Title: TheEconomist_2K-4K

Word: resolve
Front: resolve
[rɪˈzɒlv] (研四六托雅 2242/2174 -K3)
Vocabulary: resolve
(once / 52 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
To resolve is to settle or make a decision about something — often formal. A college's board of directors might resolve to recruit more minority students. As a noun, resolve refers to a strong determination to do something.
If you make a New Year's resolution to exercise every day, you'll need plenty of resolve to stick with your program. The verb descends from Middle English resolven "to dissolve," from Latin resolvere "to untie." In English, the obsolete sense of "to dissolve" can be seen in this line from Shakespeare: "O, that this too too solid flesh would melt, thaw, and resolve itself into a dew."
WORD FAMILY
resolve: resolution, resolvable, resolved, resolvent, resolves, resolving+/irresolution: irresolutions/ resolution: irresolution, resolutions/resolvable: unresolvable/resolved: resolvedly, unresolved /resolvent: resolvents/resolving: resolvings
USAGE EXAMPLES
This was more a story of resilience, of surviving a nightmarish third quarter and finding some kind of resolve in the closing minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
See a doctor if your symptoms don’t resolve or if they cause discomfort or emotional distress.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Resolving the contradictions within the government’s various positions, and preventing backbench revolts destroying its slim parliamentary majority, will be all-consuming.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 决定; 决心
vt. 使消释; 使分解，使解体; （指委员会或集会）表决; 消退（炎症等）
vi. 下决定; 分解
n. 决意，决定; （会议等的）决议
时态：resolved, resolving, resolves
分布：解决(68%)，决心(18%)，决定(7%)，分解(4%)，坚决(2%)，表决(1%)
→来自拉丁语 resolvere,分开，松开，解开，来自 re-,向后，往回，solvere,松开，词源同 solve,loose. 引申词义解决，决议，决心等。
解决(困难)(re再+solve→再松开→解决)[Solv,solu,solut=loosen,表示"松开"]
v.决心;(使)分解,溶解;决议n.解决;决心It's resolved by resolution that the solution will be used to solve the involved problem.决议决定用这个办法解决那个复杂的问题.
【记】solve作为词根有“溶解”和“解决”两个意思。
【反】vacillate（v 犹豫不定）－resolve firmly（果断地决定）
US [-'zɑ:lv] verb
SOLVE 解决
 IMPROVER transitive
■to solve or end a problem or difficulty 解决；解除；消除
• Have you resolved the problem of transport yet? 你们解决交通问题了吗？
• The couple resolved their differences and made an effort to get along. 这对夫妻消除了他们之间的分歧，尽力融洽相处。
UK [rɪ'zɒlv] US [-'zɑ:lv] verb
DECIDE 决定
intransitive formal
■to make a decision formally or with determination 决定；决心；决意
• [+ that] She resolved that she would never speak to him again. 她决心再也不理他。
• [+ adv/prep] After hours of argument, they resolved against taking legal action. 经过几个小时的争论，他们决定不提起诉讼。
• [+ to infinitive] The company resolved to take no further action against the thieves. 公司决定不再继续追究这些窃贼。
⇒ See also resolute
UK [rɪ'zɒlv] US [-'zɑ:lv] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  resolve sth into sth specialized
■to separate something into different and definite parts 把…分解为…；把…解析为…
• [R] There was a blur of sound, which slowly resolved it self into different words. 开始时是一阵模糊的声音，慢慢就可以分辨出不同的词来。
UK [rɪ'zɒlv] US [-'zɑ:lv] noun uncountable formal
■strong determination 决心；坚定的信念
• to weaken/strengthen/test someone's resolve 削弱／增强／考验某人的决心
resolve, determination, resolution, decision
这组词都有“决定、决心”的意思，其区别是：
resolve: 语气较强，强调克服感情上的软弱，下决心干具体的一件事。
determination: 侧重坚定不移的顽强意志力。
resolution: 指自觉地正式表示的决心，含极强的主观能动意味。
decision: 既可指重大的或一般的决定或决心，又可指在多种情况下作出果断的抉择，毫不犹豫地采取行动。
solve, resolve, answer
solve: 解决，解答。如：He solved all the problems in the exam.(他解出了所有试题。)solve的名词为solution，一般同to搭配。如：a solution to the problem
resolve: 表“解决”，“解答”是个正式用词。如：Have you resolved the problem yet?(你把问题解决了吗？)resolve还有“决定”，“下决心”等意思。
answer: 表“回答”，后面的宾语应是questions。
decide, resolve, determine, settle
这组词都有“决定”的意思，其区别是：
decide: 侧重指经过思考、比较、讨论或询问之后做出的决定。
resolve: 语气较强，强调以坚定不移的信念去做或不做某事，暗含有远大抱负和坚强决心。
determine: 指经过深思熟虑，决心去做某事并坚持施行。
settle: 指排除犹豫、怀疑和争论之后作出明确的最终结论。
vt. 决定；溶解；使…分解；决心要做…
 - solve, condition, conclude
vi. 解决；决心；分解
 - settle, work out, figure out
n. 坚决；决定要做的事
 - determinateness

Word: possibly
Front: possibly
[ˈpɒsəbli] (研四六 1696/1312 -K4)
Back: adv. 可能地; 也许，或许; 敢是; 容许
分布：也许(64%)，可能地(36%)
ad.可能地,也许;无论如何The lost Bible is possibly the biggest loss of my possessions.丢失的圣经可能是我最大的财产损失.
US ['pɑ:.sə-] adverb
NOT CERTAIN 可能地
 ESSENTIAL
■used when something is not certain 可能地
• He may possibly decide not to come, in which case there's no problem. 他可能会决定不来，这样就没问题了。
 IMPROVER
■used to agree or disagree when some doubt is involved （用于表示稍有疑虑）可能吧，也许吧
• "Do you think this skirt might be too small for her?" "(Very) possibly - she has put on a bit of weight." “你觉得这条裙子对她来说是不是太小了？”“（很）可能——她有点发福了。”
• "Will he come?" "Possibly not." “他会来吗？”“恐怕不会。”
UK ['pɒs.ə.bli] US ['pɑ:.sə-] adverb
WITH CAN/COULD 能够
■used with 'can' or 'could' for emphasis （与 can 或 could 连用表示强调）无论如何，究竟，尽量
• He can't possibly have drunk all that on his own! 他一个人绝不可能喝了那么多酒！
• We did all that we possibly could to persuade her to come. 我们尽了最大努力劝她来。
■used in polite requests （用于礼貌的请求）
• Could I possibly ask you to move your chair a little? 麻烦你，请把椅子挪一挪好吗？
■used in polite refusals of offers （用于礼貌的拒绝或提议）真的，实在
• "Have another chocolate." "No, really, I couldn't possibly." “再吃一块巧克力吧。”“不了，真的，我实在吃不下了。
maybe, possibly, probably, perhaps
这组词都有“或许，大概”的意思，其区别是：
maybe: 普通用词，美国英语多用。指某事也许如此，含不能确定意味。
possibly: 指客观上潜存着发生某种变化的可能。
probably: 一般指根据逻辑推理，估计有发生的可能，把握性较大，语气比possibly强。
perhaps: 普通用词，多用于英国，与maybe同义。
adv. 可能地；也许；大概
 - probably, maybe, perhaps, potentially

Word: requirement
Front: requirement
[rɪˈkwaɪəmənt] (高研四六托雅 1885/1078 -K3)
Vocabulary: requirement
(once / 375 pages)
n
Necessary, inescapable, and non-negotiable, a requirement is something that must be done, like the dishes. Speaking politely to your grandparents may be a requirement of living in your parents' house.
Requirements can be imposed by an authority. For example, in college, it is usually a requirement that you study math, English, and history, before you go on to get your degree in underwater basket weaving. We can also speak of the requirements of a living system: your body requires water to stay alive; light is a requirement of photosynthesis.
WORD FAMILY
requirement: requirements+/ require: required, requirement, requires, requiring, requisition / requisition: derequisition, requisitioned, requisitioning, requisitions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Time is ticking for Minnesota to upgrade its driver’s licenses to satisfy looming federal requirements to board domestic flights.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
For one thing, both firms submit to the requirement in New York City, and Uber also does so in Houston.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In California alone, 12 cities raised their starting pay requirement, some to as high as $13 an hour, compared with $7.25 for the federal minimum.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 要求; 必要条件; 必需品，需要量; 资格
分布：要求(95%)，必要条件(5%)
→来自 require,要求，-ment,名词后缀。
n.(for)需要,需要的东西,要求Squirrel inquired an acquaintance and acquired the requirements.松鼠询问了一位熟人,得知了那些要求.
US [-'kwaɪr-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that you must do, or something you need 需要；有赖于；要求；规定
• A good degree is a minimum requirement for many jobs. 很多工作的最低要求是要有一个好的学位。
• [+ that] It is a legal requirement that you have insurance for your car. 为你的车辆上保险是法律要求的。
• Students who fail to meet the requirements (of the course) will fail. 达不到（本门课程）要求的学生将不能及格。
n. 要求；必要条件；必需品
 - do, necessity, desire, need, demand

Word: wild
Front: wild
[waɪld] (高研四六 1292/1698 -K4)
Vocabulary: wild
(once / 38 pages)
1adjadvn 2adjadv 3adj 4adj 5adj 6adj
Something that's wild lives in nature and isn't tamed. Your pet poodle isn't wild, but the groundhog that lives under your garden shed is wild.
An animal or plant in its native habitat is wild, like a wild dingo or a wild strawberry. An untamed bit of nature, like your overgrown back yard, or a stormy ocean, is also wild. If a person is wild, he might be unrestrained, crazy, or even enthusiastic — like someone who's wild about cabaret music. The term "to run wild" means to grow unrestrained, undisciplined, like a wild animal or an imagination that isn't held back by rules.
WORD FAMILY
wild: semi-wild, wildest, wildly, wildness, wilds+/wildness: wildnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Everyone, men included, seems to be in “Where the Wild Things Are” furs; coat check looks like the Bronx Zoo.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Paid events are regularly organized in Poland for foreigners who want to hunt deer, wild boar, hares or other small wild animals.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For other types of seafood, farm-raised stocks remain relatively stable when wild catches decline.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 野生的; 野蛮的; 狂热的; 荒凉的
n. 荒野; 未开化的地方; 偏远地区; 人烟稀少的地区
adv. 疯狂地; 胡乱地
级别：wilder, wildest
分布：野生的(32%)，荒野(26%)，荒地(10%)，狂热的(10%)，胡乱地(8%)，野蛮的(8%)，失去控制地(4%)，未开发的(2%)
→来自welt,林地，野地，野外，词源同wold,vole.
a.野性的,野生的;野蛮的;狂热的;荒芜的In the building, the wild child hurt his mild chin on the china.在大楼里,那个粗野的孩子在瓷器上弄伤了温柔的下巴.
adjective
NOT CONTROLLED 不受控制的
 ESSENTIAL
■uncontrolled, violent or extreme 疯狂的；狂暴的；猛烈的
• a wild party 狂野的派对
• wild dancing 狂舞
• The audience burst into wild applause. 观众爆发出热烈的掌声。
• When I told him what I'd done, he went wild (= became very angry). 当我告诉他我的所作所为时，他暴跳如雷。
• The children were wild with excitement (= were extremely excited). 孩子们欣喜若狂。
• Her eyes were wild/She had a wild look in her eyes (= Her eyes were wide open, as if she were frightened, or mentally ill). 她眼睛大睁着，眼中充满惊恐。
• His hair was wild (= long and untidy) and his clothes full of holes. 他的头发又长又乱，衣服上都是洞。
• There have been wild (= extreme) variations in the level of spending. 消费水准有着极大的差别。
• They get some wild weather (= many severe storms) in the north. 北方暴风雨很多。
• It was a wild (= stormy or very windy) night, with the wind howling and the rain pouring down. 那是一个暴风雨大作的夜晚，狂风怒吼，大雨倾盆。
■slang
■very unusual, often in a way that is attractive or exciting 不寻常的；极棒的；非凡的
• Those are wild trousers you're wearing, Fi. 你穿的裤子可真棒，弗埃。
[waɪld] adjective
NATURAL 自然的
 IMPROVER
■describes plants or animals that live or grow independently of people, in natural conditions and with natural characteristics 野生的；未经栽培的；未经驯化的
• wild flowers/grasses 野花／野草
• a herd of wild horses 一群野马
 ADVANCED
■describes land that is not used to grow crops and has few people living in it 荒无人烟的；未经开垦的
• a wild mountainous region 荒无人烟的山区
[waɪld] adjective
NOT THOUGHT ABOUT 未经考虑的
wild accusation/guess/rumour
■something that you say which is not based on facts and is probably wrong 毫无根据的指控／猜测／谣言
[waɪld] adjective
be wild about sth/sb informal
■to be very enthusiastic about something or someone 对…非常狂热
• I'm not wild about Thai food. 我对印度食品不是很感兴趣。
[waɪld] adjective
wild horses wouldn't drag me
■If you say wild horses would not drag you somewhere, you mean that nothing could persuade you to go there 任何事情也不能劝说我做…；八匹马也拉不了我回头
• Wild horses wouldn't drag me to a party tonight. 今晚我坚决不去参加派对。
[waɪld] noun
in the wild
■in natural conditions, independent of humans 在野生环境中
• Animals would produce more young in the wild than they do in the zoo. 动物在野生环境中的产崽数量要比在动物园里多。
in the wilds (of somewhere)
■in an area which is far from where people usually live and difficult to get to, and that is not considered easy to live in 荒野；偏远地区
• She lives somewhere in the wilds of Borneo. 她住在婆罗洲荒野中的某个地方。
stormy, wild, fierce, turbulent, violent
这组词都有“剧烈的，凶猛的，狂暴的”的意思，其区别是：
stormy: 指风雨大作，也指人很激动的感情。
wild: 普通用词，既可指自然界的荒芜，未被驯化状态，又指人的无法无天，不文明的野蛮行为。
fierce: 普通用词，指人或兽的凶猛残酷。
turbulent: 正式用词，多用描写风和水，也可指心神不定或控制不住的感情波动。
violent: 普通用词，指人时侧重极为不安，异常激，暗含有达或暴力行为；也指破坏性的或不可控制的自然力量。
adj. 野生的；野蛮的；狂热的；荒凉的
 - crazy, field, enthusiastic, desert
n. 荒野
 - Sahara, moorland
adv. 疯狂地；胡乱地
 - random, madly

Word: distance
Front: distance
[ˈdɪstəns] (高研四六托雅 1235/1275 -K4)
Vocabulary: distance
(once / 44 pages)
nv
Distance is an amount of space between things. From a distance, it's hard to tell if someone's wearing a vampire costume or just a chic black outfit.
The noun distance usually refers to physical space in between two objects, like the distance between your parking spot and the entrance to the mall. It can also mean an interval in time, like a distance of two years since you graduated. Another meaning of distance is remoteness, like the distance between you and a close friend who doesn't talk to you much these days. The Latin root is distantia, "a standing apart."
WORD FAMILY
distance: distanced, distances, distancing+/ distant: distance, distanter, distantest, distantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The shoe in question was the Nike Air Rift, or “split-toe” inspired by Kenyan barefoot distance runners allowing extra toe movement.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It will also see the distance between Mars and Venus get smaller as Venus gets higher each night.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The Lions, who were 13 of 29 from distance and 21 of 30 at the line, snapped a two-game slide.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 距离，路程; 远处; 疏远; （时间的）间隔，长久
vt. 把…远远甩在后面; 疏远; 与…保持距离
时态：distanced, distancing, distances
分布：距离(81%)，远方(11%)，路程(7%)，与 ... 保持距离(1%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-st, 站，词源同stand. 即两边分开站的，距离。
n.距离,间隔,远方,路程For instance, I can instantly know the constant distance.例如,我可以即刻知道该恒定距离.
noun
SPACE 空间
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the amount of space between two places 距离，路程
• What's the distance between Madrid and Barcelona/ from Madrid to Barcelona? 马德里和巴赛隆那相距有多远？
• He travels quite a distance (= a long way) to work every day. 他每天上班的路途很远。
• Does she live within walking distance of her parents? 从她的住处到父母家可以走着去吗？
at/from a distance
■from a place that is not near 从远处，自远处
• From a distance he looks a bit like James Bond. 从远处看他有点儿像詹姆斯·庞德。
in the distance
■at a point which is far away 在远处
• On a clear day you can see the temple in the distance. 在晴朗的日子里，远处的庙宇清晰可见。
['dɪs.tənts] noun
MANNER 方式
[S or U]
■behaviour that shows little interest or friendliness 冷漠的行为，疏远
• I noticed a certain distance between father and son. 我注意到父子之间有些疏远。
['dɪs.tənts] noun
go the distance
■to manage to continue until the end of a competition 坚持到比赛结束
['dɪs.tənts] noun
keep your distance
■to avoid going near someone or something, or to avoid getting too friendly with people 保持距离
• I've tried being friendly but she keeps her distance. 我一直努力向她示好，但她却一直与我保持着距离。
['dɪs.tənts] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] distance yourself from sth
■to become or seem less involved or connected with something 疏远与…的距离，不接近
• The leader has recently distanced himself from the extremists in the party. 该领导人最近疏远了与党内极端主义分子的关系。
n. [数] 距离；远方；疏远；间隔
 - separation, space, interval, remove
vt. 疏远；把…远远甩在后面
 - stand off, cold-shoulder

Word: stimulus
Front: stimulus
[ˈstɪmjələs] (六托雅宝 4525/3256 -2)
Vocabulary: stimulus
(once / 204 pages)
n
A stimulus causes an action or response, like the ringing of your alarm clock if you didn't sleep through it.
Stimulus is a word often used in biology — something that causes a reaction in an organ or cell, for example. In financial and economic contexts, a stimulus may be an incentive: the money you spend on your membership is a stimulus for hitting the gym. Though it can be a synonym for stimulant, they are not always used interchangeably. A stimulant is often a chemical or drug that increases activity — think caffeine. For more than one stimulus, use stimuli, not stimuluses.
WORD FAMILY
stimulus: stimulate, stimuli+/ stimulate: stimulated, stimulates, stimulating, stimulation, stimulative/stimulating: stimulatingly, unstimulating/ stimulation: self-stimulation, stimulations
USAGE EXAMPLES
“You need offsetting stimulus policies to keep the economy growing,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The last time mass protectionism was tried as economic stimulus was the 1930s; the experiment did not end well.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Interest waned when, in lieu of detailed spending plans, Trump allies suggested the stimulus would consist of tax breaks.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 刺激物; 刺激因素; 激法物
分布：刺激(93%)，激励(6%)，刺激品(1%)
→来自拉丁语 stimulus,尖棒，尖刺，来自 sti,刺，插，词源同 sting,stick.引申诸相关词义。
['stɪm.jʊ.ləs] (plural stimuli)
noun countable
■something that causes growth or activity 刺激（物），激励（物）；促进因素
• Foreign investment has been a stimulus to the industry. 外国投资促进工业发展。
• The book will provide a stimulus to research in this very important area. 这本书将会对这重要领域的研究起促进作用。
■specialized
■something which causes part of the body to react （使身体部位产生反应的）刺激
• The tip of the tongue is sensitive to salt and sweet stimuli and the back of the tongue is sensitive to bitter stimuli. 舌尖对糖和盐的刺激很敏感，而舌根则对苦味的刺激很敏感。
n. [医] 刺激； [电子] 激励；刺激物
 - incentive, animation, excitement, needle, irritation

Word: finish
Front: finish
[ˈfɪnɪʃ] (中高托 916/842 -K4)
Vocabulary: finish
(once / 45 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
To finish something is to complete it or bring it to a conclusion. If you finished a race, you completed it — even if you didn’t come in first.
Finishing is about concluding. If you finished a novel, you read the whole thing. Finishing a job means the job is done. This word can also refer to a coating or polish used to make furniture look nicer or fancier. If you say someone has a finished look about them, they don’t actually have a coating or polish, of course — but the effect is the same. They have a clean, cultured, polished appearance.
WORD FAMILY
finish: finished, finisher, finishes, finishing, refinish+/finished: finisheder, finishedly, unfinished/finisher: finishers/finishing: finishings/refinish: refinished, refinisher, refinishes, refinishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Parks finished with 19 points for the Citadel, which finished with 100-plus points for the eighth time this season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He finished with nine points and nine rebounds in 14 minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He started concentrating on that fix at the World Cup in Australia, where he teamed with Rickie Fowler to finish tied for second.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 完成; 结束; 吃光; 使筋疲力尽
n. 结尾; 结束; 最后阶段; 抛光
时态：finished, finishing, finishes
分布：完成(80%)，结束(16%)，用完(3%)，最后一层涂饰(1%)
→来自拉丁语finis, 终结，边界，进一步来自拉丁语figere, 固定，标记，词源同fix.
完成,结束(fin+ish)[fin=end,boundary,表示"结束,范围"]
n.完成;结束;磨光v.完成;结束;用完;毁掉During the procession, the microprocessor finished the processing procedure.在队伍行进时,微处理器完成了加工过程.
verb
COMPLETE/END 完成／结束
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to complete something or come to the end of an activity 完成，（使）完结
• I'll call you when I've finished my homework. 我做完作业后会给你打电话。
• Please place your questionnaire in the box when you've finished. 完成调查问卷后请将其投进箱子里。
• She finished (the concert) with a song from her first album. 她以自己第一张专辑中的一首歌作为（音乐会的）结尾。
• She finished second (= in second place) in the finals. 她在决赛中获得了第二名。
• [+ -ing verb] Have you finished reading that magazine? 你看完那本杂志了吗？
• They've already run out of money and the building isn't even half- finished (= half of it has not been completed). 房子连一半都没有完成，他们就已经没钱了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to end 结束；停止，终止
• The meeting should finish around four o'clock. 会议应该在四点左右结束。
• The play finishes with a song. 这出戏以一首歌结尾。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to eat, drink or use something completely so that none remains 吃完；喝完；用完，耗尽
• Make sure she finishes her dinner. 一定要让她把饭都吃完了。
• He finished his drink and left. 他喝完饮料就离开了。
• We finished (= ate all of) the pie last night. 我们昨晚把馅饼全吃光了。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
WOOD 木材
transitive
■If you finish something made of wood, you give it a last covering of paint, polish or varnish so that it is ready to be used. 给（木制器具）上最后一道漆；给…最后抛光
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
put the finishing touches to UK (US put the finishing touches on)
■to add the final improvements to something so that you are satisfied with it or certain that it is complete 做最后的加工（或润饰）
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] finish sth off ADVANCED
COMPLETE
■to complete the last part of something that you are doing 完成，使完结
• I want to finish off this essay before I go to bed. 我想写完这篇文章再上床睡觉。
USE
■to eat, drink or use the last part of something 吃完；喝完；用完，耗尽
• We may as well finish off this pie - there's only a little bit left. 我们不如把这个馅饼都吃了——反正只剩下一点。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] finish sb/sth off
KILL informal
■to kill someone or something, especially if they have already been injured 杀死，毁灭，干掉（尤指已受伤者）
• A third heart attack finally finished off the old man. 第三次心脏病发作最终导致了那个老人的死亡。
DEFEAT
■to defeat a person or team that you are competing against in a sports event （在体育比赛中）击败（对手）
• He could spar well enough but he couldn't seem to finish off his opponents. 他拳打得很好，但好像总是打不赢对手。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] finish sb off informal
■to make someone extremely tired, weak or unhappy 使（某人）精疲力竭；使（某人）极度虚弱；使（某人）极不快乐
• That game of football has really finished me off. 那场足球比赛真的把我累死了。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [I or L] finish up UK
■If you finish up in a particular place or situation, that is the place or situation that you are in finally 最终到达（某地）；最终处于（某种情况）
• You'll finish up dead if you carry on drinking like that. 如果你继续这样喝下去的话，会把自己喝死的。
• She married a Spaniard and finished up in Barcelona. 她嫁给了一个西班牙人，最后在巴塞隆纳定居了。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] finish (sth) up ADVANCED
■to eat or drink all of what you are eating or drinking 吃光；喝光
• Finish up your dinner and you can have dessert. 把晚餐吃完你就可以吃甜点了。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  finish with sth ADVANCED
■to stop using or needing something 不再使用（或需要）
• Have you finished with that magazine? 那本杂志你看完了吗？
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  finish with sb UK
■to stop having a romantic relationship with someone 与（某人）分手
• She finished with him when she discovered he was having an affair. 她发现他和别人有暧昧关系之后就跟他一刀两断了。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] noun countable
COMPLETE/END 完成／结束
 ADVANCED
■the end of a race, or the last part of something （比赛的）结果，结束；（某事的）最后阶段（或部分）
• a close finish 比分接近的比赛结果
• They replayed the finish in slow motion. 他们对比赛的最后部分进行了慢动作重播。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] noun countable
WOOD 木材
■the condition of the surface of a material such as wood （木制品等的）表面状况
• Look at the lovely shiny finish on that piano. 看看那架钢琴表面漂亮的光泽。
■the last covering of varnish, polish or paint, that is put onto something 罩面漆，末道漆；抛光
• Even a clear finish will alter the colour of wood slightly. 即使是最后一道清漆也会使木材的颜色发生轻微的变化。
conclude, finish, accomplish, terminate, complete, end, close
这组词都有“结束，完成”的意思，其区别是：
conclude: 正式用词，多指以某事或活动达到预期目的而告终。
finish: 与complete基本同义，着重圆满地结束或完成已着手的事。
accomplish: 正式用词，强调一个过程的完成；也可指依靠努力达到一定目的，或取得一定的结果。
terminate: 强调有一个空间和时间的限度，届时必须终止。书面语用词。
complete: 侧重指完成预定的任务或使某事完善，补足缺少的部分等。
end: 最普通用词，着重事情的完成。也指某种活动因达到目的而自然结束或由于某种原因而突然中止。
close: 普通用词，着重行为的终止或结束，不强调其目的。
attain, finish, accomplish, complete, achieve
attain: 达到，实现，常用于一般人的能力不易达到的目的。如：Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goals.
finish: 最常用，后接动词的-ing形式，表示在一个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的一步或阶段。如：I’ll finish the job alone. (我要独自完成这项工作。)
accomplish: 表成功，强调完成的结果而不是过程。如：Because of his hard word, things are accomplished. (由于他的努力，事情都已完成了。)
complete: 表示积极的完成，更具体地指建筑、工程等的完成。如：Has he complete his novel yet? (他的小说写完了吗？)
achieve: 完成，实现，强调通过努力而达到目的。如：You will achieve success if you work hard.
vt. 完成；结束；用完
 - accomplish, carry out, achieve, perform, complete
vi. 完成；结束，终止；终结
 - drop, determine
n. 完成；结束；完美；磨光
 - completion, achievement, execution, perfection, accomplishment

Word: agriculture
Front: agriculture
[ˈægrɪkʌltʃə(r)] (高研四六托雅 4165/2274 -3)
Vocabulary: agriculture
(once / 236 pages)
n
Agriculture describes the practice of growing crops or raising animals. Someone who works as a farmer is in the agriculture industry.
The Latin root of agriculture is agri, or "field," plus cultura, "cultivation." Cultivating a piece of land, or planting and growing food plants on it, is largely what agriculture means. Raising animals for meat or milk also falls under the category of agriculture. If we didn't have agriculture, we'd all be running around the woods, picking berries and trying to shoot things.
WORD FAMILY
agriculture: agricultural, agricultures, agriculturist+/ agricultural: agriculturally/agriculturist: agriculturists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Swiss use it in shops, restaurants and for train travel, he said, and “it is also widely used for automobile purchases and in agriculture.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
I first met Rosenberg at an international conference on indoor agriculture held at a theatre in Manhattan.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
From the earliest days of agriculture, farmers discovered various ways to prevent crop yields from declining over time: by restoring nitrogen to their fields.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 农业; 农耕; 农业生产; 农学
分布：农业(95%)，农学(3%)，农艺(2%)
→词根agro, 农业。culture, 培育。
农业(agri+culture培养)[agri,agro,agr=field,land,表示"田地,农业"等]
农业;农学(agri田地]+culture文化,引申为养殖业→农业)[cult=till,表示"耕种,培养"]
n.农业,农艺,农耕Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy.农业是国民经济的基础.
US [-tʃɚ] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■farming 农业；农艺，农学
• Agriculture is still largely based on traditional methods in some countries. 一些国家的农业仍然主要依靠传统耕作方式。
• The area depends on agriculture for most of its income. 这个地区的大部分收入来自农业。
• Seventy percent of the country's population practises subsistence agriculture. 这个国家70%的人口以务农为生。
Compare horticulture
n. [农] 农业；农艺， [农学] 农学
 - farming, extractive industry

Word: comment
Front: comment
[ˈkɒment] (高研四六托雅 1363/1279 -K4)
Vocabulary: comment
(once / 65 pages)
nv
To comment is to state your opinion or make a remark on something. Of course, it's good to know when to hold your tongue. Comment on the latest movie? No problem. Comment on the annoying airport security measures while having your baggage checked? Better not.
A written explanation or criticism is a comment. Your teacher's comments on your paper may thrill you when you do excellent work or unnerve you when you receive the message, "See me!" If you state your opinion, this is also a comment. Politicians talking to the press are fond of the statement, "No comment," which means they don't want to express an opinion — or more likely, they don't want to get in trouble.
WORD FAMILY
comment: commentary, commentate, commented, commenting, comments+/ commentary: commentaries/commentate: commentated, commentates, commentating, commentator / commentator: commentators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lincoln once commented that there was no glory in the presidency, only “ashes and blood.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
There was no immediate comment from either North or South Korea on Mr. Trump’s latest remarks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Customs and Border Patrol officials were not immediately available for comment.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 评论; 注释; 意见; 说明
vt. & vi. 评论，谈论
vt. 表达意见; 解释，注释
vi. 作注释; 作注解; 作解释; 作评语
时态：commented, commenting, comments
分布：评论(82%)，注释(16%)，闲话(2%)
→com-, 强调。-ment, 思考，词源同mind.
评论,评注(com共同+ment→共同思考→评论)[ment=mind,表示"思考,神智"]
n.注释,评论,意见v.(on)注释,评论Not for a moment has the comment on commercial phenomenon been mentioned.那个关于商业现象的评论从未被提及过.
【记】com共同，ment闷他：大家一起用激烈的评论把他闷的投不过气来。
【参】commentary（n 注释，解说词）；commentator（n 评论员，讲解员）
US ['kɑ:.ment] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that you say or write that expresses your opinion 评论；意见；评价；评语
• I don't want any comments on/about my new haircut, thank you! 我不想听到谁对我的新发型说三道四，谢谢各位了！
• He made negative comments to the press. 他向报界作了些负面的评论。
• I suppose his criticism was fair comment (= a reasonable opinion). 我认为他的批评合乎情理。
• She was asked about the pay increase but made no comment (= did not give an opinion). 有人问她关于加薪的事，但她拒绝评论。
No comment.
■used to say that you do not want to answer someone's question 无可奉告。
UK ['kɒm.ent] US ['kɑ:.ment] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make a comment 评论；议论；发表意见
• My mum always comments on what I'm wearing. 我妈妈总是对我的衣着指指点点。
• [+ that] He commented that the two essays were rather similar. 他评论说两篇文章颇为相似。
• The official refused to/declined to comment on the matter. 那位官员拒绝对此事发表意见。
n. 评论；意见；批评
 - opinion, criticism, mind, judgement, thinking
vi. 发表评论；发表意见
 - declare oneself, air one's opinion

Word: metal
Front: metal
[ˈmetl] (中高研四六雅 1574/1668 -K3)
Vocabulary: metal
(once / 146 pages)
nadjv
Metal is a shiny, hard, solid material, such as iron or aluminum. If, when you smile, you flash a brilliant metal grin, it's probably because of your braces.
The Greek root metallon originally meant quarry or mine, and later came to also mean metal. Silver jewelry is made of metal, and so are things like car engines and tin cans. The genre of rock music popularly known as metal gets its name from the heavy sound, especially of the guitar solo, played on electric guitars — made of metal.
WORD FAMILY
metal: bimetal, metal-colored, metaled, metaling, metalize, metalled, metallic, metallike, metalling, metallize, metalloid, metally, metals, nonmetal+/bimetal: bimetallic/metalize: metalized/ metallic: metallic-colored, metallically, metallicly, metallics, nonmetallic/metallize: metallized, metallizing/nonmetal: nonmetals
USAGE EXAMPLES
When happy with the initial sketch, she transfers the design to metal, often with a fine-point marker.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Gold XAU= was sluggish, with the precious metal sliding about 0.1 percent to $1,150.82, after a flat start to the year on Monday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Vuarnet was also the first person to win the event using metal skis.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 金属; 金属元素; 成色; 金色
vt. 以金属覆盖
时态：metaled, metaling, metals
分布：金属(95%)，合金(4%)，玻璃液(1%)
→来自拉丁语metallum,金属，矿产，采石场，矿物质，来自希腊语metallon,金属，矿石，矿砂，词源同metal. 可能来自smi,砍，切，词源同smith,blacksmith,goldsmith.
n.金属,金属制品Which method of making the metal helmet is more economical in total?生产这种金属头盔的方法哪一种总体上更节约?
【参】metallurgy（n 冶金；冶金术）；mettle（n 勇气）全身都是金属的感觉
US ['metˌ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a chemical element, such as iron or gold, or a mixture of such elements, such as steel, which electricity and heat can travel through and which is generally hard and strong 金属；合金
• Metal, paper and glass can be recycled. 金属、纸张和玻璃都可以再利用。
• Silver, gold and platinum are precious metals. 银、金和铂都是贵重金属。
• The wooden beam is reinforced with a metal plate. 木梁用金属板加固了。
n. [材] 金属；合金
 - alloy

Word: technical
Front: technical
[ˈteknɪkl] (高研四六托雅 2064/1394 -K3)
Vocabulary: technical
(once / 272 pages)
1adj 2adj 3n 4n
Technical describes a specific art or science, or training for a particular job. If you have trouble with your new computer, you might call for technical support, but a technical school teaches you a certain craft, like how to weld.
Technical comes from the Greek tekhno, which means "art or skill." Anything technical requires both art and skill. If you're an Olympic gymnast, you have technical abilities. You might go to a technical school to learn how to be a chef, a mechanic, or a massage therapist. While being technical can be a positive trait, you don't want to overwhelm someone with technicalities. For example: If you're trying to explain how a car works to a kid and you start talking about manifolds, you're getting too technical.
WORD FAMILY
technical: nontechnical, technicality, technically, technicals, untechnical+/ technicality: technicalities/untechnical: untechnically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This work is really hard. It’s very technical, and it involves a lot of emotion and a lot of technical skill,” Adams said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“That report offered no technical value for defenders,” Lee said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Finding consensus on technical problems, where one solution often is clearly better than another, is easier than on legal and political matters.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: adj. 技术（性）的，工艺的，学术（上）的，专门（技术）的，艺术的; [法]根据法律的，法律上的; [商]人造的，用工业方法制造的，由市场内部因素（如投机等）引起的; 〈美俚〉外表的，表面上的，浅薄的
分布：技术的(43%)，专业的(32%)，工艺的(25%)
→techn-,技术，科技，-ical,形容词后缀。
技术上的[techn=skill,ability,表示"技术,能力"]
a.技术(性)的,工艺的;专门性的,专业性的You must have technical ability.你们必须有技术能力.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to the knowledge, machines or methods used in science and industry 技术的
• a few technical problems 几个技术问题
■relating to the knowledge and methods of a particular subject or job 专门性的
• Personally, I found some parts of the book a little too technical to follow. 我个人认为，书中有些部分过于专业化，一般人不易看懂。
■relating to practical skills and methods that are used in a particular activity 技能的，技巧的
• In her performance as the Snow Queen she showed great technical brilliance. 她演冰雪女王时表现出了高超的演技。
technological, technical
这是一组形近易混词。
technological: a.技术上的。
 • a major technological breakthrough   主要技术性突破
technical: a.技术的，工艺(学)的；专门的，深奥的。
 • The banker made some technical points about the economy in his speech.   银行家在他的关于经济的演说中提出了几个很专业的论点。
adj. 工艺的，科技的；技术上的；专门的
 - specialized, express

Word: profitable
Front: profitable
[ˈprɒfɪtəbl] (研四六 5352/4487 -2)
Vocabulary: profitable
(once / 305 pages)
adj
Things that are profitable make money or are beneficial in other ways. Businesses hope to be profitable in the financial sense, but a profitable relationship is one that's good for everyone involved.
Profitable started out as a word to describe anything useful, but it hooked up with finance in the mid-1700’s. Profits are measured in money earned beyond expenses, so profitable businesses or transactions make money. A busy restaurant, sold-out concert, and best-selling book are all profitable. People also use this word for situations that are good in ways that don’t involve money. If you learned a lot from something, then it was a profitable experience, even if you didn't make any cash.
WORD FAMILY
profitable: profitability, profitableness, profitabler, profitablest, profitably, unprofitable+/ nonprofit: nonprofits/ profit: nonprofit, profitable, profited, profiteer, profiting, profitless, profits, profitting/ profiteer: profiteered, profiteering, profiteers/profitless: profitlessly/unprofitable: unprofitability, unprofitableness, unprofitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Explaining this research is clearly within the mandate of the Labor Department, whose mission statement includes a pledge to “advance opportunities for profitable employment.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In a classic business deal, an entrepreneur puts up collateral to get a loan for a potentially profitable investment.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Tentpole releases from major artists are still the thing that allows labels to stay profitable and for smaller acts to survive.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 有利可图的，有益的; 可赚钱的，合算的
分布：有利可图的(72%)，有益的(28%)
→来自profit,利润，收益。
有利润的(profit+able)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
a.有利可图的,有益的It's more profitable to reduce production.减少生产可以获得更多利润.
US ['prɑ:.fɪ.tˌə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■resulting in or likely to result in a profit or an advantage 有盈利的；有益的
• Over the years it has developed into a highly profitable business. 经过这些年，它发展成了高获利企业。
• I made profitable use of my time (= used my time to get advantages or benefits) , mixing with a lot of different people and practising my Spanish. 我充分利用时间和许多不同的人交游，练习我的西班牙语。
Opposite unprofitable
profitable, beneficial, advantageous
这组词都有“有益的，有利的”的意思，其区别是：
profitable: 多用于指能获得实用的或可获利的事。
beneficial: 侧重对健康、身心或事业有益。
advantageous: 多指能直接导致相对优势或有助于达到目的的事。
adj. 有利可图的；赚钱的；有益的
 - beneficial, helpful, useful, advantageous, conducive

Word: distribution
Front: distribution
[ˌdɪstrɪˈbju:ʃn] (四六托雅 2373/1456 -K3)
Vocabulary: distribution
(once / 231 pages)
n
Distribution means the passing out of something. A teacher is in charge of distribution of corrected essays. A lunch lady manages the distribution of food.
Distribution can also refer to the way something is distributed. In our country, many are concerned about the distribution of wealth, which is increasingly concentrated in the hands of the richest few. When you put money in a brokerage account, it's called a contribution. Taking it out is a distribution.
WORD FAMILY
distribution: distributional, distributions+/distributary: distributaries/ distribute: distributary, distributed, distributer, distributes, distributing, distribution, distributive, distributor, redistribute / distributed: undistributed/distributer: distributers/ distributive: distributively/ distributor: distributors/ redistribute: redistributed, redistributes, redistributing, redistribution / redistribution: redistributions
USAGE EXAMPLES
They are small electricity generation and distribution systems that operate independently of larger grids.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The company plans to expand distribution early next year.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Both companies are focusing more heavily on digital distribution.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 分配，分布; [法]（无遗嘱死亡者的）财产分配; [无线]频率分布; [电]配电
分布：分布(58%)，分配(31%)，分发(9%)，散布(1%)，销售量(1%)
分配[tribut=give,表示"给予"]
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the process of giving things out to several people, or spreading or supplying something 分发，散发；分配
• Has the Channel Tunnel improved the distribution (= supplying for sale) of goods between the British Isles and mainland Europe? 海峡隧道是否改善了不列颠群岛与欧洲大陆之间的货物流通？
• distribution costs 分销费用
■the way in which people or things are spread out in a place （人或物）的分布，分配
• a map showing distribution of global population 世界人口分布图
• We must find a way of achieving a more equitable distribution (= sharing) of resources/wealth. 我们必须找到一种更为公平的资源／财富分配办法。
n. [统计] 分布；分配
 - allocation, assignment

Word: subscription
Front: subscription
[səbˈskrɪpʃn] (六 8304/5444 -2)
Vocabulary: subscription
(once / 595 pages)
n
A subscription is an agreement conveyed with a signature. It's also buying a bunch of issues of a periodical, such as a year's subscription to "The New York Times" newspaper.
See the word script in subscription? That's a clue that this word has to do with writing. Specifically, a subscription is the act of signing something that you agree to, like a petition. You can have a subscription to a belief too. Also, when you order a magazine or newspaper's future issues, you buy a subscription. Subscriptions like this usually last one year: you pay, and the magazine agrees to send you copies until your subscription runs out.
WORD FAMILY
subscription: subscriptions+/ subscribe: subscribed, subscriber, subscribes, subscribing, subscription /subscribed: oversubscribed/subscriber: subscribers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Discovery own the rights across all platforms, including free-to-air television, subscription/pay-TV television, internet and mobile phone in all languages.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
This will be a major test of how many separate streaming subscriptions the average viewer is willing to pay for.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Founded in 1768 before publicly funded libraries existed, the "proprietary subscription library" is believed to be the oldest of its kind in the UK.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （报刊等的）订阅费; 捐款; （俱乐部的）会员费; 捐助
分布：订阅(92%)，捐款(3%)，会费(2%)，签署(2%)，同意(1%)
→subscribe,订购，订阅，-pt,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。
noun countable (informal sub)
■an amount of money that you pay regularly to receive a product or service or to be a member of an organization 订阅费，订购款；服务费；（俱乐部的）会费
• UK We bought our niece an annual subscription to the tennis club. 我们为侄女交了一年网球俱乐部会费。
• I decided to take out (= pay for) a subscription to a gardening magazine. 我决定订一本园艺杂志。
(also subscription ticket)
■a season ticket for cultural events 季票（文化活动的季票）
n. 捐献；订阅；订金；签署
 - contribution, signing

Word: seriously
Front: seriously
[ˈsɪəriəsli] (四六托 1908/1633 -K3)
Vocabulary: seriously
(once / 162 pages)
adv
When you do something seriously, you do it earnestly or thoughtfully. If you seriously consider walking the Appalachian Trail, it means that you put real effort and thought into contemplating such a trip.
If your boss speaks seriously to you, you know she means what she's saying, and if you think seriously about what a fortune teller told you, it means that you really consider what she said your future might bring. You can also use seriously to mean significantly, or to a worrying degree, like being seriously ill with the flu. Informally, seriously also means very or truly, like when you are seriously hungry.
WORD FAMILY
serious: overserious, seriouser, seriousest, seriously, seriousness +/overserious: overseriously/ seriousness: seriousnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
We live in the same city, and are close. he day the baby was born, doctors thought she might be seriously ill.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
The blaze was extinguished swiftly by other people at the scene, but the man was seriously injured.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Her husband was wounded, she added, but not seriously.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 认真地; 严肃地; 严重地
分布：认真地(34%)，严重地(33%)，严肃地(33%)
→来自 serious,严重的，-ly,副词后缀。引申副词词义非常，极其。
US ['sɪr.i-] adverb
BADLY 坏的
 IMPROVER
■badly or severely 严重地；恶劣地
• Badly cooked shellfish can make you seriously ill. 烹调不当的贝类会使你染上重病。
• He wasn't seriously injured - he just got a few cuts and bruises. 他伤得不重——只是有些割伤和淤伤。
UK ['sɪə.ri.ə.sli] US ['sɪr.i-] adverb
NOT JOKING 不开玩笑的
 IMPROVER
■in a serious way, not joking 严肃地；认真地
• Seriously now, did he really say that or are you just being silly? 现在说正经的，他是真的这么说，还是你在乱编？
• You're not seriously thinking of leaving, are you? 你不是真的要离开吧，啊？
UK ['sɪə.ri.ə.sli] US ['sɪr.i-] adverb
NEEDING ATTENTION 需要关照的
take sb/sth seriously
 IMPROVER
■to consider a person, subject or situation to be important or dangerous and worth your attention or respect 认真考虑；郑重对待
• The police have to take any terrorist threat seriously. 警方必须认真对待任何恐怖分子的威胁。
• You don't take anything seriously, do you? It's all one big joke to you. 你对甚么事都不当真，是吗？对你来说，甚么都是儿戏。
• She's sick of being seen as a sex symbol and wants to be taken seriously as an actress. 她讨厌被人当成性感偶像，想让人认真地把她当成女演员。
• These young actors take them selves so seriously! 这些年轻演员太把自己当一回事了！
UK ['sɪə.ri.ə.sli] US ['sɪr.i-] adverb
EXTREMELY 极端地 informal
■very 很，非常
• They do some seriously good desserts there. 他们那里的甜点很棒。
• That boy is seriously stupid. 那个男孩愚蠢极了。
adv. 认真地；严重地，严肃地
 - badly, severely, earnestly

Word: auction
Front: auction
[ˈɔ:kʃn] (研雅宝 4632/4370 -3)
Vocabulary: auction
(once / 522 pages)
1nv 2n
In an auction, items are sold without price tags––whoever bids the highest gets to buy it, whether it’s a painting, a car, or a set of old dishes.
You can hold an auction, or auction something. You might have seen auction scenes in classy old movies where the characters bid on paintings by politely raising their hands as the auctioneer calls out a price. Auctions aren’t always high-fallutin’, though. Many cities auction off cars they’ve confiscated from drug dealers or thieves.
WORD FAMILY
auction: auctioned, auctioneer, auctioning, auctions+/ auctioneer: auctioneered, auctioneering, auctioneers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Proceeds from the auction will benefit the project’s capital campaign.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Almost nothing was heard about the document for more than 80 years — until it showed up 13 months ago at a London auction house.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Instead, he sold everything to David Weisz to be auctioned off piece by piece.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 拍卖; 竞卖; 标售; （桥牌）拍卖玩法
vt. 拍卖; 竞卖
时态：auctioned, auctioning, auctions
分布：拍卖(100%)
→来自词根auct, 增加, 词根aug过去分词格。
拍卖(auct[=aug]+ion[价钱]扩大→拍卖)[aug=increase,表示"增加"]
n.／vt.拍卖The department store is auctioning off the remaining inventory.百货公司在拍卖剩余库存品.
【记】auct＝aug增加－增加价格－拍卖
【参】augment（v 增加，增大）；august（n 八月）
US ['ɑ:k-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a usually public sale of goods or property, where people make higher and higher bids (= offers of money) for each thing, until the thing is sold to the person who will pay most 拍卖
• a furniture auction 家俱拍卖会　
• They're holding an auction of jewellery on Thursday. 他们将在周四举行一场珠宝拍卖会。
• The painting will be sold at / UK also by auction next week. 这幅画将在下周拍卖。
• The house and its contents are being put up for auction. 这座房子及里面的家俱已被交付拍卖。
UK ['ɔ:k.ʃən] US ['ɑ:k-] verb transitive
■to sell something in a public auction 拍卖
• The stamps will be auctioned tomorrow. 这些邮票将在明天拍卖。
• The family is auctioning (off) its art collection. 这家人将要拍卖他们的艺术收藏品。
vt. [贸易] 拍卖；竞卖
 - be on sale
n. [贸易] 拍卖
 - public sale, vendue

Word: swing
Front: swing
[swɪŋ] (中高研四六托雅宝 2453/2479 -K3)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）摇摆; （使）摇荡
n. 摇摆，摆动; 摆程，振幅; 秋千; 音律
vt. 使旋转; 使做曲线运动; 挥舞; 悬吊
vi. 悬摆; 迅速打击; 侧转，转弯; 轻快摇摆地走
时态：swung, swinging, swings
分布：摇摆(46%)，秋千(40%)，旋转(7%)，改变(5%)，动摇(1%)，冲力(1%)
→来自古英语 swingan,击打，鞭笞，猛扑，来自 Proto-Germanic*swingan,摇摆，来自 sweng, 弯，转，摇摆，来自 swei,弯，转，摇摆，词源同 sweep,swivel.后原词义消失，引申诸 相关词义以及名词词义秋千等。
v.摇摆,摇荡,回转,旋转n.秋千;摇摆,摆动Twice the twin king wins the winter swinging under the wing of the plane.孪生国王两次赢得冬季机翼下的荡秋千赛.
【记】源于：sway（v 摇摆）
verb (swung, swung)
MOVE SIDEWAYS 向侧面移动
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to move easily and without interruption backwards and forwards or from one side to the other, especially from a fixed point, or to cause something or someone to do this 摆动，摇摆，摇晃
• He walked briskly along the path swinging his rolled-up umbrella. 他摇着收起的伞，步履轻快地走在路上。
• The door swung open. 门开了。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to change 改变，变化
• His mood swings between elation and despair. 他情绪多变，一下子兴高采烈，一下子又伤心绝望。
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
BE EXCITING 令人兴奋
intransitive informal
■to be exciting and enjoyable 令人兴奋，欢快热闹
• You need music to make a party swing. 要有音乐，晚会才会热闹。
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
MUSIC 音乐
intransitive or transitive
■(of music, especially jazz) to have a strong exciting rhythm with notes of different length, or (of musicians) to play especially jazz in this way （尤指爵士乐）有强烈节奏感；（乐手）演奏（尤指节奏感强烈的爵士乐）
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
ARRANGE 安排
transitive informal
■to arrange for something to happen, by persuading people and often by acting slightly dishonestly （常指透过稍有些不诚实的手段）设法办成，安排
• If you want an interview with Pedro, I could probably swing it (for you). 如果你想采访佩德罗，也许我可以帮你安排。
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
swing both ways informal
■to be sexually attracted to both men and women 两性同体的；雌雄同体（对男人和女人均有性吸引力的）
• I've seen her out with men as well. She swings both ways, you know. 我在外面也看到过她和男人在一起。她对男人和女人都有吸引力，你知道。
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
swing for it UK informal
■to be punished severely for something that has happened 被严惩，受到严厉惩罚
• If there's an error in the calculations, you know who'll swing for it! 如果计算出错，你知道谁会受到严惩！
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
swing into action
■to quickly start working 迅速开始行动
• The emergency services swung into action as soon as the news of the bomb explosion reached them. 紧急救援队一得知爆炸的消息，就马上开始行动。
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
swing the balance
■If something swings the balance, it is the thing which causes a particular situation to happen or a particular decision to be made instead of other situations or decisions which are possible 使天平发生倾斜，具决定性作用
• This latest election promise might just swing the balance in the government's favour. 最近作出的这一选举承诺，可能会使政府处于更有利的位置。
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
  Phrasal Verbs  swing at sb
■to try to hit someone 试图打（某人）
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
  Phrasal Verbs  swing for sb UK old-fashioned informal
■to hit someone 打（某人）
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] swing (sth/sb) round UK (US swing (sth/sb) around)
■to turn round quickly, or to turn something or someone round quickly （使）迅速转身，（使）快速转向
• She heard a sudden noise behind her, and swung round to see who was there. 听到身后突来的声响，她马上转身去看谁在那里。
[swɪŋ] noun
SIDEWAYS MOVEMENT 摆动
 ADVANCED countable
■a swinging movement 摆动，摇摆，摇晃，摇荡
countable
■an attempt to hit someone （为打某人而）挥舞，挥动，挥拳
• The drunk took a wild swing at Harry. 那个醉汉发狂似的挥拳向哈里打去。
countable
■a change 改变，变化
• He experiences severe mood swings (= sudden changes from one extreme mood to another). 他的情绪波动很大。
• The Democrats only need a 5% swing (= need 5% of voters to change to supporting them) to win this election. 只要再有5%的选民转而支援他们，民主党就可以在选举中获胜。
[swɪŋ] noun
SEAT 座位
countable
■a seat joined by two ropes or chains to a metal bar or a tree, on which especially a child can sit and move backwards and forwards 秋千
[swɪŋ] noun
BE EXCITING 令人兴奋
go with a swing UK informal
■If an event, especially a party, goes with a swing, it is very exciting and successful （尤指聚会）气氛热烈，热闹非凡
• The Festival always goes with a swing. 这个节日总是热闹非凡。
[swɪŋ] noun
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable
■a type of dance music that was popular in the 1930s and 1940s （流行于20世纪30和40年代的）摇摆乐
[swɪŋ] noun
get into the swing of it / things informal
■to start to understand, enjoy and be active in something 开始积极投入
• I hadn't worked in an office for several years, so it took me a while to get back into the swing of it. 我已经好几年没有在办公室里工作了，所以过了很长时间才能真正投入工作。
[swɪŋ] noun
What you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts. (also It's swings and roundabouts.) UK saying
■said to mean that the positive and negative results of a situation or action balance each other 有得也有失；有利也有弊；失之东隅，收之桑榆
• "The route through town would be shorter, but there'll be more traffic." "Well, it's just swings and roundabouts." “穿过市镇的这条路更近一些，但是车也更多。”“哦！就是有利也有弊。”
sway, rock, swing
这组词都有“摇动”的意思，其区别是：
sway: 主要指树枝等的来回摇动。
rock: 多指猛烈地摇动或摇晃。
swing: 指有规律地前后、上下摆动，也可指不停地转动。
n. 摇摆；摆动；秋千；音律；涨落
 - bob, ricketiness
vi. 摇摆；转向；悬挂；大摇大摆地行走
 - turn towards, sense of rotation
vt. 使旋转；挥舞；悬挂
 - turn, hang, spin
adj. 旋转的；悬挂的；强节奏爵士音乐的
 - rotary, rolling, revolutionary

Word: integration
Front: integration
[ˌɪntɪˈgreɪʃn] (3575/3170)
Vocabulary: integration
(once / 1736 pages)
1n 2n
Integration occurs when separate people or things are brought together, like the integration of students from all of the district's elementary schools at the new middle school, or the integration of snowboarding on all ski slopes.
You may know the word differentiate, meaning "set apart." Integrate is its opposite. When you integrate things, you bring them together. So integration is the act of doing just that, like the integration of African-American students into mixed-race schools after segregation was outlawed in the 1950s, or the integration of computers in businesses that had previously only used paper-based record-keeping.
WORD FAMILY
integration: integrations+/ disintegrate: disintegrable, disintegrated, disintegrates, disintegrating, disintegration, disintegrative/ disintegration: disintegrations/disintegrative: disintegratively/ integral: integrality, integrally, integrals, integrate / integrate: disintegrate, integrated, integrates, integrating, integration, integrative, integrator, reintegrate/ integrated: nonintegrated, unintegrated/integrator: integrators/reintegrate: reintegrated, reintegrates, reintegrating
USAGE EXAMPLES
She added that cities in the Rust Belt are “all looking at how immigrant integration plays a part in that revitalization of a city.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The last feasible option is a mix of separation and integration.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
One measure of integration is the proportion of immigrants employed relative to the native-born population.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 结合; 整合; 一体化; （不同肤色、种族、宗教信仰等的人的）混合
分布：集成(91%)，综合(8%)，同化(1%)
→来自integral,整体的。
V-ERG
(使)加入;(使)融入
If someone integrates into a social group, or is integrated into it, they behave in such a way that they become part of the group or are accepted into it.
例：He didn't integrate successfully into the Italian way of life...他没有顺利地融入到意大利的生活方式中。
例：Integrating the kids with the community, finding them a role, is essential...使孩子融入社区并为他们找到某个角色非常必要。
V-ERG
(使)(种族)融合;使取消种族隔离
When races integrate or when schools and organizations are integrated, people who are black or belong to ethnic minorities can join white people in their schools and organizations.
例：Schools came to us because they wanted to integrate...学校来向我们寻求帮助是因为他们想让不同种族的学生得到平等待遇。
例：Encouraging teacher transfer would not, by itself, integrate the teaching corps.鼓励教师调动本身不会消弭教学队伍中的种族隔离。
V-RECIP-ERG
(使)(与…)成为一体;(使)结合;(使)合并
If you integrate one thing with another, or one thing integrates with another, the two things become closely linked or form part of a whole idea or system. You can also say that two things integrate .
例：Integrating the pound with other European currencies could cause difficulties...把英镑与欧洲其他货币合并会引发许多难题。
例：Ann wanted the conservatory to integrate with the kitchen...安想把温室与厨房打通。
n. 集成；综合
 - synthesis, comprehensiveness

Word: lock
Front: lock
[lɒk] (中高研四雅 2221/2332 -K3)
Vocabulary: lock
(once / 81 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4vn 5n 6n
A lock is a tool that keeps a room, house, drawer, or box securely closed. You generally need a key, password, or combination to open a lock.
You might use a padlock on your gym locker, opening it with a tiny key or a secret series of numbers. There are also locks called "bolts" like the one on your front door, and bicycle locks that protect your bike while you're at work. Lock also means "to secure with a lock" or "keep securely enclosed," like when you lock your goat in the yard to keep him from eating the neighbor's rose bushes.
WORD FAMILY
lock: forelock, interlock, lockage, locked, locker, locking, locks, unlock+/ forelock: forelocks/ interlock: interlocked, interlocking, interlocks/interlocking: interlockings/ locker: lockers/locking: lockings, self-locking/unlock: unlocked, unlocking, unlocks
USAGE EXAMPLES
A baggage handler was locked inside an airplane’s cargo area during a 1½ -hour flight from North Carolina to Northern Virginia on Sunday.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Mark Campbell was part of a group of Kurdish activists who visited Mr Lock's family.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
While I meandered through my twenties, locked in my pseudo-bohemian stance, the remnants of that money rumbled along.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 锁; 水闸，船闸; （机器部件等的）锁定; 一把，一撮
vt. 锁上; 锁好，关好; 使固定; 隐藏
vi. 卡住，不动; 纠结; 僵硬不动
时态：locked, locking, locks
分布：锁(96%)，水闸(2%)，固定(1%)，过闸(1%)
→来自古英语loc,河坝，围栏，关闭，来自leug,弯，转，可能同lek,词源同leg,lizard.后引申词义锁。lock 头发，一绺头发
n.锁v.锁,锁上At 8 o'clock the clerk locked the flock of cocks in the room.八点钟时办事员将那群公鸡锁在房间里.
US [lɑ:k] noun
FASTENER 固定器
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a device which prevents something such as a door being opened and which you can only open with a key 锁，门锁
• I heard someone turn a key in the lock. 我听见有人在用锁匙开门。
• safety locks 安全锁
• Thieves got in by smashing the lock off the door. 盗贼砸坏门锁闯了进去。
⇒ See also padlock
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
WATER 水
countable
■a length of water with gates at each end where the level of water can be changed to allow boats to move between parts of a canal or river which are at different heights 水闸，船闸
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
DEFINITE EVENT 确定的事件
countable US informal
■something that is certain to happen 一定会发生的事件
• She's a lock for promotion this year. 她今年肯定会晋升的。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
HAIR 头发
countable
■a small group of hairs, especially a curl （尤指鬈发的）一股，一缕
• There is a lock of Napoleon's hair in the display cabinet. 在展柜中有一缕拿破仑的鬈发。
locks [plural] literary
■the hair on someone's head 头发
• curly locks 鬈发
• flowing golden locks 飘逸的金发
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
WHEELS 轮
uncountable UK
■the amount a road vehicle's front wheels can be turned from one side to the other by turning its steering wheel 前轮转向角度
• You need it on full lock (= with the wheel turned as much as possible). 你得把方向盘转到底。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
HOLD 锁
countable
■a way of holding someone that you are fighting against so that they cannot move 锁住（对手），使（对手）动弹不得
• The smaller wrestler held his opponent in a full body lock. 小个子摔跤手死死抱住对手。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
lock , stock and barrel
■including all or every part of something 全部家当，所有东西
• We had to move our things lock, stock and barrel to the other side of the country. 我们不得不把全部家当都搬到郊外的另一个地方。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
under lock and key
■locked away safely 锁起来的，锁好的
• Her jewellery is securely under lock and key at the bank. 她的珠宝全都安全地存放在银行里了。
■If a person, especially a criminal, is under lock and key, they are being kept in a place from which they cannot escape, usually a prison. （尤指罪犯）在牢房里的，在押的
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
MAKE SAFE 使安全
 ESSENTIAL transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to put something in a safe place and fasten the lock 妥善保管，妥善保藏
• He locked the confidential documents in his filing cabinet. 他把机密档放入档柜妥善保管起来。
• You really should lock your car (up) or it'll get stolen. 你真应该把车锁好，否则就会被盗。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to fasten something with a key, or be fastened with a key 锁，上锁
• Don't forget to lock the door when you go out. 出去时别忘了锁门。
• If you shut the door it will lock automatically. 门关上就会自动锁好。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
FIXED 固定的
intransitive
■to be fixed in one position 锁定，锁住
• I tried to move forwards but the wheels had locked. 我想向前移动一下，但车轮被锁住了。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
be locked together
■If people or animals are locked together, they are holding each other tightly so that neither one can move （人或动物）扭在一起
• Sometimes, fighting stags become locked together by their antlers. 有时雄鹿在相互争斗的过程中鹿角会搅在一起，动弹不得。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
lock horns
■to begin to argue or fight 开始争论；开始争斗
• The mayor and her deputy locked horns over plans for the new road. 女市长和副市长为这条新路的规划争论不休。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lock sth away
■to put something in a safe place and lock the door in order that someone else cannot get it 把…锁起来，将…妥善保管
• If you keep valuables in your house, lock them away somewhere safe. 如果家里有值钱的东西，就得放在安全的地方锁起来。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lock sb in
■to prevent someone from leaving a room or building by locking the door 把（某人）锁在屋子里，将（某人）关起来
• [R] She stormed off to her bedroom and locked her self in. 她冲进睡房，把自己锁在里面。
• He was locked in his bedroom as a punishment. 作为惩罚，他被锁在睡房里不得出门。
⇒ See also lock-in
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  be locked in sth
■to be prevented from moving by something 被…困住，受到…阻碍
• We were locked in traffic for over two hours on the way home. 回家的路上我们因堵车被困了两个多小时。
■If you are locked in a situation or process, it is impossible for you to move on from it 陷入…而停滞不前
• Both parties wish to avoid being locked in discussions which will resolve nothing. 双方都希望能避免陷入毫无意义的讨论而停滞不前。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lock sb out
STOP ENTERING
■to prevent someone from entering a building or room by locking the door 将（某人）锁在门外
• He had to break into the house because his girlfriend had locked him out. 由于女朋友把他锁在了门外，他只好破门而入。
STOP WORKING usually disapproving
■to prevent workers from entering their place of work until they agree to particular conditions given by the employer 阻止（工人）工作
• Management has threatened to lock out the workforce if they do not accept the proposed changes in working methods. 管理层威胁说，如果工人不接受改变工作方法的提议就不让他们上班。
lockout
    UK [ˈlɒk.aʊt] US [ˈlɑːk-] noun countable or uncountable usually disapproving 2. The General Strike in Britain in 1926 was caused by the lockout of coal miners. 1926年英国总罢工的起因是如果煤矿工人不答应苛刻的条件，资本家将关闭矿井，解雇所有的矿工。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lock (sth) up
■to lock all the doors and windows of a building when you leave it 锁好（门窗）
• Sandra, will you lock up tonight when you go? 桑德拉，你今晚离开时把门窗都锁上好吗？
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lock sb up
■to put someone in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill 将（某人）关入监狱；将（某人）关进精神病院
• Murderers should be locked up for life. 杀人犯应该被终身监禁。
• After what she did, they should lock her up and throw away the key (= lock her up until she dies). 鉴于她的所作所为，他们应该把她永远关在监狱里。
⇒ See also lockup
vt. [五金] 锁，锁上；隐藏
 - key, pocket
vi. [五金] 锁；锁住；卡住
 - chain up, seize up
n. [五金] 锁； [水利] 水闸；刹车
 - spoke, brake

Word: borrower
Front: borrower
[ˈbɒrəʊə(r)] (9542/6787)
Back: n. 借钱人; 借用人，剽窃者
分布：借用人(67%)，剽窃者(33%)
N-COUNT
借钱者；借方
A borrower is a person or organization that borrows money.
n. 剽窃者， [金融] 借用人
 - plagiarizer, cribber

Word: hang
Front: hang
[hæŋ] (中高研四六托雅 867/1069 -K4)
Vocabulary: hang
(once / 38 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4vn 5v 6v 7v 8v 9n
When you hang something, you dangle or suspend it. You can hang a piñata from a tree, hang a picture on the wall, or hang a wind chime on your porch.
People hang all kinds of things: washing on a clothesline, a rope swing over a lake, or a shower curtain in the bathroom. An artist also hangs an art show — meaning she installs it in a gallery or museum, and maybe literally hangs paintings on the wall. If your mouth hangs open, it gapes, and when fog hangs in the air, it rests there, suspended. Informally, you can "get the hang" of something, or figure it out through practice.
WORD FAMILY
hang: hanged, hanger, hanging, hangs, hung, overhang+/ hanger: hangers/hanging: hangings/hung: underhung/overhang: overhanging, overhangs, overhung
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunday showed a “lone individual” climbing the mountain, scaling the sign’s ladders and hanging tarpaulins over the O’s to change them to E’s, said Sgt.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When 12-year-old Daniel Radenz hanged himself during his father’s second tour in Iraq, I thought he must be the only one.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Sun’s portrait still hangs in schools and government offices, and looks serenely down on the frequent fisticuffs in Taiwan’s parliament.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: vt. 悬挂; （被）绞死; 贴，装饰; 使悬而未决
vi. 悬垂; 被吊死; 附属，依靠; 悬而未决
n. 悬挂的样子; （动作的）暂停; 〈口〉大意，要点; 〈口〉做法，诀窍
时态：hung, hanging, hangs
分布：悬挂(55%)，绞死(26%)，逗留(13%)，绞刑(4%)，悬挂方式(2%)
→来自konk,悬挂，词源同hinge.引申词义绞刑，绞死。
v.悬挂,垂吊;吊死,绞死The language angel hanged up the gang and banged them at the angle of the triangle.语文天使将那伙人吊起朝三角形的角上猛撞.
verb
FIX AT TOP 固定在顶部
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep] (hung, hung)
■to fasten or support something at the top leaving the other parts free to move, or to be held in this way 悬挂，吊；吊着
• A heavy gold necklace hung around her neck. 她脖子上挂着一串粗重的金项炼。
• Long creepers hung (down) from the trees. 长藤从树上垂下来。
• The curtains hung in thick folds. 窗帘打着密密的摺子垂着。
• Hang your coat and hat (up) on the rack over there. 把你的大衣和帽子挂在那边的架子上。
• Many of his finest pictures hang/are hung (= are fixed to the wall so that they can be seen) in the National Gallery. 他有许多上乘画作在国家美术馆中展出。
• Hang the pheasant/Let the pheasant hang for a few days for the flavour to improve before you cook it. 在烹调雉鸡肉之前先把它挂起来晾几天，这样味道会更好。
transitive (hung, hung)
■If you hang wallpaper, you fix it to the wall. 贴（壁纸）
[hæŋ] verb
KILL 杀死
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive (hanged or hung, hanged or hung)
■to kill someone, especially as punishment for a serious crime, by dropping them with a rope tied around their neck, or to die in this way 绞死；施以绞刑；被绞死
• He was found guilty and hanged later that year. 他被判有罪，并在那年的晚些时候被施以绞刑。
• With so little evidence to prove her guilt, few people thought she should hang. 没有甚么确凿的证据证明她有罪，所以很少有人认为她会被绞死。
• [R] The woman tried to hang her self with a sheet. 那个女人试图用一条床单上吊。
⇒ See also hangman
[hæŋ] verb
STAY 停留
intransitive (hung, hung)
■to stay in the air 停留，悬浮（在空气中）
• The falcon seemed to hang in the air for a moment before diving onto its prey. 猎鹰似乎在空中停了一下才扑向猎物。
• Smoke from the houses hung above the village. 炊烟袅袅，弥漫在村庄上空。
• literary The sound of the bells hung in the midnight air. 午夜的钟声回荡在夜空中。
[hæŋ] verb
BEND DOWN 弯下
intransitive or transitive (hung, hung)
■to curve down 弯下，垂下
• The branches hung heavy with snow. 树枝被雪压弯了。
• He knew he'd done something wrong and hung his head in shame. 他知道自己做错了事，于是羞愧地低下了头。
[hæŋ] verb
go hang (yourself) informal
■You say that someone can go hang (themselves) if you do not care what they say or do about something 见鬼去吧
• If she's expecting the report by tomorrow she can go hang herself. 如果她指望明天之前报告能出来的话，那就随便她去吧。
[hæŋ] verb
hang by a thread
■If a serious situation hangs by a thread, it means that even a slight change can decide what will happen and that a bad result such as death, failure, etc. is likely 千钧一发；岌岌可危；危在旦夕
• The mayor's political future has been hanging by a thread since the fraud scandal. 诈欺丑闻爆发后，市长的政治前途岌岌可危。
[hæŋ] verb
hang on in there (also hang in there)
■said as a way of telling someone to not give up, despite difficulties 坚持住；挺住
• Work can get tough in the middle of a term but hang on in there and it'll be OK. 到了学期中功课会变得很难，但坚持下去就会顺利的。
[hæŋ] verb
hang the cost/expense
■the cost is not important 别管多少钱
• Just buy it and hang the expense! 买吧，别管它多少钱！
[hæŋ] verb
hang tough US informal
■to not change your actions or opinions although other people try to make you do this 立场坚定，毫不妥协
• The President is hanging tough on the hostage crisis. 总统在处理人质危机时毫不妥协。
[hæŋ] verb
have sb/sth hanging round your neck informal disapproving
■to be limited in what you can do by someone or something 受…的拖累
• The last thing I want is a couple of kids hanging round my neck! 我最不希望的就是有几个孩子拖累着我！
[hæŋ] verb
hung, drawn and quartered
■In the past, if someone was hung, drawn and quartered, they were hanged by the neck and their body was cut into pieces. 处以绞刑后碎尸
[hæŋ] verb
I'll be hanged if... UK old-fashioned
■used to express your determination not to do something or not to allow someone else to do something 我绝不会…；让…见鬼去吧
• I'll be hanged if I'm going to clean up after him! 我才不会跟在他后面整理他弄乱的东西呢！
[hæŋ] verb
I'll be hanged if I know (also I'm hanged if I know) UK old-fashioned informal
■used to say that you certainly do not know 如果我知道我就不得好死
[hæŋ] verb
You might as well be hung for a sheep as for a lamb. UK saying
■said to mean that because the punishment for a bad action and an even worse one will be the same, you have no reason not to do the worse one 既然惩罚都一样，我还不如索性做得更差些。
[hæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hang around (UK also hang about) informal
■to move or do things slowly 缓慢地移动；缓慢地做
• Go and pack but don't hang around - we have to go in an hour. 赶快去收拾行李，别慢吞吞的——一小时后我们必须出发。
[hæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hang around (somewhere) (UK also hang about)
■to wait or spend time somewhere, usually for no particular reason 闲逛，闲荡
• I spent most of my youth hanging around the bars of Dublin. 我年轻时多半时间都泡在都柏林的酒吧里。
• I thought I'd hang around for a while and see if she comes. 我想在这里闲逛一会儿，看看她是否会来。
[hæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hang around with sb (UK also hang about with sb)
■to spend time with someone 与（某人）厮混
• I got into drugs because I was hanging around with the wrong people. 我染上了毒瘾，这是因为我与不好的家伙混在一起。
[hæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hang back
■to be slow to do something, often because of fear or having no confidence （因害怕或缺乏信心而）犹豫，踌躇不前
• There's no need to hang back - you can sing as well as anyone. 没甚么好犹豫的——你会和其他人唱得一样好。
[hæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hang on
WAIT
 ADVANCED informal
■to wait for a short time 稍等一会儿
• Sally's on the other phone - would you like to hang on? 莎莉正在接另一个电话，你能等一会儿吗？
• Do you need the toilet right now or can you hang on for a while? 你现在就要上厕所还是能再等一会儿呢？
• Hang on a minute - I'll be with you in a moment! 等一下——我马上就来！
HOLD
 ADVANCED
■to hold or continue holding onto something 紧握，抓住
• Hang on tight - it's going to be a very bumpy ride. 抓紧点——接下来的路会很颠簸。
⇒ See also hanger-on
[hæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hang sth on sb informal
■to blame someone for something, especially something they did not do 把（尤指某人没做过的事）怪罪在（某人）头上
• I wasn't anywhere near the house when the window was broken, so you can't hang that on me! 窗户玻璃被打破的时候我根本就不在房子附近，所以你不能把这个怪到我头上！
[hæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hang on/upon sth
GIVE ATTENTION
■to give careful attention to something, especially something that someone says 密切关注，（尤指）注意听（某人说的话）
• He hangs on her every word as if she were some sort of goddess. 他全神贯注地听她讲每一句话，就好像她是位女神似的。
DEPEND ON
■to depend on something 依靠，依赖
• The safety of air travel hangs partly on the thoroughness of baggage checking. 乘飞机旅行的安全性在一定程度上仰赖对行李彻底的检查。
[hæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hang onto sth ADVANCED
■to keep something 保留，保存
• You should hang onto that painting - it might be valuable. 你应该保留那幅画，它可能会很值钱。
[hæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hang out informal ADVANCED
■to spend a lot of time in a place or with someone 经常出入（某场所）；（与某人）厮混
• You still hang out at the pool hall? 你仍然经常出没于桌球场吗？
• I've been hanging out backstage with the band. 我常在后台与乐队混在一起。
[hæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hang over sth
■If a threat or doubt hangs over a place or a situation, it exists （威胁或疑虑）笼罩，萦绕
• Uncertainty again hangs over the project. 这个计划又再次变得不确定起来。
[hæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hang together
STAY TOGETHER
■If people hang together, they help each other and work together to achieve something 团结一致，同心协力
• If the opposition party can hang together over the next six months, they might just stand a chance of being elected. 如果反对党在今后的六个月里能团结一致，他们可能有机会在选举中获胜。
SEEM TRUE
■If the parts of something hang together, they are well organized or they seem to be true or correct 连贯，合逻辑；看似符合事实
• Somehow her story doesn't quite hang together. 不知为甚么，她的故事听起来不像是真的。
[hæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hang up
■to end a telephone conversation 挂断电话 hang 1 1. He started shouting so I hung up (on him).
他开始大喊大叫，我就挂断了电话。
• Let me speak to Melanie before you hang up. 在你挂电话之前让我和梅拉妮说几句话。
[hæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hang sth up
■to stop using and needing something because you have given up the sport or activity it is used for 不再使用；收起
• So when did you hang up your boxing gloves/golfclubs/ballet shoes? 你甚么时候不再参加拳击比赛／打高尔夫球／跳芭蕾了呢？
[hæŋ] noun
get the hang of sth ADVANCED informal
■to learn how to do something, especially if it is not obvious or simple 学会做（尤指不那么简单明了的事）
• "I've never used a word processor before." "Don't worry - you'll soon get the hang of it." “我以前从未使用过文字处理器。”“别担心──你很快就会用了。”
the hang
■the way something made of cloth looks when it is hanging （布料制成的东西的）悬挂状
• That coat fits you so well - the hang is perfect. 你穿这件外套太合适了——非常有型。
suspend, hang
这组词都有“挂，吊”的意思，其区别是：
suspend: 侧重悬挂物支撑点的灵活性和活动自由。
hang: 通常指一端固定于一点或一条线上，另一端悬于空中的状态。
vt. 悬挂，垂下；装饰；绞死；使悬而未决
 - paint, swing from
vi. 悬着，垂下；被绞死；悬而不决
 - trail
n. 悬挂；暂停，中止
 - moratorium, pause

Word: bus
Front: bus
[bʌs] (中高雅 1453/1399 -K3)
Vocabulary: bus
(once / 476 pages)
1nv 2n 3v
A bus is a long vehicle with many seats. An elementary school student might save a seat on the school bus each morning for her best friend.
A city bus carries far more passengers than a private car, which makes it an efficient form of transportation. When bus is used as a verb, it means to transport by bus, sometimes in an effort to desegregate a school district: "The city will bus students from this neighborhood to the other side of town." It also means "to clear a table" in restaurant lingo, which is often done by a "bus boy" or a "busser."
WORD FAMILY
bus: bused, buses, busing, busses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brewer criticized school busing, as did foes of desegregation, but he appeared moderate on race when compared with Wallace.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Tulsa police say a bus driver discovered the body of a man Sunday morning in a church parking lot.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The government plans to provide security for buses that will be used to shuttle passengers from Kaduna’s small airport to Abuja.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 公共汽车，巴士，客机; （口）汽车，机器脚踏车，飞机; [计]（电脑的）总线; [电]信息转移通路，悔流条，母线
vt. 用公共汽车运送
vi. 乘公共汽车; 打杂工
时态：bussed, bussing, busses
分布：公共汽车(78%)，乘公共汽车(16%)，总线(4%)，信息通路(1%)，用公共汽车运输(1%)
→截取自拉丁词omnibus, 为前缀omni- 的属格复数。原指一种四轮公共马车。
n.公共汽车,总线,信息通路On the bus the busy businessman did a business with the buyer.在公共汽车上,忙碌的商人与买主做了一笔生意.
noun countable (plural buses or US ALSO busses)
VEHICLE 车辆
 ESSENTIAL
■a large vehicle in which people are driven from one place to another 公车；大客车
• You should take the bus] go by bus (= travel by bus) if you want to see the sights. 如果你想看风景，应该乘公车去。
⇒ See also minibus;omnibus;trolleybus
[bʌs] noun countable (plural buses or US ALSO busses)
COMPUTER 电脑
■a set of wires in a computer along which data can be sent to and from other parts of the computer （电脑中的）汇流排（其各输出线路向电脑各零件传送资料）
[bʌs] verb transitive (-ss-, or US usually -s-)
■to take people somewhere by bus 用大客车运送
• Demonstrators were bussed in from all parts of the country to attend the protest rally. 示威者乘车从全国各地来参加抗议集会。
US
■to take children by bus to school in another area every day 用校车接送
car, bus, truck, lorry, coach, automobile, jeep, carriage, waggon
这些名词都与“车”有关。
car: 多指乘坐人的小汽车或轿车。
bus: 一般指公共汽车或大型客车。
truck: 与lorry同义，都指卡车或货车，前者为美国用词，后者用于英国。
coach: 原义指四轮马车，现指轿式汽车，长途公共汽车，还可指火车设有卧铺的车厢。
automobile: 是汽车的总称。
jeep: 吉普车，指一种小型轻便、适合在崎岖路面或野外使用的车子。
carriage: 指马车，两匹或两匹以上马拉的四轮马。
waggon: 指四轮运货马车或牛车，也指铁路的无盖货车。
n. [车辆] [公路] 公共汽车
 - motorcoach, autobus

Word: guerrilla
Front: guerrilla
[gəˈrɪlə] (5442/4905 -3)
Vocabulary: guerrilla
(once / 957 pages)
n
If your brother says he’s going to become a guerrilla, don't worry, he's not planning to become a hairy animal. Guerrilla fighters band together in a small underground army, usually trying to overcome a larger and more organized force.
Guerrilla and gorilla are pronounced the same — which makes it easy to remember how to say guerrilla — but they have different meanings. In Spanish, guerra means "war," and guerrilla means “little army.” Guerrilla fighters tend to work in small groups and use ambush and sabotage to surprise stronger, more traditional forces. You’ve might have heard of Che Guevara, a famous guerrilla fighter who was involved in the Cuban Revolution.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
gorilla / guerrilla
You might see a gorilla in a zoo, but a guerrilla (sometimes spelled with one "r"), is someone who belongs to a group of independent fighters. If you remember your high school Spanish, you'll know the difference.
A gorilla is a type of large African ape. Sure they fight, but that's not why they're called gorillas. When they show up in the news, they're usually just monkeying around:
This short clip of a Silverback gorilla in Kent walking upright on his hind legs, like a human, has become an internet sensation. (BBC)
Anaklet says we're going to surprise some gorillas eating breakfast. (Time)
A guerrilla, on the other hand, is a fighter who's a part of a rebellious group that's battling a government or other authority, and likes to raid and ambush. The word has picked up a casual meaning of describing anything that's meant to take you by surprise. Here are some examples:
Al-Shabab had spoken of a switch to guerilla warfare, which could mean more suicide bombings as well as grenade attacks and land mines, he says. (BBC)
Guerrilla Marketing is a phrase coined by Jay Conrad Levinson as a take-no-prisoners way of marketing. (Guerrilla Marketing)
So how will knowing your high school Spanish help you keep them straight? Guerrilla comes from the Spanish word for a war made up of skirmishes. That guerilla is related to guerra for (you guessed it), war. If you remember that guerra is war and guerrilla is little war, you'll remember that in English, independent fighters are guerrillas, no matter how hairy they are.
WORD FAMILY
guerrilla: guerrillas
USAGE EXAMPLES
The subtitle of Banks' book is "Tales of Mischief, Mayhem and Guerrilla Warfare in the EU Referendum Campaign".
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
In Colombia, voters narrowly rejected a deal between the government and a guerrilla group to end a 52-year civil war.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But the former Colombian guerrilla wasn’t able to do any of these things.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 游击队员; 游击战; 游击队
分布：游击队的(54%)，游击队员(46%)
→词源同war,战争。-illa, 小词后缀。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a member of an unofficial military group that is trying to change the government by making sudden, unexpected attacks on the official army forces 游击队员
• A small band of guerrillas has blown up a train in the mountains. 一小队游击队员炸毁了山区的一列火车。
• guerrilla warfare 游击战
[gə'rɪl.ə] adjective (also guerilla)
■using unusual methods to get attention for your ideas, products, etc 出奇制胜的；用奇招的
• guerrilla marketing 出奇制胜的行销术
n. 游击战；游击队
 - guerilla warfare, bushfighting

Word: habit
Front: habit
[ˈhæbɪt] (中高研四六雅 2308/2239 -K3)
Vocabulary: habit
(once / 57 pages)
nv
Any action that you perform regularly as part of your routine can be called a habit. Flossing your teeth would be considered a good habit. Sucking your thumb would be considered a bad habit, especially as an adult.
On New Year's people always vow to break their bad habits, but bad habits die hard. The noun habit can also refer to an established custom — like the habit of breaking bread with your family every holiday. On a completely different note, clothing that is worn for horseback riding, or by a nun or monk, can also be called a habit. All good nuns should be in the habit of washing their habits.
WORD FAMILY
habit: habitable, habited, habiting, habits, habitual, habituate +/ habitable: habitability, habitableness/ habitual: habitually/ habituate: habituated, habituates, habituating, habituation/habituation: habituations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Writing down your meals, snacks and daily stressors helps clarify your true habits, and set healthy, reachable goals.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This is particularly true in our 20s, when so many of our habits are still up for grabs.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Still, just seeing the information about my bedtime habits helped me change for the better.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 习惯，习性; 气质; 宗教服装
vt. 给…穿衣服; 打扮
时态：habited, habiting, habits
分布：习惯(96%)，习性(4%)
→来自古法语habit,衣服，行为，习惯，来自拉丁语habere,持，握，拥有，来自ghabh,持，握，抓住，词源同give,gift.引申词义居住，养成的习惯，及特指与宗教相关的袍子，道服等。
习惯(住一个地方→习惯了)[habit=dwell,表示"居住"]
n.习惯,习性,脾性It is not easy to break off a bad habit.要改掉一个坏习惯不容易.
noun
REPEATED ACTION 重复的行为
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■something which you do often and regularly, sometimes without knowing that you are doing it 习惯
• I always buy the same brand of toothpaste just out of (= because of) habit. 我出于习惯总是买同一个牌子的牙膏。
• I'm trying not to get into (= start) the habit of always having biscuits with my coffee. 我尽量避免养成喝咖啡时总是吃饼干的习惯。
• I used to swim twice a week, but I seem to have got out of (= ended) the habit recently. 我过去每周游两次泳，但最近似乎打破了这个习惯。
• I was taught to drive by my boyfriend and I'm afraid I've picked up (= caught) some of his bad habits. 我跟我的男友学开车，恐怕我已经染上了他的一些坏习惯。
• His eating habits are extraordinary. 他的饮食习惯很不寻常。
• I'm trying to get him to break (= end intentionally) the habit of switching on the TV when he comes home at night. 我设法让他改掉晚上一回家就打开电视的习惯。
• I don't mind being woken up once or twice in the middle of the night by my flatmate so long as she doesn't make a habit of it (= do it frequently). 我不介意半夜里被室友吵醒一两次，只要她不经常这样就行。
• I'm not really in the habit of looking at (= I don't usually look at) other people's clothes, but even I noticed that awful suit! 我没有观察别人穿着的习惯，可是就连我都注意到了那身难看的套装！
countable
■something annoying that someone often does 坏习惯，毛病
• She has a habit of finishing off other people's sentences. 她有打断别人说话的坏习惯。
countable
■a strong physical need to keep having a particular drug 毒瘾
• a cocaine habit 古柯碱毒瘾
• figurative humorous I'm afraid I've got a chocolate habit. 恐怕我巧克力吃上瘾了。
['hæb.ɪt] noun
CLOTHING 衣服
countable
■a special piece of long clothing worn by monks and nuns （僧侣或修女穿的）衣服，长袍
habit, practice, tradition, convention, usage, manners, custom
这组词都有“习惯，风俗，传统”的意思，其区别是：
habit: 侧重于自然养成的，不易去掉的个人习惯。
practice: 常指习惯性的做法或行为。
tradition: 广义指世代相传的伦理、行为规范和生活方式，特指因长久奉行而几乎具有法律效力的习惯、习俗，侧重历史意义。
convention: 多指约定俗成的行为方式规则或公认的标准，或指艺术上公认的技巧。
usage: 指持续时间长，为很多人公认采纳的惯例、习俗。
manners: 指在某一时期或某一团体中盛行的社会礼仪或社会风俗模式。
custom: 指一个国家、一个民族、一个地区或一个社会的习惯、行为方式或风俗习惯。也可指个人的习惯。
n. 习惯， [生物] 习性；嗜好
 - manner, custom, behaviour, weakness, way
vt. 使穿衣
 - attire

Word: barrel
Front: barrel
[ˈbærəl] (研四六托雅 3084/4469 -3)
Vocabulary: barrel
(once / 265 pages)
nv
A barrel is a big container used to store liquids. If you're moving a barrel, it's best to tip it on its side because its shape bulges at the center, so that it's easy to roll.
Barrels hold liquid in them — anything from wine to beer to oil. A barrel can also be the tube in a gun that a bullet travels through. You might hear the expression "stare down the barrel of a gun," which means you're looking at a gun pointed right at your face. A barrel is also used as a unit of measure or to refer to a large unit of measure. When someone says they are having "barrels of fun," they're having a really great time.
WORD FAMILY
barrel: barreled, barrelful, barreling, barrelling, barrels+/barreled: unbarreled/barrelful: barrelfuls
USAGE EXAMPLES
International Brent crude oil LCOc1 was yet to trade after closing up 68 cents at $56.82 per barrel on Friday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The 128th annual parade got started Monday with an added police presence and measures to prevent a vehicle from barreling into the route.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Businesses across the region also serve as Toy Drop Locations, filling up barrels with the Dagger’s Toy Run logo printed on them.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 桶; 一桶之量; 圆筒，活塞筒，滚筒; 圆筒
adj. 桶状的
vt. 装进桶里，放进桶里
vi. 高速行驶
时态：barrelled, barrelling, barrels
分布：桶(86%)，枪管(7%)，炮管(2%)，笔管(1%)，快速移动(1%)，大量(1%)，一桶的量(1%)，把 ... 装桶(1%)
→词源同bar, 杆，棍。指用木杆围的桶。
n.桶;枪管,炮管In the bar the barber bargained for a jar of jam, then got over the barrier of barrels.在酒巴里理发师为一罐果酱讲了价然后越过桶作的屏障.
noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
■a large container, made of wood, metal or plastic, with a flat top and bottom and curved sides that make it fatter in the middle 桶
• They drank a whole barrel of beer (= the contents of a barrel) at the party. 他们在派对上喝了整整一桶的啤酒。
■In the oil industry, a barrel of oil is equal to 159 litres. 桶（一桶石油相当于159升）
['bær.əl] noun countable
GUN PART 枪械零件
■the long part of a gun that is shaped like a tube 枪管
['bær.əl] noun countable
be a barrel of laughs/fun informal
■to be funny or enjoyable 搞笑，有趣
• "He's a bit serious isn't he?" "Yeah, not exactly a barrel of laughs." “他有点儿严肃，对吧？”“对，不怎么有趣。”
['bær.əl] noun countable
have sb over a barrel informal
■to put someone in a very difficult situation in which they have no choice about what they do 使（某人）别无选择，使（某人）听从摆布
• She knows I need the work so she's got me over a barrel in terms of what she pays me. 她知道我需要这份工作，所以就在薪水上为难我。
['bær.əl] verb intransitive [+ adv/prep] (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-) informal
■to travel somewhere very quickly 飞驰
• We were barrelling along the autobahn at 180 kph. 我们以每小时180公里的速度在高速公路上飞驰。
n. 桶； [军] 枪管，炮管
 - bucket, pail
vi. 快速移动
 - skirr

Word: suffering
Front: suffering
[ˈsʌfərɪŋ] (高 3933/4466 -K2)
Vocabulary: suffering
(once / 86 pages)
nadj
Suffering is the kind of pain you feel when you shatter your ankle and it's what you'll see all around you if you find yourself in the middle of a tornado or an earthquake.
When you're suffering, you're not happy — in fact, you're quite miserable. The Latin roots that give us suffering and related words paint a vivid picture of what suffering feels like. The word comes from sub-, meaning "below," and ferre, "bear." Suffering is something pressing you down that you have to submit to and bear. It's definitely the opposite of fun.
WORD FAMILY
suffering: sufferingly, sufferings+/ insufferable: insufferably/ suffer: sufferable, sufferance, suffered, sufferer, suffering, suffers/sufferable: insufferable, sufferably, unsufferable/ sufferance: sufferances/sufferer: sufferers/unsufferable: unsufferably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Phoenix Fire Department says the girl is in stable condition after suffering burns to her hands, feet and other parts of her body.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Kubiak missed a week of work in October after suffering a complex migraine, his second health scare in three years.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A car leaving the scene crashed nearby and police found the driver suffering from a gunshot wound and a female passenger dead from the crash.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 受苦，遭难; 苦楚，苦难; 令人痛苦的事
v. 受苦(suffer的现在分词); 蒙受
adj. 受苦的; 患病的
分布：痛苦(93%)，受难(7%)
→suffer,忍受，遭受，-ing,动名词后缀。
US [-ɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you experience physical or mental pain 疼痛；折磨；痛苦
• The war will cause widespread human suffering. 战争会给很多人带来苦难。
n. 受难；苦楚
 - martyrdom
adj. 受苦的；患病的
 - stricken, sickening

Word: consult
Front: consult
[kənˈsʌlt] (高研四六托雅 3591/2826 -K3)
Vocabulary: consult
(once / 117 pages)
v
To consult is to give or get help or advice. When you don't know the meaning of a word, you consult a dictionary. That's why you're here, right?
People making a big decision will usually consult their family and friends. To consult can also mean a type of professional advice: a consultant is a freelance worker paid to help a business out with something. Consulting is a complicated word that can mean to give or receive advice. When in doubt, find someone you trust to consult.
WORD FAMILY
consult: consultant, consultation, consultative, consultatory, consulted, consulting, consultive, consults+/ consultancy: consultancies/ consultant: consultancy, consultants/ consultation: consultations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Danish authorities acted after consulting South Korean authorities.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Milberg consulted a variety of experts, who told him it might be the actual manuscript, and worth as much as $500,000.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Cornwell now consults with people around the world to get the technical details right for her mysteries.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 商议，商量; [医]会诊; 咨询; 充当顾问
vt. 请教; 翻阅; 求教于; 顾及
时态：consulted, consulting, consults
分布：查阅(50%)，请教(40%)，商讨(9%)，就诊(1%)
→con-, 强调。-sul, 带来，召集，词源同consul, 即召集到一起协商事务。
v.请教,向...咨询,找...商量;查阅,查看The insult to the adult consulter results in multiplication of the faulty faucets.对成年咨询者的侮辱导致有缺陷水龙头成倍增加.
【参】consultant（n 顾问；咨询者）；consultation（n 请教；咨询；会诊）bellwether:leadership＝advisor:consultant领导者:领导阶层＝顾问:顾问（同义）
verb
 IMPROVER transitive
■to get information or advice from a person, book, etc. with special knowledge on a particular subject 咨询；请教；查阅
• If the symptoms get worse, consult your doctor. 如果症状恶化就要去就医。
• I'm not quite sure how to get there - I'd better consult a map. 我不是很清楚怎么去那里——我最好查查地图。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to discuss something with someone before you make a decision （同…）商量，（向…）征求意见
• Why didn't you consult me about this? 你怎么没跟我商量这件事？
• This afternoon the Prime Minister was consulting with his advisors and we are expecting an announcement shortly. 今天下午总理在征求顾问们的意见，我们在等待稍后的通告。
confer, negotiate, consult
这组词都有“协商、商量”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 正式用词，强调对观点或意见的交换。
negotiate: 正式用词，指双方通过争论或讨论最后达成协议等；也指通过商议从而解决问题。
consult: 多指向权威或有识之士请教或咨询。
look up, consult
look up: 查检（单词等），通过查阅词典来查检单词
consult: 查阅（词典等）；
vt. 查阅；商量；向…请教
 - look up, speak together
vi. 请教；商议；当顾问
 - take advice, seek advice

