical instrument with a keyboard in which sound is produced by air being forced through pipes of different sizes and lengths when you press the keys with your hands or feet, or in which sound is produced electronically 管风琴；电风琴
• Electronic organs are much smaller and cheaper than pipe organs. 电风琴比管风琴小得多，也便宜得多。
UK ['ɔ:.gən] US ['ɔ:r-] noun
NEWSPAPER 报纸
the organ of sth formal
■a newspaper or broadcasting station produced by a particular organization and giving only the opinions of that organization （某组织的）喉舌，宣传工具（指报纸或广播电台）
• The newspaper Pravda was the official organ of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union. 《真理报》曾是苏联共产党的官方报纸。
n. [生物] 器官；机构；风琴；管风琴；嗓音
 - machinery, apparatus, voice, house

Word: trim
Front: trim
[trɪm] (研四六托雅宝 4920/5969 -2)
Back: vt. 修剪; 整理; 装饰
adj. 整齐的，整洁的; 修长的; 苗条的
n. 整齐; 修剪; 健康状态; 装束
vi. 削减
时态：trimmed, trimming, trims
分布：修剪(35%)，装饰(32%)，削减(21%)，整齐(7%)，整洁的(3%)，匀称的(1%)，调整帆以适应风向(1%)
→来自古英语 trymian,使整齐，安排，加强，来自 Proto-Germanic*trum,坚固的，固定的，deru, 稳定的，稳固的，词源同 tree,true.引申词义修剪树枝，修整，装饰等。
a.整齐的,整洁的v./n.整理,修整,装饰With a dim triumph, she trims the swimming-suit rim at the swimming-pool brim.她带着暗淡的喜悦在泳池边整理泳装的边缘.
verb transitive (-mm-)
CUT 剪
■to make something tidier or more level by cutting a small amount off it 修剪，修整
• to trim the hedge 修剪树篱
• My hair needs trimming. 我的头发需要剪一剪。
• Trim off the leafy ends of the vegetable before cooking. 烹饪之前，去掉菜多叶的一端。
[trɪm] verb transitive (-mm-)
REDUCE 减少
■to reduce the amount or size of something 消减，减少
• They're trying to trim their costs, so staff who leave are not being replaced. 他们正试图降低成本，所以没有安排填补离职员工的空缺。
[trɪm] adjective (trimmer, trimmest)
THIN 瘦的 approving
■thin in an attractive and healthy way 苗条的
• You're looking very trim - have you lost weight? 你看起来很苗条——你减肥了吗？
[trɪm] adjective (trimmer, trimmest)
TIDY 整齐的
■tidy and well-ordered 整齐的
• trim lawns and neat flower beds 平整的草坪和整洁的花坛
[trɪm] noun
CUT 剪
only singular
■when you make something, especially someone's hair, tidier or more level by cutting a small amount off it 修剪，修整
• I asked the hairdresser for a trim. 我请理发师给我修剪一下头发。
• Just give the ends a trim, please. 请把梢修一修就行。
[trɪm] noun
MATERIAL 材料
countable or uncountable
■ trimming
[trɪm] noun
PREPARED 准备好的
in trim informal
■physically prepared and ready, or in good condition 身体状况好；状态好
• Are you in trim for the run on Sunday? 星期天的赛跑你准备好了吗？
orderly, tidy, neat, trim
这组词都有“整齐的，整洁的”的意思，其区别是：
orderly: 语义比上述几个词强，最常用。指把复杂细微的东西按其内在联系安排整齐，侧重井井有条。
tidy: 侧重整齐，井然有序。
neat: 指人或物外表既清洁又整齐。
trim: 着重因线条清晰、比例匀称而使外观呈现出紧凑和精确、美观。
vt. 修剪；整理；装点
 - shear, arrange, crop
vi. 削减
 - cut to the bone, cut down to
n. 修剪；整齐；情形
 - status, shear, regularity
adj. 整齐的
 - ordered, regular, straight, soigne

Word: drain
Front: drain
[dreɪn] (研四六托雅宝 3601/3935 -3)
Vocabulary: drain
(once / 281 pages)
nv
Most commonly found at the bottom of sinks and bathtubs across the globe, a drain is the hole through which water is carried away.
If it rains on the day you decided to go to the beach, you could say your plans went right "down the drain." When used as a verb, to drain means "to gradually empty," whether it's a man-made lake that's got to go or some financial obligations putting a strain on your wallet. And that obnoxious guy who's sucking the life out of the party? He's a real drain too.
WORD FAMILY
drain: drainage, drained, draining, drains+/drainage: drainages/drained: undrained
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Michigan Association of Drain Commissioners says drain commissioners enforce laws related to flood protection, storm management and soil erosion.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
So government-owned banks end up becoming politically focused weapons that are ineffective, and which drain money and resources from our community.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“They drain the resin that otherwise defends the tree,” said Matt Ayres, a Dartmouth College ecologist who worked on the Ecological Applications study.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 排水; 流干
vt. 喝光，喝干; 使（精力、金钱等）耗尽; 使流出; 排掉水
n. 排水; 下水道; 排水系统; [医]引流
时态：drained, draining, drains
分布：下水道(32%)，排出(22%)，消耗(22%)，耗尽(10%)，排干(9%)，喝光(5%)
→词源同dry, 排空，干。
n.排水沟,阴沟;消耗,负担v.排去,放干The gained grain drained away with the rain, all the pains were in vain again.收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费.
verb
REMOVE LIQUID 去除液体
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■If you drain something, you remove the liquid from it, usually by pouring it away or allowing it to flow away, and if something drains, liquid flows away or out of it （使）排出，（使）排放，放干（液体）
• Drain the pasta thoroughly. 把义大利面中的水完全沥干。
• We drained the pond and filled it with fresh water. 我们把池塘中的水放干后重新注入清水。
• Drain (off) any liquid that is left in the rice. 把大米彻底沥干。
• Don't bother drying the pans - just leave them to drain. 不用专门擦干平底锅——让其滴干就行了。
transitive
■If you drain a glass or cup, you drink all the liquid in it. 喝光，喝干
[dreɪn] verb
MAKE TIRED 使劳累
transitive
■to make someone very tired 使劳累，使疲惫
• The long journey completely drained me. 这次长途旅行可把我给累垮了。
[dreɪn] verb
REDUCE 减少
intransitive or transitive
■to reduce or cause something to reduce 使减少；使降低；消耗
• The long war had drained the resources of both countries. 那场旷日持久的战争使两国元气大伤。
• War drains a nation of its youth and its wealth (= uses them until they are gone). 战争消耗掉的是国家的青年和财富。
intransitive
■If the blood/colour drains from someone's face, or if their face drains (of blood/colour), they turn very pale, often because they are shocked or ill （通常指因惊吓或疾病而脸色）变苍白
• The colour drained from his face/cheeks when they told him the results. 他们告诉他结果后，他的脸色变得苍白。
[dreɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drain (sth) away
■If energy, colour, excitement, etc. drains away, it disappears completely, and if something drains it away, it completely removes it （使）彻底消失；（使）流失
• Stretching out her tired limbs, she felt the tensions of the day drain away. 伸展一下疲惫的四肢，她觉得白天的压力也都随之消散了。
[dreɪn] noun
PIPE 管
 IMPROVER countable
■a pipe or channel which is used to carry away waste matter and water from a building, or an opening in the road which rain water can flow down 排水管，下水道；下水井
• I think the kitchen drain is blocked. 我觉得厨房的下水道被堵住了。
• She accidentally dropped her ring down a drain in the road. 她不小心把戒指掉进路边的下水井里了。
drains [plural] UK
■the system of pipes, openings in the ground or other devices that are used for carrying away waste matter and water 下水管道，排水管线
• There was an unpleasant smell coming from the drains. 下水道里发出一种难闻的气味。
 IMPROVER countable US for
■ plughole 排水管，排水口
[dreɪn] noun
MAKE TIRED 使疲倦
only singular
■something that makes you feel very tired 使人疲倦的事物
• I think looking after her elderly mother is quite a drain on her energy. 我认为照顾年迈的母亲对她而言非常吃力。
[dreɪn] noun
REDUCE 减少
only singular
■something that uses more of your energy, money or time than you want to give 拖累，负担
• Having a big mortgage is a real drain on your earnings. 对你的收入而言一大笔抵押贷款是很重的负担。
vi. 排水；流干
 - discharge of water
vt. 喝光，耗尽；使流出；排掉水
 - exhaust, use out
n. 排水；下水道， [建] 排水管；消耗
 - consumption, sewage

Word: harbour
Front: harbour
['hɑ:bə(r)] (高四六雅 36866/3526 -3)
Back: n. 海港，港口; 港湾; 避难所; 藏身处
vt. &vi. 隐匿; 怀着; 包含，聚藏; 藏有
na. “harbor“的变体
时态：harboured, harbouring, harbours
分布：港口(78%)，避难所(6%)，庇护(5%)，窝藏(3%)，心怀(3%)，进入避祸所(2%)，躲藏(2%)，=harbor.(1%)
→har-, 军队，队伍，词源同 here,harry,-bour, 保护，庇护所，词源同 bury. 引申词义船只庇护地，避难所，后用于指港口。harbour 是英式拼写形式，harbor 是美式拼写形式。
US ['hɑ:r.bɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an area of water next to the coast, often protected from the sea by a thick wall, where ships and boats can shelter 港口；港湾
• Our hotel room overlooked a pretty little fishing harbour. 我们从旅馆的房间可以俯瞰一个美丽的小渔港。
Compare dock
UK (ALSO US harbor) UK ['hɑ:.bər] US ['hɑ:r.bɚ] verb transitive
HAVE IN MIND 心怀
■to think about or feel something, usually over a long period 心怀，怀有（想法或感情）
• He's been harbouring a grudge against her ever since his promotion was refused. 自从升职要求被拒绝后，他就一直对她怀恨在心。
• There are those who harbour suspicions about his motives. 有人对他的动机心存怀疑。
• Powell remains non-committal about any political ambitions he may harbour. 鲍威尔仍未明确表态自己胸怀何种政治抱负。
UK (ALSO US harbor) UK ['hɑ:.bər] US ['hɑ:r.bɚ] verb transitive
HIDE 藏
■to protect someone or something bad, especially by hiding them when the police are looking for them 庇护，窝藏，藏匿（罪犯或赃物）
• to harbour a criminal 窝藏罪犯
port, seaport, harbour, pier, wharf
这组词都有“港，港口，码头”的意思，其区别是：
port: 多指人工港口，还可指有港口的市。
seaport: 指港埠。
harbour: 一般用词，指停泊船只、装卸货物的天然或人工港口。
pier: 专指与海岸成直角形而突出的码头，可供旅客，货物上下船或供人散步用。
wharf: 指船只停泊装卸货物的码头。
shelter, guard, harbour, safeguard, defend, shield, protect
这组词都有“保护、保卫”的意思，其区别是：
shelter: 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭危害。
guard: 普通用词，指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。
harbour: 贬义词，指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。
safeguard: 语气强，指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危险。
defend: 普通用词，指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害，消除危险。用作比喻时，指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。
shield: 语气比protect强，但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。
protect: 普通用词，指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。
vt. 庇护；藏匿；入港停泊
 - secrete
n. 海港（等于harbor）；避难所
 - haven, home

Word: voluntary
Front: voluntary
[ˈvɒləntri] (高研四六托雅 4701/2263 -3)
Vocabulary: voluntary
(once / 188 pages)
adjn
Voluntary is an adjective that describes something you do because you want to, without being influenced or forced into it. Usually a voluntary act is something you consciously choose to do, like going into work even on a snow day.
Voluntary comes from the Latin word voluntarius, which means "of one's free will." Voluntary can also describe a service given without any payment expected in return. For example, if your work for the community theater is voluntary, that means that you don't get paid for your time. If you're offering your voluntary help in this way, you might also be called a volunteer, someone who offers free help to assist others.
WORD FAMILY
voluntary: involuntary, nonvoluntary, unvoluntary, voluntaries, voluntarily, voluntaryly+/ involuntary: involuntarily, involuntariness/nonvoluntary: nonvoluntarily/ volunteer: voluntary, volunteered, volunteering, volunteers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A voluntary 24/7 sobriety program passed the Senate last year but stalled in the House, with MADD, civil libertarians and others raising opposition.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But they appeared to acknowledge that the payments were not entirely voluntary.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But since then, Mummers and the city offered voluntary sensitivity training and Mummers leaders published an open letter condemning expressions and hate and bigotry.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 自愿的，自发的; 志愿的; 故意的，有意的; [法]无偿的
n. 自愿者; 自愿行动; 即兴演奏，自选节目; 自愿地做的工作
分布：自愿的(85%)，志愿的(15%)
→来自wel,希望，意愿，词源同will，volition。引申义意愿的，志愿的。
志愿的,自愿的(volunt+ary)[vod,otunt=wish,will,表示"意志,意愿"]
a.自愿的,志愿的The voluntary revolutionaries revolted like the outbreak of volcano.志愿革命者们象火山爆发一样起义了.
US ['vɑ:.lən.ter.i] adjective
 IMPROVER
■done, made or given willingly , without being forced or paid to do it 自愿的；志愿的
• They chose to take voluntary redundancy. 他们选择自愿离职。
• She does voluntary work for the Red Cross two days a week. 她每周志愿为红十字会服务两天。
 IMPROVER
■describes an organization that is controlled and supported by people who give their time and money to it without being paid, and that exists to help other people （社会组织）志愿的，公益性的
• The hospital has asked various voluntary organizations to help raise money for the new operating theatre. 医院已经请求各种志愿组织为筹建新手术室募集资金。
willing, voluntary
这组词都有“自愿的”的意思，其区别是：
willing: 着重自愿、令人愉快或急切地去行动。
voluntary: 使用广泛，侧重不受约束，行动不为其他影响所左右。
adj. 自愿的；志愿的；自发的；故意的
 - autonomous, willing, studied, designed, intended

Word: setback
Front: setback
[ˈsetbæk] (研六雅宝 7298/7727 -2)
Back: n. 挫折; 阻碍; 退步; 逆流
分布：挫折(83%)，失败(13%)，退步(4%)
n.挫折;失效;复发;倒退He suffered a setback in his business.他在生意上遭到挫折.
【记】set back（v 阻碍；使挫折；把表针往回拨）
noun countable
■something that happens which delays or prevents a process from advancing 挫折；障碍
• Sally had been recovering well from her operation, but yesterday she experienced/suffered a setback. 莎莉手术后一直恢复良好，但昨天她的病情再度复发。
• There has been a slight/temporary setback in our plans. 我们的计划遭到了一点／暂时的挫败。
⇒ See also set back;set back
n. 挫折；退步；逆流
 - frustration, clawback

Word: tag
Front: tag
[tæg] (研四六托雅宝 4442/6424 -2)
Back: vt. 加标签于; 附加; 起诉; 紧跟
vi. 跟在…后面; 随从
n. 标签; 附属物; 口头禅; 称呼
时态：tagged, tagging, tags
分布：标签(73%)，名称(10%)，尾随(4%)，附属物(4%)，连接(3%)，紧随(2%)，捉人游戏(2%)，添饰(1%)，指责(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自 tag,接触，固定，安排，词源同 tangent,taxonomy.引申诸相关词义。
n.标签;鞋带;垂饰;vt.加标签于;附加vi.紧随The lagging man tagged the bags among the luggage with small flags.落伍者给行李中的袋子加上小旗标签.
【记】原指：一件衣服上悬吊的一片布－标签
noun
SMALL PART 小部件
countable
■a small piece of paper, cloth or metal, on which there is information, fixed onto something larger 标签，标牌
• a price tag 价格标签
[tæg] noun
GAME 游戏
uncountable
■a game played by two or more children in which one child chases the others and tries to touch one of them. This child then becomes the one who does the chasing. （儿童玩的）捉人游戏
[tæg] noun
GRAMMAR 文法
countable
■a phrase such as 'he is' or 'isn't it?', added on to a sentence for emphasis, or to turn it into a question, usually to get agreement or to check information 附加强调语；附加疑问句
[tæg] verb transitive (-gg-)
SMALL PART 小部件
■to put a tag on something 给…贴上标签，给…挂上标牌
[tæg] verb transitive (-gg-)
COMPUTING 电脑 specialized
■to mark computer information so that you can process it later （电脑中以标识符）标示，标记
[tæg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  tag along informal
■to go somewhere with a person or group, usually when they have not asked you to go with them （通常指未经邀请）跟随，尾随
• I don't know her, she just tagged along with us. 我不认识她，她只是跟着我们。
[tæg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  tag sth on (also tag sth onto sth)
■to add something to what you have said or written at a later time 添加，附加
• Tag on a couple of paragraphs about recent events. 添加几段最近发生的事。
tag, label
这组词都有“标签”的意思，其区别是：
tag: 多指临时系上的标签。
label: 指上面标明货主姓名、地址及货物名称、重量、尺寸等内容的标签。
tag, tar, tap, tan
tag: 标签，货签；
tar: 柏油，焦油
tap: 水龙头，轻拍，利用，开发；
tan: 晒黑成棕褐色，鞭打；
n. 标签；名称；结束语；附属物
 - name, ticket, label, belonging
vt. 尾随，紧随；连接；起浑名；添饰
 - dog, shadow, couple
vi. 紧随
 - tread on the heels of

Word: ethanol
Front: ethanol
[ˈeθənɒl] (8391/10997)
Back: n. 乙醇
分布：乙醇(100%)
→来自ethane, 乙烷。-ol, 酒精，来自alcohol.
US [-nɑ:l] (also ethyl alcohol)
noun uncountable
■a chemical compound which is a type of alcohol 乙醇
n. 乙醇， [有化] 酒精
 - ethyl alcohol, alki

Word: offender
Front: offender
[əˈfendə(r)] (4722/3754 -2)
Vocabulary: offender
(once / 741 pages)
n
An offender is a criminal, someone who breaks the law. A first-time offender, depending on the crime, might only have to pay a fine or perform community service.
Offender is the way prison inmates and lawbreakers are often referred to in news reports or by police officers and prison staff. You might hear terms like "drug offenders," people arrested for crimes involving illegal drugs, or "juvenile offenders," young people who have broken the law. Offender comes from the verb offend, "to sin against" in the fourteenth century, from the Latin offendere, "to hit or strike against."
WORD FAMILY
offender: offenders+/counteroffensive: counteroffensives/ inoffensive: inoffensively/ offend: offended, offender, offending, offends, offensive / offended: offendedly/offending: unoffending/ offensive: counteroffensive, inoffensive, offensively, offensiveness, offensives/unoffending: unoffendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Johnson said he would lobby the Illinois legislature to reform sentencing guidelines for repeat gun offenders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Implementing the Place of Last Drink program.The program requires that offenders disclose where they were served their last drink.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Any time a guy stealing a loaf of bread spends more time pre-trial in jail than a gun offender, something is wrong.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 罪犯; 得罪人的人; 犯规者; 妨害…的人（或事物）
分布：罪犯(75%)，冒犯者(25%)
US [-dɚ] legal
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who is guilty of a crime 罪犯；有罪者，犯法的人
• first-time offenders 初犯
• sex offenders 性犯罪者
• young offenders 少年犯
n. 罪犯；冒犯者；违法者
 - criminal, culprit

Word: exploration
Front: exploration
[ˌekspləˈreɪʃn] (六托 3885/4004)
Vocabulary: exploration
(once / 669 pages)
n
An exploration is a trip, but it's more than just a vacation — it's going somewhere to examine and discover new things.
Exploration is what you do when you want to learn more about what's out there in the big wide world. Guys like Christopher Columbus were experts in exploration. Some astronauts devote their lives to the exploration of space, looking for new planets. But you don't have to go any farther than your local library to do your own exploration — when you study or research something, you could say you're doing an exploration of it.
WORD FAMILY
exploration: explorations+/explorative: exploratively, nonexplorative, unexplorative/exploratory: nonexploratory, unexploratory/ explore: exploration, explorative, exploratory, explored, explorer, explores, exploring, re-explore/explored: unexplored/ explorer: explorers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But his campaign suggestions - more deep space exploration, less Earth science - seem to bode well for Alabama and for Marshall Space Flight Center.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think it’s very much an exposure and an exploration,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Don Cheadle overreached when he wrote, produced, directed, starred in and did the music for this “exploration of the life and music of Miles Davis.”
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 探测，勘探，探险; 搜索，研究; [医]探查术
分布：探索(42%)，勘探(36%)，探险(15%)，探测(7%)
探索(explore+ation)[plor=cry,weep,表示"喊,哭"]
US [-splɚ'reɪ-] noun countable or uncountable
■when you search and find out about something 探测；勘查；探索；研究
• Livingstone was the first European to make an exploration of the Zambezi river (= to travel to it in order to discover more about it). 利文斯顿是第一个勘探赞比西河的欧洲人。
• We need to carry out a full exploration (= examination) of all the alternatives. 我们必须彻底调查所有可供选择的方案。
• The exploration (= search) for new sources of energy is vital for the future of our planet. 探索新能源对我们地球的未来极为重要。
n. 探测；探究；踏勘
 - inquiry, detection, search

Word: vague
Front: vague
[veɪg] (高研四六托宝 4885/4265 -2)
Vocabulary: vague
(once / 149 pages)
adj
If your grasp of physics is vague and you've got a test coming up, it's time to hit the books. When something is vague, it’s unclear, murky, and hard to understand.
Vague comes from the Latin vagus, which means wandering or rambling. Think of a vagabond, someone who wanders around the world with only a vague idea of where he's going. There are a few big, impressive words for vague, including ambiguous, nebulous, and tenebrous.
WORD FAMILY
vague: vaguely, vagueness, vaguer, vaguest+/vagueness: vaguenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rather than vague vows to get in shape, resolve to walk half an hour every day after dinner.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Instead, we keep seeing the same vague flashes of flames and shadowy figures.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Running a marathon, say, would be too much for a non-runner to aim for, while a vague desire to 'get fit' is hard to measure.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 模糊的; （思想上）不清楚的; （表达或感知）含糊的; 暧昧的
n. 模糊不定状态
分布：模糊的(81%)，不明确的(15%)，茫然的(3%)，犹豫不决的(1%)
→来自拉丁语vagus, 漫游，偏离，引申词义模糊的。
含糊的(vag+ue→漫游而思想不集中→含糊的)[uag,uogr=wader,表示"漫游"]
a.不明确的,含糊的,暧昧的I didn't evaluate the blue glue due to the vague plague.因为不明确的瘟疫,我没有对蓝色胶水估价.
【反】lucid（adj 清晰的）；well-defined（adj 定义明确的）；trenchant（adj 清晰的）；express（adj 急速的；明确的）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 含糊的，不明确的
• I do have a vague memory of meeting her many years ago. 我确实依稀记得多年前见过她。
• The patient had complained of vague pains and backache. 患者自述说隐约感到疼痛和背酸。
 ADVANCED
■not clear in shape, or not clearly seen （轮廓等）模糊的，不清楚的
• Through the mist I could just make out a vague figure. 透过雾霭，我只能看到一个模糊的身影。
■describes someone who is not able to think clearly, or who, sometimes as a way of hiding what they really think, does not express their opinions clearly （人）迷糊的，含糊其词的
• My aunt is incredibly vague - she can never remember where she's left things. 我的姨妈极其迷糊——她老是记不得自己把东西放在甚么地方。
• Their report is studiously vague (= intentionally not exact) on future economic prospects. 他们的报告故意对未来经济前景含糊其词。
faint, dim, indefinite, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“不明确的，模糊的”的意思，其区别是：
faint: 指对某事物印象不深，或指声音微弱或希望的渺茫等。
dim: 侧重指或因光线暗淡，或因年代久远、身体欠佳等因素而产生视觉或察觉方面的困难。
indefinite: 指无明确定义或限定，重点或总体轮廓不明确。
vague: 多指因语言不确切，太笼统或因构思含糊、不完善而造成模糊难解。
obscure: 语气最强，指晦涩难懂。
ambiguous: 指文章或讲话中，意思可能有多种理解，令人捉摸不定。
dim, unclear, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“模糊”的意思，其区别是：
dim: a.光线暗淡的，看不清的；记忆力模糊的；不大可能的。
 • Don't work in dim light.   不要在昏暗的光线下工作。
 • His changes of recovery from illness are dim.   他康复的可能性十分渺茫。
unclear: a.指句意、字迹不清楚，使人难以看懂；不肯定的。
 • Unclear writing is difficult to understand.   模糊的字迹使人难以辨认。
 • It is unclear whether the economy will get better.   经济是否好转仍不明朗。
vague: a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，该词也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。
 • He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.   他大概知道他要做什么，但没有具体的计划。
obscure: a.用于表达因光线不足而使人看不清楚。该词的引申意义可以表示语法、文字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可而使人看不懂和无法理解。
 • The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many obscure references.   艾兹拉·庞德的诗有时候难以理解，因为诗歌中含有许多令人费解的典故。
ambiguous: a.意义含糊的，有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。
 • His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.   他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以至于我们不知道该走哪条路了。
dim, dark, vague, grey, obscure, black, gloomy
这组词都有“完全地或不完全地缺少光亮”的意思，其区别是：
dim: 指光线不足或视力较差，不能清晰地看见物体。
dark: 最普通用词，指缺乏自然光线或人工照明，使某物漆黑无光或光线十分微弱。
vague: 通常作借喻用，形容抽象事物。
grey: 与dark意思相近，但侧重阴暗单调的意味。
obscure: 指因光线不充足而使物体灰暗不清，失去光泽或若隐若现。作借喻时指因复杂、深奥或含糊而难于理解。
black: 侧重颜色是黑色的，有时也指无光的黑暗。
gloomy: 指光线不足或部分光线受阻而出现的阴暗。
adj. 模糊的；含糊的；不明确的；暧昧的
 - fuzzy, dark, uncertain

Word: scenario
Front: scenario
[səˈnɑ:riəʊ] (宝 2756/5562 -2)
Vocabulary: scenario
(once / 1473 pages)
n
A scenario is a specific possibility. To plan on playing with a bunch of bear cubs is a scenario — a dumb one, but still a scenario.
When people are wondering what to do, they think of different scenarios. Moving to a big city is one scenario — moving to a tiny town is another. A football team has to plan for many scenarios, like the starting quarterback being injured. The government plans for hundreds of scenarios, such as natural disasters and attacks by terrorists. In literature, a scenario can mean a summing up of what's going on — what the situation is. A scenario is pretty similar to a situation, but a scenario hasn't happened yet and might not happen at all.
WORD FAMILY
scenario: scenarios, scenarist+/scenarist: scenarists
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the first screen of the recovery page, choose the scenario that applies to you, which in this case would be “I forgot my password.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Yet we possess this ever-prevalent drive to call some people or situations or scenarios normal—and others not.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Ameer Riley, the defensive coördinator, said that, starting in the off-season, he hoped to incorporate the robots in more “realistic” practice scenarios.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （行动的）方案; 剧情概要; 分镜头剧本
分布：剧本(67%)，情节梗概(33%)
→来自意大利语 scenario,情节，来自拉丁语 scenarius,舞台情节，场景，来自 scena,舞台布景， 场景，词源同 scene.引申词义设想，方案。
【记】scen＝scene（n 布景；场景），ari，o结尾与艺术有关－剧情梗概
【参】scenery（n 风景；景色）
US [sə'ner.i.oʊ] (plural scenarios)
noun countable
POSSIBLE EVENT 可能的事件
 ADVANCED
■a description of possible actions or events in the future 可能发生的事态；设想； 场景
• There are several possible scenarios. 有几种可能出现的局面。
• a horrific/nightmare scenario such as a Third World War 可怕的／梦魇般的场景，如第三次世界大战
⇒ See also worst case scenario
UK [sɪ'nɑ:.ri.əʊ] US [sə'ner.i.oʊ] (plural scenarios)
noun countable
PLAN 计划
■a written plan of the characters and events in a play or film 剧本提纲；剧情梗概；电影脚本
n. 方案；情节；剧本
 - drama, action, plot

Word: bangkok
Front: bangkok
[bæŋˈkɔk] (-/10696)
Back: n. 扇形棕榈细纤维; Bangkok 曼谷（泰国首都）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: naval
Front: naval
[ˈneɪvl] (研四六托雅 4941/4376 -3)
Vocabulary: naval
(once / 226 pages)
adj
Naval means "about a navy or navies." If you are interested in naval history, you probably enjoy seeing ships used in sea battles.
Naval comes from the Latin word for ship, navis. Use the adjective naval whenever you're discussing a country's fleet of ships, especially ships intended for use during wartime. You might talk about a naval officer or a naval base, where ships are kept and naval personnel live. It's easy to confuse naval with its homophone navel, the belly button.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
naval / navel
Can you name this type of orange?
If you said a navel orange, give yourself a gold star (or a navel orange, if you're feeling peckish). Navel refers to the spot in the middle of your belly where the umbilical cord was once attached. The oranges are refer to as thus because they have a dimple that resembles, well, a navel. Some more examples of navel:
How to prevent navel piercing deformity when pregnant?
Navel orange production blossoms this season
Navel gazing refers to being obsessed with oneself or solely focused on one issue, generally a minor one:
Americans are incredibly self-absorbed navel gazers.
Now it seems many thirtysomethings find themselves succumbing to existential navel-gazing. 'What did I do with my life?' these relative whippersnappers ask.
Naval on the other hand, pertains to a navy, that branch of the military that operates at sea.
The Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility has agreed to pay $56,000 for hazardous waste violations.
IDF naval forces recently boarded the yacht "Irene."
The amount owners had to spend on repairs and naval stores fell for all vessel types, with container ships again having the largest decline.
Remember, your navel is in the center of your belly, while naval ships belong out at sea.
WORD FAMILY
naval: navally+/ navy: naval, navies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The island was built for the 1939 World’s Fair, then used as a World War II naval base.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He’d like to see a beefed-up air and naval presence in the Persian Gulf to thwart Iran.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Tartus is home to a Russian naval base.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. （有）海军的，军舰的，船的
分布：海军的(69%)，军舰的(31%)
→来自navy,海军。
船的;海军的(nav+al)[nav,naus,naut=ship表示"船",naut引申为"海员"]
n.海军的,军舰的He is a retired naval officer.他是一位退役的海军军官.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■belonging to a country's navy, or relating to military ships 海军的；军舰的
• a naval officer 海军军官
• naval forces 海军
• a naval museum/battle 海军博物馆／海战