Word: critical
Front: critical
[ˈkrɪtɪkl] (研四六托雅宝 1126/1616 -K4)
Vocabulary: critical
(once / 86 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
The adjective critical has several meanings, among them, "vital," "verging on emergency," "tending to point out errors," and "careful."
If you're an emergency-room doctor with a patient in critical condition (on the highest alert), it's absolutely critical (vital or essential) that you be critical (careful and judicious) in your approach to their care, so that at the critical (decisive) moment, you can save their life. You must also be critical (that is, you must point out all the errors and flaws) of the jobs your colleagues are doing.
WORD FAMILY
critical: acritical, criticality, critically, criticalness, criticism, hypercritical, noncritical, overcritical, supercritical, uncritical+/ critic: critical, criticise, criticize, critics/criticise: criticised, criticises, criticising/ criticism: criticisms, self-criticism/ criticize: criticized, criticizes, criticizing/ hypercritical: hypercritically/overcritical: overcritically/uncritical: uncritically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police spokeswoman Sherry Llewellyn said Monday he remains in critical condition at a Baltimore hospital.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 1974, when his critical influence was probably at its height in Britain, he left London for Paris and then Geneva.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We urge you to preserve this critical U.S. strategic asset,” the letter read.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 批评的，爱挑剔的; 关键的; 严重的; 极重要的
分布：批评的(40%)，临界的(17%)，挑剔的(15%)，决定性的(15%)，危险的(13%)
→来自krei, 区分，筛选，判断，词源同crime, crisis. 即到了选择关头的，关键的。
批评的;危险的(crit+ical)[crit,cris=judge,discern,表示"判断,分辨"]
a.批评的,评论的;危急,紧要的;临界的The critic's criticism is critical to the crisis.评论家的批评对这场危机至关重要.
US ['krɪtˌ-] adjective
NOT PLEASED 不满意的
 IMPROVER
■saying that someone or something is bad or wrong 批评的；批判的；挑剔的，吹毛求疵的
• a critical report 批判性的报道
• The report is highly critical of safety standards at the factory. 这篇报道尖锐地批评了那家工厂的安全标准。
UK ['krɪt.ɪ.kəl] US ['krɪtˌ-] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 IMPROVER
■of the greatest importance to the way things might happen 关键性的；决定性的；至关重要的
• The President's support is critical (to this project). 总统的支援（对该计划）至关重要。
• a critical decision 重大决定
UK ['krɪt.ɪ.kəl] US ['krɪtˌ-] adjective
GIVING OPINIONS 发表意见
 ADVANCED
■giving opinions or judgments on books, plays, films, etc. （对书、戏剧、电影等）评论的
• She has written a major critical appraisal/study of Saul Bellow's novels. 她著有一篇重要的评论文章，对索尔‧贝娄的小说作了评价／研究。
• His last film won/received critical acclaim (= was praised by film critics). 他的最新电影赢得了评论界的赞誉。
UK ['krɪt.ɪ.kəl] US ['krɪtˌ-] adjective
SERIOUS 严重的
■extremely serious or dangerous 严重的；危急的，危险的
• Both drivers are critical/in a critical condition (= so badly hurt that they might die) after the 120mph crash. 两车在时速为120英里的情况下相撞，司机均身受重伤，情况危急。
critical, crucial, urgent, acute
这组词都有“严重的，重要的”的意思，其区别是：
critical: a.意为"关键的"，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。
 • 与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指"批判性的，分析性的"。
 • It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.   为了考好你必须用功学习，则你会不及格的。
crucial: a.意为"决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的"，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。
 • Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.   消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。
urgent: a.意为"紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的"，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调"紧急的"状态。
 • We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.   我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。
acute: a.剧烈的，严重的；急性的(病)。
 • An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.   食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。
adj. 鉴定的； [核] 临界的；批评的，爱挑剔的；危险的；决定性的；评论的
 - dangerous, crucial, final, decisive, marginal

Word: downturn
Front: downturn
[ˈdaʊntɜ:n] (六 8416/12217 -1)
Vocabulary: downturn
(once / 2153 pages)
n
A dip or reduction in an economic measure is a downturn. If a company makes less money than it did last year, for example, that's a downturn.
You'll often find the word downturn in business or economic news, describing the country's entire economy, or the activity of a particular sector of the economy. If car sales decline, that's a downturn, and if fewer homes are sold, it's a downturn in the housing market. Ever since the mid-1920s, the word downturn has been commonly used by economists and business reporters.
WORD FAMILY
downturn: downturns
USAGE EXAMPLES
During downturns, businesses typically cut capital investment—spending that increases or improves physical assets like buildings, equipment and computers.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The downturn for Nebraska farms and ranches crept into small town main streets across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was a rare bit of good news for Wyoming’s mining industry, hit hard by a downturn in coal and a recent BLM coal-leasing moratorium.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （价格或活动）开始下降; 衰退，低迷时期
分布：低迷时期(100%)
US [-tɝ:n] noun countable usually singular
■a reduction in the amount or success of something, such as a country's economic activity 衰退，渐入低迷
• the continuing economic downturn 经济的持续衰退
• There is evidence of a downturn in the housing market. 房产市场出现了衰退的迹象。
Compare upturn
n. 衰退（经济方面）；低迷时期
 - recession, decline

Word: gate
Front: gate
[geɪt] (中高 2010/1707 -K3)
Vocabulary: gate
(once / 74 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A gate is a moveable barrier that closes or opens a gap in a wall or fence. A garden gate might swing on rusty hinges, when closed helping to keep deer away from your vegetables.
A pasture gate keeps cattle or horses safe inside a fence, and if you visit someone who lives in a gated community, you'll have to be buzzed in before the gate opens to allow you inside. You'll also find gates at the airport — they're the areas with doors leading out to the airplane. The Old English source of gate is geat, "gate, door, opening, or passage."
WORD FAMILY
gate: gated, gates, gating
USAGE EXAMPLES
There will also be a smaller ballot for a limited number of tickets for the event at the Menin Gate memorial.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s just so many checks and balances, it just doesn’t surprise me that he got caught before this plane was able to leave the gate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The statement says once at the gate, an employee of the airline’s ground handling vendor was found in the cargo area.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 门; 闸门; 登机门; 入场费
vt. 给…装大门; [电子学] 电波传送
时态：gated, gating, gates
分布：大门(84%)，登机门(6%)，出入口(4%)，门票收入(3%)，解雇(2%)，常表示政治丑闻(1%)
→来自ghed, 排便，衍生自ghe，走，释放，词源同go.
n.大门;入口;观众人数,门票收入The fateful up-to-date data of the gate have a fatal error.大门的决定性最新数据有一个致命错误.
noun countable
STRUCTURE 建筑物
 ESSENTIAL
■a part of a fence or outside wall that is fixed at one side and opens and closes like a door, usually made of metal or wooden strips （通常由金属条或木头条板做的）大门，栅栏门，围墙门
 ADVANCED
■a similar device that slides across an opening, often folding into a smaller space as it is opened （可滑动伸缩的）推拉门，活动门，卷帘门
• The lift won't move if the safety gate isn't shut properly. 如果防护门没有关好，电梯不会开动。
 ADVANCED
■a part of an airport where travellers are allowed to get on or off a particular aircraft （机场大楼的）登机门，登机口
• All passengers for flight LH103 please proceed to gate 16. 搭乘 LH103号班机的乘客请前往16号登机口登机。
[geɪt] noun countable
PEOPLE 人 UK informal
■the number of people that go to see a sports event or other large event, or the amount of money people pay to see it 观众人数；门票收入
• Gates at football matches were lower than average last season. 上个赛季观看足球比赛的人数低于平均水准。
door, gate
这组词都有“门”的意思，其区别是：
door: 指建筑物的大门或房间的门，一般有墙有顶，也指车辆等的门。
gate: 指校园、公园、工厂、城市或庭院等的大门，通常有墙无顶。
n. [建] 大门；出入口；门道
 - portal, main entrance

Word: pipeline
Front: pipeline
[ˈpaɪplaɪn] (四六 5181/7236 -2)
Vocabulary: pipeline
(once / 1259 pages)
n
A pipeline is a series of pipes that liquid or gas flows through. A pipeline can also be a channel for other things, even ideas. The Internet is an information pipeline. No digging required!
While oil and natural gas often go through a pipeline, other substances are also transported this way, including water used for irrigation and even, in some cases, beer. You can use pipeline when you talk about other quick-moving things, like a source of goods, or even spoken communication. You could call the big companies in your city a kind of “job pipeline.” If you have an idea for a community pool in the pipeline, go ahead and hire the lifeguards!
WORD FAMILY
pipeline: pipelines
USAGE EXAMPLES
The pipeline would carry oil from western North Dakota through South Dakota and Iowa to a shipping point in Illinois.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Speeches normally dominate the first week of the Legislature - but not this year due to security reasons involving the Dakota Access pipeline protests.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say a woman arrested following the hanging a Dakota Access pipeline protest banner from the roof of U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 管道; 输油管道; 渠道，传递途径
vt. （通过管道）运输，传递; 为…安装管道
分布：管道(77%)，管线(18%)，渠道(4%)，用管道运输(1%)
【记】pipe管，line线－管道
noun countable
■a very long large tube, often underground, through which liquid or gas can flow for long distances （常指铺设在地下的）管道，管线
['paɪp.laɪn] noun countable
in the pipeline
■being planned 在筹划中；在进行中
• The theatre company has several new productions in the pipeline for next season. 剧团正在为下一个演出季排练几个新剧码。
n. [建] 管道；输油管；传递途径
 - canal, ducting

Word: provision
Front: provision
[prəˈvɪʒn] (研四六托雅宝 2612/783 -3)
Vocabulary: provision
(once / 104 pages)
nv
A provision is a store or supply of something, like food or clothing. This noun can also describe the planning you do for "when something happens."
We often use this word when we talk about outdoor activities like hiking or camping, or when we talk about outfitting an army in the field, but it basically means "supply." And since provision comes from the Latin word that means to "attend to," you can pretty much guess what the verb form of this word describes: the act of supplying someone else with provisions. In a legal or contractual sense, a provision is a stipulated condition or proviso.
WORD FAMILY
provision: provisional, provisionary, provisioned, provisioner, provisioning, provisions +/improvidence: improvidences/ improvident: improvidence, improvidently/ provide: provided, provident, provider, provides, providing, provision / providence: providences, providential / provident: improvident, providence, providently/ providential: providentially/ provider: providers/ provisional: provisionally /provisioner: provisioners
USAGE EXAMPLES
One unanswered question is whether the repeal bill will include a key provision of the 2015 bill: the defunding of Planned Parenthood.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Slightly fewer than 29 million Americans remain uninsured, about half of whom would benefit from provisions of the ACA.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The so-called bathroom bill in North Carolina includes a provision that requires people to use public bathrooms that match the gender on their birth certificate.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 规定，条项，条款; 预备，准备，设备; 供应，（一批）供应品; 生活物质，储备物资
vt. & vi. 为…提供所需物品（尤指食物）
时态：provisioned, provisioning, provisions
分布：规定(42%)，条款(30%)，供应(18%)，粮食(5%)，预备(2%)，食品(2%)，向 ... 供应食物(1%)
→来自provide,提供，规定。
n.供应,(一批)供应品;预备;条款;(pl.)给养I'm convinced that the provincial government will provide provisional provisions.我深信地方政府将提供临时供应品.
noun
SUPPLY 供应
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when something is provided 提供；供给；准备
• The provision of good public transport will be essential for developing the area. 提供良好的大众运输对该地区的发展极为重要。
• Of course there's provision in the plan for population increase. 当然这项计划里有应对人口增长的措施。
• When designing buildings in this area, you have to make provision against earthquakes. 在该地区设计建筑物时，需要考虑防震措施。
provisions [plural]
■supplies of food and other necessary things 粮食；食物供给，物资
• provisions for the journey 旅粮
make provision for sth
■to make arrangements to deal with something, often financial arrangements 为…做好准备（尤指经济上的保障）
• He hasn't made any provision for his retirement yet. 他还没做好退休的准备。
[prə'vɪʒ.ən] noun
LAW 法律
countable
■a statement within an agreement or a law that a particular thing must happen or be done, especially before another can happen or be done 规定，条款
• We have inserted certain provisions into the treaty to safeguard foreign workers. 我们在条约中增添了一些条款以保护外籍劳工。
• [+ that] She accepted the job with the provision that she would be paid expenses for relocating. 她接受了这份工作，条件是要给安家费。
[prə'vɪʒ.ən] verb transitive formal
■to supply with food and other necessary things 为…提供给养（或物资）
n. 规定；条款；准备； [经] 供应品
 - item, preparation, arrangement, preliminary, do

Word: journal
Front: journal
[ˈdʒɜ:nl] (研四六托雅 2780/2500 -4)
Vocabulary: journal
(once / 118 pages)
1n 2n
If you keep a daily––or at least somewhat regular––written account of your life, you are keeping a diary or journal. A journal is also a periodical, such as a scientific journal or a scholarly journal.
Journal comes from an Old French word which meant daily (jour being the French word for day, as in soup du jour, or “soup of the day”). You can keep a journal in an old notebook, on the computer, or on scraps of paper, but if you keep it in a book made especially for that purpose, then that physical book (whether you've written in it or not) is called a journal.
WORD FAMILY
journal: journals
USAGE EXAMPLES
In a comment added to the study, the journal’s editor described the number of gastrointestinal complaints as “alarming.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Roof also documented his hate in his journal, found in his car when he was arrested.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now, these contrarian scientists only appear in blogs, op-eds in newspapers, sometimes in pay-for-play journals – but rarely in competitively reviewed scientific venues.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 日报，日志，日记; 定期刊物，期刊，杂志; [会计]分类账
分布：日记(43%)，期刊(41%)，日志(16%)
→来自古法语jornel,天，一天时间，一天的工作，来自拉丁语diurnalis,一天的，词源同daily.部分学者认为其拼写变化由字母d到字母j可能是来自后拉丁语时期，字母i变成字母j后导致首字母d脱落造成的。词义由一天的工作引申日志，日报，期刊，一天的新闻等。
日期,杂志[journ=day,表示"日期"]
n.定期刊物,杂志,日报;日志,日记The doctor is reading the Journal of Medical Science.医生在阅读《医学科学》杂志.
US ['dʒɝ:-] noun countable
MAGAZINE 杂志
 IMPROVER
■a serious magazine or newspaper which is published regularly, usually about a specialist subject 杂志，期刊；报纸
• a medical/trade journal 医学／商业杂志
UK ['dʒɜ:.nəl] US ['dʒɝ:-] noun countable
RECORD 纪录
■a written record of what you have done each day; a diary 日志；日记
• She kept a travel journal during her trip to South America. 她在南美旅行期间持续记录旅行日志。
journal, magazine, press, periodical, review, newspaper, publication
这组词都有“出版物或定期刊物”的意思，其区别是：
journal: 本义为“日报”，现在可指定期发生的周刊、月刊、季刊等或指学术团体出版的刊物、杂志或学报。
magazine: 指刊登各种文章、小说、诗歌、评议的杂志。
press: 系报刊总称，也指报界或报业。
periodical: 通常指除日报以外的定期出版刊物。
review: 多指登载评论性文章或讨论重大事件的文章的刊物。
newspaper: 一般指每日出版的报纸。
publication: 指出版物，发行物。
n. 日报， [图情] 杂志；日记；分类账
 - magazine, diary

Word: element
Front: element
[ˈelɪmənt] (研四六托 1214/843 -K4)
Vocabulary: element
(once / 78 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
An element is something basic and important––in chemistry, an element is one of the essential molecules that everything else is made of. If a book's ending carries and "element of surprise," it means surprise is an important part of the story's end.
One of the earliest meanings of this noun was in reference to any of four substances, earth, air, fire, or water, that were formerly regarded as a basic constituent of the universe. When you're "in your element," it means you're enjoying yourself because what you're doing is basic and important to you––stand up comics are in their element when they're performing to a crowd who loves them.
WORD FAMILY
element: elemental, elementary, elements +/elemental: elementally/ elementary: elementarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is an element of randomness to this game — and there is still an aura about the Seahawks.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As with all stories, it contained elements of truth, and, as with all stories, it was incomplete.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s current government is “driven by its most extreme elements.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [化]元素; 要素; 原理; [电]电阻丝
分布：元素(85%)，要素(10%)，元件(5%)
→来自elementum, 基础，基本。
n.元素;要素;成分;元件;自然环境The mental patient thinks the cement is the elementary element of the ornament.精神病人认为水泥是装饰品的基本成分.
【参】elemental（adj 基础的；自然力的）；elementary（adj 初步的；基本的；元素的）
【反】pith（n 精华；精髓）－superficial element（表面因素）；adjunct（n 附件）－essential element（要素）
noun
PART 部分
 IMPROVER countable
■a part of something 部分；部件；要素
• List the elements which make up a perfect dinner party. 列举出一次尽善尽美的晚宴的所有构成要素。
• The film had all the elements of a good thriller. 这部电影具备了一部精彩的惊栗片的一切要素。
• We weren't even taught the elements of (= basic information about) physics at school. 学校连基本的物理知识都没有教给我们。
['el.ɪ.mənt] noun
AMOUNT 数量
an element of sth
 ADVANCED
■a small amount of an emotion or quality 少量；有点，有些
• There was certainly an element of truth in what she said. 她说的话当然也有些是真的。
• Don't you think there's an element of jealousy in all of this? 你不觉得所有这一切都是妒嫉在隐隐作祟?
• We walked quietly up to the door to preserve the element of surprise. 我们轻手轻脚地走近门口，想制造一个惊喜。
['el.ɪ.mənt] noun
SIMPLE SUBSTANCE 简单物质
countable
■a simple substance which cannot be reduced to smaller chemical parts 元素
• Aluminium is an element. 铝是一种元素。
['el.ɪ.mənt] noun
EARTH, AIR, ETC. 地球，空气等
countable old use
■earth, air, fire and water from which people believed everything else was made 四大元素（旧时人们认为构成一切事物的土、风、火、水）
['el.ɪ.mənt] noun
WEATHER 天气
the elements
[plural]
■the weather, usually bad weather 天气，（通常指）恶劣天气
• We decided to brave the elements and go for a walk (= go for a walk despite the bad weather). 我们决定冒着风雨去散步。
['el.ɪ.mənt] noun
HEAT 热
countable
■the part of an electrical device which produces heat 电热元件；电热丝
• a heating element 电热元件
• The kettle needs a new element. 电水壶该换新的电热丝了。
['el.ɪ.mənt] noun
be in your element
■to be happy because you are doing what you like or can do best 适得其所；得心应手
• Kate, of course, was in her element, making all the arrangements. 凯特安排这一切当然是得心应手。
['el.ɪ.mənt] noun
be out of your element
■to be unhappy and feel uncomfortable in a particular situation 不得其所；不适应
element, component, constituent, ingredient
这组词都有“组成、成分、部分”的意思，其区别是：
element: 指一个整体必不可少或固有的部分，强调一个复杂整体中最基本、最简单的元件、元素或成分等。
component: 指一个整体的组成部分。
constituent: 常可与component换用，指某一整体不可少的部分或成分。
ingredient: 普通用词，含义笼统。既可指混在一起而本身没有变化的物质，如配料，又可指与别的物质混在一起，发生了变化的成分。
element, component, ingredient, factor
这组词都有“组成成分”的意思，其区别是：
element: n.元素；组成部分，方面；某特定类型的人或群体，分子。
 • The elements hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.   氢元素和氧元素构成了水。
 • He belongs to a bad element in this city.   他属于这个城市的坏分子。
component: n.零部件；(某事物的)组成部分；成分。
 • Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are component of a car.   轮胎，引擎，车身以及坐椅都是一辆汽车的零部件。
ingredient: n.原料，成分，要素。
 • Flour, milk, butter and yeast are some ingredients in bread.   面粉、牛奶、黄油和酵母是做面包的一些原料。
factor: n.因素，要素，侧重指原因。
 • Endurance is an important factor in success in sports.   耐力是体育比赛成功的一个重要因素。
element, component, composition, ingredient
element: 指“元素”类的“成分”
component: 尤用于机械装置的成分
composition: 尤用于指物体内在固有的不可分割的成分，如氢于水
ingredient: 主要指混合物的成分
n. [数] 元素；要素；原理；成分；自然环境
 - theory, mechanism, factor, basic, essential

Word: ending
Front: ending
[ˈendɪŋ] (高研四六雅 5188/5246 -K2)
Back: n. 结局; 结束; 终结; 最后部份
v. 结束，终止(end的现在分词)
分布：结局(69%)，结尾(31%)
n.结尾,结局The writer arranges a happy ending.作者安排了一个大团圆的结局.
noun countable
STORY 故事
 IMPROVER
■the last part of a story （故事的）结尾，结局
• People want love stories with happy endings. 人们希望爱情故事的结局是有情人终成眷属。
['en.dɪŋ] noun countable
WORD 词语
 IMPROVER
■a part added to the end of a word （单词）词尾
• To make the plural of 'dog', you add the plural ending '-s'. 要把 dog 这个词变成复数形式，需在其后加表示复数的词尾 s。
n. 结局；结尾
 - conclusion, outcome

Word: convention
Front: convention
[kənˈvenʃn] (研四六托雅 2472/1947 -K3)
Vocabulary: convention
(once / 91 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A convention is a meeting, usually of a particular group. Political parties, teachers, plumbers, gardeners, toymakers and computer designers all hold conventions.
In fact, lots of cities have built Convention Centers in hopes of attracting convention-goers. The best-known conventions happen every four years when the Democrats and Republicans meet to nominate presidential candidates. A convention can also be used to describe the normal or accepted way of doing things. It's the convention, for example, for your employer to give you a three-day weekend around the Fourth of July, even if it falls on a weekend.
WORD FAMILY
convention: conventional, conventioneer, conventions+/ convene: convened, convener, convenes, convening, convention, reconvene /convener: conveners/ conventional: conventionalise, conventionalism, conventionality, conventionalize, conventionally, unconventional /conventionalisation: conventionalisations/conventionalise: conventionalisation, conventionalised, conventionalises, conventionalising/conventionalism: conventionalisms/conventionality: conventionalities/conventionalize: conventionalization, conventionalized, conventionalizing/conventioneer: conventioneers/ reconvene: reconvened, reconvenes, reconvening/ unconventional: unconventionality, unconventionally/unconventionality: unconventionalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
These days Miss Cartwright spends some of her time doing sci-fi autograph conventions, where she meets fans from around the world.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Beyond defining its scope, there are competing ideas about what a convention should tackle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He’s also helped sell the game during marketing conventions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 会议; 全体与会者; 国际公约; 惯例，习俗，规矩
分布：大会(52%)，公约(22%)，惯例(17%)，协定(9%)
→来自convene, 会议召集。
集会;惯例(con大家+vent+ion→大家来到→起→集会)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
n.大会,会议;惯例,常规,习俗;公约,协定The unconventional convention put many people to inconvenience.那个不合惯例的大会使很多人感到不便.
【记】con共同，vent来：共同来到一起开政治大会
【参】conventionality（n 常规惯例；老一套）
【反】ossify（v 使硬化，僵化）－transcend conventions（超越常规）
noun
MEETING 会议
 IMPROVER countable
■a large formal meeting of people who do a particular job or have a similar interest, or a large meeting for a political party 大会；会议
• the national Democratic convention 民主党全国大会
• Where are they holding their party convention? 他们在哪里召开党员大会？
[kən'vent.ʃən] noun
CUSTOM 风俗
countable or uncountable
■(an example of) a usual or accepted way of behaving, especially in social situations, often following an old way of thinking or a custom in one particular society 传统；（尤指社会）习俗；常规；惯例
• They defied/flouted/broke with convention by giving up their jobs and becoming self-sufficient. 他们离经叛道，放弃了工作，开始过自给自足的生活。
• Convention dictates that it is the man who asks the woman to marry him and not the reverse. 根据习俗，应由男人向女人求婚而不是反过来。
• In many countries, it is the/a convention to wear black at funerals. 在葬礼上穿黑色的衣服是许多国家的习俗。
countable
■a common way of showing something in art or writing （艺术、写作上的）传统手法
• an artistic convention 传统艺术手法
[kən'vent.ʃən] noun
AGREEMENT 协议
countable
■a formal agreement between country leaders, politicians and states on a matter which involves them all 公约；协定
• the Geneva Convention 日内瓦公约
• a convention on human rights 人权公约
habit, practice, tradition, convention, usage, manners, custom
这组词都有“习惯，风俗，传统”的意思，其区别是：
habit: 侧重于自然养成的，不易去掉的个人习惯。
practice: 常指习惯性的做法或行为。
tradition: 广义指世代相传的伦理、行为规范和生活方式，特指因长久奉行而几乎具有法律效力的习惯、习俗，侧重历史意义。
convention: 多指约定俗成的行为方式规则或公认的标准，或指艺术上公认的技巧。
usage: 指持续时间长，为很多人公认采纳的惯例、习俗。
manners: 指在某一时期或某一团体中盛行的社会礼仪或社会风俗模式。
custom: 指一个国家、一个民族、一个地区或一个社会的习惯、行为方式或风俗习惯。也可指个人的习惯。
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。
agreement, contract, treaty, convention, bargain, understanding, accord
这些名词均含“协定，协议，契约，合同”之意。
agreement: 普通用词，含义最确定，泛指个人、团体或国家之间取得一致而达成的任何协议、协定或合同、契约等，可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。
contract: 侧重指双方或多方订立的具有法律效力的正式的书面合同或契约。
treaty: 指国家之间经外交谈判后依照国际法签订的正式条约。
convention: 比treaty更专门化，但不及treaty正式。也可指国家之间就有关事情签订的条约。
bargain: 通常指商业交往中的购销合同。
understanding: 指不具约束力的非正式的协议。
accord: 多指国际间的非正式协议。
n. 大会； [法] 惯例； [计] 约定；协定；习俗
 - tradition, usage, institution, appointment, bond

Word: favourite
Front: favourite
[ˈfeɪvərɪt] (中高 22274/2527 -K4)
Back: adj. 特别受喜爱的
n. 特别喜爱的人（或物）
分布：最喜爱的(100%)
UK (ALSO US favorite) ['feɪ.vər.ɪt] adjective [before noun]
 ESSENTIAL
■best liked or most enjoyed 最喜欢的；特别喜爱的
• "What's your favourite colour?" "Green." “你最喜欢甚么颜色？”“绿色。”
• my favourite restaurant/book/song 我最喜欢的餐馆／书／歌曲
UK (ALSO US favorite) ['feɪ.vər.ɪt] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a thing that someone likes best or enjoys most 最喜欢的东西；特别喜爱的东西
• How clever of you to buy chocolate chip cookies - they're my favourites. 你真聪明，买了带巧克力颗粒的饼干——这是我的最爱。
■a person who is treated with special kindness by someone in authority 受宠的人；受偏爱的人
• the teacher's favourite 老师的宠儿
■the person or animal most people expect to win a race or competition 最有希望的获胜者；比赛中最被看好的人（或动物）
• Great Gold is the favourite in the 2.00 race at Epsom. 巨金被认为最有希望在埃普索姆赛马会中获得两英里赛的冠军。
• [+ to infinitive] Brazil are favourites to win this year's World Cup. 巴西队是今年世界杯赛的夺冠热门。

Word: inequality
Front: inequality
[ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti] (6991/4436 -1)
Vocabulary: inequality
(once / 1316 pages)
n
When there's an inequality, something is out of balance and things are not equal. An inequality occurs in math when the two quantities are not the same measure or amount.
In society, an inequality occurs when rights and privileges are not applied fairly. The civil rights movement in the 1950s and 60s, for example, arose because of inequalities between the races. Blacks in the South could not sit in the front of the bus, drink from the same water fountains as whites, or even attend the same schools. People protested this inequality in many ways, including bus strikes, sit-ins, and marches.
WORD FAMILY
inequality: inequalities+/coequal: coequally/ equable: equablest, equably/ equal: coequal, equaled, equaling, equalise, equality, equalize, equalled, equalling, equally, equals, equate, unequal/equaled: unequaled/equalisation: equalisations/equalise: equalisation, equalised, equaliser, equalises, equalising/equalised: unequalised/equalitarian: equalitarianism/ equality: equalitarian, equalities, inequality /equalization: equalizations/equalize: equalization, equalized, equalizer, equalizes, equalizing/equalized: unequalized/equalizer: equalizers/equalled: unequalled/ equate: equable, equatability, equated, equates, equating, equation, equator / equation: equations/ equator: equatorial, equators/equatorial: equatorially, equatorials/unequal: unequally
USAGE EXAMPLES
She is interested in immigrants’ rights and women’s rights but also income inequality and improving public education.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
This past year I wrote often about the racial inequality and bias that keep this country from being its best.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Scottish Labour inequalities spokeswoman Monica Lennon said the scheme "looks like a massive missed opportunity" to promote breastfeeding.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 不平等，不均等; [数]不等式; 变动，变化; 不相同
分布：不平等(96%)，不平均(3%)，不平坦(1%)
US [-'kwɑ:.lə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
■a situation in which there is no equality or fair treatment in the sharing of wealth or opportunities between different groups in society 不平等，不均等
• The law has done little to prevent racial discrimination and inequality. 法律在阻止种族歧视和种族不平等方面贡献很少。
• sexual inequality 性别不平等
• There remain major inequalities of opportunity in the workplace. 职场上仍存在严重的机会不均等问题。
n. [数] 不平等；不同；不平均
 - difference, disparity

Word: shanghai
Front: shanghai
[ˌʃæŋˈhaɪ] (高 40340/15888)
Vocabulary: shanghai
(once / 37762 pages)
v
To shanghai someone is to kidnap or trick them into working for you. The traditional way to shanghai someone is to drug him and put him on a ship. When the person wakes up, he better get to work.
This term popped up in the 19th century. The captain of a boat would shanghai people when his ship was short on labor. The shanghaied person would wake up and find himself at sea, often on a long trip like to Shanghai, China. The term is also used for similar, non-naval abductions. If you trick your best friend into coming home with you so she can do your chores, you shanghai her.
WORD FAMILY
shanghai: shanghaied, shanghaier, shanghaiing, shanghais+/shanghaier: shanghaiers
USAGE EXAMPLES
SHANGHAI—China’s belligerence during the Obama era began with hubris —a conviction that post-financial-crisis America was in irreversible decline and its own rise was unstoppable.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 13, 2016)
SHANGHAI—China’s car sales hit a record monthly high in November as consumers rushed to benefit from a tax break before its scheduled expiration.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 12, 2016)
SHANGHAI—American workers haven’t felt this threatened by job competition from China since the late 19th century.
Wall Street Journal(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: vt. （以暴力或不正当手段 ）劫掠（某人）去作水手; （以武力或武力威胁）强行拘留；诱拐; 上海（中国东部港市）
时态：shanghaied, shanghaiing, shanghais
分布：诱骗(60%)，诱拐(20%)，强行使当水手(20%)
→来自 Shanghai,上海。因在 19 世纪中期在上海港口大量诓骗年青人到海上当水手而得名。
verb transitive /ˌʃæŋˈhaɪ/ informal
■to force someone to do something or go somewhere 强迫某人做某事或到某地
• The two groups were shanghaied into signing the agreement, despite their objections. 尽管这两个小组反对，但他们被迫签署了该协议。
• The homeless are being shanghaied off the streets in some cities. 一些城市中的无家可归者被强迫离开街道。
noun countable /ˌʃæŋˈhaɪ/ /ˈ--]Australian catapult 弹弓

Word: militia
Front: militia
[məˈlɪʃə] (宝 4998/8236 -2)
Vocabulary: militia
(once / 509 pages)
n
If you live in a remote place that's under attack by an upstart band of thieves, start a militia. A militia is a band of civilians trained to do army type business, without officially joining the army.
Militia comes from mīlet-, Latin for "soldier," but the word now refers to a band of fighters who aren't officially soldiers. Sometimes militias add on to regular army forces, like the citizen's militias who fought alongside regular troops in the Revolutionary War. But you'll frequently hear militia if you're listening to news about dangerously violent parts of the world where, instead of voting for change, groups form militias and fight for political power. It's also a verb: to militia.
WORD FAMILY
militia: militias
USAGE EXAMPLES
The DRC’s restive east remains a battleground for rival ethnic militias, with a recent upsurge of violence there a concern to many experts.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
To reach it, one drives through checkpoints of multiple armed groups fighting IS — the Iraqi military, Shiite militias, Kurdish peshmerga and Christian fighters.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
On the one side, Syrian government forces, allied militias and the Russian military.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 民兵组织，民兵
分布：民兵组织(65%)，义勇军(19%)，国民军(16%)
→来自拉丁语militia,军队，战斗者，来自miles,战士，词源同military.后用于指民兵组织。
民兵,义勇军(milit+ia)[milit=soldier,表示"兵"]
自卫队,国民军(milit军队+ia)[-ia 1.表名词"某种病"2.表名词"总称,状态"]
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a military force which only operates for some of the time and whose members often have other jobs 民兵组织；预备役部队；国民卫队
• A UN force was sent in to stop fighting between three rival militias. 一支联合国部队被派去制止三个敌对的民兵组织之间的争斗。
• The government called out the militia to help cope with the rioting. 政府召集国民卫队来帮助应付骚乱。

Word: anger
Front: anger
[ˈæŋgə(r)] (高研四雅 2362/2489 -K3)
Vocabulary: anger
(once / 47 pages)
nv
If you’re mad about something and you’re not going to take it anymore, you’re feeling anger, a strong emotion you experience when you think someone has done you wrong. If you want to scream and kick, you’re feeling anger.
Anger is a powerful emotion that people feel from time to time when someone or something frustrates or annoys them. One of the roots of anger is the Greek word ankhone for "a strangling," which is a perfect description of the way anger actually feels. Indeed, anger can make you feel like strangling someone. Don’t do it! If you’re feeling a lot of anger, it’s good to take a nice, deep breath.
WORD FAMILY
anger: angered, angering, angers, angry +/ angry: angrier, angriest, angrily, angriness, angryly, unangry
USAGE EXAMPLES
The episode sparked anger in the Philippines and calls for the removal of all U.S. military personnel.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s about getting individuals the help they need, whether its substance abuse, drugs issues, anger management, whatever,” Dotson said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At practice, Harriott urged the players not to let anger distract them.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 生气; 愤怒; 怒气; 愤懑
vt. & vi. 激怒; 使发怒; [医]〈旧，非正式〉使（伤口）炎或疼痛; 恼火
vi. 发怒; 恼火
时态：angered, angering, angers
分布：愤怒(75%)，怒火(15%)，激怒(7%)，发火(3%)
→来自词根ang, 拉紧，疼痛。后转忧虑，生气。
n.愤怒,气愤vt.使发怒,激怒vi.发怒The mouse's tearing the blouse and trousers aroused the housewife's anger.老鼠撕咬短衫和裤子激起了主妇的怒火.
US [-gɚ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a strong feeling which makes you want to hurt someone or be unpleasant because of something unfair or hurtful that has happened 怒，愤怒；怒火
• I think he feels a lot of anger towards his father who treated him very badly as a child. 我想，他对父亲耿耿于怀，是因为小时候受到了他的虐待。
• There is a danger that anger at the new law may turn into anti-government feeling. 存在着一种危险，即对于新颁布的法律的怨愤可能会转化成反政府情绪。
• The people showed no surprise or anger at their treatment. 人们对他们的遭遇没有表现出任何意外和愤怒。
• He found it hard to contain (= control) his anger. 他感到怒不可遏。
UK ['æŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] verb transitive
■to make someone angry 使生气，激怒
• The remark angered him. 这句话激怒了他。
• It always angers me to see so much waste. 看到如此严重的浪费，我总是感到很气愤。
fury, anger, wrath, rage, indignation
这组词都有“愤怒”的意思，其区别是：
fury: 语气最强，指极端的气愤，甚至达到发疯的程度。
anger: 普通用词，通常指因受到侮辱、损害、指责或顶撞等而引起的愤怒。
wrath: 文学用词，含义与anger相近，但语气强，含欲加惩罚或报复的意味。
rage: 侧重突然而猛列发作，难以控制的大怒。
indignation: 较正式用词，指出于正义或对不公正之事而发出的愤怒。
resentment, fury, anger, indignation
这组词都有“愤怒、生气”的意思，其区别是：
resentment: n.愤恨，怨恨，不满，是正式用语，尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到伤害后而产生的愤慨。
 • There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyone's pay was lowered.   大家的工资降低后，办公室里怨声载道。
fury: n.暴怒，大怒，程度较anger要强。
anger: n.气愤，生气，是一般用语。
 • After their argument, he expressed his anger by punching the other man in the face.   争吵之后，他一拳打在那个人的脸上以发泄怒气。
indignation: n.义愤，尤其指出于道义上的激愤。
 • general indignation at the sudden steep rise in bus fares   公共汽车票价突然猛增激起的公愤
n. 怒， [心理] 愤怒；忿怒
 - wrath, bile
vt. 使发怒，激怒；恼火
 - provoke, enrage
vi. 发怒；恼火
 - chafe at, be hot under the collar

Word: jet
Front: jet
[dʒet] (高研四六 3144/3846 -3)
Vocabulary: jet
(once / 294 pages)
1nadj 2nv 3nv 4n
A jet is an airplane that can rapidly travel long distances. To jet is the act of getting somewhere quickly, by jet or any other way, as in, "Do you see what time it is? We better jet!"
A jet is an aircraft that gets its power from jet engines rather than propellers. Jets are fast — that's probably why as a verb, jet means "to move quickly," either by taking a jet, like the celebrities who jet around the world, or the more ordinary "if I don't jet, I'll be late for school." Dishwashers and certain kinds of tubs have jets, tiny openings that push water out with great force. The streams of water are also called, you guessed it, jets.
WORD FAMILY
jet: jets, jetted, jetting
USAGE EXAMPLES
A minute into a monitoring round on recent morning, the shadowy shapes of six turtles jetted across a reef.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Airport officials say the landing gear on the Hawker Jet collapsed on landing Monday afternoon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After a 5-11 season, changes will be demanded of the Jets.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 喷嘴，喷雾; 喷气式飞机; 喷射流; 煤玉
vi. 乘喷气式飞机; 射出
adj. 黑玉制的或黑玉似的; 象炭一般黑的
vt. 喷射，喷出
时态：jetted, jetting, jets
分布：喷射(43%)，喷气式飞机(34%)，喷口(8%)，喷气式发动机(7%)，喷出(7%)，搭乘喷射式飞机(1%)
→来自中古法语jeter,扔，投掷，来自拉丁语jactare,来自jacere,扔，投掷，词源同project,eject.引申词义水流，喷水嘴，喷气，喷气式飞机等。jet 煤玉，黑玉，黑色大理石
n.喷气发动机,喷气式飞机;喷口v.喷出,喷射The wet pet in the net hasn't got on the jet plane yet.网中的湿宠物还没有登上喷气飞机.
verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-tt-) informal
■to travel somewhere by plane 搭飞机旅行
• I'm jetting off to New Zealand next week. 我下周要搭飞机到纽西兰。
[dʒet] noun
AIRCRAFT 飞机
 IMPROVER countable
■an aircraft with a jet engine , which is able to fly very fast 喷射机
• a jet plane 喷射机
• a private jet 私人喷射机
• We flew to New York by jet. 我们搭喷射机到了纽约。
⇒ See also jetliner
[dʒet] noun
STREAM 流
countable
■a thin stream of something, such as water or gas, which is forced out of a small hole （水、气体等的）喷射流
• She turned on the hose and a jet of water sprayed across the garden. 她打开水管，一股水流向花园喷洒而去。
countable
■a small hole in a piece of equipment through which gas or another fuel is forced before it is burned 喷嘴，喷射口
• I think the gas jet must be blocked, because the oven won't light. 我想煤气喷嘴一定是堵住了，因为炉子点不着。
[dʒet] noun
STONE 石头
uncountable
■a hard black stone which shines when it is rubbed and is used to make jewellery and other decorative objects 煤玉，黑色大理石，黑玉
aeroplane, airplane, aircraft, plane, jet, helicopter
这些名词均有“飞机”之意。
aeroplane: 和airplane专指普通飞机，不包括helicopter(直升飞机)。aeroplane为英国英语的拼法。
airplane: 为美国英语的用词。
aircraft: 常用作集体名词，也可指一架飞机，其含义包括直升飞机和飞艇等。
plane: 本义为“平面”，在航空专业里通常用aeroplane。plane较通俗用词。
jet: 指喷气式飞机，也用jet plane。
helicopter: 指直升飞机。
n. [流] 喷射， [机] 喷嘴； [航] 喷气式飞机；黑玉
 - emission, ejection nozzle
adj. 墨黑的
 - coal-black, jet-black
vt. 射出
 - shoot out, send up
vi. 射出； [航] 乘喷气式飞机
 - shoot out, send up

Word: variety
Front: variety
[vəˈraɪəti] (高研四六托雅 1171/977 -K4)
Vocabulary: variety
(once / 101 pages)
n
Variety is a quality similar to diversity or difference. Some feel having variety in life is much more exciting than doing the same routine day in and day out.
You’ve likely heard the expression “variety is the spice of life” to describe how our days are more interesting when different things happen. Variety can also describe different things that are classified under one category or type, like varieties of apple — granny smith, pink lady, or red delicious. A variety show is entertainment that includes a number of different and unrelated acts, like fire eaters, string bands, comedians, lounge singers, and spoon players.
WORD FAMILY
variety: varieties
USAGE EXAMPLES
What is more, we “12s” express our faith in our team in a variety of ways.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Severe weather was expected to bring a variety of threats to parts of the Deep South through the night.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I don’t like the variety of the way it reacts with some people and how it’s minimal with others,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 多样; 种类; 杂耍; 变化，多样化
分布：种类(41%)，多样(36%)，多样化(14%)，杂耍(9%)
→来自vary,改变，多变。
n.种种,多种多样;种类,品种What other ways do you know to add variety?你知道其他增加变化的方法吗?
US [-tˌi] noun
CHANGE 变化
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the characteristic of often changing and being different 多样化；变化
• When preparing meals, you need to think about variety and taste as well as nutritional value. 做饭时，你既需要考虑饭菜的营养价值，又需要考虑饭菜的花样和味道。
• Sexual reproduction serves to create genetic variety. 有性繁殖可以使基因多样化。
• Work on the production line is monotonous and lacks variety. 在生产线上工作很单调，缺乏变化。
UK [və'raɪə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
TYPE 种类
countable
■a different type of something 不同种类；不同品种
• The article was about the different varieties of Spanish spoken in South America. 这篇文章讲的是南美洲西班牙语的各种变种。
• This variety of rose is especially hardy and drought-resistant. 这种玫瑰特别耐寒及耐旱。
• Our supermarket stocks apples in several different varieties. 我们超市有几个不同品种的苹果。
only singular
■many different types of things or people 各种各样；多种类型
• She does a variety of fitness activities. 她参加各种各样的健身活动。
• The equipment could be used for a variety of educational purposes. 这套设备可以用于多种教学活动。
• Manufacturers need large sales to justify offering a big variety in export markets. 生产厂家需要极高的销量来证明向出口市场提供种类繁多的产品是值得的。
UK [və'raɪə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
ENTERTAINMENT 娱乐
uncountable
■a type of entertainment which includes several separate short performances, such as singing, dancing, magic tricks and telling jokes 综艺表演；杂耍表演
• a variety show 综艺表演
UK [və'raɪə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
Variety is the spice of life. saying
■said to emphasize that doing many different things, or often changing what you do, makes life interesting 经历丰富多彩会令生活充满乐趣。
category, sort, species, classification, class, type, variety, kind
这组词都有“种，类，类型”的意思，其区别是：
category: 书面用词，特指有确切定义的群体。
sort: 普通用词，文体较kind随便，指对人或对事物进行的大概分类，有时含贬义。
species: 书面用词，单复数同形。指生物分类上的种。
classification: 指根据已经确定的类型对某一实物作鉴别和归类。
class: 正式用词，指门类、种类或优劣等级；用于指动植物的分类时，表示“纲”。
type: 指客观界限比较清楚，有相同本质特点的同类事物，或指大致相似的同类事物。
variety: 强调有各自的特点，形式不同，品质不同的种类。
kind: 指性质相同，而且特征很相似，足以归为一类的人或东西。
n. 多样；种类；杂耍
 - category, manner, nature, kind, sort

Word: wealthy
Front: wealthy
[ˈwelθi] (高研四六 3015/4114 -2)
Vocabulary: wealthy
(once / 259 pages)
adj
If you have riches you are wealthy. Don't be misled into thinking "riches" means only money — to many people, to have a healthy family and to be surrounded by love is to be abundantly wealthy.
The Old English word wela, via the Middle English welth, meaning "happiness and prosperity in abundance," is the source of our noun wealth. Although the Middle English wele meant "well-being," the word referred primarily to money and possessions. Many people still feel that way, but Henry David Thoreau offered a different view: "Wealth is the ability to fully experience life." That is, true wealth is having whatever means the most to you.
WORD FAMILY
wealthy: wealthier, wealthiest, wealthily, wealthiness+/ wealth: wealths, wealthy
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wealthy businessmen and officials were purchasing elaborate carvings as luxurious gifts or, in some cases, bribes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, is reportedly being interviewed by detectives investigating whether he broke the law by receiving gifts from wealthy businessmen.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Wealthier Americans might ponder the future of football, Irvin said, but poor and middle-class kids were betting their future on football.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 富有的; 充分的
n. 富人，有钱人，阔人
级别：wealthier, wealthiest
分布：富有的(50%)，富人(50%)
a.富有的,丰裕的,充分的n.富人,有钱人He comes from a wealthy family.他是富家子弟; 他出身富有的家庭.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■rich 富有的，有钱的
• He's a very wealthy man. 他是个非常富有的人。
• With their natural resources they are potentially a very wealthy country. 他们那里自然资源丰富，将来可能会成为一个非常富有的国家。
['wel.θi] plural noun
the wealthy
■rich people 有钱人
rich, wealthy
这组词都有“富的，富裕的”的意思，其区别是：
rich: 普通用词，语气强烈，指拥有大量金钱及财产。
wealthy: 普通用词，语气不如rich强烈，多指经济上富裕、社会地位稳固，很有身份，即有钱有势。
adj. 富有的；充分的；丰裕的
 - rich, sufficient, plenary
n. 富人
 - the rich, haves

Word: proper
Front: proper
[ˈprɒpə(r)] (中高研四六托 2058/1458 -K4)
Vocabulary: proper
(once / 45 pages)
adj
Something proper is correct or right. There's a proper fork to use for salad, and a proper way to dress for a wedding.
Things that are proper fit the situation — they're the right thing to do, because of custom or manners. A swear word is the opposite of proper language. Wearing a hat indoors isn't proper, as your grandparents have probably reminded you. Getting proper medical care means you've received the appropriate medical care. When things are proper, they're correct and suitable: they fit.
WORD FAMILY
proper: improper, properer, properest, properly, properness+/ improper: improperly, improperness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Riley exhibited the proper form: lowering his shoulder, wrapping his arms around the dummy, then wrestling it to the ground.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
There is more wiggle room with species categorized under Appendix II and Appendix III, as long as the traveler obtains the proper permit or certificate.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
In the north, a separate army unit pressed toward the border of Mosul proper after recapturing several outlying villages in recent days.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 适当的，相当的，正当的，应该的，正式的，正常的; 固有的，特有的，独特的; 本来的，真正的，严格意义上的; 〈古〉漂亮的，优美的
adv. 〈方〉适当地，好好地，非常，很，完完全全地，彻底地
n. [宗教][常用P-]特定节日等用的仪式，弥撒（祈祷、礼仪等）书的章节，特赞
分布：合适的(65%)，正当的(20%)，真正的(15%)
→来自古法语propre,自己的，合适的，来自拉丁语proprius,自己的，来自拉丁短语pro privo,个人所有，来自privus,个人的，私人的，词源同private.引申诸相关词义。
a.适合的;合乎体统的;固有的;有礼貌的The rope is proper property to the prospering rope maker.绳子对成功的制绳者来说是真正的财产.
US ['prɑ:.pɚ] adjective
REAL 真正的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■real, satisfactory, suitable or correct 适合的；适当的；恰当的；正确的
• This is Sara's first proper job - she usually does temporary work just for the money. 这是莎拉的第一份正式工作——她通常只是为了赚钱而打零工。
• If you're going to walk those sort of distances you need proper walking boots. 如果你要走那么远的路，就需要一双合脚的健步鞋。
• I would have done the job myself but I didn't have the proper equipment. 这工作我倒是想自己来，只是没有合适的工具。
• I've had sandwiches but I haven't eaten a proper meal. 我吃了三明治，但还没有好好吃一顿饭。
• She likes everything to be in its proper place. 她喜欢所有东西都各有其所，放置妥当。
UK ['prɒp.ər] US ['prɑ:.pɚ] adjective
SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE 可被社会接受的
■showing standards of behaviour that are socially and morally acceptable 合乎体统的，规矩的
• [+ to infinitive] In those days it was considered not quite proper for young ladies to be seen talking to men in public. 在那个年代，年轻女子被人看见在公共场合与男子谈话会被认为不成体统。
• She was very proper, my grandmother - she'd never go out without wearing her hat and gloves. 我祖母非常讲究仪表——出门时总要戴上帽子和手套。
UK ['prɒp.ər] US ['prɑ:.pɚ] adjective
MAIN 主要的
[after noun]
■belonging to the main, most important or typical part 严格意义上的；属于最重要（或最典型）部分的
• It's a suburb of Manchester really - I wouldn't call it Manchester proper. 这实际上是曼彻斯特郊区——严格来讲我不会称它是曼彻斯特。
UK ['prɒp.ər] US ['prɑ:.pɚ] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
[before noun] UK informal
■complete 完全的，彻底的
• I've got myself into a proper mess! 我把自己搞得一团糟！
UK ['prɒp.ər] US ['prɑ:.pɚ] adverb UK not standard
■sometimes used instead of the adverb 'properly' to describe how someone speaks 合适地，得体地（有时代替副词 properly，用于描述某人说话的方式）
• She was an educated lady so she talked proper. 她是位有教养的女士，因此谈吐很得体。
fit, appropriate, suitable, apt, proper, fitting
这组词都有“适当的”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 指具有适合于某个目的，某种工作或某种用途等必需的品质或条件。
appropriate: 指专门适合于某人或某事，语气较重，强调“恰如其分”。
suitable: 指具有适合于某种特定场合、地位或情况等的品质。
apt: 专指性质或构造适合达到某一目的或得到某种结果的要求。
proper: 往往侧重于符合某个标准或习惯。
fitting: 指与当时的目标、情绪状态、气氛、场合等相适应。
adj. 适当的；本身的；特有的；正派的
 - suitable, appropriate, adequate, typical, becoming
adv. 完全地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully

Word: conclusion
Front: conclusion
[kənˈklu:ʒn] (高研四六雅 1666/1282 -K3)
Vocabulary: conclusion
(once / 108 pages)
1n 2n
A conclusion is the last part of something, its end or result. When you write a paper, you always end by summing up your arguments and drawing a conclusion about what you've been writing about.
The phrase in conclusion means "finally, to sum up," and is used to introduce some final comments at the end of a speech or piece of writing. The phrase jump to conclusions means "to come to a judgment without enough evidence." A foregone conclusion is an outcome that seems certain.
WORD FAMILY
conclusion: conclusions+/ conclude: concluded, concludes, concluding, conclusion, conclusive / conclusive: conclusively, conclusiveness, inconclusive / inconclusive: inconclusively, inconclusiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In his view, they do not prove anything new and are too thin to draw larger conclusions.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“If that’s the easy conclusion a 12-year-old draws, it really is that simple.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Harris toggles between time periods and narrative voices, creating a rich, dramatic tale that builds to a surprising conclusion.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 结论; 结局; 断定，决定; 推论
分布：结论(91%)，结束(5%)，结尾(4%)
n.结论,推论;结尾;缔结,议定The conclusion includes my attitude toward his rudeness.结论包含了我对他的粗鲁所持的态度.
noun
LAST PART 结局
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the final part of something 结局；结尾；结果
• I found the conclusion of the film rather irritating. 我觉得电影的结局很令人恼火。
in conclusion formal
■finally 最后
• In conclusion, I would like to thank our guest speaker. 最后，我要感谢我们的演讲嘉宾。
[kən'klu:.ʒən] noun
AGREEMENT 议定
uncountable
■when something is arranged or agreed formally 缔结；商定；议定
• the conclusion of the deal/treaty 协议的达成／条约的缔结
[kən'klu:.ʒən] noun
JUDGMENT 论断
 IMPROVER countable
■the opinion you have after considering all the information about something 结论；推论；推断
• Did you come to/reach/draw any conclusions at the meeting this morning? 今天上午的会议上你们有没有得出甚么结论？
• [+ that] At first I thought he was a bit shy, but I've come to the conclusion that he's simply unfriendly! 起初我以为他有点害羞，可是后来我断定他就是不友好！
n. 结论；结局；推论
 - outcome, ending, consequence, verdict

Word: strain
Front: strain
[streɪn] (研四六托雅 3659/2749 -K3)
Vocabulary: strain
(once / 91 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4n 5n 6n
The noun strain is a stretch, effort, or exertion. You can strain your ankle, or your little brother can strain your patience.
This word has many, many meanings. Athletes strain their knees, which strains the emotions of their fans. Usually, you have to strain a little to accomplish anything, like getting an A in math. A strain may also be a line, like a line of ancestry, of thought, or a melodic line in music. Maybe you have to strain to hear the quiet flute in an orchestra. Another meaning is to pass something through a filter, like tea leaves.
WORD FAMILY
strain: distrain, overstrain, strained, strainer, straining, strains, strenuous, unstrain+/distrain: distrained, distraining, distrains/overstrain: overstrained, overstraining, overstrains/strained: strainedest, strainedly/strainer: strainers/straining: strainingly, strainings/strenuosity: strenuosities/ strenuous: strenuosity, strenuously, strenuousness/unstrain: unstrained, unstraining/unstrained: unstrainedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bucks: Starting G Matthew Dellavedova missed his third consecutive game with a strained right hamstring.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Green said will not play in the Pro Bowl because of a right hamstring strain suffered in November.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Green severely strained the hamstring on Nov. 20 and didn’t play the rest of the season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 拉紧，拉伤; 用力拉
n. 血统，家族; 性格，脾气; 语气; 一段音乐
vt. 拉紧，拽紧或扯紧; 尽量使力; 扭伤; 歪曲
vi. 不懈; 受到强大的压力; 拉紧，紧绷
时态：strained, straining, strains
分布：紧张(53%)，拉紧(23%)，劳累(10%)，笔调(7%)，血统(6%)，过分使用(1%)
→来自古法语 estreindre,绑紧，拽紧，来自拉丁语 stringere,绑紧，拉紧，压紧，来自 strenk, 紧的，窄的，词源同 strict,stress,stringent.拼写比较 rain 来自古英语 regnian.引申词义扭伤， 过滤，及相关词义压力，拉力，张力等。strain 动植物的品种，品系，病菌的类型
v.拉紧;紧张;扭伤;竭尽全力n.拉紧;负担The heavy box strained the rope to a breaking point.那只沉重的箱子几乎把绳子拉断.
noun
PRESSURE 压力
 IMPROVER [C usually singular or U]
■a force or influence that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something, sometimes causing damage 压力；拉力，张力；作用力
• The hurricane put such a strain on the bridge that it collapsed. 在飓风强大的威力之下，桥塌了。
• As you get older, excess weight puts a lot of strain on the heart. 随着年龄的增长，体重过重会给心脏造成很大负担。
• Their constant arguments were putting a strain on their marriage. 他们持续不断的争吵使他们的婚姻关系非常紧张。
• The recent decline in the dollar has put a bigger strain on the economic system. 最近美元的贬值为经济体系带来更大压力。
• Migration into the cities is putting a strain on already stretched resources. 城市新移民为原本就已吃紧的资源造成更大压力。
 ADVANCED countable
■an injury to a muscle or similar soft part of the body caused by using that part too much （肌肉等软组织的）损伤，拉伤，扭伤
• a groin/hamstring strain 腹股沟／腘腱拉伤
⇒ See also eyestrain
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when you feel nervous and worried about something 压力；紧张
• She's a lot better than she was but she's still not ready to face the stresses and strains of a job. 她比以前好多了，但仍然没有准备好面对工作的紧张和压力。
• He's been under a lot of strain recently. 他最近压力很大。
[streɪn] noun
TYPE 类型
countable
■a particular type or quality 类型；品质；个性特点，禀性
• A strain of puritanism runs through all her work. 她所有作品都带有一种清教主义色彩。
countable
■an animal or plant from a particular group whose characteristics are different in some way from others of the same group （动植物的）品系，株系，品种
• Scientists have discovered a new strain of the virus which is much more dangerous. 科学家已经发现了一种更危险得多的新病毒。
[streɪn] noun
MUSIC 音乐
strains [plural]
■the sound of music being played or performed 旋律；曲调
• I could hear the strains of Mozart in the background. 我听见背景音乐中有莫札特的旋律。
[streɪn] verb
SEPARATE 分开
transitive
■to separate liquid food from solid food, especially by pouring it through a utensil with small holes in it 滤，过滤（食物）
• Could you strain the vegetables, please. 你能把蔬菜筛一筛吗？
• I usually strain the juice off the pineapple and use it in another recipe. 我通常会把凤梨的汁滤出来，用在别的菜里。
[streɪn] verb
PRESSURE 压力
intransitive or transitive
■to become stretched or to experience pressure, or to make something do or experience this （使）紧张，（使）承受压力；拉紧，绷紧；损伤
• I've put on such a lot of weight recently - this dress is straining at the seams. 我最近胖了很多——这条裙子穿上后紧绷绷的。
• I strained a muscle in my back playing squash. 我打壁球拉伤了背肌。
• Don't watch TV in the dark - you'll strain your eyes ! 不要在黑暗中看电视——会伤害你的眼睛！
• [+ to infinitive] figurative I really had to strain (= try very hard) to reach those top notes. 我确实得拼尽全力才能唱出那些最高的音。
• figurative I was straining (my ears) (= listening hard) to hear what they were saying. 我竖起耳朵，拼命想听清他们在说甚么。
Compare restrain
[streɪn] verb
be straining at the leash
■to be very eager to do something that you are being prevented from doing at the present time 热切期望（非常渴望做你现在被禁止要做的某事）
• Meanwhile we hear that our soldiers have reached a peak of fitness and are straining at the leash. 同时，我们听说我们的士兵已经到达一个有利的据点，热切期盼战斗。
[streɪn] verb
strain after/for effect
■to try so hard to entertain that it seems false 尽力追求；拼命争取
• I find his style of writing so artificial - he always seems to be straining for effect. 我发现他的文风非常不自然-他看起来总是想拼命追求效果。
[streɪn] verb
strain every nerve
■to make the greatest possible effort 竭尽全力
• She's straining every nerve to get the work finished on time. 她拼尽全力把工作按时做完。
pressure, strain, stress, tension
这组词都有“压力，重压，紧张”的意思，其区别是：
pressure: 在科学上，指单位面积上所受到的压力。用于引申时，指某事物所产生的压力或影响力等。
strain: 指某人为克服外力界压力而造成的身心和情绪等方面的压抑。用于物时，指任何力或合力作用于一个物体上面造成的应变。
stress: 侧重指承受外来的压力，也指由于某种原因而引起的心理、生理或情绪上的紧张。
tension: 多指因关系不好或其它原因而出现的紧张状态，也指某物被过度伸展的程度或状态。
n. 张力； [力] 拉紧；负担； [外科] 扭伤；血缘
 - tension, burden, weight
vi. [力] 拉紧；尽力
 - tauten, take pains
vt. [力] 拉紧；滥用；滤去；竭力
 - abuse, tighten up

Word: commerce
Front: commerce
[ˈkɒmɜ:s] (研四六托 4647/4189 -3)
Vocabulary: commerce
(once / 96 pages)
n
Commerce is the exchange of goods and services. It's business. Competition between cities wanting to host the Olympics is fierce because the games increase tourism and commerce.
Commerce made its way into English from the Latin word commercium — com-, meaning "together," and -mercium, meaning "merchandise." Business, trade, and retailing are all common synonyms. Commerce doesn't always refer to buying and selling, though, just as the marketplace doesn't always refer to goods and services. Data, information, and opinions, too, can be exchanged and traded, as on the Internet, which is a great place for the commerce of ideas.
WORD FAMILY
commerce: commerces, commercial +/ commercial: commercialise, commercialism, commercialize, commercially, commercials, noncommercial, uncommercial/commercialise: commercialisation, commercialised, commercialising/commercialised: uncommercialised/ commercialism: commercialisms/commercialize: commercialization, commercialized, commercializes, commercializing/commercialized: uncommercialized/noncommercial: noncommercially/uncommercial: uncommercially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Displays of Nazi symbols for commerce or entertainment also occur in mainland China, South Korea and Thailand.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, cash dried up, retail commerce froze, and Maduro suspended the move as rioting and looting erupted.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
He noted, though, that “every dollar you spend on a movie is a dollar further away from art and deeper into commerce.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 商业; 商务; 贸易
分布：商业(76%)，贸易(24%)
商业(com共同+merce→共同交易→商业)[merc,merch=trade,表示"交易"]
n.商业,贸易;交际,交往We have been trying to broaden its commerce with other nations.我们一直在努力扩大与其他国家的贸易往来.
【记】com共同，merce＝merchant（n 商人）－共同经商－商业
US ['kɑ:.mɝ:s] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the activities involved in buying and selling things 商业；商务；贸易；交易
• the world of commerce and industry 工商界
deal, trade, bargain, commerce, business
这组词都有“贸易，交易”的意思，其区别是：
deal: 口语用词，指买卖双方经过交涉达成协议成交。
trade: 普通用词，含义广。既可指某种具体的商业又可指广泛的贸易。
bargain: 多指买卖双方通过谈判、协商就商品质量、数量、价格等项达成协议所成的生意。
commerce: 多指大规模的买卖或易货关系。
business: 指包括售货、购货、换货在内的综合商业活动，方式可以是批发或零售。
n. 贸易， [贸易] 商业
 - trade, traffic

Word: riot
Front: riot
[ˈraɪət] (研六托雅宝 4848/3784 -3)
Vocabulary: riot
(once / 303 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A riot is a violent outburst by a crowd. When the principal didn't declare a snow day, even with five inches on the ground already, students rioted, gathering outside and throwing snowballs.
The meaning of riot has stretched over the years. You would say "She is a riot" about a funny or outrageous person. A loud clothing combination might represent a riot of texture and color. When something runs riot, it has been allowed to get out of control.
WORD FAMILY
riot: rioted, rioter, rioting, riotous, riots+/ rioter: rioters/rioting: riotings/ riotous: riotously
USAGE EXAMPLES
The riot was sparked by a clash between two gangs in the prison and reflects shifting allegiances among Brazil’s powerful narco-trafficking groups, authorities said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Deadly riots the following year in China’s far west left authorities even more convinced that it was time to step up their controls over society.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It was the deadliest prison riot in Brazil in years.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 骚乱，暴动，暴乱，骚动，混乱; 放荡，闹饮，嘈闹的宴会，喝酒狂闹; 五色缤纷，喧嚣嘈杂; （想像，感情等的）奔放
vi. 暴动，闹事; 放荡
vt. 浪费; 挥霍
时态：rioted, rioting, riots
分布：骚乱(44%)，暴乱(41%)，闹事(11%)，喧闹(4%)
→来自古法语 riote,争论，争吵，词源不详。可能来自拉丁语 riota,争辩，争吵，暴乱，骚乱， 来自 rugire,怒吼，嚎叫，拟声词，词源同 rut,rutting.
n.暴(骚)乱,蔓延,彩色缤纷v.骚乱,暴动There was a riot when the workers were told they had lost their jobs.当工人们听说他们失业时,他们进行了暴动.
【记】ri，o殴（打），t他：殴打他－暴动源于：roar（v / n 吼叫）
【参】riotous（adj 暴动的；狂欢的）
【反】sedate（adj 安静的；v 使镇静）
noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled public meeting 暴乱；骚乱；聚众闹事
• Inner-city riots erupted when a local man was shot by police. 在市中心的贫民区，由于一名当地男子被员警开枪打死而突然引发了暴乱。
only singular old-fashioned informal
■a very funny or entertaining occasion or person 非常有趣的人（或事物）；令人愉快的场合（或人）
• "How was the party?" "It was great - we had a riot." “派对怎么样？”“好极了——我们都很开心。”
• I met Mike's brother for the first time - he's a riot. 我是第一次见到麦克的哥哥——他真是风趣极了。
['raɪ.ət] noun
a riot of colour
■extremely colourful and bright 绚丽多彩；色彩斑斓
• Jim's rose garden is a riot of colour. 占姆的玫瑰园五彩缤纷。
['raɪ.ət] noun
run riot
■If people run riot, they behave in a way that is not controlled, running in all directions or being noisy or violent 喧闹；嘈杂（人们的行为举止不受控制，四处乱跑，变得吵闹或暴力）
• I dread them coming round because they let their kids run riot. 我害怕他们到访，因为他们任由孩子胡闹。
■If your imagination runs riot, you have a lot of strange, exciting or surprising thoughts 放纵于，沉缅于（惊奇、刺激的思想）
• My imagination was running riot, thinking of all the ways that I could spend the money. 我的思维像匹脱缰的野马，放任地想着花掉那笔钱的种种方法。
['raɪ.ət] verb intransitive
■to take part in a riot 暴乱；骚乱；聚众闹事
• Students are rioting in the streets of the capital. 首都街头发生了学生骚乱。
revolt, riot, rebellion
这组词都有“造反、叛乱、骚乱”的意思，其区别是：
revolt: 指规模相对较小的，持续时间较短，侧重对压迫或不能容忍的情况的反抗。
riot: 多指没有组织的一群人突然掀起的闹事。也可指暴乱或暴动。
rebellion: 通常指有组织、公开地大规模武断叛乱，着以失败而告终。
n. 暴乱；放纵；蔓延
 - loose, commotion
vi. 骚乱；放荡
 - sow one's wild oats, easy virtue
vt. 浪费，挥霍
 - lose, spend, consume

Word: swap
Front: swap
[swɒp] (高 8106/5955 -2)
Vocabulary: swap
(once / 1147 pages)
vn
The word swap means you give something in exchange for something else. In the medieval ages, a farmer would swap — or exchange — his cow for his neighbor's horse.
First used in the 1590s to mean "exchange, barter, trade," as a noun swap can mean an equal exchange. You might do a clothes swap with one of your friends in the hopes of perking up your wardrobe. As a verb swap describes the act of exchanging something for something else. You might swap oil for applesauce when baking brownies to make this treat healthier. In computer science swap means you move a piece of a computer program into memory.
WORD FAMILY
swap: swapped, swapping, swaps, swops
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins is to swap two wheels for two skis after signing up to appear on Channel 4's winter sports show The Jump.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
This forces Republicans and Democrats to again swap positions on whether Comey is a courageous patriot or total scum.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The teams swapped leads throughout with the widest separation in the second half being three points.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 交换; 交换物，被掉换者
vi. 交换（工作）
vt. 用…替换，把…换成，掉换（过来）
时态：swapped, swapping, swaps
分布：交换(99%)，适合交换的东西(1%)
US [swɑ:p] verb intransitive or transitive (-pp-) (ALSO UK also swop (-pp-))
 IMPROVER
■to give something and be given something else instead; to exchange 交换，交易
• When you've finished reading your book, and I've finished mine, shall we swap? 我们看完各自的书之后，交换一下，好吗?
• We swapped addresses with the people we met on holiday. 我们与度假时认识的人交换了地址。
• When he got a job in a bank, he had to swap his jeans and T-shirt for a suit (= he had to wear formal clothes instead of informal ones). 他找到一份银行的工作后，就不得不脱下牛仔裤和T恤，因为他得穿得整齐一点。
• [+ two objects] I'll swap you my chocolate bar for your peanuts. 我拿我的巧克力跟你换花生。
• We spent the evening in the pub, swapping (= telling each other) stories/jokes. 我们整个晚上都泡在酒吧，轮流讲故事／笑话。
UK [swɒp] US [swɑ:p] noun countable (ALSO UK also swop)
■an exchange, or something that is going to be or has been exchanged 交换（物），交易（物）
• I thought Simon's food looked nicer than mine, so we did a swap. 我觉得西蒙的食物看起来比我的更可口，所以我们做了交换。
• This comic is a swap (= something that was exchanged) that I got from Nick. 这本漫画书是我从尼克那里换来的。
n. [计] 交换；交换之物
 - exchange, reciprocation
vi. [计] 交换；交易
 - trade, traffic

Word: liability
Front: liability
[ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti] (研六雅宝 4121/1908 -2)
Vocabulary: liability
(once / 704 pages)
n
A liability is a debt or obligation or a personal flaw that stands in your way. A company's liabilities are simply the debts on its ledger, but a personal liability might be your extreme shyness in social situations.
Depending on how you use it, the word liability has very different meanings. In a business or financial sense, a liability is a debt or fiscal obligation, like a mortgage or a loan. A limited liability company means if the company fails, the partners are on the hook for only what they initially invested in the company. A personal liability, however, is some element of your past, your character, or your behavior that might give you a disadvantage.
WORD FAMILY
liability: liabilities+/ liable: liability, liably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it soon became clear that McCloughan hadn’t done enough to improve the defense, and it proved a liability all season.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
His email abstention is not merely about information security or limiting his legal liability, however.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The law does not require them to report any violence, and it shelters them from any liability.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 责任; 倾向; 债务; <口>妨碍
分布：责任(86%)，债务(10%)，倾向(2%)，可能性(1%)，不利因素(1%)
→来自liable,有责任的。
n.责任,义务;(pl.)债务You have the liability for military service.你有服兵役的义务.
【反】asset（n 资产）；immunity（n 免疫性）
US [-ə.tˌi] noun
RESPONSIBILITY 责任
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you are legally responsible for something （法律上对某事物的）责任，义务
• He denies any liability for the damage caused. 他对造成的损失拒绝承担任何责任。
liabilities [plural] specialized
■debts 债务，负债
• The business has liabilities of £2 million. 该公司负债达200万英镑。
Compare asset
UK [ˌlaɪ.ə'bɪl.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun
RISK 风险
only singular
■something or someone that causes you a lot of trouble, often when they should be helping you 麻烦，累赘
• After a certain age, a car's just a liability. 汽车在使用了一定年限后就会变成一个累赘。
• Sue always manages to upset somebody when we go out - she's a real liability. 我们出去玩时，休总是让人扫兴——她真是个累赘。
n. [法] [经] 责任；债务；倾向
 - duty, debt, tendency, burden, trust

Word: adult
Front: adult
[ˈædʌlt] (高研四雅 969/1236 -K4)
Vocabulary: adult
(once / 279 pages)
nadj
Adult is noun and an adjective, both of which refer to something mature, no longer a child. A full-grown person is called an adult: they can drink, smoke, vote, and watch R-rated movies.
If you're still a child, then you are not an adult — that's the noun version. Childish people don't behave in an adult manner — that's the adjective. A child might be scared by the Wicked Witch of the West, but an adult knows she's not real. Learning the difference between real-life and make-believe is one of the upsides of becoming adult.
WORD FAMILY
adult: adulthood, adultly, adults+/ adulthood: adulthoods
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was like that with the adults too.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Every scene manages to play like the dramatic lead into an adult film, only with less production value.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Cities were full of adult workers and villages were relinquished to the very young and very old.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 成熟的; （智力、思想、行为）成熟的; 成年人的; 成年的
n. 成年的人或动物
分布：成年人(65%)，成年的(19%)，成熟的(9%)，成年动物(4%)，适合成年人的(2%)，理智的(1%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根ol, 成长. -t,过去分词后缀。
n.成年人a.成年的,充分长成的,成熟的The insult to the adult consulter results in multiplication of the faulty faucets.对成年咨询者的侮辱导致有缺陷水龙头成倍增加.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person or animal that has grown to full size and strength 成年人；成年动物
• An adult under British law is someone over 18 years old. 根据英国法律规定，成年人是指18岁以上人士。
• Adults pay an admission charge but children get in free. 成年人买票入内，儿童免费。
['æd.ʌlt] [ə'dʌlt] adjective
 ADVANCED
■grown to full size and strength 发育成熟的；成年的
• an adult male/elephant 成年男子／大象
• She spent most of her adult life in prison. 成年后，她大部分的岁月是在监狱中度过的。
■typical of or suitable for adults 成熟的；成人的；适宜于成年人的
• Let's try to be adult about this. 在这件事上，我们不要耍小孩子脾气。
■Adult films, magazines and books show naked people and sexual acts and are not for children. （电影、书刊等因有色情内容）仅限成人的，未成年人不宜的
mature, ripe, adult, grown-up
mature: 泛指动植物的成熟
ripe: 主要用于果实成熟；
adult: 强调法律规定的成年人；
grown-up: 身体发育成熟；
adj. 成年的；成熟的
 - developed, grown, mature
n. 成年人
 - major, grown-up

Word: text
Front: text
[tekst] (中高雅 1289/1002 -K3)
Vocabulary: text
(once / 118 pages)
n
The text, or wording, of a book or article is made up of the original words that the author wrote.
In English papers, you have to quote from the text, or actual words in the book you're writing about. You might hear people talk about text in contrast to pictures. For example, a book's text and its pictures should get at the same ideas but in different ways. You translate, summarize or paraphrase a text, but there's only one original.
WORD FAMILY
text: texts, textual +/ textual: textually
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Monday, the Vatican released the text of a letter that Francis sent last week to bishops about injustices to children.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The text message arrived on Koa Farmer’s phone as Penn State ’s third-year sophomore slept the morning after Christmas.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Players, abiding by their religious tenets, use the sport as an outlet between long hours spent studying Judaic texts and other subjects.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 文本，原文; 课文，教科书; 主题; 版本
v. 发短信
分布：文本(72%)，课文(17%)，正文(7%)，原文(2%)，发短信(2%)
→来自 text-,纺织，编织。引申词义经文，文学作品及文稿，文本，课本等。
课文,原文(文章为作者所编)[text=weave,表示"编织"]
n.正文,文本;原文;教科书From the context of the text, I find the next pretext for selling the textile.我从课文的前后关系中找到卖纺织品的下一个借口.
【参】texture（n 织品的质地；木材等的纹理）；textile（n 纺织品）；pretext（v /n 借口）
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the written words in a book, magazine, etc., not the pictures （书、杂志等中区别于图片的）正文，文字材料
• The book has 100 pages of closely printed text. 这本书有100页印得密密麻麻的文字。
 IMPROVER countable * a text message
• I'll send you a text as soon as I have any news. 我得到任何消息，就立即发一个讯息给你。
the text of sth
■the exact words of a speech, etc （演说等的）原文
• Can we see the full text of your speech before Tuesday? 我们能在周二前看到你演讲的全文吗？
countable
■a book or piece of writing that you study as part of a course （学习某课程必读的）课本，教科书，书目
• 'Ulysses' is a set text for the exam. 《尤利西斯》为考试指定的必读书。
countable usually singular
■a sentence or reference from the Bible which a priest reads aloud in church and talks about （教堂神父诵读或引用的）《圣经》经文
[tekst] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to send someone a text message 给（某人）发短信
• I texted her to arrange a time to meet. 我发了讯息给她，和她约好见面的时间。

Word: negative
Front: negative
[ˈnegətɪv] (研四六托雅 1470/2015 -K3)
Vocabulary: negative
(once / 299 pages)
1adjnv 2adj 3adj 4n
Negative means focused on what is bad or lacking. A negative ad tells you bad things about the competition. A negative person loves to complain.
In math, a negative number is less than zero. People who see the glass half empty have a negative outlook. Ask your mom for ice cream and receive an answer in the negative? Don't be too negative back to her, or it'll be a while before you have another chance at ice cream.
WORD FAMILY
negative: negatived, negatively, negativeness, negatives, negativing, negativism, negativity, nonnegative+/ negate: negated, negates, negating, negation, negative / negation: negations/negativism: negativisms, negativist/negativist: negativists/ negativity: negativities
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the “silence and sighs”? The allegedly negative reaction was experienced by precisely one colleague on exactly one call, unsolicited by the Conways.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But other Navy officials, who spoke on background with The Times, said nerves are on edge over Mr. Duterte’s negative posturing toward the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I’m not worried about that, finishing with negative yards or anything like that,” he told The Buffalo News.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 消极的，否认的; [数]负的; [心]反抗性的; 无预期结果的
n. 否定词语; 否定的观点; 消极性; [摄]底片
vt. 否定; 拒绝
时态：negatived, negativing, negatives
分布：消极的(29%)，否定(24%)，负面的(15%)，否定的(12%)，负的(11%)，底片(8%)，反面意见(1%)
→来自negate,否定。引申义负的，负极，消极的等。
否认的n.底片(negate否认+ive)[neg=deny,表示"否认"]
否认的[negat=deny(否认)]
a.否定的,消极的,阴性的n.负数;(摄影)底片In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
US [-tˌɪv] adjective
NO 不
 IMPROVER
■expressing 'no' 否定的；拒绝的
• We received a negative answer to our request. 我们的请求遭到拒绝。
Opposite affirmative
 IMPROVER
■A negative sentence or phrase is one which contains a word such as 'not', 'no', 'never' or 'nothing' （句子或短语）否定的，否定式的
• 'I've never seen him in my life' is a negative sentence. “我一生从未见过他”是句否定句。
• 'Don't' and 'do not' are negative forms of 'do'. don't 和 do not 是 do 的否定形式。
UK ['neg.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] adjective
WITHOUT HOPE 没有希望
 IMPROVER
■not hopeful, or likely to consider only the bad side of a situation 负面的，消极的
• a negative attitude 消极态度
• You're so negative about everything! 你对任何事情都如此消极！
Compare positive
UK ['neg.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] adjective
ELECTRICITY 电
■of the type of electrical charge which is carried by electrons 阴极的，负极的 Opposite positive
UK ['neg.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] adjective
TEST RESULTS 测试结果
■(of a medical test) showing that the patient does not have the disease or condition for which he or she has been tested （医学检验）结果为阴性的，结果为否定的
• a negative pregnancy test 呈阴性的妊娠化验结果
• The results of his HIV test were negative. 他的爱滋病病毒测试结果为阴性。
Opposite positive
UK ['neg.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] adjective
BELOW ZERO 小于零
■(of a number or amount) less than zero （数量）小于零的，负的
• negative numbers 负数
Opposite positive
UK ['neg.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] adjective
BLOOD TYPE 血型
■not having the rhesus factor in the blood （血液）缺乏猕因数的，Rh阴性的
UK ['neg.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] noun
PHOTOGRAPH 照片
countable (informal neg)
■a piece of film from which a photograph can be produced, and in which light and dark areas appear the opposite way round to the way in which they appear in the photograph （照片）底片
• black-and-white/colour negatives 黑白／彩色底片
• I've borrowed the negatives of her wedding photos so I can get some pictures printed. 我借来了她结婚照的底片，这样我可以加印几张。
UK ['neg.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] noun
NO 不
countable or uncountable
■a word or statement that expresses 'no' 否定词，否定句
• I didn't hear your answer, Edward - was that a negative? 我没听见你的回答，爱德华——是否定的吗？
• I'm afraid the reply was definitely in the negative (= was 'no'). 我想我的答覆肯定是否定的。
Compare affirmative
plausible, desirable, negative
plausible: 似是而非的
desirable: 合意的，令人想要的，悦人心意的
negative: 否定的，消极的
adj. [数] 负的；消极的； [语] 否定的；阴性的
 - passive, destructive
n. [语] 否定；负数； [摄] 底片
 - infirmation, disaffirmation
vt. [语] 否定；拒绝
 - deny, refuse

Word: bird
Front: bird
[bɜ:d] (中高 1122/1072 -K4)
Vocabulary: bird
(once / 46 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A bird is an animal with wings, feathers, and two legs. Birds, from chickens to crows, are also warm-blooded and lay eggs.
Most birds can fly using their wings, and when you visit the coast you'll see various sea birds like gulls, terns, and cormorants. You can use the word bird as a verb meaning "to observe birds as a hobby," and in some places, particularly Britain, it's also a noun meaning "young woman." Bird is an Old English word, an unusual form of bridd, "young bird or fledgling," from an unknown origin.
WORD FAMILY
bird: birded, birder, birding, birds+/birder: birders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Christmas was over, but the Christmas Bird Count was not.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But, Dr. Erickson said, most researchers thought that since dinosaurs were closely related to modern birds their incubation rates were birdlike.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The finding suggests that, at least in terms of hatch times, dinosaurs were more like modern reptiles than birds.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 鸟，禽; <俚>少女，姑娘，人，家伙，东西; <口>飞机，火箭，导弹
vi. 观察和辨认鸟; 捕鸟，打鸟
时态：birded, birding, birds
分布：鸟(93%)，禽(7%)
→词源不详。
n.鸟,雀;女人;嘘声Sir, your bird stirred my girlfriend's birthday party.先生,你的鸟搅了我女友的生日聚会.
US [bɝ:d] noun countable
CREATURE 生物
 ESSENTIAL
■a creature with feathers and wings, usually able to fly 鸟；禽
• caged/wild birds 笼中鸟／野鸟
• sea birds 海鸟
• wading birds 涉禽
• Most birds lay eggs in the spring. 大多数鸟类都在春天产卵。
• Penguins and ostriches are flightless birds (= they cannot fly). 企鹅和鸵鸟都不会飞行。
• We watched a flock of birds fly over the field. 我们看着一群鸟飞过田野。
⇒ See also dickybird;hummingbird;songbird
UK [bɜ:d] US [bɝ:d] noun countable
PERSON 人 old-fashioned
■a particular type of person 某类人；家伙
• He's a rare bird, is Nick. 像尼克这样的人很少见。
■UK slang
■a young woman 头脑简单的美女
• Is that Lee's new bird? 那是李尔新认识的女子吗？
old bird informal
■an older woman 老妇人
• disapproving This old bird was lecturing the shop assistant about her manners. 这个老太婆正在训斥女店员对她无礼。
• approving She's a game (= energetic and willing to do risky things) old bird. 她是一位精力旺盛、敢于冒险的老人。
UK [bɜ:d] US [bɝ:d] noun countable
be (strictly) for the birds US informal
■to be stupid or not important 愚蠢的；不重要的
UK [bɜ:d] US [bɝ:d] noun countable
The bird has flown. UK saying
■said when the person you are looking for has gone away or escaped 要找的人跑掉了。
UK [bɜ:d] US [bɝ:d] noun countable
A bird in the hand (is worth two in the bush). saying
■said when you recognise that you should not risk losing something you already have by trying to get something you think might be better 两鸟在林不如一鸟在手。
UK [bɜ:d] US [bɝ:d] noun countable
the birds and the bees humorous
■the basic facts about sex and reproduction 性的基本知识
• She's only six, but she already knows about the birds and the bees. 她虽然只有六岁，却已经懂得性方面的基本知识。
UK [bɜ:d] US [bɝ:d] noun countable
bird's eye view
■a view from a very high place which allows you to see a large area 俯视，鸟瞰
• Climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower if you want a bird's eye view of Paris. 如果你想俯瞰巴黎，就要爬到艾菲尔铁塔顶上去。
UK [bɜ:d] US [bɝ:d] noun countable
birds of a feather slightly disapproving
■people who are similar in character 一类人；志趣相投者
• He'll get on well with Anthony - they're birds of a feather. 他会与安东尼相处得很好——他们正好志趣相投。
UK [bɜ:d] US [bɝ:d] noun countable
Birds of a feather flock together. saying
■said about people who have similar characters or interests, especially ones of which you disapprove, and who often spend time with each other 物以类聚，人以群分。
UK [bɜ:d] US [bɝ:d] noun countable
do bird UK old-fashioned slang
■to spend time in prison 坐牢
UK [bɜ:d] US [bɝ:d] noun countable
(as) free as a bird
■completely free to do as you want 完全自由的
n. [鸟] 鸟；家伙；羽毛球
 - apple, customer, fellow, egg, guy
vt. 向…喝倒彩；起哄
 - kick up a fuss
vi. 猎鸟；观察研究野鸟
 - snipe

Word: label
Front: label
[ˈleɪbl] (研四六托 2619/2764 -K3)
Vocabulary: label
(once / 393 pages)
1nv 2nv
The saying “labels are for jars not people” means it’s OK to put a description on a jar so you know what’s inside (a label), but it’s not okay to judge people by attaching a label, or description to them, such as "nerd," "jock," or "burnout."
Label is a busy word. It refers to the paper or identifying marks on a jar that tells you something about what’s inside the jar. Put such an identifier on the jar, and you label it. Related to that is a judgment about someone or something, a label. When you call yourself a superstar, you label yourself. Finally, you can use label as a short form of recording label, a company that produces musical recordings.
WORD FAMILY
label: labeled, labeling, labelled, labelling, labels+/labeled: mislabeled, unlabeled/labelled: unlabelled
USAGE EXAMPLES
The artist’s record label, Atlantic Records, did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
"This label helps get more exposure and adoption among the big retailers in France.  "The regional governments also play their part.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The bottle’s purple label with floral images was designed to attract female shoppers’ attention in a wine aisle dominated by dull colors.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 标签; 称标记，符号; [建] 门或窗户上面的线脚
vt. 贴标签于; 把…称为; 把…列为; [化]用放射性元素使（元素或原子等）示踪
时态：labelled, labelling, labels
分布：标签(83%)，标记(7%)，唱片公司(3%)，称号(3%)，贴标签于(3%)，把 ... 归类(1%)
→来自leb,撕开，词源同lap,lapel,进一步来自skel,砍，撕，词源同shell, scissor.原义为撕开的小布条，后用于指用布条标签。拼写演变比较locus,ring.
n.标签v.把...称为;用标签于;用标签标明The rebels labeled the labor laboring in the laboratory and lavatory.反叛者给在实验室和舆洗室劳动的劳工贴上标签.
noun countable
SIGN 符号
 ADVANCED
■a piece of paper or other material which gives you information about the object it is fixed to 标签，标牌
• Remember to put some address labels on the suitcases. 别忘了把地址标签贴在行李箱上。
• Washing instructions should be on the label. 标签上应该注明洗涤注意事项。
 ADVANCED
■a word or a phrase which is used to describe the characteristics or qualities of people, activities or things, often in a way that is unfair （用来描述人、活动或事物特点或特性的，常为不公正的）称号，绰号
• He seems to be stuck with the label of 'troublemaker'. 他好像被人贴上了“麻烦制造者”的标签。
['leɪ.bəl] noun countable
COMPANY 公司
 ADVANCED
■a company which produces goods for sale, the goods themselves, or the company's name or symbol 公司；品牌商品；公司名称；公司标志
• Her favourite designer label (= maker of expensive clothes) is Armani. 她最喜欢的服装品牌是亚曼尼。
• Their own-label vegetarian products have been a huge success. 他们自有品牌的素食产品非常受欢迎。
• The group have just signed (= arranged to record) with a new record label. 该演唱组合刚刚与一家新的唱片公司签约。
['leɪ.bəl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
 ADVANCED
■to fasten a label to 贴标签
• [+ adj] The parcel was clearly labelled 'Fragile'. 这个包裹上清楚地标著「易碎品”。
• If you spend any time in prison, you're labelled as a criminal for the rest of your life. 一旦入过狱，“罪犯”的帽子就会一辈子扣在你的头上。
tag, label
这组词都有“标签”的意思，其区别是：
tag: 多指临时系上的标签。
label: 指上面标明货主姓名、地址及货物名称、重量、尺寸等内容的标签。
n. 标签；商标；签条
 - ticket, brand, logo, tag

Word: discipline
Front: discipline
[ˈdɪsəplɪn] (研四六托雅宝 2278/1450 -K3)
Vocabulary: discipline
(once / 177 pages)
nv
When you have discipline, you have self-control. When you discipline children, you are either teaching them to be well-behaved, or you are punishing and correcting them.
The origins of this word offer great clues about its current meanings. The Old French descepline referred to punishment and suffering. The Latin disciplina meant "teaching, learning." The Old English version referred to a branch of knowledge or field of study (so if you're really good at word origins, you might want to make etymology your discipline). Developing discipline as a form of training is a military concept that's more than 500 years old.
WORD FAMILY
discipline: disciplinarian, disciplinary, disciplined, disciplines, disciplining, indiscipline, self-discipline, undiscipline+/disciplinarian: disciplinarians/disciplinary: disciplinarily, interdisciplinary / disciplined: self-disciplined, undisciplined/indiscipline: indisciplines
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The players are off. They are not working,” McAdoo said when asked if they would be disciplined.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But he downplayed his contribution to Shiffrin’s improvement in the discipline, which was underlined by her back-to-back GS wins last week.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For only that brief 30 minutes you must be disciplined.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: vt. 训练; 使有纪律; 处罚; 使有条理
n. 训练; 纪律; 学科; 符合行为准则的行为（或举止）
时态：disciplined, disciplining, disciplines
分布：纪律(55%)，学科(25%)，训练(13%)，惩罚(7%)
→来自disciple, 学习，门徒。引申词义训练，必要的纪律，惩罚。
纪律(disciple门徒,学徒...门徒必须听说...纪律)[-ine 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或女人"3.表名词"状态,药物等"]
n.纪律,学科I'm inclined to underline these disciplines in the outline written on linen.我倾向于给写在亚麻布上的大纲中的这些学科划下画线.
noun
TRAINING 训练
 IMPROVER uncountable
■training which produces obedience (= willingness to obey) or self-control, often in the form of rules, and punishments if these are broken, or the obedience or self-control produced by this training 训导；训练；纪律；约束
• parental/military/school discipline 父母的训导／军事训练／校规
• There should be better discipline in schools. 学校的纪律应该更严一些。
• I don't have enough (self)discipline to save money. 我总是控制不住自己花钱的欲望。
(good) discipline
■the ability to control yourself or other people, even in difficult situations 控制能力，驾驭能力
• Maintaining classroom discipline (= control of the students) is the first task of every teacher. 维护课堂纪律是每位教师的首要任务。
['dɪs.ə.plɪn] noun
SUBJECT 课程
countable
■a particular area of study, especially a subject studied at a college or university （尤指大学或学院设立的）专业
['dɪs.ə.plɪn] verb
PUNISH 惩罚
transitive
■to punish someone 罚，惩罚
• A senior civil servant has been disciplined for revealing secret government plans to the media. 一名高级公务员因向媒体透露政府秘密计划而受到惩罚。
['dɪs.ə.plɪn] verb
CONTROL 控制
[T or R]
■to teach someone to behave in a controlled way 训练，教导
• [+ to infinitive] I'm trying to discipline myself to eat less chocolate. 我正试图控制自己少吃巧克力。
training, practice, exercise, drill, discipline
这组词都有“练习、训练、锻炼”的意思，其区别是：
training: 普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练。
practice: 指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧。
exercise: 主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧。
drill: 侧重进行有系统的，严格和重复的练习。
discipline: 既可指训练又可指为达到某种熟练程度而进行的约束。
n. 学科； [管理] 纪律；训练；惩罚
 - science, punishment, rod, knowledge, payment
vt. 训练，训导；惩戒
 - coach, drill

Word: daughter
Front: daughter
[ˈdɔ:tə(r)] (中高 634/871 -K5)
Vocabulary: daughter
(once / 33 pages)
n
A daughter is a female offspring, and while it is usually referring to the female child's relationship to her parents, it might be used to suggest any similar relationship, such as the organization “Daughters of the American Revolution.”
The English word daughter appeared before the Tenth Century as the Old English dohtor and later the Middle English doughter. Any connected group of women might be referred to as "daughters," For example, the "daughters of Zion" of the Bible and the "Daughters of Elysium" in Beethoven’s "Ode to Joy" closing to his Ninth Symphony. If people say you are your mother's daughter, aside from pointing out the obvious they are saying the two of you have a lot in common.
WORD FAMILY
daughter: daughterly, daughters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her mother, the former Edith G. Cash, a homemaker, was the daughter of a Republican land speculator.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The issue arose again in September, he said, when he hesitated because of a daughter’s upcoming wedding.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mary Ayeni says her daughters “eat whatever you put in front of them.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 女儿; 产物，后代; （某地的）妇女; [生]子代
adj. 女儿般的; [生]第一代的; 子代的
分布：女儿(91%)，女儿的(7%)，子代(1%)，女儿似的(1%)
→来自dhugheter, 女儿，可能来自拟声词，婴儿吸奶的声音。-ter, 词源同father, mother.
n.女儿In the beautiful bureau my daughter's laughter served for the sauce of the sausage.在漂亮的办公署,女儿的笑声充当了香肠的调料.
US ['dɑ:.tˌɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■your female child 女儿
• Liz and Phil have a daughter and three sons. 莉兹和菲尔有一个女儿和三个儿子。
⇒ See also stepdaughter
girl, daughter, maid, maiden
这组词都有“姑娘，女孩子”的意思，其区别是：
girl: 指7岁到12岁左右的女孩，与boy相对，广义指未婚的女孩。
daughter: 指女子对父母而言的概称，不涉及年龄的大小。
maid: 指闺女，女佣人。
maiden: 指少女，处女或未婚女子。
n. 女儿； [遗] [农学] 子代
 - girl, dau.

Word: statistic
Front: statistic
[stəˈtɪstɪk] (9631/14827 -3)
Vocabulary: statistic
(once / 10190 pages)
n
A statistic is a numerical piece of information. If you are trying to prove a point, and you want your argument to have a sense of authority, you might want to use a statistic to back up your claim.
A statistic is a single piece of information represented by a number. “Water makes up 70% of the Earth’s surface,” for instance, is a statistic. A statistic is like a fact that is reached through a mathematical process. A population figure is the most common statistic you will encounter. When made plural, statistics means either a collection of statistics or the science of creating and interpreting statistics, as in “His favorite course in college was Statistics.”
WORD FAMILY
statistics: statistic, statistical, statistician +/ statistical: statistically/ statistician: statisticians
USAGE EXAMPLES
This statistic is called championship probability added—and it was the metric The Wall Street Journal used to scrutinize the NBA’s most iconic baskets.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 20, 2016)
Efforts to answer that question tend to revolve around a single statistic.
Slate(Dec 20, 2016)
Meanwhile the teams ahead of them in the NFC East, Dallas and the Giants, are second and sixth best, respectively, in the statistic.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: n. 统计资料中的一项; （一项）统计数据; 统计量; （对总体具有代表性的）典型统计论
adj. 统计（上）的，统计学（上）的
分布：统计数值(100%)
noun
statistics
 IMPROVER [plural] (informal stats)
■information based on a study of the number of times something happens or is present, or other numerical facts 统计数据；统计资料
• Statistics show/suggest that women live longer than men. 统计资料显示女性寿命比男性长。
• According to official statistics, the Japanese work longer hours than workers in most other industrialized countries. 根据官方统计数字，日本人比其他大多数工业国家劳工的工作时间都要长。
uncountable
■the science of using information discovered from studying numbers 统计学
countable
■a fact in the form of a number that shows information about something 统计数字
• The city's most shocking statistic is its high infant mortality rate. 这座城市最令人震惊的统计数字是其高婴儿死亡率。

Word: fate
Front: fate
[feɪt] (研四六 2919/3179 -3)
Vocabulary: fate
(once / 74 pages)
nv
Is it your fate to win a fortune in the lottery and retire young? Better hope so. Fate is like destiny, so that means winning the lottery would be an inevitable outcome.
The word fate traces back to the Latin word fatum, meaning “that which has been spoken,” and something that's your fate is a done deal, not open to revision. If you feel like something is your fate, you feel it's beyond your control. Fate is often referred to directly, as if it were a supernatural power: “fate tore us apart." It can also describe your lot in life, like if it's your fate to take over the family farm.
WORD FAMILY
fate: fated, fateful, fates, fating+/fated: ill-fated / fateful: fatefulest, fatefully
USAGE EXAMPLES
He says “luck and fate” prevented it from being worst.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He also hopes it will prevent other species from meeting the same fate as Toughie and Nola.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Kelly seemed similarly resigned to his fate before when he spoke to the media before the decision was announced.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 命运，宿命; 灾难，死亡; 命中注定的事（尤指坏事）
v. 注定
时态：fated, fating, fates
分布：命运(97%)，宿命(3%)
→来自bha, 说，预言，词源同phone, fable. 用于指神的预言，预测命运。
n.命运The fateful up-to-date data of the gate have a fatal error.大门的决定性最新数据有一个致命错误.
noun
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■what happens to a particular person or thing, especially something final or negative, such as death or defeat 命中注定的事；命运；（尤指）厄运
• We want to decide our own fate. 我们想决定自己的命运。
• His fate is now in the hands of the jury. 现在他的命运掌握在陪审团的手中。
• The disciples were terrified that they would suffer/meet the same fate as Jesus. 众门徒害怕遭遇和耶稣一样的命运。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a power that some people believe causes and controls all events, so that you cannot change or control the way things will happen 天意；定数
• When we met again by chance in Cairo, I felt it must be fate. 当我们再度在开罗偶遇时，我觉得这一定是天意了。
• Fate has brought us together. 天意让我们相聚。
[feɪt] noun
a fate worse than death informal humorous
■something you do not want to experience because it is so unpleasant 令人极为不快的事
• When you're 16, an evening at home with your parents seems like a fate worse than death. 到了16岁，晚上在家和父母呆在一起似乎是极其难受的事。
[feɪt] noun
the Fates
■three goddesses who the ancient Greeks believed controlled people's lives and decided when people must die （古希腊人认为掌控人的命运的）命运三女神
luck, lot, destiny, fortune, doom, fate
这组词都有“命运”的意思，其区别是：
luck: 普通日常用词，指好的或坏的运气，尤多指好运气，有时也指成功或愉快的结局。
lot: 多指偶然的运气或终身遭受的不幸命运。
destiny: 普通用词，侧重预先注定的命运，对未来命运的美好憧憬。
fortune: 普通用词，指由机会或运气来决定的一种命运，如暗示一种比fate好的运气或一种愉快的未来。
doom: 指最终的，常常是灾难性或毁灭性的命运，隐含不可避免的意味。
fate: 较庄严用词，多指不幸的命运，暗示不可避免，令人畏惧和人的意志无法改变，宿命论色彩较浓。
n. 命运
 - lot, destiny, fortune, portion, cup of tea
vt. 注定
 - predestine, foreordain

Word: sovereign
Front: sovereign
[ˈsɒvrɪn] (研六托雅宝 8038/7133 -2)
Vocabulary: sovereign
(once / 155 pages)
nadj
Put simply, your sovereign is your king or queen. George III was the sovereign of Great Britain and her colonies — including the American ones. At least, he was until a little thing called the Revolutionary War upset everything.
Sovereign as an adjective can be used to indicate the ultimate power of a state, whether a monarchy or not, as in "Peru exercised its sovereign rights to all minerals within its borders." A sovereign is also a British gold coin with a face value of one pound sterling (with the monarch's face on it). But don't sell it for a pound, because it's worth its weight in gold — quite literally — which is a lot more than a pound is worth.
WORD FAMILY
sovereign: nonsovereign, sovereignly, sovereigns
USAGE EXAMPLES
As of now, Moscow effectively controls approximately 20 percent of Georgia’s sovereign territory.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The 32-year-old Foy is charged with playing one of the most famous women in the world during her first years as sovereign.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Singapore sovereign wealth fund GIC is a financial investor, he said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 君主; 最高统治者; 独立国; 旧时价值为一镑的英国金币
adj. 独立自主的; 拥有最高统治权的; 至高无上的; 极好的
分布：君主(46%)，至高无上的(17%)，元首(11%)，最高统治者(11%)，极好的(10%)，金镑(4%)，具有主权的(1%)
→来自古法语 soverain,最高的，主要的，来自通俗拉丁语*superanus,主要的，基础的，来自拉 丁语 super,在上，超过，比较级形式自 sub,在上，词源同 superman,soprano.引申比喻义最高 统治权的，主权的，引申名词词义君主，元首。拼写受-reign 影响俗化。
a.独立的,有主权的n.君主,国王,统治者No earthly sovereign can do what he pleases.世间没有一个君主能随心所欲地行事.
US ['sɑ:v.rən] noun countable
RULER 统治者
■a king or queen, or the person with the highest power in a country 君主；元首；最高统治者
UK ['sɒv.ər.ɪn] US ['sɑ:v.rən] noun countable
COIN 硬币
■a British gold coin which was in use in Britain from 1817 to 1914 and was worth £1 金镑（英国于1817-1914年之间使用的面值为一英镑的金币）
UK ['sɒv.ər.ɪn] US ['sɑ:v.rən] adjective
GOVERNMENT 政府
[before noun]
■having the highest power or being completely independent 至高无上的；完全独立的
• Sovereign power is said to lie with the people in some countries, and with a ruler in others. 据说，在某些国家中最高统治权归于人民，而在其他国家则掌握在统治者手中。
• We must respect the rights of sovereign states/nations to conduct their own affairs. 我们必须尊重主权独立国家处理本国事务的权利。
UK ['sɒv.ər.ɪn] US ['sɑ:v.rən] adjective
EXCELLENT 优秀的
sovereign remedy old-fashioned or formal
■an extremely successful way of dealing with a problem 灵丹妙药
• Love is a sovereign remedy for unhappiness. 爱是治疗悲伤的万灵丹。
sovereign, predominant, dominant
这组词都有“占优势的，支配其它的”的意思，其区别是：
sovereign: 侧重指其他事物都从属于或低于它的。
predominant: 侧重指影响与新近的优势。
dominant: 强调权威。
adj. 至高无上的；有主权的；拥有最高统治权的；不折不扣的；极好的
 - wonderful, excellent, famous, super, great
n. 君主；独立国；最高统治者
 - emperor, monarch

Word: preserve
Front: preserve
[prɪˈzɜ:v] (高研四六托雅 2209/2287 -K3)
Vocabulary: preserve
(once / 72 pages)
vn
When you preserve something, you maintain its condition, like trying to preserve your good health by exercising regularly and eating right.
The verb preserve describes keeping something as it is now, without a decline in quality. It can also refer to keeping something safe from harm, as in “The group worked hard to preserve the regional ecosystem.” When you preserve food, such as fruit, you keep it from rotting. Jellies and jams are preserves, the noun form. A preserve can also be lands set aside, or preserved, as animal habitats.
WORD FAMILY
preserve: preservable, preservation, preservative, preserved, preserver, preserves, preserving+/ preservation: preservationist, preservations, self-preservation/preservationist: preservationists/ preservative: preservatives/preserver: preservers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We urge you to preserve this critical U.S. strategic asset,” the letter read.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Federal officials said last week that the Valles Caldera National Preserve would become the 17th U.S. park unit with designated thermal features if approved.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Preserving the flexibility to pick and choose facts carries obvious strategic benefits.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 保护; 保持，保存; 腌制食物; 防腐处理
vi. 保鲜; 保持原状; 做蜜饯; 禁猎
n. 蜜饯; 防护用品; 禁猎地; 独占的事物（或范围）
时态：preserved, preserving, preserves
分布：保护(42%)，保存(33%)，保持(23%)，禁猎区(1%)，蜜饯(1%)
→pre-,在前，早于，预先，-serv,保护，看护，词源同conserve,observe.
保存,保藏(pre预先+serve→预先保留→保存)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
v.保护,维持;保存,腌n.蜜饯,果酱,禁猎地The reservoir in the reserved preserve is an obstacle to the obstinate observer.预留保护区内的水库对固执的观察者是一个障碍.
US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed; to conserve 保护，维护；保存；保养
• to preserve the environment 保护环境
• We want to preserve the character of the town while improving the facilities. 我们想在改善市镇设施的同时保存其特色。
• The agreement preserved our right to limit trade in endangered species. 这项协定保留了我们限制濒危物种贸易的权利。
• Putting varnish on wood is a way of preserving it. 在木料上涂清漆是保护木料的一种方法。
• I need to get out of the house from time to time just to preserve (= prevent me from losing) my sanity. 我需要时不时到户外去以保持头脑清醒。
⇒ See also well-preserved
■to treat food in a particular way so that it can be kept for a long time without going bad 对…进行保鲜处理；贮存
• preserved fruit 保鲜水果
• oranges preserved in brandy 浸在白兰地中贮存的柳橙
UK [prɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
FOOD 食物
countable or uncountable
■a food made from fruit or vegetables boiled with sugar and water until it becomes like a firm sauce 蜜饯；果酱
• apricot preserve 杏子酱
• jars of preserves 几罐蜜饯
⇒ See also conserve
UK [prɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
SEPARATE ACTIVITY 个别的行为
only singular
■an activity which only one person or a particular type of person does or is responsible for （某人或群体的）专门活动
• Owning racehorses is the preserve of the rich. 拥有赛马是富人的专利。
• Sport used to be a male preserve. 体育曾经是男性的专利。
UK [prɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
SEPARATE PLACE 隔开的地方
countable US for
■ reserve (= an area of land kept in its natural state, especially for wild animals to live in to be protected) （尤指野生动物）保护区
conserve, store, save, maintain, preserve
这组词都有“保存，储藏”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 较正式用词，指小心地使用难以补充的资源或贵重物，免遭浪费或毁坏，以备不时之需。
store: 普通用词，指将物品存放，以备将来使用。
save: 普通用词，指尽量少用，以争取数量上有所增加。
maintain: 指保持原样，不增不减
preserve: 侧重将物品完好无损地保存下来。
conserve, reserve, retain, withhold, preserve, keep
这组词都有“保持，保存”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 一般指保存自然资源，保全人的精力、力量等。
reserve: 正式用词，指为了将来的用途或其他用途而保存、保留。
retain: 指继续保持。
withhold: 指扣住不放，暗示有阻碍。
preserve: 主要指为防止损害、变质等而保存。
keep: 最常用词，指长时间牢固地保持或保存。
vt. 保存；保护；维持；腌；禁猎
 - maintain, save, secure, corn, sustain
n. 保护区；禁猎地；加工成的食品
 - conservation area, conservation district

Word: owe
Front: owe
[əʊ] (高研四六雅 2979/2323 -K3)
Vocabulary: owe
(once / 80 pages)
v
People owe things when they're in debt to someone. A friend can owe you a favor, and your employer owes you a paycheck.
When you talk about owing, it has to do with what someone deserves from someone else. If you borrow library books, you owe them to the library after a few weeks. When you take out a loan, you owe that money to the bank. You can also owe favors and more abstract things. If a friend did something bad to you, but they've been your friend a long time, you probably owe them a second chance.
WORD FAMILY
owe: owed, owes, owing
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Russian oil firm paid a large court fine owed by one of his aides, spurring accusations that Moscow was buying influence.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here’s true genius, though: Being owed money from two teams that fired you 367 days apart.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nebraska State Tax Commissioner Tony Fulton said Amazon is “exhibiting responsible corporate citizenship. “The tax is owed,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 欠…债; 感激; 应归功于; 怀有情感
时态：owed, owing, owes
分布：钱(69%)，感激(23%)，欠（债(2%)，人情等）(2%)，应当给予(2%)，把...归功于(2%)
→来自古英语agan,拥有，所有，来自Proto-Germanic*aigan,占有，来自aik,掌握，掌管，词源同ought,own.其现义来自古英语习语agan to geldanne,用拥有的去支付或偿还，即own to yield.从而与own产生词义上的差别。
v.欠(债等),应向...付出,归功于,得感谢The answer is: Owing to a shower, the powerful powder is no longer on show.答案是：由于一场阵雨,这种强有力的火药不再展览了.
US [oʊ] verb transitive
HAVE DEBTS 负债
 IMPROVER
■to need to pay or give something to someone because they have lent money to you, or in exchange for something they have done for you 欠（债）；欠（帐）；该偿还
• [+ two objects] I owe Janet ten pounds. 我欠珍妮特十英镑。
• We still owe $1000 on our car (= We still need to pay $1000 before we own our car). 我们的车还欠1000美元未付清。
• I owe you a drink for helping me move. 你帮我搬家，我该请你喝一杯 。
• I think you owe (= should give) me an explanation/apology. 我觉得你得向我解释一下／道歉。
⇒ See also IOU
UK [əʊ] US [oʊ] verb transitive
AS A RESULT 作为结果
■to have success, happiness, a job, etc. only because of what someone has given you or done for you or because of your own efforts 把…归功（于）；把…归因（于）
• I owe my success to my education. 我的成功归功于我所受的教育。
• He owes his life to the staff at the hospital. 他能保住命全亏了这家医院的医护人员。
• I owe everything (= I am very grateful) to my parents. 我非常感激我的父母。
UK [əʊ] US [oʊ] verb transitive
I owe you (one) informal
■said to thank someone for helping you and as a way of saying that you will do something for them in the future 我欠你一份情；我会报答你的这份情
• Thanks for the help, Bill - I owe you one. 谢谢你的帮助，比尔——我欠你个人情。
UK [əʊ] US [oʊ] verb transitive
owe sb a living informal
■to have to provide money for someone to live on, whether they deserve it or not 有义务养活（某人）
• He seems to think the world owes him a living. 他似乎觉得世人都有义务照顾他。
• No one owes you a living. 没人有义务养活你。
UK [əʊ] US [oʊ] verb transitive
owe it to yourself
■to deserve and need to do something which will be good for you 自己理应做，自己当之无愧
• Take a few days off work - you owe it to yourself. 休息几天——你应该歇一歇了。
attribute, owe
attribute: 归因于；
owe: 归功于，用于“某人的好处应归功于”
vt. 欠；感激；应给予；应该把……归功于
 - appreciate, be grateful to

Word: ring
Front: ring
[rɪŋ] (中高托 1678/1305 -K3)
Vocabulary: ring
(once / 53 pages)
1nv 2vn 3v 4n
A ring is a circular or oval shape, like the rings around Saturn or a ring of trees surrounding an open field, or the ring of delicious fried pastry that we call a doughnut.
Angels are often shown in paintings with a ring hovering over their heads — a halo. And if you've ever ordered onion rings, you know that they're circle-shaped slices of onion that are battered, fried, and eaten with ketchup. Then there's the ring, usually made of silver or gold, that's worn as jewelry on a finger. As a verb, to ring is to form a circle, as in the children's song and game "Ring Around the Rosie."
WORD FAMILY
ring: rang, ringed, ringer, ringing, ringlike, rings+/ ringer: ringers/ringing: ringings
USAGE EXAMPLES
That ring of the phone produced a Super Bowl ring.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sorry, I can’t hear you, the ushers are ringing the bell.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Erickson, now a paleontologist at Florida State University in Tallahassee, noticed more than 900 fine lines resembling tree rings on the tooth.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 戒指，指环; 铃声，钟声; 环形物; 拳击场
vt. 形成环状; 环绕; 使（例如铃）响; 打电话给
vi. 按铃，敲钟; 回响; 成环形
时态：rang, rung, ringing, rings
分布：戒指(30%)，电话(22%)，环(20%)，打电话(11%)，圈(6%)，铃声(3%)，按铃(3%)，钟声(2%)，回响(1%)，鸣响(1%)，包围(1%)
→拟声词。ring 圆环，环形物，圆形表演场，戒指，帮派，集团
n.戒指;环;铃声;(打)电话v.按(铃),敲(钟)The ring on the spring string rings during springtime.弹簧弦上的环在春天鸣响.
noun
CIRCLE 圆圈
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a circle of any material, or any group of things or people in a circular shape or arrangement 环（状物）；圆形的东西；环形排列
• The game involved throwing metal rings over a stick. 这个游戏的玩法是扔金属环套在一根棍子上。
• The children sat in a ring around the teacher. 孩子们围着老师坐成一圈。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a circular piece of jewellery worn especially on your finger 戒指；指环
• He bought her a diamond/emerald/etc. ring (= a ring with a jewel fixed to it). 他为她买了一只钻石／祖母绿戒指。
countable
■a group of people who help each other, often secretly and in a way which is to their advantage 团伙；帮派；集团
• a drug ring 贩毒团伙
• a spy ring 间谍网
⇒ See also ringleader
countable (US usually element)
■a circular piece of material often made of metal that can be heated in order to be used for cooking 圆形炉盘，火圈
• a gas ring 煤气炉
• an electric ring 电热炉火圈
countable
■a special area where people perform or compete 表演场，竞技场（人们表演或进行竞赛的特殊场所）
• a boxing ring 拳击台
• The horses trotted round the ring. 马绕着圆形表演场小跑。
⇒ See also ringside
rings [plural]
■two round handles at the ends of two long ropes which hang from the ceiling and which are used in gymnastics （体操运动中的）吊环
[rɪŋ] noun
TELEPHONE 电话
only singular mainly UK (US usually and UK also call)
■when you make a telephone call to someone 打电话
• I'll give you a ring tomorrow. 明天我会给你打个电话。
[rɪŋ] noun
SOUND 声音
countable
■the sound a bell makes 铃声；钟声
• There was a ring at the door. 门铃响了。
• He gave a ring at the door. 他按了一下门铃。
[rɪŋ] noun
familiar ring
■If something has a familiar ring, you think you already know it, but you are not sure 耳熟
• Her name had a familiar ring to it. 她的名字听起来耳熟。
[rɪŋ] noun
ring of truth
■If something has a ring of truth, it seems to be true 好像真实；听起来像是真实的
• This story has a/the ring of truth. 这种说法好像是真的。
[rɪŋ] noun
run rings round sb
■If someone runs rings round you, they are very much better, faster, or more successful at something than you are 遥遥领先（某人）；比（某人）出色得多
• Our girls' hockey team have run rings round all their opponents this year. 我们的女子曲棍球队今年的表现远远超过任何对手。
[rɪŋ] verb
TELEPHONE 电话
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive (rang, rung) mainly UK (US usually and UK also call)
■to make a telephone call to someone （给…）打电话
• I ring home once a week to tell my parents I'm okay. 我每周往家打一次电话向父母报平安。
• There's been an accident - can you ring for an ambulance? 出事故了——你能否打电话叫救护车？
• The boss rang (in) to say he'll be back at 4.30. 老板打电话（到办公室）说他在4点30分回来。
• UK I rang round the (= I called many) airlines to find out the cheapest price. 我给多间航空公司一一打电话，想知道哪一家的机票最便宜。
• Why don't you ring (up) Simon and ask him to the party? 你为甚么不给西蒙打电话请他来参加派对呢？
[rɪŋ] verb
SOUND 声音
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive (rang, rung)
■to (cause to) make the sound of a bell （使）发出钟声；（使）响起铃声
• The doorbell/telephone rang. 门铃／电话铃响了。
• Anne's alarm clock rang for half an hour before she woke. 安妮的闹钟响了半个小时她才醒。
• I rang the bell but nobody came to the door. 我按响了门铃，可是没有人来开门。
• My head is/My ears are still ringing (= are full of a ringing noise) from the sound of the military band. 军乐队的乐声仍然回荡在我的脑海中／耳际。
[rɪŋ] verb
CIRCLE 圆圈
transitive (ringed, ringed)
■to surround something 包围；环绕；围住
• Armed police ringed the hijacked plane. 武装员警包围了被劫持的飞机。
• The harbour is dangerous - it's ringed by/with rocks and reefs. 这个港口很危险——周围有很多礁石和暗礁。
transitive (ringed, ringed) UK
■to draw a circle round something 绕…画圆；在…周围画圈
• Students should ring the correct answers in pencil. 学生们应该用铅笔将正确的答案圈出。
transitive (ringed, ringed)
■to put a ring on something, especially an animal （尤指在动物身上）套环，戴上环套
• We ringed the birds (= put rings around their legs) so that we could identify them later. 我们给鸟脚上戴上环套，以便将来可以辨识出它们。
[rɪŋ] verb
ring a bell (ring any bells)
■to sound familiar 听起来耳熟
• The name rang a bell but I couldn't remember where I had heard it before. 这个名字听着很熟，但是我记不起来以前在哪里听到过。
• No, I'm sorry, that description doesn't ring any bells with me. 不！很遗憾，那个说法我听起来不熟。
[rɪŋ] verb
ring the changes (on)
■to do something in a different way in order to make it more interesting 变换花样；使多样化
• For variety, ring the changes on packed lunches using different types of bread and spicy fillings. 为了使盒装午餐有更多的花样，可以用不同的面包和加香料的馅来变换口味。
[rɪŋ] verb
ring true/false
■to seem true/false 听起来是真／假的；给人以真实／虚假的印象
• Her explanations didn't ring true. 她的解释听起来不像是实话。
[rɪŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ring (sb) back UK
 IMPROVER
■to telephone someone who rang you earlier or to telephone someone for a second time 给（某人）回覆电话； 给某人再打电话
• I'm a bit busy - can I ring you back later? 我现在有些忙——我能不能晚些时候给你打回去？
[rɪŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ring off UK
■to end a telephone conversation intentionally 挂断电话
• She said "No, thank you" and rang off hurriedly. 她说了一句“不了，多谢”就匆匆挂了电话。
[rɪŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ring out
■When a sound rings out, it is loud and clear 响亮地发出；清晰地响起
• A cry of warning rang out. 有人大叫一声警告大家小心。
• A shot rang out. 突然听见一声清脆的枪声。
[rɪŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ring sb/sth up
■to make a telephone call to someone （给…）打电话
• She rang me up to say she couldn't come. 她打电话跟我说她不能来。
• He rang up the office and asked to speak to the manager. 他打电话到办公室，要求和经理对话。
[rɪŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ring sth up
■to record the money that has been paid by a customer by pressing buttons on a cash register 把（收到的款额）输入收银机
• I'm sorry, I've rung up the wrong amount. 对不起，我输错钱数了。
[rɪŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ring with sth
■If a place rings with a sound, it is full of it 回响；响彻
• The room rang with his screams. 他的尖叫声在房间里回荡。
vi. 按铃；敲钟；回响；成环形
 - sound
n. 戒指；铃声，钟声；拳击场；环形物
 - bell, annulus
vt. 按铃；包围；敲钟；套住
 - invest, case

Word: discussion
Front: discussion
[dɪˈskʌʃn] (中高四六雅 1041/860 -K4)
Vocabulary: discussion
(once / 123 pages)
n
If you're in an ongoing discussion with someone over, say, the best way to train a dog, that means you talk to each other over a long period of time, about all the aspects of dog training.
Discussion comes from the Latin for "examination by taking things apart," and when you're having a discussion with someone on a complicated topic, it's like you're taking it apart and trying to understand it. Usually in a discussion, people exchange ideas. If you say, "I adore bananas," and your friend says, "me too," that's hardly a discussion. But if your friend says, "bananas are disgusting," then you can get into a discussion about it.
WORD FAMILY
discussion: discussions+/ discuss: discussant, discussed, discusses, discussing, discussion /discussant: discussants
USAGE EXAMPLES
There was discussion of bringing in a company to assist with the move, but Long said there wasn’t enough room in the budget.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We hope the new board will simplify this and conduct its discussions on key issues in a more public friendly manner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"There was then a robust discussion. I felt scared. The situation was extremely unpleasant."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 讨论，谈论; 详述，论述
分布：讨论(98%)，谈论(2%)
讨任(discuss讨论,dis+cuss敲打...分开敲打...讨论)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■when people talk about something and tell each other their ideas or opinions 讨论，议论，谈论
• I can say nothing - the matter is still under discussion (= being considered). 我无可奉告——这个问题还在讨论之中。
• a discussion group/document 讨论小组／文件
• Management are holding/having discussions with the union about possible redundancies. 管理层正在与工会讨论裁员的可能性。
n. 讨论，议论
 - argumentum, counsel

Word: extent
Front: extent
[ɪkˈstent] (研四六托雅 1758/990 -K3)
Vocabulary: extent
(once / 102 pages)
n
The extent is the area something covers. That could be physical space or something like being prosecuted to the full extent of the law.
Use the word extent when you are discussing how far something extends — how far it reaches. If you're an expert, the extent of your knowledge is wide. If you own a lot of property, the extent of your land is huge. The full extent of something is like the limit — that's the end of it. If you've reached the extent of your patience, you're out of patience. If an earthquake destroyed your house, the extent of the damage was severe.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
extant / extent
They sounds similar and both have exes, but extant means "still here," and extent refers to "the range of something." People get them mixed up to a certain extent.
Extant is something that's still around — you're surprised it's not extinct. It's more than just existing but also surviving when others have not. Here are some extant examples (yes, they're still here):
The roots, stumps, trunks, and foliage found in bogs are recognized as belonging to still extant species. (George P. Marsh)
He wrote in Latin an incorrect history of England, which is still extant. (Thomas Cantrell Dugdale)
Extent (with an e) means the range of something. Extent can also refer to a degree of something, such as goal achievement. Extent is also the space something covers or takes up. You might see the phrase to a lesser extent (not as much), or greater extent (more). Two is the extent of the examples below:
One's tongue slips in a longer speech to such an extent that the last word of the intended speech is said too soon. (Sigmund Freud)
He says he even sympathizes, at least to some extent, with the Occupy Wall Street protesters. (New York Times)
A helpful hint: something extant is still in existence, but the extent of something is just the range or limit, like the size, or extent, of your tent.
WORD FAMILY
extent: extents
USAGE EXAMPLES
That revelation called into question to what extent Whaley is kept in the loop.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To a great extent, the event sets the rules for the hosts.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The social impact will be even greater, to an extent that is very hard to fully imagine right now.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 程度; 长度; 广大地域; 扣押
分布：程度(74%)，范围(16%)，广度(3%)，长度(3%)，大小(2%)，宽度(2%)
→来自extend, 延长，延长的范围。
范围;程度(ex出+tent→伸出去的[范围])[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
n.广度,宽度,长度;程度,限度The tension tends to extend to a more extensive extent.紧张倾向于向更广泛的程度扩展.
noun [S or U]
 IMPROVER
■area or length; amount 面积，范围；长度；数量
• From the top of the Empire State Building, you can see the full extent of Manhattan (= the area it covers). 你可以从帝国大厦的顶楼看到曼哈顿全景。
• We don't yet know the extent of his injuries (= how bad his injuries are). 我们还不知道他的伤势有多严重。
• Rosie's teacher was impressed by the extent of her knowledge (= how much she knew). 罗西的知识很丰富，给她的老师留下了深刻的印象。
• The River Nile is over 6500 kilometres in extent (= length). 尼罗河长6500多公里。
to the extent of
■so strongly that 到达…的程度；到…地步
• Some people hold their beliefs very strongly, even to the extent of being prepared to go to prison for them. 一些人信仰坚定，甚至为之入狱也在所不惜。
to the extent that
■to a particular degree or stage, often causing particular results 到…程度；到…地步；以至于
• Sales have fallen badly this year, to the extent that we will have to close some of our shops. 今年的销售额大幅下降，情况差到不得不关闭一些店。
to the same extent
■to the same degree as; as much as 在同样的程度上；同样，一样
• The rich will not benefit from the proposed changes to the tax system to the same extent as the lower paid. 如果实施了提议的税制改革，有钱人和低收入户的受益程度将会有所区别。
to some extent
 ADVANCED
■partly 在某种程度上
• To some extent, she was responsible for the accident. 她要为事故负部分责任。
to such an extent
■so much 到如此地步
• The car was damaged to such an extent that it couldn't be repaired. 汽车损毁严重，已经无法再维修了。
to what extent?
■how much 在多大程度上?
• To what extent will the budget have to be modified? 预算必须做多大程度的修改？
• To what extent do you think he's aware of the problem? 你认为他对问题的严重程度了解多少？
n. 程度；范围； [计量] 长度
 - degree, boundary, region, length, spectrum, territory, area

Word: vary
Front: vary
[ˈveəri] (研四六托雅 2371/1510 -K3)
Vocabulary: vary
(once / 60 pages)
v
If you're tired of the same old breakfast of bran flakes and orange juice, vary your routine—put some banana slices on those bran flakes. You can vary the routine by changing the details but keeping the basics the same.
Use the verb vary when you're talking about changing up your usual routine. If your schedule changes at work, you might have to vary your sleep habits. A good dye job will vary the tints a little to look more natural. The ambiance at Olive Garden varies from restaurant to restaurant, but the unlimited breadsticks are always delicious. You'll probably recognize the root vari, which shows up in other words with similar meanings, like various, variable, and even variegated.
WORD FAMILY
vary: co-vary, variable, variant, variate, variation, varied, varies, varying +/ invariable: invariability, invariableness, invariables, invariably /invariant: invariance, invariants/unvaried: unvariedly, unvariedness/ unvarying: unvaryingly/ variability: variabilities/ variable: invariable, variability, variableness, variables, variably/ variance: variances/ variant: invariant, variance, variantly, variants/variate: bivariate, multivariate, variates/ variation: covariation, variations/ varied: unvaried, variedly, variedness/ varying: unvarying, varyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He found that, with varied groups working on such efforts, “often they’re parallel, often they overlap, sometimes they may conflict.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State parties began to receive monthly payments of anywhere from $5,000 to $10,000, an amount that varies depending on the year.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s been working for me, to varying degrees.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vi. 变化; 不同，偏离; [生]变异
vt. 使不同; 使多样化; [音乐]变奏
时态：varied, varying, varies
分布：变化(62%)，改变(30%)，使多样化(8%)
→来自拉丁语vario,改变。
vt.改变,变化;使多样化Salaries vary with various jobs.薪水随各种各样的工作而异.
US ['ver.i] verb intransitive or transitive
BE DIFFERENT 不同的
 ADVANCED
■If things of the same type vary, they are different from each other, and if you vary them, you cause them to be different from each other （使）不同；（使）呈现差异
• Salary scales vary between states/ from state to state/ according to state/ with each state. 工资高低各州／州与州／不同的州／每个州都不同。
• The samples varied in quality but were generally acceptable. 这些样品品质有差异，但是大体上可以接受。
UK ['veə.ri] US ['ver.i] verb intransitive or transitive
CHANGE 改变
■to change or cause something to change in amount or level, especially from one occasion to another 改变；更改
• My taste in classical music varies greatly/widely , but I usually prefer Mozart or Brahms. 我对各种古典音乐的喜好程度很不相同，但我通常比较喜欢莫劄特或布拉姆斯的音乐。
• Some people give a regular monthly donation while others vary the amount they give. 有些人每月向慈善事业捐赠固定数目的善款，而有些人每月捐赠的数额多少不一。
turn, transform, change, modify, convert, vary, alter
这组词都有“变化，改变”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 指外形、颜色、气味、性质等方面的变化，比change更通俗。
transform: 指人或物在形状、外观、形式、性质等方面发生的彻底变化，失去原状成为全新的东西。
change: 指任何变化，完全改变，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。
modify: 强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。
convert: 指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。
vary: 暗示不规则或断断续续地变。
alter: 常指轻微的改变，强调基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
vi. 变化；变异；违反
 - pass, change from
vt. 改变；使多样化；变奏
 - influence, fashion, shift, innovate

Word: resort
Front: resort
[rɪˈzɔ:t] (研四六托雅宝 2684/3200 -K3)
Vocabulary: resort
(once / 216 pages)
1vn 2nv
The noun resort means "turning to something or someone else for assistance." You tried everything to figure out your math homework on your own, so asking your dad for help was your last resort.
Resort, pronounced "re-ZORT," is also a verb that means "to adopt a course of action to improve your situation." It's when you use that last resort: if you can't convince your mom to let you go rock-climbing, you will resort to begging. Resort also means a fancy hotel, usually in a very scenic location, or a place you go often — when your friends didn't know where you were, they checked your resorts: the gym and the park.
WORD FAMILY
resort: resorted, resorting, resorts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Certain airports resorted to manual processing while the CBP’s system was being fixed.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
Karen objects to fruit juice in grade-school lunches; however, like most of us, she resorts to sugary bribes when necessary.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Loud, inappropriate and unruly behavior is not tolerated in our luxury resorts.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 求助于或诉诸某事物，采取某手段或方法应急或作为对策
n. 求助，凭借，诉诸; 热闹场所，娱乐场，度假胜地; 采用的办法; 常去，人多，人群
时态：resorted, resorting, resorts
分布：诉诸(43%)，手段(28%)，常去(17%)，凭借(12%)
→来自古法语 resort,资源，求助，援助，来自 re-,往回，再，sortir,出去，起来，来自（缩写自） 拉丁语 surrectus,起来的，来自 sur-,向上，-rect,竖直，拉直，词源同 erect,correct,surge.引申 词义度假区，度假胜地。比较 refreshment.
v.凭借,求助,诉诸n.度假胜地,常去之处,手段The escort resorted to the orthodox paradox to retort his distortion.陪护者借助正统悖论反驳他的歪曲.
【记】re再，sort＝out－反复去的地方－度假圣地
US [-'zɔ:rt] noun
PLACE 地方
 ADVANCED countable
■a place where many people go for rest, sport or another stated purpose 渡假胜地；旅游胜地
• a tourist resort 旅游胜地
• a UKholiday / USvacation resort 渡假胜地
• a seaside/beach resort 海滨／海滩渡假胜地
• a ski resort 滑雪胜地
UK [rɪ'zɔ:t] US [-'zɔ:rt] noun
ACTION 行动
uncountable
■when you have to do something because there is no other way of achieving something 诉诸；凭借；采用
• He got hold of the money legally, without resort to violence. 他没有采取暴力手段，而是透过合法途径拿到了这笔钱。
UK [rɪ'zɔ:t] US [-'zɔ:rt] noun
be your last resort
■to be the only person or thing that might be able to help you, when every other person or possibility has failed 是最后的求助对象；是最后的出路；是最后的办法
• You have to help me - you're my last resort. 你一定要帮我——你是我最后的希望了。
UK [rɪ'zɔ:t] US [-'zɔ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  resort to sth
■to do something that you do not want to do because you cannot find any other way of achieving something （别无办法的情况下）诉诸，依靠，采用
• I had to resort to violence/threats to get my money. 为了拿到我的钱，我被迫诉诸暴力／采取威胁的手段。
• [+ -ing verb] When she didn't answer the telephone, I resorted to standing outside her window and calling up to her. 她不接我的电话，我没有办法，只好站在她窗外大声喊。
n. 凭借，手段；度假胜地；常去之地
 - instrument, shift, road, tool, implement
vi. 求助，诉诸；常去；采取某手段或方法
 - appeal, ask for help

Word: austerity
Front: austerity
[ɒˈsterəti] (托宝 14652/10292)
Vocabulary: austerity
(once / 1174 pages)
n
If you've ever had a teacher who was particularly stern and strict, you might have (quietly) remarked on his austerity. When you're talking about the character of a person, austerity means "sternness and severity."
Austerity's original meaning, taken from the Greek word austeros, was "bitter or harsh taste." While it's rarely used that way anymore, it's still a great description of the word's current meanings. As well as describing a personal quality of sternness, it also means "a simple, plain manner" and "an extreme frugality." So you could talk about the austerity of a very plainly decorated room or the austerity you're forced to live with ever since your parents stopped giving you a weekly allowance. If your lack of money had a taste, it might very well be "bitter or harsh."
WORD FAMILY
austerity: austerities+/ austere: austerely, austereness, austerer, austerest, austerity
USAGE EXAMPLES
They got their answer beginning in 2008 when economic crisis and austerity politics proved that democracy did matter.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
But lawmakers removed some austerity measures that the central government wanted to impose on states accepting the deal.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Tsipras also said that Greece would not surrender to those who want Greece to permanently maintain austerity policies.
Reuters(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: n. 严厉; 简朴，朴素; 苦行; 节衣缩食
分布：严厉(47%)，节俭(38%)，苦行(15%)
→来自PIE *saus, 烧，干旱，词源同sear, 烧焦。
【记】au读：诶哟，sterity＝sterility（n 不毛之地）－需要节俭
【反】ostentation（n 卖弄，摆阔）
US ['ɑ:.ster.ɪ.tˌi] noun
countable or uncountable
■the condition or policy of living without things that are not necessary and without comfort, with limited money or goods, or a practice, habit or experience that is typical of this 苦行，艰苦，朴素生活的习惯／经历
• The wartime austerity of my early years prepared me for later hardships. 早年战火纷飞年代里的艰苦经历使我能够忍受日后的艰难困苦。
• The austerities of life in a small rural community were not what I was used to. 穷乡僻壤的清苦生活可不是我所习惯的。
uncountable
■the quality of being austere in appearance or manner 节俭，朴素
n. 紧缩；朴素；苦行；严厉
 - simplicity, contraction

Word: bit
Front: bit
[bɪt] (中高宝 952/585 -K5)
Vocabulary: bit
(once / 47 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Let me give you a bit of advice: Use bit when you're talking about a small amount.
Bit is a small but useful word. Like drill bits, which fit on the end of a drill to change its function, the word bit has several uses. Usually, it means a little piece of something, even time. If you ask me when I'm arriving, I might say, "In a little bit." A bit can also be a short theatrical entertainment, the metal piece a horse bites on, or digital information that's 1/8 the size of a byte.
WORD FAMILY
bit: bits, bitty
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I think the magnitude and the opportunity, I think he pressed a little bit,” Del Rio said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Gaga’s Born This Way is a bit of a contrast to that approach:
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The plot is only a little bit of what matters in a Manual Cinema show; the performers are entrancing merely doing what they do.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 一点，一块; 少量，少许; 一会儿，一转眼; [计] 比特（二进位制信息单位）
adj. 很小的，微不足道的
adv. [口语]相当，有点儿，或多或少，多少[a bit to的省略]
vt. 给（马）上嚼子; 上衔铁; 抑制; 制约
v. 咬，叮( bite的过去式); 刺痛; 咬饵; 有咬（或叮）的习性
分布：小块(21%)，马嚼子(17%)，钻头(17%)，少量(17%)，约束(12%)，片刻(8%)，动词bite的过去式和过去分词(4%)，钥匙齿(4%)
→词源同bite, 咬，指咬下的一小口。
n.一点,一些,一片;片刻;(电脑)位I feel a bit of bitterness for his ambitious exhibition.我为他雄心勃勃的展览感到一点点触痛.
noun countable
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL informal
■a small piece or amount of something 小块；少许，少量
• Would you like a bit of chocolate? 你想要点巧克力吗？
• The glass smashed into little bits. 玻璃杯摔成了小碎片。
• There were bits of paper all over the floor. 地板上到处都是碎纸片。
• She tries to do a bit of exercise every day. 她试着每天都运动一下。
a bit
 ESSENTIAL informal
■a short period of time 一会儿
• I'm just going out for a bit. See you later. 我正要出去一会儿，回头见。
a bit of sth
 ESSENTIAL
■a slight but not serious amount or type of something 有点儿
• Maria's put on a bit of weight, hasn't she? 玛丽亚长胖了一点儿，对吧？
• It's a bit of a nuisance. 真让人有点烦。
• He's a bit of a prat. 他有点儿傻。
a bit ...
 ESSENTIAL
■slightly 稍微，有点儿
• The dress is a bit too big for me. 这件衣服我穿有点儿大。
• That was a bit silly, wasn't it? 那有点蠢，对吗？
• I'm a bit nervous. 我有点紧张。
• I was hoping there'd be some food - I'm a bit hungry. 我希望能有些吃的——我有点儿饿了。
• Would you like a bit more cake? 你想再要一些蛋糕吗？
• It's a bit like a Swiss chalet. 它有点儿像瑞士木造农舍。
 IMPROVER UK
■very 很，非常
• Blimey, it's a bit cold! 哎呀，天很冷呀！
• And she didn't invite him? That was a bit mean! 她没有邀请他吗？这太不像话了！
bit by bit
■gradually 一点一点地，逐渐地
• I saved up the money bit by bit. 这些钱是我一点一点积存下来的。
not a bit
■not in any way 丝毫不，一点也不
• She wasn't a bit worried about her exams. 她丝毫不担心考试。
• My parents were not a bit happy (= were very unhappy) about my choice. 我父母很不满意我的选择。
• "Are you getting tired?" "Not a bit." “你累吗？”“一点也不累。”
quite a bit
■a lot 许多；相当多
• She's got quite a bit of money. 她已经很有钱了。
to bits
■into small pieces 成碎片；变成小块
• The car was blown to bits. 汽车被炸成碎片。
• It just fell to bits in my hands. 它在我手上已变成碎片。
[bɪt] noun countable
HORSE 马
■a piece of metal put in a horse's mouth to allow the person riding it to control its movements 嚼口；马勒
[bɪt] noun countable
COMPUTER 电脑 specialized
■a unit of information in a computer that must be either 0 or 1 比特，二进制位，位元（电脑讯息单位）
• a 32-bit computer (= a computer that processes 32 bits of information at a time) 32位元的电脑
[bɪt] noun countable
COIN 硬币 UK old use
■a small coin 辅币，硬币
• threepenny/sixpenny bit 三便士／六便士硬币
Compare two bits
[bɪt] noun countable
TOOL 工具
■the part of a tool used for cutting or drilling (= making holes) 钻头；刀头
[bɪt] noun countable
be a bit much informal
■to be a situation, request or behaviour that is unfair, unreasonable, or more than you can deal with 过分；不公平；不合理
• I thought being asked to miss my lunch was a bit much. 我认为要求我不去午餐太过分了。
[bɪt] noun countable
be a bit of all right UK slang
■to be an attractive person 是迷人的人，是有魅力的人
[bɪt] noun countable
bit of fluff/stuff/skirt UK slang
■a sexually attractive woman 风骚女子，性感女郎
• Have you seen his latest bit of skirt? 你见过他的新性感女友吗？
[bɪt] noun countable
bit of rough UK humorous
■someone, usually a man, from a lower social class than their sexual partner 比情人社会地位低的人（通常指男性）
• Jenny's chatting up the barman again. She likes a bit of rough. 珍妮又在和酒保搭讪了。她喜欢社会地位比她低的情人。
[bɪt] noun countable
bit on the side mainly UK humorous
■a sexual relationship with someone who is not married to you, or the person you have the relationship with 婚外情；情人
• We've thought for a while that he was having a bit on the side. 曾有一段时间，我们认为他有婚外情。
[bɪt] noun countable
get the bit between your teeth (US also take the bit between your teeth)
■to do what you have decided to do in a forceful and energetic way 果断做；义无反顾
• She wasn't keen at first, but she loved it once she got the bit between her teeth. 最初她对此并不热心，但一旦做起来，她就义无反顾了。
[bɪt] noun countable
not a bit of it UK informal
■said when a situation or event is very different from what you expected 根本不是那样（指与预料完全不同）
• I thought he would be sorry, but not a bit of it. 我原以为他会感到难过，但他根本没当一回事。
[bɪt] verb past simple of
■bite
bit, scrap, slice, fragment, sheet, piece
这组词都有“片、块、段”的意思，其区别是：
bit: 侧重指微小，一点点，小碎片。
scrap: 侧重指废弃的零碎之物。
slice: 多指切得很薄的一片食物。
fragment: 指破裂的，不完整的，不可完整的碎片。
sheet: 侧重指平整很薄的一张或一片。
piece: 最普通用词，多指从整体上分割下来的东西，可大可小。
n. [计] 比特（二进位制信息单位）；少量；马嚼子；辅币；老一套
 - ounce, tad
vt. 控制
 - possess, contain, regulate, bottle, manage
adj. 很小的；微不足道的
 - tiddly, bite-sized
adv. 有点儿；相当
 - rather, lot

Word: battery
Front: battery
[ˈbætri] (高研四六托雅 3193/3400 -K2)
Vocabulary: battery
(once / 197 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Battery is (among other things) physical attack or assault: “He was arrested for battery after he hit his manager several times on the head with a large flashlight.”
When you think of a battery, you probably envision the electrical devices that allow you to power everything in your life — from your car to your cell phone. However, battery has a whole host of meanings. In addition to beating someone as in "assault and battery," it also refers to a collection of artillery or guns: “He’s collected a battery of weapons; we hope he doesn’t intend to use them." Beyond guns, a battery can also refer to any group or collection of similar things: “She was subjected to a battery of tests, designed to determine whether she was a genius or just plain smart.”
WORD FAMILY
battery: batteries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The officer was arrested on charges including battery.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The mining companies tied to these problems supply some of the largest manufacturers of lithium-ion batteries, The Post found.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
One night they got down to the last 5% of battery life.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. [电]电池，蓄电池; [军]炮台，炮位; 一组; [法]殴打
分布：电池(97%)，炮兵连(1%)，排炮(1%)，一系列(1%)
→词源同beat, 击，打。-er, 表反复。形容电池放电过程中的电流的持续运动。
n.电池(组);(器具等的)一组,一套;炮兵连The pattern of the battery doesn't matter to the battle against the little brittle cattle.电池的式样对与脆小牛作战无关要紧.
US ['bætˌ.ɚ.i] noun
ELECTRICAL DEVICE 发电装置
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a device that produces electricity to provide power for radios, cars, etc. 电池，电芯
• a rechargeable battery 充电电池
• a battery-operated hair dryer 电池式吹风机
• This alarm clock takes two medium-sized batteries. 这个闹钟需要装上两枚中号电池。
• I think the battery is dead/gone (UKespecially of a car battery) flat (= has lost its power). 我认为电池用完了。
UK ['bæt.ər.i] US ['bætˌ.ɚ.i] noun
LARGE NUMBER 大量
a battery of sth
■a number of things of a similar type 一组，一套，一连串（同类事物）
• In the kitchen an impressive battery of stainless steel utensils hangs on the wall. 厨房的墙上挂着一套不锈钢厨具，非常显眼。
UK ['bæt.ər.i] US ['bætˌ.ɚ.i] noun
GUNS 枪炮
countable
■a number of large guns and similar weapons operating together in the same place 炮组，排炮
• The shore battery opened fire. 岸边的炮阵开火了。
UK ['bæt.ər.i] US ['bætˌ.ɚ.i] noun
ATTACK 袭击
uncountable
■ assault and battery 暴力行为，殴打
UK ['bæt.ər.i] US ['bætˌ.ɚ.i] adjective [before noun]
■using a system of producing a large number of eggs cheaply by keeping a lot of chickens in rows of small cages (= boxes made of wire) 层架式养鸡法
• battery farming 层架式家禽饲养法
• battery hens/eggs 在层架式鸡笼里饲养的母鸡
n. [电] 电池，蓄电池
 - electric cell, electric element

Word: provoke
Front: provoke
[prəˈvəʊk] (研六托雅 4821/3558 -3)
Vocabulary: provoke
(once / 220 pages)
v
Anything that brings about a strong reaction can be said to provoke. You can provoke that lion if you want. But if he responds by attacking, don't come running to me.
Let's consider some people who have been known to provoke. Lenny Bruce, was more than just a comedian. He was a "provocateur" who used humor to deliver his controversial diatribes. Humor was his way to provoke people to think. Madonna made her name not only by producing a memorable catalogue of great pop songs, she proved herself to be a master at provoking people through her outrageous attire and lyrics. The moral of this story? It's possible to provoke both positive and negative responses.
WORD FAMILY
provoke: provocation, provocative, provoked, provoker, provokes, provoking+/ provocation: provocations/ provocative: provocatively, unprovocative/provoked: unprovoked /provoker: provokers/provoking: provokingest, provokingly, unprovoking/ unprovoked: unprovokedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Occasionally, the drugs provoke a severe auto-immune response, resulting in potential toxicities including inflammatory lung, liver and thyroid disorders.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
US material and weapons support for the YPG provoked Turkish protests.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The essay was meant to provoke conservatives, and it succeeded.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 激起，挑起; 煽动; 招致; 触怒，使愤怒
时态：provoked, provoking, provokes
分布：激怒(66%)，惹起(22%)，驱使(12%)
→pro-,向前，-vok,说话，叫喊，词源同voice,invoke.引申词义挑衅，挑逗。
激怒,刺激(pro+voke喊→在[你]前面喊→激怒[你])[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…”③表示”赞同,亲..."]
触怒,煽动(pro前面+vok+e→到[别人]面前喊→激怒)[voc,vok=call,voice表示"叫喊,声音"]
v.挑动;激发;招惹Oppression provoked the people to rebellion.压迫激怒人民反叛.
【记】pro前，voke喊－在别人前面喊－激怒
【参】invoke（v 恳求）；revoke（v 撤回；取消）
【反】choleric（adj 易怒的）－difficult to provoke（很难被激怒的）；jejune（adj 无兴趣的）－thought-provoking（激发思想的）
US [-'voʊk] verb transitive
CAUSE REACTION 引起反应
 ADVANCED
■to cause a reaction, especially a negative one 激起，引起（尤指负面反应）
• The prospect of increased prices has already provoked an outcry. 物价上涨的预测已经引发了强烈抗议。
• Test results provoked worries that the reactor could overheat. 检测结果引发了核子反应炉可能过热的担忧。
UK [prə'vəʊk] US [-'voʊk] verb transitive
MAKE ANGRY 激怒
■to make or try to make a person or an animal angry 激怒，挑衅
• It was a vicious-looking dog and I didn't want to provoke it. 那只狗看起来很凶，我并不想招惹它。
• He was clearly trying to get at me but I refused to be provoked. 他分明想攻击我，但我就是不生气。
• I was provoked into the argument. 我被激怒，于是吵了起来。
provoke, aggravate, irritate
这组词都有“激怒”的意思，其区别是：
provoke: 指激起某人强烈的愤怒，以致令人作出反应。
aggravate: 口语用词。指因长时间的反复言行而引起不快、烦躁或恼怒。
irritate: 通常指因受到不愉快的刺激而失去耐性，变得烦燥或恼怒。
stimulate, provoke
stimulate: 刺激，一般指刺激某人对某事感兴趣
provoke: 刺激，指激起某人突然的情感
vt. 驱使；激怒；煽动；惹起
 - fan, egg, anger

Word: ought
Front: ought
[ɔ:t] (高研四六 1755/1546 -3)
Back: aux. 应该（指道义上有责任）; 应当（显示所采取行动正确或明智）; 可能会; 预料会做（某事）
vt. & vi. 应该（指道义上有责任）; （表示愿望）应当（显示所采取行动正确或明智）; 可能会; 预料会做（某事）
分布：应该(75%)，应当(23%)，本该(2%)
aux.应该(使用时,之后应接to,再接动词原形)Thoughtful men ought not to be thoughtless about the drought.体贴的人不应该对干旱考虑不周.
US [ɑ:t] modal verb
DUTY 责任
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show when it is necessary or would be a good thing to perform the activity referred to by the following verb （表示做某事有必要、值得或有利）应该，应当
• [+ to infinitive] You ought to be kinder to him. 你应该对他好一点。
• We ought not/oughtn't to have agreed without knowing what it would cost. 不知道它的费用，我们本不应该同意的。
• "We ought to be getting ready now." "Yes, I suppose we ought (to)." “我们现在应该做好准备了。”“对，我想是的。”
UK [ɔ:t] US [ɑ:t] modal verb
PROBABLE 很可能的
 ADVANCED
■used to express something that you expect will happen （表示期望某事发生）该，应该
• He ought to be home by seven o'clock. 七时前他应该到家了。
• They ought to have arrived at lunchtime but the flight was delayed. 他们本该在午饭时到达，可是航班延误了。
• If you show the receipt, there ought not/oughtn't to be any difficulty getting your money back. 如果你出示收据，退钱给你应该不成问题。
ought, to, should
这两个情态动词均可表示“应该，应当”之意。
ought to: 侧重反映客观情况，多在涉及法律、道义、责任、义务或原则时使用。
should: 侧重自己的主观看法，语气比ought to稍弱一些。
aux. 应该，应当；大概
 - should, must
vi. 应该，应当；大概
 - would have, be supposed to

Word: cartoon
Front: cartoon
[kɑ:ˈtu:n] (高研六托雅宝 4155/6438 -2)
Vocabulary: cartoon
(once / 884 pages)
nv
A cartoon makes a brief, funny comment using illustrations and is often found on television, in a newspaper or in a magazine. The Simpsons and Snoopy? Both cartoons.
A cartoon can be a satirical or humorous drawing, a series of illustrations (also called a comic strip), or an animated film. Many kids grow up watching new and classic cartoons on TV. Political cartoons manage to sum up an often complex idea in one simple panel. When you criticize a character or a real person for being a cartoon, you mean that they are overly simplified or exaggerated: "I hate that show because all the women are cartoon characters." The word comes from the Italian cartone, "strong, heavy paper."
WORD FAMILY
cartoon: cartooned, cartooning, cartoonist, cartoons+/ cartoonist: cartoonists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Younger Taiwanese like Japanese food, cartoons and literature, while Japan is Taiwanese people’s top travel destination.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Ma, whose multimedia studio, Shizhi Media, produced the taxi cartoon, said about a fifth of its clients were party or state entities.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Newspaper headlines and cartoons portray her as a self-publicist or a money -grabber.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 漫画; 讽刺画; 动画片; 草图
vt. 为…画漫画
vi. 画漫画
分布：卡通(60%)，漫画(37%)，草图(2%)，为 ... 画漫画(1%)
→来自词根cart, 卡片，词源同card, chart. -oon, 大词后缀。原指在硬纸板上的素描画。
n.漫画,幽默画;动画片The articulate man's artistic cartoon startled the charterer.发音清晰者的艺术卡通使包租人大吃一惊.
【记】音译词。Cart＝card纸－漫画是画在纸上的。
【参】cartoonist（n 漫画家）；carton（纸板箱）
US [kɑ:r-] noun countable
DRAWING 绘画
 ADVANCED
■a drawing, especially in a newspaper or magazine, that tells a joke or makes a humorous political criticism （尤指报刊中与政治有关的）漫画，讽刺画
■specialized
■in art, a drawing made especially in preparation for a painting （尤指正式绘画之前的）草图
UK [kɑ:'tu:n] US [kɑ:r-] noun countable
FILM 电影
■a film made using characters and images which are drawn rather than real, and which is usually funny 动画片，卡通片
picture, sketch, cartoon, illustration, diagram, painting, portrait, drawing
这组词都有“画，图”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 指广义的“图画”，现多用来指相片、画像。
sketch: 通常指只画出物体主要特征的图画。
cartoon: 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。
illustration: 指插入书页之间帮助说明的任何插图或图解。
diagram: 多指科技书籍或文献中具有概括解说作用的图表、图样或略图。
painting: 指着色的画。
portrait: 指肖像，只用于指人。
drawing: 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。
n. 卡通片， [电影] 动画片；连环漫画
 - animated picture, animated film

Word: importance
Front: importance
[ɪmˈpɔ:tns] (高研四六 1573/1025 -K)
Vocabulary: importance
(once / 84 pages)
n
Importance is the state of being greatly significant. If you're invited to your cousin's wedding and your friend's circus-themed birthday party on the same day, you'll have to decide which event has more importance to you.
Something or someone that is particularly notable can also be referred to with the noun importance. The historic and symbolic importance of the "Declaration of Independence" means that most kids learn about it in history class. In your history class, you'll also learn about the people who had positions of importance in drafting the "Declaration," like John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.
WORD FAMILY
importance: importances, self-importance+/ important: importance, importantest, importantly, self-important, unimportant/unimportance: unimportances/unimportant: unimportance, unimportantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, it later reversed its decision and issued an apology, saying the company recognized “the history and global importance of this image”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Even Reid, who rarely uses injuries as an excuse, discussed the importance of health on Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The government also mentioned the importance of “the presence of serious investors” and named Thiel as a backer.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 重要性; 重要地位，显著; 骄傲，自大
分布：重要(66%)，重要性(34%)
重要性(import+ance→带有意义的状态→重要性)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
n.重要,重要性In occasional case the phrase emphasizes the importance of the phase to the laser.在偶然情况下该短句强调了相位对于激光的重要性.
US [-'pɔ:r.tˌənts] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the quality of being important 重要性
• The health report stresses the importance of fresh food in a diet. 健康报告强调了饮食中新鲜食物的重要性。
• She attaches a lot of importance to personal possessions. 她非常重视个人财产。
n. 价值；重要；重大；傲慢
 - moment, price, value, worth, magnitude

Word: maybe
Front: maybe
[ˈmeɪbi] (中高 383/955 -K4)
Vocabulary: maybe
(once / 112 pages)
adv
When you say maybe, you're not completely sure about your answer. If you say you'll maybe study at the library tonight, it is possible that you'll go there.
Maybe is a shortened version of the Middle English phrase, "it may be." People use it when they're not sure about something — or they aren't ready to give their answer. Sometimes other things have to happen — or not happen — before you can be sure. For example, because it might rain tomorrow, you aren't sure there will be a baseball game. In the meantime, you answer, "Maybe," if someone asks if you are going to the game.
WORD FAMILY
maybe: maybes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe by the end of 2017, they will find themselves featuring heavily in a highlight reel like this one:
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Maybe it’s the illustrations, simple black-and-white line drawings of slightly pudgy people in baggy T-shirts and pants doing really simple maneuvers.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And maybe there’s a lesson to be learned here: to move outside myself, to move beyond nausea; to focus on the other, not on self.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 也许; 可能; 大概
n. 不确定性
分布：可能(44%)，也许(35%)，或许(21%)
→来自may be.
adv.可能;大概;也许"The gay mayor maybe lay in the hay by the Baby bay," he says in dismay.他沮丧地说:"快活的市长大概躺在婴儿湾边上的干草中."
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that something is possible or that something might be true 或许，大概
• Maybe they'll come tomorrow. 或许他们明天会来。
• Maybe you were right after all. 或许还是你对。
 ESSENTIAL informal
■used to show that a number or amount is approximate （表示近似数量）约
• There were 200, maybe 300, refugees on the boat. 船上约有200或300名难民。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to politely suggest or ask for something （礼貌地表示建议、请求）也许
• Maybe Ted would like to go. 也许特德愿意去。
• Maybe we should start again. 或许我们该重新开始。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to avoid giving a clear or certain answer to a question （用于不确定的回答）可能，也许
• "Are you coming to Kelly's party?" "Maybe." “你去参加凯利的聚会吗？”“也许会去吧。”
 ESSENTIAL
■used to mean that something is a possible explanation why something else happened （用于解释原因）可能，也许
• "Why were you chosen for the team and not me?" "Maybe it's because I've been to more practice sessions than you." “为甚么球队选中了你，而不是我？”“也许是因为我参加训练的次数比你多。”
maybe, possibly, probably, perhaps
这组词都有“或许，大概”的意思，其区别是：
maybe: 普通用词，美国英语多用。指某事也许如此，含不能确定意味。
possibly: 指客观上潜存着发生某种变化的可能。
probably: 一般指根据逻辑推理，估计有发生的可能，把握性较大，语气比possibly强。
perhaps: 普通用词，多用于英国，与maybe同义。
adv. 也许；可能；大概
 - perhaps, possibly, probably, like
n. 可能性；不确定性
 - possibility, probability, feasibility, potential, chance

Word: bold
Front: bold
[bəʊld] (研四六托雅 3897/4474 -2)
Vocabulary: bold
(once / 90 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj
Someone who's bold is daring and brave. You might show how bold you are by climbing onto the roof of your house, or by speaking up when you see someone being treated unfairly.
When you act in a bold way, you're taking some kind of risk; you could be risking physical danger, embarrassment, or your reputation. Whatever bold actions you take, they are confident and fearless. The adjective bold can also be used to describe a particular typeface that is thick, dark, and confident. Bold type is usually used to emphasize something strongly in writing.
WORD FAMILY
bold: bolder, boldest, boldly, boldness, bolds, overbold+/boldness: boldnesses/overbold: overboldly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Slowly, a pinch of doubt about the bold move that Duncan was attempting bubbled to the surface.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nightly visions appear to us in the form of bold, 72-point type headlines.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Saying a 40-year old athlete in a contact sport will look his age doesn’t seem especially bold, but in Brady’s case, it is.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 明显的，醒目的; 勇敢的，无畏的; 莽撞的; 陡峭的
n. 粗体字; 黑体字
级别：bolder, boldest
分布：大胆的(83%)，醒目的(8%)，陡峭的(4%)，粗体的(3%)，无礼的(2%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，鼓起。词源同ball. -d, 插入字母。
a.大胆的,勇敢的;冒失的;黑体的,粗体的The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand.大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里.
US [boʊld] adjective
BRAVE 勇敢的
 ADVANCED
■brave; not fearing danger 勇敢的，无畏的
• She was a bold and fearless climber. 她是一位勇敢无畏的登山者。
• The newspaper made the bold move /took the bold step of publishing the names of the men involved. 该报采取大胆行动，将有关人员的名字都公布了出来。
UK [bəʊld] US [boʊld] adjective
NOTICEABLE 突出的
■strong in colour or shape, and very noticeable to the eye 醒目的；显著的；色彩艳丽的；轮廓清晰的
• They painted the kitchen in bold colours - crimson, purple and blue. 他们用于粉刷厨房的油漆色彩鲜艳——有绯红色、紫红色和蓝色。
in bold (type/print)
■printed in thick dark letters 以黑体，以粗体
• This sentence is printed in bold. 这个句子是用粗体印刷的。
UK [bəʊld] US [boʊld] adjective
NOT SHY 不害羞的
■not shy, especially in a way that shows no respect 冒昧的；鲁莽的；放肆的
• He was a bold and defiant little boy. 他是一个又冒失又不听话的小男孩。
UK [bəʊld] US [boʊld] adjective
(as) bold as brass
■with extreme confidence or without the respect or politeness people usually show 冒昧
• She marched into the shop, as bold as brass, and demanded her money back. 她厚着脸皮闯进商店要求把钱退给她。
UK [bəʊld] US [boʊld] adjective
if I may be/make so bold (as to) old-fashioned formal
■a polite way of asking for or suggesting something when you do not want to offend someone 请允许我冒昧地…
• If I may be so bold, you still haven't mentioned why you're here. 请恕我唐突，您还没有说您为甚么在这里呢。
brave, bold, daring, heroic, fearless, courageous
这组词都有“勇敢的”的意思，其区别是：
brave: 含义广泛，指天生的勇敢，无所畏惧地面对困难与危险，侧重胆识与果断。
bold: 侧重指面对困难或危险时勇往直前，勇于进取的勇敢精神。
daring: 强调面临意外或危险时胆大心细，头脑冷静。褒义贬义均可用，贬义指胆大妄为。
heroic: 正式用词，多指在战争或重大危险时，为他人为事业忘我献身的英雄气概。
fearless: 语气肯定，侧重在危险时无所畏惧，毫无动摇。
courageous: 正式用词，侧重指在一切情况下都有胆量，无所畏惧，强调基于道德信念，经深思熟虑后所产生的勇敢。
adj. 大胆的，英勇的； [印刷] 黑体的；厚颜无耻的；险峻的
 - rapid, stouthearted

Word: rumour
Front: rumour
[ˈru:mə(r)] (四六雅 -/3495 -K3)
Back: n. 传闻，谣言; 流言
vt. 谣传
时态：rumoured, rumouring, rumours
分布：谣言(69%)，传闻(23%)，传说(8%)
US [-mɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an unofficial interesting story or piece of news that might be true or invented, which quickly spreads from person to person 流言；谣传；传闻
• Rumours are going round (the school) about Mr Mason and his assistant. 有关梅森先生和他助手的流言蜚语（在学校里）满天飞。
• [+ that] She's circulating/spreading rumours that the manager is going to resign. 她到处散播谣言，说经理要辞职了。
• I heard a rumour that she'd been seeing Luke Harrison. 我听到有传言说她一直跟卢克．哈里森在一起。
rumour has it
■people are saying 大家都说，据谣传说，有传言说
• Rumour has it (that) you're going to be the next managing director. Is it true? 大家都说你将成为下一任总经理，这是不是真的？
n. 谣言
 - scuttlebutt, canard

Word: suspicion
Front: suspicion
[səˈspɪʃn] (研四六托宝 3762/3216 -K3)
Vocabulary: suspicion
(once / 87 pages)
n
Suspicion is a feeling that something might be true. If your friends seem to be keeping a secret from you, you might have a suspicion that they are planning a surprise party for your birthday.
Suspicion can mean the same as hunch or inkling, like when you have a suspicion that your friend is hiding a flower bouquet behind his back. Suspicion comes from the Latin word suspicere, or mistrust. That's why it can mean a general bad feeling about someone or something, like neighbors who regard all new people with suspicion until they get to know them.
WORD FAMILY
suspicion: suspicions, suspicious +/ suspect: suspected, suspectedly, suspecting, suspectingly, suspects, suspicion /suspected: unsuspected/suspecting: unsuspecting/ suspicious: oversuspicious, suspiciousest, suspiciously, suspiciousness, unsuspicious/unsuspected: unsuspectedly/unsuspecting: unsuspectingly/unsuspicious: unsuspiciously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Israel’s Justice Ministry later issued a statement saying Netanyahu was questioned “on suspicion of receiving benefits from business people.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
But Mr. Haldeman’s notes appear to confirm longstanding suspicions that Nixon himself was directly involved, despite his later denials.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There were dozens of tiny growth lines, confirming Erickson’s suspicions.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 怀疑; 嫌疑; 疑心; 〈口〉一点儿
vt. 怀疑
分布：怀疑(81%)，猜疑(19%)
→sus-,在下，向上，-spic,看，词源同 suspect,despicable.引申词义怀疑。
怀疑(sus+spic+ion→在下面看→怀疑)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
n.怀疑,猜疑;一点儿,少量I had a suspicion that he was there.我有一种他在那里的感觉.
noun
THINK LIKELY 认为可能
 IMPROVER countable
■a belief or idea that something may be true 怀疑，猜想
• [+ that] I have a suspicion (= belief or idea) that he only asked me out because my brother persuaded him to. 我怀疑是我哥哥说服他约我出去的。
• She had a nagging/sneaking suspicion that she might have sent the letter to the wrong address. 她心烦意乱地猜想／心里暗想自己可能把信寄错了地址。
[sə'spɪʃ.ən] noun
only singular
■a small amount 少量，一点
• He gave just a suspicion of a smile. 他只是微微一笑。
• I have a suspicion of doubt about whether I should accept his invitation or not. 我有点疑虑，不知该不该接受他的邀请。
[sə'spɪʃ.ən] noun
THINK GUILTY 认为有罪
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a feeling or belief that someone has committed a crime or done something wrong 怀疑；嫌疑
• "I'm arresting you on suspicion of illegally possessing drugs," said the police officer. 警官说：“你涉嫌非法持有毒品，我将拘捕你。”
• mainly UK She is under suspicion of murder. 她涉嫌谋杀。
• In this particular case, they are above/beyond suspicion (= cannot be thought to be guilty). 在这宗案件中，他们没有嫌疑。
• His strange behaviour aroused/raised his neighbours' suspicions. 他奇怪的举动引起了邻居们的怀疑。
[sə'spɪʃ.ən] noun
DOUBT 怀疑
countable or uncountable
■doubt or lack of trust 怀疑，疑心；不信任
• Since they discovered the truth about his background, his colleagues have regarded him with suspicion. 自从他的同事知道了他的真实背景，他们就不再信任他。
• They feel that she harbours (= has) suspicions of their politics. 他们觉得她对他们的政见心存怀疑。
n. 怀疑；嫌疑；疑心；一点儿
 - doubt, challenge
vt. 怀疑
 - dispute, wonder, question, suspect of, to doubt

Word: smith
Front: smith
[smɪθ] (-/1169)
Back: n. 铁匠，锻工（=blacksmith）; 史密斯（姓氏）
分布：铁匠(100%)
→来自古英语 smith,铁匠，工匠，来自 Proto-Germanic*smithaz,铁匠，工匠，来自 smi,砍， 切，击。
noun countable suffix
■someone who makes things out of metal, especially by heating and hammering it to shape it 铁匠，锻工
• a goldsmith/silversmith 金匠／银匠
⇒ See also blacksmith
n. 铁匠； [机] 锻工；制作者
 - blacksmith, ironsmith

Word: uncertainty
Front: uncertainty
[ʌnˈsɜ:tnti] (3728/2981 -2)
Vocabulary: uncertainty
(once / 422 pages)
n
When you have uncertainty, that means you're not really sure. If you missed a lot of classes and didn't study much, you may have uncertainty about whether you passed your big math test.
The noun uncertainty describes a state of doubt. You might view with uncertainty a claim that a $100 investment will return $500 by next month. Uncertainty can also involve being dependent on chance. Your uncle might have uncertainty that he'll have a job next year because his company might be closing one of its branch offices.
WORD FAMILY
uncertainty: uncertainties+/certainty: certainties, uncertainty
USAGE EXAMPLES
The US dabbled ineffectually in helping the rebel cause, hobbled by uncertainty over the groups it was dealing with.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“There’s a lot of uncertainty around Duterte,” one of the officials said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"The relatively wide range for the forecast reflects the higher-than-normal degree of uncertainty regarding the prospects for the UK economy next year," he says.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 无把握，不确定; 不可靠; 不确实知道，半信半疑; 无把握、不确定的事物
分布：不确定(98%)，不可靠(1%)，易变(1%)
US [-'sɝ:.tən.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
■when something is not known, or something that is not known or certain 不确定性；不确定因素；不确定或未知的事物
• Nothing is ever decided, and all the uncertainty is very bad for staff morale. 甚么都还没有决定，而这一切不确定因素都对员工士气非常不利。
• Life is full of uncertainties. 人生充满了未知数。
doubt, supicion, distrust, uncertainty
这些名词均有“怀疑”之意。
doubt: 指对事物的真、假有怀疑。
supicion: 语气较强，指对某人做某事的目的、意图有怀疑，或认为某人做错事，但无确凿证据而产生怀疑。
distrust: 一般用词，泛指对某人某事不信任而感到怀疑。
uncertainty: 侧重指对某事或选择等需作决定时的迟疑不决。
n. [数] [物] 不确定，不可靠
 - indetermination, unsureness

Word: consensus
Front: consensus
[kənˈsensəs] (高研六托雅宝 3317/3897 -2)
Vocabulary: consensus
(once / 1391 pages)
n
When there's a consensus, everyone agrees on something. If you're going to a movie with friends, you need to reach a consensus about which movie everyone wants to see.
Ever notice how people disagree about just about everything, from who's the best baseball player to how high taxes should be? Whenever there's disagreement, there's no consensus: consensus means everyone is on the same page. When you're talking about all the people in the world, it's hard to find a consensus on anything. There are just too many opinions. However, in a smaller group, reaching a consensus is possible.
WORD FAMILY
consensus: consensual, consensuses+/ consensual: consensually
USAGE EXAMPLES
Finding consensus on technical problems, where one solution often is clearly better than another, is easier than on legal and political matters.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Editorials reflect the consensus of the Telegraph Herald Editorial Board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Yet there was still a consensus in favour of Giggs.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 一致; 舆论; 一致同意，合意
分布：共识(58%)，一致(38%)，同意(4%)
→con-, 强调。-sens, 感觉，词源同sense, sentiment.
一致意见(con共同+sens+us→感觉一致)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
n.(意见等的)一致,一致同意,共识The senseless senator's pretense of consensus caused a sensation.愚蠢参议员的舆论借口引起了轰动.
【记】con共同，sens感觉，us我们－我们有共同的感觉－意见一致
【参】consent（v /n 同意）
noun [S or U]
 ADVANCED
■a generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people 一致的意见；共识
• The general consensus in the office is that he's useless at his job. 办公室成员一致认为他在工作中碌碌无为。
• Could we reach a consensus on this matter? Let's take a vote. 我们能在这件事上达成共识吗？我们来表决吧。
n. 一致；舆论；合意
 - accordance, unity, agreement, identity, keeping

Word: attractive
Front: attractive
[əˈtræktɪv] (高研四托雅 2811/1781 -K3)
Vocabulary: attractive
(once / 236 pages)
adj
Anybody or anything that's attractive is visually pleasing or draws you in.
Being attractive has to do with attracting others, one way or another. If you're talking about a magnet, that's a literal, physical kind of attraction. For people, being attractive usually means you're beautiful or handsome enough to pull in the attention of others. But having a great personality or a good job are attractive traits, too. If someone offered to give you something valuable for a good price, you could also say, "That's an attractive offer" — meaning it's tempting.
WORD FAMILY
attractive: attractively, attractiveness, unattractive+/ attract: attractable, attracted, attracter, attracting, attraction, attractive, attractor, attracts/attracter: attracters/ attraction: attractions, counterattraction/attractor: attractors/unattractive: unattractively, unattractiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s this age thing about me being so young, and I think there was something about Layla being so attractive,” he told Sports Illustrated.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Washington in the earlier, less attractive programming slot on Saturday.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
I soon found myself in Ponsonby Central, an attractive indoor/outdoor market that features restaurants, cafes and shops.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 有魅力的; 引人注目的; 迷人的; 招人喜爱的
分布：有吸引力的(65%)，有魅力的(35%)
有吸引力的(attract+ive)[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
a.吸引人的,引人注意的;漂亮的,迷人的To make the contract attractive, the contractor subtracted a tractor from it.为了使合同有吸引力,承包商从中减去了一台拖拉机.
【记】at一再，tract拉－一再拉你的注意力－吸引人的
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■very pleasing in appearance or sound, or causing interest or pleasure 漂亮的；悦耳的；有魅力的；诱人的
• a very attractive young woman 妩媚动人的年轻女子
• I find him very attractive (= He attracts me sexually). 他让我心醉神迷。
• attractive countryside 景色迷人的乡村
• an attractive colour scheme 悦目的色彩布局
• Spending 12 hours on a plane isn't a very attractive (= pleasant) prospect. 连坐12个小时的飞机，可不是甚么令人向往的事。
• an attractive offer (= an offer with benefits for me) 令人心动的提议
• We need to make the club attractive to a wider range of people. 我们要让这个俱乐部吸引更广的人群。
adj. 吸引人的；有魅力的；引人注目的
 - dramatic, absorbing

Word: revolutionary
Front: revolutionary
[ˌrevəˈlu:ʃənəri] (研四六托 4014/3153 -3)
Vocabulary: revolutionary
(once / 339 pages)
1adjn 2adj
A revolutionary person fearlessly advocates radical change. Revolutionary people and ideas challenge the status quo and might be violent or willing to upset the natural order to achieve their goals.
Like the word revolve, it's all about turning things around. Revolutionary leaders want to change the world by any means necessary. Before he was the coolest face on a T-shirt, Che Guevara was ready to die for change in South America (and in fact, he did). You don't need to be violent to be revolutionary, just ask Gandhi and Rev. Martin Luther King. You don't even need to be political. Alexander McQueen, John Lennon, and Picasso could tell you that.
WORD FAMILY
revolutionary: revolutionaries, revolutionarily+/counterrevolution: counterrevolutionary, counterrevolutionist, counterrevolutions/counterrevolutionary: counterrevolutionaries/ revolt: revolted, revolting, revolts, revolution / revolting: revoltingly/ revolution: counterrevolution, revolutionary, revolutionise, revolutionism, revolutionize, revolutions/revolutionise: revolutionised, revolutionises, revolutionising/revolutionism: revolutionisms, revolutionist / revolutionist: revolutionists/ revolutionize: revolutionized, revolutionizes, revolutionizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Proceeds from a so-called revolutionary tax imposed on wood sales was transferred to his personal accounts, prosecutors allege.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A collection of nine black powder rifles, replicas of the sort used in the Revolutionary and Civil wars.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
“Revolutionary violence is necessary, and it is a liberating force,” she told the jury.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: adj. 革命的; 革命性的，创新的; 旋转的
n. 革命者，革新者
分布：革命的(76%)，革命者(24%)
a.革命的,革新的n.革命者The voluntary revolutionaries revolted like the outbreak of volcano.志愿革命者们象火山爆发一样起义了.
US [-er-] adjective
POLITICS 政治
 ADVANCED
■involved in or relating to a revolution 革命的，革命性的
• a revolutionary leader/movement 革命领导人／运动
UK [ˌrev.ə'lu:.ʃən.ər.i] US [-er-] adjective
NEW AND IMPORTANT 革命性的；大变革的；完全创新的
■completely new and having a great effect 革命性的；大变革的；完全创新的
• Penicillin was a revolutionary drug. 青霉素是具有革命性意义的药物。
■2. The twentieth century brought about revolutionary changes in our lifestyles.
UK [ˌrev.ə'lu:.ʃən.ər.i] US [-er-] noun countable
■someone who tries to cause or take part in a revolution 革命者
adj. 革命的；旋转的；大变革的
 - rotary, rolling

Word: incumbent
Front: incumbent
[ɪnˈkʌmbənt] (宝 7904/11460 -2)
Vocabulary: incumbent
(once / 913 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj
An incumbent is an official who holds an office. If you want to run for congress, you're going to have to beat the incumbent.
Incumbent comes from the Latin word incumbens, which means lying in or leaning on, but came to mean holding a position. It was first used in English for someone holding a church office, and then someone holding any office. You'll most likely hear it today for political officials. In a race for mayor, the incumbent mayor faces a challenger. Incumbent also means obligation. It is incumbent upon you to do the dishes.
WORD FAMILY
incumbent: incumbency, incumbents, superincumbent+/incumbency: incumbencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
He decided in 2004 to run for the state Senate, challenging incumbent John Hawkins, who won the race by a narrow margin.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He defeated an ally of the president as well as the incumbent.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“That case was decided by three 4th Circuit judges who were appointees of the incumbent president,” Mr. Nussbaum said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 在职的; 义不容辞的; 靠在[压在]上面的; 弯垂下来的
n. 在职者; 教会中的任职者; 〈英〉教区牧师
分布：在职者(70%)，领圣职的俸禄的牧师(10%)，负有义务的(10%)，凭依的(10%)
→in-,进入，使，在上面，-cumb,躺，词源同incubate,succumb.即躺在上面的，引申词义在任者。
任期者;牧师(in里面+cumb+ent→躺在[官位]上的人→任职者)[cub,cumb=liedown,表示"躺";cumber=barrier,表示"躺的东西,障碍"]
【记】in里面，cumb躺－躺在（职位）里面的人－在职者
【参】encumber（v 阻碍）；recumbent（adj 靠着的；斜躺着的；休息的）
adjective
[before noun]
■officially having the named position 现任的；在职的
• The incumbent president faces problems which began many years before he took office. 现任总统面临着他上任前很多年就已开始出现的种种问题。
[ɪn'kʌm.bənt] adjective
be incumbent on/upon sb formal
■to be necessary for someone （某人）义不容辞；（某人）必须履行
• She felt it incumbent upon/on her to raise the subject at their meeting. 她感到她有义务在他们的会议上提出这个问题。
[ɪn'kʌm.bənt] noun countable
■the person who has or had a particular official position 现任者，在职者
• the first/last/previous incumbent 第一任／上一任／前任
• The present incumbent (of the post) is due to retire next month. （此职位的）现任者将于下个月退休。
adj. [管理] 现任的；依靠的；负有职责的
 - dependent, anaclitic

Word: angry
Front: angry
[ˈæŋgri] (中高雅 1705/2084 -K3)
Vocabulary: angry
(once / 79 pages)
adj
To be angry is to be furious. People who get angry a lot have a short temper.
This is a word for a common emotion: being mad or enraged. People get mad all the time, about traffic, homework, parents, children, and even the weather. When you're angry it's hard to think straight: you see red. The sea could be described as angry when its waves ferociously crash the beach. Some synonyms for anger are furious, raging, and tempestuous. If you're feeling angry, you should blow off steam or count to 10 instead of doing something you'll regret.
WORD FAMILY
angry: angrier, angriest, angrily, angriness, angryly, unangry+/ anger: angered, angering, angers, angry
USAGE EXAMPLES
An angry crowd cursed the government, even after a representative of Mr. Sadr tried to calm them.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was more than the angry white guy wanting his.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Angry, traumatized protesters cry, march, shout, smash windows, set fires — and that’s just the New York Times editorial board.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 生气的; 愤怒的，发怒的; （颜色等）刺目的; （伤口等）发炎的
级别：angrier, angriest
分布：愤怒的(65%)，生气的(35%)
a.生气的,愤怒的;(天气)风雨交加的I was so angry that I hung up on her.我非常生气,没说完就挂断了她的电话.
adjective
EMOTION 情感
 ESSENTIAL
■having a strong feeling against someone who has behaved badly, making you want to shout at them or hurt them 发怒的，愤怒的，生气的
• He's really angry at/with me for upsetting Sophie. 因为我惹了索菲，他很生我的气。
• I don't understand what he's angry about. 我不明白他为甚么生气。
• [+ that] They feel angry that their complaints were ignored. 没人理睬他们的投诉，他们感到非常愤怒。
• I got really angry with her. 我很生她的气。
• It made me really angry. 这让我很恼火。
['æŋ.gri] adjective
SEA 海 literary
■describes a stormy sea or sky （大海）波涛汹涌的；（天空）狂风暴雨的
['æŋ.gri] adjective
PAINFUL 痛苦的
■If an infected area of the body is angry, it is red and painful 红肿的，发炎的，感染的
• On her leg was an angry sore. 她腿上长了一个疮，又红又肿。
angry, indignant, mad
这些形容词均有“发怒的，愤怒的”之意。
angry: 侧重以愤怒的表情、激烈的言辞或威胁的目光等来表达感情。
indignant: 侧重愤怒是有充分理由和正当的。
mad: 多用于非正式文体和讲话中，与angry意义相近。
adj. 生气的；愤怒的；狂暴的；（伤口等）发炎的
 - riley, vexed

Word: exile
Front: exile
[ˈeksaɪl] (研六托雅 5273/5086 -3)
Vocabulary: exile
(once / 263 pages)
nv
If you are exiled from a place, you must leave and not return. Such punishment is called exile. For example, after he was removed from power, Napoleon lived in exile on the island of Elba.
The verb exile comes from the Old French word essillier, meaning “banish,” “expel,” or “drive off.” However, some people who live in exile do so happily — and voluntarily — like American citizens in exile in Paris. Don't confuse being exiled with being banned: exile is for countries. If you cause trouble at a restaurant, you might be banned from returning, not exiled.
WORD FAMILY
exile: exiled, exiles, exilic, exiling+/exilic: postexilic
USAGE EXAMPLES
By 1916 Sun was back in exile again, in Japan.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
We sent them to Exiles Bar on U Street to see if they’d get right to the point.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
How Britain became a refuge for exiled leaders during World War II.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 放逐，流放; 使背井离乡
n. 流放，放逐，流亡; 长期离家[出国]; 被流放者，背井离乡者
时态：exiled, exiling, exiles
分布：流放(61%)，放逐(38%)，被放逐者(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-sil, 拿，带，召集，词源同consul, counsel.引申义扔出去的，流亡。
n.流放;被流放者vt.流放,放逐,把...充军He spent many years in exile.他曾经流亡多年.
noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the condition of someone being sent or kept away from their own country, village, etc., especially for political reasons （尤指出于政治原因的）流放，放逐，流亡
• The king went into exile because of the political situation in his country. 迫于国内的政治局势，国王流亡国外。
• The deposed leaders are currently in exile in the neighbouring country. 遭到罢免的那些领导人现在流亡邻国。
 ADVANCED countable
■a person who is sent or kept away from their own country, etc. 被流放者；流亡者
⇒ See also tax exile
['ek.saɪl] ['eg.zaɪl] verb transitive
■to send someone away from their own country, village, etc., especially for political reasons （尤指出于政治原因的）流放，放逐，流亡
• The monarch was exiled because of the coup. 由于发生了政变，国王被迫流亡。
expel, exile
这组词都有“驱逐出境，放逐”的意思，其区别是：
expel: 含义广，可指驱逐出境或取消某一资格，含耻辱意味。
exile: 指政府强迫某一公民离开祖国或流放到某地，但不一定含耻辱意味。
n. 流放，充军；放逐，被放逐者；流犯
 - transportation, banishment
vt. 放逐，流放；使背井离乡
 - transport, banish

Word: olympic

Word: ocean
Front: ocean
[ˈəʊʃn] (中高研四雅 1842/3015 -K3)
Vocabulary: ocean
(once / 103 pages)
n
You know that vast, wet expanse of blue that keeps crashing waves on the beach? That's the ocean.
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian...these are just a few of the big oceans of the world. If Columbus hadn't sailed the ocean blue in 14 hundred ninety-two, America would have never been discovered. Home to sharks, mermaids, sailboats, and tsunami waves, the ocean makes up most of the planet Earth. But you can use ocean to describe anything similarly vast and limitless, like an endless ocean of fans at a rock concert.
WORD FAMILY
ocean: oceanic, oceans, subocean+/ oceanic: suboceanic, transoceanic
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lava deltas are formed when lava enters the ocean and builds new land on loose and unstable substrate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The rate of warming we are seeing, in both the air and ocean temperatures, is inconsistent with the fanciful and optimistic beliefs of this group.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
When we’re overtaxed mentally, an urge to surround ourselves with plants and oceans grows.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 洋; 海洋; 大海; （地球上划分出的）洋
分布：海洋(99%)，海量(1%)
→来自拉丁语Oceanus,海神。
n.海洋I mean he used mean means in the meantime on the ocean.我的意思是其间在海洋上他用了卑鄙手法.
US ['oʊ-] noun
 IMPROVER only singular
■a very large area of sea 海洋，大洋；大海
• These mysterious creatures live at the bottom of the ocean. 这些神秘的生物居住在海底。
 IMPROVER countable
■used in the name of each of the world's five main areas of sea （用于世界五大海域的名称中）洋
• the Atlantic/Pacific/Indian/Arctic/Antarctic Ocean 大西洋／太平洋／印度洋／北冰洋／南极地区海域
UK ['əʊ.ʃən] US ['oʊ-] noun
oceans of sth old-fashioned
■a lot of something 许多，众多；大量
• We've got oceans of time. 我们的时间很多。
sea, ocean
这组词都有“海、海洋”的意思，其区别是：
sea: 普通用词，可用复数形式表单数意义。sea所指的面积要比ocean小得多。sea也可是ocean的一部分。
ocean: 指把海作为一个整体，是海洋的总称，不可数名词，指大洋时是可数名词。
n. [海洋] 海洋；大量；广阔
 - sea, lots of, wealth, body, billion

Word: slip
Front: slip
[slɪp] (高研四六托雅 1786/1814 -K4)
Back: vi. 滑，滑脱; 犯过失，出错; （时间）不知不觉地过去; （健康状况等）变差
vt. 使顺利滑动; 摆脱; 放松，松开
n. 跌倒，失足; 纸条; 失误，口误; 事故
adj. 滑动的; 可拆卸的; 打有活结的
abbr. 串行线路接口协议(Serial Line Interface Protocol)
时态：slipped, slipping, slips
分布：溜走(45%)，滑倒(31%)，疏忽(11%)，滑脱(7%)，失误(6%)
→来自中古低地德语 slippen,滑动，来自 Proto-Germanic*slipan,滑动，来自 sleib,滑动，来 自 slei,滑的，词源同 slime,slide.引申诸相关词义。slip 纸条，便条，小枝
v.滑,滑倒;滑掉;溜走n.疏忽,小错,口误,笔误She slipped on the ice.她在冰上滑倒了.
verb (-pp-)
SLIDE 滑
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to slide without intending to 滑倒；失足
• She slipped on the ice. 她在冰上滑倒了。
• Careful you don't slip - there's water on the floor. 小心别滑倒了——地板上有水。
• The razor slipped while he was shaving and he cut himself. 他刮胡子时刮须刀一滑，把自己划伤了。
[slɪp] verb (-pp-)
DO QUICKLY 快速做
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to go somewhere or do something quickly, often so that you are not noticed 溜走；迅速地做；悄悄地做
• Just slip out of the room while nobody's looking. 趁没人注意时溜出房间。
• She slipped between the cool cotton sheets and was soon asleep. 她钻进凉爽的棉被里，很快就睡着了。
• He slipped a piece of paper into my hand with his address on it. 他偷偷把一张写有他地址的纸塞到我的手里。
• [+ two objects] If you slip the waiter some money/slip some money to the waiter he'll give you the best table. 如果你偷偷塞点钱给侍者，他会为你安排最好的位置。
[slɪp] verb (-pp-)
GET WORSE 变糟
intransitive
■to go into a worse state, often because of lack of control or care 变糟；下降，退步
• Productivity in the factory has slipped quite noticeably in the last year. 工厂一年来生产率显著下降。
[slɪp] verb (-pp-)
ESCAPE 逃离
transitive
■to get free from, leave or escape something 逃离，离开
• The ship slipped its moorings. 船漂离了停泊处。
[slɪp] verb (-pp-)
slip sb's memory/mind
■to be forgotten 被（某人）忘记
• I forgot I'd arranged to meet Richard last night - it completely slipped my mind. 我忘记安排了昨晚要与理查会面——我完全给忘了。
[slɪp] verb (-pp-)
slip through sb's fingers
■If you allow an opportunity or a person to slip through your fingers, you lose it or them through not taking care or making an effort （机会或某人）被错过
• You're surely not going to let a job/man like that slip through your fingers! 你千万不要错过那样的工作／男人！
[slɪp] verb (-pp-)
slip through the net UK (US slip through the cracks)
■to escape a punishment or be missed by a system that should deal with or protect you 漏网；被漏掉
• Once again terrorists have slipped through the police net. 恐怖分子又一次逃离了警方布下的天罗地网。
• There are laws there to protect the mentally ill, but now and then someone does slip through the net. 虽然有保护精神病患者的法律，但偶尔还是会有人没被照顾到。
[slɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  slip into sth (also slip sth on)
■to quickly put on a piece of clothing 迅速穿上（衣服）
• If you could wait two minutes, I'm just going to slip into a smarter dress. 希望你能等两分钟，我很快去换件光鲜一点的衣服。
• You don't need to go into the changing rooms - just slip the jacket on over your sweater. 你不用进更衣室——就把夹克套在毛衣上吧。
[slɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  slip out
■If a remark slips out, you say it without intending to. 被无意说出
[slɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  slip out of sth (also slip sth off)
■to quickly take off a piece of clothing 快速脱下（衣服）
• Slip your shirt off and I'll listen to your heart. 脱下衬衫，我要听一下你的心跳。
[slɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  slip up
■to make a mistake 犯错误，疏忽
• These figures don't make sense - have we slipped up somewhere? 这些资料不对——我们哪里出错了吗？
[slɪp] noun
PIECE OF PAPER 一张纸
countable
■a small piece of paper 纸条；小纸片
• a slip of paper 一张纸条
• If you want to order a book fill in the green slip. 如果想订书，就填写那张绿色单子。
[slɪp] noun
MISTAKE 错误
countable
■a small mistake 小错误，疏漏
• She's made one or two slips - mainly spelling errors - but it's basically well written. 她犯了一两个小错误——主要是拼写错误——不过基本上写得很不错。
[slɪp] noun
UNDERWEAR 内衣
countable
■a piece of underwear for a woman or girl which is like a dress or skirt 女装衬裙
[slɪp] noun
SMALL 小的
slip of a sth old-fashioned
■small and thin, usually because of being young 瘦小的
• I knew her when she was a slip of a girl. 她还是个小女孩的时候我就认识她了。
[slɪp] noun
ESCAPE 逃离
give sb the slip informal
■to escape from someone 逃离（某人），摆脱（某人）
[slɪp] noun
slip of the tongue
■when someone says something that they did not intend to say 口误
• I called her new boyfriend by her previous boyfriend's name - it was just a slip of the tongue. 我叫她的新男友时喊成了她前任男友的名字——那只是一个口误。
[slɪp] noun
There's many a slip twixt cup and lip. saying
■said to emphasize that many bad things might happen before something is finished 杯到嘴边还会失手；世事往往功亏一篑
mistake, flaw, shortcoming, error, defect, slip, fault, blunder
这组词都有“错误”的意思，其区别是：
mistake: 最普通用词，泛指思想上、行为上或认识上的判断或理解方面的错误。
flaw: 指结构或组织上的缺点，如破裂之处。用作比喻意义时，指品格上的缺陷。
shortcoming: 指没有达到所要求的标准、没有充分发展或没尽到职责的不足、缺点或短处。多用复数形式。
error: 指思想或行动背离正题轨道或没有得到正确指引而出现的偏差或错误。
defect: 普通用词。指表面上的缺陷，或指人或物本质上的缺点。
slip: 指因疏忽或无意而造成的差错。
fault: 一般指小并且可宽容的缺点、错误。
blunder: 通常指由于无知或情况不明造成判断或行动上的大错。
skid, glide, slip, slide
这组词都有“滑动”的意思，其区别是：
skid: 着重指不自主地或失去控制地滑动，特指车轮在结冰或潮湿路面上的滑动，常暗含有危险存在的意味。
glide: 指自由、顺畅地流动，也指不费力、无声响地滑动。
slip: 指不自觉地、偶然地滑动。
slide: 通常多指与光滑表面保持接触并且迅速地连续滑动。
vi. [地质] 滑动；滑倒；犯错；失足；减退
 - slide, bowl
vt. [地质] 使滑动；滑过；摆脱；塞入；闪开
 - shed, slide
n. 滑，滑倒；片，纸片；错误；下跌；事故
 - error, accident, mistake, fault, sliding
adj. [地质] 滑动的；有活结的；活络的
 - slidable