Word: pirate
Front: pirate
[ˈpaɪrət] (研六宝 7206/7758 -2)
Vocabulary: pirate
(once / 224 pages)
nv
Yarg, matey! A cartoon pirate wears an eye patch, three-cornered hat, billowy shirt, and tall black boots. In real life, a pirate just boards ships and robs them of cargo, valuables, and money, often while wearing regular boring clothes.
Pirates have been around since humans have been shipping valuable goods by boat across oceans. You can also use pirate as a verb to describe what these robbers do. Today, in addition to traditional pirates, there are pirates who use digital creative material, like books, movies, games, and music, without paying for it. If you pirate a movie, you make a copy and sell it illegally. The Greek root of pirate is peirates, "one who attacks."
WORD FAMILY
pirate: piracy, pirated, pirates, piratical, pirating+/ piracy: piracies/piratical: piratically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Afterwards, they said we were pirates who kidnap boats, that we were carrying weapons.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
She filed for the split and also sought a temporary restraining order against the “Pirates of the Caribbean” actor for alleged domestic abuse.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The Pirates lost for the first time in five games against Top 25 opponents.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 海盗，强盗; 海盗船; 侵害版权者; 盗版者
vt. 抢劫（海上船只）; 剽窃，盗用
vi. 当海盗; 从事劫掠行为
时态：pirated, pirating, pirates
分布：海盗(86%)，盗版(8%)，剽窃(3%)，抢劫(2%)，盗版者(1%)
→来自拉丁语pirata,水手，海盗，冒险者，来自希腊语peiran,尝试，攻击，来自per,向前，尝试，词源同forth,expert,peril.
n./v.海盗,盗版(者)The tiresome pirate sounded siren and let off fireworks.讨厌的海盗鸣汽笛放焰火.
【记】pir转，ate吃－在海上转找吃的的人－海盗；抢劫
US ['paɪr.ət] noun countable
SAILOR 水手
■a person who sails in a ship and attacks other ships in order to steal from them 海盗
UK ['paɪ.rət] US ['paɪr.ət] noun countable
COPYING 复制
■a person who illegally copies music, films, computer programs, etc, and sells them 非法复制者，侵犯版权者
• software pirates 软体侵权者
pirate radio station
■a radio station that broadcasts without official permission 非法广播电台
UK ['paɪ.rət] US ['paɪr.ət] verb transitive
■to illegally copy a computer program, music, a film, etc. and sell it 非法复制，盗印
burglar, gangster, thief, bandit, robber, pirate
这组词都有“资贼、强盗”的意思，其区别是：
burglar: 指夜间撬窗破门行窃的人。
gangster: 指结伙进行各种非法活动的武装歹徒。
thief: 普通用词含义广泛，一般专指盗窍者。
bandit: 指在乡间或小林地区结帮活动，使用恐吓或暴力行窃的人。现指有组织或单独进行抢窃的盗匪。
robber: 指以暴力或威胁等手段强行夺取他人财物的人。
pirate: 指海盗。
n. 海盗；盗版；侵犯专利权者
 - corsair, sea wolf
vt. 掠夺；翻印；剽窃
 - harry, despoil
vi. 做海盗；从事劫掠
 - freeboot

Word: swallow
Front: swallow
[ˈswɒləʊ] (高研四六托雅宝 3535/3290 -K2)
Vocabulary: swallow
(once / 190 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5n
When you swallow food or liquid is pushed from your mouth to the esophagus. Chew your food well before you swallow it.
As a verb, swallow means "to enclose or envelop completely," like quicksand that swallows everything that falls into it. Swallow can also mean "to stop from expressing," like when you swallow your pride and ask for help. The noun swallow describes a gulp, though you don't always do it for digestion; sometimes a few swallows of air help you keep from crying. A swallow is also a type of small songbird.
WORD FAMILY
swallow: swallowed, swallowing, swallows
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s a lot to swallow for lawmakers, who’ve done very little in the last few sessions to prevent impaired driving.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lucia is the daughter of novelist James, a black hole who swallows both the world’s attention and domestic affection in industrial quantities.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
That’s what happens when a 5-0 start is swallowed whole by eight losses in the next 10 games.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 吞，咽; 忍耐，忍受
vt. 不流露; <口>忍受，轻信
n. [鸟]燕子; 胃管，食道; 一次吞咽的量; （滑车等的）通索孔
时态：swallowed, swallowing, swallows
分布：吞下(33%)，燕子(26%)，吞咽(15%)，咽下(9%)，忍受(7%)，轻信(5%)，收回(3%)，一次吞咽的量(1%)，不流露感情(1%)
→来自古英语 swealwe,燕子，来自 Proto-Germanic*swalwo,燕子。
n.燕子;吞咽vt.吞,咽;轻信;忍受;vi.咽口水In the hall, the shallow challenger shall be allowed to swallow the swallows.在大厅里,肤浅的挑战者将被允许吞下燕子.
【记】象声词，自己模拟一下吞咽的声音。Sw，all，low：所有的东西都到了嘴的下面－吞咽
【反】disgorge（v 吐出）
US ['swɑ:.loʊ] verb
THROAT 咽喉
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to cause food, drink, pills, etc. to move from your mouth into your stomach by using the muscles of your throat, or to use the muscles of your throat as if doing this 吞咽，吞下，咽下
• My throat is so sore that it really hurts when I swallow. 我的喉咙很痛，吞咽起来很难受。
• He put a grape into his mouth and swallowed it whole. 他把一颗葡萄放进嘴里，整个吞了下去。
intransitive
■to use the muscles of your throat, as if moving something from your mouth into your stomach, because you are nervous or frightened, or are about to say something （因为紧张、害怕或要开始说话而）做吞咽动作，吞口水
• He swallowed hard and said, "Dad, I've got something to tell you." 他用力吞了吞口水说：“爸，我有点事想告诉您。”
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] verb
TAKE AWAY 夺走
transitive
■If something large swallows (up) another thing, it makes it disappear or stop existing separately by making it part of itself 吞掉；吞没
• An increasing amount of the countryside is being swallowed (up) by the town. 越来越多的乡村被城镇吞并。
• Many small businesses have been swallowed (up) by large companies. 很多小企业已经被大公司吞并了。
transitive
■to use or take away a large part of something valuable 大量使用，大量夺走（贵重之物）
• Taxes have swallowed up nearly half of my pay increase. 我的加薪有近一半都被税收抵消了。
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] verb
ACCEPT 接受
transitive informal
■to accept something without question or without expressing disagreement 轻信；全盘接受
• Not surprisingly, this excuse was too much for them to swallow. 不出所料，他们无法接受这个借口。
• He swallowed her story whole. 他对她的说法深信不疑。
• She swallowed his sales pitch hook, line and sinker (= believed it completely). 她对他的推销之词深信不疑。
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] verb
NOT EXPRESS 不表露
transitive
■to not express or show something 不表露，不表现，抑制住
• She swallowed her disappointment, saying, "That's OK, it doesn't matter." 她抑制住自己的失望说：“没事，没关系。”
• He was forced to swallow his pride and ask if he could have his old job back. 他不得不抛开面子，询问能不能回到原来的工作岗位上。
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] verb
swallow your words
■to be forced to admit that something you have said has been shown to be wrong 被迫承认自己说的话不对
• I had to swallow my words when the scheme turned out to be a great success. 结果这个计划非常成功，我不得不承认我之前说的话是错的。
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] verb
swallow the bait
■If you swallow the bait, you completely accept something, especially an offer that is a trick or way of getting something from you. 上钩，中圈套
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] noun countable
THROAT 咽喉
■an act of using the muscles of your throat, or the amount of something you move into your stomach from your mouth by using the muscles of your throat 吞，咽，吞咽
• He gave a swallow, then began speaking. 他吞了吞口水，然后开始说话。
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] noun countable
BIRD 鸟
■a small bird with pointed wings and a tail with two points, which flies quickly and catches insects to eat as it flies 燕子
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] noun countable
One swallow doesn't make a summer. saying
■used to say that because one good thing has happened, it is not therefore certain that a situation is going to improve 独燕不成夏。（指一件好事发生并不意味着整体情况会好转） ； 一叶不足以知秋
dine, gorge, have, swallow, eat, devour, consume
这组词都有“吃”的意思，其区别是：
dine: 正式用词，既可指一日三餐中的任何一餐，也可以指特殊的用餐。
gorge: 侧重指拼命地吃或塞，强调吃饱或吃得过量。
have: 可与eat换用，但强调一次性的动作。
swallow: 主要指吃的整个过程的第二部分“咽”，并常指咀嚼得匆匆忙忙地吃。
eat: 普通用词，使用广泛。既可用于人，也可用于动物。
devour: 指狼吞虎咽地吃，强调吃得既快又彻底。
consume: 侧重痛痛快快地吃得一干二净，可用于人和动物。
vt. 忍受；吞没
 - stomach, go, stand, abide, tough
vi. 吞下；咽下
 - get sth down, get down

Word: temple
Front: temple
[ˈtempl] (高研四六托雅 3616/3448 -3)
Vocabulary: temple
(once / 84 pages)
1n 2n
A temple is a religious building that's meant for worshipping or praying. Hindu temples are typically devoted to one specific god.
While temples tend to be associated with non-Christian religions like Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism, some sects of Orthodox Christianity worship in temples as well. The Mormon church also calls its sacred structures temples. The word comes from the Latin templum, "consecrated piece of ground" or "building for worship of a god," from a Proto-Indo-European root, tem-, "to cut," from the idea of a space cleared or "cut down" for an altar.
WORD FAMILY
temple: temples
USAGE EXAMPLES
Only there does he discover that his face is caked with blood and that there is a long, gaping laceration on his right temple.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Temple bells echoed at midnight as families gather around noodles and revelers flock to shrines for the biggest holiday in Japan.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
The money temples are almost certainly right in their assessment of Donald Trump.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 庙，寺; 耶路撒冷古神殿; [犹太教] 犹太教聚会; 太阳穴
分布：庙宇(53%)，寺院(26%)，神殿(21%)
→来自古英语 tempel,庙宇，来自拉丁语 templum,圣地，神圣之地，可能来自 tem,砍，切， 分开，词源同 tome,anatomy.比喻用法，即与世俗隔开的地方。
寺庙[templ=tmple(庙)]
n.庙宇,神殿,寺;太阳穴Because of the temperature tempo, I temporarily lost temper to my contemporary in the temple.由于温度进度的原因,我在庙里一时地同代人发了脾气.
noun
BUILDING 建筑
 IMPROVER countable
■a building used for the worship of a god or gods in some religions 庙宇，寺院；神殿
['tem.pl] noun
BODY PART 身体部位
countable often plural
■the flat area on each side of your head in front of the top of your ear 太阳穴，鬓角
n. 庙宇；寺院；神殿；太阳穴
 - vihara, fane

Word: kilometre
Front: kilometre
[ˈkɪləmi:tə(r)] (中研 -/4574 -K3)
Back: n. 千米，公里
分布：公里(77%)，千米(23%)
n.(kilometer)公里,千米(略作km)
US [kɪ'lɑ:.mə.tˌɚ] (written abbreviation km)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a unit of measurement equal to 1000 metres 千米，公里
n. [计量] 公里；千米
 - klick, klik

Word: entrench
Front: entrench
[ɪn'trentʃ] (宝 13128/14184 -1)
Vocabulary: entrench
(once / 1470 pages)
v
To entrench is to secure something firmly. Entrench a tent pole in the ground so your tent doesn't fly away, or entrench yourself at your new job so you don’t get fired.
Dig a little and see that entrench is from en meaning “in” and trench is from the Old French word trenche for "ditch,” just like the kind soldiers hide in. You don’t have to be a soldier to entrench, though — anytime a person or thing is securely inside something, it’s entrenched. If you entrench a swing set in your yard, it's solid. If a government entrenches a spy in another country, that spy blends right in.
WORD FAMILY
entrench: entrenched, entrenches, entrenching, entrenchment+/entrenchment: entrenchments/ retrench: retrenched, retrenches, retrenching, retrenchment/retrenchment: retrenchments/ trench: entrench, retrench, trenched, trencher, trenches, trenching/ trencher: trenchers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Others complain of entrenched corruption at all levels, and predatory police.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Perhaps the reason for the disconnect isn’t just a reflection of deeply entrenched patriarchy.
Salon(Dec 26, 2016)
He’s an entrenched veteran of the state’s GOP who as attorney general decided not to criminally prosecute then-Gov.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: v. 用壕沟围绕或保护…; 牢固地确立…; 挖掘壕沟
n. 壕沟; 防御设施
时态：entrenched, entrenching, entrenches
分布：侵犯(50%)，以壕沟防护(50%)
→en-, 进入，使。-trench, 砍，切，词源同trench, truncate. 即切进去，牢固树立。
用壕沟防护,确立...地位(en在...里面+trench→在壕沟里面)[trench=cut,表示"切,割"]
mainly disapproving
verb transitive
■to establish something, especially an idea or a problem, firmly so that it cannot be changed 使处于牢固地位，使根深柢固，牢固确立（尤指观念、问题）
• [R] The government's main task was to prevent inflation from entrenching itself. 政府的主要任务是防止通货膨胀问题变得积重难返。
vt. 确立，牢固；用壕沟围住；挖掘
 - sink, radicate
vi. 侵犯；挖掘壕沟
 - to infringe on, encroach on

Word: surgery
Front: surgery
[ˈsɜ:dʒəri] (研四六托雅 1793/2833 -3)
Vocabulary: surgery
(once / 361 pages)
n
Surgery is a medical procedure, usually involving an incision and instruments. A surgery is done to fix or prevent a health problem.
There are a lot of kinds of surgery in the world. Some are very serious, like brain surgery and heart surgery. Others are minor, like getting your appendix removed. In most cases, you'll be unconscious for surgery, to make it easier for the surgeon to get the job done. You can also call the room where surgeries are done a surgery, and talk about the field of surgery.
WORD FAMILY
surgery: microsurgery, surgeries, surgical +/ surgical: nonsurgical, surgically
USAGE EXAMPLES
People considering gastric bypass surgery often focus on the immediate result: an end to obesity after struggling unsuccessfully to lose weight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
While not a candidate for surgery, he was recommended for chemotherapy in conjunction with radiation therapy.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Surgery wasn’t an option, but he asked Graf to return the following week to discuss what they might try next.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 外科学，外科手术; 手术室; 诊所; 诊断时间
分布：外科(56%)，外科手术(31%)，手术室(8%)，诊所(5%)
→来自 surgeon,外科医生，-ery,表行为。
n.外科,外科学;手术室,诊疗室At the agency, the aged agent is urgently urged to go for surgery by the gentle surgeon.在办事处,温和的外科医生急切地催促年老的代理商做外科手术.
US ['sɝ:.dʒɚ-] noun
MEDICAL OPERATION 医疗手术
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the treatment of injuries or diseases in people or animals by cutting open the body and removing or repairing the damaged part 外科手术
• The patient had/underwent surgery on his heart. 这位病人接受了心脏外科手术。
• He made a good recovery after surgery to remove a brain tumour. 做了脑部肿瘤切除手术以后，他恢复得很好。
UK ['sɜ:.dʒər.i] US ['sɝ:.dʒɚ-] noun
ADVICE 建议
countable or uncountable UK
■a place where you can go to ask advice from or receive treatment from a doctor or dentist （医生或牙医的）诊所
• If you come to the surgery (USoffice)at 10.30, the doctor will see you then. 如果你十点半来诊所，医生正好有空为你看病。
• On Saturday mornings, surgery (= the fixed period of opening of the place where you can go to see your doctor) is (USoffice hours are) from 9.00 to 12.00. 诊所周六上午的开业时间是从9点到12点。
countable UK
■the regular period of time when a person can visit their Member of Parliament to ask advice （议员的）接待时间
• Our MP holds a weekly surgery on Friday mornings. 我们选区的议员每周五上午接待来访。
n. [外科] 外科；外科手术；手术室；诊疗室
 - theater, surgical department

Word: symptom
Front: symptom
[ˈsɪmptəm] (高研六托雅 2249/2342 -3)
Vocabulary: symptom
(once / 291 pages)
n
A symptom is the result or byproduct of something else—specifically, the result we use to prove that that other thing exists. Simple example: a cough is a symptom of a cold. We know we have a cold because we have the symptom, a cough.
Don't confuse the symptom with the cause. Even when the symptom is worse than the cause, don't be tempted to confuse them. Fever, sneezing, achiness: all of these are symptom of a cold. But they are not the cold. They are symptoms of it. Relationship experts argue over whether "cheating” is the cause of unhappiness or the symptom. In other words, do people think about breaking up because of cheating, or do they cheat because they're thinking about breaking up.
WORD FAMILY
symptom: symptomatic, symptomless, symptoms+/ symptomatic: symptomatically
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s harder to explain the lingering of symptoms such as fatigue and weakness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
See a doctor if your symptoms don’t resolve or if they cause discomfort or emotional distress.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Depending on the severity of these symptoms, patients may need to delay treatment and begin a course of steroids and or discontinue the drug immediately.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 症状; 征兆
分布：症状(87%)，征兆(13%)
→来自希腊语 symptoma, 疾病， 发生， 来自 sym-, 一起， 一致，-pt, 追逐， 降落， 词源同 compete,petition,-oma,名词后缀。引申词义症状，征兆等。词义演变比较 syndrome,综合症。
n.(疾病的)症状;(不好事情的)征兆,表征Mary's symptom is similar to Joseph's in some way.玛丽的症状在某些方面和约瑟夫的类似.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■any feeling of illness or physical or mental change which is caused by a particular disease （疾病的）症状
• He's complaining of all the usual flu symptoms - a high temperature, headache and so on. 他抱怨所有常见的感冒症状——高烧、头痛等，都出现在他身上。
• He's been HIV-positive for six years, but just recently he's started to develop the symptoms of AIDS. 他 HIV 病毒检测呈阳性反应已有六年了，但直到最近才开始出现爱滋病的征状。
■any single problem which is caused by and shows a more serious and general problem 征兆，征候
• It's her feeling that the recent outbreaks of violence are a symptom of the dissatisfaction that is currently affecting our society. 她觉得最近爆发的暴力事件，显示了目前不满的情绪正在影响我们的社会。
indication, symptom
这组词都有“征兆”的意思，其区别是：
indication: 普通用词，指任何情况或内容的征兆或迹象。
symptom: 通常指作为医学诊断的病征兆。
n. [临床] 症状；征兆
 - premonitor, prefiguration

Word: cricket
Front: cricket
[ˈkrɪkɪt] (研四六雅 8382/2496 -3)
Vocabulary: cricket
(once / 476 pages)
1n 2nv
A cricket is a chirping insect that resembles a grasshopper. Cricket is also a popular British sport played with a ball and a flat bat. A cricket might be on the cricket field, but it’s too little to throw the ball.
Crickets have small wings and antennae, and while they don't fly, they can hop far. In some places, it's common to keep a cricket as a pet — and in other places, crickets are eaten and considered crispy delicacies. If you ever get a cricket mixed up with a grasshopper, remember that crickets are usually brown and grasshoppers are green. The root of the insect is criquer, "creak or crackle," and the sport comes from cricke, Middle Dutch for "stick."
WORD FAMILY
cricket: cricketed, cricketer, cricketing, crickets+/cricketer: cricketers
USAGE EXAMPLES
"It's a great moment for Test cricket," said commentator Bill Lawry on Australia's Nine Network.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Cricket is the most popular sport in India.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A portrait of modern India through the fictional tale of two brothers raised to be cricket champions.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 蟋蟀; 板球; 矮木凳
vi. 打板球
adj. 公平的
分布：板球(78%)，蟋蟀(17%)，打板球(5%)
→1.蟋蟀，拟声词，模仿蟋蟀的叫声。
n.板球;蟋蟀His wicked trick is to get the kids to kick bricks and lick the cricket ticket.他的缺德恶作剧是让孩子们踢砖和舔板球门票.
noun
GAME 运动
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a sport in which two teams of eleven players try to score runs (= points) by hitting a small hard ball covered in leather with a bat , and running between two sets of small wooden posts 板球（运动）
• a cricket ball/bat 板球／板球球板
['krɪk.ɪt] noun
INSECT 昆虫
countable
■a brown or black insect which makes short loud noises by rubbing its wings together 蟋蟀
['krɪk.ɪt] noun
not cricket UK old-fashioned or humorous
■If someone's behaviour or actions are not cricket, they are not honest or moral 不光彩；不道德；不光明正大
• It's simply not cricket to flirt with another man's wife. 跟别人的妻子调情真不道德。
n. 板球，板球运动； [昆] 蟋蟀
 - Chinese Cricket, grig

Word: happily
Front: happily
[ˈhæpɪli] (高 4708/3821 -K1)
Back: adv. 快乐地; 幸运地，幸福地; 巧合地，适当地; 〈古〉偶然
分布：快乐地(59%)，幸福地(29%)，恰当地(7%)，幸好(4%)，形容词happy的副词形式.(1%)
adverb
PLEASED 高兴地
 ADVANCED
■in a happy way 高兴地，幸福地
• He was happily married with two young children. 他婚姻美满，并育有两个小孩。
• She munched happily on her chocolate bar. 她高兴地嚼着巧克力。
 ADVANCED
■willingly 愿意地，乐意地
• I'd happily offer to help him if I thought it would make any difference. 如果我觉得自己能发挥一些作用，我会很愿意帮助他。
['hæp.ɪ.li] adverb
LUCKY 幸运地
■having a good or lucky result 幸运地
• Happily, the weather remained fine throughout the afternoon. 幸运的是，整个下午天气一直都很好。
adv. 快乐地；幸福地；幸运地；恰当地
 - properly, fortunately, right

Word: remedy
Front: remedy
[ˈremədi] (研四六托雅 5111/3157 -2)
Vocabulary: remedy
(once / 204 pages)
nv
A remedy is something that relieves or cures a problem or illness. Aloe vera is a common remedy for sunburn.
If you're having trouble sleeping, the first remedy you might try is a hot bath and a cup of chamomile tea. If that doesn't help, you may resort to something stronger, like a sedative. If a streetlight shining in your window is part of the problem, you can remedy the situation with some room-darkening shades. But if it's your upstairs neighbors and their all-night partying that's keeping you awake, you may have to consider a legal remedy.
WORD FAMILY
remedy: remedial, remediate, remedied, remedies, remedying+/ irremediable: irremediably/ remediable: irremediable / remedial: remedially/ remediate: remediable, remediated, remediation /remedied: unremedied
USAGE EXAMPLES
To remedy that, he sometimes groups a few of them together.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Whether the change will bring fresh remedies to the southern African country’s economic woes is open to question.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
They chuckled at some customers’ home remedies, such as pouring white wine on a red-wine stain.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 治疗法; 补救办法; 纠正办法; （硬币的）公差
vt. 改正，纠正，改进; 补救; 治疗
时态：remedied, remedying, remedies
分布：补救(49%)，治疗(33%)，药物(7%)，矫正(6%)，治疗法(5%)
→re-,表强调，-med,救治，词源同 medical,medicine.
n.药品;治疗措施v.治疗,医治;纠正,补救In the cinema the medicine immediately remedied the medium.在电影院里这种药立刻拯救了中间人.
【参】remediable（adj 可挽回的）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a successful way of curing an illness or dealing with a problem or difficulty 疗法，治疗；补救（办法），纠正（办法）
• an effective herbal remedy for headaches 用草药治疗头痛的有效疗法
• The best remedy for grief is hard work. 排解忧伤的最好办法就是努力工作。
legal remedy legal
■a way of solving a problem or ordering someone to make a payment for harm or damage they have caused, using a decision made in a court of law （依法的）解决办法，救济
• We have exhausted all possible legal remedies for this injustice. 为了纠正这一不公正的行为，我们已经采取了一切法律手段。
['rem.ə.di] verb transitive formal
■to do something to correct or improve something that is wrong 补救；纠正；改进
• This mistake must be remedied immediately. 这一错误必须立即予以纠正。
medication, remedy, chemical, medicine, cure, drug
这组词都有“药”的意思，其区别是：
medication: 指医生开给病人用的一切药物，从最简单的阿斯匹林到最复杂的药物。
remedy: 普通用词，侧重指对恢复健康有效的药品或治疗方法。
chemical: 多指工业或化学中的药品，有时也指医药中的药品。
medicine: 普通用词，可指药物的总称，也指一切有利于健康的东西。
cure: 比remedy更强调使身体恢复健康的疗法或良药。
drug: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指任何用于预防或治疗肉体上或精神上疾病的药品。用复数形式，多指毒品。
remedy, heal, cure, treat
这组词都有“治疗、医治”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 着重用药物对病人进行治疗。
heal: 侧重指治愈伤口、伤痛如灼伤等。
cure: 主要指治愈疾病。
treat: 普通用词，指接受并诊治病人。
remedy, correct, rectify, revise, amend
这组词都有“纠正，改正”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 正式用词，通常指在局部范围内进行纠正，尤指对困难或棘手问题的解决。
correct: 指纠正或改正不正确、不真实或有缺点的东西。
rectify: 正式用词，意义较抽象，侧重指彻底改正偏离子正确标准或规则的东西。
revise: 指通过仔细阅读、反复思考后而进行改正、订正或修订，使趋于完善。
amend: 书面语用词。指进行更正或改变，使之更好，符合更高的要求。
vt. 补救；治疗；纠正
 - cure, help, repair
n. 补救；治疗；赔偿
 - therapy, satisfaction, cure

Word: shale
Front: shale
[ʃeɪl] (托宝 14985/12996 -1)
Back: n. [矿]页岩; 泥板岩
分布：页岩(99%)，泥板岩(1%)
→来自古英语 scealu,壳，鳞片，来自 Proto-Germanic*skalo,切片，分片，来自 skel,切，分 开，词源同 scale,shell.引申词义页岩。
【记】读：shell（n 贝壳），也是一层一层的感觉。
noun uncountable
■a type of soft grey rock, usually formed from clay that has become hard, which breaks easily into thin layers 页岩（易于裂成板片的软岩石）
n. [岩] 页岩；泥板岩
 - clayslate

Word: subtle
Front: subtle
[ˈsʌtl] (研六托雅宝 3435/3792 -2)
Vocabulary: subtle
(once / 229 pages)
adj
Something that is subtle is not obvious: a professional food taster might be able to perceive subtle differences of flavor that most people don't notice.
Subtle is used for things that are hard to describe because of their complexity or delicacy: a way of thinking, arguing, or creating a work of art. The word is pronounced like "suttle" and it was originally spelled that way when it was borrowed from Old French, but the b got imported to make the word look more like its ultimate source, the Latin adjective subtilis. If you try to pronounce the b, your ignorance of how to say the word properly won't be very subtle!
WORD FAMILY
subtle: subtilise, subtilize, subtlely, subtler, subtlest, subtlety, subtly, unsubtle+/subtilise: subtilised, subtilises, subtilising/subtilize: subtilized, subtilizes, subtilizing/ subtlety: subtleties/unsubtle: unsubtly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The truth is that permanent weight loss requires a subtle, manageable set of skills which likely vary from person to person.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
The effect is subtle and simple, yet evocative of greater things.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He likes to sit in his study and recount tales with subtle lessons.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 微妙的; 敏感的; 狡猾的; 巧妙的
分布：微妙的(69%)，精细的(10%)，狡猾的(9%)，敏锐的(9%)，不明显的(3%)
→来自古法语 subtil,来自拉丁语 subtilis,精细的，精致的，来自 sub,向下，在下，-tilis,网的， 来自 tela,网，词源同 toilet,toiletry.其字面意思可能是网中网，因此要求更巧妙的编织技术， 引申诸相关词义。
a.精巧的,巧妙的;细微的,微妙的The subtle subscriber found the prescription manuscript.敏锐的认购者找到处方原稿.
【反】palpable（adj 可触知的；明显的）；blatant（adj 喧嚣的）
US ['sʌtˌ-] approving
adjective
 ADVANCED
■not loud, bright, noticeable or obvious in any way 隐约的；暗淡的；不易察觉的，不明显的；微妙的
• The room was painted a subtle shade of pink. 房间被刷成了淡粉色。
• The play's message is perhaps too subtle to be understood by young children. 这部戏的内涵过于隐晦，小孩子可能难以理解。
 ADVANCED
■small but important 细微的；细致的
• There is a subtle difference between these two plans. 两个计划之间有一点细微的差别。
■achieved in a quiet way which does not attract attention to itself and which is therefore good or clever 微妙的，精妙的；巧妙的
• a subtle plan/suggestion 巧妙的计划／建议
• subtle questions 巧妙的问题
delicate, fine, subtle
这组词都有“微妙的，细微的”的意思，其区别是：
delicate: 侧重指需要谨慎处理和对待。
fine: 隐含“不易察觉的”意味。
subtle: 侧重有洞察、领悟事物细微差别以及微妙关系的能力。
adj. 微妙的；精细的；敏感的；狡猾的；稀薄的
 - sensitive, delicate, detailed, refined, designing

Word: reconstruction
Front: reconstruction
[.riːkən'strʌkʃ(ə)n] (托 5208/5133)
Vocabulary: reconstruction
(once / 1787 pages)
n
When you put something back together or rebuild it, you do a reconstruction, like the reconstruction of a neighborhood after a flood or earthquake.
Combine the prefix re-, or "again" with construction and you get a word that means "the process of putting something back together." Crime or accident reconstruction help experts figure out what really happened and possibly who is guilty or at fault, but reconstruction can also be the rebuilding of place that has been damaged, or the time of the rebuilding, like the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War.
WORD FAMILY
reconstruction: reconstructions+/ construct: constructed, constructing, construction, constructive, constructor, constructs, deconstruct, reconstruct / construction: constructions/ constructive: constructively, constructiveness, constructivism, unconstructive/constructivism: constructivist/constructivist: constructivists/constructor: constructors/ deconstruct: deconstructed, deconstructing, deconstruction, deconstructivism, deconstructs/deconstruction: deconstructionism, deconstructions/deconstructionism: deconstructionist/ reconstruct: reconstructed, reconstructing, reconstruction, reconstructive, reconstructs/reconstructed: unreconstructed/unreconstructed: unreconstructedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Featherstone’s “Fantastical Landscape” is a symbolic reconstruction of places like India and Nepal, where religious art is public, communal and ubiquitous.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It is still fighting IS in Mosul, and the list of reconstruction needs is long.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Other government ministers occasionally visit the shrine, including the disaster reconstruction minister on Wednesday.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 重建; 再现; 重建物; 复原物
分布：改造(77%)，复兴(12%)，再建(11%)
noun
uncountable
■the process of building or creating something again that has been damaged or destroyed （对被毁的事物进行的）重建，改造，复原
• Post-war economic reconstruction in the country must begin with the resumption of agricultural production. 这个国家战后经济的重建必须从恢复农业生产开始。
countable
■an attempt to get a complete description of an event using the information available, or an attempt to repeat what happened during the event （根据掌握的资讯对发生的事情进行的）重现描述，重现，再现
• A dramatized reconstruction of the robbery was shown on television to try to make people remember any vital pieces of information that would help the police. 这宗抢劫案以电视剧的形式再现并在电视上播出，是为了使人们能够记起任何有关案件的重要资讯，来帮助员警破案。
n. 再建，重建；改造；复兴
 - restructuring, regeneration, renewal