Word: plunge
Front: plunge
[plʌndʒ] (研四六托雅宝 4610/4534 -3)
Vocabulary: plunge
(once / 156 pages)
1vn 2vn
Plunge is a noun and a verb related to diving, falling, and sinking. A "polar bear plunge" is when people plunge into freezing cold water for charity or, inexplicably, for fun.
As a noun, plunge means “a brief swim” or “a fall.” As a verb, plunge has a variety of definitions. Plunge can mean “to devote yourself fully," as you might plunge into a job by working day and night. Similarly, if you plunge into a good book, you don't let anything distract you from your reading. Plunge can also mean “fall abruptly.” Someone’s reputation might plunge after a scandal, or the stock market might plunge when investors react to bad news.
WORD FAMILY
plunge: plunged, plunger, plunges, plunging+/plunger: plungers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dahlin’s first interrogation began about 2am that winter morning, as temperatures outside The Residence plunged to six degrees below zero.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile British politics is plunged into chaos, the result being that in ...
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
As the football sailed through the air, Daniel Carter plunged down the field for St. Thomas, weaving around potential blockers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 用力插入; 使陷入
vi. 跳入; 全心投入; 突降，俯冲
n. 投入，陷入; 游泳，跳水
时态：plunged, plunging, plunges
分布：投入(60%)，跳入(30%)，使投入(5%)，栽进(5%)
→来自古法语plongier,浸入，沉入，跳水，来自拉丁语plumbum,铅，铅球，词源同plumb.其 原义为用铅垂线测水深，引申词义前冲，跳水，比喻义猛倾，暴跌，比较plummet.
v.(into)(使)投入,(使)插进,陷入;猛冲The hungry drunk plunged a trunk of lungs into the tunnel under the channel.饥饿的醉汉把一大箱肺投进了水渠下面的隧道.
【记】源于plumb的铅锤的意义
verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
 IMPROVER
■to (cause someone or something to) move or fall suddenly and often a long way forward, down or into something （使）投入；（使）插入；（使）刺入
• We ran down to the beach and plunged into the sea. 我们跑向海滩，纵身跳入海中。
• The car went out of control and plunged over the cliff. 轿车失去控制坠下悬崖。
• Cook the peas by plunging them into boiling water. 把豌豆倒入沸水中煮。
• Niagara Falls plunges 55.5 metres. 尼加拉大瀑布落差为55.5米。
• The fall in demand caused share prices to plunge. 需求下降导致股价大幅下跌。
• Our income has plunged dramatically. 我们的收入骤减。
[plʌndʒ] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
  Phrasal Verbs  plunge in/plunge into sth
■to suddenly start doing something actively or enthusiastically 突然开始积极地做
• Two months before his exams, he suddenly plunged into his studies. 考试前的两个月，他突然开始埋头苦读。
• He took a deep breath and plunged into his speech. 他深吸了一口气，开始热情洋溢地讲了起来。
[plʌndʒ] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] plunge (sb/sth) into sth
■to suddenly experience a bad situation or unhappiness, or to make someone or something suddenly experience a bad situation or unhappiness （使）陷入；（使）经历
• The country was plunged into recession. 该国突然陷入经济衰退。
• He was plunged into despair when his wife left him. 他妻子离开他时，他一下子陷入绝望之中。
[plʌndʒ] noun countable
■a sudden movement or fall forward, down or into something 跳入；下跌；落下
• I really enjoyed my plunge (= jumping in and swimming) in the pool. 我很喜欢在游泳池里跳水游泳。
■a sudden and large fall in value or level 暴跌，骤降
• We are expecting a plunge in profits this year. 我们预计今年利润将大幅下降。
[plʌndʒ] noun countable
take the plunge
■to make a decision to do something, especially after thinking about it for a long time （尤指经过长时间考虑后）决心行动，打定主意
• They're finally taking the plunge and getting married. 他们终于打定主意要结婚了。
dip, duck, submerge, plunge, immerse
这组词都有“沉浸，浸入”的意思，其区别是：
dip: 指部分地、暂时地或轻微地放进液体，多暗示一种谨慎或试探性的动作。
duck: 指把头伸进水中，或指游泳时开玩笑地把一个人的头按入水中。
submerge: 指长时间的完全浸入、潜入，强调浸入液体深层。
plunge: 暗示迅速而有力的动作，但浸入不一定很深。
immerse: 侧重全部被液体所覆盖，也可用于比喻意义。
n. 投入；跳进
 - investment, input
vi. 投入；陷入；跳进
 - plough into, throw one's self into
vt. 使陷入；使投入；使插入
 - let sb in for, let in for

Word: bin
Front: bin
[bɪn] (研宝 -/5370 -K2)
Vocabulary: bin
(once / 726 pages)
nv
A bin is a box or other lidded container. You might store onions and potatoes in a vegetable bin in your kitchen.
The noun bin is especially good for describing a specific kind of container, like a toy bin at a preschool or a compost bin on the counter. Bin is more commonly used in Britain than in the United States — a Londoner might say, "Oh, just throw that in the bin," while a New Yorker is more likely to say, "Throw it in the trash," or "Toss it in the garbage." The root word is the Old English binne, "basket."
WORD FAMILY
bin: binful, binned, binning, bins
USAGE EXAMPLES
Everything in your home must bring you joy and, if it doesn’t, bin it.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“One year ago, from a base here in Afghanistan, our troops launched the operation that killed Osama bin Laden,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Employees toss leftover pieces of wood into bins to be fed into the burner.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 箱子，容器; 二进制; 垃圾箱; （地下室）葡萄酒贮藏库
vt. 把…装进贮藏库; 把…放入箱中
时态：binned, binning, bins
分布：垃圾箱(52%)，仓(33%)，箱柜(10%)，放入箱内(5%)
→词源不详。
n.(贮藏食物等用的)箱子
【记】bin读：殡。出殡－需要一个大箱子－装死人。
【参】dustbin（n 垃圾箱）
noun countable
WASTE 垃圾
 ESSENTIAL UK
■a container for waste 垃圾箱
• a litter bin 废物箱
• a rubbish bin 垃圾箱
• The supermarket has installed recycling bins for old newspapers, bottles and cans. 这间超级市场安放了回收旧报纸、旧瓶子和旧罐头盒的废物箱。
• Do you want this or shall I throw it in the bin? 你要这个吗，还是让我把它扔进垃圾箱？
 ESSENTIAL UK * a dustbin
[bɪn] noun countable
STORAGE 储存
■a large storage container 容器，箱子，柜
• a bread bin 面包箱
[bɪn] verb transitive (-nn-) UK to throw something into the bin 把…扔进垃圾箱
• Shall I bin these old shoes? 我该把这些旧鞋丢进垃圾箱吗？
n. 箱子，容器；二进制
 - container, vessel, chest, pocket

Word: busy
Front: busy
[ˈbɪzi] (中高 1924/1753 -K3)
Vocabulary: busy
(once / 16 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3adj
When you're busy, you have things to do. You're occupied and probably not bored.
This word always means there's some kind of activity. When a phone line is busy, you can't get your call through. If you find the bathroom is busy, you'll have to wait it's free. When a supervisor is around, employees need to look busy. A busy intersection is loaded with traffic. If you're too busy playing basketball to finish your homework, your grades might suffer. It's good to be busy, but when people are too busy, they get stressed out.
WORD FAMILY
busy: busied, busier, busies, busiest, busily, business, busying, busyly, busyness, overbusy+/ business: businesses, businesslike/busyness: busynesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
But one day last month, while Clemson was busy preparing for its College Football Playoff semifinal against Ohio State, Venables benched himself.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The spokesperson suggests that people planning to travel by air during busy times should consider other options, such as suicide.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It was “very, very, extremely busy” in the days leading up to the holidays, a cashier said.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 忙碌的; 占线; 繁华的; 爱管闲事的
vt. 忙着做某事; 使奔走; 使经营
n. 〈英俚〉侦探; 包打听
时态：busied, busying, busies
分布：忙的(44%)，繁忙的(39%)，热闹的(13%)，使忙于(4%)
→词源不详。可能来自PIE *bheue, 存在，生存，居住，词源同be. 即为生活而奔忙。
a.忙,忙碌的;热闹的,繁忙的;(电话)占线On the bus the busy businessman did a business with the buyer.在公共汽车上,忙碌的商人与买主做了一笔生意.
adjective
DOING THINGS 做事情
 ESSENTIAL
■If you are busy, you are working hard, or giving your attention to a particular thing 忙碌的；忙于…的；专注的
• Mum was busy in the kitchen. 妈妈在厨房里忙着呢。
• The kids are busy with their homework. 孩子们在忙着做家课。
• She's busy writing out the wedding invitations. 她在忙着写婚礼请柬。
• I've got plenty of jobs to keep you busy. 我有很多工作，够你忙的。
• He was too busy talking to notice us come in. 他忙着说话没有注意到我们进来。
 IMPROVER
■A busy place is full of activity or people （地方）热闹的，熙熙攘攘的
• a busy restaurant 繁忙的餐馆
• Their house is near a very busy road. 他们的房子临近热闹的马路。
 IMPROVER
■In a busy period, you have a lot of things to do 繁忙的；事情多的
• I've got a busy week ahead of me. 我未来的一周会很忙。
• Have a rest - you've had a busy day. 休息一下吧，你忙了一天了。
■(UK also engaged)
■If a telephone line is busy, someone is using it （电话）占线的
• I tried calling you but the line was busy. 我试过给你打电话，可是电话占线。
['bɪz.i] adjective
WITH PATTERNS 有图案的 disapproving
■having too much decoration or too many colours 繁琐的，杂乱的；使人眼花缭乱的
• The jacket was a bit busy for my tastes - I'd prefer something a bit plainer. 对我来说，这件夹克太花哨了——我喜欢简单一点的。
['bɪz.i] verb [R]
busy yourself
■to make the time pass by doing something 打发时间
• I busied myself with tidying up my desk. 我整理书桌来打发时间。
adj. 忙碌的；热闹的；正被占用的
 - engaged, abustle
vt. 使忙于
 - employ

Word: lee
Front: lee
[li:] (-/2350)
Back: n. 避风处; 庇护所
adj. 背风的; 保护的; 庇荫的
分布：背风处(30%)，庇护所(25%)，背风的(18%)，避风的(15%)，下风的(12%)
→来自古英语hleo,防御，保护，避难所，来自kele,温暖，词源同calm,calorie.后引申词义背风处。
noun
only singular
■the side of hill, wall, etc. that provides shelter from the wind （山、墙等的）背风坡，背风面
the lees [plural]
■the substance which is left at the bottom of a container of liquid, especially in a bottle of wine （尤指葡萄酒等液体的）沉渣，渣滓
n. 保护；背风处
 - protection, safeguard, conservation
adj. 保护的；庇荫的；避风的
 - protecting, guarding

Word: clash
Front: clash
[klæʃ] (研六雅宝 6143/3873 -3)
Vocabulary: clash
(once / 476 pages)
1vn 2n
When two things clash, they run violently into each other, often with an accompanying loud noise. The percussionist in an orchestra has the enviable job of making two cymbals clash together.
Kids clash when they run into each other on the playground, but they can also clash through a strong disagreement: "My cousins always clash when it comes to deciding what movie to watch after dinner." Also, your shirt might clash with your pants, if the colors or prints simply don't go together. Clash is imitative — it sounds like its original meaning, "make a loud, sharp sound," and may be related to the words clap and crash.
WORD FAMILY
clash: clashed, clashes, clashing+/clashing: clashingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
As clashes continued in and around Mosul on Monday, Isis also targeted military positions away from the main battlefield.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, Democrats see opportunities on issues on which Trump clashed with his party or where Republicans themselves worry that the party’s position is unpopular.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Bombardments ceased before that time - although some clashes continued - but began again late on Sunday.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 发出撞击声
vi. 争论; 不合; 交锋; 撞击出刺耳的响声
n. 冲突; 不协调; 撞击声
时态：clashed, clashing, clashes
分布：冲突(91%)，抵触(6%)，撞击声(2%)，使…发出撞击声(1%)
→拟声词，冲撞的声音。
v./n.碰撞n.碰撞声The ashtray, splashed with ash, crashed with a clash in a flash while being washed.那个溅有灰尘的烟灰盘在清洗时咣当一声一下子摔碎了.
【记】不仔细看clash＝dash（v 猛冲，猛撞）－冲突，撞击
【参】crush（v 压坏，压碎）；trash（n 垃圾）
verb
FIGHT 打架
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to fight or argue 打斗，打架；发生冲突；争论，争辩
• Students clashed with police after demonstrations at five universities. 学生在五所大学示威之后与员警发生了冲突。
• The government and the opposition parties have clashed over the cuts in defence spending. 政府与反对党派在削减国防开支的问题上发生了激烈的争执。
intransitive
■If two opinions, statements or qualities clash, they are very different from each other （两种意见、声明或品质）有分歧，不相容，相抵触
• This latest statement from the White House clashes with important aspects of US foreign policy. 白宫的最新声明与美国外交政策的重要方面相抵触。
[klæʃ] verb
COMPETE 竞争
intransitive
■If two people or teams clash in a sports competition or race, they compete seriously against each other. （在比赛中）激烈竞争
[klæʃ] verb
NOT ATTRACTIVE 不吸引人的
intransitive not continuous
■If colours or styles clash, they look ugly or wrong together （颜色或风格）不协调，不搭配，不调和
• I like red and orange together, though lots of people think they clash. 我喜欢红色和橙色相搭配，尽管许多人认为这两种颜色不协调。
[klæʃ] verb
HAPPEN TOGETHER 同时发生
intransitive not continuous UK
■If two events clash, they happen at the same time in a way that is not convenient （时间上）相冲突，相矛盾
• Her party clashes with my brother's wedding, so I won't be able to go. 她的聚会与我哥哥的婚礼碰巧都在同一天，所以我不能参加。
[klæʃ] verb
LOUD NOISE 很响亮的声音
intransitive or transitive
■to make a loud metallic noise, or to cause something to make this noise （使金属）砰地相碰撞；（使）碰撞作响
• The saucepans clashed as he piled them into the sink. 他把那些煮锅堆放在水槽时，锅子相互碰撞当啷作响。
• She clashed the cymbals together. 她敲响铙钹。
[klæʃ] noun
FIGHT 打架
 ADVANCED countable
■a fight or argument between people 冲突；打斗；争论，争执
• Rioters hurled rocks and petrol bombs in clashes with police at the weekend. 暴乱分子在周末与警方发生冲突，向其投掷了石块和汽油弹。
• There were violent clashes between the police and demonstrators in the city centre. 在市中心，员警和示威者之间发生了暴力冲突。
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■a situation in which people's opinions or qualities are very different from and opposed to each other （观点或品质等的）分歧，抵触，冲突，巨大差异
• a clash of opinions/loyalties/personalities 观点分歧／在效忠问题上的冲突／性格不合
[klæʃ] noun
COMPETITION 竞争
countable
■a sports competition or race between two people or teams 竞争，竞赛
[klæʃ] noun
NOT ATTRACTIVE 不吸引人的
countable
■when colours or styles look ugly or wrong together （颜色或风格）不协调，不搭配，不调和
[klæʃ] noun
HAPPENING TOGETHER 同时发生
countable UK
■when two events happen at the same time in a way that is not convenient （时间上）相冲突，相矛盾
• In the new timetable, there's a clash between history and physics. 新课程表中，历史课和物理课时间上冲突了。
[klæʃ] noun
LOUD NOISE 很响亮的声音
countable
■a loud metallic noise （使金属）砰地相碰撞
• a clash of cymbals 铙钹的铿锵声
grind, crush, crack, smash, clash, crash
grind: 磨碎
crush: 压碎，压坏；
crack: 破裂；
smash: 打碎；
clash: 着重声音；
crash: 着重破坏
clash, collision, impact, shock
这组词都有“冲击，碰撞”的意思，其区别是：
clash: 通常指两个或多个物体，特别是金属物发出刺耳声音或破裂声的撞击。也可引申指意见、利益等的冲突。
collision: 指物体相撞，其结果不是受损就是严重受阻。
impact: 正式用词，侧重指物体相撞的结果或接触点。
shock: 指强烈冲击在肉体上或思想感情上所产生的效果。
collide, conflict, bump, clash
这组词都有“碰撞”的意思，其区别是：
collide: 多指带毁坏性的猛烈相撞，也可指严重的直接冲突。
conflict: 这个词以前可表具体东西的撞击，现在常指冲突或对立。
bump: 主要指具体东西的有力碰撞，也可指碰到困难或障碍。
clash: 指有力的或带有金属碰击声的打、敲或相互冲击。
n. 冲突，不协调；碰撞声，铿锵声
 - interference, conflict, war, collision, warfare
vi. 冲突，抵触；砰地相碰撞，发出铿锵声
 - tang, collide with

Word: husband
Front: husband
[ˈhʌzbənd] (中高宝 637/826 -K4)
Vocabulary: husband
(once / 34 pages)
nv
A husband is a married man. Your grandfather might joke that he and your grandmother have been husband and wife for so long because she has the patience of a saint and he is deaf as a post.
The word husband comes from the Old Norse hūsbōndi, where hūs meant house and bōndi meant dweller. As a verb, husband means to conserve resources and use them frugally. Because of the flooding in the area, roads are cut off and everyone is being asked to husband their supplies. This conservation of resources sense of husband also occurs in the related noun husbandry.
WORD FAMILY
husband: ex-husband, husbanded, husbanding, husbandly, husbands+/ex-husband: ex-husbands
USAGE EXAMPLES
Norine was released after two weeks, but her husband was held in the immigration-detention facility for another two months, including two days in solitary confinement.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
She put teaching on the back burner and helped her husband run his clock business.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
When my husband, a veteran of the Iraq war, strangled me to the point of unconsciousness, I thought I was the only one.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 丈夫; 〈英〉管家; 〈古〉节俭的管理人; 船舶管理人
vt. 节俭地使用; 〈罕〉做…的丈夫
时态：husbanded, husbanding, husbands
分布：丈夫(100%)
→来自古英语husbonda,一家之主，男性首领，来自hus,屋子，词源同 house,-bonda,居住者，耕作者，农夫，来自bheue,是，存在，建造，词源同be,build,boor.后引申词义丈夫，而wife也由古英语词义女人引申为妻子。
n.丈夫The wandering band abandoned her bandaged husband on Swan Island.流浪的乐队把她那位打着绷带的丈夫遗弃在天鹅岛上.
【记】原指谨慎、节俭的经理，这种人才适合作丈夫，丈夫省钱老婆化钱
【反】squander（v 浪费）
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the man a woman is married to 丈夫
• I've never met Fiona's husband. 我从未见过费欧娜的丈夫。
['hʌz.bənd] noun countable
as husband and wife
■in the same way as two people who are married 如夫妻一般地
• Although never married, they lived together as husband and wife for fifty years. 尽管没有结婚，他们却像夫妻一样共同生活了50年。
['hʌz.bənd] verb transitive formal
■to use something carefully so that you do not use all of it 节约地使用
n. 丈夫
 - hubby, worse half

Word: derivative
Front: derivative
[dɪˈrɪvətɪv] (托宝 10778/9140 -1)
Vocabulary: derivative
(once / 1514 pages)
nadj
Alert: shifting parts of speech! As a noun, a derivative is kind of financial agreement or deal. As an adjective, though, derivative describes something that borrows heavily from something else that came before it.
The economic meltdown of the last decade is due largely to the mismanagement of derivatives, which are deals based on the outcome of other deal. A movie plot might be described as derivative if it steals from another film — say, if it lifts the tornado, the witch, and the dancing scarecrow from The Wizard of Oz.
WORD FAMILY
derivative: derivatively, derivatives, underivative+/ derivation: derivational, derivations/ derive: derivable, derivation, derivative, derived, derives, deriving/ derived: underived
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 2005, Deutsche Bank, then a powerhouse in the selling of risky derivatives on a global scale, was minting money.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Dollar International Swaps and Derivatives Association Fix, which is used to set prices for interest-rate swaps.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Other settlements were reached with varying groups of banks over cartels related to derivatives and benchmarks in Swiss francs and yen.
Seattle Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. [数]导数，微商; [化] 衍生物，派生物; [语]派生词
adj. 衍生的; 导出的; 拷贝的
分布：导数(89%)，派生物(5%)，派生的(5%)，衍生字(1%)
【记】de下面，rive＝river河－下面的河－支流－派生
【参】derive（v 起源；派生）；derivation（n 来历；出处；词源）
【反】precursory（adj 先驱的）；innovative（adj 创新的）；seminal（adj 种子的；开创性的）
US [-ţɪv] disapproving
■If something is derivative, it is not the result of new ideas, but has been developed from something else 缺乏独创性的；模仿的
• His painting/style is terribly derivative. 他的油画／风格有很重的模仿痕迹。
noun countable UK [dɪˈrɪv.ɪ.tɪv] US [-ə.ţɪv] specialized
■a form of something, such as a word, made or developed from another form 衍生物，派生物；派生词
• 'Detestable' is a derivative of 'detest'. 生字 detestable 是从 detest 派生而来的。
n. [化学] 衍生物，派生物
 - ramification, offshoot
adj. 派生的；引出的
 - extracted, descendent

Word: impressive
Front: impressive
[ɪmˈpresɪv] (研四六托雅 3258/2680 -K3)
Vocabulary: impressive
(once / 309 pages)
adj
Something that is impressive stands out because it is really good. Some of the most impressive college application essays are those that reflect on past events that shaped who the writer is today.
When you impress someone, you show that you are special or that what you did is praiseworthy. So something that's impressive does just that, like the impressive feat of running a marathon every week for a year. The earliest meaning of impressive was "capable of being easily impressed," from the Latin word impressus, "imprint or stamp." By around 1775, the meaning had changed to "making a strong impression on."
WORD FAMILY
impressive: impressively, impressiveness, unimpressive+/ impress: impressed, impresses, impressible, impressing, impression, impressive, impressment/ impressed: unimpressed/impressible: impressibly/ impression: impressionable, impressionistic, impressions/ impressionable: unimpressionable/ impressionistic: impressionistically/impressment: impressments/unimpressive: unimpressively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prescott appears born to do this, and his football team now embodies his impressive calm.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Matthews accomplishing the feat might be more impressive.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Will a solid finish be impressive enough for the Jags to keep Marrone in charge?
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 给人印象深刻的，感人的; 引人注目的; 可观的; 显赫
分布：给人深刻印象的(100%)
→来自impress,留下印象。
给人深刻印象的(impress+ive)[press=press表示"挤压"]
a.给人深刻印象的,感人的Her smile was very impressive.她的微笑给人很深刻的印象.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■If an object or achievement is impressive, you admire or respect it, usually because it is special, important or very large 给人深刻印象的；令人钦佩的
• That was an impressive performance from such a young tennis player. 这么年轻的网球选手居然打得那么好。
• an impressive collection of modern paintings 令人赞叹的现代绘画收藏品
• There are some very impressive buildings in the town. 镇上有一些非常雄伟的建筑物。
Opposite unimpressive
 IMPROVER
■An impressive person causes you to admire or respect them for their special skills or abilities （因具备特殊技能）令人钦佩的
• She's a very impressive public speaker. 她是个不同凡响的演说家。
adj. 感人的；令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的
 - affecting, heart-warming

Word: shell
Front: shell
[ʃel] (研四六托雅宝 2560/2687 -K3)
Back: n. （贝、卵、坚果等的）壳; 外壳; 炮弹; （人的）表面性格
vt. 去壳，脱落; 炮击
vi. 剥皮; 炮轰
时态：shelled, shelling, shells
分布：壳(85%)，炮弹(9%)，炮轰(3%)，去壳(1%)，脱落(1%)，拾贝壳(1%)
→来自古英语 scell,贝壳，蛋壳，来自 Proto-Germanic*skaljo,分开，切开，来自 skel,切， 分，词源同 scale,shelf.引申诸相关比喻义。
n.壳,贝壳;炮弹The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身.
noun
COVERING 外壳
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the hard outer covering of something, especially nuts, eggs and some animals （尤指坚果、蛋、某些动物的）壳
• Brazil nuts have very hard shells. 巴西果的壳很坚硬。
• A piece of shell fell into the cake mixture. 有片蛋壳掉进蛋糕面糊里了。
• the shell of a snail/crab/tortoise 蜗牛／蟹／乌龟的壳
• a shell necklace (= a piece of jewellery made out of the shells of small sea animals) 贝壳项链
⇒ See also eggshell;nutshell;seashell;shellfish
countable
■the basic outer structure of a building or vehicle, especially when the parts inside have been destroyed or taken or have not yet been made （尤指内部遭破坏、被去除或尚未建成的建筑物、车辆的）框架，骨架
• the shell of a burnt-out farmhouse 大火后农舍的残骸
[ʃel] noun
EXPLOSIVE 爆炸物
countable
■a container, usually with a pointed end, which is filled with explosives and shot from a large gun 炮弹
• Artillery and mortar shells were landing in the outskirts of the city. 大炮和迫击炮弹落在城市周边地区。
[ʃel] noun
BOAT 船
countable
■a type of boat used for racing, driven by people using oars (= poles with flat ends) 赛艇（用于竞赛的一种船，由人们使用扁头的船桨划动）
[ʃel] noun
come out of your shell (also bring sb out of their shell)
■If you come out of your shell, you become more interested in other people and more willing to talk and take part in social activities, and if someone brings you out of your shell, they cause you to do this （使）变得不再自闭，（使）融入外部世界
• Derek has really come out of his shell since he started working here. 自从开始在这里工作以后，德里克真正变得活跃起来。
[ʃel] noun
crawl/go/retreat/retire into your shell
■to become less interested in other people and less willing to talk and take part in social activities 变得自闭起来
• The more they tried to get her to talk about her experiences, the further she retreated back into her shell. 他们越是想让她谈谈自己的经历，她越是沉默寡言。
[ʃel] verb transitive
COVERING 外壳
■to remove peas, nuts, etc. from their shells or their natural protective covering 剥去…的壳
[ʃel] verb transitive
EXPLOSIVE 爆炸
■to fire shells at something 炮轰，炮击
• They were under orders to shell the hospital and the town hall. 他们奉命炮轰医院和市政厅。
[ʃel] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shell (sth) out informal
■to pay or give money for something, usually unwillingly （通常指不情愿地）支付，拿出（钱）
• Having shelled out fifty pounds for the tickets, I wasn't going to miss the show. 我忍痛花了50英镑买票，说什么也不会错过演出。
shell, bullet
这两个名词均与枪弹有关。
shell: 指发射后会爆炸的炮弹。
bullet: 含义广泛，指各种枪用的子弹。
n. [动] [机] 壳，贝壳；炮弹；外形
 - configuration, profile, shot
vi. 剥落；设定命令行解释器的位置
 - chip, flake off
vt. 剥皮；炮轰
 - skin, flay

Word: silicon
Front: silicon
[ˈsɪlɪkən] (研六 8531/8279 -1)
Back: n. <化>硅; 硅元素
分布：硅(100%)
n.硅Bonus is a stimulus for me to study the silicon in the bacon.奖金是我研究薰肉中硅原子的动力.
noun uncountable
■a grey element which is found combined with oxygen in a large number of common minerals, and which has unusual electrical characteristics （化学元素）硅

Word: spin
Front: spin
[spɪn] (高研四六托雅宝 2644/3841 -K3)
Vocabulary: spin
(once / 251 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4v 5n 6v
When you spin, you whirl around in a circle. Many kids love to spin on a merry-go-round.
You can spin in a happy circle, and you can describe this movement as a spin. Another way to use the word spin is for a deliberate twisting of information, especially when it's done by politicians. A candidate might spin a news report to make herself look more appealing, for example, or spin bad news to make it appear good. This meaning of spin is relatively new, not being used much until the mid-1980's.
WORD FAMILY
spin: spined, spinnable, spinner, spinning, spins, spun+/spinnable: spinnability/spinner: spinners/spinning: spinnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was hit hard at 1, spun and lunged toward the goal line.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are many other examples including those of second rate scientists or non-scientists finding high-profile media venues to spin their fantasies.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
While there, he spun to the hoop and tore up his knee.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 纺纱; 吐（丝），作（茧），结网; 快速旋转; 眩晕
vt. 纺（线）; 吐丝，将…抽成丝; 讲述，尤指通过想象地; 使延长，使延伸
n. 旋转的行为; 快速的旋运动; 眩晕; 疾驰
时态：spun, spinning, spins
分布：旋转(82%)，疾驰(5%)，眩晕(5%)，纺织(5%)，结网(3%)
→来自古英语 spinnan,纺纱，织线，来自 Proto-Germanic*spenwan,弯，转，纺织，来自 spen, 弯，转，纺织，词源同 spider,spinner.引申诸相关词义。
v.旋转;纺纱;织网,吐丝n.旋转;自转Mother used to spin her own yarn.母亲过去一直是自己纺纱的.
verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
TURN 旋转
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) turn around and around, especially fast （使）（尤指快速）旋转
• The Earth spins on its axis. 地球绕地轴旋转。
• The roulette players silently watched the wheel spin around/round. 玩转盘游戏的玩家们默不作声地注视着轮盘旋转。
• He was killed when his car hit a tree and spun off the road. 他的车撞到树上后甩出路面，他因此而丧生。
• Spin the ball (= Make it turn around and around as you throw it) and it will change direction when it hits the ground. 把球旋转起来再抛出去，球触地时就会改变方向。
head/room spins
■If your head or the room spins you feel as if it is turning around and around, and you cannot balance 天旋地转；眩晕
• The room started spinning and I felt faint. 我开始感觉天旋地转，头昏眼花。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
MAKE THREAD 纺线
intransitive or transitive
■to make thread by twisting fibres , or to produce something using thread 纺线；纺纱；纺织
• The final stage of the production of cotton is when it is spun into thread. 棉线生产的最后一个阶段是把它纺成线。
• Spiders spin webs. 蜘蛛结网。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
spin (sb) a story/tale/yarn
■to tell a story, either to deceive someone or for entertainment （为骗人或逗乐）杜撰故事，编造故事
• He spun some tale about needing to take time off work because his mother was ill. 他编了个瞎谎，说他妈妈病了，他需要请假。
• [+ two objects] They spun us a story about being in desperate need of money. 他们编了个瞎谎，说他们急需用钱。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
DRIVE 驾驶
intransitive + adverb or preposition informal
■(of a vehicle) to move quickly, or to move quickly in a vehicle （车辆）疾驰；驾车飞驰
• We were spinning along , when suddenly one of our tyres burst. 我们车开得飞快，突然一个轮胎爆了。
• Chris spun past in a flashy new car. 克里斯开着一辆眩目的新车疾驰而过。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
spin a coin
■to make a coin turn around and around on its edge so that someone can guess which side will land facing upwards 旋转硬币（以猜测哪面朝上）
• Let's spin a coin to decide who'll have the first turn. 我们转个硬币来决定谁先来。
Compare a toss of a coin at toss
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
spin out of control
■If activities or events spin out of control, they change very quickly and in an uncontrolled way （活动或事件）迅速失控
• The country's economy seemed to be spinning out of control. 这个国家的经济似乎来到失控边缘了。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
spin your wheels US informal
■to waste time doing things that achieve nothing 浪费时间；原地踏步
• If we're just spinning our wheels, let us know and we'll quit. 如果你只是浪费时间，请告诉我们，我们会放弃。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] spin sth off
PRODUCT
■to produce a useful and unexpected result in addition to the intended result 派生出，衍生出
• The American space program has spun off new commercial technologies. 美国的太空计划衍生出了新的商业技术。
• Every new job that is created spins off three or four more in related fields. 每份新创的工作都能带动相关领域产生三四份新工作。
COMPANY mainly US
■to form a separate company from part of an existing company 将…分离出来（组建新公司）
• The company is trying to spin off part of its business. 这家公司正试图将一部分业务分离出来。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] spin sth out
■to make something such as an activity or story last longer than usual or necessary, or as long as possible 把…延长；尽可能拖长
• Can we spin our holiday out for a few more days? 我们能把假期延长几天吗？
• Somehow, she managed to spin her story out so that it took her the whole train journey to tell it. 她想办法把故事拉长，这样她在火车上的时间都花在讲故事上了。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
  Phrasal Verbs  spin (sb) round UK (US spin (sb) around)
■to quickly turn your own or someone else's body to face the opposite direction （使某人）迅速转身，猛转回头
• She spun round to see what had happened. 她猛地转过身去，看看发生了甚么事。
[spɪn] noun
TURN 旋转
countable or uncountable
■the movement of something turning round very quickly 旋转；转动
• I hit something on the road, which sent the car into a spin. 我撞到了路面上某个东西，整个车一直打转。
• Suddenly, the plane went into a spin. 突然，飞机开始不停地旋转。
• These clothes need another spin (= to be turned round very fast in a machine to get water out of them) - they're still very wet. 这些衣服需要再甩一遍——它们还很湿呢。
• She put a lot of spin on the ball (= threw or hit it in a way that made it spin). 她打出的球高速旋转。
[spɪn] noun
CHANGE IDEAS 改变主意
[S or U] informal
■when an idea or situation is expressed or described in a clever way that makes it seem better than it really is, especially in politics （尤指政治上的）倾向描述，导向陈述
• They have tried to put a positive spin on the situation. 他们尝试过将这个局面描述成具有正面意义。
• This report puts a different spin on the issue. 这篇报导对这个问题作出了全然不同的倾向描述。
[spɪn] noun
DRIVE 驾驶
countable usually singular old-fashioned informal
■a short journey in a car for pleasure （乘车）兜风
• Rupert took me for a spin in his new car. 鲁珀特用他的新车载着我去兜了一圈。
[spɪn] noun
in a spin informal
■worried and confused 急得团团转；晕头转向
• She's in a spin over the arrangements for the party. 她为了筹备派对忙得晕头转向。
• News of the director's resignation sent / threw the management into a spin. 主管辞职的消息使管理部陷入一片混乱。
whirl, turn, roll, rotate, revolve, spin, circle
这组词都有“转动、旋转”的意思，其区别是：
whirl: 指旋转或作圆周运动，侧重急速或力量。
turn: 普通用词，中性，含义不确切，可指作一个圆周运动或连续地作圆周运动，也可指仅是沿圆的弧形转动。
roll: 指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。
rotate: 侧重指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。
revolve: 强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。
spin: 指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。
circle: 指作圆周运动。
vi. [物] 旋转；纺纱；吐丝；晕眩
 - wheel, circle
vt. [物] 使旋转；纺纱；编造；结网
 - turn, swing
n. [物] 旋转；疾驰
 - revolution, rotation, rolling, turning

Word: disappear
Front: disappear
[ˌdɪsəˈpɪə(r)] (高研四六 1578/1663 -K3)
Vocabulary: disappear
(once / 82 pages)
v
When something disappears, it's gone. To disappear is to vanish, evaporate, or just fade away.
The word disappear is made up of dis, meaning "do the opposite of" and appear. So to disappear is to do the opposite of appear. Magicians are experts at making things disappear: one minute the rabbit is here, and the next, it's gone! When you lose something, like one of a pair of socks, you could say it disappeared. Snow disappears as it melts; boiling water disappears as it evaporates. Anything that goes away without leaving a trace has disappeared.
WORD FAMILY
disappear: disappearance, disappeared, disappearing, disappears+/ appear: appearance, appeared, appearing, appears, disappear, reappear / appearance: appearances, nonappearance/appearing: appearings/disappearance: disappearances/disappearing: disappearings/ reappear: reappearance, reappeared, reappearing, reappears/reappearance: reappearances
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ichthyosaurs were disappearing from the seas when the Eagle Ford formed, some 88 million to 96 million years ago.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities say recovery efforts are resuming in the search for a small plane carrying six people that disappeared over Lake Erie, near Cleveland.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Without a sustainable budget solution, the annual Permanent Fund dividend soon will disappear, as will our savings accounts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 不见，消失; 不复存在，灭绝
时态：disappeared, disappearing, disappears
分布：消失(91%)，不见(5%)，失踪(4%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。appear, 出现。
消失(dis+appear出现→不出现→消失)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
消失(dis不+appear出现→不出现→消失)[par,pear=comeinsight,表示"看见"]
v.不见,消失That species disappeared in the Ice Age.那个物种早在冰河时期就绝迹了.
US [-'pɪr] verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■If people or things disappear, they go somewhere where they cannot be seen or found 消失，失踪
• The search was called off for the sailors who disappeared in the storm. 搜寻在风暴中失踪水手的行动被取消了。
• This is a way of life that is fast disappearing. 这种生活方式正在迅速消失。
• I can't find my keys anywhere - they've completely disappeared. 我怎么也找不到自己的锁匙——它们彻底不见了。
• The sun disappeared behind a cloud. 太阳躲到了云彩的后面。
• We looked for her but she had disappeared into the crowd. 我们找寻她，但她已在人群中消失了。
• The film is about a girl who mysteriously disappeared while on a picnic at Hanging Rock. 这部电影讲述的是一个在汉英罗克野餐的女孩神秘失踪的故事。
• I don't know how it's possible for a person to disappear without trace. 我不明白一个人怎么会消失得无影无踪。
fade, evaporate, disappear, vanish
这组词都有“消失”的意思，其区别是：
fade: 侧重逐渐消失。
evaporate: 指像水蒸发时那样悄然逝去，也指某人悄悄地、突然退出或离去。
disappear: 普通用词，强调从视线或脑海中消失。这消失可能是暂时的、突然的或永久的，视上下文而定。
vanish: 语气强，指完全、往往是神秘而突然的消失，不留任何蛛丝马迹。
die away, fade, disappear, vanish
die away: 听不见了，侧重于变弱，逐渐止息
fade: 退色，凋谢
disappear: a. 看不见了 b.消失，一般用语
vanish: 侧重于突然不见或消失
vi. 消失；失踪；不复存在
 - blank, vanish away
vt. 使…不存在；使…消失
 - plough under

Word: throughout
Front: throughout
[θru:ˈaʊt] (高研四六雅 983/859 -K4)
Vocabulary: throughout
(once / 86 pages)
adv
Use the adverb throughout for things that keep going from beginning to end. If you mention your perfect grades several times throughout a conversation, your interviewer will know you're smart, but might also think you're kind of obnoxious.
Throughout means "from start to finish," although it doesn't have to mean constantly from start to finish. Your brother might complain that you had to stop and pee throughout the entire road trip, but he doesn't mean you were literally doing it the whole time, just like every two hours. In academic writing, throughout, or sometimes passim ("throughout" in Latin) is a way of saying that an idea shows up all over a book, not just on a certain page.
WORD FAMILY
throughout
USAGE EXAMPLES
ProtectUMD is a coalition of organizations throughout the University of Maryland’s campus dedicated to uniting the different voices into one voice for change.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Gates remained the world’s richest person throughout the year.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We worked so hard throughout the season, it just sums it all up,” Schmidt said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. （表示时间）自始至终; 在…期间; 遍及…地域; 遍及…场所
adv. 处处; 始终; 在所有方面
分布：贯穿(32%)，到处(25%)，自始至终(23%)，遍及(20%)
prep.遍及,贯穿ad.到处,自始至终,彻底They painted the house throughout.他们把房子全都油漆了一遍.
preposition adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in every part, or during the whole period of time 在各处；自始至终
• People throughout the country are out of work. 全国各地的人们都失去了工作。
• He yawned throughout the performance. 演出期间他一直在打哈欠。
• The school has been repainted throughout. 学校各处都重新粉刷了一遍。
adv. 自始至终，到处；全部
 - everywhere, around, wholly, about
prep. 贯穿，遍及
 - over all

Word: empty
Front: empty
[ˈempti] (中高托雅 1644/1735 -K3)
Vocabulary: empty
(once / 89 pages)
1adjvn 2adj 3adj 4adj
If you're an optimist, you're happy that your glass is still half full. If you're a pessimist, you can't help but notice that 50% of your glass is now empty — that is, it contains nothing.
Empty comes from an Old English word meaning "at leisure," or in other words, "unoccupied." Over time, the sense of that meaning changed from "not at work" to "devoid of contents." By the tenth century, any container that could be filled or full could also be emptied or empty. As the word continued to evolve, it developed a more figurative sense. If you feel sad and lost, you might say that you feel so empty. If you want to go to the movies and your parents say, "No, but maybe tomorrow," you probably consider that an empty promise, one that will never be fulfilled.
WORD FAMILY
empty: emptied, emptier, empties, emptiest, emptily, emptiness, emptying+/ emptiness: emptinesses/emptying: emptyings
USAGE EXAMPLES
After a year at cozy Williams, the empty dorm felt cavernous and overwhelming to the Robinson family.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dozens of gated communities sit mostly empty, gathering dust.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
All around her there are silences, empty places, held breaths—an extraordinary act of literary finesse.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 空的，空虚的，空洞的; 空闲的，无效的，徒劳的; 无聊的，愚蠢的; 言语或行动空洞的
vt. （使）成为空的， 把…弄空; 把…腾出来
vi. 成为空的; 流空
n. 空车; 空的东西
时态：emptied, emptying, empties
分布：空的(55%)，空洞的(12%)，倒空(10%)，空虚的(8%)，排空(6%)，变空(5%)，空腹的(3%)，空物(1%)
→来自古英语emty, 休闲，空闲。e, 没有，词源同out, ordeal(其词源同deal out), -mt, 必须，词源同must. 插入字母p缓和读音。原义为非必须的，有空的，词义由时间引申为空间。
a.空的;空洞的v.倒空,使成为空的The empty empire's emperor made an attempt to tempt the contemptuous man.空虚帝国的皇帝试图诱惑那个轻蔑的人.
adjective
NOTHING IN 空无一物
 ESSENTIAL
■not containing any things or people 空的；无人的
• an empty house/street 空屋／空无一人的街道
• Shall I take the empty bottles for recycling? 我把这些空瓶子拿去回收吧？
• The train was empty (= There were no passengers) by the time it reached London. 火车到达伦敦的时候，车内已经没有乘客了。
['emp.ti] adjective
NOT SINCERE 不真诚的
[usually before noun]
■not sincere or without any real meaning 无诚意的；空洞的；无意义的
• empty threats/rhetoric 虚张声势的威胁／虚夸之词
• They're just empty promises. 这些承诺只不过是些空头支票。
['emp.ti] adjective
WITHOUT PURPOSE 无目的
■without purpose or interest 空虚的；无目标的，无意义的；百无聊赖的
• He says his life has been completely empty since his wife died. 他说自从妻子去世后他的生活就完全失去了意义。
• I felt empty, like a part of me had died. 我百无聊赖，如同行尸走肉一样。
['emp.ti] adjective
on an empty stomach
■without eating anything 空着肚子，空腹
• You shouldn't go to work on an empty stomach. 你不应该空腹去上班。
['emp.ti] verb
transitive
■to remove everything from inside something 倒空，腾空；倾倒
• I emptied the closet and put my belongings into the black overnight case. 我把衣橱清空，把我的东西放进那个外出过夜用的黑色旅行袋里。
• Would you mind emptying (out) your pockets? 你把口袋掏空好不好？
• Empty the soup into a saucepan and simmer gently for ten minutes. 把汤都倒进炖锅中，慢火炖十分钟。
• She quickly emptied her glass (= drank its contents) and ordered another drink. 她一饮而尽，然后又叫了一杯。
intransitive
■to become empty 变空
• The place emptied pretty quickly when the fight started. 战斗爆发后，这个地方很快就没人了。
['emp.ti] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  empty into sth
■If a river empties into a larger area of water, the water from it flows into that larger area （河流）流入，注入
• The River Tees empties into the North Sea. 蒂斯河注入北海。
['emp.ti] noun countable usually plural
■an empty drinks bottle 空瓶子
• Don't forget to take the empties to the bottle bank. 不要忘了把空瓶子拿到玻璃瓶回收箱那里扔掉。
open, blank, vacant, hollow, empty
这组词都有“空的”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指未被占有，从而可被别人得到的。
blank: 指上面没有写字、印刷或做记号的空白表面，或指上面留着准备被填写的空白处。
vacant: 普通用词，侧重某物或某个位置没有被占用。
hollow: 指物体中间是空的。
empty: 指空无一人或一物，或空洞无意义的。
free, vacant, empty
free: 空的，指清除了或缺少了某物，与of 或from连用。如：She is free from anxiety.(她无忧无虑。)She is free of him.(她摆脱了他。)
vacant: 空闲的，指地方没有被占用。如：One day, man can make full use of vacant space.(将来，人们会充分利用浩瀚的天空。)empty，vacant和相同的名词连用时，含义不同。如an empty house指房子里既无家具也无人，空荡荡的。而a vacant house指房子没有被人占用，里面可有家具，也可无家具。
empty: 空的，指里面什么东西都没有。如：The case is empty.(这是个空箱子。)
adj. 空的；无意义的；无知的；徒劳的
 - dark, hollow, bare, vacant
vt. 使失去；使…成为空的
 - dispossess

Word: tear
Front: tear
[teə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 1905/1861 -K3)
Vocabulary: tear
(once / 33 pages)
1vn 2nv
When you tear something, you rip it apart. You might tear a hole in your jeans if you catch them on something sharp, or you might tear up that love letter you wrote to your crush.
The verb tear often refers to pulling something apart or making a hole — and has a noun form that describes the result of those actions — but it can also describe quick movement. If you tear out of the parking lot, you’re driving very fast. When you use tear in these ways, pronounce it to rhyme with hair. Another word, tear — what you do or produce when you cry — is spelled the same but pronounced to rhyme with peer.
WORD FAMILY
tear: teared, tearful, tearing, tearless, tears, tore, torn +/ tearful: tearfully, tearfulness/tearing: tearingly, tearings/tearless: tearlessly/tore: tores/ torn: torner
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Washington Wizards — who less than a month ago looked like one of the worst teams in the league — ended 2016 on a tear.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Less than a week later, another bomb tore through a bus carrying off-duty soldiers, killing 13.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2014, Hall tore his Achilles tendon in Week 3.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 撕裂; 拉掉; 挣开; 拉伤
n. 破洞; 裂口
时态：tore, torn, tearing, tears
分布：眼泪(49%)，撕掉(18%)，撕破(12%)，流泪(8%)，扯下(7%)，扰乱(3%)，撕扯(3%)
→来自古英语 tear,眼泪，来自 Proto-Germanic*tagr,眼泪，来自 dakru,眼泪，词源同 lachrymose, 流泪的。字母 d,l 音变，中间字母 g 脱落。tear 撕裂，撕碎
n.(pl.)眼泪vt.撕裂;使...分裂vi.破裂I nearly fear to tear the tearful girl's test paper.我几乎害怕撕那个泪流满面的女孩的试卷.
【记】我们熟悉的是“眼泪”的意思，但是要记住“撕裂”的意思。
【反】tether（v 用绳锁栓住）；stabilize（v 稳定）
US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
PULL APART 分开
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to pull or be pulled apart, or to pull pieces off （被）撕开，（被）撕掉，（被）撕裂
• You have to be very careful with books this old because the paper tends to tear very easily. 对这么旧的书你得格外小心，因为它的纸张很容易撕破。
• I tore my skirt on the chair as I stood up. 我站起来时，裙子被椅子钩破了。
• A couple of pages had been torn out of / from the book. 这本书有几页被人撕掉了。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
HURRY 赶快
intransitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to move very quickly 狂奔；疾驰；匆忙行动
• He went tearing along the road after the bus. 他在路上飞奔追赶公车。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
be in a tearing hurry UK old-fashioned
■to be going somewhere very quickly, usually because you are late 匆忙赶路
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
tear your hair out
■If you tear your hair out over a problem, you are worrying a lot about it （为…）焦虑
• She's been tearing her hair out over the final chapter of her novel for the last month. 一个月来，她绞尽脑汁构思小说的最后一章。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
tear sb's heart out
■to make someone very sad 使（某人）心如刀绞
• The thought of those poor, hungry children is tearing my heart out. 想起那些贫穷、饥饿的孩子，我心如刀绞。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
tear a strip off sb (also tear sb off a strip) UK informal
■to criticize someone in a forceful way 把…批得体无完肤
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tear sth apart
PULL VIOLENTLY
■to pull something so violently that it breaks into two or more pieces 把…撕开（或撕成碎片）
• A dog can tear a rabbit apart in seconds. 狗片刻就能把一只兔子撕烂。
DIVIDE PEOPLE
■to make a group of people that was united, such as a country, family or political party, argue or fight with each other by dividing it into two or more parts 使…分裂
• Ethnic rivalries threaten to tear this country apart. 种族对立使这个国家面临分裂的危险。
• [R] He resigned, depressed at the way that the party was tearing it self apart. 由于对党内正在发生的分裂倍感忧虑，他辞职了。
DESTROY
■to destroy a building or room 摧毁；拆毁
• The blast had torn the building apart. 爆炸摧毁了该建筑。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tear sb/sth apart
■to criticize something or someone severely 严厉批评
• The speaker was applauded as he tore apart the prime minister's policies. 发言者严厉批评首相的政策，获得一片掌声。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  tear sb apart informal
■to make someone very unhappy 使（某人）非常不快，使（某人）极其难受
• Seeing the children suffer really tears me apart. 看到孩子们受苦，我非常难受。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  tear sb away
■to make someone stop doing something that they enjoy, usually because they have to go somewhere or do something else 使（某人）依依不舍地离开；把（某人）拽走
• I'll bring Tim, if I can tear him away from the football. 如果我能把蒂姆从足球场上拉出来，我会带他来。
• [R] You could come to the party with us. That's if you can tear your self away from that new boyfriend of yours! 你可以和我们一起去参加晚会。只是你得舍得和你那个新男友分开哟！
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tear sth down
■to intentionally destroy a building or other structure because it is not being used or it is not wanted any more 推倒，拆毁
• They're going to tear down the old hospital and build a new one. 他们要拆掉旧医院，再建个新的。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  tear into sb informal
■to criticize someone or something very strongly 严厉批评；猛烈抨击
• Unfortunately, if he doesn't agree with you, he tends to tear into you. 遗憾的是，如果他不同意你的意见，往往就会狠狠地批评你。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tear sth off
■to remove your clothes quickly and carelessly 迅速脱掉（衣服）
• I tore my sweaty clothes off and jumped into the shower. 我匆忙脱下被汗水湿透的衣服，跳进淋浴间。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  tear off informal
■to leave very quickly 迅速离开
• He got in his car and tore off down the road. 他钻进汽车，疾驰而去。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tear sth up
PAPER
 ADVANCED
■to tear paper into a lot of small pieces 撕碎（纸张）
• He tore the letter up and threw it away. 他把信撕碎扔掉了。
AGREEMENT
■If you tear up an agreement, you refuse to accept it or be controlled by it any more 撕毁（协议等）
• She tore up the contract and walked out. 她撕毁合约，然后退席离开。
UK [teər] US [ter] noun
countable
■a hole in a piece of paper, cloth or other material, where it has been torn 裂口；裂缝
UK [tɪər] US [tɪr] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable usually plural
■a drop of salty liquid which flows from the eye, as a result of strong emotion, especially unhappiness, or pain 眼泪，泪珠
• tears of remorse/regret/happiness/joy/laughter 悔恨／惋惜／高兴／喜悦／欢笑的泪水
• Did you notice the tears in his eyes when he talked about Diane? 你注意到他谈起戴安娜时双眼满含泪水吗？
• Why do arguments with you always reduce me to tears (= make me cry) ? 为甚么跟你吵架，最后我总是会哭？
• I won't shed (any) tears (= I will not be unhappy) when he goes, I can tell you! 他走的时候我不会难过的，我跟你说！
burst into tears ADVANCED
■to suddenly start to cry 突然哭起来
in tears ADVANCED
■crying 哭
• I found him in tears in his bedroom. 我发现他在睡房里哭泣。
rip, tear, split
这组词都有“撕裂、扯破”的意思，其区别是：
rip: 侧重指用力把布料等物撕开，也可指用粗暴手段把某物撕裂。
tear: 最普通用词，指有意或无意地把布或纸等没接缝的材料撕开。可作引申用。
split: 非正式用词，指有力的切断、劈开或撕裂的动作。
vt. 撕破，撕裂；折磨；使分裂；使精神不安
 - harry, worry, trouble
vi. 撕破；被撕破；飞奔
 - belt down

Word: rocket
Front: rocket
[ˈrɒkɪt] (高研四六 4094/6074 -3)
Vocabulary: rocket
(once / 525 pages)
1nv 2n
A rocket is a space vehicle or missile, or the special engine that's meant to propel such a vehicle into the air. You can even get a model rocket that's small enough to shoot off in your back yard.
A rocket or rocket engine uses thrust to propel something toward the sky, whether it's a spacecraft that will orbit the Earth or a bottle rocket that will explode overheard. You can use the word as a verb, too, to mean "move rapidly": "Without a parachute, the skydiver would rocket to the ground." It also means "increase rapidly": "After the election, the price of gas began to rocket upwards."
WORD FAMILY
rocket: rocketed, rocketing, rocketry, rockets
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it is not as if the Rockets are superior to the Thunder simply because Harden is subtly winning the superstar matchup.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Washington did a fine job limiting Harden but couldn’t keep the “other guys” down in the Rockets’ 101-91 win at Toyota Center.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
No one was on board the rocket, and there were no injuries.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 火箭; 火箭发射器; 火箭发动机; 芝麻菜
vi. 飞快地移动; 急速上升
vt. 用火箭运送; 用火箭攻击
时态：rocketed, rocketing, rockets
分布：火箭(96%)，猛涨(1%)，飞快地移动(1%)，芝麻菜(1%)，紫花南芥(1%)
→来自意大利语 rocchetto,纺纱轴，纺锤，烟花，火箭，来自 Proto-Germanic*rukkon,摇晃，纺 纱，来自 rug,纺纱，词源同 rock.-etto,小词后缀。比喻用法，因烟花，火箭形似纺锤体 而得名。
n.火箭At the dock I'm shocked to see the pocket rocket made of a block of rock.在码头看到一块岩石做的小巧火箭,我感到震惊.
US ['rɑ:.kɪt] noun
DEVICE 装置
 ADVANCED countable
■a large cylindrical object which moves very fast by forcing out burning gases, and which is used for space travel or as a weapon 火箭；火箭引擎；火箭弹
• They launched a rocket to the planet Venus. 他们向金星发射了一枚火箭。
• The rebels were firing anti-tank rockets. 叛军在发射反坦克火箭弹。
countable (also skyrocket)
■a type of firework that flies up into the air before exploding 焰火；烟花；火箭式空中大烟火
UK ['rɒk.ɪt] US ['rɑ:.kɪt] noun
PLANT 植物
uncountable UK (US arugula)
■a plant whose long green leaves are used in salads 芝麻菜；紫花南芥
UK ['rɒk.ɪt] US ['rɑ:.kɪt] noun
give sb a rocket UK informal
■If someone gives you a rocket, they criticize you severely 严厉斥责（某人），痛骂（某人）
• Her Mum gave her a rocket for tearing her new jeans. 她把新买的牛仔裤被弄破了，挨了她妈一顿臭骂。
UK ['rɒk.ɪt] US ['rɑ:.kɪt] verb intransitive often + adverb or preposition (also skyrocket) informal
■to rise extremely quickly or make extremely quick progress towards success 迅速上升；迅速成功，一举成功
• House prices in the north are rocketing (up). 北部的房价正在飞涨。
• Their team rocketed to the top of the League. 他们的球队一举成为联赛的顶尖强队。
• Sharon Stone rocketed to fame in the film 'Basic Instinct'. 莎朗．史东凭借《本能》一片一举成名。
vi. 飞驰，飞快地移动；迅速增加
 - hell, spur on
n. [航] 火箭
 - roquette

Word: floor
Front: floor
[flɔ:(r)] (中高 639/791 -K4)
Vocabulary: floor
(once / 56 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6v
A floor is the surface at the very bottom, or base, of a room. When you lie on your back on the floor, you are looking up at the ceiling.
Your living room floor might be covered with carpet, while the floor of your tent is probably canvas or nylon. While a floor is the bottom of a structure, it's also the lowest surface of the ocean: "Crabs scuttle across the ocean floor." If you live in a dorm or stay in a hotel, your floor is the level of the building where your room is located. Informally, if something floors you, it confounds or confuses you.
WORD FAMILY
floor: floored, flooring, floors+/flooring: floorings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Authorities say 48-year-old Maria Cartagena jumped from the fourth or fifth floor and died.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Summers says the victims became trapped on the second floor.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ryan will almost certainly re-emerge as speaker in Tuesday’s floor vote.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地面，地板; 楼层; 底部; 议员席
vt. 铺地板; 击败，打倒
时态：floored, flooring, floors
分布：地板(79%)，地面(11%)，楼层(5%)，铺地板(2%)，底部(2%)，击倒(1%)
→来自plaros, 平的表面，来自pele的扩大形式，词源同flat, plan. 用来指地板。
n.地板,(楼房)的层The poor man in poverty sleeps on the floor at the doorway.那个贫困的可怜人睡在门口的地板上.
US [flɔ:r] noun
SURFACE 表面
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■the flat surface of a room on which you walk （房间的）地板，地面
• The floor was partly covered with a dirty old rug. 部分地板上铺着肮脏的旧地毯。
• The bathroom floor needs cleaning. 浴室地面需要清洁。
• The children sat playing on the floor. 孩子们正坐在地板上玩。
• There's barely enough floor space to fit a bed in this room. 这个房间的面积几乎放不下一张床。
UK [flɔ:r] US [flɔ:r] noun
LEVEL OF BUILDING 楼层
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a level of a building 楼层
• This building has five floors. 这栋大楼有五层。
• Take the elevator to the 51st floor. 乘电梯到52层。
• We live on the third floor. 我们住在四楼。
• a ground floor apartment 底层的一间公寓
  Common Learner Errors  floorRemember: to talk about the particular level of a building where something is, the correct preposition is on. Don't say 'in the... floor' or 'at the... floor', say on the... floor :
✗ Their office is in the 12th floor. Their office is on the 12th floor.
UK [flɔ:r] US [flɔ:r] noun
OPEN SPACE 开放的空间
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■a public space for activities such as dancing and having formal discussions （活动的）场所
• a dance floor 舞池
• The new proposal will be discussed on the floor of the House of Commons (= in Parliament) tomorrow. 新提案将于明天在下议院会议厅讨论。
• He spent several years working on the factory floor (= in the factory) before becoming a manager. 在成为经理之前，他在工厂里工作过几年。
• The chairman said that he would now take questions from the floor (= from the audience). 主席说他现在接受与会者的提问。
have the floor
■to have the right to speak 取得发言权，发言
• Silence, please, the Prime Minister has the floor. 请安静，首相要发言了。
take (to) the floor
■to stand and begin to dance 起身跳舞
• The Prince and Princess were the first to take the floor. 王子与王妃最先起身跳舞。
take the floor
■start speaking 开始发言
• The Chancellor of the Exchequer will take the floor for his Budget speech at 3.00 p.m. 下午三点财政大臣将会作财政预算报告。
UK [flɔ:r] US [flɔ:r] noun
BOTTOM 底部
the floor
■the bottom surface of the sea, a forest, a cave, etc （海、森林、洞穴等的）底部
• the floor of the ocean/the ocean floor 海底
UK [flɔ:r] US [flɔ:r] noun
go through the floor
■to fall to very low levels 降至很低的程度
• House prices have gone through the floor this year. 今年房价已经降到了极低的水准。
UK [flɔ:r] US [flɔ:r] verb
HIT 击倒
transitive
■to hit someone and cause them to fall 击倒；打倒
• He was floored with a single punch to the head. 打中头部的一拳就把他击倒在地。
UK [flɔ:r] US [flɔ:r] verb
SURPRISE/CONFUSE 惊奇／困惑
transitive often passive informal
■to surprise or confuse someone so much that they are unable to think what to say or do next 使惊讶得不知所措；使困惑
• I didn't know what to say - I was completely floored. 我不知道说甚么——我完全被弄糊涂了。
floor, storey
这组词都有“楼层”的意思，其区别是：
floor: 指某一座高层建筑物的某一层。
storey: 通常仅用以表示某一建筑的高度。
n. [建] 地板，地面；楼层；基底；议员席
 - land, storey
vt. [建] 铺地板；打倒，击倒；（被困难）难倒
 - fall, down with

Word: entry
Front: entry
[ˈentri] (高研四六托雅宝 2338/1373 -K4)
Vocabulary: entry
(once / 276 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Entry has loads of meanings, most of them concerning going inside someplace and the way you happen to get inside. It can also refer to written records (as in a diary or ledger) or a submission to a contest.
When you go into the room, you make an entry. The door you go through is also an entry. If you write in your diary about all this, you make an entry in your diary. If you submit your diary page to the "Awesome Writer" writing contest, your submission is also called an entry. And, finally, if you keep a spreadsheet for all your writing contest submissions, don't forget to make an entry (for this entry about an entry via an entry).
WORD FAMILY
entry: entries, reentry+/ enter: entered, entering, enters, entrance, entrant, entry, re-enter/entering: enterings/ entrance: entranced, entrancement, entrances, entrancing/ entranced: entrancedly/entrancement: entrancements/entrancing: entrancingly/ entrant: entrants, re-entrant, reentrant/re-enter: re-entered, re-entering/reentry: reentries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Venus Williams, a former champion in Auckland, is due to play New Zealand wildcard entry Jade Lewis on Tuesday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The first and most unsettling voice consists of diary entries written by an unknown student who addresses them to someone named Mousey.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Customs and Border Protection officers who man the ports of entry are reporting a spike in migrants attempting to enter illegally.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 进入，入场; 入口处，门口; 登记，记录; 参加比赛的人
分布：条目(44%)，进入(34%)，入口(21%)，进入权(1%)
→来自enter, 进入。
n.进入,入口;通道;记载,条目No entry.禁止入内.
noun
WAY IN 进入
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when you enter a place or join a particular society or organization 进入；加入，参加
• A flock of sheep blocked our entry to the village. 一群羊挡住了我们进村的路。
• I can't go down that street - there's a 'No entry' sign. 我不能走那条街——那里有“禁止入内”的标志。
• The actress's entry into the world of politics surprised most people. 这位女演员进入了政界，这使得大多数人都感到诧异。
• She made her entry to the ceremony surrounded by a group of photographers. 她在一群摄影师的簇拥下走进典礼仪式现场。
• The burglars gained entry by a top window. 窃贼是从屋顶的天窗进入室内的。
countable
■a door, gate, etc. by which you enter a place 门；入口；通道
• I'll wait for you at the entry to the park. 我会在公园入口处等你。
['en.tri] noun
INFORMATION 资讯
 IMPROVER countable
■a separate piece of information that is recorded in a book, computer, etc 项目；条目；（一则）记录
• They've updated a lot of the entries in the most recent edition of the encyclopaedia. 在最新版百科全书中他们更新了很多条目。
• As his illness progressed, he made fewer entries in his diary. 随着病情加重，他日记记得越来越少。
['en.tri] noun
COMPETITION 竞赛
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a piece of work that you do in order to take part in a competition, or the act of taking part in a competition 参赛作品；参赛
• There have been a fantastic number of entries for this year's poetry competition. 今年的诗歌创作大赛收到的参赛作品很多，令人惊喜。
• the winning entries 获奖参赛作品
• Entry to the competition is restricted to those who have a ticket. 持票者方可参加竞赛。
• Have you filled in your entry form yet? 你填写参赛表了吗？
admission, entry, admittance, entrance
这组词都有“入口或进入”的意思，其区别是：
admission: 指被允许进入某公共场所或建筑物的权利，也指进入某一组织。
entry: 强调正式地、礼仪地进入。用作“入口”解时，多指房门、院门、门廊等。
admittance: 指许可进入某地或某建筑物。
entrance: 含义广泛，作“进入”解时，可用于许多场合；作“入口”解时，指有门或栏的入口处。
n. 进入；入口；条目；登记；报关手续；对土地的侵占
 - threshold, registration, access, portal

Word: inquiry
Front: inquiry
[ɪn'kwaɪərɪ] (研四六托宝 3367/2067 -K3)
Vocabulary: inquiry
(once / 141 pages)
n
When you ask the guy behind the counter if they've got any aspirin, you're making an inquiry. Almost any search for information or knowledge is an inquiry, though an inquiry is often an official search.
Though any question is, technically, an inquiry, that word is usually used to refer to an official or public search for the truth. For instance, after a plane crash, the government launches an inquiry into the cause. Politicians and government officials are often the ones who demand an inquiry when an important question needs to be answered, but a child can do the same thing. If your kid wants to know what's for dinner, she can make an inquiry about it. She can also just — you know — ask.
WORD FAMILY
inquiry: inquiries+/ inquire: inquired, inquirer, inquires, inquiring, inquiry, inquisitive /inquirer: inquirers/inquiring: inquiringly, inquirings, uninquiring/ inquisitive: inquisitively, inquisitiveness, uninquisitive/uninquiring: uninquiringly/uninquisitive: uninquisitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The attorney general’s office did not say what those might be, only that its preliminary inquiry determined that more investigation was needed.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The EpiPen inquiry also revealed potential errors in how the government classifies drugs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Crosscultural variables, in fact, are at the heart of this seriocomic philosophical inquiry into peace and discord.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 调查，审查; 询问，质问，质询，追究; 探究; 打听
分布：调查(67%)，询问(25%)，打听(6%)，查问(2%)
质询(inquire询问)[-y 1.加在名词后变成形容词2表名词,加在形容词或以r结尾的单词后3表名词"人或小东西"常带有戏谑性和爱称]
n.(enquiry)询问,打听,调查I made inquiries about it at the desk.我在柜台询问那件事.
【参】inquire（v 询问）；inquisition（n 调查；审理）
【区】inquisitive（adj 好奇的；好问的）＝prying
US ['ɪŋ.kwɚ.i] noun
QUESTION 问题
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■(the process of asking) a question 询问，打听
• I've been making inquiries about/into the cost of a round-the-world ticket. 我一直在打听环游世界的票价。
• formal Inquiry into the matter is pointless - no one will tell you anything. 打听这件事没有用——没有人会告诉你。
(UK also enquiry) UK [ɪn'kwaɪə.ri] US ['ɪŋ.kwɚ.i] noun
PROCESS 过程
 IMPROVER countable
■an official process to discover the facts about something bad that has happened 调查，查究
• a judicial inquiry 司法调查
• Citizens have demanded a full inquiry into the government's handling of the epidemic. 公众要求全面调查政府对这场传染病的处理是否得当。
inquiry, investigation, research, survey
这些名词均有“调查”之意。
inquiry: 普通常用词，指正式调查，也指一般的打听或查询。
investigation: 一般指有系统的调查以得到希望发现或需要知道的事。
research: 指科学工作者等为揭示自然规律或获取某个领域的新知识而进行长时间的调查研究。
survey: 多指为写书面报告而进行的民意测验或调查。
n. 探究；调查；质询
 - investigation, exploration, probe, research, search

Word: corner
Front: corner
[ˈkɔ:nə(r)] (中高 1127/1104 -K4)
Vocabulary: corner
(once / 56 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4nv
Corners are everywhere. Two perpendicular lines form a corner. Rooms and streets have corners too. If a child misbehaves in class, the teacher might make him stand in the corner.
The key to a corner is that it leads in two directions: when you look at the corner of a room, you could hang a picture to the right or left of the corner, but not in the corner itself. A street corner usually has a street sign and sometimes a bus stop, too. A square table has four corners, but a round table doesn't have any corner. Notice how when you look straight at a corner, there's nowhere to go? That's why corner is also a verb. If you say, "I cornered him," it means you trapped him and gave him nowhere to turn. Whenever we don't see a lot of options, we feel cornered.
WORD FAMILY
corner: cornered, cornering, corners+/cornered: corneredest, corneredly
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Sunday, a dozens of people gathered on a street corner to recite the names of the victims in what’s become an annual gathering.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite the setback, City’s French defender Gael Clichy broke the deadlock with a well-placed shot into the far corner in the 58th minute.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Phil Jackson walks away from Knicks job after Madison Square Garden fails to build him an unmodified, triangular corner office.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 角落，角; 拐角; 困境; [商]囤积
vi. 驾车转弯; 聚于角落
vt. 垄断; 逼入困境
adj. 位于角落的
时态：cornered, cornering, corners
分布：角落(61%)，垄断(15%)，转角(8%)，转弯(7%)，困境(7%)，位于角落的(1%)，将 ... 逼入困境(1%)
→词源同horn, 角，引申义转角，角落。
n.角,街角;偏僻处;vt.将...逼入困境;The corps' corn in the corner is scorned by the stubborn corporation.军团种在角落里的玉米遭到顽固公司的蔑视.
US ['kɔ:r.nɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the point, area or line which is formed by the meeting of two lines, surfaces, roads, etc. 角；角落；拐角处；墙角
• You drive round corners too fast - just slow down a bit! 你转弯时开得太快——稍微放慢一点！
• There's a postbox on the corner (= the place where the street crosses another). 街角处有个邮筒。
• Click the icon in the bottom right-hand corner of the screen. 点击萤幕右下方的图示。
• I've got a bruise where I hit my leg against the corner of the table. 我的腿撞到桌角上，起了一块瘀青。
• They only live just around/round the corner (= very close although not in the same road) - so we see them all the time. 他们就住在附近——所以我们常看见他们。
• They live in a remote corner of (= place where there are very few people or buildings in) Scotland, miles from the nearest shop. 他们住在苏格兰一个偏僻的地方，离最近的商店也有好几英里。
■a kick in football or a shot in hockey that is taken from the corner of the playing area （足球或曲棍球的）角球
UK ['kɔ:.nər] US ['kɔ:r.nɚ] noun countable
all/the four corners of the world / Earth
■many different distant parts of the world 四面八方，五湖四海；世界的各个角落
• She had invited relatives from the four corners of the world to her 80th birthday party. 她邀请了世界各地的亲友来参加她80岁寿诞聚会。
UK ['kɔ:.nər] US ['kɔ:r.nɚ] noun countable
(just) around the corner
■not far away, or going to happen (very) soon 不远，就在附近；即将来临
• There's a great restaurant just around the corner. 附近就有一家很棒的餐厅。
• Everything is a bit depressing at the moment, but I carry on in the belief that good times are just around the corner. 目前事事令人沮丧，但我仍相信好日子就在前面。
UK ['kɔ:.nər] US ['kɔ:r.nɚ] noun countable
be in a tight corner
■to be in a difficult situation 处境艰难，处于困境（或绝境）
UK ['kɔ:.nər] US ['kɔ:r.nɚ] noun countable
corner on a market
■If a company has a corner on a particular market, it is more successful than any other company at selling the particular type of product. 在市场上独领风骚；垄断市场
UK ['kɔ:.nər] US ['kɔ:r.nɚ] noun countable
out of/from the corner of your eye
■If you see something out of/from the corner of your eye, you see it but not clearly because it happens to the side of you 用眼角余光（看），不经意（瞅见）
• I saw something move out of the corner of my eye. 我无意中瞥见有东西在移动。
UK ['kɔ:.nər] US ['kɔ:r.nɚ] verb
TURN 转动
intransitive
■If a vehicle corners well, badly, etc., it drives around corners in the stated way （车辆）转弯
• It's a powerful car, but it doesn't corner well. 这辆车马力强劲，但转弯性能欠佳。
UK ['kɔ:.nər] US ['kɔ:r.nɚ] verb
TRAP 陷入
transitive
■to force a person or an animal into a place or situation from which they cannot easily escape 将（人或动物）逼入困境；使陷入绝境，使走投无路
• Once the police had cornered her in the basement, she gave herself up. 一旦员警把她困在地下室里，她便束手就擒了。
UK ['kɔ:.nər] US ['kɔ:r.nɚ] verb
corner the market
■If a company corners the market for a particular type of product, it is more successful than any other company at selling the product 垄断市场，控制市场
• They've more or less cornered the fast-food market - they're in every big city in the world. 他们几乎垄断了速食市场——世界各大城市都有他们的分店。
corner, angle
这组词都有“角”的意思，其区别是：
corner: 多指物体的棱角或房间、街道的角落。
angle: 几何学上的用词，指两条直线相交而成的角。也可引申指看问题的方面或角度。
n. 角落，拐角处；地区，偏僻处；困境，窘境
 - region, area, difficulty, zone, section
vi. 囤积；相交成角
 - stock
vt. 垄断；迫至一隅；使陷入绝境；把…难住
 - forestall, monopolize

Word: taste
Front: taste
[teɪst] (中高研四六托 2031/2077 -K4)
Back: n. 体验; 滋味; 味觉; 风味
vt. & vi. 尝，品尝
vt. 吃; 喝; 浅尝
vi. 尝味; 略进（饮食）; （少量地）吃; 有某种味道
时态：tasted, tasting, tastes
分布：味道(49%)，品尝(20%)，品味(13%)，味觉(6%)，爱好(5%)，体验(5%)，尝试(1%)，有 ... 味道的(1%)
→来自拉丁语 tangere,接触，触摸，-st,过去分词反复格，词源同 tangent,tax.引申词义品尝，引 申词义味道，滋味等。
v.品尝;(of)有...味道;体验n.滋味;味觉I don't like the taste of this meat.我不喜欢这块肉的味道.
noun
FLAVOUR 味道
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the flavour of something, or the ability of a person or animal to recognize different flavours 味道；味觉
• I love the taste of garlic. 我喜欢蒜味。
• I didn't like red wine before but I acquired a taste for it (= started to like it as I became familiar with it) while I was living in France. 我以前不喜欢喝红酒，但在法国生活期间我渐渐喜欢上了它。
• Olives are perhaps an acquired taste (= you only like them after you have become familiar with their taste). 橄榄的味道可能要慢慢习惯才会喜欢。
⇒ See also aftertaste
 ADVANCED only singular
■a small amount of food 少许，一点
• Have a taste of the sauce and tell me if it needs salt. 尝尝酱汁，看看是否需要加盐。
[teɪst] noun
JUDGMENT 判断
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a person's approval of and liking for particular things （个人的）兴趣，爱好
• I've never really cared much for flash new cars - old vintage cars are more to my taste (= what I like). 我一向不怎么喜欢豪华的新款车——倒是更喜欢老式汽车。
 ADVANCED uncountable approving
■a person's ability to judge and recognise what is good or suitable, especially relating to such matters as art, style, beauty and behaviour 鉴赏力，审美力；品味
• He has the most awful taste so you can probably imagine what his house looks like. 他的品味极差，你大概可以想像出他家是甚么样子。
• His taste in clothes leaves a little to be desired. 他的着装品味实在不怎么样。
• He told a joke about death that I thought was in rather poor taste considering that Steve's father had just died. 他讲了一个关于死亡的笑话，我觉得在史蒂夫的父亲刚去世不久就说这样的笑话很不得体。
tastes [plural]
■the things a person likes 爱好，（个人）喜欢的事物
• I'm afraid I have expensive tastes (= I like expensive things). 我看来是喜欢奢华的东西。
[teɪst] noun
EXPERIENCE 经历
only singular
■a short experience of something 短暂的体验
• I had a taste of office work during the summer and that was quite enough. 那年夏天我体验了一下在办公室工作的滋味，可真够我受的。
[teɪst] verb transitive
FOOD/DRINK 食物／饮料
 ESSENTIAL
■to put food or drink in your mouth to find out what flavour it has 尝…的味道
• Taste this sauce and tell me if it needs seasoning. 尝尝酱汁，看看要不要加佐料。
• Whatever's this? I've never tasted anything like it. 这究竟是甚么东西？我从没吃过这种东西。
taste good/bad/sweet, etc.
 IMPROVER
■to have a particular flavour 吃起来好吃／难吃／甜等
• This sauce tastes strange. 这种酱汁味道很怪。
• The bread tastes of onions. 这面包有股洋葱味。
• This coffee tastes like dishwater! 这咖啡的味道简直像洗碗水！
[teɪst] verb transitive
EXPERIENCE 经历
■to experience something for a short time （短暂）体验，经历，领略
• Once you've tasted luxury it's very hard to settle for anything else. 你一旦体验过奢侈的滋味，就很难将就了。
n. [食品] 味道；品味；审美
 - uner, aesthetic appreciation
vt. 尝；体验
 - experience, degustate

Word: listen
Front: listen
[ˈlɪsn] (中高 609/850 -K4)
Vocabulary: listen
(once / 35 pages)
v
If you really listen late at night after everyone's asleep, you'll hear the noises your house makes — the creaking of walls and floors, the hum of the refrigerator, the banging of the radiators.
When you listen to something, you don't just hear it, but you really pay attention to the sounds. You can listen to music, listen for the sound of your guests arriving, or listen to the advice your grandfather gives you. The phrase listen in means to eavesdrop on, or deliberately overhear, a conversation. The t in the middle of the word listen is silent (you can't hear it even if you listen).
WORD FAMILY
listen: listened, listener, listening, listens+/listener: listeners/listening: listenings, relistening
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are committed to listening to our community and evolving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“The goal is to be able to listen without reacting.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hopefully they'll be able to listen - and then start to moderate.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 倾听; 留心听; 听信; （让对方注意）听着
n. 听，倾听
时态：listened, listening, listens
分布：听(84%)，倾听(11%)，听从(3%)，听信(2%)
→来自kleu,听，词源同loud,可能来自klei,弯，倾斜，词源同lean,incline,-st，过去分词后缀。引申词义倾听，留心听，听。
vi.倾听(与介词to并用,方可置宾语)Children should listen to their parents.孩子应该听父母亲的话.
verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to give attention to someone or something in order to hear them 听，倾听
• What kind of music do you listen to ? 你听哪一类的音乐？
• She does all the talking - I just sit and listen. 她一直在说——我只是坐在那里听。
• You haven't listened to a word I've said! 我说的话你一个字都没听！
• We listened in silence as the names of the dead were read out. 宣读死者的名字时我们都默默地听着。
• Listen, we really need to sort out our insurance claim this weekend. 听着，我们确实需要在本周末解决我们的保险索赔问题。
• Listen to this ! You can win a holiday for two in the south of France just by answering three simple questions. 听听这个！只要回答出三个简单的问题你就有可能赢得法国南部双人渡假游。
['lɪs.ən] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  listen in on sth
■If you listen in on a conversation, you listen to it, especially secretly, without saying anything 偷听，窃听
• I wish Dad would stop listening in on my phone conversations. 我希望爸爸不再偷听我的电话。
['lɪs.ən] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  listen out for sth
■to make an effort to hear a noise that you are expecting 等着听，注意听
• Would you listen out for the phone while I'm in the garden? 我在花园里的时候你帮我听着点电话好吗？
['lɪs.ən] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  listen up mainly US informal
■something you say to make people listen to you 大家注意了
• Okay everyone - listen up! I have an announcement to make. 好了，大家注意了！我要说一件事。
['lɪs.ən] verb intransitive
  Common Learner Errors  listen When listen is followed by a direct object, remember to use the preposition to. Don't say 'listen something', say listen to something :
✗ I often listen the radio while I am doing my homework. I often listen to the radio while I am doing my homework.
✗ He never listens what I say. He never listens to what I say.
['lɪs.ən] verb intransitive
  Common Learner Errors  listen, listen to or hear? Use hear when you want to say that sounds, music, etc. come to your ears. You can hear something without wanting to. I could hear his music through the wall. Can you hear me? Use listen to say that you pay attention to sounds or try to hear something. The audience listened carefully. Ssh! I'm listening! Use listen to when you want to say what it is that you are trying to hear. The audience listened to the speaker. Ssh! I'm listening to the radio!
overhear, hear, listen
这组词都有“听”的意思，其区别是：
overhear: 指偶然听到，无意中听到，也指偷听。
hear: 及物动词，指声音进入耳内，但不含有注意的意味，即，只要听觉正常，声音进入耳内，就能听见。但在祈使句中，hear可指有意识的行为。
listen: 及物动词，指有意识地倾听，强调行为的过程。
vi. 听，倾听；听从，听信
 - hear, hark
n. 听，倾听
 - ear

Word: allegation
Front: allegation
[ˌæləˈgeɪʃn] (六托 3516/3459 -3)
Vocabulary: allegation
(once / 808 pages)
n
An allegation is an accusation, which is sometimes true and sometimes not. If you say your sister stole a candy bar but you don't have any proof that she did it, you have made an allegation.
In the legal system, an allegation is a formal claim against someone. It sparks an investigation that leads to someone being proven innocent or found guilty. In everyday use, however, an allegation is what someone thinks, whether or not there is proof. For example, if someone makes an allegation that you're a terrible driver, they might base it on their own experience, but they won't be able to prove it.
WORD FAMILY
allegation: allegations+/ allege: allegation, alleged, alleges, alleging/ alleged: allegedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Haaretz newspaper reported that the prime minister was also facing more serious allegations.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Obiang, who is the president's son, denies the allegations.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
She added: "Any allegations that she planned to lip sync are just adding insult to injury."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 陈述，主张; 宣称; 陈词，陈述; 指控
分布：指控(62%)，断言(16%)，辩解(12%)，主张(10%)
[ˌæl.ə'geɪ.ʃən] formal
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a statement which has not been proved to be true which says that someone has done something wrong or illegal （未经证实的）指责，指控
• Several of her patients have made allegations of professional misconduct about/against her. 她治疗的几位病人指责她失职。
• [+ that] Allegations that Mr Dwight was receiving money from known criminals have caused a scandal. 有关德怀特先生收取臭名昭著的犯罪分子钱财的指控激起了公众的愤慨。
n. 主张，断言；辩解
 - opinion, explanation, assurance, affirmation, claim

Word: consultant
Front: consultant
[kənˈsʌltənt] (高研六托雅 2480/2605 -3)
Vocabulary: consultant
(once / 962 pages)
n
A consultant is an expert in a particular field. Sometimes a business will rely on the guidance of a consultant to help change its image.
How did the word consultant come about? Consult dates to the 1520s and comes from the French word consultare, meaning "take advice of." The related noun consultant, to mean someone qualified to give advice, is believed to have first appeared in an 1893 Sherlock Holmes story.
WORD FAMILY
consultant: consultancy, consultants+/ consult: consultant, consultation, consultative, consultatory, consulted, consulting, consultive, consults/ consultancy: consultancies/ consultation: consultations
USAGE EXAMPLES
To his friends in Texas, he’s not a consultant.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Christine Sublett, an information security consultant who counts wearable tech and medical device companies as clients, was concerned about the potential for hacking.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
Close-protection security consultants work on the principle that a client should never be more than eight seconds from rescue.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （受人咨询的）顾问; 会诊医生，（顾问）医生; 求教者，（与人）商议者，征求意见者，查阅者，咨询者
分布：顾问(98%)，咨询者(2%)
→来自consult, 协商。
n.会诊医师,顾问医生;顾问The consul's consultant hauled out the assaulter from the vault.领事的顾问把袭击者从地窖中拖了出来.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who advises people on a particular subject 顾问；咨询师
• a management/financial/computer consultant 管理／财务／电脑顾问
• a firm of public relations consultants 公关顾问公司
UK
■a specialist (= doctor with special training and knowledge in a particular area of medicine) 高级顾问医师；会诊医师；医学专家
n. [经] 顾问；咨询者；会诊医生
 - adviser, counselor

Word: fat
Front: fat
[fæt] (中高研 1575/2848 -K4)
Vocabulary: fat
(once / 109 pages)
1nadjv 2adj 3adj
A dangerous word, fat. It means large, or overweight, or — dare we say it? — even obese. If your brother has gotten fat, you might want to be tactful and call him "large-boned" instead.
Fat can be applied not just to people or animals, but to any inanimate object that is notably big. Dictionaries, for example (remember the old-fashioned printed kind?), are inevitably described as "fat tomes," or an engagement ring can be fat if the rock is big enough. In its literal sense, fat simply means flesh, a form of body tissue, and in this sense it doesn't imply anything excessive. Just be careful using it to describe certain people.
WORD FAMILY
fat: fatedly, fatism, fatless, fatly, fatness, fats, fatted, fatten, fatter, fattest, fatting, fattish, fattism, fatty, nonfat+/ fatten: fattened, fattening, fattens/fattened: unfattened/fattish: fattishly/fatty: fattier, fatties, fattiest, fattily, fattiness, fattys
USAGE EXAMPLES
The problem with the argument that “government is fat” is that it’s a subjective argument.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The problem is not just the high fat content.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
And some people appear to be dealt a fat future at birth.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: adj. 肥的; 胖的; 厚的; 大量的
n. 脂肪; 肥肉; 动植物油
vt. 养肥; 在…中加入脂肪
vi. 长肥
时态：fatted, fatting, fats
分布：脂肪(83%)，肥胖的(7%)，肥肉(6%)，丰满的(2%)，多脂肪的(1%)，使变胖(1%)
→来自peie, 肥胖的，流油脂的，词源同pituitary, pitch.
a.多脂肪的,肥胖的;丰厚的n.脂肪,肥肉The cat catches a fat rat and scatters the others under the mat.猫抓了一只肥鼠并驱散了席子下面的其它老鼠.
adjective (fatter, fattest)
BIG 大的
 ESSENTIAL
■having a lot of flesh on the body 胖的，肥胖的
• Like most women, she thinks she's fat. 与大多数女性一样，她觉得自己很胖。
• I have horrible fat thighs. 我的大腿粗得吓人。
• He eats all the time but he never gets fat. 他总是在吃，但从来不长胖。
■thick or large 厚的；大的
• He lifted a fat volume down from the shelf. 他从架子上取下一册厚厚的书。
• Some producers of mineral water have made fat profits. 一些矿泉水生产商获得了丰厚的利润。
[fæt] adjective (fatter, fattest)
NO 无
[before noun] informal
■used in some phrases to mean very little or none 极少的；没有的
• A fat lot of use you are (= You are not useful in any way) ! 你一点用都没有！
• He knows it upsets me, but a fat lot he cares (= he doesn't care). 他知道那让我心烦意乱，但他根本不关心。
[fæt] adjective (fatter, fattest)
fat chance informal
■used to say that you certainly do not think that something is likely to happen 不大可能，希望渺茫
• "Perhaps they'll invite you." "Fat chance (of that)!" “也许他们会邀请你。”“不太可能！”
[fæt] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the substance under the skin of humans and animals that stores energy and keeps them warm 脂肪
• body fat 身体脂肪
• Women have a layer of subcutaneous fat (= fat under the skin) , which provides them with better insulation than men. 女性有一层皮下脂肪，使她们比男性更耐寒。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a solid or liquid substance from animals or plants and used especially in cooking （尤指用于烹饪的）动物油，植物油
• This product contains no animal fat. 本产品不含动物油脂。
• I only use vegetable fats in cooking. 我做饭只用植物油。
[fæt] noun
The fat is in the fire. informal
■said when something has been said or done that will cause a lot of trouble 事情搞糟了；闯祸了
[fæt] noun
live off the fat of the land
■to be rich enough to enjoy the best of everything 过养尊处优的生活
fat, grease, oil
这组词都有“油”的意思，其区别是：
fat: 多指动物性脂肪，常为固态。
grease: 通常指经加热变柔软的油脂。
oil: 泛指植物、动物和矿物性液体油。
stout, plump, fat
这组词都有“肥胖的”的意思，其区别是：
stout: 指膀粗腰圆，身体笨重，暗示肥壮。
plump: 指胖得匀称好看，有曲线感。
fat: 通俗用词，略含贬义。指因体内脂肪过多而显肥胖。
adj. 肥的，胖的；油腻的；丰满的
 - full, fatter
n. [生化] 脂肪，肥肉
 - lipo, fattiness
vt. 养肥；在…中加入脂肪
 - fatten
vi. 长肥
 - flesh up

Word: oversee
Front: oversee
[ˌəʊvəˈsi:] (托雅宝 4055/8611 -2)
Back: vt. 监督，监视; 俯瞰; 错过，宽恕，省略
时态：oversaw, overseen, overseeing, oversees
分布：监督(73%)，监管(23%)，监视(4%)
→over-,在上，see,看。即在上面看的，引申词义监督，监管。
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] (overseeing, oversaw, overseen)
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to watch or organize a job or an activity to make certain that it is being done correctly 监督；监察；监管
• As marketing manager, her job is to oversee all the company's advertising. 作为行销经理，她的工作是负责公司所有的广告业务。
vt. 监督；审查；俯瞰；偷看到，无意中看到
 - police, survey

Word: compute
Front: compute
[kəmˈpju:t] (研四六托雅 7824/10477 -1)
Vocabulary: compute
(once / 170 pages)
v
When you solve a mathematical problem, you compute the answer. To compute is to calculate, either literally or figuratively.
Computers do the math for you, faster than humans ever can. You'll often hear someone say that something "does not compute." This means it doesn't add up, it doesn't make sense. You might compute how long it will take you to get to school or the likelihood that your mother will let you stay out late.
WORD FAMILY
compute: computable, computation, computed, computer, computes, computing +/ computable: incomputable/ computation: computational, computations/ computational: computationally/ computer: computerise, computerize, computers, microcomputer, supercomputer/computerise: computerised/computerize: computerization, computerized, computerizes, computerizing/microcomputer: microcomputers/supercomputer: supercomputers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s a big data problem,” he said, echoing one of the trendiest terms in computing.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The stakes are high, as experts say voice-activated interfaces point to the future of computing.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The East Area Computing pool, which began hiring women in the 1930s, outgrew the space allocated as it expanded to include hundreds.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: v. 计算，估算; 推断; 用计算机计算
n. 计算
时态：computed, computing, computes
分布：估计(100%)
→com-, 强调。-put, 计算，思考，词源同putative,dispute.
计算(com一起+pute→放到一起[想]→计算,思考)[put=think,表示"认为,思考"]
v./n.计算,估计I compute my losses at 500 yuan.我估计我的损失有五百元.
[kəm'pju:t] formal
verb transitive
■to calculate an answer or amount by using a machine （用机器）计算
• Compute the ratio of the object's height to its weight. 计算一下该物体的高度和重量之比。
reckon, count, calculate, compute
这组词都有“计算”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 通常指较简单的数学计算，也可指心算。
count: 指逐一计算而得出总数。
calculate: 通常指要求细致精确和复杂的计算，以解决疑难问题，多用于自然科学、生产部门或要求专门计算的场合。
compute: 一般指已有数据的，较简单但数字长的数学运算。
calculate, compute, estimate
calculate: 通常指用数学方法进行比较复杂，难度较大的精确计算。如：You can’t expect a schoolboy to calculate distances in astronomy.
compute: 常指比较简单的运算。如：It was computed that two thirds of the students in the class passed the examination.
estimate: 估计，常指对数量、成本等事先进行判断或估计。如：Some farmers asked the weatherman to estimate next year’s rainfall.
vt. [数] 计算；估算；用计算机计算
 - cast, figure
vi. [数] 计算；估算；推断
 - figure, cast
n. [数] 计算；估计；推断
 - calculation, estimation, appraisal, valuation, count

Word: restrict
Front: restrict
[rɪˈstrɪkt] (高研四六托 3539/2207 -K2)
Vocabulary: restrict
(once / 218 pages)
1v 2v
To restrict is to limit. If you want to eat more healthily, you might restrict, or limit, yourself to eating only foods containing fruits and vegetables –- like carrot cake and apple pie.
You'll often encounter different words related to restrict. A restriction is a law or rule, like the restriction against driving a car without a license. Something that is not permitted is restricted, and this word is often used to designate physical locations that are off limits to the public. You'll often see characters in movies break into restricted areas to obtain secret information.
WORD FAMILY
restrict: derestrict, restricted, restricting, restriction, restrictive, restricts+/ restricted: restrictedly, unrestricted / restriction: restrictions/ restrictive: nonrestrictive, restrictively, restrictiveness, unrestrictive / unrestricted: unrestrictedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Facebook says it restricts nudity because “some audiences within our global community may be sensitive to this type of content”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Georgetown noted Albuquerque policies restricting searches and meaningful privacy protections.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The birds won’t die off, he said, but their ranges will be restricted.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 限制，限定; 约束，束缚
时态：restricted, restricting, restricts
分布：限制(93%)，约束(7%)
→来自 restrain,限制，约束，-ct,过去分词格，此处形容词作名词。
限制,限定(re回+strict→拉回来→限制)[stirain,striet,string=tighten,表示"拉紧"]
v.限制,约束The speed is restricted to 50 kilometers an hour here.在此地车速被限制为每小时五十公里.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to limit the movements or actions of someone, or to limit something and reduce its size or prevent it from increasing 限制；限定；妨碍
• measures to restrict the sale of alcohol 限制酒类销售的措施
• The government has restricted freedom of movement into and out of the country. 政府已经限制出入境自由了。
• Having small children really restricts your social life. 家里有很小的孩子确实会妨碍你的社交生活。
[rɪ'strɪkt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] restrict yourself to sth
■to limit yourself to one particular thing or activity 约束自己不越出…的范围；将自己限制在…限度内
• If I'm driving, I restrict myself to one glass of wine. 我要开车的时候，只许自己喝一杯葡萄酒。
limit, restrict, confine
这组词都有“限制，限定”的意思，其区别是：
limit: 一般指事先确定空间、时间或数量的极限，一旦超越限度，就会造成不良结果。当然也可指不事先规定，而且自然的或固有的界限。
restrict: 指把某人或物限制在一定范围之内。
confine: 侧重施加不可逾越的限制，有时暗示束缚、囚禁。
vt. 限制；约束；限定
 - block, set a limit to

Word: tactic
Front: tactic
[ˈtæktɪk] (研雅宝 3288/3824 -3)
Vocabulary: tactic
(once / 387 pages)
n
Tactic is another word for maneuver or method. Looking for a way to get something done? Then you better find a tactic.
English-speakers have been talking about tactics since at least 1640, when this word was first recorded. A tactic is just a way to do something, a plan, or an approach. Generals have to have a good grasp on military tactics to win a battle; football teams have to use strong defensive tactics to keep the other guys from scoring. One time-tested tactic for winning over a teacher? Always turn your homework in on time!
WORD FAMILY
tactic: tactics +/ tactical: tactically/ tactician: tacticians/ tactics: tactical, tactician
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the Baltic states, cyberhacking is only one of many tactics that Russia uses for malign influence.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Security officers used a variety of coercion tactics.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She tried to disappear, a tactic that included sequestering herself from fans and media during fight week.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 手段; 策略; 战术; 战略
adj. 按顺序的; 依次排列的
分布：策略(82%)，战略(18%)
→来自拉丁语 tactica,安排，词源同 tact.引申词义战术，策略。
n.(tactics)策略,战术Encirclement is a customary tactic.
noun
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■a planned way of doing something 策略，手法
• These bomb attacks represent a change of tactics by the terrorists. 这些炸弹袭击事件表明恐怖分子改变了策略。
tactics [plural]
■the arrangement and use of soldiers and equipment in war 战术
n. 策略，战略
 - strategy, device

Word: string
Front: string
[strɪŋ] (高研四六托雅 2671/2170 -K3)
Back: n. 绳子，带子; 线丝，植物纤维; 串; [计算机科学]字符串
vt. 上弦，调弦; 使排成一行或一系列; 绑，系或用线挂起; 延伸或扩展
时态：strung, stringing, strings
分布：线(28%)，弦(20%)，一串(11%)，字串(10%)，系(8%)，扎(7%)，串起(7%)，连成一串(3%)，使紧张(2%)，使兴奋(2%)，抽去筋(2%)
→来自古英语 streng,线，绳，弦，肌腱，韧带，来自 Proto-Germanic*strangiz,线，绳子，来自
n.弦,线,细绳;(一串),(一行)v.缚,捆The ring on the spring string rings during springtime.弹簧弦上的环在春天鸣响.
noun
ROPE 绳
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(a piece of) strong thin rope which is made by twisting very thin threads together and which is used for fastening and tying things 细绳；线；带
• a parcel tied with string 用细绳捆扎的包裹
• a ball/piece of string 线团／一根细绳
• When you pull the strings, the puppet's arms and legs move. 你扯动细绳，木偶的手脚就会动。
countable
■a set of objects joined together in a row on a single rope or thread 一串
• a string of beads/pearls 一串珠子／珍珠
• A string of onions hung from a beam in the kitchen. 厨房的横梁挂着一串洋葱。
[strɪŋ] noun
SERIES 系列
 ADVANCED countable
■a series of related things or events 一系列；一连串
• What do you think of the recent string of political scandals? 你怎么看最近一连串的政治丑闻？
• He had a string of top-twenty hits during the eighties. 在20世纪80年代，他创作了一系列打入排行榜前20名的热门作品。
[strɪŋ] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable
■a thin wire which is stretched across a musical instrument and is used to produce a range of notes which depend on its thickness, length and tightness （乐器的）弦
• A violin has four strings. 小提琴有四根弦。
• Guitar strings nowadays are made from steel or nylon. 现在的吉他弦是由钢丝或尼龙制成。
• You can pluck the strings on a guitar with your fingers or a plectrum. 你可以用手指或拨子拨动吉他琴弦。
• a twelve-string guitar 十二弦吉他
the strings [plural]
■the group of instruments which have strings which you pull or hit with your fingers or rub with a bow to produce sound, or the players in a musical group who play these instruments 弦乐器；弦乐组
• I prefer his compositions for the strings. 我更喜欢他为弦乐器组谱写的乐曲。
• He played the cello and joined the strings in the school orchestra. 他演奏大提琴，还加入了学校管弦乐团的弦乐组。
[strɪŋ] noun
SPORT 运动
countable
■one of the thin plastic strings which are stretched between the sides of the frame of a racket used in sport （球拍的）弦
[strɪŋ] noun
COMPUTING 电脑操作
countable specialized
■a usually short piece of text consisting of letters, numbers or symbols which is used in computer processes such as searching through large amounts of information 字串
• If you type in the search string 'ing', the computer will find all the words containing 'ing'. 如果你输入搜索字串 ing，电脑会把所有包含ing的单词找出来。
[strɪŋ] noun
have another /more than one string to your bow
■to have another interest or skill which you can use if your main one cannot be used 还有一手；第二个对策；第二种办法
• I enjoy my work, but I'd like to have another string to my bow in case I lose my job. 我喜欢我的工作，但我想做好第二个对策，以防万一失业。
[strɪŋ] noun
strings attached
■If something such as an agreement has strings attached, it involves special demands or limits （协议等的）附加条件，限制条款
• Most of these so-called special offers come with strings attached. 这些所谓的特价品大都带有附加条件。
• The bank's agreed to lend me £1000, no strings attached. 银行已同意无条件贷给我1000英镑。
[strɪŋ] adjective
■consisting of or relating to the strings 由弦乐器组成的；弦乐器的
• the string section 弦乐部
• a string quartet 弦乐四重奏
⇒ See also stringed instrument
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
MUSIC 音乐
■to put strings on a musical instrument （乐器的）弦
• First you need to learn how to string and tune your guitar. 首先你需要学会如何给吉他装弦并调音。
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
SPORT 运动
■to put new strings onto a racket used in sport （球拍的）弦
• You ought to have your racket re-strung before the competition. 比赛之前你应该重装一下球拍的弦。
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
SET 一组
■to put a string through a number of objects 用细绳（或线等）串，把…串在一起
• Would you help me string these beads? 你能帮我把这些珠子串起来吗？
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] string sb along
■to deceive someone for a long time about what you are really intending to do 长期哄骗（某人）；敷衍（某人）
• She's been promising to pay back the money for six months, but I reckon she's just stringing me along. 她六个月来一直答应说要还钱，但我猜她只不过是在敷衍我而已。
• He strung her along for years, saying he'd marry her and divorce his wife. 他哄了她有好几年，说他会和妻子离婚然后娶她。
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
  Phrasal Verbs  string sth out
GROUP
■If a group of similar things or people are strung out, they are in a long line with spaces between each of them 使分开成一列
• Most of Canada's population is strung out along its 5525-mile border with the United States. 加拿大的大部分人口分布在与美国交界的5525英哩长的边境上。
• The geese were strung out along the river bank. 那些鹅沿着河岸排成一列。
ACTIVITY [M]
■to make an activity last longer than necessary 拖延…的时间
• I think the lawyer's just stringing out the case so that he'll earn more money. 我认为那个律师只不过是为了多赚钱而故意拖长案件的受理时间。
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] string sth together
■If you string words or sentences together, you manage to say something that other people can understand 组织（语言 ） ；把…连成句子；把…说清楚
• People tend to be very impressed if you can string together a couple of sentences in Japanese. 如果你能说上几句日语，人们往往就会觉得你很了不起。
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
  Phrasal Verbs  string sb up
[M] informal
■to kill someone by hanging them by the neck from a rope, usually as a punishment for a crime 吊死（某人），绞死（某人）
• He reckons they're too soft on mass murderers and says they ought to be strung up. 他认为他们对杀人狂过于仁慈手软，主张这些杀人狂应该被绞死。
■informal
■to punish someone severely 严厉惩罚（某人）
• He ought to be strung up for what he said about his mother. 他那样说他母亲真该被严惩。
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] string sth up
■to tie or fix the ends of a long thin object to two points that are high up, allowing the rest of it to hang freely 系，挂；吊起
• Let's string up a banner in the garden to welcome him home. 让我们在花园里挂上横幅欢迎他回家吧。
rope, wire, thread, string, line, cord
这组词都有“线”的意思，其区别是：
rope: 指用于捆绑大物件的粗壮而坚固的绳子，一般用绵、毛、麻、金属或其它材料制成。
wire: 专指用金属制成的线。
thread: 普通用词，指用棉、毛、丝或纤维等纹成的很细的线，通常用于缝纫、纺织等。
string: 普通用词，指捆绑小件物品的细绳或细带子。
line: 普通用词，含义广泛，指任何一种线，常作引申用。
cord: 指比string粗，比rope细，较牢固，通常用于捆扎较小物品的线或绳。用作引申当约束讲。
n. 线，细绳；一串，一行
 - thread, linea
vt. 扎，缚；使排成一列，串起；伸展，拉直
 - spread, pink

Word: glass
Front: glass
[glɑ:s] (中高雅 820/844 -K4)
Vocabulary: glass
(once / 70 pages)
1nv 2n
Glass is the hard, transparent material that's used to make windows. While glass can be strong and sturdy, it's also brittle and can be broken easily by an errant baseball.
Glass has all kinds of practical uses, from car windshields to greenhouse windows to jam jars to drinking glasses. When someone offers you a glass of water, they're referring to the vessel itself as a glass and also to amount it can hold — the glassful of liquid. The Old English source of glass is glæs, ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European root that means "to shine."
WORD FAMILY
glass: glass-like, glassed, glassful, glassing, glassless, glassy +/glassful: glassfuls/ glassy: glassier, glassiest, glassily
USAGE EXAMPLES
He built a spiral glass staircase in the double-height living room to create the effect of “walking on air,” he said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
The latest dictionary carries on that tradition, including words hot off the campaign trail, like “alt-right,” “election stress disorder,” “glass cliff” and “voter’s remorse.”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
A bike lock in my messenger bag was handy while taking a break for a glass of local wine, enjoyed near the garden’s pond.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 玻璃; 玻璃制品; 镜子
vt. 给某物加玻璃; 反映; 使平滑如玻璃
vi. 成玻璃状
时态：glassed, glassing, glasses
分布：玻璃(81%)，玻璃杯(15%)，玻璃制品(3%)，镶玻璃(1%)
→来自ghel, 照耀，发光，词源同gold, glitter.
n.玻璃;玻璃杯;镜子;(pl.)眼镜From the classical class, the classmate with glasses knows the classification of classics.戴眼镜的同学从古典文学课上知道了古典名著的分类.
US [glæs] noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a hard transparent material which is used to make windows, bottles and other objects 玻璃
• coloured/broken glass 有色／碎玻璃
• a glass jar/dish/ornament 玻璃宽口瓶／碟／饰品
• It's a huge window made from a single pane of glass. 这扇巨大的窗户是由一整块玻璃造的。
uncountable
■objects made from glass when thought of as a group 玻璃制品；玻璃器皿
• The museum has a fine collection of valuable glass. 这个博物馆收藏了一批珍贵的玻璃制品。
under glass
■in a glasshouse 在玻璃温室里
• In cool climates you have to grow tropical plants under glass. 在气候凉爽的地带，必须把热带植物种在玻璃温室中。
UK [glɑ:s] US [glæs] noun
CONTAINER 容器
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a small container for drinks made of glass or similar material, with a flat base and typically tube-shaped with no handle 玻璃杯
• a beer/wine glass 啤酒／葡萄酒杯
• She poured some milk into a glass. 她往玻璃杯中倒了些牛奶。
a glass of sth
 ESSENTIAL
■a type or amount of drink contained in a glass 一杯…
• Would you like a glass of water? 你要不要喝杯水？
• Two glasses of lemonade, please. 请给我两杯柠檬水。
UK [glɑ:s] US [glæs] noun
FOR IMPROVING SIGHT 改善视力
glasses
 ADVANCED [plural]
■two small pieces of special glass or plastic in a frame worn in front of the eyes to improve sight 眼镜
• a pair of glasses 一副眼镜
• reading glasses 阅读用眼镜
UK [glɑ:s] US [glæs] noun
DEVICE 设备
the glass only singular old-fashioned
■a barometer
• The glass has been falling/rising (= showing a change to bad/good weather) all day. 今天气压一直在下降／上升。
UK [glɑ:s] US [glæs] noun
People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones. saying
■This means that you should not criticize other people for bad qualities in their character that you have yourself. 自己有缺点，莫揭他人短
UK [glɑ:s] US [glæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] glass sth in/over
■to use glass to fill the open spaces in something or to cover something 给…装玻璃；用玻璃把…罩住：
• We glassed in the porch to make a small conservatory. 我们用玻璃把门廊封上，做了一个小温室。
• The manuscripts are now glassed over, to stop them being damaged. 手稿现在罩上了玻璃罩，以防损毁。
mug, cup, glass
这组词都有“杯，杯子”的意思，其区别是：
mug: 通常指周边垂直，不用茶托的有柄大瓷杯或大金属杯。
cup: 指有柄，用来饮茶或咖啡等的瓷杯。
glass: 指玻璃制的杯子，用来盛酒和牛奶等东西。
n. [玻璃] 玻璃；玻璃制品；镜子
 - mirror, vitrum
vt. 反映；给某物加玻璃
 - image, to reflect

Word: speaker
Vocabulary: speaker
(once / 414 pages)
1n 2n
A speaker is someone who delivers a speech or a device that makes sounds louder. The speaker gave a great speech but you couldn't hear it because the speaker was turned off.
Speaker has a few different meanings, from the person who addresses a group, to the piece of equipment that amplifies sound to someone who is fluent in a particular language. For example, a native Spanish speaker can usually tell if someone learned the language in high school because textbooks don't always include the slang and idioms of everyday speech.
WORD FAMILY
speaker: speakers, speakership+/ misspeak: misspeaking, misspeaks/speak: misspeak, speakable, speaker, speaking, speaks, spoke, spoken/speakable: speakably, unspeakable/speaking: nonspeaking, speakingly, speakings/spoke: spokes/spoken: spokenest, spokenly, unspoken/unspeakable: unspeakably
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was re-elected twice without opposition, serving as speaker of the House in his third term.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ryan will almost certainly re-emerge as speaker in Tuesday’s floor vote.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The speakers at Heritage that day differed in the degree of optimism they allowed themselves.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)

Word: telephone
Front: telephone
[ˈtelɪfəʊn] (中高雅 1865/1327 -K4)
Vocabulary: telephone
(once / 148 pages)
nv
A telephone is an electronic device that you use for conversations over great distances. Telephones used to be fixed to walls and connected by cables, but now most people have cellular telephones, known as cell phones or mobiles.
A telephone takes sound waves, converts it into electronic signals, and then converts that back into sound waves — pretty neat. Early telephones frightened people because it seemed spooky that someone not in the room (or even the country) could speak to you, but nowadays distant communication seems perfectly normal. If your mother asks you to telephone her, she wants you to give her a call. The word comes from the Greek words for "afar" (tele-) and "voice"(phone).
WORD FAMILY
telephone: telephoned, telephoner, telephones, telephoning+/telephoner: telephoners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Mills likes to call her a mix of “Amelia Earhart and Humphrey Bogart — but more Humphrey Bogart,” he said in a telephone interview.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There is nothing good about the whole era,” Slusser said in a telephone interview.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Herzog said Monday by hospital telephone that he is being treated for a collapsed lung.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 电话; 电话机; （电话机的）话筒; 受话器
vt. & vi. 以电话传送（消息），给（某人）打电话; 用电话与（某人）交谈
时态：telephoned, telephoning, telephones
分布：电话(84%)，打电话(16%)
→tele-,远的，-phone,说话，词源同 microphone.
电话(tele+phone声音→远方声音传过来)[tele=fur表示"远",引申为"电",电从远方来]
n.电话,电话机v.打电话I telephoned him that I would visit him this evening.我打电话告诉他我晚上要去拜访他.
US [-ə.foʊn] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a phone
UK ['tel.ɪ.fəʊn] US [-ə.foʊn] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to use a phone （给…）打电话
n. （美） [通信] 电话；电话机；电话耳机
 - phone, call
vi. [通信] 打电话
 - make a phone call, call up sb

Word: enthusiasm
Front: enthusiasm
[ɪnˈθju:ziæzəm] (研四六托雅 3716/2678 -K3)
Vocabulary: enthusiasm
(once / 102 pages)
n
You might show enthusiasm if you find out that all the shoes are on sale for 70 percent off today. The word enthusiasm indicates intense excitement.
The noun enthusiasm comes from the Greek word enthousiasmos, from enthous, meaning “possessed by a god, inspired.” It was originally used in a derogatory sense to describe excessive religious zeal. Today both the religious and derogatory connotations are gone from enthusiasm, but the zeal has survived. Use it to describe great excitement or interest, like what you feel when you’re doing something that you really, really enjoy.
WORD FAMILY
enthusiasm: enthusiasms, enthusiast, enthusiastic +/ enthusiast: enthusiasts/ enthusiastic: enthusiastically, overenthusiastic, unenthusiastic/overenthusiastic: overenthusiastically/unenthusiastic: unenthusiastically
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s more than five years since the last Curb Your Enthusiasm.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Her talkative enthusiasm meshes with his phlegmatic skepticism.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
A petite woman with an infectious enthusiasm, she spoke passionately about the lessons she was learning with Swades.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 热情，热忱; 热衷的事物; 宗教的狂热
分布：热情(91%)，热心(7%)，热衷的事物(2%)
→来自enthuse，热情。
热情(en进入+thus[theo神]+iasm状态→进入神的状态→热情)[the(a)=god表示"神"]
n.热情,热心;狂热;积极性(for)He showed much enthusiasm for our plan.他对我们的计划表示极大热忱.
【源】原指：神灵附体的引起的狂喜，然后引申为宗教的狂热，现在的意思显然有所扩大。
【反】ennui（n 倦怠；厌倦）
US [-'θu:-] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a feeling of energetic interest in a particular subject or activity and an eagerness to be involved in it 巨大兴趣；热情；热忱；热心
• One of the good things about teaching young children is their enthusiasm. 教小孩子的好处之一就是他们对甚么都充满了兴趣。
• After the accident he lost his enthusiasm for the sport. 经历这场事故后，他对这项体育运动失去了热情。
• I just can't work up (= start to feel) any enthusiasm for the whole project. 我就是对整个案子提不起一点热情。
countable
■a subject or activity that interests you very much 激发热情的事物；热衷的活动；热爱的事物
• One of his greatest enthusiasms was yoga. 他最热衷的活动之一就是瑜伽。
enthusiasm, zeal
这组词都有“热情”的意思，其区别是：
enthusiasm: 侧重指比较理智的热情，如对人对事的钦佩或为了事业或目的等所表现出的追求与忠诚
zeal: 通常指为实现向往的事业或为达到所追求的目标而积极投身到实践活动中所表现出来的热情。
n. 热心，热忱，热情
 - passion, flame, fire, warmth

Word: unveil
Front: unveil
[ˌʌnˈveɪl] (托 6721/6190 -2)
Vocabulary: unveil
(once / 848 pages)
v
Unveil is a dramatic verb we use when we uncover or reveal something for the first time, often in front of a large gathering or as part of a publicity campaign.
A city's mayor might unveil a new monument by removing an actual veil (cloth covering) from it. This is often done with great flourish and accompanied by a drum roll. In a more metaphorical sense, a software company might unveil — that is, publicly announce — a new video game or business application.
WORD FAMILY
unveil: unveiled, unveiling, unveils+/unveiling: unveilings/ veil: unveil, veiled, veiling, veils/veiling: veilings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In October, Lucas unveiled similar but competing designs for Los Angeles and San Francisco sites, turning the project into a public competition.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Cooper unveiled names of only a few people to serve in his administration before he was sworn in to office just after midnight Saturday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Golf Digest will unveil the latest edition of America's 100 Greatest Golf Courses later this week.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 揭去…的面罩; 拉开…的帷幔; 使公之于众; 揭露
vi. 除去面纱（或覆盖物），揭幕; 揭露出来，显露
时态：unveiled, unveiling, unveils
分布：公布(72%)，揭开(28%)
揭穿(un打开+veil→打开面纱→揭穿)[veil=cover,表示"盖上"]
verb transitive
■to remove a covering like a curtain from a new statue, etc. at a formal ceremony in order to show the opening or finishing of a new building or work of art 为…揭幕
• The memorial to those who had died in the war was unveiled in 1948 by the Queen. 缅怀战争死难者的纪念碑于1948年由女王揭幕。
■If you unveil something new, you show it or make it known for the first time （首次）展示，介绍，推出；将…公诸于众
• A new government policy on forests is due to be unveiled in April. 政府将于四月份介绍一项针对森林的新政策。
vt. 使公诸于众，揭开；揭幕
 - undrape
vi. 除去面纱；显露
 - develop, shine

Word: genetic
Front: genetic
[dʒəˈnetɪk] (研四托雅宝 2721/3898)
Vocabulary: genetic
(once / 991 pages)
adj
Anything genetic has to do with your genes and DNA. You inherited your mom's eye color because it's genetic.
Genetic traits run in families: biological families, anyway. Anything genetic is related to your DNA, the material you inherited from your biological parents. Hair color, eye color, and other physical traits are genetic, and so are some diseases. Scientists do genetic research to see how knowing what’s in your genes could help keep you well. If you're healthy, one reason is good genetics.
WORD FAMILY
genetic: genetically, geneticism, genetics +/ gene: genes, genetic, genetical, genic, transgene/geneticist: geneticists/ genetics: geneticist/transgene: transgenes
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new research project is using zebrafish to identify genetic and environmental factors that in combination may lead to the development of childhood leukemia.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The family hoped genetic testing would provide an answer.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Genetics are a key factor in the heritability of mental illness and susceptibility to addiction.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 遗传的; 基因的; 起源的，起因的; 演变的
分布：基因的(44%)，遗传的(35%)，起源的(21%)
→来自gene, 基因。
基因的,遗传学的(gen+etic→来自gene基因)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
遗传的(gene基因+etic)[-etic表形容词"属于…的"]
a.遗传(学)的n.[-s]遗传学
US [-'netˌ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■belonging or relating to genes (= parts of the DNA in cells) received by each animal or plant from its parents 基因的；遗传讯息的
• a genetic defect/disease 基因缺陷／遗传疾病
adj. 遗传的；基因的；起源的
 - inherited, hereditary

Word: convert
Front: convert
[kənˈvɜ:t] (研四六托雅宝 2895/2245 -K3)
Vocabulary: convert
(once / 118 pages)
1v 2vn 3v 4v
Think of the word convert as meaning "change," whether it is a person who adopts a new belief, or a changing action, such as when you convert dollars into euros.
Many times we can catch a word's meaning by looking at its origins. In this case, the Latin con means "around," while vertere means "turn." So we can figure that convert means to "turn around," an object or one's thoughts on an idea. For example, you might convert a meat eater into a vegetarian or an empty-nester might convert the kids' bedroom into an exercise room.
WORD FAMILY
convert: conversion, converted, converter, convertible, converting, convertor, converts, reconvert+/ conversion: conversions/converted: unconverted/converter: converters/ convertible: convertibility, convertibles, convertibly, inconvertible, unconvertible/convertor: convertors/inconvertible: inconvertibility/reconvert: reconverted, reconverting, reconverts/unconvertible: unconvertibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Unfortunately, Robinson converted just 73 of those targets into receptions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A wealth ratio is a measure of how effectively you’ve converted your lifetime income into wealth.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
King Spa opened here in 2003 in a converted warehouse and office building.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. （使）转变; 使皈依; 兑换，换算; 侵占
vi. 经过转变; 被改变; [橄榄球] 触地得分后得附加分
n. 皈依者; 改变宗教信仰者
时态：converted, converting, converts
分布：转化(65%)，兑换(13%)，换算(9%)，皈依者(8%)，改变信仰的人(3%)，使…改变信仰(2%)
→con-, 强调。-vert, 转，词源同versus, invert. 该词主要用于宗教用语，意为皈依。
转化;改造(con共同+vert→共同转→转化)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
v.变换,转换;改变(信仰等);兑换(钱)I averted my eyes from the diverse advertisements for the invert converter.我把目光从花样繁多的倒置转换器广告上移开.
【参】conversion（n 转变；皈依）
US [-ˈvɜ˞ːt]
CHANGE 转变
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something or someone to) change in form, character, or opinion （使）改变，（使）转变；（使）改信；（使）皈依
• Could we convert the small bedroom into a second bathroom? 我们能把这间小睡房改建成第二间浴室吗？
• What's the formula for converting pounds into kilos? 把磅换算成千克的公式是甚么？
• He converted to (= started believing in) Catholicism when he got married. 他婚后信奉了天主教。
• I used not to like exercise, but my sister has converted me (to it). 我以前不喜欢锻炼，但我姐姐改变了我。
verb UK [kənˈvɜːt] US [-ˈvɜ˞ːt]
RUGBY 橄榄球
transitive
■in rugby, to score more points after a try by kicking the ball over the bar and between the posts （在橄榄球赛中）（触地得分后再射）球从球门架横木之上或两球门柱之间穿过将获得更多分数
noun countable UK [ˈkɒn.vɜːt] US [ˈkɑːn.vɜ˞ːt/
■someone who changes their beliefs, habits, or way of living 改变信仰（或习惯、生活方式）的人
• a Christian/Buddhist convert 信奉基督教／佛教者
• a convert to vegetarianism/wholemeal bread 改食素食者／全麦面包者
turn, transform, change, modify, convert, vary, alter
这组词都有“变化，改变”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 指外形、颜色、气味、性质等方面的变化，比change更通俗。
transform: 指人或物在形状、外观、形式、性质等方面发生的彻底变化，失去原状成为全新的东西。
change: 指任何变化，完全改变，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。
modify: 强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。
convert: 指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。
vary: 暗示不规则或断断续续地变。
alter: 常指轻微的改变，强调基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
fluctuate, alteration, change, modify, convert, shift（in）, alternation, alter, variations
fluctuate: 没有规律的上下波动
alteration: 强调细节的变化
change: 强调某种本质的变化
modify: “更改，修改”程度略小并有趋缓之意
convert: 用途上的改变，也作态度和信仰的变化
shift（in）: 转换，转变
alternation: 轮流，交替（take turn）
alter: 细枝末节的修改，而非脱胎换骨
variations: 指不规则的或断续的改变，或指一种东西改成了不同样式
invert, transform, revert, convert
这组词都有“转变”的意思，其区别是：
invert: v.使颠倒，使倒转，使反向。常常表示位置、顺序、方向等的颠倒。
 • The baby inverted the cup and spilled her orange juice.   婴儿把杯子打翻，弄洒了里面的橙汁。
transform: v.改变，转变，指形状、颜色、大小、性质等的改变。
 • A little paint will soon transform the old house.   刷一点油漆很快就会使这所旧房子大为改观。
revert: v.归还，恢复原状。指回到原来的状态或情形。
 • John gave his brother a house, and when his brother died, ownership reverted back to John.   约翰送给他的哥哥一所房子，当他的哥哥去世后，房子的所有权重新归于约翰。
convert: v.转变，变换，含有"使某人改变观点"的意思。
 • He wants to convert to Catholicism.   他要皈依天主教。
vi. 转变，变换；皈依；改变信仰
 - transform, shift
n. 皈依者；改变宗教信仰者
 - idolater, proselytizer

Word: sky
Front: sky
[skaɪ] (中高 1147/1674 -K3)
Back: n. 天（空）
vt. 将…击向空中; 将…高挂
时态：skied, skying, skies
分布：天空(93%)，天气(5%)，将…高挂(1%)，天国(1%)
→来自古诺斯语 sky,云，云层，来自 Proto-Germanic*skeujam,云，云层，来自 skeu,遮盖， 覆盖，词源同 hide,obscure.后词义由云演变为天空，而 cloud 词义由群山演变为云。
n.天空;[pl.]天色;气候The sky is bright blue.天空一片蔚蓝.
noun
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■the area above the Earth, in which clouds, the sun, etc. can be seen 天，天空
• a blue/cloudy/dark sky 蓝色／多云／阴暗的天空
• Can you see those birds high up in the sky? 你能看到高空的那些鸟吗?
• We looked up at/into the sky at the sound of the plane. 我们听到飞机的声音后抬头仰望天空。
skies [plural]
■the sky in a particular state or place （某种天气状况下或某地的）天空
• For weeks we had cloudless blue skies. 有好几周我们这里的天空都是晴朗无云，一片湛蓝。
• We're off to the sunny skies of Spain. 我们离开此地去享受西班牙晴朗的天空。
[skaɪ] noun
the sky's the limit
■there is no limit 没有限制
• The sky's the limit to what you can win in our competition. 在我们的比赛中可以赢得的奖品是没有限制的。
sky, heaven, paradise
这组词都有“天”的意思，其区别是：
sky: 普通用词，指人们头顶上的天空，一般属于笼罩地球的空气层。较少用于指天国或天堂。
heaven: 作“天空”解时，常用复数，文学用词；作“天堂”解时，多用大写形式，采用单数。
paradise: 与heaven同义，宗教色彩浓厚，指好人死后灵魂长存之处，口语中表示乐园或乐事，在宗教典故中，指天主教与基督教中的伊甸乐园。
n. [天] 天空；顶点
 - heaven, height, summit, air, peak
vi. 踢或击高空球；把桨叶翘得过高；飞涨
 - sharp increase, go through the roof

Word: overseas
Front: overseas
[ˌəʊvəˈsi:z] (研四六雅 4955/2990 -3)
Vocabulary: overseas
(once / 672 pages)
advadj
There's no trick to the meaning of overseas. If someone goes overseas, they've gone "over" the "seas" — to a foreign country.
When overseas came into use, there were no airplanes, so technically speaking, one traveled "across" or "on" the seas, in a ship. Nevertheless, one was thought to have made it "over the sea," hence overseas. When traveling overseas, make sure your phone works on the network in the country where you're headed. Also, the laws and customs overseas can be very different from the ones we have here, so be careful. What here at home you consider small potatoes legally might be a big deal overseas.
WORD FAMILY
sea: oversea, overseas, seas, undersea
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later, he taught overseas suppliers how to shield production lines and compartmentalize information to avoid leaks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The region and its 500 million consumers are one of the companies’ most important overseas markets.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Consumer spending is strong, helped by $22 billion of remittances in the first 10 months from Filipinos overseas, a 4 percent rise.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 在[向]海外，在[向]国外
adj. （在）海外的，（在）国外的; （向或来自）外国的
分布：在海外(58%)，海外的(42%)
→over-,在上，超过，sea,海。引申词义海外的。
a.外国的,海外的ad.在海外My brother lives overseas.我兄弟住在国外.
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] UK ['---] adjective adverb
 IMPROVER
■in, from or to other countries 在海外（的）；从国外来（的）；到国外（的）
• We need to open up overseas markets. 我们需要开拓海外市场。
• There are a lot of overseas students in Cambridge. 剑桥有许多外国留学生。
• My brother is a student overseas. 我哥哥在外国留学。
• Many more people go/travel/live/work overseas these days. 如今有更多的人出国／出国旅游／在国外生活／在国外工作。
adv. 在海外，海外
 - beyond the sea
adj. 海外的，国外的
 - transmarine, off-shore

Word: penalty
Front: penalty
[ˈpenəlti] (研六托雅宝 2680/2298 -3)
Vocabulary: penalty
(once / 229 pages)
n
A penalty is a punishment or consequence for doing something wrong, such as having to pay a fee for not bringing your library book back when it was due.
In hockey, players who break the rules have to sit in "the penalty box." Just like the penalty box punishes hockey players, all penalties are punishments for doing something wrong. Going to prison is the penalty for serious crimes. Detention is the penalty for misbehaving in school. Often, penalty applies to payments people have to make for breaking a financial contract of some kind.
WORD FAMILY
penalty: penalise, penalize, penalties+/penalise: penalisation, penalised, penalises, penalising/ penalize: penalization, penalized, penalizes, penalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The start of the penalty phase, originally set for Tuesday, was pushed back a day.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For instance, that bill eliminated the tax penalties, tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies central to the ACA’s individual mandate to purchase health insurance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Any suspect who steps forward would face a misdemeanor trespassing charge —  a penalty equivalent to “a slap on the hand,” Ramirez said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 惩罚; 刑罚; 害处; 足球点球
分布：惩罚(47%)，处罚(34%)，罚球(17%)，不利(2%)
→来自penal,处罚的，处罚的。后用于指体育运动罚球，罚点球等。
惩罚(penal+ty)[pen,pun=penalty,表示"处罚"]
n.处罚,刑罚,惩罚,罚金He repents having compensated the dispensable pension for fear of penalty.他后悔因害怕处罚而补偿了不必要的养老金.
【记】penal（adj 刑事的）；penance（n 忏悔；自罚；v 使…以苦行赎罪）
US [-tˌi] noun countable
PUNISHMENT 惩罚
 IMPROVER
■a punishment, or the usual punishment, for doing something that is against a law 刑罚，惩罚，处罚
• The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. 该法律允许判处长达三年的监禁。
• They asked for the maximum penalty for hoax calls to be increased to one year. 他们要求把对恶作剧电话的最高惩罚增至一年监禁。
• The protesters were told to clear the area around the building, on penalty of (= the punishment would be) arrest if they did not. 抗议人士被告知离开大楼周围的地区，否则将被捕。
 IMPROVER
■a type of punishment, often involving paying money, that is given to you if you break an agreement or do not follow rules 罚金，罚款
• Currently, ticket holders pay a penalty equal to 25% of the ticket price when they change their flight plans. 目前，持票人若改变航班，须支付相当于票价25%的罚金。
• There was a penalty clause which said you had to pay half the cost if you cancelled your booking. 有一则惩罚条款规定，若取消预订则必须支付一半费用。
 IMPROVER
■an advantage given in some sports to a team or player when the opposing team or player breaks a rule （体育运动中对犯规者的）判罚，处罚
• The referee awarded (= gave) a penalty kick. 裁判给了一个罚球机会。
• Hysen handled the ball and conceded the penalty that gave Manchester United the lead. 海森控球犯规，给了曼联队一次罚球机会，使他们取得了领先。
UK ['pen.əl.ti] US [-tˌi] noun countable
DISADVANTAGE 不利
■a disadvantage brought about as a result of a situation or action （某情况或行动带来的）不利，劣势
• Loss of privacy is one of the penalties of success. 失去个人隐私乃是功成名就的代价之一。
• She has paid a heavy penalty for speaking the truth. 她因说实话而付出了沉重的代价。
punishment, penalty
这组词都有“惩罚、处罚”的意思，其区别是：
punishment: 泛指各种惩罚，诸如法律、父母、老师以及神的惩罚等。
penalty: 一般指法律上的惩罚或体育运动比赛中的处罚。
n. [经] 罚款，罚金； [法] 处罚
 - fine, amercement

Word: essential
Front: essential
[ɪˈsenʃl] (研四六托雅宝 1949/1155 -K4)
Vocabulary: essential
(once / 107 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj
Essential means very basic or necessary. A good frying pan is one of a short list of kitchen essentials every cook must have. To prevent fires, it's essential to turn off appliances before leaving the house.
The adjective essential is often followed by to or that: It is essential to wash your hands. It is essential that you dry them after. This adjective is from Middle English essencial, from Late Latin essentialis, from Latin essentia "the basic nature of a thing, its essence" plus the Latin suffix -alis "relating to."
WORD FAMILY
essential: essentiality, essentially, essentialness, essentials, inessential, nonessential, unessential+/ essence: essences, essential /essentiality: essentialities/ inessential: inessentiality, inessentially, inessentials/nonessential: nonessentials/unessential: unessentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m very close with my kids and my parents, but there’s still that essential unknowingness, and maybe that’s about how we’re all alone,” she said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The intertwining of madness and genius remains an essential part of his posthumous legend, and Lowell himself saw the two as related.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
High-school football was important, but being healthy for Ohio State was essential.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 基本的; 必要的; 本质的; 精华的
n. 必需品; 基本要素; 必不可少的东西
分布：必要的(40%)，重要的(31%)，要素(11%)，本质的(10%)，必需品(8%)
→来自essence, 本质。
a.本质的,基本的;净化的n.本质;要素Initially I kept silent to the essential essay.起初我对这个重要的短评保持沉默.
【记】essence（n 基本；本质；香精）
【反】patina（n 外貌）－essential quality（本质特征）；adjunct（n 助手；附属物）；essential element（本质要素）
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■necessary; needed 必要的，必不可少的
• Government support will be essential if the project is to succeed. 这个企划案能否成功，政府的支援至关重要。
• There is essential work to be done before the building can be re-occupied. 这栋建筑在重新入住前必须进行必要的维修。
• Water is essential for/to living things. 水对于生物来说是不可或缺的。
• It is essential (that) our prices remain competitive. 我们保持价格方面的竞争优势是至关重要的。
• [+ to infinitive] For the experiment to be valid, it is essential to record the data accurately. 要保证实验的有效性，就必须精确地记录资料。
[ɪ'sen.tʃəl] noun countable usually plural
■a basic thing that you cannot live without 必需品；不可缺少的东西
• Because I live in a remote village, I regard my car as an essential. 因为我住在一个偏远的村子里，所以我把汽车看作必需品。
• When we go on holiday, we only take the bare essentials. 我们去渡假时，只带一些最基本的必需品。
• This leaflet will give you the essentials of how to use the word processor. 这本小册子会告诉你使用文字处理器的基本知识。
inherent, essential
这组词都有“内在的、本质的”的意思，其区别是：
inherent: 指物体本身固有的、不能与该物体分割的某种特性。
essential: 指决定所属事物存在的关键因素。
requisite, essential, indispensable, necessary
这组词都有“必不可少的，必需的”的意思，其区别是：
requisite: 正式用词，特指为实现某一目的或得到某种结果而应有的需要，有时可与necessary换用。
essential: 指对事物本身性质具有决定性的重要性，暗含不可缺少，否则便无法存在。
indispensable: 语气强，侧重指绝对必要性或不可缺少性。
necessary: 最常用词，侧重由客观因素决定的某种需要，强调不可避免，但并非绝不可缺少。
vital, essential, basic, fundamental, radical
这组词都有“基本的，基础的”的意思，其区别是：
vital: 正式用词，侧重指维持生命、活力必不可少的，或生死攸关的。
essential: 语气比basic和fundamental强，强调必不可少，暗含某物如缺少某部分，则失去本质特征的意味。
basic: 普通用词，指明确、具体的基础或起点。
fundamental: 书面用词，不如basic使用广泛，侧重指作为基础、根本的抽象的事物。
radical: 着重指事物的根本或其来源。
adj. 基本的；必要的；本质的；精华的
 - elementary, fundamental, basic, necessary, primary
n. 本质；要素；要点；必需品
 - element, principle, entity, necessity, requirement, texture

Word: hostile
Front: hostile
[ˈhɒstaɪl] (研四六托雅宝 4163/4148 -2)
Vocabulary: hostile
(once / 156 pages)
adjn
If something is hostile, it's unfriendly. If you are zealous about the political causes you believe in, you will be hostile to any suggestion that the other side of the argument is reasonable.
Hostile comes from the Latin word hostis, for enemy, and you can hear its relation to the word hostage. But you don't have to be from a warring nation to be hostile. You can talk about a hostile nation, a hostile takeover, a hostile remark, or a hostile attitude. Some synonyms are inimical, antagonistic, unfavorable, unfriendly.
WORD FAMILY
hostile: hostilely, hostiles, hostility +/ hostility: hostilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
He alleges he was fired 2014 in retaliation for complaining about a hostile work environment.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s not that she hasn’t courted maximum attention, both adoring and hostile; she is, after all, starring in an E!
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
With Trump set to appoint Supreme Court justices hostile to Roe v.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 敌人的，敌对的; 怀有敌意的; 不利的
n. 敌对者，敌对物; 敌方
分布：敌对的(79%)，怀敌意的(21%)
→来自拉丁语hostis,敌人，来自ghostis,外来人，陌生人，词源同guest.即对待敌人的，敌对的，恶意的。
故意的[host=enemy(敌人)]
a.敌对的,敌方的,敌意的Most hosts are hostile to the foremost ghost hostage almost to the utmost.大多数主人对最前面的幽灵人质的敌对态度几乎到了极顶.
【参】hostility（n 敌意；反对）
US ['hɑ:.stəl] adjective
UNFRIENDLY 不友善的
 ADVANCED
■unfriendly and not liking or agreeing with something 不友善的；敌对的；反对的
• a hostile crowd 不友善的人群
• The President had a hostile reception in Ohio this morning. 总统今天早上在俄亥俄州受到了不友善的接待。
• I'm not hostile to (= against) the idea of change as such. 我并不反对作这样的改变。
UK ['hɒs.taɪl] US ['hɑ:.stəl] adjective
DIFFICULT 艰难的
■difficult or not suitable for living or growing 艰苦的；恶劣的；不利的
• hostile weather conditions 恶劣的天气条件
• a hostile climate/environment 恶劣的气候／环境
UK ['hɒs.taɪl] US ['hɑ:.stəl] adjective
ENEMY 敌人
[before noun]
■connected with the enemy in a war 敌方的；敌人的
• hostile aircraft/forces 敌机／敌军
adj. 敌对的，敌方的；怀敌意的
 - adverse, enemy, opposed
n. 敌对
 - opposition, antagonism

Word: hill
Front: hill
[hɪl] (中高 1800/1134 -K3)
Vocabulary: hill
(once / 86 pages)
nv
A hill is a high ridge or mound of land, not as tall as a mountain. A house on a hill has a great view of the surrounding countryside, and very little chance of being flooded.
You can hike or drive up a hill — a gentle upward slope, in either case. An accidental or deliberate mound of stuff is another kind of hill, like a hill of snow in your yard, or a hill of trash at the dump. What's considered a hill in mountainous India — a height of up to 10,000 feet — is absolutely a mountain in Great Britain, where a hill is defined as an elevation of less than 2,000 feet.
WORD FAMILY
hill: hilled, hilling, hills, hilly +/ hilly: hilliness, hillyer
USAGE EXAMPLES
SHILOH, West Bank — Through eight years of escalating criticism from the world’s most powerful leader, Israeli construction in these sacred, militarily occupied hills never stopped.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Coleridge believed the clean air on the hill at Highgate was beneficial in his attempts to cure himself of opium addiction.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
State highway officials say the department plans to place new signs in the area warning of the steep hills.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 小山，山冈; 斜坡
v. 把…堆成小山; 培土于…周围
时态：hilled, hilling, hills
分布：小山(73%)，斜坡(12%)，山冈(7%)，丘陵(6%)，堆起(1%)，培土(1%)
→来自古英语hyll,小山，来自kel,上升，升起，突出，词源同column,culminate,excel.其高度并没有准确的定义和规定。
n.小山,山岗,高地;[pl.]丘陵(地带)Nowadays the once unknown snowy hill is well-known for snowstorm.如今那座曾经不出名的多雪小山因暴风雪而出名.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an area of land that is higher than the surrounding land 小山，丘陵
• Hills are not as high as mountains. 丘陵不像山脉那样高大。
• Their house is on the top of a hill. 他们的房子在小山顶上。
• In the summer, the shepherds move their sheep up into the hills (= an area where there are hills). 夏天，牧羊人把羊群赶到丘陵地带放牧。
■a slope in a road （路的）斜坡
• That hill's far too steep to cycle up. 那个坡太陡了，脚踏车根本骑不上去。
[hɪl] noun countable
over the hill often humorous
■used for describing someone who is old and no longer useful or attractive 过了巅峰期；年老不中用
hill, volcano, mountain, range, mount, peak
这组词都有“山”的意思，其区别是：
hill: 通常指小的土山、石山或浅丘。有时也指高山，复数表群山。
volcano: 特指主要由喷出的熔岩和火山灰堆积而成的圆锥形火山。
mountain: 通常指比hill高而陡的高山、山岳。但这种区别不是绝对的，“大”与“小”常常是相对而言。
range: 形成的山脉或岭。
mount: 常用于地名之前， 即一般放在专用名词前，书面用词。
peak: 指山峰，也可指山顶。
n. 小山； [地理] 丘陵；斜坡；山冈
 - slope, rises

Word: diplomacy
Front: diplomacy
[dɪˈpləʊməsi] (托 5638/7925 -2)
Vocabulary: diplomacy
(once / 197 pages)
n
Diplomacy is the art of helping groups to get along and even work together. If you have a gift for diplomacy, you can get bickering siblings to cooperate.
The word diplomacy comes from the French word diplomatie, which means “diplomat.” A diplomat lives in a foreign country, fluent in its language — and culture. The job of a diplomat is to practice diplomacy among nations, understanding the concerns and needs of all and, if possible, guiding them toward decisions that are mutually agreeable.
WORD FAMILY
diplomacy: diplomacies, diplomatic, diplomatical, diplomatist+/ diplomat: diplomacy, diplomats/ diplomatic: diplomatically, undiplomatic, undiplomatically/diplomatist: diplomatists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The politics and diplomacy may be murky, but, based on a visit to the area late last month, the infrastructure here is ready to roll.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
China sees self-ruled Taiwan as part of its territory and curbs the Taipei government’s foreign diplomacy.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Guterres, privately growing disillusioned with internal party politics, turned increasingly to his interest in international diplomacy.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 外交; 外交手腕，交际手段; 外交使团; 处世之道
分布：外交(100%)
→词源同diplomatist, 外交家，引申词义外交手腕。
US [-'ploʊ-] noun uncountable
■the management of relationships between countries 外交
• Diplomacy has so far failed to bring an end to the fighting. 外交活动迄今未能结束那场战事。
■approving
■skill in dealing with people without offending or upsetting them （处理人际关系的）手腕，手段
• It took all her tact and diplomacy to persuade him not to resign. 她使出所有计谋和手腕劝说他不要辞职。
n. 外交；外交手腕；交际手段
 - outcrossing

Word: illustration
Front: illustration
[ˌɪləˈstreɪʃn] (研四六托 4475/3384)
Vocabulary: illustration
(once / 150 pages)
n
When the written instructions get tough, look for an illustration — a picture — to figure out what to do. Assembling furniture? Numbered diagrams and other illustrations can help you avoid the dreaded pile of "leftover" pieces.
An illustration can also be a helpful example that isn't visual at all. A coworker who comes to work with a terrible cold and gives it to the whole office is an illustration of what happens when a boss discourages the use of sick days. You hope that the boss isn't an illustration of management at that company! If so, maybe these workers do need a visual: an illustration that shows hand-washing techniques and other ways to avoid germs.
WORD FAMILY
illustration: illustrations+/ illustrate: illustrated, illustrates, illustrating, illustration, illustrative, illustrator / illustrative: illustratively/ illustrator: illustrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe it’s the illustrations, simple black-and-white line drawings of slightly pudgy people in baggy T-shirts and pants doing really simple maneuvers.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Am I able to retain any rights to the illustrations?
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Perhaps the best illustration of this tension is Pepe the Frog, the anti-Semitic cartoon mascot of “hipster Nazi” white nationalism.
Slate(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 说明; 例证; 图解; 插图
分布：插图(42%)，说明(34%)，例证(17%)，图解(7%)
→来自illustrate,解释，阐明。引申词义实例，插图等。
插图说明(illustrate+ion)[luc,lust=light,shine,表示"光,照亮"]
n.说明;例证,插图;举例说明The illustration illuminates the demonstrating Democrat's penetrating strategy.图解阐明了正在示威的民主党党员的渗透策略.
noun countable or uncountable
EXPLAIN
 ADVANCED
■an example that explains or proves something 例证，实例
• This delay is a perfect illustration of why we need a new computer system. 这次延误再好不过地说明了我们为甚么需要新的电脑系统。
• A couple of examples are included, by way of illustration (= to show the meaning more clearly). 聊举几例，以兹说明。
[ˌɪl.ə'streɪ.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
PICTURES
 ADVANCED
■a picture in a book, magazine, etc. or the process of illustrating something 插图；图解，图示
• a full-page illustration 一幅整页的插图
• colour/black and white illustrations 彩色／黑白插图
specimen, illustration, case, example, instance, sample
这组词都有“例子、事例”的意思，其区别是：
specimen: 可与sample换用，但常指人或物中选出的有代表性部分，或指供科研、化验或检验用的标本。
illustration: 指用来说明、解释某种理论或看法而引用的例证。
case: 多指需要加以认真研究的实例，如病例，案例等。
example: 普通用词，指能代表同类事物性质或一般规律的典型例子。
instance: 多指用于说明、支持或反证一般事实或理论的事例。
sample: 通常指样品。
picture, sketch, cartoon, illustration, diagram, painting, portrait, drawing
这组词都有“画，图”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 指广义的“图画”，现多用来指相片、画像。
sketch: 通常指只画出物体主要特征的图画。
cartoon: 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。
illustration: 指插入书页之间帮助说明的任何插图或图解。
diagram: 多指科技书籍或文献中具有概括解说作用的图表、图样或略图。
painting: 指着色的画。
portrait: 指肖像，只用于指人。
drawing: 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。
n. 说明； [印刷] 插图； [经] 例证；图解
 - explanation, notes, legend, diagram

Word: deeply
Front: deeply
[ˈdi:pli] (高 2122/2327 -K)
Back: adv. 在深处; 浓浓地; 强烈地; 精心地
分布：深深地(72%)，强烈地(28%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■extremely or strongly 深深地；极其，非常
• I'm deeply grateful to you. 我对您深表感激。
• He found her comments deeply irritating/offensive. 他觉得她的话听起来让人很不舒服。
• We don't want to get too deeply involved with these people. 我们不想和这些人深交。
• After 20 years of marriage, they're still deeply in love. 他们结婚已经20年了，依然深爱着对方。
deeply, deep
deeply: 抽象的深,深深地 deeply moved,
deep: 具体的深, dig deep
adv. 深刻地；浓浓地；在深处
 - profoundly, thick

Word: bargain
Front: bargain
[ˈbɑ:gən] (高研四六雅宝 4962/4926 -K3)
Vocabulary: bargain
(once / 249 pages)
1nv 2n
The table you bought at a yard sale for five dollars might seem like a bargain until you get it home and realize it only has three legs. A bargain is a good deal.
Inexpensive items are one type of bargain, and another kind of bargain is an agreement you make with someone — a deal or compromise. Two countries might strike a trade bargain, or you could make a bargain with your friend that you'll drive to the mall if she buys you a giant cinnamon roll. Bargain also means to negotiate the details of a purchase, which makes sense because the root word is bargaignier, French for "haggle over the price."
WORD FAMILY
bargain: bargained, bargainer, bargaining, bargains+/bargainer: bargainers/bargaining: bargainings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Women’s national soccer team finally agrees to new collective bargaining agreement when U.S.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many cases with strong evidence against capital punishment for a defendant are resolved with plea bargains before ever reaching a jury, he added.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They’re spending so much time looking for something different that they might miss the bargains in front of them.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 契约，协定; 交易; 特价商品; 便宜货
vt. 做交易
vi. 讨价还价; 达成协议
时态：bargained, bargaining, bargains
分布：讨价还价(44%)，交易(34%)，便宜货(14%)，契约(5%)，议价(3%)
→来自拉丁词barca, 驳船，同barge. 指驳船上装载货物进行的一种传统的交易方式。
n.廉价货;交易,契约,合同v.议价,成交In the bar the barber bargained for a jar of jam, then got over the barrier of barrels.在酒巴里理发师为一罐果酱讲了价然后越过桶作的屏障.
【记】bar酒吧，gain得到。想在酒吧获得东西，怎能不侃价，一杯酒好几十，成本才几块，跟他砍！！！
US ['bɑ:r-] noun countable
LOW PRICE 低价
 IMPROVER
■something on sale at a lower price than its true value 便宜货，廉价品
• This coat was half-price - a real bargain. 这件大衣是以半价购买的——真便宜。
• The airline regularly offers last-minute bookings at bargain prices. 航空公司定期提供最后时刻的廉价订票服务。
• The sales had started and the bargain hunters (= people looking for things at a low price) were out in force. 大减价开始了，那些到处搜寻便宜货的人倾巢而出。
UK ['bɑ:.gɪn] US ['bɑ:r-] noun countable
AGREEMENT 协议
■an agreement between two people or groups in which each promises to do something in exchange for something else 协议；交易
• "I'll tidy the kitchen if you clean the car." "OK, it's a bargain." “如果你洗车我就打扫厨房。”“好，就这么说定了！”
• The management and employees eventually struck/made a bargain (= reached an agreement). 劳资双方最终达成了协议。
UK ['bɑ:.gɪn] US ['bɑ:r-] noun countable
into the bargain (US also in the bargain)
■in addition to other facts previously mentioned 此外，而且
• He's intelligent, witty, a loving husband, and an excellent cook into the bargain. 他聪明诙谐，疼爱妻子，而且厨艺也很不错。
UK ['bɑ:.gɪn] US ['bɑ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
■to try to make someone agree to give you something more favourable for you, such as a better price, or better wages or working conditions 讨价还价（如价格、工资或工作条件等）
• Unions bargain with employers for better rates of pay each year. 为了争取更高薪酬，工会每年都要与资方进行谈判。
UK ['bɑ:.gɪn] US ['bɑ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bargain sth away
■to exchange something good for something of less value 以高价值物品交换低价值物品
• I realized that by trying to gain security I had bargained away my freedom. 我发觉我为了获得安全保障而轻易地牺牲了自由。
UK ['bɑ:.gɪn] US ['bɑ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bargain for/on sth
■to expect or be prepared for something 期待；预计到；准备好
• We hadn't bargained on such a long wait. 我们没料到会等这么久。
• The strength of the opposition was rather more than she'd bargained for. 对手的实力远远超出了她的预期。
deal, trade, bargain, commerce, business
这组词都有“贸易，交易”的意思，其区别是：
deal: 口语用词，指买卖双方经过交涉达成协议成交。
trade: 普通用词，含义广。既可指某种具体的商业又可指广泛的贸易。
bargain: 多指买卖双方通过谈判、协商就商品质量、数量、价格等项达成协议所成的生意。
commerce: 多指大规模的买卖或易货关系。
business: 指包括售货、购货、换货在内的综合商业活动，方式可以是批发或零售。
agreement, contract, treaty, convention, bargain, understanding, accord
这些名词均含“协定，协议，契约，合同”之意。
agreement: 普通用词，含义最确定，泛指个人、团体或国家之间取得一致而达成的任何协议、协定或合同、契约等，可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。
contract: 侧重指双方或多方订立的具有法律效力的正式的书面合同或契约。
treaty: 指国家之间经外交谈判后依照国际法签订的正式条约。
convention: 比treaty更专门化，但不及treaty正式。也可指国家之间就有关事情签订的条约。
bargain: 通常指商业交往中的购销合同。
understanding: 指不具约束力的非正式的协议。
accord: 多指国际间的非正式协议。
n. 交易；契约；特价商品
 - trade, special, truck, compact
vi. 讨价还价；成交
 - bar tack, make a deal
vt. 讨价还价；拿…做交易
 - bar tack

Word: handful
Front: handful
[ˈhændfʊl] (高研四六托 3109/4262 -2)
Vocabulary: handful
(once / 379 pages)
n
A handful is just a little of something, or the amount you can hold in your hand. It can be a literal handful, like a handful of popcorn, or it can mean just a few, like a handful of trucks.
You might find yourself eating handfuls of raspberries when you're supposed to be picking them to make jam. Another meaning of handful is "just a few," as in "There are only a handful of dogs at the dog park this morning." And a third way to use this word is to mean "incredibly difficult to handle." If your mom says, "You were a handful when you were a toddler," she means you were not easy.
WORD FAMILY
handful: handfuls+/forehand: forehandedly, forehands/ hand: forehand, handed, handful, handing, handless, hands, overhand, overhanded, underhand, underhanded, unhand/handed: forehanded, handeder, handedest, handedly, handedness/underhand: underhandedly/unhand: unhanded, unhands
USAGE EXAMPLES
A handful of other states’ petitions reached the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
So far, the technology is being built into just a few miles of highway in a handful of states, even as smartcars hit the roads.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He showered a handful of businesses with favors such as tax benefits, cheap electricity, a buy-Korea policy and the suppression of organized labor.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 少数，少量; 一把（的量）; 难以控制的人（或动物）; 棘手事
分布：少数(61%)，一把(38%)，棘手之事(1%)
一把(ahandfulofsalt一把盐)[-ful 1.表形容词"有…的"2.表名词"满,量"]
n.一把;少数;一小撮her young boy is quite a handful.她的小儿子是一个很难管教的孩子.
noun
AMOUNT 数量
 IMPROVER countable
■an amount of something that can be held in one hand 一把（之量）
• He pulled out a handful of coins from his pocket. 他从口袋里掏出一把硬币。
['hænd.fʊl] noun
A FEW 少量
only singular
■a small number of people or things 少数，少量
• She invited loads of friends to her party, but only a handful of them turned up. 她请了很多朋友参加她的派对，但只有少数几个到场。
['hænd.fʊl] noun
DIFFICULT PERSON 难对付的人
only singular
■a person, often a child, who is difficult to control 难对付的人（常指小孩）
• Her older son is fine but the little one is a bit of a handful. 她的大儿子很乖，但小儿子有点难管。
n. 少数；一把；棘手事
 - fewness, the minority

Word: oxford

Word: jean
Front: jean
[dʒiːn] (六 -/2705)
Back: n. （耐用的）斜纹棉布; 牛仔裤，斜纹棉布裤
分布：斜纹布(100%)
n. 牛仔裤； [纺] 斜纹棉布
 - jea, Milton Keynes

Word: addition
Front: addition
[əˈdɪʃn] (高研四六雅宝 2048/2841 -K4)
Vocabulary: addition
(once / 63 pages)
1n 2n
An addition is the act of adding something new, like a baby — a new addition to your family — or what you do in math class: the addition of columns of numbers to get the sum.
The noun addition comes from the Old French word adition, meaning "that which is added." A new room built onto your house, a new item in a store's inventory, even another baseball cap in your collection — all of these are additions. Usually thought of as improvements, you may have heard the phrase "welcome addition" to describe a new cast mate to a television show that has lost its creative spark or a new ball field at your local park.
WORD FAMILY
addition: additional, additions+/ add: addable, added, adder, addible, adding, addition, additive, adds/adder: adders/ additional: additionally/additive: additively, additives
USAGE EXAMPLES
In addition to her daughter, she is survived by two sons, Mark Lansburgh and Frank Bell Appleby, and four grandchildren.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition, Rossello pledged to provide female government employees with the same pay as their male counterparts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State public security secretary Sergio Fontes said that in addition to the deaths, some inmates escaped, but he did not say how many.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 加，增加，附加; [数]加法; 增加的人或事物
分布：加法(48%)，增加(42%)，附加物(10%)
→来自add的名词形式。
n.加,加法;附加部分,增加(物)In addition to the thick fog, there was a heavy swell.除浓雾之外又有滚滚大浪.
【记】add增加，ition名词后缀
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the process of adding numbers or amounts together 加法
• Twice a week the children are tested in basic mathematical skills such as addition (= calculating the total of different numbers put together) and subtraction. 孩子每周要参加两次加减法等基础数学能力的测试。
in addition (to)
 IMPROVER * as well (as)
• In addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland. 除了在伦敦拥有一层公寓外，他在义大利还有一座乡间别墅，在苏格兰有一座城堡。
countable
■something that has been added to something else 增加的人或物
• A secretary would be a welcome/useful addition to our staff. 多聘一名秘书对于我们全体工作人员来说是好消息／会有助于我们全体工作人员的工作。
• humorous I hear you're expecting a small addition to the family (= you are going to have a baby) ! 我听说你家里要添一名小成员了！
countable
■the act of adding a substance or thing to something else 增加，添加
• Most working environments are improved by the addition of (= adding) a few plants and pictures. 多数情况下，只要摆上几盆花、几幅画，工作环境就能得到改善。
accessory, supplement, appendix, attachment, addition
这组词都有“附加物、增加物”的意思，其区别是：
accessory: 作“附件”解时，与attachment同义，可互换，但还指增加美观的附属品。
supplement: 主要指使书、报等正广更完善而额外增加的部分。
appendix: 指书末的附录。
attachment: 指用于扩大原物用途的附件。
addition: 仅强调数量的增加。
n. 添加； [数] 加法；增加物
 - add, accretion

Word: mainstream
Front: mainstream
[ˈmeɪnstri:m] (3528/5848)
Vocabulary: mainstream
(once / 1696 pages)
n
Mainstream describes what's viewed by most people in a society as "normal," like the mainstream view that everyone should get married, move to the suburbs, and have children as soon as they can.
Something that's mainstream is conventional, or the usual way of doing things. If you're talking about the mainstream in fashion, you mean the ordinary clothes that most people wear and which is found in all the malls — nothing too weird or outlandish. In the 1600s, mainstream described the prevailing current of a river, with the first recorded use of its meaning of prevailing taste or opinion in 1831.
WORD FAMILY
mainstream: mainstreams
USAGE EXAMPLES
Indeed, a mainstream strategy in cognitive behavioral therapy involves purposefully articulating thoughts to oneself in order to diminish pernicious habits of mind.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Still, the league using FanDuel to drive its TV business is exactly the type of mainstream acceptance Freeman mentioned.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The medium, he said, was a way to avoid mainstream media outlets and get his message directly to the American public.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （思想或行为的）主流; 主要倾向，主要趋势
分布：主流(89%)，主流的(10%)，把 ... 纳入主流(1%)
→main,主要的，stream,水流。比喻用法。
adjective
 ADVANCED
■considered normal, and having or using ideas, beliefs, etc which are accepted by most people 主流的（常规思维，采用大多数人接受的思想、信念等）
• This is the director's first mainstream Hollywood film. 这是该导演的首部好莱坞主流影片。
['meɪn.stri:m] noun
the mainstream
■the way of life or set of beliefs accepted by most people 主流（多数人的生活方式或信仰）
• The new law should allow more disabled people to enter the mainstream of American life. 这部新法有望使更多的残疾人士融入美国的主流社会。
['meɪn.stri:m] verb transitive US to teach children with physical or mental problems in the same class as children without problems 让…融入主流教育（向身心有缺陷的儿童和正常儿童同堂授课）
n. 主流
 - artery, main river

Word: achievement
Front: achievement
[əˈtʃi:vmənt] (高四六托雅 2021/1978 -K2)
Vocabulary: achievement
(once / 312 pages)
n
Achievement is another word for accomplishment. My greatest achievement to date is the time I won the annual hay-stacking contest at the county fair. That was twenty darn years ago, but I still look back fondly on that moment and the trophy I got to take home.
A noun used to describe something finished successfully or the act of accomplishing, achievement comes from the similarly spelled Middle French achievement “a finishing.” For some people, just being able to make it to work every day on time could be considered an achievement, but the word is usually applied to feats of more heroic proportions. Ralph Waldo Emerson once said, “Every great achievement is the victory of a flaming heart.”
WORD FAMILY
achievement: achievements, nonachievement+/ achievable: achievability, unachievable/ achieve: achievable, achieved, achievement, achiever, achieves, achieving, overachieve, underachieve/achiever: achievers, nonachiever/nonachiever: nonachievers/overachieve: overachieved, overachievement, overachiever, overachieves, overachieving/overachiever: overachievers/unachievable: unachievably/underachieve: underachievement, underachiever, underachieves, underachieving/underachiever: underachievers
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said it’s also grown the achievement gap for those students who struggle in class.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Second Avenue line – technically a four-stop extension of the Q – is a substantial achievement for the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Lamar Jackson’s achievement as Louisville’s first Heisman Trophy winner raised expectations for him to lead the Cardinals into national championship contention.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 完成，达到; 成就，成绩
分布：成就(76%)，成绩(14%)，达到(5%)，完成(5%)
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■something very good and difficult that you have succeeded in doing 成就，成绩；功绩
• An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young. 对于如此年轻的选手而言，夺得奥运会银牌是个了不起的成就。
• The Tale of Genji has been described as the greatest achievement of Japanese literature. 《源氏物语》一直被称作是日本文学最伟大的成就。
• It gives you a sense of achievement if you actually make it to the end of a very long book. 如果你能真正读完一本厚书，就会有一种成就感。
n. 成就；完成；达到
 - effort, completion, success, execution, accomplishment

Word: congressional
Front: congressional
[kənˈgreʃənl] (托 2309/9334 -3)
Vocabulary: congressional
(once / 444 pages)
adj
Anything congressional is related to a congress, which is the law-making body of a country. Congress (with a capital “c”) is the law-making branch of the US government. Silly campaign ads start showing up before a congressional race.
Congressional most often describes anything related to the US Congress. Congress is the legislative branch of the government, made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. These people are voted in. In the US, you vote for a representative in your congressional district. Congressional districts are decided by population, and each state has at least one representative in congress. Congressional hearings are meetings where laws are discussed. Congressional cocktail parties are where members of congress whoop it up.
WORD FAMILY
congressional: congressionally+/ congress: congresses, congressional
USAGE EXAMPLES
Congressional Republicans see these changes as unwanted intrusions on the free market.
Slate(Dec 01, 2016)
It passed the House of Representatives nearly unanimously in November, and congressional aides said they expected Obama would sign it when it reached his desk.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
But such semantic distinctions weren’t enough to ward off a congressional inquiry, begun after Bloch had left, which temporarily damaged the agency’s sterling reputation.
Science Magazine(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 会议的; 委员会的; 国会的; 议会的
分布：国会的(85%)，议会的(8%)，会议的(7%)
adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■belonging or related to the US Congress （美国）国会的
• a congressional committee 国会委员会
• congressional elections 国会选举
adj. 国会的；会议的；议会的
 - parliamentary, synodical

Word: deserve
Front: deserve
[dɪˈzɜ:v] (高研四六托雅 2224/2627 -K3)
Vocabulary: deserve
(once / 106 pages)
v
We deserve things based on our actions. For example, many people believe murderers deserve the death penalty.
Deserve is used in many ways, but it always carries a sense of balance or justice. If someone receives an award for their work, it means they deserve praise and attention. If you deserve a day off, it means you've been working hard and have earned a vacation. If you threw a book during class, you deserve a punishment of some kind. Many laws — and lots of arguments — are about deciding what different people deserve. It's often hard to tell.
WORD FAMILY
deserve: deserved, deserves, deserving+/deserved: deservedest, deservedly, undeserved/deserving: deservingest, deservingly, deservingness, undeserving /undeserved: undeservedly/ undeserving: undeservingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But whatever you think of his stewardship of the nation, he deserves our thanks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“He’s done a great job and deserves an opportunity to interview and see what happens,” Gruden said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some fans thought Western’s record deserved even more recognition than a top 15 spot and a Cotton Bowl berth.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 应受; 应得; 值得
vi. 应受报答; 应得报酬; 应得赔偿; 应受惩罚
时态：deserved, deserving, deserves
分布：值得(84%)，应受(16%)
→de-, 向下，强调。serve, 服务。原指服务所应得的报酬，后词义通用化。
应受,值得(de加强+serve→加强服务→值得[重视])[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
v.应受,值得The desert deserves the nervous servants to observe.那个沙漠值得神经紧张的公务员们去观察.
US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive not continuous
 ESSENTIAL
■to have earned or to be given something because of the way you have behaved or the qualities you have 值得；应得
• After all that hard work, you deserve a holiday. 辛劳过后，你该放假了。
• Chris deserves our special thanks for all his efforts. 我们应该特别感谢克里斯所付出的心血。
• I hope they get the punishment they deserve. 我希望他们受到应有的惩罚。
• [+ to infinitive] They certainly deserved to win that match. 他们理应赢得那场比赛。
UK [dɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive not continuous
She/He deserves a medal humorous
■said when you admire someone for dealing with a difficult person or situation for a long time 她／他值得钦佩，值得赞叹
• She deserves a medal for putting up with that husband of hers. 她能够忍受那样的丈夫真不容易。
UK [dɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive not continuous
He/She deserves whatever / everything he/she gets.
■said if you think someone should have to suffer because of their bad behaviour 无论怎样惩罚他／她都是活该，罪有应得
• After all the harm she's done, she deserves whatever she gets. 她做了那么多坏事，无论受到甚么惩罚都是罪有应得。
vi. 应受，应得
 - be deserving of
vt. 应受，应得
 - be deserving of

Word: circle
Front: circle
[ˈsɜ:kl] (中高研四六托雅 1506/1832 -K4)
Vocabulary: circle
(once / 50 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n
A circle is the round shape formed by all the points equidistant from a center point. This shape can be found everywhere, from the ring on your finger to the performance space in a circus (which sounds suspiciously similar, doesn’t it?).
The Greek word kirkos meant circle, but the word goes back even further to the Proto-Indo-European word kirk, which meant "to bend." The noun refers to that round shape, while the verb form means to move around or surround something. Are you going to knock on the door or just circle around the house all day? If you feel like you haven't been getting anywhere with something, you might say you're "going in circles."
WORD FAMILY
circle: circled, circles, circlet, circling, circular, encircle, semicircle+/ circlet: circlets/circular: circularise, circularity, circularize, circularly, circulars, circulate /circularise: circularisation, circularised, circularises, circularising/circularity: circularities/circularize: circularization, circularized, circularizing/ circulate: circulated, circulates, circulating, circulation, circulative, circulatory/circulation: circulations, recirculation/ encircle: encircled, encirclement, encircles, encircling/encirclement: encirclements/encircling: encirclingly/semicircle: semicircles, semicircular/semicircular: semicircularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The engraver didn’t tutor her directly but after some trial and error, she cut her preliminary lines and circles at his bench.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He lost the turtle momentarily, then circled back.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When I was in Europe I saw lots of friends circles with normal-weight healthy looking people, walking around and eating sensible meals.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: n. 圆; 圆状物; 一圈; 圈子
vt. 圈出，包围; 绕…运转
vi. 环绕，盘旋
时态：circled, circling, circles
分布：圆圈(33%)，圈子(29%)，盘旋(18%)，环绕(12%)，包围(4%)，包厢(2%)，划圈(2%)
→来自sker,转，圈，环，词源同ring,curve.
n.圆,圆周;集团;周期,循环v.环绕,旋转In no circumstances can the bicycle in the circle of the circus be a focus.马戏表演圈子中的自行车决不会成为焦点.
US ['sɝ:-] noun
SHAPE 形状
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a continuous curved line, the points of which are always the same distance away from a fixed central point, or the area inside such a line 圆；圆圈；圆形
• Coloured paper was cut into circles, squares and triangles. 彩纸被剪成了圆形、正方形和三角形。
• We sat in a circle. 我们围坐成一圈。
UK ['sɜ:.kl] US ['sɝ:-] noun
GROUP 团体
 ADVANCED countable
■a group of people with family, work or social connections 圈子；集团；界；阶层
• The subject was never discussed outside the family circle. 这个话题只在家庭成员间讨论。
• She's not one of my close circle of friends. 她不是我密友圈中的一员。
• We never meet these days - we move in different circles (= do not have the same group of friends). 这些日子我们从未碰面——我们彼此的圈子不同。
UK ['sɜ:.kl] US ['sɝ:-] noun
UPPER FLOOR 上面的楼层
the circle only singular UK
■an upper floor in a theatre or cinema where people sit to watch the performance （剧院或影院的）弧形楼座
• Shall I get seats in the circle or in the stalls? 我们买楼座座位还是正厅座位？
Compare gallery ; the stalls at stall
UK ['sɜ:.kl] US ['sɝ:-] noun
go/run round in circles
■to keep doing or talking about the same thing without achieving anything 原地兜圈；毫无进展；白忙，瞎忙活
• The discussion kept going round in circles. 讨论一直在原地兜圈子。
• I've been running round in circles trying to get all the reports finished before the meeting. 我一直在瞎忙，想在会前写完所有的报告，可是却毫无头绪。
UK ['sɜ:.kl] US ['sɝ:-] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to move in a circle, often around something 盘旋；环行；绕…转圈
• The plane circled for an hour before receiving permission to land. 飞机盘旋一小时后才接到允许着陆的讯息。
• Security staff circled the grounds of the house with guard dogs every hour. 保安人员每小时都带着警犬在那幢房子周围巡逻。
transitive
■to draw a circle around something 圈出；在…上画圈
• Circle the answer you think is correct. 把你认为正确的答案圈出来。
⇒ See also encircle
whirl, turn, roll, rotate, revolve, spin, circle
这组词都有“转动、旋转”的意思，其区别是：
whirl: 指旋转或作圆周运动，侧重急速或力量。
turn: 普通用词，中性，含义不确切，可指作一个圆周运动或连续地作圆周运动，也可指仅是沿圆的弧形转动。
roll: 指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。
rotate: 侧重指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。
revolve: 强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。
spin: 指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。
circle: 指作圆周运动。
n. 循环，周期；圆；圈子；圆形物
 - cycle, revolution, rotation, round, recurrence
vi. 盘旋，旋转；环行
 - wheel, orbit, spin

Word: pool
Front: pool
[pu:l] (中高研四六 1565/1678 -K3)
Back: n. 水池; 石油层; （液体等的）一滩; 共同储金
vi. 使形成池塘或水洼; 淤积; 合伙经营; 采（煤等）
时态：pooled, pooling, pools
分布：游泳池(84%)，水塘(5%)，联营(5%)，共用(2%)，汇集(2%)，共同储金(1%)，美式撞球(1%)
→来自古英语pol,水塘，来自West-Germanic*pol,水塘，来自bale,沼泽，可能来自beu,鼓起，膨胀，词源同ball,pock.pool 普尔，台球，共用的资源
n.水池,游泳池;合资经营v.合伙经营,联营The scholar foolishly took the school cooling pool for swimming pool.学者愚蠢的把学校的冷却池当成游泳池.
noun
LIQUID 液体
 IMPROVER countable
■a small area of usually still water 水塘，水池，潭
• We looked for crabs in the rock pools along the seashore. 我们在海边岩石的水坑里找螃蟹。
 IMPROVER countable
■a small amount of liquid on a surface （液体的）一滩，一片
• a pool of blood/oil 一滩血／油
• figurative a pool of light 一小片光亮
 IMPROVER countable
■a swimming pool 游泳池
• I spent most of my holiday lying/sunbathing by the pool. 我假期的大部分时间都在游泳池旁躺着／晒太阳。
[pu:l] noun
COLLECTION 收集物
countable
■a number of people or a quantity of a particular thing, such as money, collected together for shared use by several people or organizations 共用人员；共用资金；共用资源
• Patrick crashed a Ford that he'd borrowed from the car pool at work. 派翠克把他从公司车队借的一辆福特汽车撞坏了。
• As unemployment rises, the pool of cheap labour increases. 随着失业率的上升，廉价劳力的数量也在增加。
[pu:l] noun
MONEY RISKED 有机会失去的金钱
countable
■in some card games, an amount of money which is collected from all the players and received by the player who wins the game 彩池（在一些纸牌游戏中，所有玩家都要先支付一定金额的钱，最后胜出者将能赢得整笔款项，此款项称为彩池）
countable US
■the money risked by a number of people on the result of a game or event 全部赌款，赌注
• a baseball/football/hockey pool 棒球／足球／曲棍球赌注
• the office pool 办公室合赌
• Who won the pool? 谁赢了这次合赌？
the pools [plural] (also football pools) UK
■a type of gambling in which people risk a small amount of money and try to guess the results of football matches correctly and win a lot of money 足球赌博
• They do the pools every week. 他们每个星期都赌球。
[pu:l] noun
GAME 游戏
uncountable
■a game in which two people use cues (= long thin poles) to hit 16 coloured balls into six holes around the edge of a large table covered in soft cloth 桌球，撞球，弹子球
• a pool table/room/hall 撞球桌／球房
• mainly US informal Do you want to shoot (= play) some pool? 你想打撞球吗？
Compare snooker
[pu:l] verb transitive
■to collect something such as money or resources in order for it to be used by several different people or groups （为不同人士或团体）集合（资金／资源）
• Three schools in Putney have pooled their resources/money in order to buy an area of waste ground and turn it into a sports field. 派特尼的三所学校将其资源／资金集中起来购买一片废地，把它改建成运动场。
pool, pond
这组词都有“池塘、水塘”的意思，其区别是：
pool: 指自然形成的池塘。
pond: 一般指乡村由人工挖的可供喂养鹅鸭等的水塘，或指花园中人工修建的养鱼池子。
n. 联营；撞球；水塘；共同资金
 - billiard ball

Word: steal
Front: steal
[sti:l] (中高研四六托 1784/1891 -K3)
Vocabulary: steal
(once / 102 pages)
vn
To steal is take something that isn't yours: thieves steal. But a bargain that's so good it's almost like you're getting away with robbery is also called a steal.
Stealing is what thieves do: taking things from other people. A bank robber steals money. A mugger steals purses and wallets. People also use steal in other ways. If someone wastes your time, you might say they're stealing your time. A store having a sale might say, "Our prices are a steal!" In baseball, a runner can steal a base. When you see steal, think "take."
WORD FAMILY
steal: stealer, stealing, steals, stolen+/stealer: stealers/stealing: stealings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He finished with 11 assists, six rebounds, two steals and just one turnover.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A little more than an hour later an officer spotted the stolen car, called for backup, and began pursuing the suspects.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They didn’t just steal data; they weaponized it,” he said of Russia, also on the ABC program.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 偷; 悄悄地做，悄悄地走; 潜行; 不正当的获得
vi. 偷; 偷偷地行动：秘密、不显明地行动、发生或消失; [棒球]偷垒
n. 偷窃; 便宜货; 便宜货
时态：stole, stolen, stealing, steals
分布：偷(77%)，窃取(12%)，偷窃(9%)，便宜货(2%)
→来自古英语 stelan,偷，盗窃，来自 Proto-Germanic*stelan,偷，来自 stel,偷，抢，词源同 stalk.
v.偷,窃取;偷偷地做,巧取He conceals the fact that he is jealous of my seal and wants to steal it.他隐瞒了他嫉妒我的印章并想偷的事实.
verb intransitive or transitive (stole, stolen)
TAKE 拿
 ESSENTIAL
■to take something without the permission or knowledge of the owner and keep it 偷，窃
• She admitted stealing the money from her employers. 她承认偷了雇主的钱。
• The number of cars which are stolen every year has risen. 每年失窃车辆的数量都在上升。
• They were so poor they had to steal in order to eat. 他们非常穷，为了填饱肚子只得去行窃。
[sti:l] verb intransitive or transitive (stole, stolen)
DO QUICKLY 行动快速
■to do something quickly or without being noticed 偷偷做；悄悄进行
• She stole a glance at her watch. 她偷偷瞄了一眼自己的手表。
• He stole out of the room while no one was looking. 他趁没人注意，偷偷溜出房间。
[sti:l] verb intransitive or transitive (stole, stolen)
steal sb's thunder
■to do what someone else was going to do before they do it, especially if this takes success or praise away from them 抢先（某人）做；（尤指）抢了（某人）的成功机会（或风头）
• Sandy stole my thunder when she announced that she was pregnant two days before I'd planned to tell people about my pregnancy. 在我打算告诉大家我怀孕的消息之前两天，桑迪抢先宣布她怀孕了，抢了我的风头。
[sti:l] verb intransitive or transitive (stole, stolen)
steal a march on sb
■If you steal a march on someone, you get an advantage over them by acting before they do 抢先（某人）一步
• Our rival company managed to steal a march on us by bringing out their software ahead of ours. 与我们竞争的公司先于我们推出他们的软体，从而抢占了先机。
[sti:l] verb intransitive or transitive (stole, stolen)
steal the limelight
■to get more attention than anyone or anything else in a situation 出风头，抢镜头
• The experimental car certainly stole the limelight at the motor show. 这款实验车型无疑在车展上出尽风头。
[sti:l] verb intransitive or transitive (stole, stolen)
steal the show/scene
■to be the most popular or the best part of an event or situation 最受欢迎；最为出彩
• The child with the dog stole the show. 带着狗的那个孩子最受欢迎。
[sti:l] noun only singular mainly US informal
■a product that has a very low price, or a price that is much lower than the original cost 极廉价的物品；低价
• I picked up a new iron at the sale - it was a steal. 我在大减价时买了个新熨斗——非常便宜。
rob, steal, deprive, plunder
这组词都有“偷，抢，夺”的意思，其区别是：
rob: 最常用词，指用暴力恐吓或哄骗等非法手段抢夺财物。
steal: 普通用词，指暗中行窃。
deprive: 多指夺去或扣留别人拥有或可能拥有的有价值或必需的东西，也可用于指抽象的事物。
plunder: 指大规模或大范围地掠夺。
vt. [法] 偷窃；剽窃；偷偷地做
 - scrump, pick pocket
n. [法] 偷窃；便宜货；偷垒
 - rip-off, cheapie

Word: delivery
Front: delivery
[dɪˈlɪvəri] (研四六雅 2804/2169 -K3)
Vocabulary: delivery
(once / 362 pages)
1n 2n
When you make a delivery, you bring something somewhere. A delivery can be in the form of something physical, as when you receive a delivery in the mail, or verbal, as in the delivery of a speech or address.
Delivery once could only mean "the action of handing something to another," but it has a long history of being applied in other ways. The idea of childbirth as being a delivery came about in the 1570's, while the term was applied to a punch in the 1580's, and to throwing a ball in 1702. A verbal delivery is the manner in which a speech is presented. As a comedian, you know the importance of a good delivery — timing the punchline just right.
WORD FAMILY
delivery: deliveries+/ deliver: deliverable, deliverance, delivered, deliverer, delivering, delivers, delivery /deliverable: deliverables/ deliverance: deliverances/deliverer: deliverers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Pemex spokesman said relatively few gasoline stations were affected, although protesters temporarily blocked storage terminals, delaying the delivery of gasoline to retail points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Schuette said education “is in many respects on a delivery system from the 1900s.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Paul Plummer is the chief executive of the Rail Delivery Group which represents train operators and Network Rail.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 传送，投递; [法]（正式）交付; 分娩; 讲演
分布：交付(37%)，传递(24%)，分娩(17%)，递送(13%)，转让(5%)，投球(3%)，演讲姿态(1%)
→来自deliver, 交付，递交。
n.递送;交付;分娩;交货;引渡There is no delivery of letters on Sundays.星期日不送信.
US [-ɚ-] noun
LETTERS, ETC. 信件等
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when goods, letters, parcels, etc. are taken to people's houses or places of work 运送；递送，投递
• We get two deliveries of mail (= it is delivered twice) a day. 我们每天收到两次邮件。
• You can pay for the carpet on delivery (= when it is delivered). 地毯可以贷到付款。
• We expect to take delivery of (= receive) our new car next week. 我们预计下周能拿到新车。
• a delivery van 小货车
UK [dɪ'lɪv.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun
GIVING 给予
only singular
■the way in which someone speaks in public 演讲风格，演说方式
• the actor's delivery 演员的演讲风格
countable or uncountable
■in some sports, such as cricket or baseball, the act of throwing the ball towards the person with the bat , in order for that person to try to hit the ball （板球、棒球等运动中的）投球
• That was a good delivery from Thompson. 那是汤姆森投出的一个好球。
• The pitcher is famous for the speed of his delivery. 那个投手以投球速度快而闻名。
UK [dɪ'lɪv.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun
BIRTH 出生
countable
■a birth 分娩
n. [贸易] 交付； [妇产] 分娩；递送
 - labour, handing over

Word: pupil
Front: pupil
[ˈpju:pl] (中高托雅 5057/952 -K3)
Vocabulary: pupil
(once / 176 pages)
1n 2n
A pupil is an old-fashioned word for a young person attending school, or it can be that black dot in the center of your eye's iris. As a pupil, your pupils may dilate when your teacher dims the lights.
If you are a pupil, you are a learner enrolled in an educational institution. As a pupil, you have mastered the act of looking interested while thinking about the beach. Your pupil is also the aperture or opening in the center of your eye that looks like a big black dot. Dilating pupils are a very subtle sign that you are interested, lying, or pretending — or just trying to see in poor lighting.
WORD FAMILY
pupil: pupillary, pupils
USAGE EXAMPLES
Electrodes were attached to the activist’s fingertips and small cameras trained on his pupils while he was asked questions.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities say his pupils were dilated, and he seemed “amped up.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The teachers also belong to the transgender community - a measure designed to protect and encourage the pupils.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 学生; [解]瞳孔; 未成年人; [法]被监护人
分布：小学生(77%)，弟子(23%)
→来自拉丁语pupillus,小男孩，来自pupus的小词形式，来自pupus,男孩，可能来自pup,鼓起，膨胀，拟声词，引申词义生长，或来自pau,小的，少的，词源同few,pedagogue.pupil 瞳孔，瞳仁
n.学生,小学生;瞳孔The pupils will fix with a mixture the fixed figure in the future.学生们将来要用一种混合物整修固定轮廓.
noun countable
STUDENT 学生
 ESSENTIAL
■a person, especially a child at school, who is being taught 学生，（尤指）小学生
• a second-year pupil 小学二年级学生
• a primary-school pupil 小学生
• The school has over 400 pupils. 这所学校有400多名小学生。
• There is a very relaxed atmosphere between staff and pupils at the school. 这所学校师生之间的气氛很轻松。
• Her school report described her as a very promising pupil. 她在成绩单中被描述成一个非常有前途的学生。
■someone who is being taught a skill, especially such as painting or music, by an expert 学徒；弟子；门徒
• The painting is believed to be by a pupil of Titian. 这幅画被认为是提香的一位门徒所作。
['pju:.pəl] noun countable
EYE 眼睛
■the circular black area in the centre of your eye, through which light enters 瞳孔
• Pupils contract in bright light, and dilate in darkness. 瞳孔在明亮的光线下会收缩，在黑暗中会扩大。
student, learner, pupil, scholar
这组词都有“学生”的意思，其区别是：
student: 普通用词，可指中学生，但主要指高等学校或专科学校的学生。
learner: 通俗用词，指某一门学问上的初学者，尤指成年的初学者。
pupil: 特指中小学生，尤其是小学生。
scholar: 可指一切学生，尤指学识渊博的某一学科的学者。
n. 学生； [解剖] 瞳孔；未成年人
 - student, minor

Word: legacy
Front: legacy
[ˈlegəsi] (研六托宝 3189/5067 -2)
Vocabulary: legacy
(once / 681 pages)
n
Use the word, legacy, for something handed down from one generation to the next. A retiring company president might leave a legacy of honesty and integrity.
Legacy comes from the Latin verb, legare "to appoint by a last will, send as an ambassador." Originally, the noun meant "ambassador" or "envoy" but soon shifted to mean the money and property a person leaves behind in his will. Many university scholarships are funded by the legacies of former students. In recent usage, political leaders are said to be concerned with their legacies, the historically significant achievements of their tenure in office.
WORD FAMILY
legacy: legacies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The ordeal causes issues between Nova and her boyfriend, a white police officer whose career is part of his family’s legacy.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Many at the time saw Mr Yadav's move as his way of securing his legacy in Indian politics.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It may be impossible to draw a single thread through every performance to neatly cinch together a great actress’s legacy.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 遗产; 遗赠
分布：遗赠物(60%)，先人或过去遗留下来的东西(40%)
→来自拉丁语legatus,大使，使节，词源同legate,来自leg,读，说，词源同legible.引申词义指定，任命。后词义发生变化，用于指遗嘱，遗赠。比较legate,legatee.
n.遗产,遗赠;先人(或过去)留下的东西My farm is a legacy from my grandfather.Part of my legacy from my parents is an album of family photographs.
【记】读：来个死。死了以后就可以领到遗产了！
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■money or property that you receive from someone after they die 遗产，遗赠
• An elderly cousin had left her a small legacy. 一位堂兄留给她一小笔遗产。
 ADVANCED
■something that is a part of your history or which stays from an earlier time 历史遗产，遗留物
• The Greeks have a rich legacy of literature. 希腊人有丰富的文学遗产。
• The war has left a legacy of hatred. 那场战争给人们留下了仇恨。
inheritance, legacy
inheritance: 遗留下来的物品，偏重于具体的东西
legacy: 遗产，偏于精神方面等；
n. 遗赠， [法] 遗产
 - heritage, inheritance

Word: lade
Front: lade
[leɪd] None
Back: v. 装载（货物），装（船），（用勺子）舀出
时态：laded, laden, lading, lades
分布：装载(51%)，装货(33%)，汲取(16%)
vt. 装载；装（船）
 - onload, stow
vi. （用勺子）舀出；装货
 - ladle out, scoop out

Word: desert
Front: desert
[ˈdezət] (高研四六托雅宝 2196/3426 -K3)
Vocabulary: desert
(once / 70 pages)
1v 2n
A desert is a very dry area of land where few plants and animals can live. If you find yourself stranded in the middle of the desert, you'll have no company except for the occasional lizard or scorpion.
Desert comes from the Latin desertus, for abandoned or lying in waste. This can refer to a vast sandy area without vegetation, or any empty, lifeless expanse. As a verb, it means to leave someone or something. A soldier who runs away from the army is called a deserter. Occasionally you'll hear someone say, "He got his just deserts," which doesn't have anything to do with abandonment; it means he got what he deserved.
WORD FAMILY
desert: deserted, deserter, desertification, deserting, desertion, deserts, semidesert+/deserter: deserters/desertion: desertions
USAGE EXAMPLES
FDR’s confidence deserted him as the economy lost a breathtaking four million jobs, leaving Roosevelt’s team to bemoan the “depression within a depression.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
You might as well be feasting in a Vegas casino, surrounded by desert.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
An untold number of West Africans attempt the dangerous passage to Europe by desert and sea each year in hope of a better life.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 沙漠; 荒地; 应得的赏罚; 功劳，美德
adj. 沙漠的; 荒芜的，不毛的; 无人的
时态：deserted, deserting, deserts
分布：沙漠(92%)，遗弃(4%)，放弃(1%)，荒地(1%)，离弃(1%)，擅离职守(1%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-sert, 连接，词源同series, insert. 即断开连接，逃离，遗弃，引申词义被遗弃的地方，沙漠。
离开;抛弃(de分开+sert→不再加入→离开)[sert=join,insert表示"加入,插入"]
n.沙漠,不毛之地v.抛弃,遗弃;擅离,开小差The desert deserves the nervous servants to observe.那个沙漠值得神经紧张的公务员们去观察.
【记】de反，sert加入－反加入－离开
【参】deserted（adj 荒芜的；为人所弃的）；deserter（n 背弃者；逃亡者；脱党者）；desertification（n 土壤荒漠化）；desertion（n 丢掉；遗弃；逃亡）
US [-ə˞t]
 IMPROVER
■an area, often covered with sand or rocks, where there is very little rain and not many plants 沙漠，荒漠
• They were lost in the desert for nine days. 他们在沙漠里迷路已经有9天了。
• We had to cross a large area of arid, featureless desert. 我们必须穿越一大片干燥荒芜的沙漠。
• the desert sun 沙漠里的太阳
cultural/intellectual, etc. desert disapproving
■a place that is considered to have no cultural, intellectual, etc. quality or interest 文化沙漠等
• This town is a cultural/intellectual desert. 这个城镇是一片文化沙漠。
verb UK [dɪˈzɜːt] US [-ˈzɜ˞ːt]
RUN AWAY 跑掉
intransitive or transitive
■to leave the armed forces without permission and with no intention of returning 开小差，当逃兵；擅离（部队）
• Soldiers who deserted and were caught were shot. 抓回来的逃兵被枪毙了。
• How many people desert from the army each year? 军队中每年有多少逃兵？
verb UK [dɪˈzɜːt] US [-ˈzɜ˞ːt]
LEAVE BEHIND 丢下
transitive
■to leave someone without help or in a difficult situation and not come back 抛弃，丢弃
• He deserted his wife and family for another woman. 他为了另一个女人，抛弃妻子和家庭。
transitive
■If a quality deserts you, you suddenly and temporarily lose it 失去，丧失
• All my confidence/courage deserted me when I walked into the exam room. 进入试场后，我完全丧失信心／勇气。
desert, leave, give up, forsake, abandon
这组词都有“抛弃、放弃”的意思，其区别是：
desert: 着重指违背法律责任和义务，或自己的信仰与誓言的行为，多含非难的意味。
leave: 普通用词，指舍弃某事或某一职业，或终止同一某人的关系，但不涉及动机与果。
give up: 普通用语，侧重指没有希望或因外界压力而放弃。
forsake: 侧重断绝感情上的依恋，自愿抛弃所喜欢的人或物。也指抛弃信仰或改掉恶习。
abandon: 强调永远或完全放弃或抛弃人或事物等，这可能是被迫的，也可能是自愿的。
desert, dessert
desert: 沙漠。如：Have you ever been to a desert?
dessert: 甜食。如：What would you like for dessert, an apple pie or ice-cream?
vt. 遗弃；放弃；逃跑
 - yield, quit
vi. 遗弃；开小差；逃掉
 - run out on, walk out on
n. [地理] 沙漠； [农] 荒原；应得的赏罚
 - sands, wold
adj. [地理] 沙漠的；荒凉的；不毛的
 - wild, hungry

Word: liberty
Front: liberty
[ˈlɪbəti] (高研四六托宝 3835/3629 -3)
Vocabulary: liberty
(once / 62 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Liberty is a kind of freedom, whether it's freedom from tyranny, freedom from confinement, or simply the freedom of choice.
The phrase "give me liberty or give me death" is attributed to Patrick Henry, whose 1775 speech persuaded the Virginia colony to raise troops to fight the British in the American Revolutionary War. For sailors and naval officers, liberty means shore leave — a brief vacation on land between voyages. We also use this noun to describe the act of getting a little too familiar or personal with someone, or doing something before we have their approval or permission.
WORD FAMILY
liberty: liberate, libertarian, liberties+/ liberate: liberated, liberates, liberating, liberation, liberator / liberation: liberations/ liberator: liberators/ libertarian: libertarianism, libertarians
USAGE EXAMPLES
The next year, they encouraged friends Rusty Wilson and Denise Simone to relocate their theater company to Idaho to perform on the Liberty’s thrust stage.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Liberty kept its lead between 11 and 15 from there.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Onlookers donning oversized 2017 eyeglasses and green Statue of Liberty hats were screened by police Saturday afternoon ahead of the midnight bash.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 自由; 许可权; 放肆，无礼; 解放，释放
分布：自由(96%)，自由权(3%)，冒失(1%)
→词源同liberal,自由的，-ty,名词后缀。引申词义自由过度，放肆，无礼。
自由(liber+ty)[liber=free,表示"自由"]
n.自由,自由权;特权I deliberately liberated the man who was in despair and desperately struggled for liberation and liberty.我有意解放了那个拼命地争取解放和自由的绝望者.
US [-ɚ.tˌi] noun
FREEDOM 自由
 IMPROVER uncountable formal
■the freedom to live as you wish or go where you want 自由
• For most citizens, liberty means the freedom to practise their religious or political beliefs. 对大多数公民而言，自由意味着可以不受限制地信奉自己的宗教或政治信仰。
• Hundreds of political prisoners are to be given their liberty (= released from prison). 数百名政治犯将获得自由。
• Of the ten men who escaped this morning from Dartmoor Prison, only two are still at liberty (= free or not yet caught). 今晨从达特摩尔监狱逃跑的十人当中，目前只有两人依然在逃。
be at liberty to do sth formal
■to be allowed to do something 被准许做…
• I'm not at liberty to reveal any names. 我无权透露任何人的名字。
liberties [plural] formal
■freedom to live as you wish or go where you want 自由
• These laws will restrict our ancient rights and liberties. 这些法律将限制我们固有的权利和自由。
UK ['lɪb.ə.ti] US [-ɚ.tˌi] noun
BAD BEHAVIOUR 不良行为
countable
■an example of speech or behaviour that upsets other people because it shows little respect or does not follow what is thought to be polite or acceptable 放肆，无礼，失礼
• What a liberty, to refuse the invitation on your behalf, without even asking you! 太放肆了，连问你都不问就以你的名义一口回绝了邀请！
take liberties (with sth)
■to change something, especially a piece of writing, in a way that people disagree with 任意歪曲，随意改动
take liberties (with sb) old-fashioned
■to be too friendly with someone, usually in a sexual way （对某人）过分亲昵，过分亲热；调戏
• Some of the younger women complained that he'd been taking liberties with them. 一些年轻一点的妇女抱怨说他对她们过分亲热。
UK ['lɪb.ə.ti] US [-ɚ.tˌi] noun
take the liberty of doing sth formal
■to do something that will have an effect on someone else, without asking their permission 擅自做…，自行作主做…
• I took the liberty of booking theatre seats for us. 我自作主张给大家预订了戏票。
liberty, freedom
这组词都有“自由”的意思，其区别是：
liberty: 常可与freedom换用，但强调从过去受的压制、管束下被解救或释放出来，也指法律所承认的特权，如言论、集会等自由。
freedom: 含义广，指任何无限制无束缚的自由自在状态。
n. 自由；许可；冒失
 - freedom, permission, leave