Word: bug
Front: bug
[bʌg] (研六雅 4159/7685 -2)
Vocabulary: bug
(once / 511 pages)
1n 2v 3nv 4n
A bug is an insect. You might refuse to go camping because of your intense dislike for bugs. Bug can also be a verb meaning "annoy." Most likely, bugs bug you.
There are bugs you can see, like bees, and bugs that are much smaller, like viruses and bacteria. If you get one of these microscopic bugs, it means you're sick. You can also say, casually, "I've caught the model train bug — I'm hooked!" A microphone that's hidden in someone's home or telephone is also a bug, named after its small size. To bug someone means either to spy on them, or simply to bother them relentlessly.
WORD FAMILY
bug: bugged, bugging, buggy, bugs, debug, superbug+/ buggy: buggies, bugginess/debug: debugged, debugger, debugging, debugs/debugger: debuggers/superbug: superbugs
USAGE EXAMPLES
He ordered more bugs and privately groused that Nixon’s behavior amounted to “treason.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The setup allows the company to frequently update the software to fix bugs and add new features.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Among the methods are bio controls, in which bugs that feed upon pests in their native lands are introduced here.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 昆虫; 陷，瑕疵; 细菌，病菌; 窃听器
vt. 在…装窃听器; 打扰，烦恼; 折磨，使痛苦; （使眼球）暴突或变大
vi. 变大; 凸出
时态：bugged, bugging, bugs
分布：臭虫(40%)，窃听器(27%)，窃听(18%)，打扰(15%)
→来自古英语词bugge, 妖怪，令人害怕之物。后指昆虫。故障义据说来自大发明家爱迪生，在检察某机器故障时发现是由于里面死了一个小虫。
n.臭虫;小毛病;窃听器v.窃听The smuggler shrugged to the bugler hugging the bug in the tugboat.走私者对在拖船中拥抱臭虫的号手耸耸肩.
noun
INSECT 昆虫
 ADVANCED countable
■a very small insect 小虫子
[bʌg] noun
ILLNESS 病
 ADVANCED countable informal
■a bacteria or a virus causing an illness that is usually not serious （引起小毛病的）细菌，病毒
• I had a tummy/stomach bug last week. 上周我的肠胃出了点小毛病。
• There's a bug going around (= an illness that many people are getting). 有种细菌引起的疾病现正在流行。
[bʌg] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
 ADVANCED countable
■a mistake or problem in a computer program （电脑程式中出现的）缺陷，漏洞
• A bug caused the company's computer system to crash. 程式缺陷导致公司的电脑系统崩溃。
[bʌg] noun
DEVICE 设备
countable
■a very small device fixed on to a telephone or hidden in a room, that allows you to listen to what people are saying without them knowing 窃听器
[bʌg] noun
ENTHUSIASM 热忱
only singular informal
■a very strong enthusiasm for something 热衷，迷
• He's been bitten by the sailing bug. 他迷上了帆船运动。
[bʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
ANNOY 烦扰 informal
■to annoy or worry someone 烦扰；使…担心
• He's been bugging me all morning. 他整个上午都在烦我。
[bʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
HIDE DEVICE 隐藏装置
■to place or hide a listening device inside something 秘密安装窃听装置
• often passive She suspected that her phone had been bugged. 她怀疑自己的电话被人窃听了。
bacteria, germ, virus, bug, microbe
这组词都有“致病的微生物”的意思，其区别是：
bacteria: (系bacterium的复数形式)，泛指任何在动植物体中广泛传播的微生物细菌，其中有的对生命体无害，有的能导致传染病或严重疾病，如天花、霍乱等。
germ: 微生物的俗称，专指引起人体生命的病菌。
virus: 技术用语，特指病毒或过滤性病原体。
bug: 非正式用词，指细菌或由病毒所引起的传染病。
microbe: 本义指在显微镜下才能见到的微生物，现在多指引起疾病的细菌。
worm, pest, bug, insect
这组词都有“虫，昆虫”的意思，其区别是：
worm: 侧重指蚯蚓、蚕、毛虫等小而无骨的虫。
pest: 指有害的昆虫或有害的小动物。
bug: 指小昆虫，尤指吸血的臭虫，也可指细菌。
insect: 含义广泛，多指蚂蚁、黄蜂、蝉等等。
overhear, monitor, bug
这组词都有“偷听，窃听”的意思，其区别是：
overhear: 多指在别人不注意或不知道的情况下偶然听到谈话的内容。
monitor: 通常指用仪器设备偷听别人的谈话内容。
bug: 指在室内等处安装窃听器以窃听他人的谈话内容。
n. [基医] 臭虫，小虫；故障；窃听器
 - fault, trouble
vt. 烦扰，打扰；装窃听器
 - eat, burden, bother
vi. 装置窃听器；打扰
 - interfere, put out

Word: mediterranean

Word: lion
Front: lion
[ˈlaɪən] (中高研四六 4305/3397 -2)
Vocabulary: lion
(once / 304 pages)
n
A lion is a distant relative of your adorable pet kitten: a large, wild cat found in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Male lions have thick, golden-colored manes around their necks.
While the male lion is arguably more striking than the female, it's the females who do nearly all the hunting for a group, or pride, of lions. Tigers are actually larger than lions, making "the king of the beasts" the second-largest wild cat. Because of their strength and power, images of lions are often used as symbols on flags and coats of arms. It's also common to call a strong, courageous person a lion.
WORD FAMILY
lion: lioness, lionise, lionize, lions+/lioness: lionesses/lionise: lionised, lionising/ lionize: lionized, lionizes, lionizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The prosecutors we see now,” he wrote on his Facebook page, “are nothing more or less than a pack of hyenas attacking a crippled lion.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And it was here that one of the lions of the civil rights movement breathed his last on an April morning in 1968.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The storm-lashed lion whose windblown mane looks like he used too much hair product.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 狮子; 名人; [天文学、占星术]狮子（星）座; 勇士，名流
分布：狮子(98%)，勇猛的人(2%)
→来自拉丁语leo,狮子。
n.狮子The skilful miller killed millions of lions with his ski.技术娴熟的磨坊主用雪橇杀死了上百万头狮子.
noun countable
 IMPROVER (female lioness)
■a large wild animal of the cat family with yellowish brown fur which lives in Africa and southern Asia 狮，狮子
• a pride (= group) of lions 狮群
■someone who is important, successful or powerful 大师，巨匠；高人
• a literary lion 文学大师
['laɪ.ən] noun countable
the lion's den
■a dangerous or threatening place or situation 虎穴，狼窝；危险境地
['laɪ.ən] noun countable
the lion's share
■the largest part or most of something 最大份额，大部分
• Reputable charities spend the lion's share of donations on aid and a tiny fraction on administration. 声誉好的慈善机构将捐款的大部分都花在援助上，只有极少部分用于管理。
n. 狮子；名人；勇猛的人；社交场合的名流
 - personality, leo, celebrity

Word: hell
Front: hell
[hel] (研四六雅 1456/1748 -K3)
Vocabulary: hell
(once / 336 pages)
n
Hell is a terrible state or place of pain, suffering, and misery. If you're religious, you might believe in hell as a place where bad people go after they die.
Even if you don't subscribe to a religion that includes a concept of eternal hell for evil or blasphemous people, you might use the word to describe a terrible place or situation. Someone who's suffered an agonizing ordeal might say, "I've been through hell." The phrase "when hell freezes over" basically means "never," since hell is famous for its reputation as burning with infinite fire.
WORD FAMILY
hell: hellish, hells+/hellish: hellishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the future, Americans — assuming there are any left — will look back at 2016 and remark: “What the HELL?”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The past year was a hell of a lot better than the deplorable national debate portrayed it to be.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Erickson is worried that Trump will literally send Americans to hell:
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 地狱，阴间; 训斥; 胡闹，见鬼; 苦境，罪恶之地
vi. 过放荡生活; （车辆）急驰，飞驰
int. 该死; 见鬼（表示惊奇、烦恼、厌恶、恼怒、失望等）
分布：地狱(89%)，阴间(6%)，极大的痛苦(3%)，苦境(2%)
→来自kel,隐藏，遮盖，词源同hole,cellar.引申词义地下，地狱。Hell ’s Anger 地狱天使
n.地狱,阴间;苦境,极大痛苦The optional helicopter is adopted to help the optimistic helpless in the hell.可选用的直升飞机被用来帮助地狱里那些乐观的无助者.
noun
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■an extremely unpleasant or difficult place, situation or experience 悲惨的境况；苦难的经历
• Work is sheer hell at the moment. 目前的工作如同在地狱一般。
• The last few months have been absolute hell. 最后几个月完全就是在受罪。
⇒ See also hellhole;infernal
 ESSENTIAL only singular (also Hell)
■in some religions, the place where some people are believed to go after death to be punished forever for the bad things they have done during their lives 地狱
• I'll go to Hell for this. 我会因为这件事下地狱的。
make sb's life hell (also make life hell for sb) informal
■to cause a lot of problems for someone and make them very unhappy 给（某人）惹很多麻烦；令（某人）日子不好过
• I worked for her for two years and she made my life hell. 我为她工作了两年，她让我的日子很不好过。
[hel] noun
all hell breaks loose informal
■If all hell breaks loose, a situation suddenly becomes violent and noisy, especially with people arguing or fighting 顿时乱成一团（尤指人们突然争吵、打斗起来）
• One policeman drew his gun and then suddenly all hell broke loose. 一名员警拔枪，人们顿时乱成一团。
[hel] noun
come hell or high water informal
■If you say that you will do something come hell or high water, you mean that you are determined to do it, despite any difficulties that there might be 无论有甚么困难，不管怎样
• I'll get you to the airport by noon, come hell or high water! 不论有甚么困难，我都会在中午前把你送到机场！
[hel] noun
for the hell of it informal
■If you do something for the hell of it, you do it without having any particular purpose or wish, but usually for enjoyment 仅仅为了好玩，只是取乐而已
• I didn't know what I wanted to do, so I drove my van round Europe, just for the hell of it. 我不知道自己想要做甚么，于是就开着我的厢型小货车环游欧洲，只是为了好玩而已。
[hel] noun
from hell informal
■used to say that someone or something is extremely bad 特别糟的
• Now Miranda - she was the housemate from hell. 哎，米兰达——她是个特别糟的室友。
• Poor Ann has the mother-in-law from hell. 可怜的安有个特别讨厌的婆婆。
[hel] noun
give sb hell informal
■If someone gives you hell, they criticize you severely 严厉批评（某人）
• She gave me hell for being twenty minutes late. 因为我迟到了20分钟，她狠狠教训我一顿。
■If something gives you hell, it causes you a lot of pain 使（某人）受苦
• These new shoes are giving me hell. 这双新鞋把我的脚磨得痛死了。
[hel] noun
go to hell informal
■used to angrily tell someone to stop talking and go away 滚开，去你的
• "Anyway, it's your own fault." "Oh, go to hell!" “总之是你自己的错。”“啊，去你的！”
[hel] noun
go to hell and back informal
■to live through an extremely unpleasant, difficult or painful experience 到鬼门关前走了一回，经历劫难
• I've been to hell and back over this court case. 这场官司令我到鬼门关前走了一回。
[hel] noun
hell for leather old-fashioned informal
■If you go, run, ride, etc. hell for leather, you go as fast as you can. 飞快地，以最快速度
[hel] noun
hell on Earth informal
■an extremely unpleasant place or situation 人间地狱
• Soldiers who survived the war described it as hell on Earth. 这场战争中幸存下来的士兵称之为人间地狱。
[hel] noun
be hell on wheels US informal
■to behave in an angry or difficult way 坏脾气的，不易相处的
• When he was drinking, Ken was hell on wheels. 肯恩一喝酒，脾气就变坏。
[hel] noun
there'll be hell to pay informal
■something you say which means someone will be very angry if something happens 会惹上大麻烦
• There'll be hell to pay if she doesn't get the money in time. 如果她没有及时拿到钱，那可就有大麻烦了。
[hel] noun
when hell freezes over old-fashioned informal
■If you say that something will happen when hell freezes over, you mean that it will never happen. 根本不可能（发生）
[hel] exclamation noun uncountable
■used to express anger or to add emphasis （表示愤怒或强调）
• Oh hell, I've forgotten my key! 该死，我忘了带锁匙！
• What the hell was that noise? 那到底是甚么声音？
• We haven't got a hope in hell (= we have no hope) of meeting such a tight deadline. 我们绝不可能在这么急迫的期限内完成。
[hel] exclamation noun uncountable
annoy/frighten/scare, etc. the hell out of sb informal
■to make someone extremely annoyed/frightened, etc 使（某人）极为恼怒／把（某人）吓得半死
• He jumped out from behind a wall and scared the hell out of her. 他从一道墙后面跳了出来，把她吓坏了。
[hel] exclamation noun uncountable
(as) ... as hell informal
■used to emphasize a description of an unpleasant characteristic （强调不好的特性）极，非常
• She's really quite unpleasant about other people and she's as mean as hell. 她对待他人相当不友善，还吝啬得要命。
[hel] exclamation noun uncountable
be hell-bent on sth informal
■to be extremely determined to do something, without considering the risks or possible dangerous results 下定决心，不顾一切（做…）
• He was hell-bent on revenge. 他铁了心要报仇。
[hel] exclamation noun uncountable
beat the hell out of sb informal
■to hit someone repeatedly with great force 狠揍（某人）
[hel] exclamation noun uncountable
get the hell out of somewhere informal
■to leave a place quickly 迅速离开（某地）
• Let's get the hell out of here, before any shooting starts. 在开火前，我们赶快离开这里吧。
[hel] exclamation noun uncountable
the hell you do US informal
■used to tell someone that you do not believe what they have said or that you will not allow them to do what they want 你省省吧
• "I don't need your advice, Gene, I know what's good for me." "The hell you do!" “我不需要你的建议，吉恩，我知道甚么对我有利。”“你省省吧！”
[hel] exclamation noun uncountable
hell of a (also helluva) informal
■extremely, or extremely big 极度地；极大的
• It's a/one hell of a big decision to take. 这真是个重大决定。
• The house was in a/one hell of a mess. 房子里乱成一团。
[hel] exclamation noun uncountable
like hell informal
■very much 拼命地，玩命地
• We ran like hell. 我们拼命地跑。
• We worked like hell to finish the job. 我们为完成工作而拼命地做。
• It hurt like hell. 痛得要命。
■certainly not 绝不
• "Try to be polite to him." "Like hell I will!" “对他礼貌点。”“我才不呢！”
[hel] exclamation noun uncountable
to hell informal
■If you wish or hope to hell that something is true or that it will happen, you are saying how strongly you want it to be true or to happen 非常，强烈地
• I hope to hell she hasn't missed that plane. 我非常希望她没错过那班飞机。
[hel] exclamation noun uncountable
what the hell informal
■said when you suddenly realize that your plan is not important to you and that you will do something else 管它的，没关系
• I was supposed to be working this evening but what the hell - I'll see you in the pub in half an hour. 今晚我本来应该工作的，但这也没关系——我们半小时后酒吧见。
n. 地狱；究竟（作加强语气词）；训斥；黑暗势力
 - Sam Hill, sheol
vi. 过放荡生活；飞驰
 - rocket, ball it up
int. 该死；见鬼（表示惊奇、烦恼、厌恶、恼怒、失望等）
 - d*amn, Gadsbodikins

Word: differently
Front: differently
['dɪfrəntlɪ] (3133/4263 -K)
Back: adv. 不同地，相异地
分布：不同地(100%)
ADJ-GRADED
有差别的;不同的
If two people or things are different, they are not like each other in one or more ways.
例：London was different from most European capitals...伦敦同大多数欧洲国家的首都都有所不同。
例：If he'd attended music school, how might things have been different?...如果他上过音乐学校，事情会有怎样的不同呢？
ADJ
分别的;个别的;各种的
You use different to indicate that you are talking about two or more separate and distinct things of the same kind.
例：Different countries specialised in different products...不同国家专门生产不同的产品。
例：The number of calories in different brands of drinks varies enormously.不同牌子的饮料所含的卡路里数大不相同。
ADJ-GRADED
不同寻常的;与众不同的
You can describe something as different when it is unusual and not like others of the same kind.
例：This recipe is certainly interesting and different.这种烹饪法的确很有意思而且与众不同。
adv. 不同地；差异；各种
 - variously, dissimilarly

Word: bacteria
Front: bacteria
[bækˈtɪəriə] (四六托雅宝 3611/- -K2)
Vocabulary: bacteria
(once / 1007 pages)
n
Bacteria are microscopic living organisms, usually one-celled, that can be found everywhere. They can be dangerous, such as when they cause infection, or beneficial, as in the process of fermentation (such as in wine) and that of decomposition.
In 1676, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first observed bacteria through a microscope and called them “animalcules.” In 1838, the German Naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg called them bacteria, from the Greek baktḗria, meaning "little stick." An apt word, as the first observed bacteria were shaped like rods, although bacteria can also be spiral or spherical in shape. A grammar note: The word bacteria is the plural form of "bacterium" and so should be written as plural, as in "Many bacteria are harmless."
WORD FAMILY
bacteria: bacterial, bacterioid, bacterise, bacterize, bacteroid+/ antibacterial: antibacterials/ bacterial: antibacterial, bacterially
USAGE EXAMPLES
The scientists told the BBC television network that they believe the gut bacteria release chemicals that over-activate immune cells in the brain.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The roots of legumes host bacteria that replenish nitrogen levels.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The rice contained bacteria "above permissible limits", a senior Nafdac official said.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 细菌(bacterium的名词复数)
分布：名词(100%)
→来自拉丁词bacilum, 杆。词源同bacillus, 杆菌。
US [-'tɪr.i-] noun
 ADVANCED plural of
■ bacterium
bacteria, germ, virus, bug, microbe
这组词都有“致病的微生物”的意思，其区别是：
bacteria: (系bacterium的复数形式)，泛指任何在动植物体中广泛传播的微生物细菌，其中有的对生命体无害，有的能导致传染病或严重疾病，如天花、霍乱等。
germ: 微生物的俗称，专指引起人体生命的病菌。
virus: 技术用语，特指病毒或过滤性病原体。
bug: 非正式用词，指细菌或由病毒所引起的传染病。
microbe: 本义指在显微镜下才能见到的微生物，现在多指引起疾病的细菌。
n. 细菌
 - microbe, bacilus

Word: prescription
Front: prescription
[prɪˈskrɪpʃn] (高研六托雅宝 3311/5595 -2)
Vocabulary: prescription
(once / 902 pages)
nadj
A prescription is an order written by a doctor for someone to get a drug that is not available without this permission. If you get a bad ear infection, you'll need a prescription for antibiotics.
When your doctor writes a prescription, she's advising you to take a medication that you can only get from a pharmacist. You can refer to the paper with the drug's name and the doctor's signature and the bottle of medicine as a prescription. Sometimes prescription is used in a non-medical way to simply mean a suggestion or recommendation, like laughter and friends — a great prescription for chasing away the blues.
WORD FAMILY
prescription: nonprescription, prescriptions+/ prescribe: prescribed, prescribes, prescribing, prescription, prescriptive / prescriptive: prescriptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prescription treatments might include a topical anti-inflammatory cream or an oral antibiotic for more-severe inflammation and redness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There are also several agents dedicated to working pharmaceutical diversion cases in which people are doctor shopping or prescriptions are being forged.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“The major things are refilling prescriptions without doctors’ orders,” Ray said about one of the more typical mistakes by a pharmacy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [医]药方，处方; 处方药; 训令，指示; 法规
分布：处方(77%)，药方(22%)，对策(1%)
→来自describe,开药，-pt,过去分词格。
处方;命令(pre+script+ion)[scrib,script=write,表示"写"]
n.药方,处方The subtle subscriber found the prescription manuscript.敏锐的认购者找到处方原稿.
【记】源于：prescribe（v 指示；开处方），pre前，scribe（v 描述）
noun
MEDICINE 药物
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of paper on which a doctor writes the details of the medicine or drugs that someone needs 处方，药方；处方上开的药
• a doctor's prescription 医生的处方
• a prescription for sedatives 镇静剂的处方
• UK The doctor should give you a repeat prescription (= another piece of paper allowing more of the same medicine to be given, often without the person seeing the doctor again). 医生应该给你开个重复处方。
• These drugs are only available on prescription (= with a prescription from a doctor). 这些药只能凭处方购买。
• Prescription charges (= the standard amount of money you pay for any medicine prescribed by a doctor) are rising in June. 六月份处方药费在上涨。
[prɪ'skrɪp.ʃən] noun
RULE 规定
countable or uncountable formal
■when someone says what someone else must have or do 建议；秘诀
• So what is his prescription for success? 那么他认为成功的诀窍是甚么？
n. [医] 药方；指示；惯例
 - tradition, instruction, convention, usage, pointing

Word: mall
Front: mall
[mɔ:l] (六托雅 3050/11507 -K1)
Vocabulary: mall
(once / 1088 pages)
1n 2n
A mall is a large shopping center. If you want to spend your day buying clothes and eating in a food court, the mall is the place for you.
Indoor malls are commonly several stories high, the different levels connected with escalators. There can be dozens or even hundreds of stores inside a mall, along with places to eat, drink, and rest, and often to watch movies, play video games, or even ride on a carousel. Outdoor malls are either organized like old-fashioned downtown areas, with trees and sidewalks, or just a row of shops with a large parking lot — also called a "strip mall."
WORD FAMILY
mall: malls
USAGE EXAMPLES
The statement says the SUV was later spotted at a mall.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This is what sold me, this open, bright natural light. It’s almost like a main street mall design,” Bertsch said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Shops like Ties, Shirts and More fill Beltway Plaza Mall, one of the area’s oldest shopping malls.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 购物中心; 林荫路; 铁圈球场
分布：购物中心(90%)，商业街(9%)，林荫大道(1%)
→词源同mallet,锤子。来自18世纪伦敦街道名The Mall,槌球街，来自于当时流行的一种槌球游戏pall-mall,铁圈球运动。因这条街由槌球场改造而成，后作为游人休闲散步的林荫道。后用于指现代城市的步行街或大型购物中心。
【记】ma妈妈，all所有：所有的妈妈都会通过林荫道去购物中心。
US [mɑ:l] noun countable (also shopping mall)
 ADVANCED
■a large, usually covered, shopping area where cars are not allowed （车辆不得入内的）商业街，购物中心
• There are plans to build a new mall in the middle of town. 计划在市中心兴建一个新的购物中心。
n. 购物商场； [建] 林荫路；铁圈球场
 - shopping arcade

Word: dent
Front: dent
[dent] (托宝 9610/11467 -1)
Vocabulary: dent
(once / 1603 pages)
nv
A dent is a gouge or hollow that's left in a surface after some kind of blow. If you hit a soup pot with a hammer, it will leave a dent.
Car accidents, whether they're serious or just fender benders, often result in dents. If you fall off your bike, you may get a dent in your helmet, and a mishandled package might be delivered to your door full of dents. There's also a figurative kind of dent, a reduction in amount: "You barely made a dent in that oatmeal — aren't you hungry?" Dent comes from Middle English, originally a variation on dint, "a blow dealt in fighting."
WORD FAMILY
dent: dented, denting, dents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Principal Staci Dent told the district that her conversation with students “centered on leadership, good behavior, and self discipline,” Ryan said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
WADA’s subsequent assertions that 18 of the Bears’ leaked waivers were, in fact, fabricated also dented the hackers’ credibility.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
The EU referendum campaign did not restore the badly dented reputation of pollsters in the UK following their grim performance in 2015.
BBC(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 凹痕，凹部; 齿; 减少，削弱; [名]登特
vt. 使产生凹痕; 削弱; 打击，破坏; 产生不好的影响
vi. 出现凹痕; 产生凹陷; 凹进去; 削减
时态：dented, denting, dents
分布：凹痕(76%)，挫伤(9%)，心理阴影(5%)，形成凹陷(5%)，弄凹(5%)
→来自dint的拼写变体，敲打，拟声词。
凹痕(像牙咬出的印痕)[dent=tooth,表示"牙齿"]
【记】denture（n 一副假牙）；indented（adj 锯齿状的）
【反】convex（adj 凸起的）
noun countable
■a small hollow mark in the surface of something, caused by pressure or by being hit （物体表面上的）坑，凹陷
• a dent in the door of a car 车门上的凹陷
[dent] noun countable
make/put a dent in sth
■to reduce an amount of money 支出，花费
• The holiday made a big dent in our savings. 渡假花去了我们很大一部分的存款。
[dent] verb transitive
■to make a small hollow mark in the surface of something 使产生凹痕，使凹陷
• I dropped a hammer on the floor, and it dented the floorboard. 我一失手，锤子掉到地板上，把地板砸出了凹痕。
■If you dent someone's confidence or pride , you make them feel less confident or proud 打击，损伤（信心或自豪感）
• His confidence was badly dented when he didn't get into the football team. 他未能加入足球队，自信心受到了严重的打击。
n. 凹痕；削弱；减少；齿
 - reduction, loss, decrease
vi. 产生凹陷；凹进去；削减
 - cut down on, cut to the bone
vt. 削弱；使产生凹痕
 - break, to weaken

Word: imminent
Front: imminent
[ˈɪmɪnənt] (托雅宝 6712/6410 -2)
Vocabulary: imminent
(once / 744 pages)
adj
Something that is imminent is just about to happen: if you light a firecracker and then stick it down your pants, a very bad situation is imminent.
Imminent is from Latin imminere "to overhang," and to say that something is imminent is to say that it is hanging over you and about to fall, in a metaphorical way. If you take your mom’s car and drive it into the mailbox, getting grounded is imminent. You don’t want that hanging over your head!
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
eminent / imminent / immanent
No, it's not the name of the latest rapper from Detroit, but it could describe one — eminent describes anyone who's famous. Imminent refers to something about to happen. And anything immanent (with an "a" in there) is inherent, like that good attitude you were born with.
Someone who's eminent is totally rocking out. This eminent person is distinguished, grand, soaring high above the rest of us. In legalese, eminent domain is when the government takes over private property for public use. Here are examples of both:
"Johnson, Dr. Samuel: An eminent English essayist, poet, and lexicographer." (James Baldwin)
"Eminent domain laws generally allow for the confiscation of private property if taking it is judged to serve a larger public good." ( New York Times)
Imminent describes something that's about to happen, and it's not always good. It can be positive, like a talented musician's imminent rise to stardom, but it's often bad, like a sick person's imminent death, or a city's imminent bankruptcy:
"One official said that unless the city 'hit the jackpot,' bankruptcy was imminent." (New York Times)
"At one point, some 750,000 Somalis had faced imminent starvation." (Scientific American)
The less common word, immanent, often sneaks in where it doesn't belong. Immanent comes from the Latin immanens for "to remain in." It refers to a natural part of an organism or organization. When people talk about God as immanent, it means something closer to "omnipresent," as opposed to transcendent for "unknowable." It's a formal word, popular with philosophers and religious people:
"God is in all; He is over all; He is both immanent and transcendent. " (Kaufmann Kohler)
"But the naturalist sees the creative energy immanent in matter." (John Burroughs)
To keep them straight, remember that an eminent person is successful, like that rapper Eminem. Something imminent is going to happen in a minute. And immanent (with an "a") is all in your head.
WORD FAMILY
imminent: imminence, imminency, imminently, imminentness+/ imminence: imminences/imminency: imminencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dahlin says the final stages of his three-week stint in a secret jail were among the hardest, even though he sensed his release was imminent.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He did not explicitly say a test was imminent.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
An attorney for the homeowners says in a letter to the city manager that the community is “at imminent risk.”
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. （通常指不愉快的事）即将发生的; 迫切的，危急的; 逼近的; 迫在眉睫
分布：逼近的(54%)，即将发生的(46%)
→im-,进入，使，-min,逼迫，突出，词源同mount,eminent.引申词义迫近的，临近的。
急迫的;即将来临的(im进+min+ent→伸进来→来临的)[min=project,表示"伸出,突出"]
【记】im进入，minent突出－突然进入－迫近的
【参】eminent（adj 显赫的；优良的）；prominent（adj 卓越的；突出的）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■coming or likely to happen very soon 临近的，即将发生的
• imminent disaster/danger 迫在眉睫的灾难／危险
• A strike is imminent. 一场罢工即将来临。
imminent, eventual
imminent: 临近的，即将发生的
eventual: 最后的，最终的
imminent, eminent
这是一组形近易混词。
imminent: a.即将发生的，迫在眉睫的，临近的。
 • The wedding date of CalmSky is imminent, so we must send invitations. CalmSky   婚礼迫近，所以我们必须发放请柬了。
eminent: a.著名的，卓越的，接触的。
 • Majia is eminent in the field of linguistics.   马甲在语言学领域很有名。
adj. 即将来临的；迫近的
 - upcoming, forthcoming

Word: oddly
Front: oddly
[ˈɒdli] (托 6383/7145 -K1)
Back: adv. 奇怪地，古怪地; 奇妙地; 额外地，附加地; 零碎地，单数地
oddly enough的变体
分布：奇怪地(72%)，奇妙地(28%)
→来自odd,怪异的，-ly,形容词后缀。
US ['ɑ:d-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■in a strange or surprising way 奇怪地，古怪地；异常地；出人意料地
• Didn't you think she was behaving rather oddly at the party yesterday? 你难道不觉得她昨天在聚会上表现得很古怪吗？
• Oddly enough (= This is strange/surprising) , she didn't mention anything about the fact that she was getting married. 真奇怪，她只字未提自己要结婚这件事。
adv. 古怪地；奇妙地；单数地
 - rumly, weirdly

Word: plainly
Front: plainly
[ˈpleɪnli] (托 9585/6883 -1)
Vocabulary: plainly
(once / 173 pages)
1adv 2adv
To do something plainly means to do it either in a very simple way or in an obvious way. You can dress plainly to hang out with your friends by wearing a t-shirt and jeans.
If you're plainly asking your mom for money, it's clear to her what you're doing. But if you live plainly, it means you do things in a simple, non-luxurious way. You can also speak plainly, which either means "using simple words," or "bluntly." Certain religious groups, including Quakers, Amish, and Mennonites, have long been associated with the words plain and plainly because they live, speak, and dress so simply.
WORD FAMILY
plain: plained, plainer, plainest, plaining, plainly, plainness, plains
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her customers at the plainly named Ties, Shirts and More don’t want skinny ties, skinny suits.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Republicans argued that their proposal was about ensuring electoral fairness, but Democrats said it plainly smelled of a power grab.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Posing for a photographer in the lobby of the Rubin Museum of Art one December afternoon, the actor Josh Radnor was plainly ill at ease.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adv. 明显地，清楚地; 简单地; 朴素地; 平坦地
分布：朴素地(58%)，直截了当地(14%)，明显地(14%)，清晰地(14%)
adverb
CLEARLY 明显地
■clearly or obviously 明显地
• This is plainly wrong. 这显然是错的。
• Every footstep could be plainly heard. 每个脚步声都清晰可辨。
• The men had plainly lied. 很明显，这些人撒了谎。
• Plainly, a great deal of extra time will be needed for the security checks. 显然，安全检查还需要很长时间。
• The incentive to sell more is large - and it plainly works. 给予销量更多者的奖励很丰厚 ——这招显然奏效了。
['pleɪn.li] adverb
WITH NOTHING ADDED 朴素
■simply and without a lot of decoration 朴素地，简朴地
• a plainly furnished room 陈设简单的房间
adv. 明白地；坦率地；平坦地；朴素地
 - simply, directly, straight, explicitly

Word: bearing
Front: bearing
[ˈbeərɪŋ] (研六雅宝 6720/5255 -1)
Vocabulary: bearing
(once / 109 pages)
1n 2adjn 3n 4n 5n
When you walk into a room with your shoulders straight and your head up, people might say you have a noble bearing. Bearing is the way you hold your body, and it often means you hold it well.
Bearing has many uses, but they mostly involve support and/or direction. Bearing, for example, is the name given to a mechanical part that supports a moving joint — like a ball bearing. In buildings, bearings are walls or beams that support the building. In the same way, when you carry your body, you are bearing yourself up. Bearing also is used to talk about direction and travel: you could step off the sidewalk and nearly be run over by a car bearing north.
WORD FAMILY
bearing: bearings, nonbearing+/ bear: bearable, bearer, bearing, bearish, bears, borne, forebear, overbear/ bearable: bearably, unbearable / bearer: bearers/bearish: bearishly/ forebear: forebears/overbear: overbearing, overbears, overbore, overborne/ overbearing: overbearingly, overbearingness/ unbearable: unbearably
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1974, he was travelling from Beirut to Jerusalem in a car bearing Vatican diplomatic plates when it was stopped by Israeli security forces.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
With blitzing linebacker Reuben Foster bearing down on him, Browning desperately heaved a pass into the flats for Lavon Coleman.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Just in case you might miss the fervour of his opinion, two fellow protestors marched, bearing a coffin with the president's name on it.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. [机]轴承，支座; 关系; 方位; 态度，举止
v. 忍受(bear的ing形式)
分布：轴承(81%)，影响(10%)，举止(5%)，忍受(3%)，支撑物(1%)
n.轴承;忍受;关系,影响;举止;方向The apple trees are in full bearing.这些苹果树果实累累.
US ['ber.ɪŋ] noun
MACHINE PART 机器部分
countable
■a part of a machine which supports another part that turns round 轴承
• a wheel bearing 车轮轴承
• a roller bearing 滚柱轴承
UK ['beə.rɪŋ] US ['ber.ɪŋ] noun
POSITION 地点
get/find your bearings
■to discover your exact position 确定自己的准确位置
• The road system was so complicated that we had to stop to get our bearings several times. 路线非常复杂，好几次使我们不得不停下来确定方位。
■to succeed in becoming familiar with a new situation 适应新情况（或新环境）
• It takes a while to get your bearings when you start a new job. 刚开始做一份工作时，需要花上一段时间才能适应新环境。
lose your bearings
■If you lose your bearings, you do not know where you are 迷路
• They lost their bearings in the dark. 他们在黑暗中迷路了。
countable specialized
■an exact position, measured clockwise (= to the right) from north. Bearings are given as three numbers 方位；方位角
• Nottingham is 70 km from Birmingham on a bearing of 045 degrees. 诺丁汉距离伯明罕70公里，方位角为45度。
• The yachtsman took a bearing on (= found his position by using) the lighthouse. 游艇驾驶者根据灯塔确定方位。
UK ['beə.rɪŋ] US ['ber.ɪŋ] noun
INFLUENCE 影响
have a bearing on sth
■to have an influence on something or a relationship to something 与…有关系；对…有影响
• What you decide now could have a considerable bearing on your future. 你现在所作的决定可能会对你的将来产生极大影响。
UK ['beə.rɪŋ] US ['ber.ɪŋ] noun
MANNER 态度
uncountable slightly formal
■someone's way of moving and behaving 举止，风度
• She had a proud, distinguished bearing. 她举止高贵。
n. [机] 轴承；关系； [矿业] [测] [天] 方位；举止
 - relationship, connection, behavior, link, concern
v. 忍受（bear的ing形式）
 - swallowing

Word: bleak
Front: bleak
[bli:k] (研六托雅宝 7297/5960 -2)
Vocabulary: bleak
(once / 818 pages)
adj
Something that is bleak is gloomy and depressing. If it's raining and dark, you might describe the night as bleak. If you have looked for work and no one will hire you, you could describe your prospects as bleak.
If you and the ten people sharing your lifeboat have been adrift for ten days and are down to your last cracker, your situation is bleak. A near synonym is dismal. Bleak is from Middle English bleik, from Old Norse bleikr "white, pale." This word is related to the English word bleach.
WORD FAMILY
bleak: bleaker, bleakest, bleakly, bleakness+/bleakness: bleaknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pressure from Western powers and Japan exacerbated China’s bleak situation.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The caves that the cadres used as hide-outs from Japanese bombers still exist, buried into the bleak hills like black eyes.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Ms. White shares that bleak view while she considers leaving Valley Place and her hometown.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 暗淡的，昏暗的; 没有指望的; 寒冷的，刺骨的; 无遮蔽的，荒凉的
n. 欧鮊鱼，银鲤
级别：bleaker, bleakest
分布：萧瑟的(43%)，无希望的(30%)，阴郁的(21%)，严寒的(6%)
→词源同bleach, 漂白，指苍白的，暗淡的。
a.荒凉的;冷酷的;没有希望的The weak speaker made a speech on the bleak peak.虚弱的讲话者在荒凉的山峰上发表了演说.
【记】b不，leak漏－没有漏洞的房子－为了抵御寒风的侵袭
adjective
■If weather or a place is bleak, it is cold, empty and not welcoming or attractive （天气或地方）寒冷的；荒凉的；凄凉的
• The house stands on a bleak, windswept moor. 这座房子坐落在一片饱受风雨侵袭的荒野上。
■If a situation is bleak, there is little or no hope for the future （境况）惨淡的，无希望的
• The economic outlook is bleak. 经济前景暗淡。
adj. 阴冷的；荒凉的，无遮蔽的；黯淡的，无希望的；冷酷的；单调的
 - raw, wild, flat, frozen, blank

Word: undergo
Front: undergo
[ˌʌndəˈgəʊ] (研四六托雅 3141/3059 -2)
Vocabulary: undergo
(once / 294 pages)
v
Undergo means "endure until something is complete." You might undergo testing to check your hearing or undergo special training if you want to volunteer at a homeless shelter.
The verb undergo means "experience" or "undertake." It is often used to describe medical procedures, such as, an injured quarterback who will undergo shoulder surgery. The word implies that it is something that has to happen so that a positive change occurs, like healing in the case of the quarterback or greater communication skills for a hot-tempered person who undergoes anger management training.
WORD FAMILY
undergo: undergoing, undergone, underwent
USAGE EXAMPLES
His seizures became more severe, and he underwent a tracheotomy to help him breathe.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
McGloin underwent an MRI on Monday after being roughed in the second quarter by Jared Crick.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rollins still needs to undergo more tests, but “everything is progressing in a positive manner,” McCarthy said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 经历，经验; 遭受，承受
时态：underwent, undergone, undergoing, undergoes
分布：经历(63%)，经受(26%)，遭受(11%)
vt.遭受,经历,承受The blunder made the underground instrument undergo an undermining of the thunderbolt.这个失策让地下仪器经受了一次雷电的破坏.
US [-dɚ'goʊ] (undergoing, underwent, undergone)
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to experience something which is unpleasant or which involves a change 经历，经受（令人不快的事或变化）
• She underwent an operation on a tumour in her left lung last year. 她在去年做了一次左肺肿瘤切除手术。
• Cinema in Britain is undergoing a revival of popularity. 英国的电影院正经历着一场复兴。
withstand, undergo, experience, encounter
withstand: 经受，忍受
undergo: 经历（考验、苦难）
experience: 亲身体验
encounter: 遭遇，遇到遭遇或碰上棘手的事
undergo, overcome, overthrow, withhold
undergo: 经受、经历、遭受
overcome: 克服、战胜；
overthrow: 推翻、颠覆；
withhold: 压住、制住、抑制；
sustain, undergo, suffer, experience
这组词都有“经历，经受，遭受”的意思，其区别是：
sustain: 指遭受痛苦或承受负担。
undergo: 多指经受艰难、痛苦、不愉快或危险等事。
suffer: 常可与sustain通用，尤指受到损害或伤害。
experience: 指亲身经受或体验某事。
vt. 经历，经受；忍受
 - experience, stand, stomach, tough, abide

Word: outgoing
Front: outgoing
[ˈaʊtgəʊɪŋ] (高托宝 9020/7704 -1)
Vocabulary: outgoing
(once / 3257 pages)
1adj 2adj
The adjective outgoing describes someone with a friendly, easy personality. Your outgoing friend might not understand how hard it is for shy people to speak in front of an audience.
If you're the only member of your outgoing family who is reserved, you might feel silent and invisible in their sociable midst. People who are outgoing are perfectly comfortable in social situations. A completely different meaning of outgoing describes someone who is departing, like an employee who will soon retire, or an outgoing club treasurer who isn't running for re-election.
WORD FAMILY
outgo: outgoing, outgone, outwent
USAGE EXAMPLES
Seen as a progressive, Harris was endorsed by the outgoing senator for California, Barbara Boxer, and Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren in her Senate run.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“He’s got these much more important objectives to him than getting into a tit-for-tat response with the outgoing administration.”
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Describe her in three words Fun, outgoing, enthusiastic.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 对人友好的，开朗的; 出发的，外出的; 即将离职的; 乐于助人的
分布：外向的(45%)，即将离职的(43%)，出发的(12%)
→out-,向外，go,走。比喻用法。
友善的(out+going走→走出来→心胸宽→待人友善的)[out-①表示"超过,过度"②表示"出去,过时"]
友善的(out出+go走...走出去和别人交往...友善的)[-ing 1.表名词"状态"2.表名词"行业"3.表形容词"正…的","令人…的"]
【记】out出去，going去－总是出去－好交际的
【参】outbid（v 出高价）；outcast（adj 被逐的）；outdated（adj 过时的）；outfit（v 配备）；outfox（v 以计取胜）；outgrowth（n 结果）；outlandish（adj 外国气派的；古怪的）；outlaw（n 歹徒）；outlet（n 出口）；outline（n 大纲；轮廓；v 描画轮廓）
US ['aʊt.goʊ-] approving
■(of a person) friendly and energetic and finding it easy and enjoyable to be with others （人）开朗的，外向的，友好的，爱交际的
• Sales reps need to be outgoing, because they are constantly meeting customers. 销售代表必须开朗外向，因为他们经常要跟客户打交道。
• She has an outgoing personality. 她性格开朗。
adjective
LEAVING （即将）离开的 UK ['aʊtˌgəʊ.ɪŋ] US [-ˌgoʊ-] [before noun]
■leaving a place, or leaving a job, having finished a period of time in it 离开的；即将离职的，即将卸任的；即将结业的
• Outgoing flights are booked until January 15th. 离境航班一直预订到1月15日。
• the outgoing vice-president 即将卸任的副总统
adj. 外出的；即将离职的；乐于助人的
 - egressive
n. 外出；流出；开支
 - issue, expense, flux, going out
v. 超过；优于（outgo的ing形式）
 - exceeding

Word: bull
Front: bull
[bʊl] (研四六雅 4207/5006 -2)
Vocabulary: bull
(once / 472 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n 5nv 6n 7n
A bull is a male cow. You can usually tell which animal in a pasture is a bull by its large size and horns.
A male bovine — or cow — is a bull, and so is a male whale or elephant. Fittingly, the word bull is sometimes also used for a particularly bulky, muscular man. Another informal and slightly obscene meaning is "ridiculous," or "not true," as when you tell a lie and your brother rudely replies, "Bull!" This slang meaning has its roots in the Old French bole, "deception or trick."
WORD FAMILY
bull: bulled, bulling, bullish, bulls+/bullish: bullishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
THE death of the long bull market in bonds has been called many times in recent years.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
When the owner of the Manchester Opera House, where the production was being staged, learned about the bull, he shut down rehearsals.
The New Yorker(Nov 27, 2016)
When they arrived at the scene they saw a pit bull biting a woman near the end of a driveway.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 公牛; 股市看涨的人; 力大如牛的人; 大型雄性动物
vt. [证券]从事投机使（证券等）价格上涨; 推，强迫; 强力实现; 对…施加压力，强使…通过
vi. [证券]（证券、股票等）价格上涨; 哄抬证券价格; 走运，提高身价; 猛推，猛挤，猛力向前
adj. 公的，雄的; 力大如牛的; 价格上涨的
时态：bulled, bulling, bulls
分布：公牛(87%)，公牛的(8%)，股市看涨的人(2%)，鲁莽的(1%)，荒谬的话(1%)，教皇诏书(1%)
→1.公牛，来自词根bov, 牛，见bovine. 或来自PIE * bhel, 膨胀，见ball.
公牛[bu=ox,表示"牛"]
n.公牛The dull bull fully fulfilled pulling the bulletproof bulletin board.迟钝的公牛充分履行了拖防弹公告牌(的职责).
noun
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED countable
■a male cow, or the male of particular animals such as the elephant or the whale 公牛；雄象；雄鲸
• They did not see the sign by the gate saying 'Beware of the bull'. 他们没有看见门旁边“当心公牛”的警示。
[bʊl] noun
FINANCE 金融
countable specialized
■a person who buys shares in companies hoping the price will rise, so that they can be sold later at a profit （预期证券价格上涨的）买空者，多头 Compare bear
[bʊl] noun
NONSENSE 胡说八道
uncountable informal
■complete nonsense or something that is not true 胡说八道，吹牛
• Don't give me that bull about not knowing the time. 别跟我说你不知道时间，那纯粹是瞎说。
[bʊl] noun
like a bull in a china shop
■If someone is like a bull in a china shop, they are very careless in the way that they move or behave 笨手笨脚的人；鲁莽闯祸的人
• We told her it was a delicate situation but she went into the meeting like a bull in a china shop. 我们告诉她情况非常微妙，但她还是冒冒失失闯到会上说了一通。
[bʊl] noun
take the bull by the horns
■to do something difficult in a brave and determined way 当机立断；大胆应对困难
• Why don't you take the bull by the horns and tell him to leave? 你为甚么不当机立断，直接告诉他让他离开？
buffalo, cow, bull, ox
这组词都有“牛”的意思，其区别是：
buffalo: 指水牛，在美国指野牛。
cow: 指任何品种的成年母牛或乳用的乳牛。
bull: 指未经阉割，通常用于配种的公牛，也指西班牙或美洲经专门饲料用作斗牛表演的公牛。引申指彪形大汉。
ox: 泛指野生或驯养的牛类，系动物学的用词，通称，也指公牛。
n. 公牛；看好股市者；粗壮如牛的人；胡说八道；印玺
 - ox, toro
adj. 大型的；公牛似的；雄性的
 - male, large scale
vt. 企图抬高证券价格；吓唬；强力实现
 - browbeat, gally
vi. 价格上涨；走运；猛推；吹牛
 - price increase, have one's day

Word: furious
Front: furious
[ˈfjʊəriəs] (研四六托雅 5544/4734 -2)
Vocabulary: furious
(once / 206 pages)
adj
If you've ever been so angry you'd swear you felt your blood boiling, you could reasonably say that you were furious. The word basically means "full of fury," so you get the picture.
Think about the angriest you've ever been. Now double it and you might be getting close to furious, from the Latin furiōsus, meaning "full of rage," which in turn comes from furia, "fury." Greek and Roman mythology had the Furies, who dispensed justice by harshly punishing criminals, sometimes driving them mad. They were merciless, fearsome, and feared, with snakes for hair and bloody eyes. When not on earth, they were tormenting the damned in Hell. Now, that's furious!
WORD FAMILY
furious: furiously, furiousness+/ fury: furies, furious
USAGE EXAMPLES
In an upcoming book, “Furious George,” Karl eviscerates seemingly everyone in the league.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
George Smith, St. Thomas’s athletic director, was furious when he learned about McCarty’s concussion.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
One student told the class about how she started to tell a group of friends she’s Republican and they walked away, furious with her.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: adj. 狂怒的，暴怒的; 激烈的; 热烈兴奋的; 喧闹的
分布：狂怒的(58%)，猛烈的(42%)
→来自fury, 发狂，暴怒。
a.狂怒的,狂暴的,猛烈的The furious obscure curer is curious to secure the curly-curved mercury curiosity.盛怒的不出名治疗者渴望弄到这种带卷曲曲线的水银珍品.
US ['fjɝ:.i-] adjective
ANGRY 愤怒的
 IMPROVER
■extremely angry 极其生气，怒不可遏
• I was late and he was furious with me. 我迟到了，他冲我大发脾气。
• He's furious about/at the way he's been treated. 他因自己受到这样的对待而大发雷霆。
• We had a furious row last night. 我们昨晚吵了个天翻地覆。
UK ['fjʊə.ri.əs] US ['fjɝ:.i-] adjective
STRONG 强烈的
■using a lot of effort or strength 强烈的；激烈的
• There is a furious struggle going on between the two presidential candidates. 两位总统竞选人之间进行着激烈的争斗。
• He set off running at a furious pace. 他出发时猛跑了一阵。
adj. 激烈的；狂怒的；热烈兴奋的；喧闹的
 - acute, stinging

Word: brick
Front: brick
[brɪk] (高研四托 3315/2814 -K2)
Back: n. 砖，砖块; 砖块状物体; 一砖的厚度; 〈口〉大好人
vt. 用砖建造、砌或铺; 用砖围住或堵住
adj. 用砖做的; 似砖的
分布：砖(93%)，砖块(6%)，砖状物(1%)
→词源同break, 原指碎石片。
n.砖块,砖;v.用砖围砌,用砖填补His wicked trick is to get the kids to kick bricks and lick the cricket ticket.他的缺德恶作剧是让孩子们踢砖和舔板球门票.
noun
BUILDING BLOCK 砖
 IMPROVER countable
■a rectangular block of hard material used for building walls and houses 砖
• The chimney was made of bricks. 烟囱是用砖砌的。
• We lived in a Victorian terrace of red -brick houses. 我们住在维多利亚式的红砖房连排屋中。
• He was so embarrassed - his face went brick -red (= a dark red). 他尴尬极了，脸涨得紫红紫红的。
⇒ See also airbrick;redbrick
[brɪk] noun
GOOD PERSON 好人
countable usually singular old-fashioned or humorous
■a very helpful and kind person who can be trusted 好心人；可靠的人
• Thanks for bringing all that food along to the party, Tony, you're a brick! 东尼，谢谢你带那些食物来参加聚会，你真是个好心人！
[brɪk] noun
bricks and clicks (also clicks and bricks)
■when a company uses both shops and the Internet to sell products （公司采用的）实物交易与网上交易并存的做法
• Traditional supermarkets are now pursuing a bricks and clicks strategy. 传统的超级市场现正采取实物交易与网上交易并用的做法。
[brɪk] noun
bricks and mortar
■property in the form of buildings usually when considered as an investment 房产；有形资产
• I was nearly forty when I finally invested in bricks and mortar. 我快40了才置下一处房产。
[brɪk] noun
You can't make bricks without straw. UK saying
■used to say that you cannot make something without the necessary materials 巧妇难为无米之炊。
[brɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] brick up sth
■to build a wall of bricks around something, or to fill something with bricks 用砖砌墙围住；用砖堵住
• The doors and windows had been bricked up to prevent squatters from getting in. 门窗都用砖堵上了，为的是防止擅自占住空屋者进入。

Word: monarchy
Front: monarchy
[ˈmɒnəki] (雅宝 9558/5830 -2)
Vocabulary: monarchy
(once / 482 pages)
n
A monarchy is a country that is ruled by a monarch, and monarchy is this system or form of government.
A monarch, such as a king or queen, rules a kingdom or empire. In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch's power is limited by a constitution. But in an absolute monarchy, the monarch has unlimited power. Monarchy is an old form of government, and the word has been around a long time. It derives from Greek monarkhiā, from monarkhos "monarch."
WORD FAMILY
monarchy: monarchic, monarchies, monarchism+/ monarch: monarchal, monarches, monarchical, monarchs, monarchy /monarchic: monarchically/monarchism: monarchist/monarchist: monarchists
USAGE EXAMPLES
While the monarchy in neighbouring Thailand is protected by a lese majeste law that outlaws any criticism, there is no similar law in Cambodia.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
"And if the monarchy is returned to Russia I will vote with my both hands."
BBC(Dec 24, 2016)
The mostly Sunni rebels include groups supported by Turkey, the United States and Gulf monarchies.
Reuters(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 君主政体; 君主政治; 君主国
分布：君主政体(63%)，君主国(28%)，君主政治(9%)
→来自monarch,君主，帝王。
US ['mɑ:.nɚ-] noun
countable
■a country which has a king or queen 君主国
uncountable
■the system of having a king or queen 君主政体，君主制
• Is monarchy relevant in the modern world or should it be abolished? 君主政体在现代社会仍有意义还是该被废除？
n. 君主政体；君主国；君主政治
 - Caesarism

Word: tibetan

Word: consistent
Front: consistent
[kənˈsɪstənt] (高研四六托宝 2225/2670 -3)
Vocabulary: consistent
(once / 200 pages)
adj
If you get the same Donkey Kong score every time you play, you're consistent. It's consistent with video-game addiction, however, that you will continue to play in the hopes of beating that score.
Consistent is related to the word consist, which refers to what something is made of—"bread dough consists of flour, water, and salt." Consistency describes texture—a consistent consistency would be brownies as rock-hard in the center as they are at the edge––hopefully, next time you bake you'll get inconsistent results.
WORD FAMILY
consistent: consistently, inconsistent, self-consistent+/ inconsistency: inconsistencies/ inconsistent: inconsistency, inconsistently
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the evidence on the benefit of vaccines is consistent and voluminous.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This regular season finale provided fresh torture for a franchise that hasn’t found consistent success in a quarter century.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
This finding — that people are reflexively prone to “intergroup bias” in punishment — is consistent with what many scientists believe about humans’ evolutionary heritage.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: adj. 一致的; 连续的; 不矛盾的; 坚持的
分布：一致的(82%)，始终如一的(13%)，持续的(5%)
a.(in)前后一致的;(with)一致,符合My sister insists consistently on persistent resistance to transistor radios.妹妹一贯坚决主张持久抵制晶体管收音机.
【记】con共同，sist站－一堆士兵站成一排－前后一致的con共同，sistent＝sister：双胞胎姐妹的想法总是：前后一致的
adjective
NOT CHANGING 不变的
 ADVANCED
■always behaving or happening in a similar, especially positive, way 一贯的；坚持的；始终如一的
• There has been a consistent improvement in her attitude. 她的态度一直在改进。
• Her work is sometimes good, but the problem is she's not consistent. 她工作有时不错，问题是她不能始终如一。
Opposite inconsistent
[kən'sɪs.tənt] adjective
AGREEING 一致的
 ADVANCED [after verb]
■in agreement with other facts or with typical or previous behaviour, or having the same principles as something else 一致的，吻合的；符合的
• What the witness said in court was not consistent with the statement he made to the police. 证人在法庭上的证供和他对警方的陈述不一致。
• We do not consider his behaviour to be consistent with the holding of a high-ranking job. 我们认为他的行为与他位居要职的身份不相符。
continuous, continual, constant, consistent
continuous: 不断延伸的，连续不断的，强调中间无间断。如：Everything in the universe undergoes continuous development and change.
continual: 频频的，不停的，时断时续，中间可有间歇。如：Continual smoking is bad for health.
constant: 不断的，表示持续和惯常的重现，往往没有变化。如：He attributes his health to his constant exercise.
consistent: 一致的，符合的。如：His action is always consistent with his words.
compatible, consistent
这组词都有“一致的”的意思，其区别是：
compatible: 指两个事物不仅无分歧，不互相排斥，而且可以并存，和谐地处在一起。
consistent: 指各事物之间或同一物体各细节之间都能一致，不自相矛盾。
adj. 始终如一的， [数] 一致的；坚持的
 - united, corresponding, uniform, matching, solid

Word: confrontation
Front: confrontation
[ˌkɒnfrʌnˈteɪʃn] (六 4459/5001 -3)
Vocabulary: confrontation
(once / 1787 pages)
n
A confrontation is an angry disagreement. You might become so irritated about your upstairs neighbor's loud, awful music that a confrontation is unavoidable.
Confrontation implies hostility, although like a fight, a confrontation can involve actual violence, or just a clash of words. A confrontation often refers to a military encounter involving opposing armies. This meaning became popular after the Cuban missile crisis in 1963. Before that, confrontation was used to mean "bringing two opposing parties face to face," from the Latin word confrontationem.
WORD FAMILY
confrontation: confrontational, confrontations+/ confront: confrontation, confronted, confronting, confronts/ confrontational: confrontationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Holden discovers his strange abilities during a confrontation with the aforementioned bad guys, but then he is curiously uninterested in exploring them.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Gun deaths are common in heists, holdups and in confrontations among police, drug gangs and other criminals in Brazil, but targeted mass shootings are rare.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
The confrontation escalated inside when somebody in Williams’s group sprayed champagne in celebration.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 对抗; 面对; 遭遇; 对峙
分布：对抗(70%)，冲突(30%)
US [ˌkɑ:n.frən-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a fight or argument 对抗；冲突；对峙；争论
• She actually enjoys confrontation, whereas I prefer a quiet life. 她实际上喜欢对抗冲突，而我则更喜欢平静的生活。
• There were violent confrontations between police and demonstrators. 员警和示威人士之间发生了激烈的冲突。
n. [军] 对抗；面对；对质
 - war, antagonism

Word: intensify
Front: intensify
[ɪnˈtensɪfaɪ] (六托雅宝 5921/6475 -2)
Vocabulary: intensify
(once / 927 pages)
v
To intensify is to increase the intensity, force, or power of something. If you snap a selfie and the colors aren't intense enough, you may be able to intensify them with a photo editor.
You can see the word "intense" in intensify, which clues you in to the meaning of the verb. When you make something more intense, you intensify it — make it more of whatever it is. Believe it or not, a pinch of salt can actually intensify the sweetness of the sugar in a cake. It makes it even sweeter. Storm chasers never know whether a tornado will continue to intensify or begin to abate as they approach — and the difference could mean life or death for them.
WORD FAMILY
intensify: intensification, intensified, intensifier, intensifies, intensifying +/ intensification: intensifications/intensifier: intensifiers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Labor groups, frustrated by the Republican Congress, will no doubt intensify their push for city and county minimum wages instead.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
It was as if their bodies were intensifying their effort to pull the contestants back to their original weight.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Reliability improves because of intensified repairs and maintenance under the SafeTrack program.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）增强，（使）加剧; 增加（照片图象）的对比度; 变强或增强
时态：intensified, intensifying, intensifies
分布：强化(44%)，加剧(38%)，增强(18%)
→来自intense,剧烈的，强烈的。
变猛烈;加强(in+tens+ify)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
【反】assuage（vt 缓和；镇定）ass帮助，u，age老人；attenuate（v 削弱）；abate（v 减轻；减少）ab离开，ate吃的－体重减轻
verb intransitive or transitive
■to become greater, more serious or more extreme, or to make something do this 加强，增强；强化
• Fighting around the capital has intensified in the last few hours. 首都周围的战斗在过去的几小时里变得更加激烈。
tighten, focus, intensify, fasten
tighten: 加紧，收紧
focus: 集中
intensify: 加强，强化
fasten: 系紧，扣紧
increase, reinforce, intensify, strengthen, aggravate
这组词都有“加强”的意思，其区别是：
increase: v.指数量上的增加。
 • The number of people has been increased.   人数增加了。
reinforce: v.增援，一般用于军队或警察的行动；(以添加材料等)加固。
 • A police officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed to reinforce him.   一位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银行，用无线电话要求增援。
intensify: v.使变得更强烈、剧烈，加剧，相当于to become more intense or intensive。
 • intensify colors   加深色彩intensify hatred加深仇恨
strengthen: v.加强，巩固，增强，相当于to become stronger。
 • Exercising every day strengthens the heart.   每天锻炼可以提高心脏的功能。
 • Competition, they believe, strengthens the national character rather than corrupt it.   人们认为竞争加强了民族性而不是破坏了它。
aggravate: v.加重(负担、罪行、病情等)，使之恶化。
 • I hurt my foot, then aggravated it by trying to walk too soon.   我的脚受伤了，而过早的下地走路又加重了伤情。
enhance, raise, heighten, intensify, aggravate
enhance: 提高，增强：靠增添某种能增强物质的价值、魅力或声望的东西以指某物超出常规水平或通常的喜人程度或吸引力
raise: 提高，增强，养育，种植，饲养
heighten: 提高到超出平常、陈腐或平庸之辈的承程度，并在尖锐和深刻方面有所增强，表示常规合习惯，现状的升级，侧重加强加深加重
intensify: 一物的加深加强强化到很显著、罕见的深度式强度，尤其是在其特性方面
aggravate: 明显加强了那已是令人不快、困难重重的环境，条件的严重性，说明严重性的增加，要求给与注意
vi. 增强，强化；变激烈
 - rise, tone up

Word: ratify
Front: ratify
[ˈrætɪfaɪ] (托宝 9065/8084 -2)
Vocabulary: ratify
(once / 524 pages)
v
To ratify a treaty or contract is to officially approve it by signing or voting for it. You and your brothers and sisters might devise a plan for a family vacation to Disney World, but it would need to be ratified by your parents.
You are most likely to hear the word ratify when talking about laws. In the US, Congress writes bills, but they need to be ratified before they become law. An amendment to the U.S. Constitution must be ratified by three-fourths of the states, either passed by the state legislatures or by state conventions.
WORD FAMILY
ratify: ratification, ratified, ratifier, ratifies, ratifying+/ ratification: ratifications/ ratified: unratified/ratifier: ratifiers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even when the U.S. ratifies treaties, the government often adds a caveat that excludes protection of some basic rights.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
In October, the accord officially entered into force when more than 55 countries, representing more than 55 percent of global emissions, ratified the deal.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The court was hobbled from the beginning, Nice said, by the world’s most populous states’ refusal to ratify the treaty.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: v. 批准; 认可
时态：ratified, ratifying, ratifies
分布：批准(81%)，认可(19%)
→来自 rate,评估，评价，-fy,使。即经过评估的。
证实(通过计算证实)[ral=calculate,表示"计算"]
US ['rætˌ.ə-] formal
verb transitive
■(especially of governments or organizations) to make an agreement official （尤指政府或组织）正式批准，使正式生效，正式签署
• Many countries have now ratified the UN convention on the rights of the child. 很多国家现在已经正式签署了联合国儿童权利公约。
• The decision will have to be ratified (= approved) by the executive board. 这个决议必须要经过管理委员会的批准。
vt. 批准；认可
 - confirm, allow, authorize

Word: economically
Front: economically
[ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪkli] (六 4883/5723)
Vocabulary: economically
(once / 1873 pages)
1adv 2adv
If you do something economically, you do it in an efficient manner. Acting economically wastes no money or effort.
Though variations of this word often relate to the economy — the financial system — to be economical also means to be thrifty in other senses. For example, if you do your homework economically, you do it quickly and correctly, without wasted energy or time. If you run errands economically, you take the shortest route and don't get sidetracked. If you take a road trip economically, you drive across the country as fast as possible and in a straightforward manner, without deviations.
WORD FAMILY
economic: economically, microeconomic, uneconomic+/ economical: uneconomical /economise: economised, economiser, economises, economising/economiser: economisers/ economist: economists/ economize: economized, economizer, economizes, economizing/economizer: economizers/ economy: economic, economical, economies, economise, economist, economize /uneconomic: uneconomically
USAGE EXAMPLES
A second phase is supposed to bring the line up to 125th Street, serving the less economically advantaged neighborhood of East Harlem.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“But economically, Russia is still very weak, and politically, it is fragile.”
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Local officials say they hope Tioga Downs, located outside of Binghamton, leads to jobs and greater tourism in a region that’s long struggled economically.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 节约地; 节省地; 经济地; 在经济上
分布：节约地(50%)，在经济上(50%)
US [-'nɑ:.mɪ-] adverb
SAVING MONEY 储蓄
■using little money, time, etc 经济地；节约地；节俭地
• As a student she lived very economically, rarely going out and buying very few clothes. 作为一名学生，她生活非常节俭，很少外出娱乐，也很少买衣服。
UK [ˌi:.kə'nɒm.ɪ.kli/ UK [ek.ə-] US [-'nɑ:.mɪ-] adverb
COUNTRY'S ECONOMY 国家经济的
■in a way that relates to a country's trade, industry and money 有关国家贸易、行业和财政地
• Economically the country has been improving steadily these past ten years. 在过去的十年中，这个国家的经济稳定发展。
adv. 经济地；在经济上；节俭地
 - sparingly, thriftily

Word: nowadays
Front: nowadays
[ˈnaʊədeɪz] (高研四六托 6788/4094 -2)
Back: adv. 现在，当今
n. 当今，现在
分布：现今(54%)，现在(46%)
→即现在的日子，现今。
ad.现今,现在Nowadays people travel by plane.如今人们乘飞机旅行.
adverb
 ADVANCED
■at the present time, in comparison to the past 如今，现在
• Who remembers those films nowadays? 如今谁还记得那些电影？
• Nowadays, I bake my own bread rather than buy it. 现在，我自己烤面包而不去买现成的了。
['naʊ.ə.deɪz] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  nowadaysWarning: Check your spelling! Nowadays is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'a' between 'now' and 'days'.
adv. 现今；时下
 - today, contemporarily