Word: ancient
Front: ancient
[ˈeɪnʃənt] (中高研四六雅 1817/1841 -K3)
Vocabulary: ancient
(once / 55 pages)
adjn
Ancient means very old. Sometimes there's a sense of "older than old." My grandmother, bless her soul, lived until she was positively ancient.
Ancient art is that made in places and times we refer to as Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and Ancient Egypt, and "an ancient" is someone who lived either during those eras, or in a Biblical context, before the flood that brought us the story of Noah and the Ark.
WORD FAMILY
ancient: anciently, ancientness, ancients+/ancientness: ancientnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The story, first read in its entirety by Sherlock, is based on an ancient Mesopotamian fable that appears in the Babylonian Talmud.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Vultures, in the ancient world of Honduras, were a symbol of death and the transition to the spiritual world.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“I’m sure this immense knowledge of past and ancient history did inform his political judgment.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 古代的，已往的; 古老的，过时的; 年老的; 老式的
n. 古代人; 古文明国的国民; <古>高龄老人; <古>旗手
分布：古老的(55%)，古代的(33%)，古人(12%)
→来自词根ante, 在前面的，古老的。
古代的(anci+ent)[anci,antiq=old,表示"古老"]
a.古代的,古老的,古式的The efficient ancient scientist had conscience in science.那个能干的古代科学家在科学上有良知.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■of or from a long time ago, having lasted for a very long time 古代的；古老的；年代久远的
• ancient civilizations/rights/laws 古代文明／自古有之的权利／古代法律
• ancient monuments/ruins/woodlands 古碑／古代遗迹／古老的林地
• the ancient kingdoms of Mexico 墨西哥的古代王国
• People have lived in this valley since ancient times. 人们自古就居住在这个山谷里。
• History, ancient and modern , has taught these people an intense distrust of their neighbours. 古今历史向这些人灌输了对其邻国极度不信任的思想。
 ADVANCED informal
■very old 古老的
• He's got an ancient computer. 他有一台老掉牙的电脑。
 ADVANCED
■describes the period in European history from the earliest known societies to the end of the Roman Empire （指欧洲历史上罗马帝国灭亡以前的）古代的
• the ancient Egyptians/Greeks/Romans 古埃及人／希腊人／罗马人
• The ancient Britons inhabited these parts of England before the Roman invasion. 在古罗马人入侵之前，古英国人居住在英格兰的这些地区。
ancient, old, antique
这些形容词均含“古代的，古老的”之意。
ancient: 指很久以前发生或存在的事物。用于描述历史时，指远古时代。
old: 指长期以来一直存在着的事物，与times连用指古代，与days连用时指从前或旧社会。
antique: 指已经很古老或颇有古风的事物，一般都具有较高价值。
adj. 古代的；古老的，过时的；年老的
 - old, aged, advanced
n. 古代人；老人
 - elder, old folk

Word: liquidity
Front: liquidity
[lɪˈkwɪdəti] (15843/8348)
Vocabulary: liquidity
(once / 4142 pages)
n
Liquidity refers to a state where something is in liquid form, like water. It can also refer to having cash or access to cash. Liquidity means things are flowing.
Although liquidity refers to…surprise! being a liquid, it’s usually used in a financial sense. Financially, liquidity refers to having access to cash or things you can sell and turn into cash. In other words, you have good cash flow. Liquidity can also apply to any situation that is marked by fluidity or runniness. You hope your new swimming pool is in a state of liquidity, and that you have enough financial liquidity to pay for it!
WORD FAMILY
liquid: liquidise, liquidity, liquidize, liquidly, liquidness, liquids, liquify, semiliquid+/liquidise: liquidiser, liquidizer/liquidize: liquidized, liquidizing/liquify: liquifiable, liquified, liquifies, liquifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
That should improve bank liquidity and in turn encourage more lending to boost economic growth.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“There’s no liquidity. We are losing our export market. As an agricultural territory, we are moving backward.”
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
The bank, in a document posted on its website on Wednesday, said that its €11 billion in liquidity would last about four months.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 流动性; 流动资金; 资产流动性; <财>资产折现力
分布：流动性(96%)，流动资产(2%)，液态(1%)，资产折现力(1%)
→来自liquidate,使清算，使清偿。引申词义资产的变现能力。
N-UNCOUNT
资产流动性；资产折现力
In finance, a company's liquidity is the amount of cash or liquid assets it has easily available.
例：The company maintains a high degree of liquidity.公司保持着很高的资产折现度。
例：...serious liquidity problems.严重的资产流动问题
n. [流] 流动性；流动资产； [金融] 偿债能力
 - fluidity, flowability

Word: witness
Front: witness
[ˈwɪtnəs] (高研四六托雅宝 1970/2473 -K3)
Vocabulary: witness
(once / 74 pages)
nv
If you're walking down the street and see one car run a red light and plow into another, you are a witness to the accident. You saw it and can tell someone else how the accident happened.
The first part of a witness's role is observation. You witness the accident. The second part is telling someone about it — bearing witness. In court, you can be a witness for the defense or prosecution. You can also witness a legal document, like a will, or a wedding conducted by the justice of the peace. Religious people use this word a lot too: being a witness in that sense is being a true believer who tries to convert others.
WORD FAMILY
witness: witnessed, witnesser, witnesses, witnessing+/witnesser: witnessers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The defense put up no witnesses during the seven-day trial.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We are physicians who teach tropical medicine in East Africa each year, where we witness the tragedy of illnesses and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We also witnessed seven Category 5 storms, which is a huge number.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 目击者，见证人; [法]证人; 证据
vt. 出席或知道; 作记录; 提供或作为…的证据
vi. 做证人; 见证
时态：witnessed, witnessing, witnesses
分布：证人(50%)，目击(16%)，见证(14%)，目击者(11%)，证明(7%)，经历(1%)，出席(1%)
→wit,看，-ness,名词后缀。引申词义见证。
n.目击者,证人;证据,证明v.目击,目睹;作证The witty witness withdraws his words within minutes without any reason.诙谐的证人在几分钟之内无故地收回了他说的话.
【记】wit智慧，知道，ness：知情者－证人
noun countable
SEE 看见
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident （尤指犯罪或事故的）目击者
• Police are appealing for witnesses to the accident to come forward. 警方呼吁那场事故的目击者站出来。
• According to (eye) witnesses, the robbery was carried out by two teenage boys. 据目击者说，抢劫案是两个十几岁的少年犯的。
be witness to sth
■to see something happen 看到；目睹
• She was witness to the tragic event. 她目睹了这悲剧。
■someone who is asked to be present at a particular event and sign their name in order to prove that things have been done correctly 见证人；连署人
• He signed the treaty in the presence of two witnesses. 他在两位见证人面前签署了条约。
• They were married a year after they first met, with two friends acting as witnesses. 初次见面一年之后，他们在两位朋友的见证之下结婚了。
['wɪt.nəs] noun countable
LAW 法律
■a person in a law court who states what they know about a legal case or a particular person （法庭上的）证人
• Ten witnesses are expected to testify at the trial today. 在今天的审判中，将有十名证人出庭作证。
• The key witness for the prosecution was offered police protection after she received death threats. 原告的关键证人在受到死亡恐吓后，得到警方的保护。
expert witness
■a person who is allowed to give their opinion in a law court because of their knowledge or practical experience of a particular subject 专家证人
• A psychiatrist was called as an expert witness for the defence. 一位精神病医生作为被告的专家证人被传作证。
['wɪt.nəs] noun countable
bear witness (to sth)
■If something bears witness to a fact, it proves that it is true 见证了（…）；证明了（…）
• The numerous awards on the walls bear witness to his great success. 墙上数不清的奖状证明他的巨大成功。
• As last week's riots bear witness, the political situation is very unstable. 上周的暴乱证明了政治局势非常不稳定。
['wɪt.nəs] verb transitive
BE PRESENT 看到
 IMPROVER
■to see something happen, especially an accident or crime 目击，看到（尤指事故或犯罪）
• Did anyone witness the attack? 有人看到那次袭击吗？
• They were staying in the capital at the time of the riots and witnessed several street battles. 暴乱期间他们留在首都，目击了好几场巷战。
• [+ -ing verb] He arrived home just in time to witness his brother being taken away by the police. 他到家时正好看到他兄弟被员警带走。
■to be present at an event and to sign your name as proof that it happened or that it was done correctly 为…签名作证；连署
• Her will was drawn up by a solicitor and witnessed by two colleagues. 她的遗嘱由一位律师起草，并由两名同事签名作证。
['wɪt.nəs] verb transitive
HAPPEN 发生 formal
■When a place or period witnesses a particular event, the event happens in that place or during that period 是发生…的地点（或时间）
• This university has witnessed quite a few changes over the years. 这所大学多年来经历过很多变革。
• The past few years have witnessed momentous changes throughout Eastern Europe. 过去几年间，整个东欧都发生了重大的变化。
['wɪt.nəs] verb transitive
SHOW 证明
■to show or give proof of something 证明；表明
• This year's charity ball was the most successful one ever, as witnessed by the number of tickets sold. 今年的慈善舞会是最为成功的一次，这可以从出售门票的数量看出来。
• The programme aroused strong feelings - witness the number of letters received. 这个节目激起了强烈的反响——来信的数量便是明证。
['wɪt.nəs] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  witness to sth UK formal
■to state publicly, especially in a law court, that something is true or that it happened （尤指在法庭上）作证，证明…是真实的
• A handwriting expert witnessed to the authenticity of the letter. 笔迹专家证明了这封信并非伪造。
• [+ -ing verb] She witnessed to having seen the robbery take place. 她作证说目睹了抢劫的过程。
look, see, observe, watch, witness
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
look: 侧看“重”的动作。
see: 指看见。
observe: 侧重以客观的态度进行观察。
watch: 指用眼睛跟随某物，以便对每一个变化、运动等进行观察。
witness: 指当场看见，亲眼看见。
testimony, evidence, proof, witness
这组词都有“证据、见证”的意思，其区别是：
testimony: 指证据、证词，多系法律用语。
evidence: 普通用词，在法律上指能起证明作用的，如证明、公证书以及所有的实物东西等。在生活中指任何一样可证明某一件事的真实性的东西。
proof: 指足以直接证明某事为某事实的依据，侧重作为充分证据所导致的结果。
witness: 指证据或证人，尤指后者，且有亲眼见到之意。
n. [法] 证人；目击者；证据
 - proof, teste
vt. 目击；证明；为…作证
 - demonstrate, prove, argue

Word: veteran
Front: veteran
[ˈvetərən] (研四六托雅宝 2389/6394 -3)
Vocabulary: veteran
(once / 257 pages)
nadj
Veteran commonly refers to someone who has fought in a war––think Veterans' Day, the Vietnam Veterans' Memorial––but, in fact, the word can mean anyone with experience in a particular field.
Many veterans of World War II went to college afterward, through the G.I. Bill, and pursued professional careers. At the end of those careers, it was not unusual to find among the ranks of veteran teachers or veteran attorneys or veteran doctors men who were also veterans of the war.
WORD FAMILY
veteran: veterans
USAGE EXAMPLES
A fourth-year veteran, Hyde intercepted a pass at the goal line intended for Golden Tate with 1:35 left in the game.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When my husband, a veteran of the Iraq war, strangled me to the point of unconsciousness, I thought I was the only one.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Petraeus and retired astronaut Mark Kelly teamed up this year to launch the gun control advocacy group Veterans Coalition for Common Sense.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 经验丰富的人，老兵; 退伍军人
adj. 有作战经验的; 老兵的; [美国英语]退伍军人的; 老练的，资深的，经验丰富的
分布：老兵(62%)，老手(29%)，老练的(9%)
→来自wet,年，岁月，词源同wether.引申义有经验的，退役的老兵。
老兵[veter=old(老)]
n.老手,老兵The veteran in velvet found that the diameter of the thermometer was one metre.穿天鹅绒的老兵发现温度计的直径为一米.
【记】读：歪特ran＝ren人，身体特别歪的人－老人。
【区】veterinary（n 兽医；adj 医牲畜的），兽医需要经验所以与老人有关。
US ['ve.tˌɚ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who has had a lot of experience of a particular activity 经验丰富的人，老手
• a 20-year veteran of the New York Police Department 在纽约员警署任职20年的老员警
 ADVANCED (US informal vet)
■someone who has been in the armed forces during a war 老兵，退伍军人
• a Vietnam veteran 越战退伍军人
• the surviving veterans of World War II 仍健在的二战老兵
UK ['vet.ər.ən] US ['ve.tˌɚ-] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■having been involved in a particular activity for a long time 资深的，经验丰富的
• She's also a veteran campaigner for human rights. 她还是一位经验丰富的人权活动家。
■UK
■old 古老的
• He collects veteran cars (= cars made before 1905). 他收藏老爷车（1905年前生产的车）。
Compare vintage
n. 老兵；老手；富有经验的人
 - old moustache, warhorse
adj. 老兵的；经验丰富的
 - seasoned

Word: capable
Front: capable
[ˈkeɪpəbl] (研四六托 2392/1848 -K3)
Vocabulary: capable
(once / 87 pages)
1adj 2adj
To be capable of something is to be able to do it, like your little brother who is perfectly capable of tying his own shoes, but likes having everyone else do it for him.
When people are capable, they can handle whatever task is at hand, like a capable teacher who can explain difficult concepts and make it fun. You may also have heard that someone "isn't capable" of, say, committing a crime or hurting someone's feelings. In this case, not being capable is a compliment — it means you just won't let yourself do something to violate your own standards for behavior.
WORD FAMILY
capable: capability, capableness, capabler, capablest, capably, incapable +/ capability: capabilities/incapability: incapabilities/ incapable: incapability, incapableness, incapably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Chief among them is a re-entry vehicle capable of withstanding extremes of temperature and vibration.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In his New Year message at the weekend, Mr Kim Jong-un said North Korea was close to testing long-range missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
North Korea just stated that it is in the final stages of developing a nuclear weapon capable of reaching parts of the U.S.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 有能力的; 熟练的; 胜任的
分布：能干的(52%)，有能力的(40%)，有...的可能性(8%)
→来自词根cap, 持，握，抓。词源同accept, capture.
a.有本领的,有能力的;(of)可以...的,能...的Are you capable of chopping down that tree?你能砍下那棵树吗?
adjective
 IMPROVER
■able to do things effectively and skilfully, and to achieve results 有能力的；熟练的；能干的
• She's a very capable woman/worker/judge. 她是个很能干的女人／很熟练的工人／能力很强的法官。
• We need to get an assistant who's capable and efficient. 我们需要一个能力强、效率高的助理。
capable of sth / doing sth
 IMPROVER
■having the ability, power or qualities to be able to do something 有能力做…；能做…
• Only the Democratic Party is capable of running the country. 只有民主党才有能力治理这个国家。
• A force 10 wind is capable of blowing the roofs off houses. 十级的大风能吹走屋顶。
• When she's drunk she's capable of saying (= likely to say) awful, rude things. 她喝醉后会说些难听粗鲁的话。
• I think your plan is capable of being (= could be) improved. 我认为你的计划还可以改进。
Opposite incapable
['keɪ.pə.bl] adjective
in sb's capable hands humorous
■being dealt with by the person mentioned 由（某人）处理
• I'm going away next week, so I'll be leaving everything in your capable hands. 我下周要离开，所以我要把一切交给你处理。
['keɪ.pə.bl] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  capable Don't say 'capable to do something', say capable of doing something :
✗ The new receptionist must be capable to deal with customers. The new receptionist must be capable of dealing with customers.
competent, able, capable
competent: 指“胜任”，“合格”，或受过专业技术等训练的，但不是超群的能力。如：A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. (医生应该能治多种病。)
able: 为常用词，指具有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知识与时间等，一般下效率无关，用作定语表示能力超出平均水平。如：A cat is able to see in the dark. (猫在黑暗中能看见东西。)
capable: 指满足一般要求的能力，可以是表现出来的，也可是潜在的，搭配是be capable of +doing。用作定语，表示的能力没有able表示的能力强。如：He is capable of running a mile in a minute. (他能在一分钟内跑完一英里。)He is a very capable doctor. (他是一位很好的大夫。)
adj. 能干的，能胜任的；有才华的
 - able, competent

Word: examine
Front: examine
[ɪgˈzæmɪn] (中高研四六 1165/1050 -K4)
Vocabulary: examine
(once / 56 pages)
1v 2v 3v
The verb examine means to study something carefully and in great detail. You can examine a book, a painting, a person’s face and so on. Right now, you are examining the meaning of examine.
Examine means to look at something very closely and usually with the purpose of making a judgment. If you go to see a doctor, the doctor will examine you to see if you are healthy. Examine can also mean “question.” When the police examine a witness, they are questioning that witness. Along these same lines, examine can also be used to mean “test.” You might examine, or test, your friend’s knowledge of biology by asking him repeated questions about that subject.
WORD FAMILY
examine: examination, examined, examinee, examiner, examines, examining, re-examine, reexamine +/ examination: examinations, self-examination/examinee: examinees/examiner: examiners/examining: self-examining/re-examine: re-examined, re-examining/reexamination: reexaminations/ reexamine: reexamination, reexamined, reexamines, reexamining
USAGE EXAMPLES
The book examines the histories of 22 pubs.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Dr. Appleby was part of a generation of historians who examined the ideologies and beliefs that animated the American Revolution.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The team sliced one of the tiny P. andrewsi teeth into sections and examined them in a microscope under polarized light.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 检查，调查; 考试; 诊察; 审问
vi. 检查; 调查
时态：examined, examining, examines
分布：检查(81%)，调查(13%)，考试(5%)，仔细观察(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-act, 做，驱使，称量，词源同act, examine, exigent. 即称量，检查。其拼写受example影响。
v.检查,调查;对...进行考试The engineer examined the engine of the mining machine for stomach.工程师检查采矿机的发动机是否有肚子痛.
verb transitive
LOOK AT CAREFULLY 仔细地看
 IMPROVER
■to look at or consider a person or thing carefully and in detail in order to discover something about them （仔细地）检查，审查，调查
• Forensic scientists are examining the wreckage for clues about the cause of the explosion. 法医科学家正在对残骸进行检查，希望能发现与爆炸原因有关的线索。
• The council is to examine ways of reducing traffic in the city centre. 市政委员会将研究减少市中心交通流量的方法。
• The research examined the effects of alcohol on long-term memory. 这项研究探讨了酒精对长期记忆的影响。
• [+ question word] We need to examine how an accident like this can be avoided in the future. 我们需要研究将来如何能避免类似的事情再发生。
• A psychiatrist was examined (= asked questions) on the mental state of the defendant. 一位精神病专家接受了提问，就被告的精神状况回答了一些问题。
[ɪg'zæm.ɪn] verb transitive
TEST 测试
■to test someone's knowledge or skill in a particular subject 考核；测试
• We were examined on European history. 我们参加了欧洲史考试。
• UK You'll be examined in three main areas; speaking, listening and reading comprehension. 将从三个主要方面对你们进行测试，即口语、听力和阅读理解。
examine, scan, inspect, investigate
这组词都有“调查、检查”的意思，其区别是：
examine: 最普通用词，可指粗略地查看，也可指仔细观察或调查以确定事物的性质、功能、特点等。
scan: 原义是仔细地检查分析，现用于指细看或浏览。
inspect: 侧重按一定质量标准检查某物，找出不足或不同之处。
investigate: 指为发现事实真相或了解掌握情况而进行深入细致的现场考察。
vt. 检查；调查； 检测；考试
 - inspect, review, survey
vi. 检查；调查
 - probe, check for

Word: apparent
Front: apparent
[əˈpærənt] (高研四六雅 2502/1770 -K3)
Vocabulary: apparent
(once / 56 pages)
adj
Apparent means obvious, but — and this is confusing — it can also mean something that seems to be true but isn't definite. "The train's arrival is apparent — it's in the station — but apparently my friend missed it because she is not getting off."
It makes sense that apparent has the same ancient root as appear because it's about what is plain to see. Its subtle power of suggestion, however, is wonderfully useful. The "heir apparent" technically means next in line, but the ink isn't dry. The power of apparent is that it leaves the door open for a little ambiguity. Maybe the heir apparent will be the next king, or maybe he'll be overthrown in a bloodless coup by his apparently more ambitious cousin.
WORD FAMILY
apparent: apparency, apparently, apparentness, unapparent
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is apparent what is in Russian President Vladimir Putin’s soul, and it ain’t pretty.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
This side of Priebus was not always apparent over the past year.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But one significant aspect of the deal, among the richest in college sports, was not apparent to the crowd.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
Back: adj. 易看见的，可看见的; 显然的，明明白白的; 貌似的，表面的; 显见
分布：明显的(87%)，表面上的(13%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. 词根par, 出现，见appear.
显而易见的(ap+par+ent→一再能看见→显而易见)[par,pear=comeinsight,表示"看见"]
a.表面上的,貌似真实的;显然的,明明白白的His parents apparently stare at the transparent cigarettes.他父母显然凝视着透明香烟.
US [-'per-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■able to be seen or understood 清晰可见的；显而易见的；明白易懂的
• Her unhappiness was apparent to everyone. 谁都看得出她很不开心。
• [+ that] It was becoming increasingly apparent that he could no longer look after himself. 他再也不能生活自理了，这一点日益明显。
• I was on the metro this morning when for no apparent reason the man opposite suddenly screamed. 今天上午在地铁上，我对面的一个男人突然莫名其妙地尖叫起来。
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■seeming to exist or be true 表面上的；貌似（真实）的；显得…的
• There are one or two apparent discrepancies between the two reports. 这两份报告看上去有一两处出入。
• She has this apparent innocence which, I suspect, she uses to her advantage. 她貌似天真，但我认为，这只是对她有利的伪装。
obvious, apparent, conspicuous
obvious: 明白的，清楚的，平淡无奇的
apparent: 清楚易见或易懂的，表面上的
conspicuous: 明显的，惹人注目的
clear, obvious, evident, apparent, manifest, definite, plain, distinct
这组词都有“清楚的，明白的，明显的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 普通用词，侧重清楚明白。
obvious: 语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。
evident: 指根据事实成为显然的。
apparent: 强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。
manifest: 语义较强，书面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。
definite: 语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。
plain: 普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。
distinct: 较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。
adj. 显然的；表面上的
 - transparent, decided, patent

Word: trick
Front: trick
[trɪk] (高研四六托雅 3068/3180 -K3)
Back: n. 戏法，把戏; 计谋，诀窍; 骗局; 恶作剧
vt. 哄骗，欺骗; 打扮
adj. 弄虚作假的; 有诀窍的; 欺诈的
时态：tricked, tricking, tricks
分布：把戏(28%)，诀窍(18%)，欺骗(17%)，诡计(14%)，花招(14%)，戏弄(5%)，有阴谋的(2%)，有诡计的(2%)
→来自古法语 trichier,欺骗，诡计，来自拉丁语 tricari,逃避，回避，来自 tricae,琐碎，胡扯，混 乱，可能来自 ter,转，卷入，词源同 turn,intricate,extricate.引申词义花招，把戏等。
n.诡计,骗局;恶作剧;窍门vt.欺骗,哄骗His wicked trick is to get the kids to kick bricks and lick the cricket ticket.他的缺德恶作剧是让孩子们踢砖和舔板球门票.
noun countable
ACT OF DECEIVING 欺骗行为
 IMPROVER
■an action which is intended to deceive, either as a way of cheating someone, or as a joke or form of entertainment 骗局；诡计；恶作剧
• She played a really nasty trick on me - she put syrup in my shampoo bottle! 她对我做了一个很讨厌的恶作剧——把糖浆放进我装洗发精的瓶子里。
• My niece was showing me all the tricks that she's learned to do with her new magic set. 我侄女给我表演了她学过的用她那套新魔术道具所能变出的所有戏法。
• It's a bit of trick photography - she's meant to look like she's walking on water. 这有点特技摄影的样子——她想要看上去像在水上行走一般。
be a trick of the light
■to be a visual effect caused by the light, making something appear different 是光造成的错觉
• For a moment I thought you had a patch of grey hairs, but it's just a trick of the light. 一时间我以为你长了一撮白发，看来只是光线造成的错觉而已。
[trɪk] noun countable
METHOD 方法
 ADVANCED
■an effective or quick way of doing something 诀窍，秘诀；技巧
• What's the trick of getting this chair to fold up? 把这张椅子折叠起来有甚么诀窍？
• On page 21, twenty tricks to speed up your beauty routine. 第21页介绍了20种日常快速化妆技巧。
[trɪk] noun countable
do the trick informal
■If something does the trick, it has the necessary or wanted effect 奏效，起作用
• This sauce needs a bit of flavour - I know, some lemon juice should/ought to do the trick. 这种调味汁需要加点味——我知道了，加点柠檬汁就可以了。
[trɪk] noun countable
every trick in the book
■every possible way 所有可能的办法；浑身解数
• I've tried every trick in the book to seduce him and still no luck! 我想尽一切办法去引诱他，可还是一点机会都没有！
[trɪk] noun countable
How's tricks? informal
■How are you? 近来如何？你好吗？
• "Hi, how's tricks?" "Oh, fine, how are you doing?" “嘿，你好吗?” “哦，很好，你呢?”
[trɪk] noun countable
trick of the trade
■a clever method used by people who are experienced in a particular type of work or activity （某一行业或活动的）绝招，绝活，门道
• Newspapers often improve photographs before they print them - it's one of the tricks of the trade. 报纸在刊发照片前，往往要对照片进行修饰——这是一种行业手法。
[trɪk] verb transitive
■to deceive someone, often as a part of a plan 欺骗，诱骗，哄骗
• Dean tricked the old lady into giving him eight hundred pounds, claiming that he would invest it for her. 迪安骗了这个老妇人800英镑，说是帮她投资。
[trɪk] adjective [before noun]
DECEIVING 欺骗
■used to deceive someone, either as a joke or form of entertainment or so that they make a mistake 捉弄，戏弄；恶作剧（用于欺骗某人，或作为一个玩笑或作为一种娱乐形式，使之犯错误）
• a trick question 一个智力问题
[trɪk] adjective [before noun]
WEAK 软弱的 US describes a part of the body, especially a joint (= place where two bones are connected) , that sometimes feels weak suddenly and unexpectedly （尤指关节）有时突然发软的
• I've got a trick ankle which gives me problems if I do much running. 我的脚关节有时会突然发软，跑多了会给我带来不少麻烦。
deceive, cheat, trick, fool
这组词都有“欺骗”的意思，其区别是：
deceive: 最普通用词，指用虚假外表使人信以为真，或蓄意歪曲事实，或造成错误印象使人上当受骗。
cheat: 普通用词，指用蒙蔽他人的手段取得所需之物，尤多指在赢利的买卖中欺骗人。
trick: 指用阴谋诡计等骗得信任或得到所需之物。
fool: 指把别人当傻瓜，愚弄欺骗别人。
n. 诡计；恶作剧；窍门；花招；骗局；欺诈
 - scheme, fraud
vt. 欺骗；哄骗；装饰；打扮
 - sell, paint, hang, dress oneself, fox
vi. 哄骗；戏弄
 - kid, fool with
adj. [电影] 特技的；欺诈的；有决窍的
 - deceptive, acrobatic

Word: iron
Front: iron
[ˈaɪən] (中高研四六 2280/1877 -K3)
Vocabulary: iron
(once / 71 pages)
1nadj 2nv 3n
Iron can refer to a common metal. It can also be that thing you use to get wrinkles out of your clothing. If you’re planning to wear linen, you might need an iron to smooth it out.
When you use an iron to iron your clothes, you’re also using both the noun and verb form of iron. The noun describes the appliance and the verb describes the action of using it. Iron can also refer to a golf club, like that 5-iron you always use. If you’ve ever been a cattle rancher, you might also be familiar with a branding iron, a tool used to brand skin with a mark of ownership.
WORD FAMILY
iron: ironed, ironing, ironlike, ironly, irons+/ironed: unironed/ironing: ironings/irons: ironses
USAGE EXAMPLES
In addition to his football exploits, Kaaya was tapped into Miami's “Iron Arrow” honor society earlier this year.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Global commodities producers are hoping that China will order big lumps of iron, coal and copper in the new year to send prices higher.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Then it closed the regular season with its traditional Iron Bowl matchup against Alabama, losing 30-12.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 铁器，铁制品; 熨斗，烙铁; 坚强; 脚镣
adj. 铁制的，含铁的; 坚强的，顽强的; 残酷的; 坚忍不拔的
vt. 熨烫; 给…上脚镣手铐; 给…装铁具; 用铁铸成
vi. 熨衣; （衣服等）被烫平
时态：ironed, ironing, irons
分布：铁(74%)，熨(9%)，熨斗(8%)，铁的(4%)，烫(3%)，刚强的(1%)，刚强(1%)
→来自古英语isaern,铁，铁制品，铁制武器，来自eis,坚硬的，坚固的。部分词源学家进一步推测来自h1esh2r,血，词源同sanguine,血红色。由血引申词义血红，铁水，铁。同时，由于血在古代观念中的神圣含义，引申词义神圣的，强烈的感情，衍生ire,estrus,hieratic等。参照blood,bless.
n.铁,铁制品,烙铁,熨斗v.熨(衣),熨平In my opinion, only the onion can grow in the iron environment.据我看,只有洋葱能在铁质环境中生长.
US [aɪrn] noun
METAL 金属
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a common silver-coloured metal element which is magnetic. It is strong, used in making steel and found in very small amounts, in a chemically combined form, in blood 铁
• Iron rusts easily. 铁易生锈。
• Liver is a particularly rich source of dietary iron. 肝脏中含有特别丰富的饮食铁质。
• iron ore 铁矿
• an iron deficiency 铁质缺乏
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] noun
FOR CLOTHES 衣服
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of equipment for making clothes flat and smooth, especially after they have been washed, which has a handle and a flat base and is usually heated with electricity 熨斗
• a steam iron 蒸汽熨斗
• a travel iron 旅行用熨斗
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] noun
GOLF 高尔夫球
countable
■a stick which has an iron or steel part at the end that is used to hit the ball in golf （高尔夫球运动中的）铁头球杆，铁杆
• He'll probably use a 2 or 3 iron for the shot. 他这一击很可能要用2号或3号铁头球杆。
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] noun
CHAINS 镣铐
irons [plural] literary
■chains tied around someone to prevent them from escaping or moving 镣铐
• It was common practice for the prisoners to be clapped in irons (= tied with chains). 通常会用镣铐铐住犯人。
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] noun
have a few/several, etc. irons in the fire
■to be involved with many activities or jobs at the same time or to make certain that there are always several possibilities available 同时有几件事要做；同时有数种可能
• If that job application doesn't work out I've got a couple more irons in the fire. 如果那份求职申请没有结果，我还有另外几个选择。
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] verb intransitive or transitive
■to make clothes flat and smooth using an iron 熨（衣），烫平
• It takes about five minutes to iron a shirt properly. 熨好一件衬衫大约需要五分钟。
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] iron sth out
■to remove problems or find solutions 消除；解决
• We're still trying to iron out some problems with the computer system. 我们仍在试图解决电脑系统中的一些问题。
• We hope they can iron out their differences and get on with working together. 我们希望他们能消除分歧，继续共事。
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] adjective [before noun]
■very strong physically, mentally or emotionally 极强壮的；强硬坚定的
• I think you have to have an iron will to make some of these decisions. 我认为你需要有钢铁般的意志才能作出这些决定。
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] adjective [before noun]
an iron hand / fist in a velvet glove
■used to describe someone who seems to be gentle but is in fact severe and firm 外柔内刚的人
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] adjective [before noun]
rule sth with an iron hand / fist US
■to control a group of people very firmly, having complete power over everything they do 以铁腕手段控制
n. 熨斗； [服装] 烙铁；坚强
 - sadiron, flatiron
adj. 铁的；残酷的；刚强的
 - cruel, ferrous

Word: legislature
Front: legislature
[ˈledʒɪsleɪtʃə(r)] (托宝 4361/6289 -2)
Vocabulary: legislature
(once / 263 pages)
n
A legislature is a governing body that makes laws and can also amend or repeal them.
The word legislature comes from the Latin word for "law" — legis. In the US, each state has a legislature — made up of the elected state senators and assemblymen or women, or representatives. The US Congress is the national legislature. These bodies, whose members are often referred to as "law-makers," make up the legislative branch of government, as distinct from the executive and judicial branches.
WORD FAMILY
legislature: legislatures+/ legislate: legislated, legislates, legislating, legislation, legislative, legislator, legislature / legislation: legislations/ legislative: legislatively/ legislator: legislators, legislatorship
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deliberations on the budget will consume the Legislature through mid-summer.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“And the Legislature ought to be held accountable. Something like that happens, then people will do something.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Johnson said he would lobby the Illinois legislature to reform sentencing guidelines for repeat gun offenders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 立法机关; 立法机构; 立法部; （特指）州议会
分布：立法机关(100%)
→来自legislate,立法。
立法机关(legislate+ure)[leg,legis=law,表示"法律"]
立法机关(legis法律+lat带来+ure)[-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示"一般状态,行为"…ature","iture"注:-ture在s结尾的词根后变成-sure]
US [-tʃɚ] formal
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■the group of people in a country or part of a country who have the power to make and change laws 立法机构
n. 立法机关；立法机构
 - legislative body

Word: universal
Front: universal
[ˌju:nɪˈvɜ:sl] (高研四六托雅 2642/2968 -2)
Vocabulary: universal
(once / 107 pages)
1adjn 2n
Universal describes something for everything or everyone. Universal design is architectural design that accommodates every person. A universal remote can change the stations on all your home entertainment systems, but hopefully not at once.
The uni in universal means "one" so this word is all about "one for all and all for one." If it's universal, it applies to all cases. Like the universe itself, a universal emotion is one that every human can understand or relate to. The desire for your children to be safe and happy is universal. If you are to make a universal change in a document it means that every time the specified word appears, it should be fixed.
WORD FAMILY
universal: universalise, universalism, universality, universalize, universally, universals+/universalise: universalised, universalises, universalising/universalism: universalisms, universalist, universalistic/universality: universalities/universalize: universalized, universalizes, universalizing/ universe: universal, universes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Obama campaigned on a platform of “universal” health insurance in hopes of passing a single-payer option, like other programs in Europe.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The worldwide total for “Sing” through the weekend is expected to hit $285 million, Universal officials estimated.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Sing,” the latest collaboration between Illumination and Universal, racked up $41.4 million during its second weekend in theaters.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 普遍的，一般的; 通用的，万能的; 全世界的; 宇宙的
n. [逻辑学]全称命题; [哲学]一般概念; 一般性
分布：普遍的(48%)，通用的(18%)，宇宙的(16%)，全世界的(11%)，全体的(7%)
→来自拉丁语universum, 所有，全人类，全世界，uni-, 一，-verse, 转。即转为一体的，引申义通用的。
a.普遍的,全体的,通用的;宇宙的,世界的His speech met with universal applause.他的讲话得到全场的热烈掌声.
US [-'vɝ:-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■existing everywhere or involving everyone 普遍的；全体的；共同的
• a universal truth 普遍真理
• Food, like sex, is a subject of almost universal interest. 像性一样，食物几乎也是人们普遍感兴趣的话题。
• The new reforms have not met with universal approval within the government. 新的改革措施在政府内部还没有得到一致赞同。
usual, common, universal, general, average
这组词都有“普通”的意思，其区别是：
usual: a.通常的，惯常的，强调"习惯性的，符合规章制度的"，是个一般用语。
common: a.常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为"平凡的"，强调事物的共同性。另外，它还有"公共的，共同的"之意。
 • Car accidents are a common occurrence.   交通事故是很普通的事件。
universal: a.普遍的，比general语气更强，有"全然没有例外"的意思。
 • Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.   贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。
general: a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。
 • In general, the economy is doing well now.   总的来说，现在的经济形式还不错。
average: a.普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准；通常在有数字出现的情况下，表示"平均的"。
 • The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.   跑步者15分钟内平均跑两英里。
usual, ordinary, common, popular, normal, universal, general
usual: 平常的，惯常的
ordinary: 平凡的，词义与common接近，指符合一般或常规事物标准或相同的规格，因而只具有普通的特性
common: 普通的，共有的，指从质量或品德上无特殊或显眼之处，属于大多数人或事物所具有的，常见的；
popular: 大众的，受欢迎的，指属于或代表大众的某事物，强调常见的，大众化的特征
normal: 正常的，正规的，指符合某种标准的
universal: 普遍的，有完全没有例外之意；
general: 一般的，普通的，含有例外情况较少之意或暗示包括全部同一范畴的事物；
universal, fundamental, institution
universal: 大众的
fundamental: 基础的，根本的
institution: 制度上的
usual, ordinary, common, popular, universal, commonplace, general
这组词都有“普通的，普遍的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 指常见常闻和常做的事或举动，强调惯常性。
ordinary: 用于物，指每天发生，十分平淡无奇；用于人，指无特别之处，很一般。
common: 多用于指物，侧重很常见，不稀奇。
popular: 指适应大众爱好、需要，为大家所公认或接受。
universal: 与general同义，但语气较强，侧重对每个人或事物都适用，根本没有例外。
commonplace: 强调缺少新意。
general: 语气强于common，侧重大多如此，很少有例外情况。
institutional, instrumental, universal, fundamental
institutional: 制度上的，公共机构的
instrumental: 起作用的，有助于
universal: 全体的，普及的，大众的
fundamental: 基础的，根本的，必要的
adj. 普遍的；通用的； [天] 宇宙的；全世界的；全体的
 - widespread, entire, corporate, worldwide, current
n. 一般概念；普通性
 - general concept

Word: comparison
Front: comparison
[kəmˈpærɪsn] (研四宝 2166/1968 -K3)
Vocabulary: comparison
(once / 210 pages)
n
When you make a comparison, you figure out how things are similar.
Making comparisons is about taking a look at characteristics or qualities that show the similarities between living things, objects, or anything else. In the supermarket, people make comparisons based on price and ingredients. Lots of essays and articles make comparisons: between different politicians, bands, movies, athletes, and even whole era. Many teachers ask students to write comparisons in essays. If two things are totally different, you could say "There's no comparison!"
WORD FAMILY
comparison: comparisons
USAGE EXAMPLES
For a comparison to Darnold, he said, “you look at the Aaron Rodgers of the world.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But as bad as those floods were, they paled in comparison to the epic floods that hit southern Louisiana in August.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
By comparison, other airlines charge from $690 for flights to Paris.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 比较，对照; [语]比喻; 比较级
分布：比较(95%)，比喻(5%)
比较(com+pari平等+son→一起平等→比较)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
比较,对照(com+pari+son)[par=equal,表示"平等"]
n.比较,对比,比喻,比拟There is no comparison between them.他们之间相差悬殊.
US [-'per-] noun countable or uncountable
EXAMINING DIFFERENCES 查找差异
 IMPROVER
■when two or more people or things are compared 比较，对照，对比
• They made a comparison of different countries' eating habits. 他们对不同国家的饮食习惯作了一番比较。
• By/In comparison with the French, the British eat far less fish. 与法国人相比，英国人吃鱼要少得多。
UK [kəm'pær.ɪ.sən] US [-'per-] noun countable or uncountable
CONSIDERING SIMILARITIES 考虑相似点
■when something is considered similar or of equal quality to something else 相提并论；相比；比较
• She drew a comparison between life in the army and life in prison. 她把军队生活和狱中生活作了比较。
• To my mind there's no comparison between the two restaurants (= one is much better than the other). 在我心目中，这两家饭店根本不能相比。
• He's a good writer but he doesn't bear/stand comparison with Shakespeare (= he is not nearly as good as Shakespeare). 他是位好作家，但无法与莎士比亚相提并论。
n. 比较；对照；比喻；比较关系
 - parabole, imagery

Word: burst
Front: burst
[bɜ:st] (高研四六托 3560/3011 -K3)
Vocabulary: burst
(once / 86 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn
A burst is a sudden flurry of activity. Bursts of energy are helpful in shoveling heavy snow, but it's better if you work steadily instead of shoveling fast and stopping.
As a verb, burst is your go-to action word to describe something sudden and energetic happening. It usually means, "to explode outward, with noise" like if you burst into song in the middle of study hall, startling everyone. It also means, “to split open in a violent way due to internal pressure” like an overfilled water balloon. It comes from the Old English word berstan, meaning "break suddenly."
WORD FAMILY
burst: bursted, burster, bursting, bursts+/burster: bursters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Joe’s Pub, the glimmering nightclub at the Public Theater, bursts with laughter and cheers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schroder repeats the process - eyes fixed on the sky, asking for quiet, a burst of calling and then, one word.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The house kept “bursting” with popping noises, she said.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 爆裂，炸破; 使爆炸; 充满，塞满; 爆发
vt. 使爆炸; 冲破，胀破; 分帧，分页，分隔
n. 爆炸; 爆裂; 爆发; 突发
时态：burst, bursting, bursts
分布：爆发(28%)，爆裂(18%)，破裂(16%)，阵(15%)，冲(14%)，迸发(6%)，闯(3%)
→词源同break, 破开。
v.爆裂,炸破;突然发生n.突然破裂,爆发They returned in turn to bury the luxuries burnt in the burst.他们依次返回来埋藏在爆炸中烧毁的奢侈品.
US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to break open or apart suddenly, or to make something do this （使）迸裂，（使）爆炸
• Balloons make me nervous - I hate it when they burst. 气球令我感到紧张——我讨厌它们突然爆破。
• The river was threatening to burst its banks. 河流有决口的危险。
• Suddenly the door burst open (= opened suddenly and forcefully) and police officers carrying guns rushed in. 门突然被撞开了，员警端着枪冲了进来。
• figurative humorous If I eat any more cake I'll burst (= I cannot eat anything else) ! 我再吃蛋糕肚皮就会胀破的！
intransitive
■to feel a strong emotion, or strong wish to do something （心中）充满；心情迫切
• I knew they were bursting with curiosity but I said nothing. 我知道他们充满了好奇，但我甚么也没说。
• [+ to infinitive] informal I'm bursting to go to the loo! 我急着想上厕所！
• Tom was bursting to tell everyone the news. 汤姆迫不及待地想把消息告诉每个人。
burst into flames
■to suddenly burn strongly, producing a lot of flames 突然着火
• Smoke started pouring out from underneath, then the truck burst into flames. 烟开始从下面冒了出来，接着卡车便着火了。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
burst at the seams informal
■to be completely full 过满，拥挤不堪
• When all the family come home the house is bursting at the seams. 当全家人都回到家里，房子就拥挤不堪。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
burst into song/tears/laughter
■to suddenly begin to sing/cry/laugh 突然开始唱歌／流泪／大笑
• Much to my surprise Ben suddenly burst into song. 令我非常惊讶的是，本突然唱起歌来。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
burst out laughing/crying
■to suddenly start laughing/crying 突然大笑／大哭起来
• I walked in and everyone burst out laughing. 我走了进去，所有的人都突然放声大笑起来。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
  Phrasal Verbs  burst in/into (somewhere)
■to enter a room or building suddenly and without warning 突然闯入（房间或建筑）
• The side door of the pub flew open and three men burst in. 酒吧的侧门猛地开了，三个男人闯了进来。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
  Phrasal Verbs  burst in on sb/sth
■to enter a room suddenly and without warning, interrupting the people or activity inside 突然闯入而打断（或打扰）：
• Katya burst in on him without warning. 卡佳连招呼都没打就突然出现在了他面前。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
  Phrasal Verbs  burst out
■to suddenly say something loudly 猛然大叫
• "Don't go!" he burst out. “别走！”他猛然大叫道。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] noun countable
BREAK 爆裂
■when something breaks open and what is inside breaks out 爆裂
• a burst in the water pipe 水管爆裂
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] noun countable
INCREASE 增加
■a sudden increase in something, especially for a short period （尤指短期的）突然增加；迸发
• a burst of speed/applause/laughter 突然的加速／一阵掌声／一阵大笑
explode, erupt, burst
这组词都有“爆炸、爆发”的意思，其区别是：
explode: 指物体爆炸而释放大量热能的一刹那。
erupt: 主要指火山的爆发，也可用作引申意义。
burst: 强调爆炸能量的突然释放和力量的突然迸发。
break, crush, crack, shatter, smash, burst, fracture
这组词都有“打破、弄碎”的意思，其区别是：
break: 常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。
crush: 指用力把东西压破或变形。
crack: 多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表现呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
shatter: 指破裂为许多支离破碎的碎片，多用指易碎事物。
smash: 指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。
burst: 指某物因内部外部压力过大而出现严重破裂、爆开或账破。
fracture: 比crack的破裂程度更深更严重，常指断裂，医学上指骨折。
explode, burst, break out
explode: （炸弹）爆炸；
burst: （the ball）爆裂
break out: 爆发（战争）；
vi. [天] 爆发，突发； [力] 爆炸
 - out break, flame up
vt. [天] 爆发，突发； [力] 爆炸
 - blast, out break
n. [天] 爆发，突发； [力] 爆炸
 - blast, outbreak

Word: pump
Front: pump
[pʌmp] (高研四六托雅 3444/4317 -3)
Vocabulary: pump
(once / 340 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A pump is a machine that sucks up liquid from one place and moves it somewhere else, like a gas pump. If you’re pumped about this word, you can put on pumps, pump up the volume, and pump some iron!
When you use the device called a pump, you pump water or gas. Other things that force some liquid or gas to move, also pump: your heart pumps blood, and your foot pumps the brake of your car when you're stopping on an icy road. If you pump iron, you lift weights. If you’re pumped, you’re excited. “Pump Up the Volume” was a hit song in 1987, so turn it up. A pump is also a woman's dress shoe.
WORD FAMILY
pump: pumped, pumping, pumps
USAGE EXAMPLES
Commonly called “secondary hearts,” these muscles pump blood back to our heart, allowing us to maintain our normal rate of metabolic activity during sedentary activities.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He maintains that even the small flow of American ships that visited Subic over the past year pumped roughly $500 million into the local economy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The host business for the engineering strand will be Viking Pump.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 抽水机; 打气筒; 泵; 轻软舞鞋
v. 用泵输送 ; 涌出; 急速摇晃; 盘问
时态：pumped, pumping, pumps
分布：泵(88%)，抽水(4%)，打气(2%)，抽水机(2%)，打气筒(2%)，增加(1%)，灌输(1%)
→词源不确定，可能来自拟声词，模仿泵发出的声音。
n.泵v.用(泵)抽(水);打气,泵送The lump jumped off the pump and bumped on the trumpet in the dump.傻大个跳下水泵撞到垃圾堆里的喇叭上.
noun countable
DEVICE 设备
 ADVANCED
■a piece of equipment which is used to cause liquid, air or gas to move from one place to another 唧筒，帮浦，抽水机；油泵；打气筒
• a water/bicycle/fuel pump 水泵／自行车打气筒／油泵
• a UKpetrol / USgas pump 汽油泵
[pʌmp] noun countable
SHOE 鞋子
[usually plural] US (UK court shoe)
■a type of plain shoe with a raised heel and no way of fastening it to the foot which is worn by women 高跟无带女鞋
[usually plural]
■a type of flat shoe, like a ballet dancer's shoe, which is worn by women 平底鞋
[usually plural] UK
■a flat shoe made of heavy cloth, which is worn by children for doing sports 橡胶底帆布鞋，体操鞋
[pʌmp] verb
LIQUID/GAS 液体／气体
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to force liquid or gas to move somewhere （用泵）抽吸，抽送（液体或气体）
• Our latest machine can pump a hundred gallons a minute. 我们最新的机器每分钟能抽100加仑的液体。
• The new wine is pumped into storage tanks. 新酿的酒被抽送到储藏罐里。
• The heart pumps blood through the arteries/ round the body. 心脏透过动脉输送血液／将血液输送到全身。
[pʌmp] verb
INFORMATION 资讯
transitive informal
■to keep asking someone for information, especially in a way that is not direct （尤指间接地）盘问，套问
• She was pumping me for details of the new project. 她在套问我有关新专案的详细情况。
[pʌmp] verb
pump sb's hand
■to shake someone's hand (= hold their hand and move it up and down, especially in order to greet them) 与（某人）握手
[pʌmp] verb
pump iron informal
■to lift heavy weights for exercise 举重（运动）
• These days both men and women pump iron for fitness. 现在不论男女都练举重健身。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pump sth into sth
■to spend a lot of money trying to make something operate successfully 投入大量资金
• They had been pumping money into the business for some years without seeing any results. 几年来他们一直在为这个企业投入大量资金，但看不到任何成果。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pump sth out
REMOVE
■to remove water or other liquid from something using a pump 用帮浦抽出（某物中的）液体
• We took turns pumping out the boat. 我们轮流用帮浦把水从船里抽出去。
PRODUCE informal disapproving
■to produce words or loud music in a way that is repeated, forceful and continuous 不断制造；连续播放
• The government keeps pumping out the same old propaganda. 政府大肆进行那套老式的宣传。
• The car radio was pumping out music with a heavy beat. 汽车的收音机不停地播放着节奏感强的歌曲。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pump out sth
■If someone's stomach is pumped out, a poisonous substance is removed from it by being sucked through a tube 洗（胃）
• She had to go to hospital to have her stomach pumped out. 她不得不去医院洗胃。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pump sb up informal
■to make someone feel more confident or excited 为打气，使鼓起勇气
• He was offering them advice and trying to pump them up. 他向他们提建议，努力为他们打气。
• [R] The players were pumping themselves up by singing the national anthem before the game. 比赛前，运动员都唱起了国歌，为自己打气。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pump sth up
■to fill something with air using a pump 给…充满气，给…打气
• Have you pumped up the balloons yet? 你帮气球充气了吗？
• I must pump the tyres up on my bike. 我必须给我的脚踏车灌满气。
■informal
■to increase something by a large amount 大量增加
• The US was able to pump up exports. 美国有能力大量增加出口。
• Let's pump up the volume a bit! 我们把音量调大一点吧。
vt. 打气；用抽水机抽…
 - pull for
n. [机] 泵，抽水机；打气筒
 - inflator

Word: commissioner
Front: commissioner
[kəˈmɪʃənə(r)] (托 4320/3124 -3)
Vocabulary: commissioner
(once / 207 pages)
n
The noun commissioner refers to someone in charge of a formal group or organization, such as a police commissioner or a baseball commissioner.
As you might guess, commissioner is related to commission, which describes a group that carries out a particular function. Commissioner can describe an official who directs or regulates a commission, or it can be that person's title. For example, if Theodore Young is the housing commissioner, in formal situations you’d refer to him as Commissioner Young.
WORD FAMILY
commissioner: commissioners+/ commission: commissioned, commissioner, commissioning, commissions, decommission/commissioned: noncommissioned/decommission: decommissioned, decommissioning
USAGE EXAMPLES
Paul Breyne, the Belgian general commissioner for the commemoration, said his government was deeply committed to supporting the commemoration.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Nebraska State Tax Commissioner Tony Fulton said Amazon is “exhibiting responsible corporate citizenship. “The tax is owed,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Boyd is replacing commissioner Bob Stump, who was forced by term limits to leave the commission that regulates utilities.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 专员; 委员; 长官; 职业运动组织的行政管理员
分布：专员(52%)，委员(45%)，行政长官(3%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
■an important official who has responsibility in a government department or another organization （政府部门或某一组织的）委员，专员，特派员，长官
• There is a commissioner in charge of the London police force. 有一位长官负责领导伦敦的员警队伍。
n. 委员，专员；理事；行政长官
 - senator, committee member

Word: mutual
Front: mutual
[ˈmju:tʃuəl] (研四六托雅 2799/3301 -3)
Vocabulary: mutual
(once / 204 pages)
adj
If the feeling is mutual, both of you feel the same the way, like a mutual admiration society. Mutual means shared. In finance it is used to describe trusts or funds that pool the money of many investors to buy securities.
Mutual is a word to describe something two people or groups share. Nations will engage in a policy of mutual support; co-workers make a mutual effort; two businesses reach a mutual understanding. It's a good thing, being mutual. Mutual consent means you and your partner agree to do something together, be it composting your refuse in the backyard or dressing in furry mascot costumes for kicks. If something is mutual, it's okay with everyone involved.
WORD FAMILY
mutual: mutualism, mutuality, mutually, mutualness+/ mutualism: mutualist/mutuality: mutualities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Farmers Mutual of Nebraska was launched in 1891 and for the first 107 years, it wrote policies only in the state.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A 10th company, Mutual Pharmaceutical, couldn’t be reached for comment.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
The weekend after that text exchange, I got a call from our mutual friend Anna.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 共有的; 共同的; 相互的; 彼此的
分布：相互的(56%)，共同的(44%)
→来自阿拉伯语muttus,交换的，相互的，来自mei,改变，交换，词源同mutable,common.
相互的(mut+ual→你变我也变→相互的)[mut=change,表示"改变"]
a.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的The mutual spirits inspired us to reach the annual aim.相互的精神鼓舞了我们达到年度目标.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■(of two or more people or groups) feeling the same emotion, or doing the same thing to or for each other 相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的
• Theirs was a partnership based on mutual respect, trust and understanding. 他们的合作是建立在互相尊重、信任和理解的基础之上的。
• Both countries are acting to their mutual advantage. 两国的做法对彼此都有好处。
• The agreement was terminated by mutual consent. 经双方同意，这项协议被终止了。
reciprocal, joint, mutual, common
这组词都有“共同的，相互的”的意思，其区别是：
reciprocal: 着重互惠，有来有往。
joint: 强调至少两人或两方共同占用，侧重指一个统一体。
mutual: 着重彼此共有或共享，局限于双方的关系。
common: 侧重两人或多人共有共同，但不暗示彼此间存在的等价关系。
adj. 共同的；相互的，彼此的
 - corporate, common, collective, joint

Word: advise
Front: advise
[ədˈvaɪz] (中高研四六托 2552/1728 -K3)
Vocabulary: advise
(once / 77 pages)
v
To advise someone is to give them advice, or counsel. If you live in Iceland and a friend visiting you from Hawaii asks what he should pack, advise him to bring warm clothes and snow boots.
Advise comes from a Latin word for vision. We want people to advise us if we think they can see the whole picture better than we can. For this reason, we often seek the advice of trained people. Financial advisors advise their clients on which funds to invest in. Legal advisors advise their clients on the law. To advise can also be to give notice. You should advise your boss of your decision to quit at least two weeks in advance.
WORD FAMILY
advise: advisable, advised, advisee, advisement, adviser, advises, advising, advisor, advisory, misadvise+/ advisable: advisability, advisabler, advisablest, advisably, inadvisable, unadvisable/advised: advisedly, ill-advised, unadvised/advisee: advisees/advisement: advisements/ adviser: advisers/ advisor: advisors/ advisory: advisories/ inadvisable: inadvisability, inadvisably/misadvise: misadvised, misadvising/unadvisable: unadvisably/unadvised: unadvisedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sidney D. Drell, a Stanford physicist who advised presidents from Nixon to Obama, signed the letter before dying late last month at 90.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The year before, he set up a Vatican commission, including some victims, to advise local Churches on how to prevent abuse.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
They’d be well advised to fire their Growth Hackers and start prioritizing intellectual integrity over content farming.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. （商业）通知，报告; 提议，建议
vi. 接受劝告，商量; 建议，提供意见
时态：advised, advising, advises
分布：建议(69%)，通知(16%)，劝告(8%)，忠告(6%)，提建议(1%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根vis, 看，同vision, 视野。去看，去给建议。
忠告,劝告(ad使+vis+e使[别人]看到→劝告[别人])[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
vt.忠告,劝告,建议;通知,告知The vice-adviser advised the reviser to devise a device for getting rid of vice.代理顾问建议校订者想出一个根除恶习的计策.
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to give someone advice 劝告；忠告；向…提供意见，给…出主意
• [+ to infinitive] I think I'd advise him to leave the company. 要是我，我会建议他离开这家公司。
• His doctor advised him against smoking. 他的医生劝他戒烟。
• I'd strongly advise against making a sudden decision. 我会极力奉劝不要草率作出决定。
• [+ that] They're advising that children be kept out of the sun altogether. 他们建议绝对不要让儿童在阳光下曝晒。
• [+ -ing verb] I'd advise waiting until tomorrow. 我建议等到明天再说。
• [+ question word] She advised us wh en to come. 她给我们出主意，告诉我们该甚么时候来。
• She advises the President (= gives information and suggests types of action) on African policy. 她是总统的非洲政策顾问。
• You would be well- advised to (= It would be wise for you to) have the appropriate vaccinations before you go abroad. 明智的做法是，在出国前接种适当的疫苗。
transitive formal
■to give someone official information about something 通知；（正式）告知
• They were advised of their rights. 他们获悉自己的权利。
• [+ that] Our solicitors have advised that the costs could be enormous. 我们的律师已经告知我们，诉讼费用可能会非常高。
persuade, advise, convince
这组词都有“劝说”的意思，其区别是：
persuade: 指用感情说服某人去做某事。如：I persuaded him to go back to work. (我说服他回去工作了。)
advise: 表建议，规劝某人应该做某事或如何做。如：He advised me to put my money in the bank. (他劝我把钱存入银行。)
convince: 指向某人陈述事实，运用推理或逻辑证明使某人信服。如：We convinced Smith to go by train rather than plane. (我们说服了史密斯乘火车而不乘飞机前往。)
warn, caution, advise, admonish, counsel
这组词都有“劝告、忠告、警告”的意思，其区别是：
warn: 含义与caution相同，但语气较重，尤指重后果。
caution: 主要指针对有潜在危险而提出的警告，含小心从事的意味。
advise: 普通用词，泛指劝告，不涉及对方是否听从劝告。
admonish: 一般指年长者或领导对已犯错误的或有过失的人提出的忠告或警告以避免类似错误。
counsel: 正式用词，语气比advise强一些，侧重指对重要问题提出的劝告、建议或咨询。
persuade, advise, suggest
persuade: 劝说（并使之听从）
advise: 劝说（但不一定说服）
suggest: 建议，提议
propose, advise, suggest
propose: 提议，供大家讨论
advise: 给对方建议劝告对方，但对方是否接受不抱希望（弱势对强势）；
suggest: 建议希望对方做某事，往往带有敦促、鼓励或警告之意（强势对弱势）
inform, notify, advise, acquaint
这组词都有“通知、告知”的意思，其区别是：
inform: 普通用词，指传达事实或信息，或指经过研究或调查而获得的事实或信息。
notify: 指正式通知需要注意的事情。
advise: 指正式通知某件重要事，所通知的事情与被通知的人有关。
acquaint: 指提供有关信息或情况使某人熟悉某些过程或复杂的情况。
vt. 建议；劝告，忠告；通知；警告
 - alarm, message
vi. 建议；与…商量
 - agree to sb, make suggestions

Word: headquarters
Front: headquarters
[ˌhedˈkwɔ:təz] (研四六托 2867/2817 -3)
Vocabulary: headquarters
(once / 261 pages)
n
The main office of an organization is its headquarters. The headquarters of your favorite video game company might be in New York.
Companies, clubs, and religious groups all have headquarters, or a central administrative location. Militaries also have headquarters, although the word has a slightly different meaning in that context — military headquarters are where commanders and their staffs live and work. The word has been around since the 1600's, from the "most important or principal" meaning of head and quarters, originally "military dwelling place," and later "lodgings."
WORD FAMILY
headquarter: headquartered, headquartering, headquarters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The firm’s headquarters are now based in London’s Paddington district.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Sparks police say 43-year-old Tom Anderson complained of possible hypothermia due to exposure after he was transported to police headquarters following Monday’s arrest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Assuming the federal government finally decides, the site selected for the new FBI headquarters will be:
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （机构，企业等的）总部; 总店; 司令部; 指挥部
分布：总部(38%)，司令部(33%)，指挥部(29%)
→head,头，quarters,营房，住所。比喻用法。
n.司令部,指挥部;总部,总局The quarrelsome general quarreled about a quarter quart of oil in the headquarters.好争吵的将军在司令部为四分之一夸脱油而争吵.
US [-ˌkwɔ:r.tˌɚz] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb] (plural headquarters) (abbreviation HQ)
 IMPROVER
■the main offices of an organization such as the army, police or a business company 总部；总局；司令部
• The company's headquarters is/are in Amsterdam. 公司的总部在阿姆斯特丹。
n. 总部；指挥部；司令部
 - command, main office

Word: nevertheless
Front: nevertheless
[ˌnevəðəˈles] (研四六雅 2582/1337 -K3)
Vocabulary: nevertheless
(once / 108 pages)
adv
A funny-looking adverb that appears to be made up of three words squished together, nevertheless means “even so" or "all the same.”
It’s likely that nevertheless evolved from the Middle English neverthelater, a word with the same sense of “despite anything to the contrary” and “notwithstanding.” You might say of your siblings, "Sure we bicker and get sick of each other sometimes. Nevertheless, they’re family and I love them."
WORD FAMILY
nevertheless: neverthelesss
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nevertheless, the singer railed against police officers who appear in the background of one of Songz’s videos, unfazed as the artist swears at them.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Nevertheless Comey says he is recommending that no criminal charges be brought against Clinton, because, quote, “I don’t want to die.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Experts, nevertheless, say the figures tell a story about people’s movement across state and city lines — what demographers call “domestic migration” — that is worth heeding.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 然而; 尽管如此; 不过; 仍然
conj. 然而; 尽管如此
分布：然而(43%)，不过(29%)，尽管如此(17%)，仍然(11%)
→来自never the less.比较nonetheless,notwithstanding.
conj.(nonetheless)然而,不过ad.仍然,不过However, Lever never fevers; nevertheless, he is clever forever.无论如何,杠杆从未发烧;尽管如此,他始终机灵.
US [-ɚ-] (slightly formal nonetheless)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■despite what has just been said or referred to 不过，仍然；尽管如此
• I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting nevertheless. 关于这个话题我已经知道很多，但她的报告听起来还是很有趣。
whereas, nevertheless, but, however, still, while, yet
这组词都有“但是，可是，然而，而”的意思，其区别是：
whereas: 表对比，一般可与while互换。
nevertheless: 指尽管作出完全让步，也不会发生任何影响。
but: 口语常用词，语气较强，泛指与前述情况相反。
however: 表转折关系，语气稍弱于but，连接性也弱一些，因而常作插入语。
still: 语气强，多用于肯定句或疑问句。指尽管作出让步，采取措施或表示反对，但情况仍然如故，无所改变。
while: 表对比，一般可与whereas换用，但程度弱一些。
yet: 常用于否定句，语气比still稍强。指不管作出多大努力或让步，仍达不到预期的结果。
adv. 然而，不过；虽然如此
 - though, natheless
conj. 然而，不过
 - whereas, however, while, but, yet

Word: fundamental
Front: fundamental
[ˌfʌndəˈmentl] (高研四六托雅宝 2328/2031 -K3)
Vocabulary: fundamental
(once / 254 pages)
adjn
When asked what the fundamental, or essential, principles of life are, a teenager might reply, "Breathe. Be a good friend. Eat chocolate. Get gas money."
Fundamental has its roots in the Latin word fundamentum, which means "foundation." So if something is fundamental, it is a key point or underlying issue — the foundation, if you will — that the thing is built upon. Teachers argue that math fundamentals include memorizing the times tables and understanding long division. Many people would also argue that math fundamentals should include knowing how to use a calculator and knowing where the calculator's extra batteries are kept.
WORD FAMILY
fundamental: fundamentalism, fundamentally, fundamentals+/ fundamentalism: fundamentalisms, fundamentalist, fundamentalistic/ fundamentalist: fundamentalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
So he pushed through what the New York Times called “the most fundamental alteration of its rules in more than a generation.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The two also will be learning the fundamentals of their jobs together.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In theory, progressives recognise the necessity of fundamental social change.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 基础的，基本的，根本的，重要的，原始的，主要的，十分重大的; [物]基频的，基谐波的; [乐]基音的
n. 原理，原则，基本，根本，基础; [乐]基音; [物]基频，基谐波
分布：基础(37%)，基本的(32%)，根本的(14%)，重要的(11%)，基本原理(6%)
→来自fund, 底部，基础。
基础的,根本的[found,fund=base,表示"基础"]
a.基础的,基本的n.(pl.)基本原则,基本原理The fundamental fund functions punctually in conjunction with abundant capital.这笔重要基金与充裕的资本一起准时发挥作用.
US [-tˌəl] adjective
 ADVANCED
■forming the base, from which everything else develops; more important than anything else 基础的；基本的；主要的
• We need to make fundamental changes to the way in which we treat our environment. 我们需要从根本上改变对待环境的态度。
• It's one of the fundamental differences between men and women. 这是男女之间的基本差别之一。
• The school is based on the fundamental principle that each child should develop its full potential. 这所学校的基本原则是充分发挥每个孩子的最大潜力。
• Diversity is of fundamental importance to all ecosystems and all economies. 多样性对所有的生态系统和经济结构都极为重要。
• Some understanding of grammar is fundamental to learning a language. 掌握一些文法对学习一种语言来说很重要。
universal, fundamental, institution
universal: 大众的
fundamental: 基础的，根本的
institution: 制度上的
law, principle, theorem, fundamental
这组词都有“原理、原则”的意思，其区别是：
law: 指一直公认的。陈述各种现象的条理或关系的公理或定理等。
principle: 普通用词，含义广。指作判断的基础或行动的普通准则；也指自然科学的规律。
theorem: 多指经过推理或演算能得到证明的原理、定理或定律。
fundamental: 通常指原理、原则。
basic, fundamental, elementary
basic: a.基本的，基础的，既可用于具体事物，也可用于抽象事物。
 • He has a basic understanding of the problem.   他对问题有基本的了解。
fundamental: a.根本性的，一般只用于抽象的事物；必要的，必须的。
 • Honesty is a fundamental principle in dealing with others.   诚实是与别人相处的基本原则。
elementary: a.初步的，初级的。elementary school小学
institutional, instrumental, universal, fundamental
institutional: 制度上的，公共机构的
instrumental: 起作用的，有助于
universal: 全体的，普及的，大众的
fundamental: 基础的，根本的，必要的
vital, essential, basic, fundamental, radical
这组词都有“基本的，基础的”的意思，其区别是：
vital: 正式用词，侧重指维持生命、活力必不可少的，或生死攸关的。
essential: 语气比basic和fundamental强，强调必不可少，暗含某物如缺少某部分，则失去本质特征的意味。
basic: 普通用词，指明确、具体的基础或起点。
fundamental: 书面用词，不如basic使用广泛，侧重指作为基础、根本的抽象的事物。
radical: 着重指事物的根本或其来源。
adj. 基本的，根本的
 - elementary, basic, essential, organic, primary
n. 基本原理；基本原则
 - basic principle, ultimate, rationale

Word: disappoint
Front: disappoint
[ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪnt] (高研四六 8204/9539 -K1)
Vocabulary: disappoint
(once / 96 pages)
v
When you fail to meet people's expectations, you disappoint them. You can also disappoint yourself or find that things let you down, like a rainy trip to the beach that disappoints you.
The word disappoint comes from the Middle French word desappointer, which meant "dispossess of appointed office," in the 14th century. Today, disappoint can apply to anyone or anything that does not achieve the expected results — and ways to express that we are disappointed go beyond firing people or kicking them out of office. For example, if you buy a product that disappoints, you won't buy it again.
WORD FAMILY
disappoint: disappointed, disappointing, disappointment, disappoints+/ disappointed: disappointedly/ disappointing: disappointingly/ disappointment: disappointments
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s disappointing, no question about it,” Gruden said after the loss.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In their absence, the Jags turned to second-year player Corey Grant, and he did not disappoint.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
You are disappointed and you want to bounce back.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使失望; 使破灭，使落空
vi. 使失望
时态：disappointed, disappointing, disappoints
分布：使失望(86%)，使破灭(14%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。appoint, 指定。即没有指定，任命，引申义失望。
使失望;受挫折(dis不+appoint→不[被]指派→失望)[point,punct=point,make sharp,表示"点,变尖"]
vt.失望;(希望等)破灭,挫败(计划等)I pointed out the joint on the coin at the disappointing appointment.在令人失望的约会上,我指出了硬币上的接头.
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to fail to satisfy someone or their hopes, wishes, etc.; to cause someone to feel unhappy （使）失望，（使）沮丧
• I'm sorry to disappoint you, but I'm afraid I can't come after all. 很抱歉让你失望，但恐怕我真的来不了。
• We don't want to disappoint the fans. 我们不想让球迷们失望。
vt. 使失望
 - fail, let down

Word: honour
Front: honour
['ɒnə(r)] (中高四六 32290/2382 -K3)
Vocabulary: honour
(once / 50 pages)
1nv 2v 3n
Honour is the British English spelling of the word "honor." Honour means respect or prestige. If a teacher wants her students to treat her with honour, she has to be worthy of it, showing them the respect they deserve.
An honour is also a tangible award that you are given for some accomplishment. If your grades are great, you might receive an honour at the academic awards banquet. As a verb, honour means to show a high amount of respect. In traditional wedding vows, both the bride and groom promise to love and honour each other.
WORD FAMILY
honour: dishonour, honourable, honoured, honouring, honours+/dishonour: dishonoured, dishonouring, dishonours/dishonourable: dishonourableness/honourable: dishonourable, honourableness, honourablest, honourably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Culture Secretary Karen Bradley said it was important to remember the "horrors" of the Ypres battlefields, and honour the memories of the many who died.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He described the honour as a “salute” to the Hillsborough families.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
“In May this year, Allan was awarded a top civic honour in recognition of his contribution to the music industry in Liverpool.”
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 尊敬; 荣幸; 正义感; 荣誉
v. 尊敬; 给予表扬; 信守
时态：honoured, honouring, honours
分布：荣誉(54%)，荣幸(21%)，尊敬(20%)，头衔(2%)，方形舞中鞠躬致敬(2%)，信守承诺(1%)
US ['ɑ:.nɚ] noun
RESPECT 尊敬
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a quality that combines respect, being proud, and honesty 名誉，荣誉；高尚品德
• a man of honour 品德高尚的人
• We fought for the honour of our country. 我们为我们国家的荣誉而战。
in honour of sb/sth
 IMPROVER
■in order to celebrate or show great respect for someone or something 为了庆祝…；为表示对…的尊敬
• a banquet in honour of the president 为总统举行的宴会
be/feel honour bound to do sth
■to feel you must do something because it is morally right, even if you do not want to do it 觉得在道义上应该做
• I felt honour bound to tell him the truth. 我觉得应该告诉他事实真相。
do sb the honour of doing sth formal
■to make someone proud and happy by doing or being something 做…使（某人）感到特别荣幸；做…给（某人）带来荣誉；赏脸做…
• Would you do me the honour of accompanying me to the New Year Ball? 你愿不愿意赏脸陪我去参加新年舞会？
Your Honour formal
■the way to address a judge 法官阁下
UK (ALSO US honor) UK ['ɒn.ər] US ['ɑ:.nɚ] noun
REWARD 奖赏
 ADVANCED countable
■a reward, prize or title that publicly expresses admiration or respect 奖励；荣誉；荣誉头衔
• She received an honour for her services to the community. 她因为社区提供服务而获得表彰。
• He was buried with full military honours (= with a special celebration to show respect). 他被安葬时举行了隆重的军葬礼。
with honours
■If you complete a school or university qualification with honours, you achieve a high standard. 以优等成绩毕业
UK (ALSO US honor) UK ['ɒn.ər] US ['ɑ:.nɚ] noun
be on your honour old-fashioned
■If you are on your honour to do something, you have made a promise to act as you have said you will. 以名誉担保
UK (ALSO US honor) UK ['ɒn.ər] US ['ɑ:.nɚ] noun
do the honours humorous
■to pour drinks or serve food 招待客人（指斟酒、上菜等）
• John, will you do the honours? 约翰，你能招待一下客人吗？
UK (ALSO US honor) UK ['ɒn.ər] US ['ɑ:.nɚ] verb transitive
RESPECT 尊敬
 ADVANCED
■to show great respect for someone or something, especially in public （尤指在公开场合）向…致敬
• He was honoured for his bravery. 他因表现英勇而受到表彰。
• formal We are honoured (= proud and happy) to have you here tonight. 今晚您能光临我们深感荣幸。
• I would be honoured to meet him. 要是能见到他，我会感到无比荣幸。
 ADVANCED
■To honour a promise or agreement is to do what you said you would 信守，执行，兑现（承诺或协议）
• They decided not to honour an existing order for aircraft. 他们决定不兑现已有的飞机订单。
UK (ALSO US honor) UK ['ɒn.ər] US ['ɑ:.nɚ] verb transitive
REWARD 奖赏
■to give someone public praise or a reward 公开表彰；公开奖励
• He was honoured with a knighthood. 他被册封为爵士。
admiration, honour, esteem, regard, respect
这组词都有“尊敬、尊重、敬意”的意思，其区别是：
admiration: 指除表示尊敬外，还常伴随有一种真挚的倾慕之情。
honour: 指对长辈或有地位、有名望、有功劳的人公开表示极大敬意或软佩。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此可而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，与respect和honour近义。
respect: 指对年长、地位较高的人的尊敬，对他人成就、行为或见解等经过仔细评估后而表示尊重，暗示在上述人面前表现谦恭和有礼貌。
honour, esteem, regard, admire, respect
这组词都有“尊重、钦佩”的意思，其区别是：
honour: 侧重指对某人或某物表示极大的敬意。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，含义不很明确，一般需用修饰语加强或明确其意。
admire: 侧重指对某人或某物的仰慕、钦佩，并含欣赏爱慕之情。
respect: 指对人的行为、品德、才华或成就等的仰慕尊重。尤指对年长或地位高的人的尊敬。
renown, honour, fame, glory, reputation
这组词都有“名声，名誉”的意思，其区别是：
renown: 指远近闻名的声誉。
honour: 侧重指因高尚的举止，忠心或诚实而受到公众钦佩和崇敬，得到好名声和荣誉。
fame: 普通用词，含义广，一般指好名声，可大可小，可远可近。
glory: 指因功绩卓著而获得的令人称颂的光荣或荣誉地位。
reputation: 通常指熟悉某人或某地的人对该人、该地的看法，可好可坏。
n. 荣誉；尊敬；勋章
 - glory, respect, medal, worship
vt. 尊敬； [金融] 承兑；承兑远期票据
 - accept, regard, esteem, worship

Word: loom
Front: loom
[lu:m] (研托雅宝 5292/6042 -2)
Vocabulary: loom
(once / 428 pages)
1nv 2v
Loom has two distinct meanings. First, it's a tool for weaving. Second, it means to appear or stand over someone in a threatening way. The future loomed grim. The shadow loomed above us.
A common way we hear loom is in "loomed large," as in, "The specter of getting fired loomed large in Amanda's imagination." Deriving from Low German or Dutch, the word sounds smoky (or misty) and spectral: the Antarctic ice-shelf loomed on the horizon as Shackleton's ship approached the continent.
WORD FAMILY
loom: loomed, looming, looms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, concerns about poisonous air, adulterated food and an ultracompetitive education system loom large in many people’s lives.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In the short term, Democrats are focused more on Trump’s Cabinet picks and the looming Supreme Court nomination.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
A row of rugged mountain peaks loomed to the west.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 织布机，织布法; 若隐若现的景象; 桨柄; [航]翼肋腹部
vi. & link-v. 朦胧出现
vi. 隐约地出现; 赫然耸现; 迫在眉睫
时态：loomed, looming, looms
分布：织布机(68%)，隐约可见(18%)，若隐若现(9%)，迫近(5%)
→来自古英语geloma,ge-,表强调，-loma,工具，仪器，引申词义宝贝，老二，传家宝，后词义固定为织布机，见heirloom.loom 逼近，赫然耸现
n.织布机,织机v.隐现,(危险,忧虑等)迫近The mountain peak loomed through the fog.那座山峰在雾中隐隐出现.
【区】loon（n 懒人；笨蛋）；loop（n 圈，环）
verb intransitive
APPEAR 出现
■to appear as a large, often frightening or unclear shape or object （令人惊恐地）隐约显现；赫然耸现
• Dark storm clouds loomed on the horizon. 天边隐约出现了一团团的乌云。
[lu:m] verb intransitive
WORRY 担心
■If an unwanted or unpleasant event looms, it seems likely to happen soon and causes worry （不希望或不愉快的事情）阴森地逼近
• Her exams are looming. 考试日益逼近，她非常担心。
• Here, too, the threat of unemployment has been looming on the horizon. 另外还有失业的威胁在逼近，令人忧虑。
• The threat of closure looms over the workforce. 工厂可能关闭，令工人们焦虑不安。
[lu:m] verb intransitive
loom large
■If something looms large, it becomes very important and often causes worry 显得突出；变得严重
• The issue of pay will loom large at this Easter's teacher conference. 工资问题将在今年复活节的教师大会上突显出来。
[lu:m] noun countable
■a piece of equipment on which thread is woven into cloth 织布机
appear, show, emerge, loom
这组词都有“出现”的意思，其区别是：
appear: 强调公开露面，被看见。
show: 语气较强，强调“露出来”。
emerge: 侧重缓缓出现的过程。
loom: 指朦胧出现，好像从雾中浮现出来一样。
n. [纺] 织布机；若隐若现的景象
 - weaving machine

Word: thrive
Front: thrive
[θraɪv] (研四六托雅宝 4628/6403 -2)
Vocabulary: thrive
(once / 531 pages)
v
To thrive is to do well or flourish. If your new cookie delivery business thrives, you'll be rolling in dough — not literally, of course.
The verb thrive means to flourish or grow vigorously, and it can be applied to something like a business or to something or someone's actual health. Plants can thrive in a greenhouse, and children can thrive if they eat well and exercise. Thriving can also be used more figuratively — "The women thrived on gossip; they loved knowing who was dating or divorcing whom."
WORD FAMILY
thrive: thrived, thriven, thrives, thriving, throve+/ thriving: thrivingest, thrivingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Between these two extremes exists the little-known but thriving world of interscholastic floor hockey at yeshiva high schools in New York City and surrounding towns.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“ISIL thrived in a vacuum in Iraq and it pointed to a similar vacuum in Afghanistan,” Mr. Rhodes said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
One way that antique stores continue to thrive is by diversifying their products, Stewart said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 兴盛，兴隆; 长得健壮; 茁壮成长
时态：thrived, thriving, thrives
分布：繁荣(42%)，兴旺(31%)，茁壮成长(27%)
→来自中古英语 thriven,繁荣，兴旺，来自 Proto-Germanic*thribana,抓住，使繁盛，来自 trep, 使满意，使享受，词源同 Terpsichore,古希腊神话中的歌舞女神，字面意思为享受舞蹈者。
v.兴旺,繁荣From the fact, the shivering driver derives that the diver may thrive on river.发抖的司机从这个事实得出结论说跳水员可以靠河流繁荣.
【区】thrift（n 节俭；节约）
【反】languish（v 憔悴；凋萎）；wizen（v 枯萎；消瘦）；fail（v 失败）
[θraɪv] (thrived or US ALSO throve, thrived or US ALSO thriven)
verb intransitive
■to grow, develop or be successful 茁壮成长；兴旺，繁荣
• His business thrived in the years before the war. 战前那些年，他的生意很兴隆。
• She seems to thrive on stress. 她似乎很擅长在压力下工作。
succeed, prosper, thrive, flourish
这组词都有“兴旺，成功”的意思，其区别是：
succeed: 表示成功，强调完成某件想往或企图去做的事，与fail相对。
prosper: 指持续不断地成功，也指越来越成功。
thrive: 指蓬勃发展，常指显而易见的成功。
flourish: 指处于成功、繁荣、进步的顶盛阶段。
vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茁壮成长
 - succeed, flower

Word: ruler
Front: ruler
[ˈru:lə(r)] (中高研四六 5552/4145 -K2)
Vocabulary: ruler
(once / 244 pages)
1n 2n
The leader of a country is a ruler. If you're a queen, a sultan, or a czar, you're a ruler.
Besides "person who rules or governs," you can define ruler as a measuring device that's marked with inches or centimeters. You can measure the diameter of a circle with a ruler, and you can also draw a perfectly straight line using its edge. Both meanings stem from the verb rule, "to exercise power" or "to control," which came to also mean "mark with lines" in the 1590s.
WORD FAMILY
ruler: rulers, rulership+/misrule: misrules/overrule: overruled, overrules, overruling/ rule: misrule, overrule, ruled, ruler, rules, ruling, self-rule/rulership: rulerships/ ruling: rulingly, rulings
USAGE EXAMPLES
ATLANTA—For a brief moment here in the Georgia Dome there was an unthinkable tension: Washington appeared capable of toppling college football’s supreme ruler.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Rajab helped lead protests during Bahrain’s 2011 demonstrations as the island’s majority Shiite population and others demanded more political freedoms from its Sunni rulers.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Parsis arrived in India in the 10th century after Islamic rulers persecuted them in Persia, modern-day Iran.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 尺; 直尺; 统治者
分布：统治者(67%)，尺子(30%)，划线板(2%)，支配者(1%)
→来自 rule,统治，支配，管理。
n.统治者,支配者;尺,直尺By the ruler's schedule, the molecule capsules will play an important role in the roller.根据统治者的时间表,这种分子胶囊将在滚筒上起重要作用.
US [-lɚ] noun countable
CONTROL 恐怖统治（时期）
■the leader of a country 统治者
• The country was without a ruler after the queen died. 女王死后，这个国家陷入了无人统治的状态。
UK ['ru:.lər] US [-lɚ] noun countable
FOR DRAWING 绘图用的 (old-fashioned or formal rule)
■a long, narrow, flat piece of plastic, metal or wood with straight edges where centimetres or inches , or both are printed. It is used for measuring things and for drawing straight lines. 直尺；尺子
n. [计量] 尺；统治者； [测] 划线板，划线的人
 - governor, dominator

Word: physical
Front: physical
[ˈfɪzɪkl] (高研四六雅 802/1047 -K4)
Vocabulary: physical
(once / 87 pages)
1adj 2adj
When something is physical it's really there. You can see it, touch it, taste it, hear it, or smell it. The physical world is all of the stuff around you.
When your doctor performs a physical, he or she is checking out your physical self. They're probably going to take your temperature, draw blood and listen to your heart and lungs. You may be asked a mental health question or two, but they're not going to ask you how you feel about God or what the meaning of life is. In physical education, you do physical activity. You move your body to make it healthier.
WORD FAMILY
physical: nonphysical, physicalism, physicality, physically, physicalness+/physicality: physicalities/ physicist: physicists/ physics: physical, physicist
USAGE EXAMPLES
The extended wait was also causing physical discomfort among those waiting in line.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
These are the questions that strangers often ask people with physical disabilities.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“I’m interested in military topics, masculine hobbies, hard, tough, extreme things, things that require you to overcome physical discomfort,” he said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 自然（界）的; 身体的; 物质的; 自然规律的
n. 身体检查，体格检查
分布：身体的(44%)，物质的(29%)，物理的(22%)，体力的(5%)
→来自physic,自然科学，-al,形容词后缀。引申词义大自然的，自然界的，物质的，身体的，肉体的，躯体的，物理的等。
a.物质的;肉体的,身体的;自然科学的,物理的The physician made a physical examination to the sophisticated philosopher and physicist.医生给世故的哲学家和物理学家作了体检.
adjective
BODY 身体
 ESSENTIAL
■connected with the body 身体的，肉体的
• physical exercise/fitness/strength/disabilities 体育运动／身体健康／体力／身体残障
• I'm not a very physical sort of person (= I don't enjoy physical activities). 我不是那种喜欢体育活动的人。
 ADVANCED informal
■violent 粗野的；激烈的
• The referee stepped in because the game had started to get a bit physical. 因为比赛开始变得有些粗暴了，所以裁判进行了干涉。
 ADVANCED
■sexual 性的；肉欲的
• There was obviously a great physical attraction between them. 他们之间明显有很强的肉体吸引力。
['fɪz.ɪ.kəl] adjective
REAL 真实的
■relating to things you can see or touch, or relating to the laws of nature 实物的；物质的；有形的；按自然规律的
• the physical world 物质世界
• All physical objects occupy space. 一切实物都占据空间。
['fɪz.ɪ.kəl] adjective
■connected with physics 物理的；物理学的
• physical laws 物理定律
['fɪz.ɪ.kəl] noun countable (UK also medical)
■an examination of a person's body by a doctor in order to discover if that person is healthy, sometimes done before a person can be accepted for a particular job 体格检查，体检
adj. [物] 物理的；身体的；物质的
 - personal, material, natural
n. 体格检查
 - medical examination, check-up

Word: float
Front: float
[fləʊt] (高研四六托雅 3140/3498 -K3)
Vocabulary: float
(once / 127 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4v 5v 6n 7n 8n 9n
Float is what you do when you're lying on the water. Hopefully you know how to swim, so you can float suspended on the surface of the water, rather than sinking straight to the bottom.
We typically think of the verb float as something you do on the surface of an ocean or pool, but it's possible to float in mid-air too. You just need to be attached to a parachute so you don't come crashing down to the ground. You can also "float on air" in a more figurative sense. For example, if the person you're in love with suddenly gives you flowers, you could float around for hours feeling like your feet aren't touching the ground.
WORD FAMILY
float: floatation, floated, floater, floating, floats, floaty, flotation, refloat+/floatation: floatations/ floater: floaters/floating: floatingly, floatings/flotation: flotations/refloat: refloated, refloating, refloats
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many floats honored the natural world and the benefits of science.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Three survivors of that attack were on the float titled “To Honor and Remember Orlando.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Or sit on a sailboat and just float around.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）浮动; （使）漂浮; 自由浮动
vi. 游荡
vt. 提出，提请考虑; （股票）上市
n. 彩车; 漂浮物; 浮板; 浮有冰淇淋的饮料
时态：floated, floating, floats
分布：漂浮(67%)，提出(9%)，浮标(8%)，浮现(7%)，飘动(5%)，漂浮物(4%)
→来自pleu, 浮动，飘动，词源同fleet, float, pluvial. 同时用于经济学名词股票发行等。
n.飘浮;漂流物v.浮动;漂浮;传播;动摇When the boat floats through the throat, the goat in overcoat goes to the goal.当船漂过狭口时,穿大衣的山羊朝目标走去.
US [floʊt] verb
NOT SINK 不下沉
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to stay on the surface of a liquid and not sink 漂浮
• An empty bottle will float. 空瓶子能浮起来。
• You can float very easily in/on the Dead Sea because it's so salty. 因为死海含盐量很高，人可以轻松浮在水面上。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
MOVE 移动
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause to) move easily through, or along the surface of a liquid, or to (cause to) move easily through air （使）漂流；（使）浮动；（使）飘动；（使）飘移
• We spent a lazy afternoon floating down/along the river. 我们沿河漂流而下，懒洋洋的渡过了一个下午。
• He tossed the bottle into the waves and watched it float out to sea. 他把瓶子扔到浪中，看着它漂向大海。
• The children enjoy floating their boats on the pond in the park. 孩子们喜欢把玩具船放在公园的池塘里玩。
• Fluffy white clouds were floating across the sky. 绒毛似的白云在天空中飘过。
• figurative The sound of piano-playing floated out through the open window. 从开着的窗户中飘出弹钢琴的声音。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition literary
■to move smoothly and attractively 优雅地移动，飘然移动
• She sort of floats around, like a ballet dancer. 她像个芭蕾舞演员，步态轻盈。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move or act without purpose 漂泊；游荡
• Since he lost his job, he's just floated around/about doing nothing. 自从失业后，他就四处游荡，无所事事。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
SUGGEST 建议
transitive
■to suggest a plan or an idea to be considered 提出，提请考虑（计划或想法）
• Ian has floated the idea that we should think about expanding into Europe next year. 伊恩提议，我们应该考虑明年拓展打入欧洲市场。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
CHANGE VALUE 改变价值
intransitive or transitive specialized
■to allow the value of a country's money to change according to the value of other countries' money （使）（货币）实现汇率自由浮动
• The government has decided to float the pound. 政府决定让英镑汇率自由浮动。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
BUSINESS 企业
transitive
■to start selling shares in a business or company for the first time （公司或企业）首次发行（股票）上市
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
be floating on air mainly UK
■to be very happy 非常高兴，飘飘然
• When he got his exam results he was floating on air. 他得知考试成绩后便飘飘然了。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
float sb's boat informal
■to be what somebody likes or is interested in 是某人喜欢或感兴趣的东西
• Motor racing doesn't really float my boat. 我并不是真的喜欢飙摩托车。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  float around/about informal
OBJECT
■You say that an object is floating around when you think it is not far away but you cannot see exactly where 就在附近
• I can't find my purse, but it must be floating around here somewhere. 我找不到我的钱包了，但是它肯定就在这里附近。
IDEA
■If an idea or story floats around, it is discussed or repeated by a lot of people （想法或故事）流传，传播
• rumours floating around 四处流传的谣言
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] noun
MONEY 钱
only singular UK
■a small sum of money, available before any money is received for goods sold, which is used for giving customers change (= money) （货款到手之前用于给顾客找零的）备用零钱
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
countable
■a large vehicle with a flat surface which is decorated and used in festivals 彩车，花车
• carnival floats 狂欢节彩车
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] noun
NOT SINK 不下沉
countable
■a piece of wood or other light material that stays on the surface of water 浮板；漂浮物；浮子
• Fishing nets are often held in position by floats. 渔网常常用浮子固定。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] noun
DRINK 饮品
countable
■a drink with ice cream on the top 加霜淇淋的饮品
• I'll have a root beer float, please. 请给我来一杯加霜淇淋的麦根沙士。
drift, float
这组词都有“漂流，漂浮”的意思，其区别是：
drift: 多指随风或顺水飘荡，表示动态。
float: 可与drift换用，但侧重指因有液体或气体所支持而不下沉，可表动态或静态。
vt. 使漂浮；实行
 - execute, to put into practice
vi. 浮动；飘动，散播；摇摆；付诸实施
 - fan, swing
n. 彩车，花车；漂流物；浮舟；浮萍
 - drift, caroche

Word: teaching
Front: teaching
[ˈti:tʃɪŋ] (四六雅 1638/1589 -K3)
Back: n. 教学; 教义; 所教的东西; 学说
adj. 教学的; 教导的
v. 教( teach的现在分词); 教书; 训练; 教育
分布：教学(84%)，教学的(13%)，教义(2%)，动词teach的现在分词.(1%)
noun
JOB 工作
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the job of being a teacher 教师工作
• He's always wanted to go into teaching. 他一直想当老师。
• modern teaching methods 现代教学方法
['ti:.tʃɪŋ] noun
OPINIONS 教义
teachings
[plural]
■moral, religious or political opinions, especially of a famous leader 学说，教义；主义
• Christ's teachings 耶稣基督的教义
n. 教学；教义
 - belief, doctrine
v. 教学；教导（teach的ing形式）
 - tutoring

Word: tourism
Front: tourism
[ˈtʊərɪzəm] (高雅 4721/4425 -2)
Vocabulary: tourism
(once / 326 pages)
n
Tourism is the travel business — it caters to people who are visiting a place. Tourism turns a destination into a vacation spot. Tourism is also a word for the act of traveling, especially abroad. Fanny packs are not required.
If you’re visiting a new place, stop by the office of tourism and they’ll give you the lowdown on the local hotspots. If you’ve visited somewhere because it has beautiful sights, great museums, or interesting history, you were a tourist. Tourism is the business that makes money from tourists. As the word implies, tourism often involves actual tours, which could be on foot, in a bus, or even on the back of a llama.
WORD FAMILY
tourism: tourist +/ tour: toured, tourer, touring, tourism /tourer: tourers/ tourist: tourists, touristy
USAGE EXAMPLES
Marc Collins, a Tahitian businessman and former minister of tourism, said that the negative reaction to the project was to be expected.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly every business in town — from the beauty salon to the local tourism agency — decorates its storefront with big bags of rice and sugar.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“I’m encouraged because people realize it brings tourism dollars in,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 旅游，观光; 旅游业
分布：旅游业(91%)，观光(9%)
→tour,旅游，观光，-ism,行为，思想。
旅游(tour旅游)[-ism名词1.表示"主义,宗教"2.表示"学术,流派"3.表示"行为,现象,状态"4.表示"疾病"5.表示"具备某种牲质"]
US ['tʊr.ɪ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the business of providing services such as transport, places to stay or entertainment for people who are on holiday 旅游业
• Tourism is Venice's main industry. 旅游业是威尼斯的主要产业。
• These beautiful old towns have remained relatively untouched by tourism. 相对而言，这些美丽的古城还没有怎么受到旅游业的影响。
n. 旅游业；游览
 - pleasure trip, sightseeing