Word: narrative
Front: narrative
[ˈnærətɪv] (研六雅宝 3097/5167 -2)
Vocabulary: narrative
(once / 212 pages)
nadj
A narrative is a story that you write or tell to someone, usually in great detail. A narrative can be a work of poetry or prose, or even song, theater, or dance.
Often a narrative is meant to include the "whole story." A summary will give a few key details and then the narrative will delve into the details. "I hate to interrupt your narrative," is a polite way of stopping someone in the middle of a story. The origin of this noun is the Latin adjective narrativus, from narrare "to tell," from gnarus "knowing." It is related to our English verb know.
WORD FAMILY
narrative: narratively, narratives+/ narrate: narrated, narrates, narrating, narration, narrative, narrator / narration: narrations/ narrator: narrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, as it will be called, promises hundreds of jobs, a high-profile cultural attraction - and it’s essentially free.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, as it will be called, promises hundreds of jobs and a high-profile attraction — and it’s essentially free.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Each film builds much of its central narrative around a child’s death and how that loss affects a parent.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 记叙文; 故事; 叙述，记事; 叙述手法
adj. 叙述的，叙事体的; 善于叙述的
分布：叙述(61%)，故事(32%)，叙述的(6%)，叙述体的(1%)
→来自narrate,叙述。
a.叙述性的n.叙述Narrative makes up most of the book.这本书大部分是由记叙文组成.
US [-tˌɪv] formal
noun countable or uncountable
■a story or a description of a series of events 故事；叙述
• It's a moving narrative of wartime adventure. 这是对战时经历的感人描述。
n. 叙述；故事；讲述
 - relation, statement, story, telling, tale
adj. 叙事的，叙述的；叙事体的
 - related, descriptive

Word: bash
Front: bash
[bæʃ] (9629/11519 -2)
Vocabulary: bash
(once / 4251 pages)
1vn 2n
To bash is to hit something hard. You might stand up suddenly on a sailboat and bash your head on the mast.
Marching band drummers bash their drums with mallets, and terrible drivers bash their bumpers into trees. You can also figuratively bash another person by saying terribly critical things about her. When bash is a noun, it means either "a hard hit or blow," or "a loud, festive party:" "Welcome to my bash! Don't bash your head on the piñata."
WORD FAMILY
bash: bashed, bashes, bashing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Onlookers donning oversized 2017 eyeglasses and green Statue of Liberty hats were screened by police Saturday afternoon ahead of the midnight bash.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
In his campaign, Trump relentlessly bashed trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA; Congress is full of Republican free-trade advocates.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“Now is not the time to bash him,” Filfred said, “because I need him.”
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 痛击，猛击; 严厉批评; 怒殴
vi. 严厉地，威胁地批评指责
n. 重击，猛撞; 痛快的玩乐[消遣]; <英方>尝试
时态：bashed, bashing, bashes
分布：狂欢(36%)，重击(31%)，怒殴(17%)，猛烈的一击(11%)，猛烈抨击(5%)
→拟声词。
verb
HIT 撞击
intransitive or transitive informal
■to hit hard 猛撞；猛击
• He bashed his arm against a shelf. 他的手臂猛地撞在了架子上。
• I could hear her bashing away on a typewriter (= hitting the keys loudly). 我能听见她重重地敲击打字机键盘的声音。
[bæʃ] verb
CRITICIZE 批评
transitive
■to criticize someone severely 严厉批评，猛烈抨击
• He kept bashing local government officials. 他不停地抨击当地政府官员员。
[bæʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bash on UK informal
■to continue doing something that is difficult, boring or takes a long time 坚持奋战；继续奋斗
• Oh well, that's enough chatting. I suppose I'd better bash on with this essay. 好吧，聊够了。我想我要继续写这篇文章了。
[bæʃ] noun
HIT 撞击
countable usually singular informal
■a hit 猛击；痛打
• a bash on the head 猛击头部
[bæʃ] noun
PARTY 派对
countable informal
■a party 派对
• He had a big bash for his 18th birthday. 他办了一场盛大的派对，庆祝自己的18岁生日。
[bæʃ] noun
ATTEMPT 尝试
have a bash UK informal
■to try to do something you have not done before 试试看
• I've never been skiing before, but I'm prepared to have a bash (at it). 我以前从来没有滑过雪，但是我打算要试一试。
vt. 猛击，痛击；怒殴
 - jab at, lash out
n. 猛烈的一击，痛击
 - swashing blow, oner

Word: illness
Front: illness
[ˈɪlnəs] (中高研四雅 2303/2290 -K3)
Back: n. 疾病; 某种具体疾病; 不健康
分布：病(86%)，疾病(14%)
→ill,病的，-ness,名词后缀。
n.病,疾病He is suffering from a serious illness.他身患重病.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a disease of the body or mind （身体或精神上的）疾病
• He died at home after a long illness. 久病之后他在家里死去。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when you are ill 生病
• She had five days off work due to illness. 她因病请了五天假。
illness, sickness, disease, complaint
这组词都有“疾病”的意思，其区别是：
illness: 不具体指，而是泛指一切疾病，强调生病的时间或状语，语体较sickness正式一些。
sickness: 较口语化，可与illness换用，但还可表示“恶心”。
disease: 指具体的疾病，且通常较严重，发病时间也较长。
complaint: 现代英语中，既可指症状，也可指疾病。
n. 病； [医] 疾病
 - disease, ill, sickness, complaint, maladie

Word: flash
Front: flash
[flæʃ] (高研四六托雅 3500/4001 -K3)
Vocabulary: flash
(once / 88 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vnadj 4v
Ever notice how quick the flash is on a camera? That's how fast other types of flashes are, including the super-fast superhero The Flash.
Whether you're talking about a flash of lighting or a flash of insight, a flash is quick and bright and sudden. There aren't any slow, long flashes. Because flashes are so fast, the word is often used for anything that happens really quickly: a flash is as fast as a New York minute, the blink of an eye, a heartbeat, an instant, a jiffy, or a split second.
WORD FAMILY
flash: flashed, flasher, flashes, flashing, flashingly, flashly, flashy +/flasher: flashers/flashing: flashings/ flashy: flashier, flashiest, flashily, flashiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When I think of what might flash before me on my deathbed, I hope it will be the impact of my film.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Minnesota: The Gophers showed flashes of being able to stay with a top team, but need to cut down on turnovers.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But he shows flashes of brilliance and signs of leadership.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 使闪光，使闪烁; 拍出，发出（电报等）; 〈口〉炫耀
n. 闪光; 闪光灯下摄成的照片; 一瞬间; 浮华
adj. 闪光的，闪耀的，一闪而过的; 浮华的; 庞大的
时态：flashed, flashing, flashes
分布：闪光(79%)，闪现(15%)，掠过(3%)，一刹那(2%)，亵渎性暴露(1%)
→拟声词，模仿物体或火把快速闪过的声音。比较clash, dash, flush, splash. 引申各相关词义。
n./a.闪光(的)v.发闪光,闪亮;闪现The ashtray, splashed with ash, crashed with a clash in a flash while being washed.那个溅有灰尘的烟灰盘在清洗时咣当一声一下子摔碎了.
verb
SHINE SUDDENLY 突然发光
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to shine brightly and suddenly, or to make something shine in this way （使）闪耀，（使）闪光
• Stop flashing that light in my eyes! 别拿那个手电筒晃我的眼睛了！
• The lightning flashed and distant thunder rolled. 电光闪过，远处雷声隆隆。
• You'd better slow down, that car was flashing (its lights) at you. 你最好减速，那辆车正朝你闪车灯呢。
intransitive literary
■If someone's eyes flash, they look bright because of the anger or excitement the person is feeling. （眼睛因愤怒或激动而）发亮，闪耀
[flæʃ] verb
MOVE FAST 迅速移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move very fast 飞驰，掠过
• They flashed past/by on a motorcycle. 他们骑着摩托车飞驰而过。
[flæʃ] verb
SHOW QUICKLY 快速显示
transitive
■to show something for a short time （快速）出示，显示
• He flashed a smile and offered to buy me a drink. 他笑了一下，随即提出请我喝一杯。
intransitive or transitive informal
■If someone flashes, they show their sexual organs in public 露私，当众暴露性器官
• He came out of the bushes and flashed at me. 他从灌木中出来，向我暴露私处。
[flæʃ] verb
COMMUNICATE 通信
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to communicate something quickly, especially using radio or light waves （尤指用无线电或光波）通信，联络
• Within moments of an event happening, the news can be flashed around the world. 事件发生之后不久，消息就能迅速传遍世界。
[flæʃ] verb
SUDDEN EXPERIENCE 突然的经历
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■If something flashes through/across your mind, you suddenly or quickly think of it （想法等）突然闪现
• The thought suddenly flashed through my mind that she didn't want to be here. 我突然想到，她不想来这里。
[flæʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  flash sth around/about informal
■to intentionally make people understand that you have something valuable, especially in order to make them feel unhappy because they do not have it 炫耀
• She was flashing her engagement ring around. 她正在四处炫耀她的订婚戒指。
[flæʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  flash back
■If your mind or thoughts flash back to something that happened in the past, you suddenly remember it 回忆起，回想起，记起
• Her mind flashed back to the day of their divorce. 她回忆起他们离婚那天的情景。
[flæʃ] noun
BRIGHT LIGHT 闪光
countable
■a sudden bright light that quickly disappears 闪光；闪耀
• a flash of lightning 一道闪电
• The bomb exploded in a flash of yellow light. 一道黄光，炸弹爆炸了。
[flæʃ] noun
SUDDEN EXPERIENCE 突然的经历
countable usually singular
■a sudden, powerful emotional or mental experience （情感的）突发；（想法的）突现
• The idea came to her in a flash of inspiration/genius. 灵光一闪，她便有了这个主意。
[flæʃ] noun
PHOTOGRAPHY 摄影
countable or uncountable
■the device or system used to produce a bright light for a short time when taking a photograph 闪光灯；闪光操纵装置
• Where's the flash for the camera? 照相机的闪光灯在哪里？
• It's quite dark in here, I'll have to use flash. 这里相当暗，我要用闪光灯。
[flæʃ] noun
MILITARY SIGN 军队的标记
countable UK
■a small object or piece of material worn on a military uniform as a sign of rank, or (on clothing) a strip or mark of colour different from the main colour （佩于军服上的）徽章，肩章，臂章；（衣服上的）色条，色块
[flæʃ] noun
QUICK LOOK 飞快地看
countable humorous
■a quick look at something 飞快的一瞥
• She leant over and I caught a flash of pink underwear. 她屈身过来，我一眼瞥见了粉红色的内衣。
[flæʃ] noun
a flash in the pan
■something that happened only once or for a short time and was not repeated 昙花一现
• Sadly, their success was just a flash in the pan. 不幸的是，他们的成功仅仅是昙花一现。
[flæʃ] noun
in a flash (also quick as a flash) informal
■quickly or suddenly 转瞬间，刹那间
• The ceremony was over in a flash. 仪式转眼就结束了。
[flæʃ] adjective UK
■looking expensive in a way that attracts attention 昂贵的；奢华的
• That's a very flash suit he's wearing. 他穿的那套西装看上去十分昂贵。
flash, sparkle, glow, gleam, twinkle, glitter
这组词都有“闪光，闪烁，闪亮”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出随即消失的闪光，如闪电的光。
sparkle: 指发出闪动的光或火星。
glow: 指像熔铁余烬等发出的明亮、强烈、夺目的光。
gleam: 指透过间隔物或映衬于较暗背景上的微弱光线。也指闪光。
twinkle: 指断断续续或摇晃不定的灿烂闪光。
glitter: 指连续发出的闪烁不定的光，有时含贬义。
flash, glare, blaze, glow, flare, light, twinkle, glitter, flame
这组词都有“火焰、烈火、光”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出而随即消失的闪光。
glare: 指眩目的光。
blaze: 指猛烈燃烧所发生强烈的光。
glow: 指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。
flare: 指摇曳的火焰。
light: 普通用词，指日、月、星或灯等的光。
twinkle: 指如星光等的闪烁。
glitter: 指连续发出闪烁不定的光。
flame: 指一条或多条火舌，多用复数形式，指由许多火舌构成的大火。
vt. 使闪光；反射
 - reflect, mirror
n. 闪光，闪现；一瞬间
 - stroboflash, coruscation
vi. 闪光，闪现；反射
 - reflect, flare light
adj. 闪光的，火速的
 - shot, coruscant

Word: lab
Vocabulary: lab
(once / 1272 pages)
n
A lab is a room or building where science experiments, tests, and research are done. Most high schools have science labs for biology and chemistry classes.
Lab is shorthand for laboratory, with its Medieval Latin root laboratorium, "a place for labor or work," from the Latin laborare, "to work." Many scientists and researchers go to work each day in a lab (often wearing a "lab coat," a white smock that protects their clothes). Some labs are equipped for studying the way plants grow and reproduce, while in others scientists study the brainwaves of human subjects or the traits of a virus. If you are a scientist, chances are you hang out in a lab.
WORD FAMILY
lab: labs
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the founders of the lab was born and trained in China before immigrating to the United States.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The lab designed most of the arms now in the nation’s nuclear arsenal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Digital Future Lab works as an in-house internship opportunity for students studying on the Bothell campus, said Pace, the lab director.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: tier
Front: tier
[tɪə(r)] (8726/7616 -1)
Vocabulary: tier
(once / 1239 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A tier is a level or a layer. If you sit in the top tier of seats at a concert, you can see the whole stage and most of the audience — but you probably have to climb lots of stairs.
A tier can describe a layer of ruffles on a dress, a section of seats in a stadium, or one layer of a fancy cake. You could also talk about a tier in terms of value or position. For example, the most popular, well-known actors might be considered part of the top tier, getting all the best parts. Tier originated from the Old French word tire: rank, sequence, or order.
WORD FAMILY
tier: tiers+/retie: retied, reties, retying/ tie: retie, tied, tier, ties, tying, untie/tying: tyings/untie: untied, untier, unties, untying
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first of four state-regulated casinos planned for upstate opened in December in the state’s Southern Tier.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Rangers scrambled back up the four-division league pyramid to the top tier this season.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The top tier is the Ultimate Fighting Championship – generally called the UFC – and it’s a business worth several billion pounds.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 等级; 阶梯座位等的一排，一行，一层; 包扎工
vt. 层层排列，使层叠
vi. 成递升排列，层叠
分布：层(76%)，行(16%)，等级(4%)，排(4%)
US [tɪr] noun countable
■one of several layers or levels （多层、多层次中的）一层
• We sat in one of the upper tiers of the football stands. 我们坐在足球场看台的上层位置。
• My wedding cake had four tiers, each supported by small pillars. 我的结婚蛋糕有四层，每层都由小柱子撑着。
• I don't understand why you think we need yet another tier of management. 我不明白你为甚么认为我们还需要一个管理层级。
UK [tɪər] US [tɪr] verb transitive often passive
■to arrange or organise something in tiers 层叠；层层排列
• The seats in the theatre were steeply tiered. 剧院的座位呈陡直的阶梯状排列。
n. 层，排；行，列；等级
 - thickness, hong, layer, column, degree, classification

Word: elder
Front: elder
[ˈeldə(r)] (中高研四雅 4056/5602 -2)
Vocabulary: elder
(once / 155 pages)
1nadj 2n 3n
An elder is any person who is older than you, which you may know from your sister who is only two years older than you saying, "Listen to your elders!" A church elder is someone who helps run the church, not necessarily its eldest member.
Elder can be used as an adjective: Abel was the elder brother of Cain. Elder can also be a noun: showing respect for one’s elders is a value instilled from a young age by our parents. Elder is also a kind of tree. In Act Five of “Love’s Labour Lost” Shakespeare plays with the meanings of elder: Holofernes says that Berowne should speak first because he is the elder (older), which inspires Berowne to mention the folklore that Judas was hanged on an elder tree.
WORD FAMILY
elder: elders, eldership+/eldership: elderships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The elder Word predicts the transition will be smooth.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Soon afterward, father and son were separated once more, when the elder Wong moved to Los Angeles to seek work.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Crow even met with Amish elders to weigh the effect of John’s decision when he faced his community.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 长者; 长辈; 元老; 比…年长的人
adj. 年纪较大的; 资格老的; 老练的
分布：年长的(39%)，长者(28%)，长辈(26%)，年龄较大的(7%)
→来自old的比照级。
a.年长的,资格老的n.长辈Henry is my elder brother; he is two years older than I.亨利是我的哥哥;他比我大两岁.
US [-dɚ] noun countable
■an older person, especially one with a respected position in society （尤指在社会上地位高、受人尊敬的）长者，长辈，老年人
• You should listen to the advice of your elders. 你应该听长辈的建议。
• They consulted the village elders. 他们向村里的长辈们咨询了意见。
• formal She is my elder by three years (= three years older than me). 她比我年长三岁。
■an official of a religious group （教会中的）长老
• a church elder 教会长老
■* elderberry
UK ['el.dər] US [-dɚ] adjective
elder sister/brother/son/daughter
 ADVANCED
■a sister/brother/son/daughter who is older than the other sister(s), brother(s), etc.
■the elder
 ADVANCED
■the older person of two people （两人中的）年长者
• Of the two brothers Harvey is the elder. 两兄弟中哈维是哥哥。
 ADVANCED
■used after someone's name to show that they are the older of two people who have the same name, especially a father and son （用于人名后表示两个同名者、尤指两父子中的父亲）大，老
• William Pitt the elder 老威廉‧彼特
UK ['el.dər] US [-dɚ] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  elder or elderly? Warning: choose the right adjective! To refer politely to a person who is old, don't say 'elder', say elderly :
✗ Loneliness is a big problem for elder people. Loneliness is a big problem for elderly people.
elder, older
这组词都有“年长的，年龄较大的”的意思，其区别是：
elder: 是old的比较级。指家庭成员中年龄较长的，或指两人中年龄较长的。
older: 也是old的比较级，指年龄较大、较老，指物时作“较旧的”解。
n. 老人；长辈；年长者；父辈
 - better, ancient
adj. 年长的；年龄较大的；资格老的
 - older, senior, advancing

Word: effectively
Front: effectively
[ɪˈfektɪvli] (雅 2566/1805 -K2)
Vocabulary: effectively
(once / 649 pages)
adv
Effectively is an adverb with two meanings; use it if you want to describe something that's done in an effective manner or as a replacement for words like "actually" or "basically."
If wearing special gloves helps you catch a football more effectively, then it helps you get the job done better and more efficiently. People usually want to do their jobs more effectively. But this word can also mean actually or basically. If your grandparents are raising you, they are effectively your parents, and you are effectively their children. Whether they're raising you effectively in the first sense is another matter.
WORD FAMILY
effective: effectively, effectiveness, effectivity, ineffective, uneffective+/ effect: effected, effecter, effecting, effective, effector, effects, effectuate /effecter: effecters/effector: effectors/ effectuate: effectuated, effectuates, effectuating, effectuation/ ineffective: ineffectively, ineffectiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When you play a quarterback like that, the game is effectively lost before it starts.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
No matter how much they scouted their opponents, they couldn’t imitate them effectively in practice, because their bench players weren’t good enough.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A wealth ratio is a measure of how effectively you’ve converted your lifetime income into wealth.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 有效地; 实际上，事实上
分布：有效地(69%)，事实上(31%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a way that is successful and achieves what you want 有效地
• The tablets work more effectively if you take a hot drink after them. 服用这些药片后再喝杯热饮，药效会更好。
■used when you describe what the real result of a situation is 实际上；事实上
• His wife left him when the children were small, so he effectively brought up the family himself. 在孩子还很小的时候妻子就离开了他，所以实际上是他一手把孩子们拉拔长大的。
• Effectively, we have to start again from scratch. 实际情况是，我们不得不重新从零开始。
adv. 有效地，生效地；有力地；实际上
 - efficiently, actually, really, even

Word: investigator
Front: investigator
[ɪnˈvestɪgeɪtə(r)] (2266/5422 -2)
Vocabulary: investigator
(once / 594 pages)
n
Every crime novel has an investigator, someone whose job it is to discover the truth. Not all investigators solve crimes, but to be an investigator you need to work hard to figure things out.
A private investigator knocks at your door. Do you let him in? He probably only wants to ask questions, because that’s what investigators do: they research. Scientists are investigators, so are police officers, and even your friend who reads lots of books about butterflies can be considered an investigator. Rooted in the Latin word vestigare, meaning “trace out,” investigators gather facts in order to trace out the whole picture.
WORD FAMILY
investigator: investigators+/ investigate: investigated, investigates, investigating, investigation, investigative, investigator, investigatory/ investigation: investigations/ investigative: investigatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Investigators questioned the prime minister for three hours at his official residence in Jerusalem.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Investigators said Schnorenberg was called to a Country Inn & Suites in Mankato about 4 a.m.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Investigators connected the group to five fires set last March.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 调查者; 研究者; 侦查员
分布：研究者(52%)，调查者(35%)，审查者(13%)
UK [ɪn'ves.tɪ.geɪ.tˌɚ] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person whose job is to examine a crime, problem, statement, etc. in order to discover the truth 调查人员
• Investigators have studied the possible effects of contamination. 调查人员研究了污染可能造成的后果。
• a private investigator 私家侦探
n. 研究者； [法] 调查者；侦查员
 - researchist, inquirer

Word: deprive
Front: deprive
[dɪˈpraɪv] (研六托雅 6202/4489 -2)
Vocabulary: deprive
(once / 212 pages)
v
Deprive means to keep from having. If your little brother gets loud and hyper every time he eats sweets, your parents might deprive him of sugary cereal and candy.
Deprive can also mean to take away something that someone already had, or feels they deserve to have, like basic human rights. "A crowd gathered to protest the man's imprisonment for a crime he did not commit; they didn't want to allow the government to deprive him of his freedom." The word comes from the Latin, de", which means "entirely," and privare, which means "release from." Put together, they mean to "entirely release from." In this case, the imprisoned man's freedom is being "entirely released," or taken away, and he'll no longer have it.
WORD FAMILY
deprive: deprivation, deprived, deprives, depriving+/ deprivation: deprivations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The call deprived the Trojans’ suddenly beleaguered defense of its top tackler.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The lawyer told the Daily News Egypt newspaper that his client was subjected to interrogations that deprived him of sleep for nearly 40 hours.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
They argue that skipping the lengthier deportation procedures deprives people of the opportunity to claim asylum.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 剥夺，夺去，使丧失
时态：deprived, depriving, deprives
分布：剥夺(83%)，失去(15%)，免职(2%)
→de-, 夺去，损毁。-priv, 自己的，私人的，词源同private, property.
剥夺,夺去(de去掉+prive→从个人身边拿走→剥夺)[Priv=single,lone,表示"单个"]
vt.剥夺,夺去,使丧失The striver contrives to derive that privacy can't be deprived.奋斗者想方设法推导得出隐私(权)不可剥夺.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone 夺走，抢走，剥夺
• He claimed that he had been deprived of his freedom/rights. 他声称本身自由／权利被剥夺。
• You can't function properly when you're deprived of sleep. 如果被剥夺了睡眠，人体就无法正常运作。
[dɪ'praɪv] verb transitive
deprive sb of your company humorous
■to prevent someone from being with you 阻止（某人）与别人在一起，使（某人）与别人分别
• Where have you been? We've been deprived of your company for far too long! 你到哪里去了？这么长时间都没见到你！
rob, steal, deprive, plunder
这组词都有“偷，抢，夺”的意思，其区别是：
rob: 最常用词，指用暴力恐吓或哄骗等非法手段抢夺财物。
steal: 普通用词，指暗中行窃。
deprive: 多指夺去或扣留别人拥有或可能拥有的有价值或必需的东西，也可用于指抽象的事物。
plunder: 指大规模或大范围地掠夺。
vt. 使丧失，剥夺
 - shear, strip of

Word: tolerance
Front: tolerance
[ˈtɒlərəns] (研四六托雅宝 4670/6381 -2)
Vocabulary: tolerance
(once / 1468 pages)
n
When you practice tolerance, you accept another's ideas and beliefs. If you respect someone's opinions — even if you disagree or find them nonsensical — you display tolerance.
The noun tolerance, which stems from the Latin for "endurance," also refers to an organism's ability to stand or handle a difficult environmental condition. If you build up a tolerance, you can handle large amounts of something (from medicine to psychological abuse) without being too strongly affected. We usually use the word to refer to our need to accept others, as suggested by John F. Kennedy when he said, “Tolerance implies no lack of commitment to one's own beliefs. Rather it condemns the oppression or persecution of others.”
WORD FAMILY
tolerance: overtolerance, tolerances+/ intolerable: intolerablest/ tolerable: intolerable, intolerably, tolerablest, tolerably/ tolerate: tolerable, tolerance, tolerated, tolerates, tolerating, toleration/toleration: tolerations
USAGE EXAMPLES
As he developed tolerance, the pain medications became increasingly ineffective.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“In this area, let us adhere, clearly and faithfully, to ‘zero tolerance.'”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most people consume pop music one song at a time — three minutes or so, or maybe less, depending on how tolerance and quality intersect.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 宽容，容忍; 限度; 公差; 耐药量，耐药性
分布：宽容(39%)，容忍(30%)，公差(27%)，忍耐力(4%)
→tolerate,容忍，-ance,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
n.宽容;容忍,忍受;耐药力;公差I have low alcohol tolerance.我的耐酒精性低.
US ['tɑ:.lɚ-] noun
ACCEPTANCE 接受
 ADVANCED uncountable (formal toleration)
■willingness to accept behaviour and beliefs which are different from your own, although you might not agree with or approve of them 宽容；忍受；容忍
• This period in history is not noted for its religious tolerance. 历史上的这个时期在宗教上并不宽容。
• Some members of the party would like to see it develop a greater tolerance of/towards contrary points of view. 党内的一些成员希望看到党对反面意见能更加宽容。
UK ['tɒl.ər.ənts] US ['tɑ:.lɚ-] noun
ABILITY TO DEAL WITH 有能力解决
uncountable
■the ability to deal with something unpleasant or annoying, or to continue existing despite bad or difficult conditions 忍耐力；忍受力
• My tolerance of heat is considerably greater after having lived in the Far East for a couple of years. 在远东生活了几年后，我的耐热能力大为增强。
uncountable specialized
■an animal's or plant's ability not to be harmed by a drug or poison over a long period of time （动植物对药物或毒药的）耐受性
• a greater tolerance of/to the drug 对药物更强的耐受性
UK ['tɒl.ər.ənts] US ['tɑ:.lɚ-] noun
VARIATION 变化
countable or uncountable specialized
■the amount by which a measurement or calculation might change and still be acceptable 公差；容许偏差
• parts that are made to tolerances of a thousandth of an inch 按千分之一英寸的公差加工的零件
n. [机] 公差；宽容；容忍；公差
 - patience, charity, mercy

Word: literature
Front: literature
[ˈlɪtrətʃə(r)] (高研四六雅 1549/1766 -K3)
Vocabulary: literature
(once / 105 pages)
n
Literature is writing, usually good, creative, or smart writing, or at least we hope it is. If you love books and have stacks of them at home, then you are a lover of literature.
Literature comes from the Latin root litterātūra, or lettered, but there are higher standards for literature than just something written down. Novels and stories are considered literature. If you're a practicing psychologist, you have keep up with the current literature on psychology, which is what researching psychologists write, not novels about shrinks. You might want your profession to be literature, but you'll probably have to teach literature while you're waiting for the book deal.
WORD FAMILY
literature: literatures+/ literary: literarily, literature, nonliterary, subliterary, unliterary
USAGE EXAMPLES
The scientific literature concurs with the anecdotal evidence I collected.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Younger Taiwanese like Japanese food, cartoons and literature, while Japan is Taiwanese people’s top travel destination.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If the result is great literature, it would be perverse to judge hearing voices an aberration requiring treatment rather than a precious gift.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 文学; 文学作品; 文献; 著作
分布：文学(77%)，文献(23%)
→来自拉丁语litera,书写，字母，词源同letter.引申词义文学作品。
文学(liter+ature状态→文字状态→文学)[liter=letter,表示"文字,字母"]
n.文学,文学作品,文献,图书资料,印刷品In the library, arbitrary the librarian wrote the auxiliary diary about military literature.在图书馆,武断的图书管理员写下了有关军事文学的辅助日记.
US ['lɪtˌ.ɚ.ɪ.tʃɚ] noun uncountable
WRITING 作品
 ESSENTIAL
■written artistic works, especially those with a high and lasting artistic value 文学；（尤指有传世价值的）文学作品
• classical/modern literature 古典／现代文学
• 'Wuthering Heights' is a classic of English literature. 《咆哮山庄》是一部经典的英国文学作品。
UK ['lɪt.ər.ɪ.tʃər] US ['lɪtˌ.ɚ.ɪ.tʃɚ] noun uncountable
SPECIALIST TEXTS 专业文章
■all the information relating to a subject, especially information written by specialists 文献，文献资料
• It's important to keep up-to-date with the literature in your field. 跟踪阅读最新的专业文献非常重要。
• There is very little literature on the disease. 关于这种疾病的文献资料很少。
UK ['lɪt.ər.ɪ.tʃər] US ['lɪtˌ.ɚ.ɪ.tʃɚ] noun uncountable
INFORMATION 资讯
■printed material published by a company which is intended to encourage people to buy that company's products or services （公司的）宣传资料，产品简介，服务专案介绍
• Could you send me your literature on/about car insurance policies, please? 请给我寄一份贵公司汽车保险方面的资料好吗？
■material that an organization publishes in order to persuade people to agree with its opinions （某组织出版的旨在游说人们赞同其观点的）宣传材料
• The Republicans were quick to highlight the Democrats' proposed tax increases in their campaign literature. 共和党不失时机地在其竞选宣传材料中强调了民主党提议增税的情况。
n. [语] 文学； [图情] 文献；文艺；著作
 - writing, letter

Word: sour
Front: sour
[ˈsaʊə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 5281/7745 -K2)
Back: adj. 有酸味的; 敌对的; 坏脾气的; 别扭的
vi. 变酸，变馊; 发酵; 厌烦; 败坏
vt. 变坏，恶化; 使变酸; 使失望; 使不毛
n. 酸味; 苦事
时态：soured, souring, sours
分布：酸的(60%)，变酸(31%)，酸腐的(5%)，刻薄的(4%)
→来自古英语 sur,酸的，来自 Proto-Germanic*suraz,酸的，来自 sur,酸的，酸牛奶，词源同 sauerkraut.引申词义馊的，变味的等。
a.酸的;发酸的;酸痛的;脾气坏的;刻薄的The sour vapour pours into the flourishing flour factory. It's the source of resources.酸蒸汽涌进兴旺的面粉厂.这是资源的源泉.
US [saʊr] adjective
TASTE 味道
 ADVANCED
■having a sharp, sometimes unpleasant, taste or smell, like a lemon, and not sweet 酸的，有酸味的
• These plums are a bit sour. 这些李子有点酸。
UK [saʊər] US [saʊr] adjective
BAD FEELING 不好的感觉
■unfriendly or easily annoyed 不友好的；坏脾气的，没好气的
• Overnight, it seemed, their relationship had turned sour. 一晚上的时间，他们的关系似乎变糟了。
• She gave me a sour look. 她没好气地瞪了我一眼。
UK [saʊər] US [saʊr] adjective
sour grapes
■If you describe someone's behaviour or opinion as sour grapes, you mean that they are angry because they have not got or achieved something that they wanted 酸葡萄（指由于得不到而贬低某物）
• I don't think it's such a great job - and that's not just sour grapes because I didn't get it. 我认为这份工作不怎么样——我可不是因为吃不到葡萄说葡萄酸。
UK [saʊər] US [saʊr] verb intransitive or transitive
TASTE 味道
■to become sour or to make something become sour （使）变酸；（使）酸腐
• Hot weather sours milk. 热天会让牛奶变酸。
• Milk sours in hot weather. 牛奶在热天会变酸。
UK [saʊər] US [saʊr] verb intransitive or transitive
BAD FEELING 不好的感觉
■to (cause to) become unpleasant or unfriendly （使）令人不快，（使）不友好
• Her whole attitude to life soured as a result of that experience. 那次经历过后，她对生活的整个态度变得很消极。
• This affair has soured relations between the two countries. 这一事件导致两国关系恶化。
UK [saʊər] US [saʊr] noun countable mainly US
■a drink made from strong alcohol, lemon or lime juice, sugar and ice 酸味鸡尾酒； 沙瓦
• a whisky sour 威士卡沙瓦
adj. [化学] 酸的；发酵的；刺耳的；酸臭的；讨厌的
 - grinding, acid, raised, evil, sharp
vi. 发酵；变酸；厌烦
 - go bad, get tired of
vt. 使变酸；使失望
 - fail, fox