Word: circumstance
Front: circumstance
[ˈsɜ:kəmstəns] (高四六托雅 1780/905 -K3)
Vocabulary: circumstance
(once / 49 pages)
1n 2n
A circumstance is the condition in which something happens. Say you were at a business luncheon and you were accidentally fed psychedelic mushrooms in your ravioli, your boss might excuse the weird things you said, given the circumstance.
Circumstance comes from the Latin meaning the conditions around something. If you are born in a war zone, you're born into a difficult circumstance. If you're making decisions about awarding a scholarship to the most needy person, you'll need information about each candidate's circumstances. If you didn't do your homework because the power was out all night, tell your teacher that under the circumstance, you couldn't see well enough to read.
WORD FAMILY
circumstance: circumstances, circumstantial +/ circumstantial: circumstantially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Neither organization honored “Silence,” Martin Scorsese’s powerful exploration of faith, but there were extenuating circumstances.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The upset allowed Louisiana’s Democrats to hope that, in the right circumstance, they could still compete in statewide elections.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
“We are going through harsh circumstances in a state of war that continues affecting the budget.”
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 环境，境遇; 事实，细节; 典礼，仪式
vt. 使处于某种特定的情况之下
分布：环境(93%)，事件(5%)，详情(2%)
→circum-,圈，周围，-stance,词源同stand,站立，位置。
环境(circum周围+stance→站在周围的东西→环境)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
【记】circum转，stance站－围着东西转－看看环境和细节
US ['sɝ:.kəm.stænts] noun
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is 条件；情况；情形；形势；境况
• I think she coped very well under the circumstances. 我觉得在那种情况下她处理得很不错。
• Obviously we can't deal with the problem until we know all the circumstances. 显然，我们只有在了解全部情况后才能处理这个问题。
• She died in suspicious circumstances. 她死得很蹊跷。
• We oppose capital punishment in/under any circumstances. 无论在甚么情况下，我们都不赞成死刑。
• Under no circumstances should you (= You must not) approach the man. 你无论如何都不应该接近那个男人。
• The meeting has been cancelled due to circumstances beyond our control. 会议因出现了不可控制的情况而被取消了。
uncountable formal
■events that change your life, over which you have no control 无法控制的因素；客观环境；命运
• They were victims of circumstance. 他们是客观环境的牺牲品。
• We were obliged to go by force of circumstance. 形势所逼，我们不得不走。
circumstances
■how much money someone has 经济状况
• Grants are available depending on your circumstances. 视经济状况，符合条件可获得助学金。
• By now she was alone and living in reduced circumstances (= with little money). 现在她孤单一人，生活拮据。
circumstance, status, condition, state, situation
这组词都有“状况、情况”的意思，其区别是：
circumstance: 多指周围的情况或某事发生时的情况。
status: 指一个人在政治、社会、经济、法律上的地位或身份，暗含地位显要意味。也可用于指政治等事态的状况。
condition: 一般强调产生影响的原因或环境，复数形式指笼统的情况。
state: 普通用词，指人或物在环境、外表、心灵以及健康方面的状况，或指在某一阶段的状态或形式。
situation: 指明确具体的环境情况或处境。
surroundings, environment, circumstance, context, atmosphere, climate
surroundings: 特指自然环境（地理概念）
environment: 指对人的感情、品德、思想等或动植物生存产生影响的环境
circumstance: 特指经济状况，表示环境，状况时常用复数
context: 上下文
atmosphere: 气氛，氛围
climate: 气候，风气，思潮
n. 环境，情况；事件；境遇
 - context, situation, setting, event, occurrence, thing, scene

Word: clever
Front: clever
[ˈklevə(r)] (中高研四雅 4978/3025 -K3)
Vocabulary: clever
(once / 134 pages)
adj
Clever may seem like a compliment, but this adjective boasts a rather broad range of meanings—from "intelligent" and "imaginative" to "calculating" or "contrived."
The roots of the word clever, are unknown. It was in use colloquially long before it entered the literary record, and this may be a factor in the word's enduring suppleness. The earliest written examples of clever convey the idea of dexterity — that is, the term was used to describe someone who was good with his hands. Now, clever still means "agile" or "adroit," but it refers to mental, rather than physical, skill. Clever can also be used to describe the products of a nimble mind, such as a "clever scheme" or a "clever device."
WORD FAMILY
clever: cleverer, cleverest, cleverly, cleverness, smartly+/ cleverness: clevernesses/smartly: smartlys
USAGE EXAMPLES
She and her mother were both clever, heads-held-high victims of those laughably imperfect men.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The staff selected three of the most clever reader submissions to receive $100 restaurant gift cards.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“Fisher’s legacy includes her written words — cutting, clever, observant, self-aware and unbowed,” the science fiction writer John Scalzi wrote in The Los Angeles Times.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 聪明的，灵巧的; 英俊的，风采优雅的; 性情温良的; 油腔滑调的
级别：cleverer, cleverest
分布：聪明的(88%)，灵巧的(12%)
→来自gleibh,砍，劈，词源同cleft,glyph.进一步来自skel,砍，劈，词源同skill,scale. 引申词义有鉴别能力的，聪明的。比较science,来自skei,砍，劈。
a.聪明的,伶俐的,机敏的,精巧的However, Lever never fevers; nevertheless, he is clever forever.无论如何,杠杆从未发烧;尽管如此,他始终机灵.
US [-ɚ] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■having or showing the ability to learn and understand things quickly and easily 聪明的；伶俐的；机灵的
• Judy has never been very clever, but she tries hard. 裘蒂向来不是很聪明，可是她很用功。
• Fiona is very clever at physics. 菲奥纳很擅长物理。
• Charlie has a clever idea / plan for getting us out of our present difficulties. 查利有个妙计可以使我们摆脱现在的困境。
 ESSENTIAL
■skilful 灵巧的；熟练的
• My mother is very clever with her hands. 我妈妈有一对灵巧的手。
 ESSENTIAL
■well-designed （设计）巧妙的，精巧的
• I've got a clever little gadget for opening jars. 我有个小巧的开罐器。
■disapproving
■showing intelligence, but not sincere, polite or serious 滑头的，油腔滑调的
• That's enough clever talk , young lady. 别跟我油嘴滑舌了，小姐。
UK ['klev.ər] US [-ɚ] adjective
be too clever by half
■to be too confident of your own intelligence in a way that annoys other people 聪明过头了
• She was too clever by half - always correcting the teacher or coming back with a smart answer. 她未免聪明过头了——总爱纠正老师或者回答问题时耍耍小聪明。
UK ['klev.ər] US [-ɚ] adjective
clever dick/clogs UK informal disapproving
■someone who shows that they are clever, in a way which annoys other people 自以为聪明的人；自以为是的人
• If you're such a clever dick, you finish the crossword puzzle. 要是你真的那么聪明，就把这个纵横填字游戏完成吧。
intelligent, bright, wise, ingenious, brilliant, clever, smart, shrewd
这组词都有“聪明的”的意思，其区别是：
intelligent: 正式用词，指在理解新的、抽象东西或处理解决问题时，智力超过一般常人。
bright: 口语常用词，多指年轻人，尤指小孩思路敏捷，理解力强，机灵等。
wise: 侧重不是一般的聪明伶俐，而是有远见，有智慧，能明智地处理问题。
ingenious: 指思路敏捷，并暗示有创造与发明的才能和技巧。
brilliant: 指人的才华出众，思路敏捷，常令人赞叹不已。
clever: 强调头脑灵活，接受新事物快，有智有谋，但不一定暗示全面妥当地考虑问题。
smart: 普通用词，与bright和clever的意思很相近，但更强调机灵。
shrewd: 指精明老练，有头脑，善于判断，把握有利机会。
adj. 聪明的；机灵的；熟练的
 - intelligent, experienced, wise, skilled, smart

Word: serving
Front: serving
[ˈsɜ:vɪŋ] (3438/11698 -1)
Back: n. 服务; （食物或饮料的）一份; 上菜
adj. 用于上菜的
v. （为…）服务( serve的现在分词); 任（职）; 提供; 端上
分布：服务(89%)，服役(8%)，一客(2%)，动词serve的现在分词.(1%)
→来自 serve,服务。比喻用法。
US ['sɝ:-] adjective
WORKING 现役的
[before noun]
■employed at the present time in a particular organization, especially the armed forces 目前任职的；（尤指）现役的
• serving and retired military officers 现役和退役的军官
UK ['sɜ:.vɪŋ] US ['sɝ:-] adjective
FOOD/DRINK 食物／饮料
serving dish/spoon, etc.
■an object used for holding food before it is put onto plates, or for putting food onto plates 公盘／杓等
UK ['sɜ:.vɪŋ] US ['sɝ:-] noun countable
■an amount of one type of food which is given to one person （供一人食用的）一份；一客
• The quantities given in the recipe should be enough for four servings. 食谱上提供的量足够四个人吃。
n. 服务；上菜；一份食物
 - helping

Word: laboratory
Front: laboratory
[ləˈbɒrətri] (中四六托雅 3132/2316 -K3)
Vocabulary: laboratory
(once / 458 pages)
n
A laboratory is a place where experiments happen, usually scientific experiments involving chemicals and lab coats, but there are creative and athletic laboratories too, where people experiment with writing and footballs.
When you think of a laboratory, you might see men and women wearing face masks pouring colorful liquids into test tubes, and you’d be correct. Any place that is a testing ground for new ideas is a laboratory, like a class full of people thinking up new ways to make paper airplanes. The Latin verb laborare means “to labor,” so remember that a laboratory is a place of hard work: you can’t spell laboratory without labor in it.
WORD FAMILY
laboratory: laboratories
USAGE EXAMPLES
As new research from our laboratory suggests, implicit bias is grounded in a basic human tendency to divide the social world into groups.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
For sheer saturation, there is no greater laboratory for the concept than San Diego.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
He started working in Witschi’s laboratory, first as an animal caretaker and then as a lab technician, before enrolling in medical school in 1955.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 实验室; 实验课; 研究室; 药厂
分布：实验室(100%)
→来自拉丁语labor,劳作，努力，辛劳，引申词义实验室。
实验室(labor+atory地方→劳动之地→实验室)[labor=labor,表示"劳动"]
实验室(labor劳动)[-atory 1.表形容词"有…性质的"2.表名词"场所,地点"]
US ['læb.rə.tɔ:r.i] (informal lab)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a room or building with scientific equipment for doing scientific tests or for teaching science, or a place where chemicals or medicines are produced 实验室；实验大楼
• research laboratories 研究实验室
• a computer laboratory 电脑实验室
• Laboratory tests suggest that the new drug may be used to treat cancer. 实验室测试显示这种新药可用于治疗癌症。
n. [试验] [临床] 实验室，研究室
 - lab

Word: albeit
Front: albeit
[ˌɔ:lˈbi:ɪt] (宝 6086/4587 -2)
Back: conj. 虽然; 即使
分布：介词(100%)
→逆序缩写词，although it be .
【记】读：I will 背他，虽然她是头猪，但没有办法，那是我老婆！
US [ɑ:l-] formal
conjunction
■although 虽然，尽管
• The evening was very pleasant, albeit a little quiet. 那个夜晚过得非常愉快，尽管有点儿冷清。
• He tried, albeit without success. 虽然没有成功，可他努力了。
conj. 虽然；即使
 - although, while, though, if, as

Word: enforce
Front: enforce
[ɪnˈfɔ:s] (研四六雅 3545/3577 -2)
Vocabulary: enforce
(once / 205 pages)
v
To enforce means to make sure the laws and rules are being followed. So those guys wearing striped outfits and whistles? They're in charge of enforcing the rules of the game.
See the word force inside of enforce? It can help you remember that enforce is all about forcing others to follow the rules. The traffic police enforce the driving laws by handing out speeding tickets. Your parents hopefully enforce good behavior by grounding you when you stay out too late. It would be wonderful if everyone just followed the rules on their own, but it seems the temptation to be bad is just too strong. So thank goodness for all the enforcers that keep us in line.
WORD FAMILY
enforce: enforceable, enforced, enforcement, enforcer, enforces, enforcing, reenforce+/enforceable: unenforceable/ enforced: enforcedly, unenforced/ enforcement: enforcements/enforcer: enforcers/ force: enforce, forced, forceful, forceless, forces, forcible, forcing/forced: forcedly, unforced/ forceful: forcefully, forcefulness, unforceful/forcible: forciblest, forcibly/reenforce: reenforced, reenforcement, reenforces, reenforcing/reenforcement: reenforcements/unforced: unforcedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A judge recently issued a preliminary injunction temporarily preventing the state from enforcing the law against the clinics that sued, according to the Chicago Tribune.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The Communist Party relies heavily on the police to enforce order and maintain social stability, and many officers are poorly paid.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Michigan Association of Drain Commissioners says drain commissioners enforce laws related to flood protection, storm management and soil erosion.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 强迫服从; 实施，执行; 加强
时态：enforced, enforcing, enforces
分布：执行(39%)，实施(24%)，强制(21%)，加强(12%)，强迫(4%)
→en-, 进入，使。force, 力量。
强行;实行(en进入+force→进入力量→强行)[fore,fort=storng,表示"强大,力量"]
v.实施,执行;强制;支持,坚持(要求,主张等)The enforced law reinforced that forced divorce is forbidden.实施的法律强化了禁止强迫离婚.
【记】force（n 力量；vt 强制）
US [-'fɔ:rs] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted 使服从（法律）；（强制）实行，执行，把…强加于
• It isn't always easy for the police to enforce speed limits. 对员警来说，严格执行限速规定并不总是件易事。
• The new teacher had failed to enforce any sort of discipline. 这位新教师一点都管不住学生，搞得纪律涣散。
vt. 实施，执行；强迫，强制
 - perform, actualize

Word: correct
Front: correct
[kəˈrekt] (中高研四托 1794/1580 -K4)
Vocabulary: correct
(once / 73 pages)
1adjv 2v 3v 4v
When something is true, legitimate or right, you can say it's correct, using the word as an adjective. It can also be a verb; to correct wrong answers is to adjust them to make them right.
The origin of correct can be found in the Latin word regere, "to guide," which became correctus as the past participle of corrigere, meaning "to straighten." When you correct your posture, you sit up straight. Sometimes when your cell phone tries to correct your spelling you can end up with some amusing sentences.
WORD FAMILY
correct: correctable, corrected, correctedly, correcting, correctingly, correction, corrective, correctly, correctness, corrects, incorrect +/correctable: uncorrectable/corrected: uncorrected/ correction: correctional, corrections/correctional: correctionally/corrective: correctively, correctives/correctness: correctnesses/ incorrect: incorrectly, incorrectness/incorrectness: incorrectnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’ve avoided trying to correct people, but I also don’t want to really get into it, so I just end up shrugging my shoulders.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The corrected record, he hopes, will lead to better job prospects.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Now that I am past 45...I realize how correct he was.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: adj. 正确的; 合适的; 符合公认准则的; 得体的
v. 改正; 批改; 指出错误
时态：corrected, correcting, corrects
分布：正确的(55%)，纠正(22%)，改正(21%)，得体的(2%)
→cor-, 强调。-rect, 直，正确，词源同erect, right .
改正,纠正(cor+rect正→全部改正→纠正)[col-,cor在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"]
正确的(cor全部+rect→全部很正→正确的)[rect=stright,right,表示"正,直"]
a.正确的,恰当的,端正的v.改正,纠正,矫正Would you help me correct my pronunciation?你能帮我矫正发音吗?
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■right and not wrong; in agreement with the true facts or with what is generally accepted 正确的，无误的，对的
• a correct answer 正确答案
• "Is that the correct spelling?" "I don't know - look it up in a dictionary." “那个拼写对吗？”“不知道——查查词典吧。”
• It 's not correct to describe them as 'students'. 把他们说成学生不确切。
• formal "Your name is Angela Black?" "That is correct." “你叫安杰拉．布莱克？” “没错。”
Opposite incorrect taking or showing great care to behave or speak in a way that is generally accepted and approved of （言谈举止）考究的，得体的
• He's very correct in his dress/speech/manner, isn't he? 他穿着／谈吐／举止很得体，是不是？
[kə'rekt] verb transitive
■to show or tell someone that something is wrong and to make it right 改正；更正；纠正
• Students said it was helpful if the teacher corrected their pronunciation. 学生们说老师纠正他们的发音错误会对他们很有帮助。
• I've got thirty exam papers to correct. 我有30份试卷要阅改。
■If a medical treatment corrects a particular condition, it cures the condition or makes it easier to manage （医疗）矫正
• glasses to correct poor vision 矫正视力的眼镜
• a chair which corrects bad posture 矫正不良坐姿的椅子
correct me if I'm wrong but...
■said as a polite and slightly formal way of disagreeing with someone 如果我没说错的话（委婉地表示不同意）
• Correct me if I'm wrong, but I think we arranged the meeting for the 12th of December. 如果我没记错的话，我想我们是把会议安排在了12月12日。
remedy, correct, rectify, revise, amend
这组词都有“纠正，改正”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 正式用词，通常指在局部范围内进行纠正，尤指对困难或棘手问题的解决。
correct: 指纠正或改正不正确、不真实或有缺点的东西。
rectify: 正式用词，意义较抽象，侧重指彻底改正偏离子正确标准或规则的东西。
revise: 指通过仔细阅读、反复思考后而进行改正、订正或修订，使趋于完善。
amend: 书面语用词。指进行更正或改变，使之更好，符合更高的要求。
correct, accurate, exact, true, right, precise
这组词都有“准确的，正确的”的意思，其区别是：
correct: 最常用词，主要指按一定标准或规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或无缺点错误。
accurate: 指通过谨慎的努力达到符合事实或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性，与事实无出入。
exact: 着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比accurate强。
true: 暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件丝毫不差。
right: 使用广泛，可与这些词中的correct换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动等方面的正确。
precise: 侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确无误。
vt. 改正；告诫
 - rectify, admonish
vi. 调整；纠正错误
 - adjust, adapt for
adj. 正确的；恰当的；端正的
 - right, true, just

Word: pioneer
Front: pioneer
[ˌpaɪəˈnɪə(r)] (中高托 4472/5645 -2)
Vocabulary: pioneer
(once / 371 pages)
nv
A pioneer is one of the first settlers in a new place. If you desperately want to experience life in space, maybe you will be one of the pioneers who live in the first moon settlement.
Pioneer comes from the old French for foot soldier or laborer, and particularly for groups of soldiers that would go out ahead of the rest of the troops to prepare the way. The European settlers who came to America in the 16th century are known as pioneers, as are the later groups who traveled West in the 18th and 19th centuries. We also use pioneer for anyone who takes initiative in a field, such as science or education.
WORD FAMILY
pioneer: pioneered, pioneering, pioneers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Without places like Pioneer, there’s no help. If there’s no help, there’s no hope,” Mulitauaopele said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
We enter Studio A, where Prince in the 1980s pioneered the Minneapolis Sound, a synthesizer-based brand of funk.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
People haven't forgotten that the J Sisters were the real pioneers.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 拓荒者; 开发者; 先驱者; 创始者
vt. 开拓，开发; 做（…的）先锋; 提倡
时态：pioneered, pioneering, pioneers
分布：先驱(47%)，先锋(34%)，开拓者(14%)，开辟(4%)，首倡(1%)
→来自法语pionnier,步兵，先头部队，来自古法语peon,步兵，卒，来自ped,脚，词源同foot,pawn,pilot.拼写比较pen,petal.
n.先驱,倡导者,开拓者They were the pioneers of the American West.他们是美国西部的开拓者.
US [-'nɪr] noun countable
■a person who is one of the first people to do something 先驱，先锋，创始人
• one of the pioneers of modern science 现代科学的先驱之一
• a pioneer heart surgeon 心脏外科的先驱
■a person who goes to an area and establishes farms, houses, etc 拓荒者，开拓者，开发者
• The pioneers went west across North America, cutting down forests and planting new crops. 拓荒者横越北美洲向西部进发，砍伐林木，种植新的农作物。
UK [ˌpaɪə'nɪər] US [-'nɪr] verb transitive
■to be one of the first people to do something 做先锋，当开拓者，倡导
• It was universities that pioneered these new industries. 是大学开创了这些新兴产业。
n. 先锋；拓荒者
 - vanguard, avant-courier
vt. 开辟；倡导；提倡
 - advocate, inaugurate

Word: stream
Front: stream
[stri:m] (中高研四六宝 2231/2467 -K3)
Vocabulary: stream
(once / 59 pages)
nv
That little rolling brook in your back yard is a stream. If it starts rising and threatens to flood, your father might let out a stream of expletives. A stream is a steady flow of something.
As a verb, stream means to flow out. If water streams from a faucet, it is pouring out. After a concert people stream out of a stadium and into the parking lot. On the web, you'll hear about something connected with music and video called streaming. This means that instead of having to download it to play, it is sent through your computer to listen to or watch, sort of like the way radio and TV work.
WORD FAMILY
stream: midstream, streamed, streamer, streaming, streamlet, streams+/streamer: streamers/streaming: streamingly, streamings/streamlet: streamlets
USAGE EXAMPLES
In December, more than a billion streams were served in a single week for the first time.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
She looked at me, looked at how desperate I was, the tears streaming from my face, and shook her finger.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Also for the sake of balance we should note that throughout June Donald Trump continues to emit a steady stream of truly idiotic statements.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 河流，小河，川，溪; 潮流，趋势，倾向; （事件等的）连续，（财富等的）滚滚而来; 流出，流注，一连串
vt. & vi. 流，流动
vi. 飘扬; 招展; 鱼贯而行; 一个接一个地移动
vt. 按能力分班（或分组）; 按能力分班（或分组）
时态：streamed, streaming, streams
分布：流动(29%)，流出(22%)，水流(15%)，车(14%)，组(8%)，飘动(8%)，气)流(2%)，(人(2%)
→来自古英语 stream,小河，溪流，来自 Proto-Germanic*straumaz,水流，溪流，来自 sreu, 流动，词源同 serum,rheum.双字母-sr-在 Proto-Germanic 扩展为三字母-str-.引申诸相关词义。
n.小河,溪流;流,一股,一串v.流出,涌The football team stopped the steam stream with beams.足球队用横杆堵住了蒸汽流.
noun countable
SMALL RIVER 小河
 ADVANCED
■water that flows naturally along a fixed route formed by a channel cut into rock or ground, usually at ground level 小河，溪流
• a mountain stream 山涧
• underground streams 地下溪流
• There's a lovely stream that flows through their garden. 有一条美丽的小溪流过他们的花园。
■any current of water or liquid 水流；液流
• the level of cholesterol in your blood stream 血液中的胆固醇标准
■the direction in which water is moving 水流方向，流向
• She stopped rowing and let the boat float with the stream. 她不再划，任由小船顺流漂荡。
[stri:m] noun countable
CONTINUOUS FLOW 持续的流动
 ADVANCED
■a continuous flow of things or people 流，流动；人流
• There has been a steady stream of phone calls from worried customers. 不断有忧心忡忡的顾客打电话来。
• I had a constant stream of visitors while I was ill. 我生病时一直有人来看我。
[stri:m] noun countable
STUDENTS 学生 UK (US track)
■a group of school students with similar ability who are approximately the same age and are taught together （同龄学生依智力编排的）班，组
• I'm in the A stream for maths, and the B stream for English. 我数学在 A 组，英语在 B 组。
• the top/bottom stream 程度高／低的班
[stri:m] noun countable
on stream UK
■Something in industry or business that is on stream is being produced or is available for use 在生产中；投入使用
• The company's increased sales were primarily a result of new stores coming on stream. 公司销售额增长主要是新店开始营业的结果。
[stri:m] verb
FLOW 流动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to flow somewhere or produce liquid, quickly and in large amounts without stopping 流，流动；流出
• There were tears streaming down his face. 泪水顺着他的脸滑落。
• One woman was carried from the scene of the accident with blood streaming from her head. 一名头部流血的妇女被抬离事故现场。
• UK I've got a terrible cold and my nose has been streaming all week. 我得了重感冒，整个星期都在流鼻涕。
stream in/out/through, etc.
■to move continuously in one direction 流入／出／经等
• We were all very excited as we streamed out of our final exam. 期末考试结束后，我们涌出考场时，都非常兴奋。
• Red Cross officials estimate that 20 000 refugees streamed into the city last week. 红十字会的官员估计上周有两万名难民涌入该城。
• His hair streamed out behind him as he rode off. 他骑车离开，头发在脑后飘扬。
[stri:m] verb
INTERNET 网际网路
transitive
■to listen to or watch sound or video on a computer directly from the Internet rather than downloading it and saving it first 在线收听（或收看）
[stri:m] verb
STUDENTS 学生
transitive UK (US track)
■to group and teach together school students with similar abilities who are approximately the same age （同龄学生依智力编排的）班，组
• We start to stream the children in the third form. 我们从三年级开始把孩子们按能力分班。
stream, pour, flow, run
这组词都有“流动，涌出”的意思，其区别是：
stream: 指水或其它液体从源头流出，不断地朝某一方向流动，可用作引申。
pour: 通常指从高向低或从上向下的急剧流动。也可作引申用。
flow: 侧重水继续不断地往前流，不关心其流量的大小和速度的快慢。
run: 指液体向任何方向流动，暗示比flow快而有力。
stream, brook, river
这组词都有“江、河”的意思，其区别是：
stream: 泛指大小河流，也可专指小溪。
brook: 指小河，尤指发源于山泉的小河。
river: 泛指一般的江河。
n. [水文] 溪流；流动；潮流；光线
 - tide, ray
vi. 流；涌进；飘扬
 - flow, flood, dance
vt. 流出；涌出；使飘动
 - shed, sweat

Word: concession
Front: concession
[kənˈseʃn] (研六托雅宝 5001/3835 -3)
Vocabulary: concession
(once / 443 pages)
1n 2n
The noun concession comes in handy in negotiations — between countries, political parties, or even parents and their kids. Want a raise in your allowance? You may have to agree to do more chores as a concession before your parents will agree.
Although a concession in an argument is the act of yielding or granting something, don't get confused and think that a concession stand is called that because the workers are granting you popcorn at the baseball stadium. Concessions at a ballpark or at another venue are called that because the stadium has granted the right to sell food to a certain provider. Chew on that the next time you're munching on peanuts at a game.
WORD FAMILY
concession: concessions+/ concede: conceded, concedes, conceding, concession, concessive/concessive: concessively
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is also unclear whether the company received any federal concessions.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But the papers won concessions that insured long-term profitability and eventual control over their own pressroom operations.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The one concession will be that the game will be broadcast with a five-second delay — just enough time to censor any colorful language.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 让步，迁就; （尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权; 租借地; 承认或允许
分布：让步(71%)，特许权(14%)，妥协(8%)，租界(7%)
→来自concede, 让步。
让步;退位[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
n.让步,妥协;特许(权);The accessory successor never made concessions to difficulties, so he succeeded in accessing successive successes.附属继承人从未向困难妥协,因此在走向连续的成功之路上成功了.
【记】concede（v 让步），con共同，cede走：两人共同走一步－让步
noun
SOMETHING ALLOWED 允许的事
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■something which is allowed or given up, often in order to end a disagreement, or the act of allowing or giving this （常指为结束争端而作出的）认可，让步，妥协
• Both sides involved in the conflict made some concessions in yesterday's talks. 在昨天的谈判中，冲突双方都作出了让步。
• He stated firmly that no concessions will be made to the strikers. 他强硬地宣称不会对罢工者作出任何让步。
⇒ See also concede
uncountable
■when someone admits defeat 认输
• The former president's concession came even before all the votes had been counted. 选票还没完全统计出来，前总统就承认落败了。
• a concession speech 承认失败的讲话
[kən'seʃ.ən] noun
LOWER PRICE 较低的价格
countable UK
■a reduction in the usual price of something, which is available to students or young, old or unemployed people （对学生、老少或失业人士的）价格优惠，减价
• You can get travel concessions if you are under 26. 26岁以下者乘车可以获得优惠。
[kən'seʃ.ən] noun
RIGHT 权利
countable
■a special right to property or land （财产、土地等的）特许权；许可使用权
countable
■the right to sell a product in a particular area 特许经营权；特许销售权
n. 让步；特许（权）；承认；退位
 - recognition, license

Word: virus
Front: virus
[ˈvaɪrəs] (高研四六托雅宝 2701/3589 -K3)
Vocabulary: virus
(once / 872 pages)
n
Whether in the human body or on a computer, a virus is a disease-causing agent. If you come down with a nasty stomach virus, be sure to drink lots of water, get lots of rest, and stay near the toilet.
Virus comes from a Latin word that was spelled the same way. It specifically referred to the poisonous sap of certain plants, which explains why it sounds similar to viscous, a word meaning "sticky." Nowadays, it’s used to describe something that causes infectious diseases, specifically a tiny, self-replicating agent made up of genetic material and protein.
WORD FAMILY
virus: viruses, virusoid
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was exhausting because I walked,” recalled the mother, from Lesotho, where almost 23% of the population live with the virus.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He needed intravenous fluids to combat a virus early in the week.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Fourth on the list are 43 percent who described the spread of the Zika virus as important.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 病毒; 病毒性疾病; 毒素，毒害; [计算机科学]计算机病毒
分布：病毒(99%)，病原体(1%)
→来自拉丁语virus,毒液，毒汁，来自weis,融化，流出，恶臭液体，词源同weasel,bison。该词最早用于病毒义来自1728年，用于指传染性病，天花，梅毒等。也用于指计算机病毒。
n.病毒;(精神,道德方面的)有害影响The degraded undergraduate upgraded the underlying virus program.被降职的大学生升级基础的病毒计划.
US ['vaɪ-] noun countable
DISEASE 病毒
 IMPROVER
■an extremely small organism which causes disease in humans, animals and plants 病毒
• a chicken pox/flu/herpes/mumps virus 水痘／流行性感冒／疱疹／流行性腮腺炎病毒
• Evidence suggested that the AIDS virus was spreading very quickly among the heterosexual community. 有证据表明爱滋病病毒正在异性恋群体中迅速传播。
 IMPROVER
■a disease caused by a virus 病毒病，病毒性疾病；病毒感染
• I don't know exactly what's wrong with her - I think it's some sort of virus. 我不知道她到底得了甚么病——我觉得可能是某种病毒感染。
UK ['vaɪə.rəs] US ['vaɪ-] noun countable
COMPUTER PROBLEM 电脑问题
 ADVANCED
■a computer program or part of a computer program which can make copies of itself and is intended to prevent the computer from working normally 电脑病毒
bacteria, germ, virus, bug, microbe
这组词都有“致病的微生物”的意思，其区别是：
bacteria: (系bacterium的复数形式)，泛指任何在动植物体中广泛传播的微生物细菌，其中有的对生命体无害，有的能导致传染病或严重疾病，如天花、霍乱等。
germ: 微生物的俗称，专指引起人体生命的病菌。
virus: 技术用语，特指病毒或过滤性病原体。
bug: 非正式用词，指细菌或由病毒所引起的传染病。
microbe: 本义指在显微镜下才能见到的微生物，现在多指引起疾病的细菌。
n. [病毒] 病毒；恶毒；毒害
 - vindictiveness, Vyrus

Word: agricultural
Front: agricultural
[ˌæɡrɪ'kʌltʃərəl] (高 3104/2188 -3)
Vocabulary: agricultural
(once / 340 pages)
adj
Something that's agricultural has to do with farming, either growing crops or raising farm animals.
Your interest in dairy cattle might lead you to attend an agricultural program in college, or you may decide to go ahead and start your own agricultural business instead. Midwestern wheat farmers are in the agricultural profession, and so are small family farmers who grow heirloom vegetables in Maine. The adjective agricultural comes from the noun agriculture, rooted in the Late Latin agricultura, which combines ager, "a field," and cultura, "cultivation."
WORD FAMILY
agricultural: agriculturally+/ agriculture: agricultural, agricultures, agriculturist/agriculturist: agriculturists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Agricultural runoff is the main cause of pollution in the oceans; vertical farms produce no runoff.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
That’s the way they do things at Starker Forests, the Philomath timber company founded by Oregon Agricultural College forestry professor T.J.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
In Angola, $64 million frozen by the Swiss authorities was repatriated and earmarked for mine clearance and agricultural development.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 农业的，耕种的; 农艺的，农学的
分布：农业的(100%)
US [-tʃɚ.əl] adjective
 ADVANCED
■used for farming or relating to farming 农业的
• The world's supply of agricultural land is shrinking fast. 世界农业用地面积正在迅速减少。
• She's studying agricultural science. 她正在学习农业科学。
• The country's economy is mainly agricultural (= based on farming). 农业是这个国家的经济支柱。
adj. [农] 农业的；农艺的
 - geoponic, georgic

Word: lawsuit
Front: lawsuit
[ˈlɔ:su:t] (六托 2660/15306 -2)
Back: n. 诉讼; 诉讼案件
分布：诉讼(99%)，控诉(1%)
→law,法律，suit,诉讼。
US ['lɑ:.su:t] (also suit)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a problem taken to a court of law, by an ordinary person or an organization rather than the police, for a legal decision 诉讼
• Two of the directors have brought/ mainly USfiled a lawsuit against their former employer. 其中的两位董事已经对其前雇主提出诉讼。
n. 诉讼（尤指非刑事案件）；诉讼案件
 - litigation, suit, law

Word: sensitive
Front: sensitive
[ˈsensətɪv] (高研四六托雅宝 2506/2372 -K3)
Vocabulary: sensitive
(once / 224 pages)
adjn
Sensitive describes something or someone who reacts quickly and strongly. It's often something to protect — like baby skin, government documents, or a fragile ecosystem.
Anything sensitive should be treated with special care. It can mean "raw or hurting" when talking about a part of the body. After people visit the dentist, their gums are often sensitive because of the way that big angry lady cleaned their teeth. Sensitive people get their feelings hurt easily. Sensitive documents have big secrets that shouldn't get out. A sensitive tape recorder catches all the little background sounds. Now you should have a sense of the word sensitive.
WORD FAMILY
sensitive: hypersensitive, insensitive, nonsensitive, oversensitive, sensitise, sensitively, sensitiveness, sensitives, sensitivity, sensitize, supersensitive+/desensitise: desensitisation, desensitising/ desensitize: desensitization, desensitized, desensitizes, desensitizing/hypersensitive: hypersensitively, hypersensitivity/insensibility: insensibilities/ insensible: insensibility, insensibly/ insensitive: insensitively, insensitiveness, insensitivity/insensitivity: insensitivities/ nonsense: nonsenses, nonsensical / nonsensical: nonsensicalest, nonsensicality, nonsensically/oversensitive: oversensitively, oversensitiveness/ sensation: aftersensation, sensational, sensations/ sensational: sensationalism, sensationally, unsensational/sensationalism: sensationalisms, sensationalist, sensationalistic/sensationalist: sensationalists/ sense: nonsense, sensation, sensed, senseless, senses, sensible, sensing, sensitive, sensor, sensorial, sensuous /senseless: senselessly, senselessness/ sensibility: sensibilities/ sensible: insensible, sensibilise, sensibility, sensibilize, sensibleness, sensibler, sensiblest, sensibly/sensitise: desensitise, sensitisation, sensitised, sensitiser, sensitising/sensitised: hypersensitised, supersensitised/sensitiser: sensitisers/sensitiveness: sensitivenesses/ sensitivity: sensitivities/sensitize: desensitize, sensitization, sensitized, sensitizer, sensitizes, sensitizing/sensitized: hypersensitized, supersensitized/sensitizer: sensitizers/sensor: sensors/sensorial: sensorially/ sensuous: sensuously, sensuousness/supersensitive: supersensitively/unsensational: unsensationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The skin of rosacea patients is very sensitive,” says John Wolf, chair of dermatology at Houston’s Baylor College of Medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Avoiding computers may indeed be a relatively reliable, if productivity-limiting, strategy for guarding sensitive material.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A senior DHS official, speaking on the condition of anonymity to discuss a sensitive security matter, defended the report.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 敏感的; 感觉的; [仪]灵敏的; 易受影响的
n. 敏感的人; 有灵异能力的人
分布：敏感的(64%)，灵敏的(16%)，敏感的人(8%)，感光的(6%)，易受伤害的(3%)，善解人意的(3%)
→来自 sense,感觉，知觉，-itive,形容词后缀。引申诸相关比喻义。
敏感的(sens+itive)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
敏感的(sense感觉)[-itive表形容词"…的"]
a.(to)敏感的,易受伤害的;灵敏的A sensible man's sensor is sensitive to nonsense on census.明智者的传感器对人口调查废话敏感.
【记】sens感觉，itive过分：过分有感觉－敏感的
【反】numb（adj 麻木的）
US [-sə.tˌɪv] adjective
UPSET 不快的
 IMPROVER
■easily upset by the things people say or do, or causing people to be upset, embarrassed or angry 神经过敏的；易被冒犯的；敏感的
• Her reply showed that she was very sensitive to criticism. 她的回答显示她对批评很敏感。
• He was very sensitive about his scar and thought everyone was staring at him. 他对自己的伤疤很敏感，以为每个人都在盯着他看。
 IMPROVER
■A sensitive subject, situation, etc. needs to be dealt with carefully in order to avoid upsetting people （话题、形势等）敏感的，须谨慎对待的
• Sex education and birth control are sensitive issues. 性教育和计划生育都是敏感的话题。
• The stolen car contained military documents described as very sensitive. 被盗的汽车里有据称非常敏感的军事档。
UK ['sent.sɪ.tɪv] US [-sə.tˌɪv] adjective
KIND 和善的
 ADVANCED
■understanding what other people need, and being helpful and kind to them 善解人意的；体贴的；体谅的
• Representatives of the company claim their plan will be sensitive to local needs. 公司代表们说，他们的计划会照顾到当地的需要。
• In the movie, he plays a concerned and sensitive father trying to bring up two teenage children on his own. 在影片中，他扮演了一个关怀备至、体贴入微的父亲，努力独自抚养两个十几岁的孩子。
UK ['sent.sɪ.tɪv] US [-sə.tˌɪv] adjective
REACTING EASILY 轻易作出反应的
■easily influenced, changed or damaged, especially by a physical activity or effect 娇嫩的；脆弱的；敏感的
• Some people's teeth are highly sensitive to cold. 一些人的牙齿对冰冷极为敏感。
• sensitive skin 敏感的皮肤
■Sensitive equipment is able to record small changes （仪器）灵敏的； 感度高的
• The patient's responses are recorded on a sensitive piece of equipment which gives extremely accurate readings. 病人的反应由一台敏锐的仪器记录下来，该仪器能显示出极其精确的读数。
sensible, senseless, sensitive
sensible: 懂事的，明智的。如：He is a sensible child.(他是个懂事的孩子。)
senseless: 愚蠢的(常作定语)；无知觉的(常作表语)。
sensitive: 有感觉的，敏感的。如：Eyes are very sensitive to light.(眼睛对光敏感。)
sensational, sensible, sentimental, sensitive
这是一组形近易混词。
sensational: a.耸人听闻的，令人激动的。
 • I read a sensational story about a ten-year-old mother.   我听到一则耸人听闻的故事：十岁女孩做妈妈。
sensible: a.有知觉的，可感知的；明智的。
 • The patient was speechless but still sensible.   病人虽然不能说话但仍然有知觉。
sentimental: a.多愁善感的，感伤的。
 • The novel has scenes full of love and loss; it is so sentimental!   小说有多处场景充满爱情的悲欢离合，真是感伤啊！
sensitive: a.敏感的，灵敏的。
 • This film is sensitive to light.   这种胶片对光很敏感。
adj. [仪] 敏感的；灵敏的；感光的；易受伤害的
 - vulnerable, subtle, quick

Word: stone
Front: stone
[stəʊn] (中高研四六雅 1220/888 -K4)
Back: n. 石头; 宝石; 矿石; （膀胱或肾脏中的）结石
vt. 向扔石块; 用石头铺; 以石掷向; 除（水果的）硬核
adj. 石制的; 石头似的; [S-]石器时代的; 粗陶制的
adv. 石一般的
时态：stoned, stoning, stones
分布：宝石(79%)，合14磅)(7%)，英石(重量单位(7%)，向 ... 扔石头(7%)
→来自古英语 stan,石头，来自 Proto-Germanic*stainaz,石头，来自 stai,硬化，石头，词源 同 stearin,硬脂，硬脂酸甘油油酯。
n.石,石头;岩石,矿石;(水果的)核,子I tuned the tone of the stone phone with a bone.我用骨头调整了石质耳机的音调.
US [stoʊn] noun
ROCK 石头
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable (plural stones)
■the hard solid substance found in the ground which is often used for building, or a piece of this 石头；石料；石块
• a stone wall/floor 石墙／石头地面
• a flight of stone steps 一段石头台阶
• a primitive stone axe 简陋的石斧
• They cut enormous blocks of stone out of the hillside. 他们从山上开采出大量石材。
• Some demonstrators were arrested for throwing stones at the police. 一些示威者因向员警投掷石块被逮捕。
countable (plural stones)
■a piece of hard material which can form in some organs in the body and cause severe pain 结石
• kidney/gall stones 肾／胆结石
UK [stəʊn] US [stoʊn] noun
WEIGHT 重量
 ADVANCED countable (plural stone or stones) (written abbreviation st) UK
■a unit of weight equal to 6.35 kilograms or 14 pounds, used especially when talking about a person's weight 英石（重量单位，等于6.35千克或14磅）
• I weigh ten and a half stone. 我的体重是10.5英石。
• She has put on/lost a stone (= is a stone heavier/lighter). 她重／轻了1英石。
UK [stəʊn] US [stoʊn] noun
JEWEL 宝石
countable (plural stones)
■a small piece of a hard valuable substance, such as a diamond , which is found in the ground and used in jewellery 宝石；钻石
• a precious/semi-precious stone 宝石／半宝石
• The large central diamond is surrounded by eight smaller stones. 中间的大钻石周围围绕着八颗小钻石。
UK [stəʊn] US [stoʊn] noun
SEED 种子
countable (plural stones) (US also pit)
■a large hard seed inside some types of fruit 果核
• Peaches, plums, dates, avocados and olives all contain stones. 桃子、李子、枣、鳄梨和橄榄都有果核。
Compare pip
UK [stəʊn] US [stoʊn] noun
drop/fall/sink like a stone
■to move very quickly down in a straight line 快速直线下落；像石头一样落下
• Witnesses say that there was an explosion and then the plane dropped like a stone to Earth. 目击者说听到一声爆炸，然后飞机像石头一样坠落地面。
• The ring fell into the water and sank like a stone. 那个只戒指落到水里，像石头一样下沉。
UK [stəʊn] US [stoʊn] noun
not be set/carved in stone UK (US not be carved/etched in stone)
■to not be fixed and able to be changed 还未确定；未成定局
• These are just a few ideas - nothing is set in stone yet. 这还只是一些想法——甚么都还没定下来。
UK [stəʊn] US [stoʊn] noun
sink like a stone
■to fail completely 完全失败
• His latest novel sank like a stone. 他最新的一部小说彻底失败了。
UK [stəʊn] US [stoʊn] noun
a stone's throw
■a very short distance 很短的距离，一石之遥
• The cottage is just a stone's throw from the sea. 小屋离海只有一箭之远。
• "Is your house far from here?" "No, it's only a stone's throw away." “你的房子离这里远吗？”“不远，几步路就到了。”
UK [stəʊn] US [stoʊn] verb transitive
THROW ROCKS 投掷石块
■to throw stones at something or someone 向…投掷石块，用石头砸
• Rioters set up barricades and stoned police cars. 暴徒设置路障，并向警车投掷石块。
stone sb to death
■to kill someone as a punishment by throwing stones at them 用石头砸死（某人）
UK [stəʊn] US [stoʊn] verb transitive
REMOVE SEED 去核 (US usually pit)
■to remove the stone from a fruit 去掉…的果核
• Could you stone the cherries for me? 你能帮我把樱桃去一下核吗？
UK [stəʊn] US [stoʊn] verb transitive
stone the crows (also stone me) UK old-fashioned
■used as an expression of surprise （表示惊讶）哎呀，啊
• Well, stone the crows - it's five o'clock already! 哎呀——已经五点了！
pebble, stone, rock, gravel
这组词都有“石、石头”的意思，其区别是：
pebble: 多指海边、河边或沙中圆形的小卵石。
stone: 普通用词，泛指井然的或经加工的各类石头，可大可小。
rock: 普通用词，指构成地表最坚硬部分或突出于周围地面的巨大岩石，也可指石头或石块。
gravel: 集合名词，常指用于铺路的小石子和沙砾。
jewel, jewellery, stone, gem
这组词都有“宝石”的意思，其区别是：
jewel: 多指贵重的宝石，是经过切削打磨，通常镶嵌在胸针、项链或其它装饰物上的玉。
jewellery: 是珠宝的总称，泛指各类珠宝，既指佩带或衣服的珠宝饰物，又指用普通金属、塑料或假宝石制作的装饰物。
stone: 特别强调稀少罕见或值钱的矿物。
gem: 指经切割、磨光的宝石，引申指珍品、佳作。
n. [建] 石头；结石； [宝] 宝石
 - stane, calculus
adj. 石的，石制的
 - lithic

Word: prince
Front: prince
[prɪns] (研四六 4782/1466 -K4)
Vocabulary: prince
(once / 35 pages)
n
A prince is royalty, the son of a king or queen. Originally, a prince was the ruler of and individual territory, also known as “principalities.” A prince is a popular fairy tale hero, but there are real live ones, too.
A prince is the son of a monarch, possibly even the person who stands to inherit the title of king after his father's death. Sometimes, though, a prince is simply a member of the royal family, or even a ruler over a small area of the monarch's country. Prince comes from the Latin princeps, "first man" or "ruler," from primus, "first." A prince is often first in line to inherit the throne.
WORD FAMILY
prince: princedom, princely, princes+/princedom: princedoms/ princely: princelier, princeliest
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the DUI charges was the arrest of Charles W. Caldwell III, the former chairman of the Prince George’s County liquor board.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For every hit like “Mortal Combat” or “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider,” there are a slew of duds such as “Warcraft” and “Prince of Persia.”
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
For every hit like "Mortal Combat" or "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider," there are a slew of duds such as "Warcraft" and "Prince of Persia."
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 王子; 巨头; （某些欧洲国家的）贵族; 小国的君主
分布：王子(94%)，亲王(5%)，诸侯(1%)
→来自古法语prince,王子，王公，来自拉丁语princeps,国王，统治者，酋长，来自primus,第一的，首要的，-cep,拿，带，承担，词源同capable,accept.后词义扩大为小国的君主，国君等。拼写比较single,simple.
n.王子,亲王The prince and princess lived a happy life ever since.王子和公主从此过着幸福的生活.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an important male member of a royal family, especially a son or grandson of the king or queen 王子；亲王；王孙
• Prince Edward 爱德华王子
• Prince Juan Carlos of Spain became king in 1975. 胡安‧卡洛斯王子于1975年成为西班牙国王。
 IMPROVER
■a male ruler of a country, usually a small country （通常指小国的）国君
• Prince Rainier is the ruling prince of Monaco. 雷尼尔国王是摩纳哥的君主。
prince among/of sth literary
■a man who is excellent at something 大王；巨擘；名家
• that prince of flautists, William Bennett 那位长笛演奏名家威廉‧贝内特
n. 王子，国君；亲王；贵族
 - noble, infante

Word: dry
Front: dry
[draɪ] (中高 1561/1665 -K4)
Vocabulary: dry
(once / 54 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3adjn 4adj 5adj 6adj
Things that are dry lack moisture. A desert or a dessert can be dry. If your eyes are dry, you’ve stopped crying. It’s also a flavor that means the opposite of sweet.
The Sahara Desert and crumbly chocolate cake are both dry. Dry is also a verb — when you paint your kitchen, you have to wait for the first coat to dry before you can add another. If someone says you have a dry sense of humor, they mean that you have a subtle style, keeping a straight face even when you say something outrageous.
WORD FAMILY
dry: dried, drier, dries, driest, drily, dryed, dryer, dryest, drying, dryly, dryness, drys, semi-dry+/ dried: undried/drier: driers/dryer: dryers/dryness: drynesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“So remove dry cleaning bags and hang only one item per hanger.”
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
The general rule of thumb is that areas which are currently dry will become more dry.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
They say the contract was awarded competitively and will pay for replacement of part of dry dock number 3 at the shipyard.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 干的干燥的，干旱的; 干旱的，口渴的; 干咳的; 无趣味的，枯燥的
vt. 从…去掉水分，使…变干; 脱水保存（如肉或其它食物）
vi. 变干
n. 干涸; [复数] drys [非正式用语]主张禁酒的人
时态：dried, drying, dries
分布：干燥的(45%)，干的(28%)，干旱的(18%)，口渴的(6%)，枯燥的(3%)
→来自dhergh, 干燥，巩固，来自dher, 坚固，支撑，词源同firm.
a.干(旱)的;干渴的;枯燥vt.使干燥,晒干The crying boy tries to fry the dry crystal.哭喊的男孩试图用油炸干晶体.
adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
NOT WET 不湿的
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something that has no water or other liquid in, on, or around it 干的，干燥的
• I hung his wet trousers on the radiator, but they're not dry yet. 我把他的湿裤子挂在散热器上了，但现在还没干呢。
• These plants grow well in dry soil/a dry climate. 这些植物适宜在干旱的土壤里／气候条件下生长。
• This cake's a bit dry - I think I overcooked it. 这个蛋糕有点干——估计是给我烤过头了。
run dry
■If a river or other area of water runs dry, the water gradually disappears from it （河流等）干涸，干枯
• By this time all the wells had run dry. 到这个时候所有的井都已经干枯了。
■describes hair or skin that does not have enough of the natural oils that make it soft and smooth （头发或皮肤）干燥的，干性的
• a shampoo for dry hair 适用于干性发质的洗发水
■describes bread when it is plain, without butter, jam, etc. （面包）无奶油（或果酱）的
• All I was offered was a piece of dry bread and an apple! 他们只给了我一块没有奶油的面包和一个苹果。
[draɪ] adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
BORING 单调的 disapproving
■If a book, talk, subject, etc. is dry, it is not interesting. 枯燥乏味的，干巴巴的
[draɪ] adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
NO ALCOHOL 无酒精的
■without alcoholic drinks 无酒精饮料的
• a dry wedding 不喝酒的婚礼
• a dry bar 无酒精酒吧
• a dry state (= a part of a country which does not allow alcohol) 禁酒的州
[draɪ] adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
NOT SWEET 不甜的
■If wine or another alcoholic drink is dry, it does not taste sweet （葡萄酒等酒精饮料）无甜味的，干的
• dry cider/martini/sherry/wine 干苹果／马天尼／雪利／葡萄酒
• On the whole, I prefer dry wines to sweet ones. 总的来讲，我更喜欢干葡萄酒，不喜欢甜葡萄酒。
[draɪ] adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
HUMOUR 幽默 approving
■Dry humour is very funny in a way which is clever and not loud or obvious 机敏的；不形于色的，不露声色的
• a dry sense of humour 不露声色的幽默感
• a dry wit 假装正经的诙谐
[draɪ] adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
as dry as a bone (also bone-dry)
■extremely dry 非常干燥的，干透了的
• I don't think he's been watering these plants - the soil is as dry as a bone. 我想他没给这些植物浇水——土都干透了。
[draɪ] adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
There wasn't a dry eye in the house.
■used to mean that all the people at a particular place felt very emotional about what they had seen or heard and many of them were crying 在场的人都被感动得落泪。
[draɪ] noun
the dry
 ADVANCED UK
■a place where the conditions are not wet, especially when compared to somewhere where the conditions are wet 干爽的地方，干燥的地方
• You're soaked - come into the dry. 你都湿透了——快到干爽的地方来。
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to become dry, or to make something become dry （使）变干，（使）干燥；晾干，烘干
• Will this paint dry by tomorrow? 明天油漆会干吗？
• Hang the clothes up to dry. 把衣服挂起来晾干。
• The fruit is dried in the sun. 水果在阳光照射下变得干巴巴的。
dry the dishes (UK also dry up (the dishes)) (UK do the drying (up))
■to dry plates, knives, forks, etc. after they have been washed 弄干食具
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
dry your eyes
■to stop crying 别哭了
• Come on, Rosie, dry your eyes and we'll go and find Daddy. 好了，罗西，别哭了，我们找爸爸去。
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dry (sb/sth) off
■to make someone or something dry, or to become dry, especially on the surface （使）变干；弄干（尤指表面）
• I dried myself off and got dressed. 我擦干身体穿上衣服。
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  dry (sth) out
■to make something dry, or to become dry （使）变干，（使）干透
• If you don't keep food covered, it dries out. 如果不把食物盖好，它就会失去水份。
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  dry out informal
■Someone who dries out stops being dependent on (= unable to stop drinking) alcohol 戒酒
• He went to a clinic in Arizona to dry out. 他到亚利桑那州的一个诊所接受戒酒治疗。
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dry sth up mainly UK
■to dry plates, cups, etc. with a cloth after they have been washed 擦干（食具）
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  dry up
WATER
■If a river, lake, etc. dries up, the water in it disappears. （河流、湖泊等）干涸
END
■If a supply of something dries up, it ends （供给品）中断
• His main source of work had dried up, leaving him short of money. 他的主要订单来源中断了，造成他资金短缺。
adj. [木] 干的；口渴的；枯燥无味的；禁酒的
 - exsuccous, thirsty
vi. 变干
 - desiccate, exsiccate
n. 干涸
 - dryout

Word: exceed
Front: exceed
[ɪkˈsi:d] (研四六托雅宝 3281/2718 -2)
Vocabulary: exceed
(once / 81 pages)
v
To exceed is to go beyond expectations, or to go too far. If you exceed the speed limit, you might get a speeding ticket.
Exceed and excess share the Latin root excedere meaning to "go beyond." An excess is too much of something, like the piles of candy after Halloween, and exceed means the action of going too far in a good or bad way. You exceed in school when you get straight A's. When Dr. Jekyll transforms into Mr. Hyde, he experiences "a grinding in the bones, deadly nausea, and a horror of the spirit that cannot be exceeded at the hour of birth or death." No thanks! It helps to remember that like speed, exceed ends with -eed.
WORD FAMILY
exceed: exceeded, exceeding, exceeds, excessive +/exceeded: unexceeded/ exceeding: exceedingly / exceedingly: exceedinglys/ excessive: excessively, excessiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say the efforts threaten the quality of care and exceed the authority of the agency overseeing Medicare by requiring doctors and hospitals to participate.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All oversize trucks exceeding 11 feet wide must use the posted detour route, which bypasses 11 miles of interstate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sideline grins may not exceed an upturn of more than 0.3 centimeters.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 超过; 超越; 胜过; 越过…的界限
vi. 突出，领先
时态：exceeded, exceeding, exceeds
分布：超过(86%)，超出(13%)，领先(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-ceed, 走，离开，词源同access, proceed.
超过,超出(ex+ceed走→走出→超出)[ex-①表示"出,出去"②表示"前面的,前任的"]
v.超过,胜过;越出I exceed the excellent student who has excessive excellence.我胜过那个有过多优点的优秀学生.
【记】ex出，ceed走－走出去到美国学习－超过一般人
【参】proceed（vi 进行；继续下去；发生）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to be greater than a number or amount, or to go past an allowed limit 超过，超出（数量）；超越（规定的范围）
• The final cost should not exceed $5000. 最终的费用不应超出5000美元。
• The success of our campaign has exceeded our wildest expectations. 我们发起的运动获得了意想不到的成功。
• She was found guilty on three charges of exceeding the speed limit. 她被指控三次超速驾驶，并被判有罪。
surpass, exceed, excel
这组词都有“超过、胜过”的意思，其区别是：
surpass: 多用以强调优点、长处、技能或质量等方面的超过。
exceed: 既可指超出权利、权力的限度、管辖范围，或超过规定的时间范围，又可指在数量、程度或大小等方面的超过。
excel: 指在成绩、成就或学识上胜过他人。
surpass, transcend, exceed
这组词都有“超过”的意思，其区别是：
surpass: v.优于或超过某人(某物)。
 • The runner surpassed his old record by 10 seconds.   跑步运动员比他过去的记录提高了10秒。
transcend: v.超出或超越，一般指超越经验、常识、普通能力等，强调难以为大众理解。
 • The nature of God transcends of human comprehension.   上帝的本质难以为人们所理解
exceed: v.多于，大于，超过，多指数量或允许的限度。
 • Sales of the new product exceeded our estimates.   新产品的销售超出了我们的预计。
vt. 超过；胜过
 - better than, overcome, top, cap, outdo

Word: remarkable
Front: remarkable
[rɪˈmɑ:kəbl] (研四六托雅 2708/2423 -K3)
Vocabulary: remarkable
(once / 83 pages)
adj
Something remarkable is unusual, exceptional, interesting, or excellent. Remarkable things get your attention.
If you take this word literally, you can figure out the meaning: remarkable things make you want to make a remark about them. They get you talking because they're so unusual or good. Getting a B on a test isn't remarkable, unless you usually get D’s. Getting to meet the president would be pretty remarkable. Save this word for things that are really and truly exceptional.
WORD FAMILY
remarkable: remarkablest, remarkably, unremarkable+/ remark: remarkable, remarked, remarking, remarks/remarked: unremarked/unremarkable: unremarkably
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the evidence of the movie, Saroo’s remarkable quest was not.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A splintered internet would hamper its role as a remarkable innovation engine.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
While barn switches are common, it is remarkable for an owner to cease operations with the most accomplished trainer of his era.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 异常的，引人注目的，; 卓越的; 显著的; 非凡的，非常（好）的
分布：非凡的(40%)，显著的(27%)，卓越的(14%)，值得注意的(13%)，异常的(6%)
→来自 remark,评论，谈论。比喻用法。
不平常的;值得注意的(re再+mark+able→再做记号→值得注意的)[mark=sign,表示"记号,符号"]
a.值得注意的;显著的,异常的,非凡的The shark's remark on the marble mark in the market is remarkable.骗子关于市场上大理石标记的评论值得关注.
【记】re再，mark记号，able－再做记号－值得注意的
US [-'mɑ:r-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■unusual or special and therefore surprising and worth mentioning 非凡的；奇异的；引人注目的
• Nelson Mandela is a truly remarkable man. 纳尔逊．曼德拉确实是个了不起的人。
• Meeting you here in Rome is a remarkable coincidence. 能在罗马这地方遇到你可真是惊人的巧合。
• The 20th century was remarkable for its inventions. 20世纪因层出不穷的重大发明而引人瞩目。
striking, remarkable, noticeable, outstanding, conspicuous
这组词都有“显著的，引人注意的”的意思，其区别是：
striking: 侧重能给观察者产生强烈而深刻印象。
remarkable: 通常指因有与众不同的特点或优越性而引起人们注意或称道。
noticeable: 指所描绘的事物引人注意。
outstanding: 通常指与同行或同类的人相比显得优秀或杰出，或具有他人或别的事物所没有的特征。
conspicuous: 通常指因成绩卓著，而引人注意，或指因外观奇特、花哨或言行举止不合常规而令人注意。
striking, remarkable, unusual, prominent, outstanding, extraordinary
striking: 引人注意的，饶有兴趣的；（因相貌好）吸引人的，惹人注目的
remarkable: 值得注意的，不寻常的；独特的
unusual: 罕见的，异乎寻常的；独特的，与众不同的
prominent: 凸出的,显著的，惹人注目的,杰出的，重要的
outstanding: 杰出的，优秀的；地位显著的，为人瞩目的，（报酬、工作、问题等）未偿付的，未完成的，未解决的
extraordinary: 不平常的，不普通的，非常的，格外的，；（安排、会议等）特别的，（官员）特命的，特派的
adj. 卓越的；非凡的；值得注意的
 - excellent, prominent, extraordinary, significant, wonder

Word: adjust
Front: adjust
[əˈdʒʌst] (高研四六托雅宝 2300/2811 -K3)
Vocabulary: adjust
(once / 217 pages)
1v 2v
When you adjust to something, you change so that you can fit in, conform, or keep on going. Arriving at a new school almost always requires that you adjust a little. Once you adjust, you'll find you're as happy as you were in your old school.
To adjust doesn't mean to transform in a major way. It implies small but important changes that make a big difference. If you adjust your speed by just ten miles per hour, you'll get more than fifty more miles per fill-up. You can adjust your hair to make it fancier, you can adjust your lifestyle to make it more sober, or you can adjust your attitude to make yourself less annoying. You used to have to adjust your TV antenna to get a better picture. Ask your mom.
WORD FAMILY
adjust: adjustable, adjusted, adjuster, adjusting, adjustive, adjustment, adjusts, readjust +/ adjustable: adjustably, unadjustable/ adjusted: unadjusted/adjuster: adjusters/ adjustment: adjustments/ readjust: readjusted, readjusting, readjustment, readjusts/ readjustment: readjustments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Congress adjusted its calendar to work more, with several five-day work weeks in the House as it races to deliver on election promises.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Businesses simply haven’t adjusted to a world of low interest rates,” said Paul Ashworth, chief North American economist for Capital Economics Ltd., a research firm.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
At different growth stages, the plants require light in different intensities, and algorithms controlling the L.E.D. arrays adjust for that.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （改变…以）适应，调整，校正; 调准（望远镜等），对准，校正，校准（机械等）; 核算（盈亏）; [保]评定（赔偿要求）
时态：adjusted, adjusting, adjusts
分布：调整(79%)，调节(18%)，校准(2%)，使适应(1%)
→词源略。俗词源：前缀ad-, 去，往。just, 刚好的。
调整(ad+just+正确→弄正确→调整)[ad-加在在单词或词根前,表示"做…,加强..."]
vt.调节;整顿,调整vi.适应(to);使调节It is difficult for the old man to adjust to city life.这个老人很难适应城市生活.
【记】ad朝向，just正确－朝向正确－调节，适应
verb
CHANGE 改变
 ADVANCED transitive
■to change something slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable （尤指为了使某物更正确、有效或合适而）调整，调节
• If the chair is too high you can adjust it to suit you. 如果椅子太高了，你可以把它调到适合你的高度。
• As a teacher you have to adjust your methods to suit the needs of slower children. 作为一名老师，你必须调整教学方法来适应那些学得较慢的孩子的需要。
transitive
■to arrange your clothing to make yourself look tidy 整理（衣着）
• She adjusted her skirt, took a deep breath and walked into the room. 她整理一下裙子，深吸一口气，走进了房间。
[ə'dʒʌst] verb
BECOME FAMILIAR 变得熟悉
intransitive
■to become more familiar with a new situation 适应；习惯
• I can't adjust to living on my own. 我不习惯独自生活。
• Her eyes slowly adjusted to the dark. 她的眼睛慢慢适应了黑暗。
• The lifestyle is so very different - it takes a while to adjust. 生活方式差别太大了，要过一段时间才能适应。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
fit, accommodate, conform, suit, adjust, adapt
这组词都有“使适合，适应”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 含义广，指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。
accommodate: 书面用词，指以外部条件标准改变自己或某事以求得适应，着重改变或调节的有利。
conform: 多指与某模式或规则相符，也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。
suit: 指适合要求，从而使人满意愉快。
adjust: 与adapt含义很接近，但adjust所改变的幅度要小一些，侧重过程，主要用于调整角度、高度、光点等。
adapt: 指人或物在原有情况下作某些改变以适应新的环境或不同的条件，强调改变的目的和重要性。
vt. 调整，使…适合；校准
 - regulate, coordinate, frame, restructure
vi. 调整，校准；适应
 - correct, adapt to something

Word: perfect
Front: perfect
[ˈpɜ:fɪkt] (中高托雅 1160/1685 -K4)
Vocabulary: perfect
(once / 26 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3n
Something that is perfect is complete and without defect or blemish. It might also be precisely accurate or exact.
The word perfect can also be used as a verb meaning — you guessed it! — to make something perfect. (Note, though, the pronunciation difference: PER-fect as a noun; per-FECT as a verb.) It originally comes from the Latin word perficere, which breaks down into per- ("completely") and facere ("do"). As a noun perfect is a grammatical term referring to a tense of verbs describing an action that has been completed.
WORD FAMILY
perfect: imperfect, perfected, perfectedly, perfecter, perfectest, perfectible, perfecting, perfection, perfective, perfectly, perfects+/ imperfect: imperfectly, imperfectness, imperfects/imperfectible: imperfectibility/ imperfection: imperfections/perfecter: perfecters/perfectible: imperfectible, perfectibility/ perfection: imperfection, perfectionism, perfections/perfectionism: perfectionist / perfectionist: perfectionists/perfective: imperfective
USAGE EXAMPLES
He focused only on securing a perfect ending to an epic evening.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Not everything was perfect for the subway debut, however.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
And yet LA might be the perfect Olympic city.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 完美的; 正确的; 优秀的; 极好的
n. [语]完成时
时态：perfected, perfecting, perfects
分布：完美的(79%)，理想的(8%)，完全的(5%)，使完美(3%)，使完全(2%)，十足的(2%)，完满的(1%)
→per-,完全的，-fect,做，履行职责，词源同fact,effect.即完全做好的，引申词义完美的。
完美的;完全的(per全部+fect→全部做完→完美的)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
a.完善的;完全的;(语法)完成的v.使完美His affection for the defects is affected by the infectious perfect effect.他对缺点的钟爱受到具有感染力的完美效果的影响.
US [ˈpɜ˞ː-]
WITHOUT FAULT 无瑕疵
 ESSENTIAL
■complete and correct in every way, of the best possible type or without fault 完美的，完满的，无瑕的
• a perfect day 美好的一天
• What is your idea of perfect happiness? 你认为完美的幸福是怎么样的？
• This church is a perfect example of medieval architecture. 这座教堂是中世纪建筑的完美典范。
• You have a perfect English accent. 你有一口道地的英格兰口音。
• The car is five years old but is in almost perfect condition. 这辆汽车开了五年了，但车况还非常良好。
• She thought at last she'd found the perfect man. 她认为自己终于找到了十全十美的男人。
 ADVANCED
■used to emphasize a noun （用于强调名词）十足的，百分百的，完全的，绝对的
• It makes perfect sense. 这很有道理。
• a perfect stranger 完全陌生的人
adjective UK [ˈpɜː.fekt] US [ˈpɜ˞ː-]
PAST TENSE 过去式
■of or relating to a perfect tense or form 完成时的，完成式的
• the present perfect tense 现在完成式
noun only singular specialized
the perfect (tense)
 ADVANCED
■the tense of a verb that shows action that has happened in the past or before another time or event （动词的）完成式
• In English, the perfect is formed with 'have' and the past participle of the verb. 在英语中，完成式是由 have 加动词的过去分词构成的。
verb transitive UK [pəˈfekt] US [pɜ˞ːˈ-/
■to make something free from faults 使完美；改善，提高
• He is keen to perfect his golfing technique. 他热衷于提升自己的高尔夫球技。
ideal, perfect
这组词都有“完美的，极好的”的意思，其区别是：
ideal: 语气较强，指完美到使人称心如意的地步。
perfect: 用于褒义指某人或某物等达到理想中的完美无缺；用于贬义，则相反，指十足的坏。
better, improve, perfect, refine
这组词都有“改进，改善”的意思，其区别是：
better: 多用于口语，指适当地改善原来并非很差的状态或性质，也指社会地位、经济状况的改善。
improve: 最常用词，多指状态或性质上的深刻或重要改进，也可指自身能力的提高。
perfect: 语义强，通常指使方法、技术等达到完善美好的境地。
refine: 侧重指使语言、仪态等变得文雅、优美，也可指技艺等的提高。
adj. 完美的；最好的；精通的
 - greatest, ideal, prime, best, full
vt. 使完美；使熟练
 - round off, polish up

Word: quiet
Front: quiet
[ˈkwaɪət] (中高 1435/1437 -K4)
Vocabulary: quiet
(once / 33 pages)
1adjnvadv 2adjnv
To be quiet means you don't make any noise. When you’re trying not to wake a sleeping lion, you will be quiet when you run by it.
The versatile quiet, which can be a noun, adjective, or verb (to quiet others), is one of those words that is best understood through its antonyms — loud or hectic. Let a marching band practice in your apartment, and you will long for a little quiet. Quiet is one of those words that thankfully follow the "i" before "e," except after "c" spelling rule.
WORD FAMILY
quiet: disquiet, quieted, quieten, quieter, quietest, quieting, quietingly, quietism, quietly, quietness, quiets, unquiet+/ disquiet: disquieted, disquieting, disquiets/disquieted: disquietedly/disquieting: disquietingly/quieten: quietened, quietening, quietens/quietism: quietist/quietist: quietists/quietness: quietnesses/unquiet: unquietest, unquietly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He holds a file folder; the room is totally quiet except for the tap-tap-tap of his forefinger on the folder.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Quiet sitting at room temperature is the standard RMR reference point; this is referred to as one metabolic equivalent, or MET.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He kept quiet and did his job through the commotion.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 清静的; 僻静的; 不起眼的; 不激动的
vt. & vi. 安静下来，使…安静，平静
vt. 减轻（病痛、疑虑、恐惧等）; [法律]确定（产权等）
prep. 克制的，稳重的，不张扬的
n. 宁静; 寂静
adv. 安静地，平静地
时态：quieted, quieting, quiets
分布：安静(59%)，安静的(19%)，平静(11%)，宁静的(5%)，平静的(4%)，平静下来(1%)，闲适(1%)
→来自拉丁语quies,静止，平和，休息，来自kweie,休息，安静，词源同while,quit.
a.安静的,平静的n.安静v.使安静,平静The writer writes the white book quite quietly in quilt.作家在被子里十分平静地写白皮书.
【反】boisterous（adj 狂暴喧闹的）
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■making very little noise 静的，安静的，轻轻的
• She spoke in a quiet voice so as not to wake him. 她轻声说话，以免吵醒他。
• It's so quiet without the kids here. 孩子们不在，这里真安静。
• Please be quiet (= stop talking) ! 请安静！
• Could you keep quiet while I'm on the phone, please? 我打电话时，你可以不出声吗？
• She was as quiet as a mouse (= very quiet). I didn't even know she'd come in. 她安静如鼠，我连她进来了也没注意到。
 ESSENTIAL
■having little activity or excitement and few people 平静的，宁静的
• a quiet, peaceful little village 宁静太平的小村庄
• It was a quiet wedding, with just a few friends and relations. 那是一场平静的婚礼，只有几位朋友和亲戚在场。
• Business is quiet during the holidays. 节假日期间生意很清淡。
 IMPROVER
■A quiet person is one who does not talk much 寡言的，话不多的
• He was a quiet, almost taciturn, young man. 他是个文静、几乎不怎么说话的年轻人。
keep (sth) quiet
■to try to stop other people from finding out about a fact （对…）守口如瓶；（对…）保密
• She managed to keep the operation quiet for a while. 她设法令该行动在一段时间内保密。
• Davies kept quiet about the amount of money being spent. 戴维斯对已花费的款项守口如瓶。
[kwaɪət] noun uncountable
■the state of being silent 安静，静谧
• Let's have some quiet! 让我们安静一会吧！
• I go camping for some peace and quiet (= absence of activity and excitement). 我去露营静修。
[kwaɪət] noun uncountable
on the quiet informal
■secretly 秘密地，不为人注意地、暗地里
• His wife found out he'd been seeing someone on the quiet. 他妻子发现他一直在偷偷地和别人约会。
noiseless, silent, calm, peaceful, serene, still, quiet
这组词都有“平静的，无声无息”的意思，其区别是：
noiseless: 指无任何噪音或不出声，无声无息。
silent: 普通用词，指缄默不语或无声无息。
calm: 普通用词，既可指天气、海洋等的平静状态，又可指人的镇定沉着、不慌乱，不受外界影响和情绪支配。
peaceful: 普通用词，指一种不受外物扰乱和刺激的内在宁静或和平状态。
serene: 指一种超脱一切烦恼的宁静状态。
still: 指平静而又安定的状态。
quiet: 普通用词，指没有喧闹、活动或骚乱的寂静状态。
adj. 安静的；安定的；不动的；温顺的
 - balanced, still, tranquil
n. 安静；和平
 - peace, tranquilness
vt. 使平息；安慰
 - comfort, appease
vi. 平静下来
 - calm down, wind down

Word: neighbouring
Front: neighbouring
[ˈneɪbərɪŋ] (六 31857/4550 -2)
Back: adj. 邻近的; 接壤的
分布：邻近的(91%)，接壤的(6%)，动词neighbour的现在分词形式.(3%)
US [-bɚ-] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■Neighbouring places are next to or near each other 邻近的，相邻的
• neighbouring countries/states 邻国／相邻的州
• She married a man from the neighbouring village. 她嫁给了邻村的一个人。
adj. 邻近的；附近的；接壤的
 - adjacent, surrounding

Word: grab
Front: grab
[græb] (研六托雅 1477/2777 -K3)
Vocabulary: grab
(once / 426 pages)
vn
When you grab something, you clutch at it. When a party-goer breaks open a piñata, the other guests usually grab wildly at the candy that cascades out of it.
You can grab for the string of a balloon as it floats away, or grab your friend in a hug. Another way to grab is to make an impression: "When I hear a marching band, it grabs my attention." A "grab bag" is a random mixture of things, or a bag of goodies you can reach into and grab from. If something's "up for grabs." it's available: "This last piece of pie is up for grabs!"
WORD FAMILY
grab: grabbed, grabber, grabbing, grabs+/grabber: grabbers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pearson missed the front end of the one-and-one, Robert Champion grabbed the defensive rebound and Benzan drove for the winner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A: It really grabbed the imagination of people.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Did you hop in the shower, check your email or grab a doughnut?
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 抢先，抢占
vt. 夺取或抓住; 抢夺，霸占; 匆匆拿走; 〈俚〉吸引注意力
vi. 抓住，攫取; 夺取
n. 不法所得; 被抓住的人; 抓取装置
时态：grabbed, grabbing, grabs
分布：抓(64%)，抓住(27%)，攫取(8%)，抓取物(1%)
→来自ghrebh, 抓住，够到，词源同grasp.来自ger的扩大形式，围，集中，词源同cram, aggregate.
v./n.(at)抓(住);夺(得)He grabbed me by the arm.他抓住我的手臂.
verb (-bb-)
TAKE WITH HAND 用手抓
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to take hold of something or someone suddenly and roughly 攫取；抓住；抓取
• A mugger grabbed her handbag as she was walking across the park. 她穿过公园时一个劫匪抢了她的手提包。
• He grabbed (hold of) his child's arm to stop her from running into the road. 他抓住孩子的手臂防止她跑到路中间去。
[græb] verb (-bb-)
TAKE OPPORTUNITY 抓住机会
 ADVANCED transitive informal
■to take the opportunity to get, use or enjoy something quickly 抓住，利用（机会做某事）；（借机）赶紧…；抢
• If you don't grab this opportunity, you might not get another one. 如果你不抓住这次机会，可能就没有第二次了。
• We'd better get there early, or someone else will grab the best seats. 我们最好早些赶到那里，否则好座位就给别人占了。
• Let's just grab a quick bite. 我们先快点吃些东西吧。
[græb] verb (-bb-)
How does ... grab you? informal
■used to ask if someone would like to do something or is interested in something 你对…是否感兴趣？
• We could have a picnic in the park. How does that grab you? 我们可以到公园野餐，你有兴趣吗？
[græb] verb (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  grab at sth/sb
■to try to get hold of someone or something quickly, with your hand 试图抓住，试图夺取
[græb] noun countable
■a sudden attempt to hold, get or take something 夺取，抢夺
• The two children both made a grab for the same cake. 两个孩子都伸手去抢同一块蛋糕。
[græb] noun countable
up for grabs
■available and ready to be won or taken 人人都可以争取；供大家争取；提供给任何人
• There are hundreds of prizes up for grabs. 有几百份奖品等着大家去拿。
grasp, grab, clasp, seize, take, clutch, grip, snatch
这组词都有“抓住，握紧”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 指紧紧抓住、抓牢。
grab: 指粗暴而急迫的抓住。
clasp: 指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。
seize: 指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。
take: 最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或控制某物。
clutch: 强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。
grip: 语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。
snatch: 指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。
vt. 攫取；霸占；将…深深吸引
 - pounce at, commandeer
vi. 攫取；夺取
 - pounce at, snatch up
n. 攫取；霸占；夺取之物
 - arrogation

Word: install
Front: install
[ɪnˈstɔ:l] (研四六托雅宝 2505/2603 -K3)
Vocabulary: install
(once / 345 pages)
1v 2v
Use the verb install to mean "set up" or "put in place." You can install new software on your computer, or even install new officers to your honor society.
The word install traces back to the Latin word installare, from in-, meaning “into,” and stallum, meaning “place” or “stall.” Install has to do with putting someone or something in a chosen place. For example, you might install a solar panel on your roof, install your best friend in a cushy job at your company, or install yourself at the best table in your favorite restaurant.
WORD FAMILY
install: installation, installed, installment, installs, reinstall+/installation: installations/installment: installments/reinstall: reinstalled, reinstalling
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dear Heloise: I am a handyman, and each year I install and remove dozens of window air conditioners.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
N.F.L. installs replay policy that mandates official review of every gain of more than 2 yards.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The sensors, which were installed in the 1990s, monitor fast-moving gushes of mud and debris, or lahars.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 安装; 安顿，安置; 任命; 使…正式就职
时态：installed, installing, installs
分布：安装(98%)，安置(1%)，使 ... 就职(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-stall,站立，词源同stand,stall.引申词义安装，设置，就职等。
安装;就职(in进+stall→放进去→安装)[stall=place,表示"放"]
vt.(instal)安装,设置,安置;使就职,任命The tall man installed a small wallet on the wall.高个男子把一小钱包安放到墙上.
【记】windows环境下的软件安装用install，dos环境用setup。In里面，stall（n 货摊；厩v 使停止）－停在职位中－就职
【参】installation（n 就职；[计]安装）
US [-'stɑ:l] verb transitive
READY TO USE 安装
 IMPROVER
■to put furniture, a machine or a piece of equipment into position and make it ready to use 安装
• The plumber is coming tomorrow to install the new washing machine. 水管工明天来安装新的洗衣机。
 IMPROVER specialized
■to put a computer program onto a computer so that the computer can use it 把…安装到电脑上
• Andrew, can you help me install this software? 安德鲁，你能帮我安装这个软体吗？
(UK also instal) UK [ɪn'stɔ:l] US [-'stɑ:l] verb transitive
GIVE JOB 任命
■to place someone in an official position 正式任命，使正式就职
• She has installed a couple of young academics as her advisers. 她任用几名年轻的大学教师作为顾问。
(UK also instal) UK [ɪn'stɔ:l] US [-'stɑ:l] verb transitive
PLACE 安置
install sb/yourself in/at somewhere UK to put someone/yourself in a comfortable position where you want to stay 将（某人）／自己安顿在某处
• He seems to have installed himself in your spare room for good! 看来他要在你那间闲置的睡房里永远安顿下来了。
vt. 安装；任命；安顿
 - fit, constitute, fix, place, name

Word: headline
Front: headline
[ˈhedlaɪn] (高研四六 3293/4488 -3)
Vocabulary: headline
(once / 553 pages)
nv
A headline is the title of a newspaper story. You'll know the headline, because it's printed in the largest font on the front of the paper.
Printed newspapers have headlines, and online journals, magazines, and newspapers also use headlines. A headline is the title of a story in the paper, and it's usually easy to spot by its large, bold letters. Sometimes television and radio news also use the word headline to mean the biggest, most important news stories of the day. The word was originally a printer's term for the title and page number, and by 1890 it meant "newspaper title."
WORD FAMILY
headline: headlined, headliner, headlines, headlining+/ headliner: headliners
USAGE EXAMPLES
The theme of the Rose Parade that year was "Headlines in Flowers."
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Capucci remained in the headlines following his release, attempting to mediate in the Iran hostage crisis.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Nightly visions appear to us in the form of bold, 72-point type headlines.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 大字标题; 新闻提要; 头条新闻
vt. 给…加标题; 担任主角
时态：headlined, headlining, headlines
分布：头条新闻(51%)，大字标题(29%)，加标题于(7%)，新闻提要(7%)，宣扬(3%)，作主角(3%)
→head,头，line,线。引申词义标题。
标题(head+line字行→头一行字→标题)[head=head,表示"头"]
n.大字标题,新闻标题The heading is "Headline of Headlong Pleadings".标题为"仓促答辩状的摘要".
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a line of words printed in large letters as the title of a story in a newspaper, or the main points of the news that are broadcast on television or radio （报纸的）标题；（电视或广播的）内容提要
• The news of his death was splashed in headlines across all the newspapers. 所有报纸均以显著的标题刊登了他死亡的消息。
• the eight o'clock headlines 八点钟的新闻提要
Compare by-line
['hed.laɪn] verb transitive + object + noun
■to have something as a headline or as the main story 以…为标题；以…为主要故事
• The story was headlined 'Killer dogs on the loose'. 这篇报道的标题是：“杀人恶犬肆意逞凶”。
■to be the main performer at an entertainment event （在娱乐活动中）扮演主角，充当主角
• The band's headlining appearance at the Reading Festival could be their last. 这支乐队在雷丁音乐节上担纲演出，但这可能是他们的最后一次表演了。
n. 大标题；内容提要；栏外标题；头版头条新闻
 - argument, spreadhead

Word: pile
Front: pile
[paɪl] (高研四六托 3003/3229 -K3)
Vocabulary: pile
(once / 137 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n
A pile is a heap of stuff that keeps accumulating, like the dirty laundry in the back of your closet, or Uncle Scrooge’s money.
Pile can be used as a noun or a verb. If you pile rocks on top of each other, you will eventually have a...pile of rocks. Unlike the word stack, pile implies that your heap of stuff is fairly messy. It can also mean cram. When eight people pile into a car with only five seats, they’re likely to be pretty much squashed.
WORD FAMILY
pile: piled, piles, piling, pilous+/piling: pilings/pilous: depilous
USAGE EXAMPLES
We kick a path through piles of confetti from room to room.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The national referendum result was narrow but Remain votes piled up in big cities, affluent suburbs and Scotland.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Atlanta piled up 323 yards in the first two quarters, and also benefited from a 46-yard pass interference penalty against Roman Harper.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 桩; 一堆; 绒头; 摞
vt. 堆起; 堆叠; 放置; 装入
vi. 蜂拥，拥挤
时态：piled, piling, piles
分布：桩(48%)，堆(43%)，堆积(4%)，大量(2%)，绒面(1%)，积累(1%)，夸张(1%)
→来自拉丁语pila,柱子，桥墩，词源同pole,pillar.引申词义堆，摞。pile 绒毛，毛发
n.堆,大量,大数目v.(up)堆,叠,堆积A pile of dirty clothes lay by the washing machine.一堆脏衣服放在洗衣机旁边.
noun
AMOUNT 数量
 IMPROVER countable
■objects positioned one on top of another 叠；垛；堆
• a large pile of sand 一大堆沙
• a pile of books 一叠书
• a pile of dirty clothes 一大堆脏衣服
• informal I've got piles/a pile (= a lot) of things to do today. 我今天有一大堆事情要做。
[paɪl] noun
COLUMN 支柱
countable
■a strong column or post of wood, steel or concrete which is pushed into the ground to help support a building （建筑物的）柱，桩
[paɪl] noun
SURFACE 表面
only singular
■the soft surface made by the ends of many short threads on a carpet or on cloth such as velvet （地毯或天鹅绒等布料的）绒面
• a luxurious deep -pile carpet 华丽的长毛地毯
[paɪl] noun
BUILDING 建筑物
countable mainly humorous
■a large building 宏伟建筑物，大厦
• They've got a great big Victorian pile somewhere out in the country. 他们在乡下的某个地方有一幢宏伟的维多利亚式房子。
[paɪl] noun
MEDICAL 医学的
piles [plural] informal
■ haemorrhoids 痔，痔疮
[paɪl] noun
make a pile informal
■to earn a large amount of money 赚很多钱，发财
• He made a pile selling computers and retired by the time he was forty. 他卖电脑发了财，40岁的时候就退休了。
[paɪl] verb
AMOUNT 数量
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep] (also pile up)
■to arrange objects into a pile 把…堆积（或堆叠）起来
• We piled plenty of logs up next to the fire. 我们在炉火旁堆了很多木柴。
• Please pile your homework books neatly on the table as you leave. 离开时请把你们的作业本整齐地叠放在桌子上。
• Her plate was piled (high) with salad. 她的盘子里盛满了沙拉。
• Snow had piled up against the walls. 雪在墙脚堆积起来。
[paɪl] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition informal
■(of a group of people) to move together, especially in an uncontrolled way （人群）拥，挤，蜂拥
• As soon as the train stopped, they all piled in/out. 火车一停下，他们就挤了进去／出来。
[paɪl] verb
pile it high and sell it cheap mainly UK saying
■said when a shop sells large amounts of a product at cheap prices 薄利多销
[paɪl] verb
pile it on informal
■to say too much, especially giving too much emphasis 过多地谈论；（尤指）夸张，言过其实
• You're really piling it on with the compliments tonight, Gareth, aren't you! 你今晚的确恭维过头了，不是吗，加雷思？
[paɪl] verb
pile on the agony UK informal
■to enjoy emphasizing how bad a situation is 大肆渲染不好的情况；过分夸大糟糕的情形
• Okay, I'll give you some money - just stop piling on the agony. 好吧，我给你些钱——用不着说得那么可怜。
[paɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pile (sth) up
FORM A PILE
[M]
■to form a pile, or to put a lot of things into a pile 成为一堆；把…堆积起来
INCREASE
■(of something bad) to increase 使（不好的事物）增加，使累积
• Unpaid bills began to pile up alarmingly. 未支付的帐单越积越多，数目惊人。
• They piled up such a huge debt that they soon went bankrupt. 他们债台高筑，很快就破产了。
heap, gather, pile, accumulate, amass, collect
这组词都有“积聚，聚集，积累”的意思，其区别是：
heap: 主要指把沙、石、煤、草等堆高，不强调整齐。
gather: 普通用词，指人或物或抽象事物都可用。侧重于围绕一个中心的集合、聚集。
pile: 着重指比较整齐地把东西堆积在一起。
accumulate: 几乎可用于指任何事物量的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积。
amass: 着重大量地积聚，尤指对如金钱、珠宝等有价值东西的大量积聚。
collect: 普通用词，多用于指物，侧重指有区别地作选择或有安排有计划地把零散物集中起来。
n. 堆；大量；建筑群
 - lots of, wealth, ocean, sea, body
vt. 累积；打桩于
 - cumulate
vi. 挤；堆积；积累
 - crowd, pack

Word: spare
Front: spare
[speə(r)] (中高托雅 4585/3617 -K3)
Vocabulary: spare
(once / 101 pages)
1adjnv 2adj 3v 4n
Spare describes something that is extra. If you have a spare tire for your bike you can replace a flat, and if there's enough change in your pocket you can spare some to patch a friend's tire.
As a noun, a verb, and an adjective, the word spare has many meanings. A leftover part is a spare, you can spare a life when you save an animal or person, and you have spare time when you finish a project early. If you "spare no expense" you spend lots of money and when you spare a friend's feelings, you keep upsetting details to yourself. And if you have a moment to spare, you have time to share.
WORD FAMILY
spare: spared, sparely, spareness, sparer, spares, sparest, sparing+/sparer: sparers/sparing: sparingly, unsparing/unsparing: unsparingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In his spare time, such as it is, Okwara indulges his creative side.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Growing up, Reynolds was a natural mimic, often performing for classmates to compensate for the embarrassment she felt over her spare wardrobe.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Still, Pugh’s probation was not revoked, sparing him from a year in jail.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 节省，俭省; 不用，抽出，省掉; 宽恕，饶（命），救命，使某人免遭（麻烦等）; 出让，割爱，分让
adj. 多余的，剩下的（钱等），空闲的（时间等）; 预备的，备用的，替换用的; 多余的，瘦的，少量的; 薄弱的，简陋的，粗陋的
n. 备用零件，备用轮胎; 节省，俭省; 〈美〉（头两个球把十柱打得）全倒; 预备品，替换品
vi. 节约; 节省; 饶恕; 宽容
时态：spared, sparing, spares
分布：多余的(33%)，备用的(16%)，抽出(14%)，节约(10%)，饶恕(8%)，剩余(8%)，赦免(5%)，备用品(4%)，闲置的(2%)
→来自古英语 sparian,匀出，赦免，免于伤害，来自 Proto-Germanic*sparona,保存，节省，留出， 来自 sper,挣取，节省，使多产，来自 spe,繁盛，繁荣，词源同 speed,prosper.引申古 英语形容词 spaer,节省的，节俭的，及诸相关词义。
a.多余的,备用的v.节约,节省;抽出(时间)I daren't declare that the shares are my spare fare and welfare on the farewell party.在告别会上,我不敢宣称这些股票是我的备用车费和福利.
US [sper] adjective
EXTRA 额外的
 IMPROVER
■If something is spare, it is available to use because it is extra 额外的，备用的；多余的
• a spare key/tyre 备用锁匙／轮胎
• spare sheets and blankets 多余的床单和毛毯
• Have you got a spare pen? 你有多余的笔吗？
• We've got a spare room if you want to stay overnight with us. 要是你想在我们这里过夜的话，我们有一个空房间。
• Could I have a word with you when you've got a spare moment/minute ? 如果你有时间，我能否和你谈两句？
• UK informal "Do you want this cake?" "Yes, if it's going spare (= if no one else wants it)." “你要这块蛋糕吗？”“如果没有别人要，就给我吧。”
spare time
 ADVANCED
■time when you are not working 空闲时间
• I like to do a bit of gardening in my spare time. 我业余时间喜欢做点园艺。
UK [speər] US [sper] adjective
THIN 瘦的 literary
■tall and thin 瘦高的，瘦长的
• He had the spare build of a runner. 他有着赛跑运动员的瘦长体型。
UK [speər] US [sper] adjective
NOT DECORATED 未装饰的 literary usually approving
■plain and not decorated 简朴的，未装饰的
• The interior is spare, almost minimalist. 内部是简朴的，几乎是最简单的。
UK [speər] US [sper] adjective
ANNOYED 生气的
go spare UK informal
■to get very upset or angry 很恼火，很生气
• She goes spare if I'm so much as five minutes late. 如果我迟到五分钟，她就会很生气。
UK [speər] US [sper] verb
SAVE 拯救
transitive
■to not hurt or destroy something or someone 饶恕；不伤害；不毁坏
• They asked him to spare the women and children. 他们要他放过妇女和儿童。
UK [speər] US [sper] verb
AVOID 避免
transitive + two objects
■to prevent someone from having to experience something unpleasant 使避免，使免遭
• Luckily, I was spared the embarrassment of having to sing in front of everyone. 幸运的是，我躲过了在大家面前唱歌的尴尬。
• It was a nasty accident - but I'll spare you (= I won't tell you) the gruesome details. 那是一起严重的事故——我就不跟你讲那些令人毛骨悚然的细节了。
UK [speər] US [sper] verb
TRY HARD 努力尝试
spare no effort/expense
■to use a lot of effort, expense (= money) etc. to do something 不遗余力／不惜成本
• [+ to infinitive] We will spare no effort to find out who did this. 我们会全力以赴，一定查出是谁做了这件事。
not spare yourself formal
■to try as hard as you can to achieve something 竭尽全力，全力以赴
• She never spared herself in the pursuit of excellence. 她竭尽全力追求卓越。
UK [speər] US [sper] verb
GIVE 给
transitive
■to give time, money or space to someone especially when it is difficult for you （尤指在自己困难的情况下）抽出，拨出，挤出
• [+ two objects] Could you spare me £10? 你能抽出十英镑给我吗？
• I'd love to come, but I'm afraid I can't spare the time. 我很想来，但恐怕没时间。
spare a thought for sb
■to think about someone who is in a difficult or unpleasant situation 替（某人）着想
• Spare a thought for me tomorrow, when you're lying on a beach, because I'll still be here in the office! 明天你躺在海滩上的时候，替我想想吧，因为我还在办公室里！
to spare
■left over or more than you need 剩下，多余
• If you've got any wool to spare when you've finished the pullover, can you make me some gloves? 如果你织完毛衣还剩下毛线的话，可以给我织副手套吗？
• I caught the plane with only two minutes to spare. 我赶上飞机时距离起飞只剩两分钟了。
• There's no time/We've got no time to spare if we want to get the article written by tomorrow. 如果我们想明天就把这篇文章写完，那么就没剩多少时间了。
UK [speər] US [sper] verb
spare sb's blushes humorous
■to avoid making someone feel embarrassed 不使（某人）脸红，避免让（某人）难为情
UK [speər] US [sper] verb
Spare the rod and spoil the child. old-fashioned saying
■said to mean that if you do not punish a child when it does something wrong, it will not learn what is right 孩子不打不成器。 爱之深，责之切
UK [speər] US [sper] noun
countable
■an extra thing which is not being used and which can be used instead of a part which is broken, lost, etc. 备用品
countable usually plural (also spare part)
■a piece that can be used to replace another similar piece in a car or other device （汽车或其他设备的）备件，配件
vt. 节约，吝惜；饶恕；分出，分让
 - economize on, save on
vi. 饶恕，宽恕；节约
 - excuse from, economize on
adj. 多余的；瘦的；少量的
 - thin, unnecessary, waste, redundant, superfluous
n. 剩余；备用零件
 - surplus, residual