Word: derive
Front: derive
[dɪˈraɪv] (研四六托雅 3051/1798 -K2)
Vocabulary: derive
(once / 140 pages)
v
If you want to talk about something that comes from something else, but you want to sound sophisticated and maybe financial or scientific, use derive, like so: That scent? It's derived from a solution of roses boiled with toothpicks.
The word derive derives from (see how we did that?) the Latin rivus or stream, as in water. That image of the stream may help you remember the meaning of derive; you may picture tracing tiny streams back to their main source. Derive is a verb, as you can see, but it's often in the news in the noun form derivative: something that is derived from something else, as in "juice is a derivative of an orange."
WORD FAMILY
derive: derivable, derivation, derivative, derived, derives, deriving+/ derivation: derivational, derivations/ derivative: derivatively, derivatives, underivative/ derived: underived
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet the longest-lasting impact of Sun on Chinese political life derives from something different.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The technology it uses derives partly from systems designed to grow crops on the moon.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
For fans, the thrill derives, in part, from the possibility of disaster.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 得到，导出; 源于，来自; （从…中）提取
时态：derived, deriving, derives
分布：起源(54%)，获取(33%)，得自(13%)
→de-, 从，向下，离开。-riv, 流动，词源同run, rivulet. 原指从源头处流下，引申义衍生于。
派生,得出[riv=stream(河流)]
v.取得;导出;引申;来自;源自;出自From the fact, the shivering driver derives that the diver may thrive on river.发抖的司机从这个事实得出结论说跳水员可以靠河流繁荣.
verb
derive sth from sth
 ADVANCED
■to get something from something else 从…中得到，从…中获得
• The institute derives all its money from foreign investments. 该机构的资金均来自海外投资。
• She derives great pleasure/satisfaction from playing the violin. 拉小提琴能给她得到极大乐趣／满足。
[dɪ'raɪv] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] derive from sth
■to come from something 来自于，源自
• The English word 'olive' is derived from the Latin word 'oliva'. 英语的 olive 一词源自拉丁语中的 oliva。
vi. 起源
 - to originate

Word: marginal
Front: marginal
[ˈmɑ:dʒɪnl] (研六雅宝 6094/3361 -2)
Vocabulary: marginal
(once / 1556 pages)
adj
Use the word marginal when something is minimal or barely enough. If you buy lemons and sugar, make lemonade and set up a stand on the street corner, but sell only a couple of glasses, your profits will be marginal.
Some claim that greenhouse gases have a marginal effect on the environment while others think that they are changing the world drastically. Your parents hope to see more than a marginal improvement in your grades! These are the figurative uses for marginal, which comes from the Latin word margo "edge." Literally, the word is used with things on a border. When you scribble words in the blank edges of your textbook pages, those notes are marginal.
WORD FAMILY
marginal: marginalise, marginality, marginalize, marginally+/ margin: marginal, margins/marginalise: marginalisation, marginalised/ marginalize: marginalization, marginalized, marginalizes, marginalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yes, the FedEx Field surface is still of marginal professional quality late in almost any season.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
And because the improvement now looks marginal, there will need to be changes.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“The alt-right’s appeal remains marginal because the huge majority of young Americans like multiculturalism,” he writes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 边的，边缘的; 旁注的; 临界的，最低限度的; 收入仅敷支出的
分布：微小的(37%)，边际的(36%)，末端的(18%)，仅以微弱多数获胜的(9%)
→来自margin,页边，边缘。
a.记在页边的,旁注的;(意识)边缘的He owns a marginal business.他经营小生意.
US ['mɑ:r-] adjective
SMALL 小的
■very small in amount or effect 微小的；少量的
• The report suggests that there has only been a marginal improvement in women's pay over the past few years. 报告显示，过去几年间女性的工资只有轻微增长。
of marginal interest
■of interest to only a few people 只有少数人感兴趣的
• programmes about subjects of marginal interest 话题只有寥寥数人感兴趣的节目
UK ['mɑ:.dʒɪ.nəl] US ['mɑ:r-] adjective
POLITICS 政治
■describes a political area or position in parliament which can be won by only a small number of votes because support for the main parties is equally divided among the people voting （选举中仅以微弱多数取胜的）边缘选区（或席位）
• The marginal Tory constituency was held by 2200 votes in 1992. 1992年，保守党以2200票获得这个边缘选区。
UK ['mɑ:.dʒɪ.nəl] US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable UK
■a marginal political area or position in parliament （议会的）边缘席位；边缘政治领域
• Labour lost two of the key marginals in London. 工党失去了伦敦两个关键性的边缘选区。
• The minister's own seat is a Tory marginal. 这位大臣的席位是保守党的边缘席位。
minor, negligible, minimal, marginal
这组词都有“不重要的，次要的”的意思，其区别是：
minor: 多指与别的比较后显得不重要，或指较少、较小。
negligible: 指数量小，不重要，微不足道或可忽略不计。
minimal: 指最少、最低或最小。
marginal: 指处于边缘，幅度、范围小，故价值或重要性不大。
adj. [数] 边缘的；临界的；末端的
 - critical, terminal

Word: notorious
Front: notorious
[nəʊˈtɔ:riəs] (研六托雅宝 6155/6020 -2)
Vocabulary: notorious
(once / 505 pages)
adj
Use the adjective notorious to describe people, places, or things that are famous for a bad reason.
A good synonym for notorious is infamous; both words mean "well-known, and not in a good way." A celebrity convicted of a series of crimes might be referred to as notorious, as might a book that has been banned in several countries. The word originally meant just "famous" and could carry either positive or negative connotations. Only in recent centuries did the negative uses start to outweigh the positive ones. In general, you'd rather be famous than notorious, unless you're looking to build a bad reputation.
WORD FAMILY
notorious: notoriousest, notoriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mombasa, Kenya, is one of the most notorious ivory ports.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
She helped send some of Wichita’s most notorious criminals to prison and to death row.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Her link to a notorious anti-Korea group was acknowledged by a court this year in a defamation case she lost.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 臭名昭著的; 臭名远扬的; 声名狼藉的; 恶名昭著
分布：臭名昭著的(100%)
→来自拉丁语notus,知道的，词源同know,notice.即众所周知的，著名的，后来词义完全贬义化。比较egregious.
恶名昭著的(not+orious多...的→多得惹人注意的)[Not=know,表示"知道,注意"]
a.臭名昭著的,声名狼藉的The notorious man's noted notation denotes a notable secret.那个臭名昭著的男子的著名符号代表一个值得关注的秘密.
【记】not＝note知道，ori，ous多－很多人都知道你的坏名声
US [noʊ'tɔ:r.i-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■famous for something bad 臭名昭著的，声名狼藉的
• one of Britain's most notorious criminals 英国最臭名昭著的罪犯之一
• The company is notorious for paying its bills late. 该公司出了名地喜欢拖欠帐单。
famous, notorious, eminent, notable, noted, prominent, outstanding
这组词都有“著名的，知名的”的意思，其区别是：
famous: 是普通用词，指传播很广，引起人们注意的人或事物。
notorious: 指因劣迹而臭名昭著，含强烈贬义；但有时也作“众所周知的”解。
eminent: 指在某方面杰出卓越或突出的人或物。
notable: 用于指事件时，侧重其重要、值得注意；用于指人时，与famous同义，但语气较弱。
noted: 多指因成绩卓著而备受注意的专家或权威及其著作，有时含贬义。
prominent: 指出人头地，为公众所熟悉，至少在地方上闻名。
outstanding: 侧重指因素质优良，功绩卓著而超过同类的人或物，强调“突出”。
adj. 声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的
 - infamous, disreputable

Word: temporarily
Front: temporarily
[tempəˈrerɪlɪ] (托 5213/4698 -K)
Vocabulary: temporarily
(once / 655 pages)
adv
Temporarily describes something that happens for a limited amount of time. If you agree to watch your friend's dog temporarily, you'll be surprised if it turns out that your friend will be in France for at least two years.
Temporarily is the adverbial form of "temporary," which comes from the Latin word tempus, meaning time. Something done temporarily is supposed to be concluded in a finite amount of time. If your car is temporarily out of commission, you expect that you will be able to fix it and get it back on the road. If you drop the word temporarily from that sentence, your car may be a goner.
WORD FAMILY
temporary: temporaries, temporarily, temporariness
USAGE EXAMPLES
So after calling lawyers and the police, he quit Twitter, at least temporarily, until there is some sort of resolution to Cernovich’s attacks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Grapevine was closed for periods in recent weeks because of heavy snowfall, and some motorists were temporarily stranded on mountain roads.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Pemex spokesman said relatively few gasoline stations were affected, although protesters temporarily blocked storage terminals, delaying the delivery of gasoline to retail points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 暂时地; 临时地
分布：临时地(67%)，暂时地(33%)
ADJ
暂时的;临时的;短暂的
Something that is temporary lasts for only a limited time.
例：His job here is only temporary...他在这儿的工作只是临时的。
例：Most adolescent problems are temporary.多数青少年问题是暂时性的。
adv. 临时地，临时
 - provisionally, casually

Word: edit
Front: edit
[ˈedɪt] (研六雅 4253/3943 -3)
Vocabulary: edit
(once / 53 pages)
1v 2v
The verb edit means to prepare writing for publication by correcting, revising, or proofreading. If you write for a newspaper, someone very skilled will edit your work before the public sees it.
Edit can also mean to cut out. If you edit out all the references to Harry Potter from the famous series, you'll be left with much shorter books. Edit likely comes from the noun editor, meaning the person in charge of a final version of a text. You might also hear edit used when referring to video or film. If you edit a television show, for example, you assemble pieces of video or film footage to create a complete program.
WORD FAMILY
edit: edited, editing, editor, edits, subedit+/ edited: unedited/ editor: editorial, editors, editorship/ editorial: editorialise, editorialist, editorialize, editorially, editorials/editorialist: editorialists/ editorialize: editorialized, editorializes, editorializing/editorship: editorships/subedit: subediting, subeditor/subeditor: subeditors
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Times reserves the right to edit and publish any submissions online and/or in print.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His detractors accuse him of excessive charm, but it may be more accurate to say that he edits brutality from his world view.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In between begging, Roughol sat in the local park jotting his recollections in notebooks, which he handed over to Debré to edit.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 剪辑（影片，录音）; 编辑; 校订; 主编
n. 编辑
时态：edited, editing, edits
分布：编辑(96%)，剪辑(2%)，校订(2%)
→e-, 向外。-dit, 给予，词源同date, donate.
编辑(e出+dit→给出好文章→编辑)[don,dit=give,表示"给予"]
v.编辑,校订It's incredible that the editor's editorial in this edition is edible.本版中的编辑社论可以食用让人难以置信.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to prepare a text or film for printing or viewing by correcting mistakes and deciding what will be removed and what will be kept in, etc 编辑；校订；剪辑
• Janet edited books for a variety of publishers. 珍妮特为许多出版社编辑过图书。
• The film's 129 minutes were edited down from 150 hours of footage. 这部129分钟的影片是从总长150小时的底片中剪辑出来的。
 ADVANCED
■to be in charge of the reports in a newspaper or magazine, etc 任（报刊等）的主编
• He edits a national newspaper. 他是一家全国性报纸的主编。
['ed.ɪt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] edit sth out
■to remove something before it is broadcast or printed （从书或节目中）删节，删掉；将…剪掉
• Most of the violent scenes were edited out for television. 为了适合电视播出，其中的大多数暴力场面都被剪掉了。
compile, edit
这组词都有“编辑”的意思，其区别是：
compile: 通常指根据搜集、整理的资料编辑词典或汇编文集。
edit: 普通用词，含义广泛。指校订、编辑他人待出版的著作，也指对杂志、报刊的稿件进行编辑、编排加工。
vt. [计] 编辑；校订
 - copy-edit, redact

Word: outlet
Front: outlet
[ˈaʊtlet] (研四六托雅宝 4624/4508 -2)
Vocabulary: outlet
(once / 684 pages)
1n 2n
Any hole or opening that allows water or gas to get out is an outlet. The place where water runs out of a lake and into a river is one example of an outlet.
When you need to charge your laptop, you plug it into an electrical outlet, which gets its name from the idea that electricity comes out of it, just as water flows out of a river outlet. Outlet is also used to mean "store that sells discounted goods" and "a way to express yourself emotionally creatively." Dancing might be your outlet, for example — the way you let your feelings and creativity out.
WORD FAMILY
outlet: outlets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Local media outlets reported that emergency officials advised residents to stay in their homes and assess damage in the morning.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Several Israeli media outlets reported that Netanyahu is the subject of two police investigations.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Martin Fire Chief Jamie Summers tells media outlets that the fire occurred Sunday night and was extinguished after four hours.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 出口，出路; 批发商店; 排水口，通风口; 发泄（情感）的方法
分布：出口(79%)，出路(18%)，通风口(3%)
→out-,向外，let,让，准许。引申词义出口。
n.出路,出口;销路,市场;发泄方法;电源插座It's better to put letters at the inlet and outlet.最好在进口和出口处标上字母.
noun countable
WAY OUT 出路
■a way, especially a pipe or hole, for liquid or gas to go out （尤指管道或洞口的）出口，排放孔
• a waste water outlet 污水排放口
• an outlet pipe 排放管
■a way in which emotion or energy can be expressed or made use of （情绪或精力的）发泄方式，发泄途径，施展的机会
• Her work provided no outlet for her energies and talents. 她的工作没有给她提供发泄精力及施展才华的机会。
• Writing poetry was his only form of emotional outlet. 写诗是他宣泄感情的唯一方式。
['aʊt.let] noun countable
SHOP 商店
■a shop that is one of many owned by a particular company and that sells the goods which the company has produced 零售网点；经销点；专卖店
• a fast-food outlet 速食店
• a retail outlet 零售店
['aʊt.let] noun countable
ELECTRICITY 电 US for power point
n. 出口，排放孔； [电] 电源插座； [贸易] 销路；发泄的方法；批发商店
 - exit, market, way out

Word: clause
Front: clause
[klɔ:z] (研托雅宝 6415/1871 -2)
Vocabulary: clause
(once / 472 pages)
1n 2n
A clause can be a scary thing. Whether it is a stipulation in a contract or a grammatical concept, people sometimes avoid clauses because they are too difficult to grasp.
A provision or stipulation in a contract, clause is a noun that comes to us from the old French clause, which, if we trace it way back, comes from the Latin clausula “the end, a closing termination.” Circa 1300, the “ending” implication of the word began to fade and was replaced by “article or section of a text.” Legal documents, like prenuptial agreements or job contracts, often contain a clause, or many.
WORD FAMILY
clause: clauses
USAGE EXAMPLES
New laws often include clauses with extraterritorial reach.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
He says the term of the clause was reduced to only a few months.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Answers never seem to be “yes” or “no,” but rather accompanied by an “if” clause: if the defense causes a turnover.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 从句，分句; 条款，款项
分布：条款(100%)
→词源同close,关闭。此处用于语法，即构成一个独立语法结构的句子。
n.(正式文件或法律文件的)条款;从句,分句The applause paused because of the cause caused by a cautious plausible clause.掌声停了是因为一条谨慎的似乎有理的条款引起的原因.
【记】cla＝da大，use用：掌握从句对于解填空题有大用；掌握条款对于不犯法有大用。
US [klɑ:z] specialized
noun countable
LEGAL DOCUMENT 法律档
 ADVANCED
■a particular part of a written legal document, for example a law passed by Parliament or a contract (= an agreement) （法律档的）条款
• They have added/deleted/amended a clause in the contract which says the company can make people redundant for economic reasons. 他们在合同中增加／删除／修改了一项条款，该条款称公司可以因为经济原因裁减人员。
• Clause 4 of the constitution is thought to be the most important section. 宪法第四条被认为是最重要的部分。
UK [klɔ:z] US [klɑ:z] specialized
noun countable
GRAMMAR 文法
 ADVANCED
■a group of words, consisting of a subject and a finite form of a verb (= the form that shows the tense and subject of the verb) which might or might not be a sentence 分句，从句，子句
• In the sentence 'I can't cook very well but I make quite good omelettes', both 'I can't cook very well' and 'I make quite good omelettes' are main/independent clauses (= they are of equal importance and could each exist as a separate sentence). 在 I can't cook very well but I make quite good omelettes（我菜烧得不太好，可是蛋饼煎得很不错）这句话中，I can't cook very well 和 I make quite good omelettes 都是主句／独立分句。
• In the sentence 'I'll get you some stamps if I go to town', 'if I go to town' is a subordinate/dependent clause (= it is not equal to the main part of the sentence and could not exist as a separate sentence). 在 I'll get you some stamps if I go to town（如果我去城里，会给你买些邮票）这句话中，if I go to town 是从句／从属分句。
n. [法] 条款； [计] 子句
 - item, provision, article

Word: classified
Front: classified
[ˈklæsɪfaɪd] (8685/14105 -1)
Back: adj. 保密的，（信息）归入密级的; 分类的，归类的
v. 分类( classify的过去式和过去分词)
分布：分类的(51%)，机密的(36%)，类别的(13%)
→来自class,阶级，等级。即进行等级分类的，机密级的。
adjective
■describes information that is officially stated to be secret 机密的；保密的
• These documents contain classified material. 这些文件中有机密资料。
adj. 分类的；类别的；机密的
 - systematic, secret, confidential
v. 把…分类（classify的过去分词）
 - ranged

Word: nazi

Word: tail
Front: tail
[teɪl] (中高研四六托 2985/2604 -K3)
Back: n. 尾; 尾部; 燕尾服; 尾随者
vt. 跟踪; 装上尾巴
vi. 队伍单行行进时拉长或产生间隔; 侦察队两两散开; [建筑学] 嵌上，搭上
时态：tailed, tailing, tails
分布：尾巴(75%)，尾部(12%)，跟踪(4%)，尾随(3%)，后部(2%)，辫子(1%)，逐渐减少(1%)，附于其后(1%)，为 ... 装尾巴(1%)
→来自古英语 taegl,尾巴，来自 Proto-Germanic*tagla,尾巴，尾毛，来自 dok,尾巴上的毛， 来自 dek,撕，扯，分开。
n.尾巴;尾部;跟踪者vt.尾随,跟踪Details about the tailor's tail are available from the prevailing dailies.有关我缝在尾巴的细节可从流行的日报上得到.
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 IMPROVER
■a part of an animal's body, sticking out from the base of the back, or something similar in shape or position 尾巴；尾状物
• The dog wagged its tail excitedly. 那只狗兴奋地摇着尾巴。
[teɪl] noun countable
PERSON FOLLOWING 跟随着的人 informal
■someone who follows another person to discover where the other person goes to, who they speak to, what they do, etc. 盯梢人
[teɪl] noun countable
COIN SIDE 硬币面
tails
uncountable
■the side of a coin which does not have a picture of someone's head on it 硬币反面（通常指没有头像的一面）
[teɪl] noun countable
JACKET 夹克衫
tails
[plural]
■a tailcoat
[teɪl] noun countable
be on sb's tail
■to follow someone closely 紧紧跟随（某人）
• That driver's been on my tail for miles. 那人驾车紧跟在我后面有好几英里了。
[teɪl] noun countable
get off your tail US slang
■to stop being lazy and start doing something 收心；准备做事
• You've just got to get off your tail and start looking for a job. 你应该收心了，开始找份工作吧。
[teɪl] noun countable
leave/go off, etc. with your tail between your legs
■to leave, feeling ashamed and embarrassed because you have failed or made a mistake （因失败或犯错）夹着尾巴离开，灰溜溜地离开，垂头丧气地走开
• The losing team went off with their tails between their legs. 失利的球队夹着尾巴灰溜溜地走了。
[teɪl] noun countable
tail wagging the dog
■when a large group has to do something to satisfy a small group 本末倒置，主次颠倒
[teɪl] verb transitive
■to follow and watch someone very closely, especially in order to get information secretly 跟踪（某人），盯（某人）的梢
• That car has been tailing me for the last 10 minutes. 那辆车一直在跟踪我，跟了有十分钟了。
[teɪl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  tail back UK
■If traffic tails back, it forms a long line and moves very slowly or stops （车辆）排起长龙
• There is traffic tailing back along the motorway for ten miles because of road repairs. 由于道路维修，车辆在高速公路上排起了十英里的长龙。
[teɪl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  tail off
■to reduce in amount or become lower in level 逐渐变小，逐渐减弱
• His voice tailed off as he drifted into sleep. 他迷迷糊糊地快睡着了，说话声越来越小。
• The profits tailed off after a few years. 几年后，利润越来越少。
n. 尾部；辫子；踪迹；燕尾服
 - track, rump
vt. 尾随；装上尾巴
 - dog, shadow
vi. 跟踪；变少或缩小
 - follow up the scent
adj. 尾部的；从后面而来的
 - caudal

Word: lorry
Front: lorry
[ˈlɒri] (高研四六 24926/3524 -K2)
Back: n. 运货汽车，机动卡车
分布：卡车(100%)
→词源不详。
n.卡车,运货汽车"Sorry, I'll borrow the lorry tomorrow," the sorrowful man said with worry in the corridor."对不起,明天我要借用这辆卡车."那个悲伤的人在走廊里担心地说.
US ['lɔ:r-] UK (US truck)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a large vehicle used for transporting goods 卡车，货车
• an articulated lorry 铰链式卡车
• a long-distance lorry driver 长途货车司机
car, bus, truck, lorry, coach, automobile, jeep, carriage, waggon
这些名词都与“车”有关。
car: 多指乘坐人的小汽车或轿车。
bus: 一般指公共汽车或大型客车。
truck: 与lorry同义，都指卡车或货车，前者为美国用词，后者用于英国。
coach: 原义指四轮马车，现指轿式汽车，长途公共汽车，还可指火车设有卧铺的车厢。
automobile: 是汽车的总称。
jeep: 吉普车，指一种小型轻便、适合在崎岖路面或野外使用的车子。
carriage: 指马车，两匹或两匹以上马拉的四轮马。
waggon: 指四轮运货马车或牛车，也指铁路的无盖货车。
n. （英）卡车； [车辆] 货车；运料车
 - truck, wagon

Word: precedent
Front: precedent
[ˈpresɪdənt] (研六托雅 5624/5093 -2)
Vocabulary: precedent
(once / 518 pages)
nadj
A precedent is something that sets a standard for future events. It's hard to say what the legal community would do without the word precedent, since so many legal judgments and decisions are based on what came before.
Lawyers and judges often look for a precedent can be used as a guide for a similar case. This word is used elsewhere too. Your mom might not let you stay up late because it would set a bad precedent for future bedtimes. A teacher who lets kids chew gum is setting a precedent that gum-chewing will be OK in the future. People often refer to a precedent later on as a reference point for how things should be.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
precedent / president
How has the United States affected this word pair, precedent and president? Let's find out.
Precedent refers to something that went before; it precedes something or serves as an example:
This may be a dangerous precedent that facilitates and enables dozens and potentially hundreds of unethical fathers to solicit money for their sons in a pay-for-play manner.
The decision sets up a precedent for other cases, which means it's possible that the ruling will be taken to the US Supreme Court.
There is no precedent for what Manny Pacquiao has now done, winning eight titles in eight weight classes.
President refers to the leader of an organization, the chief presider. It was first used to mean the executive leader of a republic in 1787 in the American colonies and is used in that manner in the U.S. Constitution:
The president of Fresno State University's student body acknowledged publicly that he is an illegal immigrant.
Eric Rosengren, the president of the Boston Federal Reserve Bank said Wednesday that he doubted the economy was about take off.
President Obama's planned meeting for Thursday with top Congressional leadership has been postponed until Nov. 30.
So you could say America set a precedent by creating the role of president within a republic.
WORD FAMILY
precedent: precedence, precedently, precedents+/ precede: preceded, precedency, precedent, precedes, preceding, precession/ precedence: precedences, precedential/precedency: precedencies/precession: precessions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her allies were delighted that Trump raised the precedent of Ronald Reagan’s bond with Margaret Thatcher in his first phone call with May.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“There is long historical precedent for a Supreme Court with fewer justices,” Cruz lied at a campaign event.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
“District judges are the first to encounter novel issues, and they must resolve them without the aid of guiding precedent,” the chief justice wrote.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 前例; 先例
adj. 在前的，在先的
分布：先例(91%)，惯例(4%)，在先的(3%)，先前的(2%)
→来自precede,先走，先于，-ent,现在分词后缀。词性由形容词变名词，引申词义先例，常规等。
先例(pre+ced走+ent→走在前面的东西→先例)[pre-表示"…前的,预先"]
先例;惯例(precede+ent→预先走的东西→先例)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
n.先例There is no precedent for such a procedure.这样的程序是没有前例的.
US [-ə.dent] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■an action, situation or decision which has already happened and which can be used as a reason why a similar action or decision should be performed or taken 先例，前例
• There are several precedents for promoting people who don't have formal qualifications. 提拔没有正式学历的人是有几个先例的。
• Some politicians fear that agreeing to the concession would set a dangerous precedent. 一些政客担心同意让步会开创危险的先例。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the way that something has been done in the past which therefore shows that it is the correct way 惯例
• Would it be breaking with precedent for the bride to make a speech? 新娘发表讲话是否有悖于惯例？
 ADVANCED countable legal
■a decision about a particular law case which makes it likely that other similar cases will be decided in the same way （可援引的）先例，判例
• The judgment on pension rights has established/set a precedent. 对养老金领取权的裁决成了一个判例。
adj. 在前的；在先的
 - prior, prius

Word: bidding
Front: bidding
[ˈbɪdɪŋ] (托 9796/11280)
Vocabulary: bidding
(once / 419 pages)
1n 2n
A person's bidding is what he or she tells you to do for them. You do your brother's bidding when he asks you to bring him his shoes and you comply.
Doing your boss's bidding is usually part of a job description, although doing your cousin's or boyfriend's bidding usually isn't required — at least, it shouldn't be. When you are invited to eat at a friend's house, you might have to watch a slide show from his trip to Hawaii after dinner at his bidding. Bidding stems from the verb bid, with its Old English root of biddan, "ask, entreat, beseech, or order."
WORD FAMILY
bidding: biddings+/ bid: bade, biddable, bidden, bidder, bidding, bids, overbid, underbid/ biddable: biddablest, biddably/bidder: bidders/overbid: overbidden, overbidding, overbids/underbid: underbidding, underbids
USAGE EXAMPLES
Scotland's Anderson, 46, bidding to become only the third man to win three successive titles, broke to lead 2-1.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
There are understandable questions about the bidding criteria.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Dolphins are bidding for their first playoff victory since 2000.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （尤指拍卖中的）出价; <非正>请求; 投标; 召唤
v. 出价，投标( bid的现在分词 ); 恳求; 命令; 说（问候话）
分布：投标(74%)，出价(17%)，命令(8%)，动词bid的现在分词形式.(1%)
noun uncountable
OFFER 提供
■when people offer to pay a particular amount of money for something 出价
• Most of the bidding was done by telephone. 大部分的出价是透过电话进行的。
open the bidding
■to make the first offer of money for an object at a public sale of goods 首先开价
['bɪd.ɪŋ] noun uncountable
TELL 吩咐
at sb's bidding old-fashioned
■You do something at someone's bidding if they have asked or told you to do it 遵从某人的吩咐或请求而做某事
• At my grandmother's bidding, I wore my best dress. 按照祖母的要求，我穿上了最漂亮的衣服。
n. 投标；出价；命令
 - instruction, order, word, charge, offer

Word: khan
Front: khan
[kɑ:n] (32300/7334)
Back: n. 可汗，汗
分布：可汗(77%)，商队客店(23%)
→来自土耳其语kan,王子，主人，缩写自khaqan,统治者，词源同汉语可汗，成吉思汗。
n. 可汗（对最高统治者的尊称）；商队客店
 - cham

Word: mad
Front: mad
[mæd] (中高研四六 2572/2592 -K3)
Vocabulary: mad
(once / 81 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you're mad about something, you've lost your temper. If you've gone mad, you've lost your mind.
Just like it's more common to be angry than to be insane, you're more likely to use mad to describe someone who's ticked off than to describe someone who has serious mental problems. If you say you're “mad about” something, you're saying you like it so much it distracts you.
WORD FAMILY
mad: madded, maddest, madding, madly, madness +/ madness: madnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Night of intoxication, O mad night!” the chorus sings.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
George Miller, who directed other “Mad Max” films, was at the helm of this reboot, starring Tom Hardy and Charlize Theron.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The prime minister must now decide how to position herself in this spaghetti western standoff between the Good, the Mad and the Fugly.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 疯狂的; 猛烈的; 着迷的; 〔口语〕愤怒的，生气的
vt. 使疯狂
级别：madder, maddest
分布：生气的(38%)，着迷的(28%)，狂热的(21%)，鲁莽的(9%)，极度激动的(4%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*maid,变坏，恶化，来自mei,改变，词源同mutual,miss.后引申词义心理失常的，发疯的。
a.发疯的;狂热的,着迷的;恼火的,生气的You mad madam, my dad doesn't like the bad badminton pad.你这个疯太太,我爸爸不喜欢这种坏羽毛球垫.
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
MENTALLY ILL 有精神疾病的
 ESSENTIAL offensive
■mentally ill, or unable to behave in a reasonable way; insane 疯的，神经错乱的，精神失常的
• I think I must be going mad. 我想我肯定要疯了。
• Do I look like some mad old woman in this hat? 我戴上这顶帽子看上去像个疯老太婆吗？
⇒ See also madhouse;madman
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
SILLY 愚蠢的
 IMPROVER mainly UK informal
■extremely silly or stupid; crazy 极其愚笨的；发疯的
• [+ to infinitive] You're mad to walk home alone at this time of night. 你发疯了，晚上这个时候独自一人走回家。
• He must be mad spending all that money on a coat. 他一定是疯了，花那么多钱买一件外套。
• Some of the things she does are completely mad. 她做的一些事情极其愚蠢。
⇒ See also madcap
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
ANGRY 生气的
 ADVANCED [after verb] informal
■very angry or annoyed 非常愤怒的，狂怒的；十分恼火的
• He's always complaining and it makes me so mad. 他没完没了地抱怨，令我十分恼火。
• mainly US Are you still mad at me? 你还在生我的气吗？
• mainly UK Kerry got really mad with Richard for not doing the washing up. 理查没有洗碗，克丽大发雷霆。
• Bill's untidiness drives me mad. 比尔的邋遢真让我受不了。
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
HURRYING 匆忙的 [before noun] hurrying or excited and not having time to think or plan 发疯似的；忙乱的
• We made a mad dash for the train. 我们发疯似的赶火车。
• I was in a mad panic/rush trying to get everything ready. 我发疯似的急急忙忙想把一切准备好。
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
ENTHUSIASTIC 热情的
be mad about sb/sth informal
■to love someone or something 喜爱，对…着迷
• He's the first real boyfriend she's had and she's mad about him. 他是她第一个真正的男朋友，她很迷恋他。
• He's mad about football. 他对足球着迷。
be mad for sb/sth UK informal
■to want someone or something very much, or to be very interested in them 极想要；对…极感兴趣
• Everyone's mad for him and I just don't see the attraction. 大家都为他倾倒，可我就没看出他哪里有吸引力。
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
(as) mad as a hatter / March hare
■extremely silly or stupid 非常愚蠢的
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
Don't get mad, get even.
■something that you say in order to tell someone not to be angry when someone has upset them, but to do something that will upset them as much 别激动，报复吧！（告诉别人与其为人困扰，不如以牙还牙）
• This is my advice to wives whose husbands have left them for a younger woman - don't get mad, get even! 这是我对丈夫另觅年轻新欢而遭到抛弃的妻子的忠告－－别激动，你就以其人之道还诸其身吧！
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
like mad informal
■If you do something like mad, you do it very enthusiastically, quickly or a lot 疯狂地；拚命地；极快地
• She's been saving like mad because she wants to buy a car. 她想买汽车，所以在拚命存钱。
mad, crazy, mental
这组词都有“发疯的，精神错乱的”的意思，其区别是：
mad: 语气比crazy正式，但系普通用词。通常指人精神狂乱，完全不能自我控制的一种病态。
crazy: 通俗用词，指极度的神经错乱或精神失常，也指对事物的狂势，失去自控能力。
mental: 通常指患有精神病的。
angry, indignant, mad
这些形容词均有“发怒的，愤怒的”之意。
angry: 侧重以愤怒的表情、激烈的言辞或威胁的目光等来表达感情。
indignant: 侧重愤怒是有充分理由和正当的。
mad: 多用于非正式文体和讲话中，与angry意义相近。
adj. 疯狂的；发疯的；愚蠢的；着迷的
 - crazy, possessed, foolish, stupid, bugs
n. 狂怒
 - fury, agriothymia

Word: shortfall
Front: shortfall
[ˈʃɔ:tfɔ:l] (六 10472/8933 -1)
Back: n. 缺少; 不足之数; 亏空
分布：不足(79%)，差额(21%)
US ['ʃɔ:rt.fɑ:l] noun countable
■an amount which is less than the level that was expected or needed 不足之数；缺口；差额
• The drought caused serious shortfalls in the food supply. 干旱造成了严重的粮食供应短缺。
n. 差额；缺少
 - poverty, apart from

Word: sole
Front: sole
[səʊl] (研四六托雅 4535/3275 -2)
Vocabulary: sole
(once / 151 pages)
1nv 2adj 3n
Sole means not shared with others. If it's your sole responsibility to make the chocolate cake for a party, it's all on you.
Sole comes from the Latin solus, meaning "alone," and it can describe being the only person involved in something, like being the sole member of the Special People Club. As a noun, your sole is the bottom of your foot. If you order sole in a restaurant, you'll get a flat fish that looks like the bottom of your shoe. Although they sound alike, if you order the soul, the waitperson might send you to a church down the street.
WORD FAMILY
sole: resole, soled, soleless, solely, soling+/resole: resoled, resoles, resoling
USAGE EXAMPLES
Being the sole breadwinner is bad for men's health but good for women's.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
There are no hard-and-fast rules to this process, but Jacomo is the sole arbiter.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Kashiba’s Crispy Rex Sole not only includes dainty fried fillets of fish but also the deep-fried skeleton, a crisp, salty, delicious bonus.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 单独的; 惟一的; 专有的，独占的
n. 鞋底; 有…底的 -soled; 脚底; 鳎（可食用比目鱼）
vt. 给（鞋）换底
时态：soled, soling, soles
分布：唯一的(66%)，鞋底(22%)，脚底(9%)，独占的(2%)，鳎鱼(1%)
→来自拉丁语 solus,单独的，唯一的，词源不详。可能来自 se,自己，来自 swo,自身，词源 同 self,solitary.引申比喻义全权处理的。sole 脚掌，鳎（一种可食用比目鱼）
单个的n.　鞋底[Sol=alone,表示"单独"]
a.单独的,唯一的n.脚垫,鞋底The man who broke the sole solid lid is solemnly condemned.打破这个仅有的实心盖子的人受到庄严谴责.
US [soʊl] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■being one only; single 唯一的，单一的
• My sole objective is to make the information more widely available. 我唯一的目的就是让更多的人能了解到这些资讯。
• The sole survivor of the accident was found in the water after six hours. 事故唯一的幸存者于六小时后在水里被发现。
 ADVANCED
■not shared with anyone else 专用的，独享的
• She has sole responsibility for the project. 她独立负责该企划案。
• I have sole charge of both children all day. 我一个人要照顾两个孩子一整天。
UK [səʊl] US [soʊl] noun countable
FOOT 脚 (plural soles)
■the bottom part of a foot which touches the ground when you stand or walk, or the bottom part of a shoe which touches the ground, usually not including the heel 脚底；鞋底
• a cut on the sole of her foot 她脚底的伤口
• shoes with rubber soles 胶底的鞋子
UK [səʊl] US [soʊl] noun countable
FISH 鱼 (plural sole)
■one of a number of flat round fish which are eaten as food 比目鱼，鲽鱼
• lemon sole 檬鲽
• Dover sole 多佛鲽鱼
UK [səʊl] US [soʊl] verb transitive
■to put a new sole on a shoe 给（鞋）换新底
unique, single, only, alone, sole
这组词都有“唯一的”的意思，其区别是：
unique: 非正式用词，侧重在一类中唯一无可匹敌、无与伦比的特征。
single: 语气较强，强调仅此一个，再无第二个。
only: 普通用词，常可与sole换用，但侧重仅限于指定的人或物，而不需要更多。
alone: 着重专指某人或某物，而不是别的。
sole: 语气强于only，指仅有一个或一群，只考虑这一个或这一群。
n. [服装] 鞋底；脚底；基础；鳎目鱼
 - elements, basis, foundation, base, bed
adj. 唯一的； [法] 单独的；仅有的
 - alone, unique, independent, one, isolated

Word: slum
Front: slum
[slʌm] (研四六托雅 9642/8570 -1)
Vocabulary: slum
(once / 1319 pages)
nv
A slum is a poor area of a big city. A slum is usually overcrowded and dirty, a discouraging place to live.
Some of a city's neighborhoods are fancy and full of wealthy people, while others are slums (and most are somewhere in between). In a slum, most people are poor. The living conditions are inferior in a slum, which may not have the stores, restaurants, and health services its residents want or need. In the early 1800's, the term was back slum, which meant "back alley" or "street of poor people," and was eventually shortened to simply slum.
WORD FAMILY
slum: slummed, slumming, slummy, slums+/slummy: slummily
USAGE EXAMPLES
She was now selling samosas in the slum to survive.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The BBC visited Dharavi, a sprawling slum in the centre of Mumbai, which is ordinarily a hub of small scale industry.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Mr Latham also campaigned for tenants' rights, a particular issue in his part of London, in which slum landlords operated.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 贫民窟，贫民区
vi. （因好奇而）逛贫民区
时态：slummed, slumming, slums
分布：贫民窟(97%)，访问贫民区(3%)
→缩写自 back slum,后街，穷人街，来自俚语 slum,房间，屋子，可能来自拟声词，模仿破屋子 嘎吱嘎吱的声音。比较 slam,slammer.
n.贫民窟,贫民区,陋巷Many colored people live in the slum near the Main Street.梅因街附近的贫民窟里住着许多有色人种居民.
noun countable
■a very poor and crowded area, especially of a city （尤指城市中的）贫民窟，棚户区
• an inner-city slum 市中心的贫民窟
• She was brought up in the slums of Lima. 她在利马的贫民区长大。
■informal disapproving
■a very untidy or dirty place 脏乱的地方
• This flat would be an absolute slum if I wasn't here to clean it. 如果不是我在这里打扫，这套公寓会脏乱得完全不像样。
[slʌm] verb informal
slum it
■to spend time in conditions which are much less good than the standard that you are used to 过穷日子，过简朴的生活
• We ran out of money on holiday and had to slum it in cheap hostels. 我们假期里把钱都花光了，所以不得不降低标准住进了廉价旅馆。
n. [经] 贫民窟；陋巷；脏乱的地方
 - bustee, rookery

Word: shy
Front: shy
[ʃaɪ] (中研四六托 4407/5301 -K2)
Vocabulary: shy
(once / 256 pages)
1adjv 2vnadj
Making small talk is not much fun for a shy person. Shy means being nervous or reserved around other people, especially in a social situation.
Someone who's extremely shy might blush or stammer when talking to a group of people. Shy can also mean "tending to avoid," like when someone is "camera shy," or if they "shy away" from being straightforward. The Old English root scēoh, "easily frightened," originally only referred to a horse, and came from a Germanic root meaning "scare."
WORD FAMILY
shy: shied, shier, shies, shiest, shyed, shyer, shyest, shying, shyly, shyness, shys+/shyness: shynesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Butler was a point shy of his career high, which he got Jan. 14, 2016 at Philadelphia.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
By some counts the states are a half-dozen shy of the number needed to force a convention on that subject.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is barely shy of the $400 million mark globally, Disney officials report.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 害羞的; 怕羞的; 害怕（做）; <美>缺乏的
vi. 惊退，畏缩; 避开（某人）; （用石子，球等）乱投
n. 投掷; （马）惊退，惊逸; 投扔，乱丢
时态：shied, shying, shies
分布：害羞的(69%)，腼腆的(24%)，胆怯的(7%)
→来自古英语 sceoh,害羞的，来自 Proto-Germanic*skiuhwaz,害羞的，畏惧的，可能来自 skeu, 隐藏，遮盖，词源同 hide,shun.shy 投掷，乱扔
a.怕羞的,腼腆的;胆怯的vi.惊退,畏缩The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身.
adjective
NERVOUS 紧张
 IMPROVER (shyer, shyest)
■nervous and uncomfortable with other people 害羞的，羞怯的
• He was too shy to ask her to dance with him. 他太害羞了，不敢邀请她跳舞。
• She gave a shy smile. 她害羞地笑了一下。
• Children are often shy of/with people they don't know. 孩子们和不认识的人在一起时常常会害羞。
• The deer were shy (= unwilling to be near people) and hid behind some trees. 那些鹿怕人，都藏在树后。
[ʃaɪ] adjective
LESS 不足
[after noun]
■less than; lacking 不足的，缺乏的
• We're only £100 shy of the total amount. 我们离总数只差100英镑了。
[ʃaɪ] verb
HORSES 马
intransitive
■(of a horse) to suddenly move sideways or backwards, especially because of fear （马）受惊，惊退
• The horse shied at the fence. 马在栅栏前惊退。
• There's a lot of traffic on the road - I'm sure my horse is going to shy. 路上交通很拥挤——我敢肯定我的马会受惊。
[ʃaɪ] verb
THROW 扔
transitive usually + adverb or preposition old-fashioned informal
■to throw something suddenly, often in a sideways movement （常指向一侧）投掷，扔
• Two small boys were shying stones at a tree. 两个小男孩在朝一棵树扔石头。
[ʃaɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  shy away from sth
■to avoid something that you dislike, fear or do not feel confident about （因不喜欢、害怕或缺乏自信而）退缩，躲避，畏避
• I've never shied away from hard work. 我从未畏避过艰苦的工作。
adj. 害羞的；畏缩的，胆怯的
 - chicken, blate
vi. 投；畏缩；惊退；厌恶
 - cast, recoil from
vt. 投；乱掷
 - throw, cast, pitch
n. 投掷；惊跳
 - putting, cast, throw, jump

Word: whenever
Front: whenever
[wenˈevə(r)] (中高研四六 2314/2572 -K3)
Back: adv. 究竟什么时候; 不论何时
conj. 无论什么时候; 随时; 无论何时; 每当
分布：每当(71%)，无论何时(19%)，随时(10%)
conj.无论何时,随时;每当Hence the hen cries whenever it sees a chicken.从此每当那只母鸡看见小鸡时就叫.
US [-ɚ] adverb conjunction
 IMPROVER
■every or any time 每当，无论何时
• I blush whenever I think about it. 每当我想到它就会脸红。
• Whenever I go there they seem to be in bed. 每次我去那里，他们似乎都在睡觉。
• I try to use olive oil whenever possible. 我尽可能使用橄榄油。
• "Will it be okay if I do it tomorrow?" "Sure, whenever (= then or at any other time)." “我明天做行不行？”“当然可以，甚么时候都行。”
• Do it in a spare moment at the weekend or whenever - it really doesn't matter. 在周末或其他别的甚么空闲时间做都行——真的没关系。
• I'm talking about last July or whenever it was you got back from India. 我正在谈论你从印度回来的时间，去年七月还是其他甚么时候。
UK [wen'ev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
■used instead of 'when' to add emphasis to a phrase, usually expressing surprise 究竟甚么时候，到底甚么时候（用于代替 when 以加强语气，表示惊讶）
• Whenever do you get the time to do these things? 你到底甚么时候有时间做这些事情？
• Whenever did Jane see a fortune teller? 简究竟甚么时候找过算命先生？
conj. 每当；无论何时
 - ubi

Word: inefficient
Front: inefficient
[ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃnt] (四六 9644/7777 -2)
Vocabulary: inefficient
(once / 1456 pages)
adj
Inefficient things waste time, money, or other resources. Your old inefficient dishwasher uses much more water and electricity than a new model would. Shame on you.
Inefficient businesses have trouble making money and growing, and an inefficient city bus system might transport just a few passengers at a time. If your car is inefficient, it gets terrible gas mileage and is expensive to drive. If something is efficient, it's productive and inexpensive. Inefficient has the opposite meaning, which is clear from the "not" prefix in-.
WORD FAMILY
inefficient: inefficiency, inefficiently+/ efficiency: efficiencies/ efficient: efficiency, efficiently, inefficient /inefficiency: inefficiencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I was inefficient with my energy,” he said, with a shrug.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
They are inefficient, expensive to heat, cool and maintain, and they don’t fit the needs of the modern workplace, the Army says.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Surely it’s not surprising that the Pentagon is inefficient and would prefer to pretend it’s not.
Washington Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adj. 无效率的，无能的; 不称职的; 徒劳的
分布：无效率的(47%)，无能的(30%)，不称职的(23%)
→in-,不，非，efficient,有效率的。
adjective
■not organized, skilled or able to work satisfactorily 低效率的；能力差的
• Existing methods of production are expensive and inefficient. 现行的生产方法既昂贵效率又低。
• I'm hopelessly inefficient at mending things. 我永远也不会修理东西。
insufficient, inefficient, incompetent, ineffective
insufficient: 不充分的
inefficient: 效率低的
incompetent: 不胜任的
ineffective: 无效果的
adj. 无效率的，效率低的；无能的
 - helpless, talentless

Word: description
Front: description
[dɪˈskrɪpʃn] (高研四六雅 2171/1441 -K3)
Vocabulary: description
(once / 103 pages)
n
A description puts something in words, like a portrait puts a person in paint. The lawnmower you came home with did not quite fit the description of the dishwasher you went shopping for.
The root for description is the Latin word descriptio, meaning “to write down.” The “script” in description tells you that a good description makes what it describes come to life, like a script for a movie. Your description of that fudge almond swirl ice cream was so good I could taste it! Unfortunately, I'm allergic to nuts.
WORD FAMILY
description: descriptions+/describable: indescribable / describe: describable, described, describes, describing, description, descriptive / descriptive: descriptively, descriptivism, undescriptive/ indescribable: indescribably/undescriptive: undescriptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
If he couldn’t fill the job description, he said, there was no use trying to fake it.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities say police pursued a vehicle Thursday that matched the description of one involved in an earlier armed robbery.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Each personality description gets a little convoluted, but suffice it to say that this is at least an interesting way to approach losing weight.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 描述; 形容; 种类; 类型
分布：描述(90%)，说明书(5%)，类型(4%)，刻画(1%)
描绘,形容(de+script+ion)[scrib,script=write,表示"写"]
n.描写,形容;种类The pious man is dubious about the vicious civilian's vivid description of his vicinity to his wife.虔诚的男子对邪恶的平民生动的描述他与其妻子的密切(关系)半信半疑.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that tells you what something or someone is like 描述，描写，描绘
• Write a description of your favourite seaside resort. 描述一下你最喜欢的海滨胜地。
• She has given the police a very detailed/full description of the robber. 她向员警详细描述了抢劫者的相貌。
• A girl answering (= matching) the description of the missing teenager was spotted in Hull. 有人在赫尔发现一个女孩，相貌特征符合失踪少女的描述。
• Your essay contains too much description, and not enough discussion of the issues. 你的文章描述性内容太多，而对问题的讨论不足。
of every description
■of all types 各种各样的
• Boats of every description were entering the harbour. 各种船只正在驶入港湾。
be beyond description (also defy description)
■to be something that you cannot describe accurately because of its great size, quality or level 无法形容，难以描述
• Her beauty is beyond description. 她的美无与伦比。
• The mess in Bart's room defies description (= is very bad) ! 巴特的房间乱得难以形容！
exposition, definition, description, explanation, interpretation
这组词都有“解释”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 通常指对论点、假设、理论等的重点作详尽的阐述。
definition: 主要指对某一词、短语或专门术语的含义作解释、下定义。
description: 指对某一事物的重要方面进行详细叙述，常含教育与启迪意味。
explanation: 普通用词，指使人明白未知或不清楚的事。
interpretation: 多指对文字上较难的段落，或难于理解，令人迷惑的问题作出解释或说明。
n. 描述，描写；类型；说明书
 - presentation, type, style, characterization

Word: fern
Front: fern
[fɜ:n] (宝 8976/10197 -1)
Back: n. <植>羊齿植物，蕨类植物
分布：蕨(93%)，羊齿植物(7%)
→来自por-no, 羽毛，翅膀，来自per,展开，向前，词源同ford, forth.因这种植物张开的叶子而得名。
US [fɝ:n] noun countable
■a green plant with long stems, leaves like feathers and no flowers 蕨；蕨类植物
n. [植] 蕨；蕨类植物
 - Pteridophyta, filicales

Word: recipient
Front: recipient
[rɪˈsɪpiənt] (研六托雅宝 3919/5361 -2)
Vocabulary: recipient
(once / 570 pages)
1n 2n
A recipient is the person on the receiving end of something. Meryl Streep is the recipient of more Academy Award nominations than any other actor.
Just as an actor can be the recipient of a prize for acting, a banker can be the recipient of a bonus for good banking. You'll notice the connection between recipient and receive. In order to be a recipient you have to receive something, whether it's a prize or just a letter in the mail. If it's true that it's better to give than to receive, does that mean it's better to be a giver than a recipient?
WORD FAMILY
recipient: recipients+/ receive: receivable, received, receiver, receives, receiving, reception, receptive, receptor, recipient /receiver: receivers, receivership/receivership: receiverships/ reception: receptionist, receptions/ receptionist: receptionists/ receptive: receptively, receptiveness, receptivity, unreceptive/ receptivity: receptivities/receptor: receptors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Couriers may be useful if you and your intended recipient are in the same city.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Twenty-four transplant recipients — including Whalen — will row in unison as the float moves.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The organization allows donor families and the recipients to keep in touch with one another after the transplant.
New York Times(Aug 08, 2016)
Back: n. 接受者; 容器; 容纳者
adj. 容易接受的; 感受性强的
分布：接受者(78%)，收信人(22%)
→re-,向后，往回，-cip,抓住，词源同 receive,participate.即接收者。
a.接受的,感受性强的n.接受者,感受者,容器The recipe recipient transiently made the conscientious alien client unconscious.烹饪法接受者瞬变使有责任心的外国人客户无意识.
[rɪ'sɪp.i.ənt] formal
noun countable
■a person who receives something 接受者；领受者；承受者
• This latest cut in government spending will affect income support recipients and their families. 最近这次政府削减开支会影响到拿政府补助金的人及其家庭。
• He was a recipient of the Civilian Service Award. 他被授予平民服务奖章。
n. [包装] 容器， [通信] 接受者；容纳者
 - container, vessel, receiver, pocket, bin
adj. 容易接受的，感受性强的
 - acceptant, susceptive

Word: emergence
Front: emergence
[ɪ'mɜ:dʒəns] (托 5719/5170)
Vocabulary: emergence
(once / 3356 pages)
n
An emergence is when something comes into view — like the emergence of a seedling in a garden or the famous emergence of Punxsutawney Phil on Groundhog Day — which is supposed to show how soon spring will "emerge."
Emergence is a noun that goes back to the Latin root emergere, meaning "bring to light," and it came into English in the 17th century. Just as something comes to light or shows up where there was darkness or nothing before, an emergence happens — like new technologies such as the emergence of e-readers. Pronouncing emergence is the same as pronouncing emergency but without the long e sound at the end.
WORD FAMILY
emergence: emergences+/ emerge: emerged, emergence, emergent, emerges, emerging, emersion, re-emerge/ emergency: emergencies/ emergent: emergency / emersion: emersions/re-emerge: re-emerged, re-emerging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pittsburgh’s seven-game winning streak to end the regular season coincided with the versatile Bell’s emergence as one of the league’s most dynamic players.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That it appears ready to do so is a sign of China’s fear of the rapid emergence of groups like Youngspiration.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The poem’s emphasis on Odysseus’ cunning starts to seem like the celebration of the emergence of a new kind of consciousness.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 出现，发生; 暴露; [植]突出体，（柑果的）瓤胞
分布：出现(97%)，浮现(2%)，露出(1%)
浮现,出现(emerge+ence)[merg,mers=sink,表示"沉,没"]
US [-'mɝ:-] noun uncountable
BECOMING KNOWN 变得出名
■when something becomes known or starts to exist 崭露头角
• China's emergence as an economic power 中国以经济强国的面貌崭露头角
• the emergence of a new strain of the HIV virus 一种刚发现的新型 HIV 病毒
UK [ɪ'mɜ:.dʒənts] US [-'mɝ:-] noun uncountable
APPEARING 出现 formal
■when someone appears by coming out from behind something （从某物后）出现
• Unfortunately, I misjudged the timing of my emergence. 很不幸，我错误地判断了我出现的时机。
■when someone or something comes to the end of a difficult period or experience 摆脱困境
• the country's emergence from bankruptcy 该国从破产的困境中挣脱出来
emergency, emergence
emergency: 意为“紧急情况”，“突然事件”。
emergence: 是emerge的名词形式。
n. 出现，浮现；发生；露头
 - occurrence, appearance, going on, becoming, rise

Word: breathe
Front: breathe
[bri:ð] (中高研四托 2264/2434 -K3)
Vocabulary: breathe
(once / 103 pages)
v
When you breathe you take air into your lungs and let it out in a regular rhythm. Living things need to breathe to live.
This word has several meanings related to living and taking in air. When someone says "As long as I breathe!" they mean "As long as I live!" In music, some silence can let the piece breathe. If you need a moment or room to breathe, you need a break. Wine breathes when it’s uncorked, enhancing its flavor. Breathing life into something gives it new energy. If this explanation has made you nervous, breathe deeply — that helps many people to relax.
WORD FAMILY
breathe: breathed, breather, breathes, breathing+/breather: breathers/breathing: breathingly, breathings
USAGE EXAMPLES
I start to shake, and my breathing grows rapid.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It is this metabolic activity that keeps you alive and breathing and, very importantly, warm.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
His seizures became more severe, and he underwent a tracheotomy to help him breathe.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 呼吸; 活着，生存; 小憩一会儿，歇歇气; 散发香气
vt. 呼吸; 吸进（如香气）; 尤指平静地吐露，低语; 使…明显的，暗示
时态：breathed, breathing, breathes
分布：呼吸(97%)，注入(2%)，轻声说(1%)
v.呼吸,吸入You mustn't breathe a word of it.这件事你不得泄漏只字片语.
verb
AIR 空气
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move air into and out of the lungs 呼吸
• It's so airless in here - I can hardly breathe. 这里太闷了——我几乎不能呼吸。
• The instructor told us to breathe in deeply and then breathe out slowly. 教练让我们深吸气，然后慢慢吐气。
• I'm sorry if I'm breathing (= blowing out air containing) garlic fumes all over you! 如果我口里的大蒜味儿薰着你了，我很抱歉！
[bri:ð] verb
WORDS 说话
intransitive [+ speech] literary
■to say something very quietly 低声说
• "Here they come, " he breathed. “他们来了，”他低声说。
[bri:ð] verb
WINE 酒
intransitive specialized
■If you allow wine to breathe, you open the bottle for a short time before you drink from it, in order to improve the wine's flavour. （让酒）通气飘香
[bri:ð] verb
breathe your last literary
■to die 咽气，死
• Her eyes fluttered open for a moment and then she breathed her last. 她的眼睛眨动了一会儿，咽下了最后一口气。
[bri:ð] verb
breathe down sb's neck disapproving
■to stay close to someone, watching everything that they do 紧紧盯住（某人）；监视（某人）
• It's awful having a boss who breathes down your neck all the time. 有个时刻盯着你的老板实在令人讨厌。
[bri:ð] verb
breathe (new) life into
■to bring new ideas and energy to 带来起色；注入活力
• We need some new people to breathe life into this project. 我们需要一些新人来给这个企划案注入活力。
vi. 呼吸；低语；松口气；（风）轻拂
 - half-whisper, susurrate
vt. 呼吸；使喘息；流露；低声说
 - beam, respire

Word: participation
Front: participation
[pɑ:ˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn] (2214/2915)
Vocabulary: participation
(once / 710 pages)
n
Participation in extracurricular activities makes you a well-rounded person. Getting involved in different groups and pursuits is not only educational, but also an opportunity to make lifelong friends.
Notice that the first syllable in this noun is part-, as in, “take part.” Participation is the act of participating, or being related to a larger whole. Another word for this is involvement. A person can enjoy participation in a club, a celebration, or even a conversation.
WORD FAMILY
participation: nonparticipation, participations+/ participate: participated, participates, participating, participation, participatory
USAGE EXAMPLES
An appeals court recently voided the convictions of 73 police officers for their participation in the killings, raising criticism from human rights groups.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some people voiced strong opposition, while others support the band’s participation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The fund helps pay off principal and interest on certificates of participation, a type of public borrowing with shorter terms than most bond issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 参加，参与; 分享
分布：参与(82%)，参加(18%)
US [pɑ:rˌtɪs.ə-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you take part or become involved in something 参加，参与
n. 参与；分享；参股
 - privy to, concernment

Word: forgive
Front: forgive
[fəˈgɪv] (高研四六雅 3595/3395 -K2)
Vocabulary: forgive
(once / 93 pages)
v
If you forgive someone, you stop blaming him. You should really forgive your kid sister for eating the rest of the cake.
Forgive comes from the Old English forgiefan, which also means "forgive," just with cooler spelling. When you forgive someone or something, that's the end of the story. Eventually, you will have to either forgive your friend for stealing your boyfriend, or stop being her friend. Loans can also be forgiven. If your credit card company forgives your debt, that means you no longer have to pay it.
WORD FAMILY
forgive: forgave, forgivable, forgiven, forgiver, forgives, forgiving+/ forgivable: forgivably, unforgivable/forgiven: forgiveness / forgiveness: forgivenesses/forgiver: forgivers/forgiving: forgivingest, forgivingly, forgivingness, unforgiving/unforgivable: unforgivablest, unforgivably/unforgiving: unforgivingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tell him you were upset your children were prevented from meeting their cousin and ask him to forgive you for your pettiness.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
“It’s about how we sometimes forgive the lunatic behaviour of artists and call it “eccentricity”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
As news spread, more people started calling him a sellout for forgiving McGraw.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 原谅; 饶恕; 对不起; 请原谅
vt. 免除
时态：forgave, forgiven, forgiving, forgives
分布：原谅(77%)，宽恕(15%)，饶恕(8%)
→来自古英语forgiefan, 给予，允许，for-, 完全的，give, 给予，施予。用来翻译法语词pardon, 原谅。后词义由允许过渡到原谅。
v.原谅,饶恕He will never forgive his parents for what they have done to him.他永远也不会原谅父母对自己做过的事情.
US [fɚ-] (forgave, forgiven)
verb intransitive or transitive [not continuous]
 ESSENTIAL
■to stop blaming or being angry with someone for something they have done, or not punish them for something 原谅；宽恕
• I don't think she's ever quite forgiven me for getting her name wrong that time. 我认为那次把她的名字弄错后她一直都没完全原谅我。
• I've never found it easy to forgive and forget (= to behave as if something wrong had never happened). 我觉得不念旧恶殊为不易。
• [R] I'd never forgive my self if anything happened to the kids. 要是孩子们有个三长两短，我永远也不会原谅自己。
forgive me formal
 IMPROVER
■used before you ask or say something that might seem rude 对不起，请原谅
• Forgive me for asking, but how much did you pay for your bag? 请原谅我问一下，你的袋子花了多少钱？
pardon, overlook, forgive, excuse
这组词都有“原谅”的意思，其区别是：
pardon: 比excuse正式，指原谅或宽恕严重的过失或法律上的犯罪行为；在社会交场合则指对打搅他人表示歉意。
overlook: 语气较弱，指宽容或不计较无关大局的过失。
forgive: 侧重从心里宽恕某人，暗示放弃一切愤恨和要求报偿的权利。
excuse: 口语常用词，语气较轻。指原谅轻微的过错、疏忽或过失。
vt. 原谅；免除（债务、义务等）
 - discharge, pardon for

Word: conservatism
Front: conservatism
[kənˈsɜ:vətɪzəm] (托 9228/9076 -1)
Vocabulary: conservatism
(once / 2324 pages)
n
When people discuss politics and mention the word conservatism, they're talking about a philosophy that favors making few changes in society, sticking with traditions, and often spending as little money as possible.
Conservatism is most often used to describe the beliefs of right-wing politicians and the people who tend to vote for them. There are some who practice fiscal conservatism — which focuses on reducing spending and cutting budgets — while being more liberal socially. Social conservatism tends to favor things like traditional roles for women and men, and to object to major changes in society like same sex marriage. A person who embraces conservatism is called a conservative.
WORD FAMILY
conservatism: conservatisms, neoconservatism
USAGE EXAMPLES
But his Presidency, especially if it is successful, will inevitably change the shape of conservatism in the United States.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
His claim to authority is a stint in the Reagan White House, and a string of books outlining his philosophy of “constitutional conservatism”.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Political and social conservatism, shot through with a panic about a disease that neither leader seemed eager to even acknowledge, was the prevailing mood.
Salon(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 保守主义; 守旧性; 〈英〉保守党（的主张]）
分布：保守主义(95%)，守旧性(5%)
US [-'sɝ:.və.tˌɪ-] noun uncountable
■the quality of often not liking or trusting change, especially sudden change 保守主义，守旧性
n. 保守主义；守旧性
 - Toryism

Word: ore
Front: ore
[ɔ:(r)] (研四六托雅宝 10340/8191 -1)
Vocabulary: ore
(once / 459 pages)
1n 2n
Ore is a rock that contains minerals like iron, gold, or lead. The seven dwarfs in the movie "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" worked mining ore.
Another meaning of ore is a Swedish unit of money. The krona is made up of 100 ore. In this use, ore is usually spelled with an umlaut over the o — öre. In English, ore is most commonly used to mean a material from which valuable metals or gems can be extracted. In Old English, ora means unwrought metal and ar means bronze. Both root words are thought to have influenced this sense of ore.
WORD FAMILY
ore: ores
USAGE EXAMPLES
During the month of January, Mr. Ore is a Canada Dry kind of guy.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It also includes 1 million acres rich in uranium ore where new mining claims are banned through 2032.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
He then fled to Eugene, Ore., intending to steal his twin brother’s identity, before deciding to return to Bellingham and surrender.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 矿; 矿石，矿砂
分布：矿(67%)，矿石(33%)
→来自古英语ora,矿石，矿土，未冶炼金属，词源同earth.同时受另一个古英语词ar影响，黄铜，铜矿，来自aus,金黄色的，词源同aurora,ormolu.
n.矿石,矿砂The boring boy bored ashore for ore core at the score.讨厌的男孩在海岸上的刻线处钻探矿核.
US [ɔ:r] noun countable or uncountable
■rock or soil from which metal can be obtained （含金属的）矿石，矿砂
• iron/copper ore 铁／铜矿石
n. [矿物] 矿；矿石
 - mine

Word: prayer
Front: prayer
[preə(r)] (高研四六 2098/2644 -K2)
Vocabulary: prayer
(once / 71 pages)
n
A prayer is something you say to a god or deity. Your prayer can be silent words of thanks or a plea for help that's spoken out loud.
Most religious believers say a prayer from time to time. While some people might use prayer as part of their plan for recovering from an illness, others bend their heads in prayer whenever they attend church or temple services. You can also say a non-religious prayer, just an entreaty or request for help. Prayer, from the Old French prier, has a Latin root: precaria, "obtained by prayer or given as a favor."
WORD FAMILY
prayer: prayerful, prayers+/ pray: prayed, prayer, praying, prays/prayerful: prayerfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
The day is full-fledged production, complete with corsages for lawmakers, prayers and judges swearing them in.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
About 200 Muslims who hold their prayers in rented hotel space in Manassas want to build their own space.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She told him she believed in the power of prayer and in miracles.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 祈祷; 祈祷（习惯）; 祈祷文; 经文
分布：祈祷(56%)，祷告(40%)，祷文(3%)，祈祷者(1%)
n.祈祷,祷告,祷文The X-rayed prayer preyed a gray tray.照过X光的祈祷者捕获了一个灰色盘子.
US [prer] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■the words that someone says or thinks when they are praying 祷文，祷词
• a prayer of thanks 表示感谢的祷文
• She always says her prayers (= prays) before she goes to sleep. 她睡前总要念祷文。
• We thought he'd been killed, but our prayers were answered when he arrived home unexpectedly. 我们以为他已经死了，但我们的祷告实现了，他出人意料地回家了。
• a prayer book 祈祷书
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the act or ceremony in which someone prays 祈祷；祈祷仪式
• I found her kneeling in prayer at the back of the church. 我发现她正跪在教堂后面祈祷。
• The prisoners find their only solace in prayer. 犯人们从祈祷中寻求仅有的慰藉。
UK [preər] US [prer] noun
not have a prayer
■to have no chance of succeeding （做…）没有成功的机会
• She hasn't a prayer of winning the competition. 她没有机会赢得这场比赛。
n. 祈祷，祷告；恳求；祈祷文
 - suit, blessing

Word: smell
Front: smell
[smel] (中高托 2390/2651 -K3)
Back: n. 嗅觉; 气味; 臭味; 发出臭气的人[东西]
vt. & vi.& link-v. 嗅，闻; 闻出，发觉，查出; 发出…的气味
时态：smelled, smelt, smelling, smells
分布：闻(49%)，气味(32%)，嗅(12%)，嗅觉(5%)，察觉(1%)，有臭味(1%)
→来自中古英语 smellen,闻，嗅，散发气味，来自 Proto-Germanic*smuljana,燃烧，冒烟，来自 smel,燃烧，冒烟，词源同 smolder.引申诸相关词义。
n.气味;嗅觉v.嗅,闻到;散发(...的)气味Spell smell! Very well, the well-being for human being will swell.拼写气味(一词)!很好,人类的福利将会膨胀.
verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
CHARACTERISTIC 特征
 ESSENTIAL intransitive [L only + adj]
■to have a particular quality that others can notice with their noses 有…气味，发出…气味
• My hands smell UKof / USlike onions. 我手上有洋葱味。
• That cake smells good. 那蛋糕闻起来不错。
• There's something in the fridge that smells mouldy. 冰箱里有东西闻起来发霉了。
• Your feet smell (= have an unpleasant smell). Why don't you wash them? 你的脚很臭，为甚么不洗洗呢？
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
DISCOVER 发现
 ADVANCED transitive
■to notice or discover something using the nose 闻出，闻到
• Come and smell these flowers! 过来闻闻这些花！
• Can you smell something burning ? 你闻到烧焦味了吗？
• [+ (that)] Didn't you smell (that) the pie was burning? 你没闻到馅饼烤焦了吗？
• I can smell something nasty in the bottom of the fridge. 我能闻到冰箱底部有甚么东西馊掉了。
transitive informal
■to know about or be conscious of a situation without having to be told about it 嗅到，意识到
• Brenda can smell trouble a mile off (= a long time in advance). 布伦达能很早之前就意识到麻烦。
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
ABILITY 能力
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to have the ability to notice or discover that a substance is present by using your nose 闻，嗅出
• Humans can't smell as well as dogs. 人的嗅觉不如狗灵敏。
• What I hate most about having a cold is not being able to smell. 感冒最让我讨厌的是闻不到气味。
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
come up/out smelling of roses uk (US come up/out smelling like roses)
■to have people believe that you are good and honest after a difficult situation which could have made you seem bad or dishonest 虽卷入…仍保持名誉
• When the results of the fraud investigation were announced last week, the staff came up smelling of roses. 上星期公布的诈骗案调查结果证明员工们是清白的。
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
smell a rat
■to recognize that something is not as it appears to be or that something dishonest is happening 发觉有可疑之处，感到其中有诈
• He's been working late with her every night this week - I smell a rat! 他这周每天晚上总是和她一起工作到很晚——我觉得很可疑！
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
smell blood
■to recognize an opportunity to take advantage of someone who is in a difficult situation 发现有机可乘；意识到可以乘人之危的时机来了
• When she smells blood, you don't get a second chance. 当她意识到机会来临时，你就没有第二次机会了。
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smell somewhere out UK and Australian English (US smell somewhere up)
■to fill a place with a smell, in an unpleasant way （某处）弥漫着难闻的气味
• That aftershave of yours is smelling out the whole house. 整个房子都弥漫着你那个须后水的味道。
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smell sth/sb out mainly UK (US usually sniff sth/sb out)
■to discover where something or someone is by smelling 闻出，嗅出
• At customs, dogs are used to smell out drugs in passengers' luggage. 在海关，狗被用来嗅查乘客行李中的毒品。
[smel] noun
CHARACTERISTIC 特征
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the characteristic of something that can be recognized or noticed using the nose 气味
• What's your favourite smell? 你最喜欢甚么气味？
• I love the smell of orange blossoms. 我喜欢柳橙花的芳香。
• The marketplace was filled with delightful smells. 市场上弥漫著令人愉悦的香味。
• There's a delicious smell in here. 这里有一种很香的气味。
• I wish we could get rid of that smell (= bad smell) in the bathroom. 但愿我们能除掉浴室里那种难闻的气味。
the smell of sth literary
■the particular character or feeling that someone or something has 气息
• She's still enjoying the sweet smell (= pleasant experience) of success after her victory in the world championships. 在世界锦标赛获胜后，她仍沉浸在胜利的喜悦之中。
[smel] noun
ABILITY 能力
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the ability to notice or discover that a substance is present by using your nose 嗅觉
• Smell is one of the five senses. 嗅觉是五种感觉官能之一。
• Dogs have a very good sense of smell. 狗的嗅觉很灵敏。
[smel] noun
DISCOVER 发现
only singular mainly UK
■when you put your nose near something and breathe in so that you can discover its characteristics with your nose 闻，嗅
• Have a smell of this perfume. 来闻闻这种香水。
smell, fragrance, incense, perfume, flavour, odour, scent
这组词都有“气味”的意思，其区别是：
smell: 普通用词，与odour很相近，中性词。可指好闻或不好闻或中性气味。
fragrance: 较正式的典雅用词，常指花妆品、花朵和香料等发出的令人感到新鲜、愉快的香味。
incense: 指香燃烧时发出的芳香的烟味。
perfume: 书面用词，指强烈、浓厚天然或人工制造的香气。
flavour: 指影响嗅觉、味觉的香气或香味，多用于指食物等独特的味。
odour: 书面中性词，侧重气味本身的本质，既可指令人愉快的气味，也可指令人作呕难闻气味。
scent: 与smell很接近，但着重某物质或物体所特有的气味，多指好闻的气味。
vi. [生理] 嗅，闻；有…气味
 - snuff at, sniff at
vt. [生理] 嗅，闻；察觉到；发出…的气味
 - nose, snuff at
n. 气味， [生理] 嗅觉；臭味
 - nose, wind, odor

Word: precise
Front: precise
[prɪˈsaɪs] (高研四六托雅宝 3826/2761 -K2)
Vocabulary: precise
(once / 152 pages)
adj
Precise means strictly correct or very exact. If you need something to be precise, like the positioning of a safety net for a stunt jump over a canyon, there's no room for error.
The word precise might make you think of nerdy scientists with rulers or stiff accountants double checking their calculations. But being precise, or painstakingly accurate, has its merits. When making a grilled cheese sandwich, for example, it’s important that the arrangement of ingredients be precise: Place a tomato in each corner and ensure that the cheese covers every inch of bread so that each bite is full of gooey delight.
WORD FAMILY
precise: imprecise, precisely, preciseness, preciser, precisest+/ imprecise: imprecisely, impreciseness/preciseness: precisenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the data becomes more precise, experts believe interventions to combat geographic disparities will become more effective.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Although there are no precise figures, the UK’s Sephardic population is estimated to be in the thousands.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He further added: “It would’ve helped, really, to publish a thorough, precise, historically informed and technically honest attribution report in plain English.”
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 清晰的; 精确的; 正规的; 精密
分布：精确的(62%)，准确的(25%)，严格的(8%)，恰好的(5%)
→pre-,预先，-cis,剪，切，词源同concise,excise.引申词义精确的。
精确的,精细的(pre+cise切→预先切好的→精确的)[pre-表示"…前的,预先"]
精确的,清楚的(pre预先＋cise→预先切好→精确的)[cid,cis=cut,kill,表示"切开,杀"]
a.精确的,准确的I highly appreciate the preceding man's precious precise exercise.我高度欣赏前面那个人可贵的精确演练.
US [prə-] adjective
EXACT 精确的
 ADVANCED
■exact and accurate 精确的；准确的，确切的
• The bunker's precise location is a closely guarded secret. 掩体的确切位置严格保密。
• He caught me at the precise moment that I fainted. 他正好在我晕倒的那一刻抓住了我。
• There was a good turnout for the meeting - twelve of us to be precise. 出席会议的人不少——确切地说有我们12个人。
UK [prɪ'saɪs] US [prə-] adjective
CAREFUL 仔细的 approving
■very careful and accurate, especially about small details （尤指在细节上）严谨的，细致的
• Years of doing meticulous research had made her very precise in her working methods. 多年来一丝不苟的研究使她养成了严谨的工作方法。
correct, accurate, exact, true, right, precise
这组词都有“准确的，正确的”的意思，其区别是：
correct: 最常用词，主要指按一定标准或规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或无缺点错误。
accurate: 指通过谨慎的努力达到符合事实或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性，与事实无出入。
exact: 着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比accurate强。
true: 暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件丝毫不差。
right: 使用广泛，可与这些词中的correct换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动等方面的正确。
precise: 侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确无误。
adj. 精确的；明确的；严格的
 - accurate, strict, mathematical, rigid, decided

Word: variation
Front: variation
[ˌveəriˈeɪʃn] (研四六托雅 2927/1764 -K2)
Vocabulary: variation
(once / 309 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
Variation means a deviation from the norm, like the variation of colors in nature.
A variation from an accepted standard can be very important. For example, a variation in a heartbeat pattern can tell a doctor that a heart attack might be imminent. The variation in weather temperatures from what is expected indicates that our climate is changing due to global warming. But not all variation is a bad thing. For example, even within breeds, there is a wide variation in the coloration of dogs, a trait that makes each puppy uniquely lovable.
WORD FAMILY
variation: covariation, variations+/ invariable: invariability, invariableness, invariables, invariably /invariant: invariance, invariants/unvaried: unvariedly, unvariedness/ unvarying: unvaryingly/ variability: variabilities/ variable: invariable, variability, variableness, variables, variably/ variance: variances/ variant: invariant, variance, variantly, variants/variate: bivariate, multivariate, variates/ varied: unvaried, variedly, variedness/ vary: co-vary, variable, variant, variate, variation, varied, varies, varying / varying: unvarying, varyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They want it to be seen as a normal variation in human nature.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Most start with some variation of: “Don’t talk about her body.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
At the athletics track, the first question every record breaker faced was a variation on “why should we believe you’re clean?”
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 变化，变动; 变异，演变; 变奏曲; 变量
分布：变化(84%)，变动(9%)，变奏曲(4%)，变种(3%)
n.变化,变动;变种,变异The prices for food are subject to variation.食品的价格可能变更.
【反】oscillation（n 变动）－absence of variation（缺少变化）；uniformity（n 一致）
US [ˌver.i-] noun
CHANGE 转变
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a change in amount or level 变化；变动
• Unemployment rates among white-collar workers show much less regional variation than corresponding rates among blue-collar workers. 白领工作者的失业率与蓝领工人相比，地区性差异要小得多。
• The medical tests showed some variation in the baby's heart rate. 医学检验显示出婴儿的心率有些不齐。
• global temperature variations over the last 140 years 过去140年间全球气温的变化
UK [ˌveə.ri'eɪ.ʃən] US [ˌver.i-] noun
DIFFERENCE 差别
countable
■something that is slightly different from the usual form or arrangement 变种，变体；变化了的东西
• There are wide variations in the way pensioners have benefited from the system. 养老金领取者从这个体制中受益的情况有很大差别。
• The films she makes are all variations on the same theme. 她拍的电影围绕的都是同一主题。
countable specialized
■one of several short tunes which are based on the same simple tune, but are different from it and from the others 变奏曲
• symphonic variations 交响乐变奏曲
n. 变化； [生物] 变异，变种
 - shift, change, differentiation, diversification, turn

Word: alienate
Front: alienate
[ˈeɪliəneɪt] (托雅宝 8136/8590 -2)
Vocabulary: alienate
(once / 1121 pages)
1v 2v
When you alienate people, you make them stop liking or caring about you. Show up at a conference of cat lovers with a sign around your neck that says, "I hate kittens," and you'll learn firsthand what that means.
Back in the days of Latin, before the word alien came to mean little green men from outer space, it described something or someone that was foreign or different or not known: an alien custom, an alien nation. When you alienate people, you make them WISH you were an alien, or at least that they could send you to the moon.
WORD FAMILY
alienate: alienable, alienates, alienating, alienation, alienator+/alienable: inalienable, unalienable / alienation: alienations/alienator: alienators/ inalienable: inalienably/ unalienable: unalienably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Distributors do not want to risk alienating more customers by continuously raising their rates.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“No, don’t do that, because it’ll taint those shows for fans of the originals, and alienate younger viewers,” replied literally everyone else.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
“What a way to alienate your customers and potential customers! Grow up. Not very professional and lacking business and common sense!” another wrote.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 使疏远，离间; 使转移，放弃; [法]转让，让渡（财产或权利）
时态：alienated, alienating, alienates
分布：离间(48%)，使疏远(29%)，让与(14%)，麻木(9%)
疏远(alien外国的＋ate→把别人当外国人→疏远)[alter,altern,ali=other,to change表示"其他的,改变状态"]
【记】alien外国的－把别人当外国人－疏远某人
【反】reunite（v 使再结合）
verb transitive
LOSE SUPPORT 失去支持
■to cause someone or a group of people to stop supporting and agreeing with you 离间；使背离；使不友好
• All these changes to the newspaper have alienated its traditional readers. 报纸改头换面疏远了老读者。
['eɪ.li.ə.neɪt] verb transitive
NOT WELCOME 不受欢迎
■to make someone feel that they are different and do not belong to a group 使格格不入；使疏远
• Disagreements can alienate teenagers from their families. 家庭争吵会使青少年跟家人产生感情裂痕。
vt. 使疏远，离间；让与
 - release, convey

Word: solidarity
Front: solidarity
[ˌsɒlɪˈdærəti] (研六托雅宝 6213/5414 -2)
Vocabulary: solidarity
(once / 1660 pages)
n
When you see a group of citizens protesting something on the news, marching in a group, holding signs, and chanting slogans, you know they are in solidarity with each other, or united behind a common goal or purpose.
Any time you express support of a group or the people in it, you're showing solidarity with them. The word is used most often to describe a sense of unity with a political group, a group of striking workers, or people who have been deprived of their rights in some way. You might show your own solidarity by signing a petition, joining in a protest, or simply flashing a thumbs up.
WORD FAMILY
solidarity: solidarities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ten years later, Capucci led a delegation of clerics and intellectuals to Iraq in a show of solidarity against UN sanctions.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In a global age, should we cultivate national solidarity or aspire to a cosmopolitan ethic of universal human concern?
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, in the name of solidarity.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 团结
分布：团结(100%)
→solid,整个的，团结的，-arity,名词后缀。引申词义团结，一致。
n.团结;休戚相关We should keep good solidarity and overcome the difficulties.我们应该团结一致, 克服困难.
US [ˌsɑ:.lɪ'der.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
■agreement between and support for the members of a group, especially a political group 团结一致
• The situation raises important questions about solidarity among member states of the UN. 当前形势引发了联合国成员国能否团结一致的质疑。
• The lecturers joined the protest march to show solidarity with their students. 演讲者加入抗议队伍，以示他们与学生们团结一致。
n. 团结，团结一致
 - unity, consolidation

Word: cotton
Front: cotton
[ˈkɒtn] (中高研四托雅 3136/3222 -K3)
Vocabulary: cotton
(once / 178 pages)
1n 2v
Cotton is a plant that grows the soft, fluffy fibers that are used to make the fabric also known as cotton. Cotton grows best in very warm climates.
Cotton is a hugely important fiber, since it's used to make all kinds of clothing, bedding, and other things we use regularly. Your t-shirt, jeans, underwear, and socks are probably all made, at least in part, from cotton, and so is your bath towel, pillow case, and the curtains on your windows. If you use cotton as a verb, it's an informal way to say "take a liking to." This meaning has a Welsh root, cytuno, "agree."
WORD FAMILY
cotton: cottoned, cottoning, cottons, cottony
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some fans thought Western’s record deserved even more recognition than a top 15 spot and a Cotton Bowl berth.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I top it off with a High Cotton ESB, a local brew.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Then he returned to picking cotton in the fields of southern Arizona, where the summer sun pounded like a hammer on his back.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 棉; 棉线; 棉织物; （其他植物所生的绒毛状的）棉状物
vi. 喜欢; 赞成; 一致; 交往
时态：cottoned, cottoning, cottons
分布：棉花(82%)，棉布(16%)，棉制品(2%)
→来自阿拉伯语。
n.棉花;棉线,棉纱;棉制品The bottle is hidden in the bottom of a ton of cotton the cottage.瓶子被藏在农舍里一吨棉花的底部.
US ['kɑ:.tˌən] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the threads which grow around the seeds of a tall plant which is grown especially in the US, China and South Asia 棉，棉花
• a bale of cotton 一大包棉花
 IMPROVER
■thread or cloth made from the fibres of the cotton plant 棉线；棉布
• a shirt made of pure cotton 纯棉衬衫
• She looked pretty in a simple cotton dress. 她穿着朴素的棉布连衣裙，看上去很漂亮。
• UK a reel of cotton (= thread) 一卷棉线
US for * cotton wool
UK ['kɒt.ən] US ['kɑ:.tˌən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  cotton on informal
■to begin to understand a situation or fact 明白，领会
• I'd only just cottoned on to the fact that they were having a relationship. 我那时才明白他们在谈恋爱。
n. 棉花； [纺] 棉布；棉线
 - algodon, Baumwolle
vi. 一致；理解；和谐；亲近
 - square, identify, coincide

Word: nominate
Front: nominate
[ˈnɒmɪneɪt] (研六托雅宝 4958/5687 -2)
Vocabulary: nominate
(once / 186 pages)
v
When you suggest a person for a position in the government, or propose a theme for your school's prom, you nominate that person or idea, especially if it's done in an official way.
In the United States, political parties hold primary elections and conventions to nominate candidates for president. The word nominate originally meant "to call by name," from the Latin word for "name," nomen , but by 1600 it began to be used to talk about politics.
WORD FAMILY
nominate: denominate, nominated, nominates, nominating, nomination, nominative, nominator+/denominate: denominated, denominates, denominating, denomination / denomination: denominational, denominations/denominational: denominationalism, denominationally, interdenominational, nondenominational, undenominational/interdenominational: interdenominationally/nomination: nominations/nominative: nominatively, nominatives/nominator: nominators
USAGE EXAMPLES
When I’m asked for my favourite inspirational scene, I nominate Tom Courtenay’s final, miserable act of defiance in The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Those surprises are almost always supplied by Kennedy, 80, nominated to the court 29 years ago by a fellow Californian, Ronald Reagan.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The strategy paid off, and the Republican Senate will consider whomever Trump nominates.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 提名…为候选人; 任命; 挑选; 指定（时间、日期、名称等）
时态：nominated, nominating, nominates
分布：提名(96%)，指派(3%)，登记赛马参加比赛(1%)
→来自拉丁语nomen,名字，词源同name.引申词义提名。
提名;任命(nomin+ate表动词)[nomin=name,表示"名称,名字"]
v.提名,任命The dominant candidate is nominally nominated for president.占优势的候选人名义上被任命为总统.
US ['nɑ:.mə-] verb transitive
SUGGEST 建议
■to officially suggest someone for an election, job, position or honour （为选举、工作、职位或荣誉）提名，推荐
• He's been nominated by the Green Party as their candidate in the next election. 他被绿党提名为下届选举的候选人。
• Would you like to nominate anyone for/as director? 请您推荐一下经理的候选人，好吗？
■to state officially that a film, song, programme, etc. will be included in a competition for a prize 提名（电影、歌曲、节目等）
• The film was nominated for an Academy Award. 这部电影获得奥斯卡提名。
UK ['nɒm.ɪ.neɪt] US ['nɑ:.mə-] verb transitive
CHOOSE 选择
■to officially choose someone for a job or to do something 任命；指定
• She was nominated as the delegation's official interpreter. 她被任命为代表团的正式翻译员。
• [+ to infinitive] President Yeltsin nominated acting prime minister Sergei Kiriyenko to head the government. 叶利钦总统任命代总理谢尔盖．基里延科领导政府。
assign, designate, name, appoint, nominate
这组词都有“任命，委派”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 常指给一群人或个人分配、分派、指派或委派任务。
designate: 书面用语，侧重当权者或机构的选拔或任命，有时含强行指定的意味。
name: 普通用词，着重任命的结果，而不是过程。
appoint: 通常指不经过选择的官方委任。
nominate: 通常指为某一公职选择候选人，并将其提交给有决定权的人作最后决定。
vt. 推荐；提名；任命；指定
 - install, constitute, name, place, specify

Word: disclosure
Front: disclosure
[dɪsˈkləʊʒə(r)] (5260/5162)
Vocabulary: disclosure
(once / 512 pages)
n
If you make a disclosure, you reveal information not previously known — either because it's new information or because it's been kept secret. Disclosure of new evidence at a trial could reveal that the accused is innocent of the crime.
The noun disclosure derives from the Old French word desclos, meaning "open, exposed, plain, explicit." If you make a disclosure, you put something out in the open, usually information that was formally secret. After the disclosure of your huge credit card debt, your parents might make you get a job. The disclosure that nicotine is really addictive has motivated many people to quit smoking. The disclosure of one coworker's salary to another could lead to bitter jealousy.
WORD FAMILY
disclosure: disclosures+/ disclose: disclosed, discloses, disclosing, disclosure /disclosed: undisclosed
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s just more transparency, full disclosure, let the parent become involved in the decision-making.”
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
This disclosure filled in a crucial piece of the puzzle.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
I won’t disclosure their unusual powers, but they are worth the price of admission.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （发明等的）公开; 泄露，揭露; 开诚布公的话; 被公开的事情，被披露的秘闻
分布：公开(76%)，揭发(12%)，透露(12%)
US [-'skloʊ.ʒɚ] formal
noun countable or uncountable
■the act of making something known or the fact that is made known 公开；被公布的事实
• Any public disclosure of this information would be very damaging to the company. 公开这资料将对公司非常不利。
• The newspaper made damaging disclosures of management incompetence. 报纸对管理不力进行了无情的曝光。
n. [审计] 披露； [法] 揭发；被揭发出来的事情
 - lay bare, showup

Word: virgin
Front: virgin
[ˈvɜ:dʒɪn] (研六 10055/4131 -2)
Vocabulary: virgin
(once / 647 pages)
nadj
A virgin is someone who has never had sex. After you have sex, you've lost your virginity. We can also say an unharvested forest is a virgin forest.
Virgins haven't had sex yet. But this word is also used in a non-sexual sense to describe something that remains pristine, untouched, or uninitiated. A virgin resource hasn't been used yet. If you've never given a speech, someone might call you a "public speaking virgin." So virgin always means inexperienced or unused, whether you're talking about sex or something else.
WORD FAMILY
virgin: virginal, virginity, virginly, virgins+/virginal: virginally, virginals/ virginity: virginities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Indonesia has a moratorium on new licenses for logging in virgin forests but deforestation has continued largely unabated.
Seattle Times(Nov 29, 2016)
Affleck, a longtime vegan, was asking a waitress about dishes heading to other tables and inquiring about the coconut milk in a virgin pina colada.
Los Angeles Times(Nov 29, 2016)
More recently, as we’ve seen, there is also high demand for tender coconut water and virgin coconut oil.
Time(Nov 28, 2016)
Back: n. 处女，童男; 童贞玛利亚（耶稣之母）
adj. 处女的; 纯洁的; 原始的; 未使用的
分布：处女(84%)，纯洁的(5%)，原始的(5%)，未婚女子(3%)，未开发的(3%)
→来自拉丁语virgo,少女，未结婚的姑娘，来自virga,绿枝，嫩枝，词源同verge.
n.处女a.处女的;纯洁的;原始的;未使用的There are vast expanses of virgin land in the remote regions.在边远地区有大片大片未开垦的处女地.
US ['vɝ:-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who has never had sex 处女；童男
• She remained a virgin till she was over thirty. 她三十多岁了还是处女之身。
• D'you think he's still a virgin? 你觉得他还是童男吗？
■humorous
■a person with no experience of a particular activity 从未有过…经历的人；新手
UK ['vɜ:.dʒɪn] US ['vɝ:-] adjective
NATURAL 原始的
■describes a forest or an area of land which has not yet been cultivated (= used to grow crops) or used by people （森林等）未开发的，原始状态的
• The railway is being extended into areas of virgin forest. 这条铁路一直延伸到原始森林地带。
■describes oil, especially olive oil , which is made directly from pressing the fruit, rather than by using heat （油，尤指橄榄油）初榨的，直接提取的
• extra virgin olive oil 特级初榨橄榄油
[before noun] literary
■pure and not spoilt, especially when describing something white （尤指白色物品）纯洁的，未玷污的
• a virgin sheet of paper (= one not written on) 一张白纸
UK ['vɜ:.dʒɪn] US ['vɝ:-] adjective
PERSON 人
[before noun]
■never having had sex 处女；童男
• a virgin bride 贞洁的新娘
UK ['vɜ:.dʒɪn] US ['vɝ:-] adjective
virgin territory
■a completely new area of activity 未开发的领域
• The BBC is moving into virgin territory by producing comic programmes of this type. 制作这种滑稽搞笑型的节目是想要进入以前从未涉足的领域。
single, virgin, maiden
这组词都有“未婚者，孤身一人”的意思，其区别是：
single: 指尚未结婚的人，但更多指终生不结婚的人。
virgin: 通常指未婚者，贞洁未被玷污的人，或指婚烟关系尚未完成者。
maiden: 与virgin含义相近，但更着重年轻与未婚，或未曾发生过任何两性关系。
adj. [妇产] 处女的；纯洁的；未经利用的，处于原始状态的
 - stainless, pure, white
n. [妇产] 处女
 - Parthenos, demi-vierge

Word: fax
Front: fax
[fæks] (高研四 5729/5816 -2)
Vocabulary: fax
(once / 1444 pages)
nv
A fax is a machine that sends a scanned paper copy using a telephone line, and it's also what you call the document itself. When you send someone a fax, their fax machine prints it out for them.
You might need to send a fax when you're signing an important document long distance: for example, a lease or loan agreement might need to be signed, scanned, and sent as a fax. The word is a verb, too: "I'll fax that to you right away." It's short for facsimile, "exact copy," from the Latin root fac simile, "make similar." The growth of the Internet means that faxes aren't used as often as they once were.
WORD FAMILY
fax: faxed, faxes, faxing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hoggett uses his befuddling Christmas present, a fax machine, to enter Babe into the national sheepdog trials.
The New Yorker(Dec 22, 2016)
China Tobacco did not respond to questions submitted by fax.
Seattle Times(Dec 14, 2016)
“The chiefs are constantly traveling. Constantly. We use Skype, we use electronic communication, faxes,” Thomas said.
Washington Times(Dec 11, 2016)
Back: n. 传真
vt. 传真; 传真传输
时态：faxed, faxing, faxes
分布：传真(100%)
→来自facsimile的缩写。
n./v.传真(机)
noun
countable
■(a copy of) a document that travels in electronic form along a telephone line and is then printed on paper 传真件；传真电文，传真信件
• I'll send you a fax with the details of the proposal. 我会把提案的细节用传真发给您。
■ countable or uncountable (also fax machine)
■a device or system used to send and receive documents in electronic form along a telephone line 传真机；传真（系统）
• I'll send you the agenda by fax. 我会把议程用传真发给您。
• Have you got a fax at home? 你家里有传真机吗？
[fæks] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to send a document using a fax machine 传真（文件）
• I'll fax it (through/over/across) to you. 我会把它传真给您。
• [+ two objects] Fax me your reply/Fax your reply to me. 请用传真答覆。
vt. [通信] 传真
 - facsimile
n. [通信] 传真
 - electrical transmission, telecopying

Word: golf
Front: golf
[gɒlf] (高研四六雅 1801/2501 -3)
Back: n. 高尔夫球; 高尔夫球运动
vi. 打高尔夫球
时态：golfed, golfing, golfs
分布：高尔夫球(80%)，打高尔夫球(20%)
→来自苏格兰语，词源有争议。
n.高尔夫球Having played golf, the wolf in wool rested on the tool stool in the zoo.打过高尔夫球之后,穿羊毛衣的狼歇在动物园里的工具登上.
US [gɑ:lf] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a game played outside on grass in which each player tries to hit a small ball into a series of 9 or 18 small holes, using a long thin stick 高尔夫球运动
• We often play a round (= game) of golf at the weekend. 我们经常在周末打一场高尔夫球。