Word: arrangement
Front: arrangement
[əˈreɪndʒmənt] (高四托 2357/1092 -K3)
Vocabulary: arrangement
(once / 114 pages)
1n 2n 3n
When you organize things in an orderly way, the result is called an arrangement. If you admire your friend's arrangement of his living room furniture, you might go home and make a similar arrangement.
Your brother might keep an arrangement of Lego creations on his desk, and you could put an arrangement of wildflowers in a vase in the middle of your kitchen table. Another kind of arrangement is one you make when you negotiate an agreement with another person: "We have an arrangement — she gives me a ride to school and I walk her dog in the afternoon." The Old French root, arengier, means "to set in a row."
WORD FAMILY
arrangement: arrangements+/ arrange: arranged, arrangement, arranger, arranges, arranging, disarrange, prearrange, rearrange /arranger: arrangers/arranging: arrangings/disarrange: disarranged, disarrangement, disarranges, disarranging/disarrangement: disarrangements/ prearrange: prearranged, prearrangement, prearranges, prearranging/prearrangement: prearrangements/ rearrange: rearranged, rearrangement, rearranges, rearranging/rearrangement: rearrangements
USAGE EXAMPLES
In those cases, in contrast with the Nike-Michigan arrangement, the teams own the data, a Catapult spokesman said.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
Last year, celebrations in Europe were also overshadowed by security arrangements.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
A lot of Sue’s work begins with a sketch, whether it is to create a new flower arrangement, insect or a design for a customer.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 安排; 排列; 约定; 改编
分布：安排(86%)，布置(8%)，约定(3%)，改编曲(2%)，商议(1%)
排列,布置(arrange+ment)[range=rank,表示"排列,顺序"]
【反】welter（n 翻滚，混乱）－orderly arrangement（有秩序安排）
noun
PLAN 计划
 ESSENTIAL countable usually plural
■a plan for how something will happen 安排；筹划；准备（工作）
• They'd made all the arrangements for the party. 他们为聚会作好了一切准备。
• [+ to infinitive] Arrangements were made to move the prisoners to another jail. 已经作出安排将犯人转至另一监狱。
• What are your current child-care arrangements? 目前你的孩子怎么照顾？
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an agreement between two people or groups about how something happens or will happen 商定；约定
• [+ that] We had an arrangement that he would clean the house and I would cook. 我们定好了，他打扫清洁，我做饭。
• I'm sure we can come to an arrangement (= reach an agreement). 我确信我们之间可以达成协议。
• You can only withdraw money from this account by (prior) arrangement (= after making plans to do so) with the bank. 你必须和银行（预先）约定，才能从这个帐户取钱。
[ə'reɪndʒ.mənt] noun
POSITION 位置
countable
■a group of objects that have been put in a particular order or position 排列，安排
• There was a striking arrangement of dried flowers on the table. 桌上干花的插花样式非常引人注目。
[ə'reɪndʒ.mənt] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable
■a piece of music that has been changed so that it can be played in a different way, especially by a different instrument 改编曲
• This new arrangement of the piece is for saxophone and piano. 这首新改编的乐曲是供萨克斯风和钢琴演奏的。
n. 布置；整理；准备
 - preparation, positioning, preliminary, setting, provision

Word: upper
Front: upper
[ˈʌpə(r)] (高研四六 1955/1743 -K3)
Back: adj. 地位较高的; 上面的; 内地的; 地表层的
n. 鞋帮，靴面; 兴奋剂; 令人兴奋的经历
分布：上面的(30%)，上铺(15%)，鞋帮(14%)，较高的(13%)，上部的(13%)，兴奋剂(10%)，令人兴奋的经历(5%)
→来自up的比较级。
a.上面的;上部的,较高的The upset supplement supplier went up with the puppet to the upper room for supper.心烦意乱的增刊供给者与傀儡一起到上面的房间吃晚餐.
US [-ɚ] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■at a higher position or level than something else, or being the top part of something （位置或水准）较高的，较上的；上层的
• The office block's upper floors were being repainted. 办公楼的上面几层在重新油漆。
• If the infection is not checked it will probably spread to the upper body. 如果感染不控制住，很有可能扩散到上身。
Opposite lower
UK ['ʌp.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
HIGHER 较高的
■the top part of a shoe which covers a person's foot and to which the heel and the sole are fixed 鞋帮
• These shoes have leather uppers and synthetic soles. 这些鞋子的鞋帮是皮质的，鞋底是合成材质的。
UK ['ʌp.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
DRUG 药物 informal
■a drug which causes a person taking it to feel very active and excited 兴奋剂 Opposite downer
UK ['ʌp.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
be on your uppers old-fashioned informal
■to be very poor 穷困潦倒
adj. [流] [地质] 上面的，上部的；较高的
 - higher, over

Word: leak
Front: leak
[li:k] (高研四六托雅宝 5165/5948 -3)
Vocabulary: leak
(once / 428 pages)
1vn 2vn
A leak involves the release of something. It can be a behind-someone’s-back leak of sensitive information, a leak from a milk carton, or a leak in the roof that lets rain water drip in.
As a verb, leak means to allow light or fluid to escape, or to enter or escape as though through a hole. Light can leak in through the curtains, water can leak out of an almost-closed faucet, or information can leak to the press. A leak is almost always a bad thing — it indicates that something that should be contained has broken out or escaped.
WORD FAMILY
leak: leakage, leaked, leaker, leaking, leaks, leaky +/leakage: leakages/leaker: leakers/ leaky: leakier, leakiest, leakily, leakiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later, he taught overseas suppliers how to shield production lines and compartmentalize information to avoid leaks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Park attacked the leak, and her office pressed the newspaper to fire its president, according to the impeachment motion.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bentonite helps with everything from clarifying wine to keeping landfills from leaking.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 漏出; 透露; （指消息，秘密等）泄密; 漏电，漏水
vt. 使泄露; <非正式> 擅自公开
n. 泄漏，漏洞; 裂缝; 漏出物; （俚语）撒尿
时态：leaked, leaking, leaks
分布：漏(76%)，泄露(10%)，渗(8%)，漏洞(6%)
→来自leg,滴，滴下，词源同leach,lack,lake.引申词义泄漏。
v.漏,泄漏n.漏洞,漏隙;泄漏,漏出At the breakfast, the steak leaked from the break.早餐时,肉片从缺口处漏出来.
verb intransitive or transitive
LIQUID/GAS 液体或气体
 ADVANCED
■(of a liquid or gas) to escape from a hole or crack in a pipe or container or (of a container) to allow liquid or gas to escape （液体或气体）漏，泄漏
• Water was leaking from the pipe. 水正从管子里漏出来。
• Oil leaked out of the car. 油从车里漏了出来。
• The tin was leaking. 罐漏了。
• The car leaked oil all over the drive. 车漏了一路油。
[li:k] verb intransitive or transitive
INFORMATION 资讯
■to allow secret information to become generally known 泄露，透露（机密资讯）
• He leaked the names to the press. 他向新闻界透露了名单。
• News of the pay cuts had somehow leaked out. 降薪的消息不知怎的被泄漏了出去。
[li:k] verb intransitive or transitive
leak like a sieve informal
■to leak a lot 漏得厉害
[li:k] noun countable
LIQUID/GAS 液体或气体
 ADVANCED
■a hole or space through which a liquid or gas can flow out of a container, or the liquid or gas that comes out 漏洞，泄漏处；漏出物
• There's water on the floor - we must have a leak. 地板上有水——肯定是甚么地方漏了。
• If you suspect a gas leak, phone the emergency number. 如果你怀疑煤气泄漏就打救急电话。
[li:k] noun countable
INFORMATION 资讯
■the origin of secret information which becomes known, or the act of making it known （机密资讯）泄露的源头；泄露
• There have been several security leaks recently. 最近发现了几处安全性漏洞。
• They traced the leak to a secretary in the finance department. 他们追查出泄密的是财务部的一位秘书。
[li:k] noun countable
take a leak/have a leak slang
■to urinate 撒尿
drip, leak
这组词都有“滴，漏”的意思，其区别是：
drip: 侧重以点滴形式下落，也指漏出或溢出。
leak: 侧重液体或气体等从容器漏出，或泄漏了消息。
n. 泄漏；漏洞，裂缝
 - crack, split
vt. 使渗漏，泄露
 - reveal, divulge
vi. [电子] 漏，渗；泄漏出去
 - seep

Word: native
Front: native
[ˈneɪtɪv] (高研四六雅 1403/3140 -3)
Vocabulary: native
(once / 51 pages)
adjn
The word native has to do with where you're from. You're native to the country where you were born, and places have native plants and animals too.
Things that are native are indigenous — they were born there. This is where the term Native Americans comes from — they were on this land before Europeans came over. Native plants were originally in a place — they weren't transplanted. The same is true of native animals. Sometimes people born in a place are called natives, as in "You are a native of Cleveland." When you see the word native, think "born there."
WORD FAMILY
native: natively, nativeness, natives, nativity, nonnative+/ nativity: nativities
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new generation of social historians analyzed the concerns of marginalized groups — workers, women, free and enslaved African-Americans, and Native Americans, among others.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Native Americans used the land to hunt buffalo by guiding them over a sandstone cliff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The bear-claw shaped ring of mountain peaks that form the caldera also is culturally significant to neighboring Native American tribes.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 本国的; 土著的; 天生的; 天真的，纯朴的
n. 当地人; 土著人; 当地产的动（植）物
分布：土著(34%)，本地人(25%)，当地的(12%)，本土的(11%)，本国的(10%)，本国人(8%)
→来自拉丁语nativus,出生，降生，来自gen,生育，出生，词源同gene,generate.引申词义本土的，当地的。
本地人(nat出生)[-ive 1.表形容词2.表名词后缀,"人或物"]
a.本地的,本国的;天生的n.本地人,本国人The native has no nationality; he is an international man.这个土著没有国籍,他是一个国际人.
US [-tˌɪv] adjective
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■relating to or describing someone's country or place of birth or someone who was born in a particular country or place 出生国的；出生地的；土生土长的
• She returned to live and work in her native Japan. 她回到她的出生地日本生活和工作。
• She's a native Californian. 她是土生土长的加州人。
 IMPROVER
■describes plants and animals which grow naturally in a place, and have not been brought there from somewhere else （动植物）原产于（某地）的，土生的
• Henderson Island in the Pacific has more than 55 species of native flowering plants. 太平洋的亨德森岛上有超过55种土生的开花植物。
• The horse is not native to America - it was introduced by the Spanish. 马不是美洲原产的动物——是西班牙人带来的。
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■relating to the first people to live in an area 土著的，土著人的
• The Aborigines are the native inhabitants of Australia. 是指澳大利亚的土著居民。
• the native population 土著人口
• native customs and traditions 土著风俗传统
⇒ See also indigenous
your native language/tongue
 IMPROVER
■the first language that you learn 母语
• French is his native tongue. 法语是他的母语。
[before noun]
■A native ability or characteristic is one that a person or thing has naturally and is part of their basic character 天生的，与生俱来的
• his native wit 他与生俱来的智慧
⇒ See also innate
UK ['neɪ.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] adjective
go native disapproving or humorous
■If a person who is in a foreign country goes native, they begin to live and/or dress like the people who live there. 入乡随俗
UK ['neɪ.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] noun countable
■a person who was born in a particular place, or a plant or animal that lives or grows naturally in a place and has not been brought from somewhere else 本地人；土生植物；本地的动物
• a native of Monaco 摩纳哥当地人
• The red squirrel is a native of Britain. 红松鼠原产于英国。
■offensive old-fashioned
■someone who lived in a country, especially in Africa, before Europeans went there （尤指非洲的）土著，土人
UK ['neɪ.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  nativeWarning: one of the meanings of the noun native is offensive and old-fashioned. To talk about the people who live in a particular place, don't say 'natives', say local people :
✗ The best way to learn the language is to get to know the natives. The best way to learn the language is to get to know the local people.
citizen, native, civilian, resident, inhabitant
这组词都有“居民，公民”的意思，其区别是：
citizen: 指拥有某国国籍或有某地区合法身份的人，即公民。
native: 指土生土长的本地居民。
civilian: 指相对于军人或官员的平民百姓。
resident: 多指长期居住或暂时居住的民民，有时也指旅居者。
inhabitant: 最普通用词，一般指常住居民。
individual, native, people, inhabitant
individual: 个人，有某种特点的人
native: 本地人，出生于某国（或某地）的人
people: 民族，种族，部落
inhabitant: （某地的）居民
adj. 本国的； [生物] 土著的；天然的；与生俱来的；天赋的
 - crude, inherent
n. 本地人；土产；当地居民
 - indigen, local product

Word: offshore
Front: offshore
[ˌɒfˈʃɔ:(r)] (高托雅 7765/7349 -2)
Vocabulary: offshore
(once / 1114 pages)
adjadv
Anything offshore happens out at sea — and when you're talking about the wind, offshore means it's blowing toward the land.
During your Caribbean vacation, you might paddle out to an offshore sandbar, a raised area away from the beach. You could also put on fins and a snorkel and check out some offshore coral reefs. Offshore breezes bring cooler air to the coast, and offshore drilling is a method of seeking out underwater oil and gas. If someone has an "offshore bank account," it means they keep their money in a foreign country — probably to avoid paying taxes on it.
WORD FAMILY
offshore: offshores
USAGE EXAMPLES
The government will also be able to publicly name culprits who enable tax evasion or help move money offshore.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The World Bank is tracking the offshore money of leaders toppled during the Arab Spring, including those of Egypt, Libya and Tunisia.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Fewer Australians are against immigration than in years past, and more are pushing the government to find a solution to the offshore detention crisis.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 离开海岸的; 近海的; 海外的，国外的
adv. （指风）向海的，离岸的
分布：近海的(43%)，海外的(21%)，离岸的(18%)，离岸地(10%)，近海地(8%)
→off,离开，shore,岸边。用于经济学术语离岸的。
US [ˌɑ:f'ʃɔ:r] adjective adverb
■away from or at a distance from the coast 在海上（的）；近海（的）；离岸（的）
• offshore engineering 近海工程
• an offshore breeze 习习陆风
• The wind was blowing offshore. 风吹向海面。
UK [ˌɒf'ʃɔ:r] US [ˌɑ:f'ʃɔ:r] adjective
■(of companies and banks) based in a different country with different tax rules that cost them less money （公司或银行）境外的，海外的
• offshore banking/funds 境外银行业务／基金
Compare onshore
adj. 离岸的； [海洋] 近海的；吹向海面的
 - paralic
adv. [海洋] 向海面，向海
 - seaward

Word: sack
Front: sack
[sæk] (研四六托雅宝 4467/4693 -K3)
Vocabulary: sack
(once / 303 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4nv 5nv 6n
A sack is a bag. In some parts of the country, store clerks put your stuff in a sack, but in other parts the same stuff goes in a bag. Sack is also an exciting verb.
While a sack is often just a bag, as a verb it can do a lot more. A boss might sack, or fire, an employee who’s no longer needed. In American football, if you sack a quarterback, you tackle him. This comes from the other meaning of sack, which is to raid and plunder a town, like when the Visigoths sacked Rome. If someone says they’re going to hit the sack, don’t worry, they’re just going to bed.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
sac / sack
Both are containers, but a sac is for plants and animals, and a sack is for a sandwich. So spiders put their eggs in a sac, and people put their groceries in a sack.
A sac is usually biological — attached to a living thing. At the end of E.B. White's, Charlotte's Web, Charlotte, the dying spider, says, "This is my egg sac, my magnum opus, my great work."
Sacs aren't just for spiders, though. Humans have them, too:
 "The identical twin girls shared an amniotic sac and placenta." (Washington Post)
"It damages air sacs and passages to the lungs, and can make breathing a struggle." (BBC)
Add a "k" to make sack and you've got yourself another name for a bag you can put your groceries in. You might have a sack of flour in your kitchen. Soldiers can also sack entire villages, as in raid them. People also sack quarterbacks and needless employees. Here are some examples:
"Within earshot, Meser, a 32-year-old farmer, sat on three sacks of rice with two cans of oil resting by his feet." (New York Times)
"Attitudes hardened after the sacking of Constantinople, the centre of the Orthodox empire, by Crusaders in 1204." (The Guardian)
"Every team that passed me, I was thinking how I'm going to sack their quarterback." (Salon)
They sound exactly the same, and they both contain something, but sac is more specific and rare than sack. You put your snack in a sack.
WORD FAMILY
sack: sacked, sackful, sacking, sacks+/sackful: sackfuls/sacking: sackings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Donald, a Pro Bowl selection in each of his first three seasons, finished with eight sacks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He was sacked three times, Rodgers was not.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Manning was limited to 199 yards passing and was sacked three times.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 麻袋; 洗劫; <英俚>解雇
vt. 解雇; 把…装进袋里; 掠夺
时态：sacked, sacking, sacks
分布：解雇(69%)，袋子(24%)，劫掠(6%)，把 ... 装入袋子(1%)
→来自拉丁语 saccus,袋子，来自希腊语 sakkos,袋子，来自某闪族语词，比较希伯来语 saq,袋 子。通常指比较大的袋子，引申词义麻袋，购物袋等，后引申比喻义抢劫及现代词义解雇， 开除，卷包袱走人。
n.袋,包,麻袋v.解雇I packed the jackets and rackets into packets with the sacks.我们用袋子将夹克和球拍打成小包.
noun
BAG 袋子
countable
■a large bag made of strong cloth, paper or plastic, used to store large amounts of something 大布袋；麻袋；大纸袋；大塑胶袋
• The corn was stored in large sacks. 玉米装在大麻袋里。
• a sack of potatoes/coal/flour 一袋马铃薯／煤／面粉
⇒ See also haversack;knapsack;rucksack
countable US
■a paper or plastic bag used to carry things bought in a food shop 食品购物袋
• a sack of groceries 一袋食品杂货
[sæk] noun
DISMISS 解雇
the sack
■when someone is removed from their job 开除，解雇
• They gave him the sack for being late. 因为迟到，他们开除了他。
• Two workers got the sack for fighting in the warehouse. 两名工人因为在仓库打架而被解雇了。
[sæk] noun
STEAL 窃盗
only singular
■the act of stealing all the valuable things from a town and sometimes destroying the town, during a war （通常指在战争中）洗劫，劫掠
• The sack (= destruction) of Rome by the Visigoths occurred in the 5th century. 西哥德人洗劫罗马发生在西元五世纪。
[sæk] noun
BED 床
the sack only singular US informal
■bed 床
• It's late - I'm going to hit the sack (= go to bed). 时间不早了，我要上床睡觉了。
• He came home and found Judy and Brad in the sack (= in bed) together. 回到家，他发现茱蒂和布拉德睡在同一张床上。
in the sack US informal
■If someone is good/bad in the sack, they are sexually skilled/not sexually skilled. 床上功夫（好或差）
[sæk] verb transitive
DISMISS 解雇
 ADVANCED
■to remove someone from a job, usually because they have done something wrong or badly, or sometimes as a way of saving the cost of employing them 解雇，开除
• They sacked her for being late. 因为迟到，他们把她开除了。
• He got sacked from his last job. 他上一份工作是被解雇的。
[sæk] verb transitive
STEAL 窃盗
■to steal all the valuable things from a building, town, etc., and possibly destroy the building or town, usually during a war （通常指在战争中）洗劫，劫掠
• The invaders sacked every village they passed on their route. 侵略者洗劫了他们途经的每个村庄。
[sæk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  sack out US informal
■to go to bed 上床睡觉
• It's late - I'm going to sack out. 不早了，我要上床睡觉了。
sack, handbag, purse, bag
这组词都有“袋”的意思，其区别是：
sack: 应用较窄，指较大的袋子，如麻袋等。
handbag: 指手提包，尤指女人用的手提包。
purse: 指钱包或小钱袋，在美国相当于bandbag。
bag: 普通用词，指一般的口袋，有时也指手提包。
n. 麻布袋；洗劫
 - gunny bag, burlap bag
vt. 解雇；把……装入袋；劫掠
 - get the boot, dehire

Word: deploy
Front: deploy
[dɪˈplɔɪ] (六 4495/9843 -2)
Vocabulary: deploy
(once / 832 pages)
v
To deploy is to move into fighting formation, the way a military commander might deploy troops in preparation for a battle. You'll almost always find the word deploy in a military context.
The Latin plicāre means "fold." By adding dis- to it, to get displicāre, we get the idea of an "unfolding," or distributing. This is the basis of the word deploy, and it gives us a good mental image of the sending out, or "unfolding," of troops in a military plan. To deploy means more than just dispersing troops, however — there is usually a specific formation in mind, consistent with military strategies. And you can deploy nonmilitary assets, too, like accounting teams before an IRS audit.
WORD FAMILY
deploy: deployed, deploying, deployment, deploys, redeploy +/ deployment: deployments/ redeploy: redeployed, redeploying, redeployment/redeployment: redeployments
USAGE EXAMPLES
He’d like to see forces deployed in Poland and the Baltic States to ward off Russian hostilities.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile, she authorised the transfer to Estonia of high-precision long-range missiles to be deployed alongside drones, tanks and RAF jets.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The captured sailors are released, but only after Secretary of State John Kerry assures the Iranian government that he will not deploy James Taylor.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. &vi. （尤指军事行动）使展开; 施展; 有效地利用
时态：deployed, deploying, deploys
分布：部署(89%)，配置(6%)，展开(4%)，进入战斗位置(1%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-ploy, 卷，卷入，词源同employ, implicate. 即展开，引申词义部署。
调度;部署(部队)(de加强+ploy→加强使用[部队]→调度)[ploy=use,invlve,表示"用,参与"]
【记】de加强语义，ploy用一加强使用部队一部署ploy阴谋，策略：对敌人使用需要部署本拉登employ人deploy恐怖活动
【反】concentrate（v 集中；浓缩）
verb transitive
■to use something or someone, especially in an effective way 有效运用；发挥…的作用
• The company is reconsidering the way in which it deploys its resources/staff. 詃公司在重新考虑其资源／员工的使用之道。
• My job doesn't really allow me fully to deploy my skills/talents. 我在工作中并不能真正发挥技能／才能。
■to move soldiers or equipment to a place where they can be used when they are needed 部署；调动
• The decision has been made to deploy extra troops /more powerful weapons. 目前已经决定部署更多的士兵／更具杀伤力的武器。
vt. 配置；展开；使疏开
 - station, configurate
vi. 部署；展开
 - expand, spread out
n. 部署
 - disposition

Word: tempt
Front: tempt
[tempt] (研四六托 5592/4078 -1)
Vocabulary: tempt
(once / 110 pages)
v
To tempt is to lure or entice. You might tempt your runaway dog back inside with pieces of cheese.
The verb tempt often has negative implications: "Don't let those bullies tempt you into picking on smaller kids!" When something tempts you, it's often with the knowledge that it's not the best idea, however attractive it might be. Tempt was originally a religious term, meaning "to entice to evil or sin," while today it's more likely to be a slice of cake that tempts us than the devil.
WORD FAMILY
tempt: temptable, temptation, tempted, tempter, tempting, tempts+/ temptation: temptations/tempter: tempters/tempting: temptingly, temptingness, untempting/untempting: untemptingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
When the burdens of modern life weigh people down, a huge life change is tempting.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Now, viewers may be tempted to split their time between assessing the show’s new host, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and checking Mr. Trump’s Twitter feed.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
That sounds pretty tempting after watching Reed dominate at the Ryder Cup.
Golf Digest(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 引诱，怂恿; 吸引; 冒…的风险; 使感兴趣
vi. 有吸引力
时态：tempted, tempting, tempts
分布：引诱(37%)，吸引(32%)，诱惑(25%)，怂恿(6%)
→来自拉丁语 temptare,尝试，试探，改写自 tentare,接触，尝试，试探，来自 ten,展开，词 源同 tentative,tentacle.引申词义引诱，诱惑。
诱惑,尝试[tempt=try,表示"尝试"]
v.诱惑,引诱;吸引,使感兴趣The empty empire's emperor made an attempt to tempt the contemptuous man.空虚帝国的皇帝试图诱惑那个轻蔑的人.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make someone want to have or do something, especially something that is unnecessary or wrong 引诱，诱惑
• The offer of a free car stereo tempted her into buying a new car. 免费赠送汽车音响让她禁不住诱惑买了一辆新车。
• [+ to infinitive] They tempted him to join the company by offering him a large salary and a company car. 他们承诺给他优厚的薪水和一辆公司汽车，以诱使他加入该公司。
be tempted ADVANCED
■to want something or to want to do something 想要（某物）；想做（某事）
• "Did you apply for that job?" "Well, I was very tempted but in the end I decided not to." “你申请那份工作了吗？”“唔，我是很想申请，但最后还是决定放弃了。”
• I was sorely (= very) tempted to resign after my boss was so rude to me. 老板对我如此粗鲁，令我很想辞职。
[tempt] verb transitive
tempt fate/providence
■If you tempt fate or providence by doing something, you take a silly risk by doing it and depend too much on your good luck 玩命；冒不必要的危险
• You're tempting fate by riding your bike without wearing a cycle helmet. 你不戴头盔骑自行车简直是在玩命。
attract, charm, enchant, fascinate, tempt
这些动词均含有“吸引，引诱”之意。
attract: 普通用词，指客观上吸引人的注意力。
charm: 侧重迷住某人或使之高兴。
enchant: 着重指有能力引起被迷住者的欢乐或赞美。
fascinate: 通常含使人无法拒绝、无法摆脱的意味。
tempt: 指吸引力很强，强调欲望被唤醒。
tempt, induce
tempt: 诱使（做坏事），贬义
induce: 诱导，引导，中性词；
vt. 诱惑；引起；冒…的风险；使感兴趣
 - attract, produce, cause, operate, occasion

Word: dramatic
Front: dramatic
[drəˈmætɪk] (研四六托雅 2119/2242 -K4)
Vocabulary: dramatic
(once / 201 pages)
adj
Dramatic means having to do with a play, as in “a dramatic production.” It also means striking or exaggerated.
Half an hour of exercise a day can have a dramatic effect on your physical well being. If you burst into tears when you get a B on a paper and wail, “Now I’m never going to get into college,” you can be accused of being dramatic, which means you’re acting out your reaction, or overly dramatic, which means your reaction is over the top.
WORD FAMILY
dramatic: dramatically, undramatic+/ drama: dramas, dramatic, dramatise, dramatist, dramatize /dramatisation: dramatisations/dramatise: dramatisation, dramatised, dramatises, dramatising, overdramatise/ dramatist: dramatists/ dramatization: dramatizations/ dramatize: dramatization, dramatized, dramatizes, dramatizing, overdramatize/overdramatize: overdramatized, overdramatizes, overdramatizing/undramatic: undramatically
USAGE EXAMPLES
In what would be a dramatic change for the sport and its fans, the penalty phase — for former players, at least — may be over.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
United States national men’s soccer team wins, 1-0, on dramatic goal in Trinidad and qualifies for World Cup on final day.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After a while, you do hope for something a little more dramatic – particularly when the assembled parties are gathered next to a shark tank.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 戏剧的，戏剧性的; 引人注目的; 突然的; 巨大的
分布：戏剧性的(54%)，引人注目的(22%)，激动人心的(13%)，戏剧艺术(6%)，戏剧作品(3%)，给人深刻印象的(1%)，戏剧性的行为(1%)
戏剧性的(drama戏剧)[-tic表形容词,通常放在一个名词前,"与…相关的,...的"]
a.戏剧的,戏剧性的;剧烈的The meeting between the mother and her son was dramatic.这母子之间相会的情景真令人感动.
US [-'mætˌ-] adjective
EXCITING 激动人心的
 IMPROVER
■very sudden or noticeable, or full of action and excitement 骤然的；戏剧性的；激动人心的
• a dramatic change/improvement 戏剧性的变化／改善
• We watched scenes of the dramatic (= exciting) rescue on the news. 我们在新闻中看到了惊心动魄的救援场面。
UK [drə'mæt.ɪk] US [-'mætˌ-] adjective
THEATRE 戏剧的
■relating to plays and acting 戏剧的；表演的
• She bought me the complete dramatic works (= texts to be performed) of Brecht for my birthday. 她买了全套的布莱希特戏剧集送给我作生日礼物。
• the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts 皇家戏剧艺术学院
adj. 戏剧的；引人注目的；激动人心的
 - attractive, scenic

Word: pair
Front: pair
[peə(r)] (中高雅 1485/1213 -K4)
Vocabulary: pair
(once / 85 pages)
1nv 2v
A pair is something that comes in a set of two — like a pair of shoes or a pair of tennis players who make great doubles partners.
Pair can also work as a verb. Think of Noah pairing animals on the ark so he could save their species from the flood. And, along those same lines, the verb to pair is sometimes used to mean reproductive pairing (something pairs of shoes wouldn't dream of doing).
WORD FAMILY
pair: paired, pairing, pairs+/paired: unpaired/pairing: pairings
USAGE EXAMPLES
"You don't need a gun to try on a pair of jeans."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Gilbert spied a pair of trucks outfitted with machine guns and RPG launchers threatening the stranded Americans.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
“I have a pair of handcuffs that are sitting on my bookshelf,” says Brune.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 一副; 一对男女; 套在一起的两匹马; 雌雄成对的动物
vt. & vi. （使…）成对，（使…）成双
vi. 交配，交尾
时态：paired, pairing, pairs
分布：一双(49%)，一对(31%)，一副(20%)
→来自拉丁语par,对等，双，对，词源同part,peer.
n.一对,一双;一副;夫妇v.配对,成对On the impaired dairy the chairman lay in a pair of repaired chairs for haircut.在遭到损害的牛奶场,主席躺在一对修理过的椅子上理发.
US [per] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■two things of the same appearance and size that are intended to be used together, or something that consists of two parts joined together 一对，一双
• a pair of shoes/gloves 一双鞋／一副手套
• a pair of scissors/glasses 一把剪刀／一副眼镜
• I can't find a matching pair of socks. 我找不到两只成对的袜子。
• He packed two pairs of trousers and four shirts. 他把两条裤子和四件衬衫放进包里。
• I'd like you to do this exercise in pairs (= in groups of two). 我希望你们两人一组来做这个练习。
 ADVANCED
■two people who have a romantic relationship or are doing something together 一对（配偶或合作伙伴）
• They seem a very happy pair. 他们像是很幸福的一对。
• What have you pair been up to? 你们两个在搞甚么名堂？
■two animals that come together to have sex and produce young （动物）交配的一对
• a breeding pair 进行繁殖的一对
• a mated pair of swans 一对天鹅
UK [peər] US [per] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pair off
■to begin a romantic or sexual relationship with someone 结成一对情侣；出双入对
• All my friends seem to be pairing off and getting married. 我所有的朋友好像都已出双入对，正在准备婚事。
• Ravens nest very early in the spring and they pair off in the late autumn. 乌鸦早春筑巢，晚秋交配。
UK [peər] US [per] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pair sb off
■to introduce two people to each other so that they will start a romantic relationship 使（两人）结成一对情侣，介绍（两个人）认识
• I managed to pair my best friend Sue off with Mike. 我成功把我最好的朋友苏和麦克凑成一对。
UK [peər] US [per] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pair (sb) off
■If a group of people pair off, they divide into pairs in order to do something, and if you pair them off, you divide them into pairs 两人一组结成对；把（一组人）分成几对
• The students paired off to practise their conversational skills. 学生两人一组进行会话技巧练习。
UK [peər] US [per] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pair up
■to join together temporarily with another person in order to do something （为做某事）结成对，成搭档
• Everyone should pair up for the next dance. 跳下一支舞时大家都应该两人一对。
pair, couple
pair: 多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers
couple: 主要指人或动物,
n. 一对，一双，一副
 - pack

Word: obstacle
Front: obstacle
[ˈɒbstəkl] (研四六托雅宝 3569/4525 -2)
Vocabulary: obstacle
(once / 302 pages)
n
When the road is blocked ahead of you, that blockage is an obstacle that keeps you from getting where you want to go.
The Latin word that is the source of the word obstacle combines parts that mean "to stand in the way of," so an obstacle is something that stands against what you want to do. In a dramatic piece, the obstacle is the person or thing that keeps a character from achieving his or her goal. This creates the conflict in a play: since conflict is what drama is all about, the obstacle is the source of all drama.
WORD FAMILY
obstacle: obstacles
USAGE EXAMPLES
Settlements are, of course, not the only obstacle, but they are without question today the main one.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Security Council and a major obstacle to Middle East peace in the view of the Obama administration.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But politics, not Senate rules, might be the more significant obstacle to a comprehensive Obamacare repeal.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 障碍（物）; 障碍物（绊脚石，障碍栅栏）
分布：障碍(97%)，绊脚石(3%)
→ob-,相对，对着的，-st,站，站立，词源同stand.即对着站的，站在对面的，引申词义障碍。
障碍(物)(ob反+sta+acle→反着站的东西→障碍物)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
障碍(ob在+sta{=stand站}+acle→站在中间的物品→障碍)[-acle表名词"…物品,状态"]
n.障碍(物),妨碍,阻碍,干扰The reservoir in the reserved preserve is an obstacle to the obstinate observer.预留保护区内的水库对固执的观察者是一个障碍.
【记】ob我不，sta＝stand，cle一我不站在这里阻碍你们了
US ['ɑ:b-] noun countable
■something that blocks you so that movement, going forward or action are prevented or made more difficult 障碍；阻碍；妨碍
• The biggest obstacle in our way was a tree trunk in the road. 我们路上最大的障碍是横在路上的一棵树。
• This decision has removed the last obstacle to the hostages' release. 这个决定清除了释放人质的最后障碍。
obstruction, barrier, hindrance, obstacle, bar
这组词都有“障碍(物)”的意思，其区别是：
obstruction: 常既指具体的障碍又可指抽象或喻意上的阻碍。
barrier: 常指临时的或者可能跨越的障碍。
hindrance: 指妨碍他人进步或做事的人或物。
obstacle: 指在达到目的或前进的过程中必须消除或绕过的障碍物，也指起阻碍作用等情况。
bar: 既可指阻止进出或通过的栅栏一类的障碍物，也可用于抽象意义障碍。
n. 障碍，干扰；妨害物
 - interference, let, bar, disturbance, dam

Word: ice
Front: ice
[aɪs] (中高雅 1230/2164 -K4)
Vocabulary: ice
(once / 138 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
Ice is water that's gotten cold enough to freeze solid. When the pond in your neighborhood is solid ice in January, it's safe to skate on.
Ice takes many forms; you might slip on the ice, scrape sheets of ice off your car windows, or drop ice into your drink. In every case, the ice is frozen water, and when it freezes, it ices, the way roads ice over on winter nights. When you sprain your wrist, you should probably ice it, or hold ice on the injured area. You can also ice — or frost — a cupcake, or eat a sweet, cold fruit-flavored ice.
WORD FAMILY
ice: de-ice, deice, iced, ices, icing, icy +/deice: deiced, deicer, deices, deicing/deicer: deicers/ icing: icings/ icy: icier, iciest, icily, iciness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Coffee, tea, mint lemonade, ice water, all the drinks I politely accepted.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The trail skirted a couple of avalanche zones, which we recognized by the steep slopes and RV-sized ice chunks littering the chutes.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
I’m an ice skating instructor, and the day after getting the drug, I had one of my best lessons ever.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 冰; 雪糕; 冷淡; 冰状物
vt. & vi. （使）结冰
vt. 结冰; 冰镇
vi. 结冰
adj. 冰的
时态：iced, icing, ices
分布：冰(82%)，冰淇淋(13%)，结冰(3%)，冰镇(1%)，冷淡(1%)
→来自古英语is,冰。
n.冰;冰冻甜食vt.冰冻,使成冰"Ice-cream!" he screamed in dream."冰淇淋!"他在梦中惊叫道.
noun
FROZEN WATER 结冰的水
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■water which has frozen and become solid, or pieces of this 冰；冰块
• The pond was covered in ice all winter. 这个池塘整个冬天都结着冰。
• Would you like ice in your juice? 你的果汁里要加冰块吗？
• I've put a couple of bottles of champagne on ice (= in a container of ice to get cold). 我已经把几瓶香槟冰镇起来了。
• He skidded on a patch of ice. 他在一块冰上滑了一下。
[aɪs] noun
ICE CREAM 霜淇淋
countable UK old-fashioned
■an ice cream, especially one bought in a shop （尤指从商店买的）霜淇淋
• The shop sign said 'Drinks, Cakes, Ices!' 商店的招牌上写着：“饮料、糕点、霜淇淋！”
[aɪs] noun
JEWELLERY 珠宝
uncountable informal
■jewellery, especially diamonds 珠宝（尤指钻石）
[aɪs] noun
be on ice
■If a plan is on ice, a decision has been made to delay it for a period of time 搁置，暂缓
• Both projects are on ice until the question of funding is resolved. 在资金问题解决以前，两个专案都搁置了。
[aɪs] verb transitive
COVER CAKES 覆盖在糕点上 UK (US frost)
■to cover a cake with icing (= a food made mainly with sugar) 给（糕点）加糖霜
• I've made her a chocolate cake - now I just need to ice it. 我为她做了一个巧克力蛋糕，现在只需要加上糖霜。
[aɪs] verb transitive
KILL 杀死 US slang
■to murder someone 谋杀
[aɪs] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  ice over
■If an area of water ices over, it becomes covered with a layer of ice 结冰，被冰层覆盖
• The lake has iced over. 湖面结了一层冰。
[aɪs] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  ice up
■to become covered in ice and often stop working 因结冰而无法运作；被冻住
• The plane was delayed because the engine had iced up. 飞机因引擎结冰而延误了。
n. [水文] [制冷] 冰；冰淇淋；矜持
 - gelato, reservedness
adj. 冰的
 - glacial

Word: recognise
Front: recognise
['rekəgnaɪz] (高 -/1077)
Back: vt. 认出，识别出某人[某事物]; 承认…有效[属实]; 认可; 承认[认清]（某事物）
时态：recognised, recognising, recognises
分布：认可(95%)，=recognize(5%)
vt. 承认，认可；识别
 - accept, agree, allow, identify, acknowledge

Word: torture
Front: torture
[ˈtɔ:tʃə(r)] (研四六雅宝 5272/7091 -3)
Vocabulary: torture
(once / 191 pages)
1nv 2n
To torture is to torment or purposefully put someone through intense pain or agony.
The word torture comes from the word for "harm." It can refer to the deliberate infliction of physical or mental suffering in order to punish or obtain information; the act of distorting something, so it means something it wasn't intended to mean; or extreme mental distress or unbearable physical pain not necessarily inflicted by another.
WORD FAMILY
torture: self-torture, tortured, torturer, tortures, torturesome, torturing, torturous +/tortured: torturedly/torturer: torturers/torturesome: torturesomely/torturing: torturingly, torturings/ torturous: torturously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment is never a morally permissible option, even if lives depend on gaining information,” the manual said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"Our prisons were built to annihilate, torture and kill."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
This regular season finale provided fresh torture for a franchise that hasn’t found consistent success in a quarter century.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 拷问; 折磨; 痛苦; （精神上或肉体上的）折磨
vt. 使痛苦; 使苦恼; 使焦急; 曲解
时态：tortured, torturing, tortures
分布：拷问(54%)，痛苦(31%)，曲解(9%)，使痛苦(6%)
→来自拉丁语 tortus,扭曲的，扭成一团的，词源同 turn,torment.-ure,名词后缀。引词义拷问， 折磨。
折磨,拷问(tort+ure→扭曲[别人]→折磨)[tort=twist表示"扭曲"]
酷刑,折磨(tort扭曲)[-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示"一般状态,行为"…ature","iture"注:-ture在s结尾的词根后变成-sure]
v.拷问,拷打;折磨,磨难n.拷问;折磨,痛苦After a fortnight's torture, the unfortunate man got an opportunity to escape the misfortune.经过两星期的拷打后那个不幸的人得到了逃脱不幸的机会.
【记】tort扭，ure－扭打－折磨
US ['tɔ:r.tʃɚ] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the act of causing great physical or mental pain in order to persuade someone to do something or to give information, or to be cruel to a person or animal 拷打；拷问；折磨；虐待
• Half of the prisoners died after torture and starvation. 半数的囚犯死于拷打和饥饿。
• He revealed the secret under torture. 在严刑拷打之下，他招供了。
countable or uncountable informal
■a very unpleasant experience 折磨，煎熬
• The rush-hour traffic was sheer torture as usual. 交通尖峰期像往常一样令人煎熬。
UK ['tɔ:.tʃər] US ['tɔ:r.tʃɚ] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to cause great physical or mental pain to someone intentionally 拷打；拷问；折磨；虐待
• It is claimed that the officers tortured a man to death in 1983 in a city police station. 据称，1983年在一所市警察局里，员警将一名男子拷打致死。
■to cause mental pain 使精神上受到折磨；使痛苦；使苦恼
• [R] He tortured himself for years with the thought that he could have stopped the boy from running into the road. 他本可以阻止那个男孩跑到马路上去的想法多年来折磨着他。
sorrow, agony, grief, anguish, torment, distress, misery, torture
这组词都有“苦恼、痛苦”的意思，其区别是：
sorrow: 语气比grief弱，指因不幸、损失或失望等所产生的悲伤。
agony: 侧重指精神或身体痛苦的剧烈程度。
grief: 指由某种特殊处境或原因造成的强烈的感情上的苦恼与悲痛。
anguish: 指精神方面令人难以忍受的极度痛苦；用于身体时，多指局部或暂时的痛苦。
torment: 强调烦恼或痛苦的长期性。
distress: 多指因思想上的压力紧张、恐惧、忧虑等所引起的精神上的痛苦，也可指某种灾难带来的痛苦。
misery: 着重痛苦的可悲状态，多含不幸、可怜或悲哀的意味。
torture: 语气比toment强，指在精神或肉体上受到的折磨所产生的痛苦。
vt. 折磨；拷问；歪曲
 - harry, colour, worry, trouble, tear
n. 折磨；拷问；歪曲
 - violence, ordeal

Word: fare
Front: fare
[feə(r)] (高研四六雅 4776/4481 -3)
Vocabulary: fare
(once / 235 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4v
It's not fair that fare means three unrelated things. As a verb, it means to proceed or get along, as in "Fare thee well." As a noun, it can refer to the cost of travel ("Train fare is ten dollars") or to food ("Tatertots are typical cafeteria fare").
To remember fare's different meanings, think of how, for people living close to the bone, the question "How are you eating/faring?" is not so different from "How are you getting along/faring?" And when you pay plane fare and fly to France, you will most assuredly be eating French fare once you get there.
WORD FAMILY
fare: fared, fareed, fares, faring
USAGE EXAMPLES
The last time vinyl fared so well in the UK, in 1991, Simply Red's Stars was the year's biggest-selling record.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“I expected the fare and change fees to end up around the cost of a whole new booking,” Ryan said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I expected the fare and change fees to end up around the cost of a whole new booking,” Mr. Ryan said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 费; 票价; 乘客; 食物
vi. 吃; 进食; 进展; 遭遇
时态：fared, faring, fares
分布：车费(50%)，乘客(15%)，食物(9%)，进展(8%)，路费(5%)，进食(4%)，旅行(4%)，过活(3%)，行走(2%)
→来自per,穿过，跨过，向前，词源同ford, forth.引申词义远行，后也用来指旅费。
n.车费,船费;伙食;乘客v.过活;进展;经营I daren't declare that the shares are my spare fare and welfare on the farewell party.在告别会上,我不敢宣称这些股票是我的备用车费和福利.
【记】回忆：fanfare（n 夸耀）
US [fer] noun
PAYMENT 付款
 IMPROVER countable
■the money that you pay for a journey on a vehicle such as a bus or train 车费；车票价
• Train fares are going up again. 火车票又涨价了。
 IMPROVER countable
■someone who pays to be driven somewhere in a taxi 计程车乘客
UK [feər] US [fer] noun
FOOD 食物
uncountable slightly old-fashioned
■the type of food that is served in a restaurant （餐馆的）饭菜
• a pub serving traditional British fare 供应传统英国菜肴的酒馆
UK [feər] US [fer] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition slightly old-fashioned
■to succeed or be treated in the stated way 成功；遭遇
• How did you fare in your exams? 你考得怎么样？
• Low-paid workers will fare badly/well under this government. 在这届政府执政期间，低收入工人的境况会很糟／很好。
fee, bill, fare
fee: (进入一个地方，如场馆、学校等)费用
bill: （用餐、电话等）账单
fare: (特指交通等)费用
fee, expense, price, charge, fare, cost
这组词都有“价格，费用”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指上学、求医以及找律师等付的费用，还可指会费、借书费等。
expense: 常指实际支付的费用总数额，有时也指钱的花费。
price: 指商品在市场出售的价格，尤指卖方对商品所提出的单价。比喻意义指付出的代价。
charge: 指提供服务时索取的费用，也指货物的价格、价钱。
fare: 侧重指旅行时所付的车、船费等费用。
cost: 指生产某东西的成本，也泛指商品的价格，可与price换用。
vi. 经营；进展；遭遇；过活
 - round, advance
n. 票价；费用；旅客；食物
 - passenger, food, fee, charge, diet

Word: excess
Front: excess
[ɪkˈses] (研四六托雅宝 5741/4540 -3)
Vocabulary: excess
(once / 283 pages)
nadj
Excess is too much of something, like big-time overindulgence. Eating to excess makes your stomach hurt, and spending to excess means you can't pay your credit card bills.
Excess comes from the Latin word excessus meaning, "go out, going beyond the bounds of reason," like eating and spending in excess. (Not so reasonable.) Although it spends most of its time as a noun, it can also be an adjective to describe "more than is required or needed," like when excess water spills over the top of the bathtub, or those excess pounds spill over the top of your jeans.
WORD FAMILY
excess: excesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
My female GP changed my condition to non-morbid obesity after I complained that the previous label, obesity due to excess food consumption, was inaccurate.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
After she died, she was buried with grave goods far in excess of others.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Remove the chicken from the marinade, shaking off any excess.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 超过; 超额量; 多余量; 放肆
adj. 超重的，过量的，额外的
分布：过剩(41%)，过量(26%)，超过(19%)，过量的(10%)，额外的(4%)
→来自exceed, 超过。-ss, 过去分词后缀。
过度,过剩[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
a.过量的,额外的n.过量;过剩;超额;无节制You will have to pay for the excess.你必须为超过部分付钱.
【记】来自excess（过分），ex，cess（走）－走出格－过分
【参】excessive（adj 极过分的；额外的）
【反】too little（太少的）
noun
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■an amount which is more than acceptable, expected or reasonable 过分；过量；过度
• An excess of enthusiasm is not always a good thing. 过分热情不见得总是件好事。
• They both eat to excess (= too much). 他们两个都吃得太多了。
• There will be an increase in tax for those earning in excess of (= more than) twice the national average wage. 对于那些收入超过全国平均薪资一倍以上的人，税收额将要增加。
excesses [plural]
■actions far past the limit of what is acceptable 过分的行为；越轨行为；暴行
• For many years people were trying to escape the excesses (= cruel actions) of the junta. 在过去很多年里面，人们一直都在千方百计逃离残虐的军政府统治。
• As for shoes, her excesses (= the large number she owned) were well known. 讲到鞋，众所周知她的鞋多得离谱。
[ek'ses] ['--] adjective [before noun]
■extra 过多的；多余的，额外的
• Cut off any excess pastry and put it to one side. 切掉多余的饼皮，放在一边。
excess, exceeding
excess: 附加的，过量的，超额的
exceeding: 非常的，极度的
gigantic, maximum, excess, excessive, multiple, surplus
gigantic: 巨大的，庞大的
maximum: 最大的，最高的
excess: （作定语） 过度的，额外的，超过了正常限度或标准
excessive: 过度的，过分的
multiple: 多样的，多重的，多倍的
surplus: 过剩的，多余的，剩余的
n. 超过，超额；过度，过量；无节制
 - immoderation, exorbitance
adj. 额外的，过量的；附加的
 - additional, added, attached, extra, plus

Word: nice
Front: nice
[naɪs] (中高宝 897/750 -K4)
Vocabulary: nice
(once / 96 pages)
adj
To be nice is to be pleasant and good-natured. Polite people and sunny days are nice.
Nice people and situations are enjoyable and don't cause problems. If you say something rude (or honest) to your sibling, your parents might say "Be nice!" This word is a little vague and overused. Like interesting, it's hard to know what people really mean when they say nice. One meaning is easier to figure out: if you score a goal in hockey, that was a nice shot. That means you were skillful and did well — you shot the puck nicely.
WORD FAMILY
nice: nicely, niceness, nicer, nicest, overnice+/niceness: nicenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“You ever been to the Belvedere? They got two really nice bars over there.”
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“You are human. Be nice to yourself and just start over.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
George was very nice, almost a little shy.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 美好的，愉快的; 正派的; 友好的，亲切的; 细致的
级别：nicer, nicest
分布：好的(76%)，友好的(8%)，令人愉快的(7%)，美妙的(6%)，精细的(3%)
→来自法语nice,笨的，傻的，来自拉丁语nescius,无知的，ne-,无，没有，-sci,知识，知道，词源同science.后来词义反转的赋予了诸多褒义色彩。比较silly.
a.美好的,令人愉快的;友好的,亲切的A nice price of the iced rice is offered to the officer.军官得到了冰冻米的好价钱.
adjective
PLEASANT 令人愉快的
 ESSENTIAL
■pleasant, enjoyable or satisfactory 愉快的；美好的；满意的
• Did you have a nice holiday? 你假期过得愉快吗？
• Have a nice day/time! 祝你度过愉快的一天／过得愉快！
• This milk doesn't smell very nice. 这种牛奶闻起来味道不太好。
• Thanks for ringing - it 's been nice talking to you. 谢谢你的来电——跟你聊天很开心。
• Wasn't it nice of them to invite us? 他们真不错，想到了邀请我们，不是吗？
nice and ... informal
 ADVANCED
■pleasantly 令人愉快地，很好地
• This orange is nice and juicy. 这橘子真是味美多汁。
[naɪs] adjective
KIND 好心的
 IMPROVER
■kind, friendly or polite 好心的；友善的；有礼貌的
• Jane's new boyfriend is a really nice guy. 简的新男友是个很不错的小伙子。
• I wish you'd be nice to your brother. 我希望你会好好对待你弟弟。
• It was very nice of her to drive you home. 她开车送你回家真是好心。
• It's not nice to talk with your mouth full. 嘴里塞满食物时说话，是不礼貌的。
[naɪs] adjective
SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT 略有不同的
[before noun] formal
■based on very slight differences and needing a lot of careful and detailed thought 细微的；微妙的
• I wasn't convinced by the minister's nice distinction between a lie and an untruth. 部长所说关于谎言和不实之间的微妙区别，无法令我信服。
[naɪs] adjective
Nice one! UK Australian informal
■something that you say when you have just heard that someone has done something you think is good 好样的！太好了！（用于表示对某人所作所为的赞叹）
• 'Graham's brought some champagne along to mark the occasion.' 'Oh, nice one, Graham!' “格雷厄姆带了些香槟来庆祝这一时刻。”“太棒了，格雷厄姆！”
[naɪs] adjective
nice work if you can get it
■something you say about an easy way of earning money which you would like to do if you could 容易赚钱的事人人都愿意做，能有这样的好事就好了。
• She got one million dollars for appearing on television for five minutes - (that's) nice work if you can get it! 她在电视上露面5分钟就拿到了100万美元——这样的好事谁不愿意做！
joyful, glad, delightful, merry, gay, happy, agreeable, jolly, nice, pleasant, cheerful
这组词都有“愉快的，高兴的”的意思，其区别是：
joyful: 语气较强，强调心情或感情上的欣喜。
glad: 最普通用词，语气较弱，表示礼貌的惯用语。指乐于做某事或因某事而感到满足，常表愉快的心情。
delightful: 指能带来强烈的快乐，激起愉快的情感，用于非常愉快的场合。
merry: 指精神情绪的暂时高涨，表示欢乐、愉快的心境或情景，侧重充满欢笑声和乐趣。
gay: 侧重无忧无虑、精神昂扬、充满生命的快乐。
happy: 侧重感到满足、幸福或高兴。
agreeable: 指与感受者的愿望、情趣或受好等和谐一致而带来的心情上的快意。
jolly: 通俗用词，多指充满快乐与喜悦的神情。
nice: 语气较温和，泛指任何愉快或满意的感觉。
pleasant: 侧重给人以“赏心悦目”或“愉快的，宜人的”感受。
cheerful: 多指因内心的愉快而表现出兴高采烈，是强调而自然的感情流露。
adj. 精密的；美好的；细微的；和蔼的
 - precision, exact, narrow, kind, benign

Word: chamber
Front: chamber
[ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)] (研四六托雅 2667/2381 -K3)
Vocabulary: chamber
(once / 112 pages)
1nv 2n
A chamber is an enclosed space, often where a specific event usually takes place — such as a sleeping chamber or a torture chamber.
The history of the word chamber is an interesting one. The Latin word for room was camera. The original word for camera was camera obscura, or "dark chamber," since it was a big black box. Now, the word chamber can refer to any enclosed space — such as the chamber of a gun or the four chambers of your heart.
WORD FAMILY
chamber: antechamber, chambered, chambering+/ antechamber: antechambers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The gas tax effort failed, earning the ire of the state chamber.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The budget hearings will be held in the House chamber at the state Capitol.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But don’t convene a town hall meeting or get your dandruff up in the echo chamber over them.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 室，卧室，会客室; 内庭; [多用于英国]律师的办公室; 议事厅
vt. 限制，幽禁，封闭或限制; 使备有房间
时态：chambered, chambering, chambers
分布：室(84%)，房间(11%)，会议厅(5%)
→来自sker, 转，拱。词源同camera, comrade, curve. 原指拱形的室，现已无限制。
n.房间,室;会议室;议院;(动物体内)腔室The little boy was chambered in a narrow cave.小男孩被关在一个狭窄的洞里.
US [-bɚ] noun
ROOM 房间
countable formal
■a room used for a special or official purpose, or a group of people who form (part of) a parliament （用于特定用途或官方用途的）房间，室，厅；议院
• Meetings of the council are held in the council chamber. 委员会的会议在会议厅举行。
• a torture chamber 刑讯室
• There are two chambers in the British parliament - the House of Commons is the lower chamber, and the House of Lords is the upper chamber. 英国议会有两院——众议院是下议院，贵族院是上议院。
[plural]
■a judge's private office. A judge may have legal discussions with lawyers in private in his or her chambers. （法官的）议事室
in chambers formal UK legal
■If a trial is in chambers, it happens in a court room without the public, newspaper reporters , etc. being there. 进行（无公众和记者参加的）不公开审理的
UK ['tʃeɪm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
BEDROOM 卧室
countable old use
■a room in a house, especially a bedroom 房间；（尤指）卧室
UK ['tʃeɪm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
SPACE 空间
countable specialized
■a closed space in a machine, plant or animal （机器、植物或动物的）腔，膛，室
• The human heart has four chambers. 人的心脏有四个心室。
n. （身体或器官内的）室，膛；房间；会所
 - apartment, room
adj. 室内的；私人的，秘密的
 - indoor, private, secret, underground, inside
vt. 把…关在室内；装填（弹药等）
 - load

Word: immediately
Front: immediately
[ɪˈmi:diətli] (中高四六托 1142/974 -K4)
Vocabulary: immediately
(once / 48 pages)
1adv 2adv 3adv
If you want it NOW, you want it immediately. Immediately means this minute, this moment, right away!
Immediately is an adverb that usually applies to time, but can also mean next to, or nearby, as in, "The kids immediately to your right has red hair." It can also be used to talk about close, even direct, connections, as in, "Are you immediately involved in the push to get rid of the schools superintendent?" Despite the different uses, the meaning is similar. When you see immediately, think close, sudden, and now!
WORD FAMILY
immediate: immediacy, immediately, immediateness+/ immediacy: immediacies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The artist’s record label, Atlantic Records, did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Depending on the severity of these symptoms, patients may need to delay treatment and begin a course of steroids and or discontinue the drug immediately.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A flag was thrown immediately, and the call was upheld on review.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 立即，马上; 直接地; 紧接地
conj. 一…就，即刻
分布：立即(95%)，直接地(5%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■now or without waiting or thinking 立即，马上
• We really ought to leave immediately. 我们真的应该马上就走。
• The purpose of the meeting wasn't immediately obvious. 会议的目的并不十分明确。
 ESSENTIAL
■close to something or someone in distance or time （距离或时间上）接近，紧接
• Milton Street is on the left, immediately after the bank. 密尔顿大街在左边，一过银行就是。
• They moved in immediately before Christmas. 他们在圣诞节前不久才搬进来。
• We heard a loud crash from the room immediately above us. 我们马上听到从正上方的房间传来了一声巨响。
■closely or directly 紧接地；直接地
• The people most immediately affected by the drought are the farmers themselves. 受旱灾影响最直接的是农民自己。
[ɪ'mi:.di.ət.li] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  immediatelyWarning: Common word-building error! If an adjective ends with 'te', just add 'ly' to make an adverb. Don't write 'immediatly' or 'immediatelly', write immediately.
[ɪ'mi:.di.ət.li] conjunction UK
■as soon as
• Immediately she'd gone, the boys started to mess about 她一走开，那些男孩就闹成一团。
• I'll call you immediately I hear anything. 我一有甚么消息就给你打电话。
instantly, right away, directly, soon, at once, shortly, presently, immediately
这组词都有“立刻，马上”的意思，其区别是：
instantly: 指恰恰就在此刻，一秒钟也没耽误。
right away: 主要用于美国英语，语气稍弱于at once，强调动作迅速。
directly: 和immediately同义，指毫无迟疑。
soon: 常用词，指行动快，完成速度快。
at once: 口语中常用，语气强烈，指时间紧迫，一刻也不能耽误。
shortly: 和soon同义，指动作发生或完成的速度之快。
presently: 指不久、即将。
immediately: 指做完一件事后，立即就做另一件事，中间一般没有明显的时间间隔。
adv. 立即，立刻；直接地
 - rapidly, directly, soon, now, shortly
conj. 一…就
 - directly, than

Word: remote
Front: remote
[rɪˈməʊt] (高研四六托 2778/2684 -K3)
Vocabulary: remote
(once / 181 pages)
adjn
Remote describes something far, far away, like a campsite way out in the woods, a distant planet, or the chance you'll win the lottery.
The Australian outback is remote, since it's hard to get to and there aren't many people there. It's also remote in the sense that it's far away from civilization. Someone with a faraway look in her eye, not answering your questions is also remote. Remote can describe something unlikely, like that lottery win. You might win, but your chances are so remote you shouldn't count on it.
WORD FAMILY
remote: remotely, remoteness, remoter, remotes, remotest+/remoteness: remotenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Especially in remote areas, it is unlikely to happen.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The group were found during an army operation in a remote northern region, in which at least 12 rebel fighters were captured.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Police say Bennion often jogs on remote trails in Southern Utah, and was last seen wearing black running pants and a white T-shirt.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. （时间上）遥远的; 远离的; 远程的; 微小的
n. 远程操作; 遥控器
vt. 使…向远方延伸，把…延展到远处
级别：remoter, remotest
分布：偏僻的(43%)，遥远的(40%)，远程的(11%)，远程操作(6%)
→re-,向后，往回，-mot,移动，词源同 motion,remove.比喻用法。
遥远的(re回+mote→动回去→退回去→遥远的)[mot=move,表示"动"]
a.远的,遥远的,疏远的,偏僻的,细微的The promoter promptly made a quotation for the remote control motors.发起人立刻制了一份遥控马达的报价单.
US [-'moʊt] adjective
DISTANT 遥远的
 IMPROVER
■far away in distance, time or relation 远的；遥远的；久远的；关系疏远的
• remote galaxies 遥远的星系
• It happened in the remote past , so no one worries about it any more. 这件事发生在很久很久以前了，所以没有人再为此担心了。
• They take little interest in a conflict far from their homes and remote from their everyday problems. 这是一场远在他们家乡千里之外的冲突，和他们每天遇到的问题也毫不沾边，他们对其不怎么感兴趣。
 IMPROVER
■describes an area, house or village that is a long way from any towns or cities 边远的；偏僻的；僻静的
• a remote mountain village 偏远的山村
UK [rɪ'məʊt] US [-'moʊt] adjective
SLIGHT 绝少的
 ADVANCED
■slight 绝少的；微小的；微乎其微的
• a remote possibility 微乎其微的可能性
• The chances of a visit by Martians to the Earth are remote. 火星人访问地球的可能性微乎其微。
UK [rɪ'məʊt] US [-'moʊt] adjective
NOT FRIENDLY 不友好的
■not very friendly or showing little interest in other people 不友好的；冷漠的；孤高的
• Her manner was remote and cool. 她的举止孤高冷漠。
UK [rɪ'məʊt] US [-'moʊt] adjective
not have the remotest idea
■to not know at all 毫不知情；一无所知
• "Who's that?" "I haven't the remotest idea." “那人是谁？”“我压根不认识他。”
UK [rɪ'məʊt] US [-'moʊt] noun countable
■a remote control
distant, far, remote
这组词都有“远的”的意思，其区别是：
distant: 语意最强，强调距离。
far: 除特殊情况外，侧重长距离。也可用作引申意义。
remote: 侧重指离中心地有利的地方很远。
adj. 遥远的；偏僻的；疏远的
 - distant, lonely

Word: hall
Front: hall
[hɔ:l] (中高研四六托雅 1839/800 -K3)
Vocabulary: hall
(once / 160 pages)
n
A hall is the space in a house or building that leads to individual rooms. Some homes are organized with several bedrooms leading off one long hall.
Your house might have a front hall just inside the main door, or if you live in an apartment building, your door might be at the end of a hall on the fourth floor. Another kind of hall is a large room meant for holding events, like a village hall, exhibition hall, or lecture hall. College campuses often include many halls — these are commonly dormitory buildings, which include hall in their names.
WORD FAMILY
hall: halls
USAGE EXAMPLES
Down the hall in a science room, just a few minutes after classes begin, a student hurries to talk to his teacher.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Across the hall is the massive dining room, adorned too with holiday decorations.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Down the hall in the preschool rooms, Mark Hernandez helped his grandson Joseph Beourgeois, 5, put the finishing touches on a snowman.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 过道，走廊; 大厅，前厅; 娱乐中心，会所
分布：大厅(89%)，礼堂(11%)
→来自古英语heall,屋顶覆盖的厅堂，住所，来自kel,隐藏，遮蔽，词源同cell,hole.引申词义前厅，门厅。
n.礼堂,会堂,办公大楼,门厅In the hall, the shallow challenger shall be allowed to swallow the swallows.在大厅里,肤浅的挑战者将被允许吞下燕子.
US [hɑ:l] noun countable
BUILDING 建筑物
 ESSENTIAL
■a building or large room used for events involving a lot of people 礼堂，大厅，会堂
• the Royal Albert Hall 皇家亚伯特厅
• a concert hall 音乐厅
• the school sports hall 学校体育馆
• I'm playing in a concert at the village/church hall. 我将在村里的礼堂／教堂大厅所举行的音乐会参与演奏。
UK [hɔ:l] US [hɑ:l] noun countable
ENTRANCE 入口
 IMPROVER (also hallway)
■the room just inside the main entrance of a house, apartment or other building which leads to other rooms and usually to the stairs 大厅；走廊
• I've left my bags in the hall. 我把书包掉在大厅里了。
n. 门厅，走廊； [建] 会堂；食堂；学生宿舍
 - passage, corridor

Word: strongly
Front: strongly
[strɒŋlɪ] (四六 2383/1965 -K)
Vocabulary: strongly
(once / 159 pages)
adv
The adverb strongly is useful for describing something that's done powerfully or forcefully. When a teacher speaks strongly, the class pays attention.
If your parents strongly advise you not to borrow their car unless it's an emergency, they really mean it. When your friend says that she strongly dislikes roller coasters, it means she would not enjoy a surprise trip to an amusement park as a birthday present. Strongly means "with strength," and it comes from the adjective strong, with its Old English root word, strang, "physically powerful, forceful, or severe."
WORD FAMILY
strong: stronger, strongest, strongly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Because metabolic activity is strongly dependent on tissue temperature, RMR will therefore fall even more.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Groups like the Clean Air Task Force favor it strongly.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But legal filings strongly suggest a split with his court-appointed defenders about whether to argue that his rampage resulted from mental illness.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 强烈地; 坚强地; 坚固地; 强有力地
分布：强有力地(30%)，坚强地(30%)，激烈地(20%)，气味浓地(20%)
US ['strɑ:ŋ-] adverb
NOT WEAK 不虚弱
 IMPROVER
■very much or in a very serious way 强烈地；坚决地；坚定地
• They strongly believe their children should make choices for themselves. 他们坚信应该由孩子自己来选择。
• Many locals are strongly opposed to the development. 许多当地居民强烈反对这项土地开发。
UK ['strɒŋ.li] US ['strɑ:ŋ-] adverb
DIFFICULT TO BREAK 牢固地
■in a way or form that is difficult to break 牢固地；坚固地；结实地
• Equipment will have to be strongly made to endure the weather conditions on the ice cap. 设备必须制造得非常坚固，才能承受得住冰盖上的天气条件。
adv. 强有力地；坚强地；激烈地；气味浓地
 - forcefully, bitter

Word: weekend
Front: weekend
[ˌwi:kˈend] (中高雅 1193/1317 -K4)
Back: n. 周末; 星期六和星期日（或略长一点的）休息时间
vi. 过周末，度周末
adj. 周末的
时态：weekended, weekending, weekends
分布：周末(91%)，周末的(7%)，过周末(2%)
n.周末The Greek checked his cheeks on the weekend.希腊人在周末检查了他的面颊.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■Saturday and Sunday, or Friday evening until Sunday night; the part of the week in which many people living in the West do not go to work 周末（周六和周日，有时也包括周五晚上）
• Have you got anything planned for the weekend? 你周末有甚么安排吗？
• This/Next weekend we're going to see some friends. 本／下周末我们要去拜访一些朋友。
■a holiday or a visit taken at a weekend 周末假期；周末的拜访
• How much would a weekend for two in Amsterdam cost? 两个人去阿姆斯特丹度周末要花多少钱？
• They've got a weekend cottage in Sussex. 他们在萨塞克斯郡有一栋周末渡假小屋。
at the weekend UK (US on the weekend)
■on Saturday or Sunday, or on both Saturday and Sunday 在周末
• What did you do at the weekend? 你周末做了甚么？
• We go out once in a while after work and on the weekend. 下班后和周末期间，我们偶尔会出去玩。
at weekends UK (US on (the) weekends)
■between Friday evening and Sunday night, or on Saturdays and Sundays 在周末时间
• They usually go windsurfing at weekends. 他们周末通常去玩帆板冲浪。
[ˌwi:k'end] ['--] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  weekend Remember that weekend should be written as one word. Don't write 'week end' or 'week-end', write weekend :
✗ We spent the week end camping in the forest.
n. 周末，周末休假；周末聚会
 - Saturday-to-Monday
adj. 周末的，周末用的
 - Saturday-to-Monday

Word: cook
Front: cook
[kʊk] (中高 1419/2338 -K4)
Back: vt. & vi. 烹调; 编造; 篡改; 密谋
vt. 烹调; 煮
vi. 烹调; 做菜
n. 厨师; 厨子
时态：cooked, cooking, cooks
分布：厨师(76%)，烹调(18%)，炊事员(3%)，捏造(2%)，烧煮(1%)
→来自pekw, 燃烧，加热，词源同kiln, cuisine, dyspeptic.
n.厨师v.烹调,烧煮;纂改(账目),捏造By the crook, the cook looked through a cookbook before making hooked cookies.在溪边,厨子在做钩形饼干之前查阅了一本食谱.
verb
HEAT 加热
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■When you cook food, you prepare it to be eaten by heating it in a particular way, such as baking or boiling, and when food cooks, it is heated until it is ready to eat 做饭，烹调；烧，煮
• I don't cook meat very often. 我不常煮肉吃。
• [+ two objects] He cooked us an enormous meal./He cooked an enormous meal for us. 他给我们准备了一顿丰盛的饭菜。
• Let the fish cook for half an hour before you add the wine. 先把鱼煮半个小时再加入酒。
[kʊk] verb
CHANGE 改变
transitive informal
■to change evidence , written facts or records in order to deceive people 篡改；伪造；捏造
[kʊk] verb
be cooking US informal
■to be making good progress or doing something well 正在进步；做得非常好
• "Look! I've found the missing puzzle pieces." "Now we're cooking!" “看，我找到所缺的拼图块了。”“这下我们就好办了！”
• Jean's new band was really cooking at the party last night. 琼的新乐队在昨晚聚会上的演出确实很棒。
[kʊk] verb
cook sb's goose
■to do something that spoils someone's plans and prevents them from succeeding 扰乱（某人）的计划；使（某人）丧失成功机会；毁掉（某人）的前程
• Just tell her we can't - that'll cook her goose. 只要告诉她我们不能——那她就没戏了。
[kʊk] verb
cook the books informal
■to change numbers dishonestly in the accounts (= financial records) of an organization, especially in order to steal money from it （尤指为偷钱而）篡改账目
[kʊk] verb
What's cooking? old-fashioned slang
■used to ask about what is happening or what someone is planning 发生甚么事了?怎么回事?在干甚么?
• I just saw the police arrive - what's cooking? 我刚看到员警来了——发生甚么事了？
[kʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cook sth up informal
■to invent a story, plan, etc., usually dishonestly 编造，捏造
• She'd cooked up some weird scheme that was going to earn her a fortune. 她想出了个能使自己发财的怪点子。
• I had to cook up an excuse about my car breaking down. 我只好编个借口说车子出了故障。
[kʊk] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who prepares and cooks food 厨师；炊事员
• She's a wonderful cook. 她是位很出色的厨师。
[kʊk] noun countable
Too many cooks spoil the broth. UK saying (US Too many cooks spoil the soup.)
■said when there are too many people doing the same piece of work at the same time, so that the final result will be spoiled 厨师太多烧坏汤；人多反倒误事
cook, cooker
cook: 厨师,
cooker: 厨具 He is a good cook.
n. [劳经] 厨师，厨子
 - chef, kitchener

Word: audit
Front: audit
[ˈɔ:dɪt] (研托雅宝 5503/3172 -2)
Vocabulary: audit
(once / 743 pages)
1vn 2v
An audit is a thorough counting, review, or assessment of a situation or collection of things. Before baking cookies, you'd better make an audit of the ingredients available to see whether there is enough sugar and butter.
The most common use of the word audit is with the Internal Revenue Service, which sometimes performs an audit of a taxpayer’s finances to see whether that taxpayer has accurately reported his or her income. It can also be used in this context as a verb. It's easy to get nervous if the IRS is planning to audit you! You can also audit a class if you attend but don't pay for it. Just don't think that you'll get credit towards graduation from that.
WORD FAMILY
audit: audited, auditing, auditor, audits+/ auditor: auditors
USAGE EXAMPLES
State Auditor and Inspector Gary Jones says he expects at least five of those counties to pass the audit next year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He keeps copies of both checks in his books, seen by the AP, in case he is ever audited.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A state audit released in September found the number of liquor stores in Utah so inadequate that adding 19 would just keep up with demand.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 审计，查账
vt. 审计，查账; 旁听
vi. 审计
时态：audited, auditing, audits
分布：审计(94%)，旁听(5%)，查帐(1%)
v.审计;查帐;核对;旁听The audit of the man's estate revealed unpaid taxes.Some students are auditing the art class. but most are taking it for credit.
US ['ɑ:-] verb transitive
FINANCE 金融 specialized
■to make an official examination of the accounts of a business and produce a report 查…的账目；审计
UK ['ɔ:.dɪt] US ['ɑ:-] verb transitive
EDUCATION 教育 US to go to a class or educational course for pleasure or interest, without being tested or receiving a qualification at the end 旁听
• As a senior citizen, he is allowed to audit university classes. 作为一个老年人，他得到准许可以旁听大学的课程。
UK ['ɔ:.dɪt] US ['ɑ:-] noun countable
■an official examination of the accounts of a business 查…的账目；审计
• The company has an audit at the end of each financial year. 这间公司在每个财政年度的年末都要进行一次审计。
vi. 审计； [审计] 查帐
 - examine and verify
vt. （美）旁听
 - sit in on

Word: integrate
Front: integrate
[ˈɪntɪgreɪt] (研四六托雅宝 3431/3349 -3)
Vocabulary: integrate
(once / 509 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To integrate is to make parts of something into a whole. It also means to become one unit, or to make a place (like a school) open to people of all races and ethnic groups.
One of the results of the Civil Rights Movement was the decision to integrate the schools of the American South. Before this point, African American students went to different schools than white students. After the decision to integrate the schools, students of all races went to the same schools. Integrate also means to make into a whole or to incorporate into a larger structure: "If your school is missing a unit on thermodynamics, your science teacher could integrate it into the curriculum."
WORD FAMILY
integrate: disintegrate, integrated, integrates, integrating, integration, integrative, integrator, reintegrate+/ disintegrate: disintegrable, disintegrated, disintegrates, disintegrating, disintegration, disintegrative/ disintegration: disintegrations/disintegrative: disintegratively/ integral: integrality, integrally, integrals, integrate / integrated: nonintegrated, unintegrated/ integration: integrations/integrator: integrators/reintegrate: reintegrated, reintegrates, reintegrating
USAGE EXAMPLES
He previously taught for three years at Integrated Arts Academy in Chaska.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The next challenge for many of these companies might be in integrating their tech start-ups with the main business.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jaynes believed that the development of nerve fibres connecting the two hemispheres gradually integrated brain function.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 合并; 成为一体; 加入; 融入群体
时态：integrated, integrating, integrates
分布：整合(61%)，结合(29%)，完整的(3%)，求积分(3%)，取消隔离(2%)，组合的(2%)
→来自integral,整体的，引申词义使一体化。
使一体,使结合(integr+ate)[inter=whole,表示"完整"]
v.(into,with)(使)成为一体,(使)结合在一起Many suggestions are needed to integrate the plan.需要许多建议使计划更加完整.
US [-tˌə-] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to mix with and join society or a group of people, often changing to suit their way of life, habits and customs （使）融入（某社会或群体）；（使）成为一体
• He seems to find it difficult to integrate socially. 他似乎觉得很难与别人打成一片。
• [R] It's very difficult to integrate your self into a society whose culture is so different from your own. 让自己融入一个文化上完全不同的社会是非常困难的。
• Children are often very good at integrating into a new culture. 孩子通常很善于融入新的文化。
transitive
■to combine two or more things in order to become more effective 使合并，使成为一体
• The aim, said the minister, was to integrate Britain both politically and economically into the European Community. 大臣说，目标是使英国在政治和经济上都与欧共体融为一体。
• The idea with young children is to integrate learning with play. 对幼儿的理念是寓教于乐。
integrate, link, combine, wove
integrate: 使合并，使结合
link: 联系，有关联的
combine: 结合，组合，综合
wove: 编、织
incorporate, integrate
incorporate: 结合，合并，编入
integrate: 把……集成
vi. 求积分；取消隔离；成为一体
 - become one flesh
adj. 整合的；完全的
 - complete, absolute, full, total, round
n. 一体化；集成体
 - gleichschaltung

Word: servant
Front: servant
[ˈsɜ:vənt] (中高研四六 3938/1878 -K3)
Vocabulary: servant
(once / 49 pages)
n
A servant works at someone’s home, often doing lowly tasks. You might feel like a servant when your mom insists that you do the dishes before you can do anything fun, but think how she feels cooking dinner every day!
If you’re a servant, you serve someone else. In that 1930s mystery novel, chances are the rich family had servants to set the table and do the laundry. Nowadays, calling someone who does those things a servant has an insulting connotation. If you think your hard work gets no respect, you might feel like a servant. But people who work for the government like to be called "public servants," because they serve the good of public and not themselves.
WORD FAMILY
servant: servants+/ serve: servant, served, server, serves, serving/server: servers/serving: self-serving, servings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The group described Turkey as “the servant of the cross.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Bernstein, in his book, called Davies and Service “smart and dedicated public servants” who were “naïvely dazzled” by the Communists.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The honorees are actually chosen by civil servants committees based on nominations from the government and the public.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 仆人，佣人，雇工; [美]奴仆，奴隶; 官吏，公务员，服务员; 随员，献身…的人
分布：仆人(100%)
→来自 serve,服务，服侍，-ant,人。
仆人;公务员(serv+ant表示人)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
n.仆人The desert deserves the nervous servants to observe.那个沙漠值得神经紧张的公务员们去观察.
US ['sɝ:-] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a person who is employed in another person's house, doing jobs such as cooking and cleaning, especially in the past （尤指旧时的）佣人，仆人
public servant/servant of the state
■a person who works for the government 公务员，公仆
• Public servants should be incorruptible. 公务员应该做到清正廉洁。
attendant, servant, waiter
这组词都有“服务员”的意思，其区别是：
attendant: 多指跟随某人并为其服务的人。也可指一般意义的“服务员”。
servant: 指吃住在他人家为挣工资而干活的人，也指被雇用的人或指广义的“公仆”。
waiter: 指在饭店、旅馆等处的男服务员，女服务员为waitress。
n. 仆人，佣人；公务员；雇工
 - man, flunky

Word: brief
Front: brief
[bri:f] (高研四托 2146/1863 -K4)
Vocabulary: brief
(once / 79 pages)
adjvn
Something brief is short and to the point. If you make a brief visit, you don't stay long. If you make a brief statement, you use few words. If you wear brief shorts, you are showing a little too much leg.
As a noun, a brief is a condensed summary or abstract, especially a legal summary of a case. Lawyers submit pretrial briefs to the court outlining the witnesses for the prosecution or defense. As a verb, brief means to give essential information to someone — like the President gets briefed on important matters.
WORD FAMILY
brief: briefed, briefer, briefest, briefing, briefless, briefly, briefness, briefs+/ briefing: briefings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Correction: An early version of Friday’s briefing misstated what the runner John Gilmour wore during a race.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
She was a major scholar of Thomas Jefferson and wrote a brief biography of him, published in 2003.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The problem is that Mr. Trump apparently does not sit still for the intelligence briefings that try to describe the world as it is.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 短暂的; （衣着）短的; 简洁的; 简明的
vt. 向…介绍基本情况; （尤指事前）向…介绍基本情况; 向…下达简令; 在…事先向…做简要指点
n. 概要; 短文; 简短声明; （争议一方的情况或论点）要点摘录
时态：briefed, briefing, briefs
分布：简短的(43%)，短暂的(38%)，摘要(14%)，短期的(2%)，扼要的(1%)，作…的概述(1%)，案件陈述(1%)
→来自词根brev, 短。引申义汇报，介绍情况。
简短的[brev,bridg=short,表示"短,缩短"]
a.简短的,简洁的v.简短介绍,简要汇报I believe my brief words will relieve her grief.我相信我简短的话会减轻她的悲痛.
adjective
SHORT IN TIME 短暂的
 IMPROVER
■lasting only a short time or containing few words 短暂的；简短的
• His acceptance speech was mercifully brief. 幸而他的提名演讲很简短。
• I had a brief look at her report before the meeting. 会前我浏览了一下她的报告。
• It'll only be a brief visit because we really haven't much time. 我们的时间真的不多，所以只能作短暂的参观游览。
• After a brief spell/stint in the army, he started working as a teacher. 在军队呆了短暂的一段时间以后，他当起了教师。
• The company issued a brief statement about yesterday's accident. 那家公司就昨天的事故发表了简短的声明。
■used to express how quickly time goes past （时间）短暂的，飞快的
• For a few brief weeks we were very happy. 在短短的几周里，我们过得十分愉快。
[bri:f] adjective
SHORT IN LENGTH 短的
■(of clothes) very short （衣服）很短的
• She was wearing a rather brief skirt, as I recall. 我记得她当时穿了件非常短的裙子。
[bri:f] verb transitive formal
■to give someone instructions or information about what they should do or say 向…介绍情况；给…指示
• We had already been briefed about/on what the job would entail. 已经有人向我们介绍了工作内容。
Compare debrief
[bri:f] noun
SHORT FORM 简短
in brief
■If something is said in brief, it is said in a very short form, with very few details 简言之，一言以蔽之
• "So you didn't enjoy the party then." "In brief, no." “那么，你不喜欢这个派对喽?”“简单说吧，不喜欢。”
[bri:f] noun
UNDERWEAR 内衣
briefs
[plural]
■a piece of underwear worn by men or women, covering the area between the waist and the tops of the legs 内裤
• cotton briefs 棉质内裤
[bri:f] noun
INSTRUCTIONS 指示
countable UK
■a set of instructions or information 指示；（任务）简介
• [+ to infinitive] It was my brief to make sure that the facts were set down accurately. 我的要求是确保准确记录所有事实。
countable legal
■a document or set of documents containing the details about a court case 诉讼要点；案情摘要
concise, succinct, curt, brief
这组词都有“简短的”的意思，其区别是：
concise: a. (文字等的)简要、精练，常含有保留主要部分的意思。
 • His letter was concise, omitting everything not pertinent to the job.   他的信写得简明扼要，省略掉了所有与该项工作无关的部分。
succinct: a.简明的，简洁的，简练的，尤指用词简练，除含有concise的意思外，还有经过压缩的或简化的意思。
 • succinct summary of the argument   论点的概要
curt: a.三言两语的，简短的，常含有"草率"的意思。
 • He asked his boss a question, but got a curt reply , "I have no time for you now!"   他问老板一个问题，但是老板草率的说："我没时间搭理你。"
brief: a.简明扼要的，简短的，指时间短暂，办事利索，态度明了等；有时含有"虽短但却不失全面"的意味。
 • The manager made a brief statement to open the meeting.   经理致了简短的开幕词。
compact, concise, brief
这组词都有“简短的、简洁的”的意思，其区别是：
compact: 指为了方便把某物压缩到最小程度，也指紧凑、简洁的文体。
concise: 书面用词，可与brief换用，指语言文学言简意赅，无多余的话。
brief: 指语言文学简明扼要，短小精悍，也用于指时间意义很强的短暂的过程。
adj. 简短的，简洁的；短暂的，草率的
 - little, passing, transient, compact
n. [图情] 摘要，简报；概要，诉书
 - abstract, resume
vt. 简报， [图情] 摘要；作…的提要
 - abstract, epitomize

Word: altogether
Front: altogether
[ˌɔ:ltəˈgeðə(r)] (高研四 3801/2575 -K3)
Vocabulary: altogether
(once / 91 pages)
1adv 2n
If you're altogether certain, you know it for a fact. Since you're altogether sure that your calculations are correct, go ahead with the experiment. Please wear your goggles just in case.
Never use “all together” (meaning “all in one place”) when you mean altogether (which can also mean "all things considered"). It was risky to bring us all together again after so many years, but you have to admit that altogether we had a good time. Altogether, it could have been worse. It wasn't altogether bad. I suppose we won't do it again next year.
WORD FAMILY
altogether
USAGE EXAMPLES
Is it time to ask for a raise, or to look for a new job altogether?
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Some other countries refuse to collaborate with U.S. deportation proceedings altogether, effectively blocking their nationals’ return.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Altogether, 13 rebel groups signed the cease-fire agreement, but many more are lending their support, he said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 全部地; 完全地; 总共; 总而言之
n. 〈口〉裸体
分布：总共(47%)，完全(33%)，总的来说(20%)
→来自复合词all together.
ad.完全,总之,全部地;总共;总而言之Altogether there were 38 people in the bus.在公共汽车上一共有38个人.
US [ˌɑ:l.tə'geð.ɚ] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■completely or in total 完全，全然；总共，一共
• That'll be £52.50 altogether, please. 一共是52.5英镑。
• The government ought to abolish the tax altogether. 政府应该彻底取消这一税收。
• She wrote less and less often, and eventually she stopped altogether. 她动笔的次数越来越少，最后完全停笔了。
• It's all right working with him, but living with him would be a different matter altogether. 跟他一起工作还可以，但跟他一起生活可完全是另外一回事。
• I'm not altogether sure I want that (= I have doubts about it). 我不能完全肯定我想要那个。
• He's bad-tempered, selfish and altogether (= including everything) an unpleasant man. 他脾气暴躁，自私自利，总之很令人讨厌。
• I think Graham will agree, but convincing Mary will be altogether more (= much more) difficult. 我觉得格雷厄姆会同意，但要说服玛丽就肯定难多了。
UK [ˌɔ:l.tə'geð.ər] US [ˌɑ:l.tə'geð.ɚ] noun only singular
be in the altogether old-fashioned
■to be naked 赤身裸体
adv. 完全地；总共；总而言之
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully
n. 整个；裸体
 - birthday suit, entireness

Word: tip
Front: tip
[tɪp] (高研四六托 1928/2631 -K3)
Vocabulary: tip
(once / 197 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v 4v 5v
The pointed or tapered end of something is its tip. There's the tip of your dog's wagging tail, the tips of your fingers, or the tip of the continent of South America.
When you can almost remember someone's name, you might say it's on the tip of your tongue, and when something's just "the tip of the iceberg," it's only one small bit of a much larger problem. Other meanings of tip include "tilt," like when you tip your hat as you stroll down the street, and "gratuity," or the extra money you give a waiter or barber in exchange for good service.
WORD FAMILY
tip: tipped, tipper, tipping, tips, tipster+/tipped: untipped/tipper: tippers/tipster: tipsters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some tips are gimmicks, and some may not work as well for you as they did in tests.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Whether it’s simple dry skin or a specific skin condition, try these tips:
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Police received an anonymous tip about the truck that was found in the 2000 block of 38th Street SE.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 小窍门; 小费; 末梢
vt. 给小费; 倾斜，翻倒; 装顶端
vi. 给小费; 翻倒; 倾覆
时态：tipped, tipping, tips
分布：小费(95%)，小建议(2%)，轻拍(2%)，给小费；装顶端；倾斜；翻倒(1%)
→可能来自 tap,轻拍，轻扣。后用于指暗示，指点，告密等，同时，轻拍某人肩膀常用于表示 鼓励，友善，后引申词义小费，并有人据此逆构出 TIP,缩写自 to insure promptitude,为保证服 务速度（而给小费）。tip 尖端，尖点，倾斜，倾覆，倾倒
n.尖端;末端;小费n./v.轻击;倾斜;给小费The cripple dipped the whip tip into the chip solution nearby his hip.跛子将鞭子末端浸入他臀部旁边的芯片溶液中.
verb (-pp-)
ONE SIDE HIGHER 一边更高的
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) move so that one side is higher than another side （使）倾斜；（使）倾覆
• The table tipped and all our drinks fell on the floor. 桌子翻了，结果我们的所有饮料都掉在地上。
• If you put too many books on one end of the shelf, it'll tip up. 如果你在书架的一头放太多书，书架就会翻掉。
• Don't tip your chair back like that, you'll fall. 不要那样向后仰椅子，你会翻倒的。
tip the scales at
■to weigh 称得的重量为
• The baby tipped the scales at 3.75 kgs. 婴儿称得体重为3.75公斤。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
POUR 倾倒
transitive usually + adverb or preposition UK
■to pour a substance from one container into another or onto a surface 倒；倾倒
• She tipped the contents of her purse out onto the table. 她把钱包里的东西倒在桌子上。
• He tipped his breakfast cereal into a bowl. 他把早餐麦片倒入碗中。
• The child picked up the box and tipped the toys out all over the floor. 孩子捡起盒子，把里面的玩具倒了一地。
be tipping (it) down UK informal
■When it is tipping it down, a lot of rain is falling 大雨倾盘
• We won't be able to go to the beach today - it's tipping it down. 我们今天无法去海滩了——雨下得很大。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
END 稍
transitive usually passive
■to cover the end of something pointed with a liquid, a colour, etc. （用液体、颜色等）覆盖…的尖端
• The giraffe was killed with a spear that had been tipped with poison. 长颈鹿是被尖上涂有毒药的长矛杀死。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
PAYMENT 报酬
intransitive or transitive
■to give someone who has provided you with a service an extra amount of money to thank them 小费
• The taxi driver was so rude to her that she didn't tip him. 计程车司机对她很无礼，所以她没有给他小费。
• [+ two objects] They tipped the waiter £5. 他们给了这个服务员五英镑小费。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
INFORMATION 资讯
transitive often passive mainly UK
■to say that someone is likely to be successful or achieve something 称…有可能成功
• He is being tipped as the next Prime Minister. 据称，他有可能成为下一任首相。
• [+ to infinitive] Davis is being tipped to win the championship. 据称，戴维斯有可能夺得冠军。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
RUBBISH 垃圾
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] UK (US also dump)
■to get rid of rubbish by putting it in a place where it should not be 胡乱倾倒／倾泻（垃圾）（把垃圾倾倒在不该倒垃圾的地方）
• A lot of waste is being tipped into the sea. 大量废弃物正被倾入海中。
• The sign by the side of the road said "No tipping". 路边的标牌上写著「不准倾倒垃圾”。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
tip your hand US
■If you tip your hand, you say what you are going to do or what you believe 表明意图（或意见）
• Despite weeks of media speculation, the president refused to tip his hand about his plans for re-election. 尽管数周来媒体都在猜测，但总统拒绝透露争取连任的计划。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
tip the scales (also tip the balance)
■If something tips the scales, it is the thing which causes a particular situation to happen or a particular decision to be made, when other situations or decisions are possible 打破平衡局面；起决定性作用
• The teams were evenly matched until two quick goals from Robson tipped the balance in favour of England. 两队本来势均力敌，直到罗布森很快攻入两球，形势开始变得对英格兰队有利。
• She was a good candidate, but her lack of computer skills tipped the scales against her. 她本来是个不错的候选人，但她缺乏电脑技能，这对她很不利。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
tip sb the wink (also tip the wink to sb) UK informal
■to give someone a piece of secret or private information that might bring an advantage to them 向…泄露秘密（或内幕消息）
• Thanks for tipping me the wink about those cheap tickets, Bill. 比尔，谢谢你向我透露这些廉价票的消息。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tip sb off
■to warn someone secretly about something that will happen, so that they can take action or prevent it from happening 向（某人）告密；给（某人）通风报信
• [+ that] Somebody must have tipped the burglars off that the house would be empty. 一定是有人向盗贼走漏了消息，才会人去屋空。
• The robber was caught when someone tipped off the police. 有人向警方报信后，抢劫者即被抓获。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tip (sth/sb) over
■to (cause to) fall over onto one side （使）翻倒
• Be careful not to tip that cup of coffee over. 小心别把那杯咖啡打翻了。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  tip over into sth
intransitive
■If something tips over from something into something else, it stops being the first thing, and becomes the second （由…）转变（为…）
• At various points in the play, the action tips over from comedy into farce (= stops being amusing and becomes ridiculous). 这出戏中有好多地方，情节由喜剧变成了闹剧。
[tɪp] noun countable
INFORMATION 资讯
 IMPROVER
■a useful piece of information, especially about how to do something or about the likely winner of a race or competition 指点，指导；（关于比赛有望获胜者的）内幕消息
• gardening/cooking/sewing tips 关于园艺／烹饪／缝纫的指导
• She gave me a useful/helpful/valuable/practical tip about/for growing tomatoes. 她给了我种植西红柿的有用／有益／宝贵／实用的指点。
• Our racing correspondent has the following tips for the 3.15 and the 3.45 at Newmarket (= thinks that particular horses will be the winners in those races). 我们的赛马记者对3点15分和3点45分在纽马克特举行的赛事有以下内幕消息。
• I've got a hot tip for you (= I can tell you about a particular likely winner of a race or competition, or give you a valuable piece of information). 我能告诉你最新内幕消息。
[tɪp] noun countable
PAYMENT 报酬
 IMPROVER
■a small amount of money given to someone who has provided you with a service, in addition to the official payment and for their personal use 小费
• a 15% tip 15% 的小费
• He gave the porter a tip. 他给搬运工人小费。
• We don't need to leave a tip for the waiter, because there's a service charge included in the bill. 我们不必给服务员留小费，因为帐单已经包括了服务费。
[tɪp] noun countable
END 稍
■the usually pointed end of something, especially something which is long and thin （尤指细长物体的）末梢，末端，尖
• We had asparagus tips for dinner. 我们晚饭吃了芦笋尖。
• If I stand on the tips of my toes, I can just reach the top shelf. 如果踮起脚尖的话，我刚好能碰到书架顶层。
• The Keys are coral islands off the southern tip of Florida. 基斯群岛是佛罗里达半岛南端以外的一群珊瑚岛。
• There's paint on the tip of your nose. 你的鼻尖上有油漆。
■a small part fitted to the end of something, especially something which is long and thin （尤指细长物体的）顶端附加物
• a walking cane with a metal tip 包有金属头的手杖
• the filter tip of a cigarette 香烟过滤嘴
[tɪp] noun countable
RUBBISH 垃圾 UK (mainly US dump)
■a place where especially large pieces of rubbish can be taken and left 垃圾倾倒场
• a rubbish/waste tip 垃圾／废弃物堆放场
• We need to take this old carpet to the tip. 我们得把这条旧地毯扔到垃圾场去。
• UK informal This room is a complete/absolute/real tip (= is very untidy) - tidy it up at once. 这个房间完全／绝对／简直是个垃圾场——马上把它清理干净。
[tɪp] noun countable
be on the tip of your tongue
■If something that you want to say is on the tip of your tongue, you think you know it and that you will be able to remember it very soon （想说的话）就在嘴边（很快就会记起来）
• Her name is on the tip of my tongue. 她的名字就在我的嘴边，却一时说不出来。
[tɪp] noun countable
tip of the iceberg
■a small noticeable part of a problem, the total size of which is really much greater （重大问题的）冰山一角，端倪，明显的一小部分
• These small local protests are just the tip of the iceberg. 这些小规模的地方性抗议只是冰山一角。
present, gift, souvenir, tip
这组词都有“礼物，赠品”的意思，其区别是：
present: 普通用词，指给亲朋好友的礼物，赠者与被赠者之间存在某种个人关系，所赠礼物一般不是很昂贵的。
gift: 含义广，既可指真诚相送的礼物、赠品或生日、节日礼物，又可指捐赠的物品或捐款等。
souvenir: 指对人、物、地点或事件有纪念意义的礼物或纪念品。
tip: 指为酬谢他人服务而给的小费。
tilt, slope, tip
这组词都有“倾斜”的意思，其区别是：
tilt: 指有意识地或长时间地使物体处于倾斜状态。
slope: 指向上或向下渐渐倾斜的表面，多用于山、屋顶等缓缓倾斜。
tip: 指向一边倾斜或向上翻转、失去平衡或完全翻转过来。
vi. [经] 给小费；翻倒；倾覆
 - upset, keel over
vt. [经] 给小费；倾斜；翻倒；装顶端
 - slope, keel over
n. [经] 小费；尖端
 - fee, point, apex

Word: atlantic

Word: estate
Front: estate
[ɪˈsteɪt] (研四六托雅 1778/1302 -K2)
Vocabulary: estate
(once / 88 pages)
1n 2n
The word estate is mostly used to mean a massive and fabulous house on a big piece of land. When you own an estate, it usually means you have a whole lot of money to go along with it.
While an estate refers mostly to land and a house on it, it can also refer to all of a person’s possessions — and this sense of the word is often used after someone has died to refer to everything they are leaving behind. “You are set to inherit half of your grandfather’s estate, which includes his entire collection of stuffed raccoons.” In the past (and sometimes still) estate was also used to refer to someone’s state or condition, as well as his or her social standing.
WORD FAMILY
estate: estates
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite the complaints, the Vatican agency that oversees its real estate holdings approved a lease, and the restaurant quietly opened last week without public protests.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They’ve been real estate developers and politicians. In my time, there’s never been an operating boss in charge of the M.T.A.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
AeroFarms chose Newark because of its convenient location and the relative cheapness of its real estate.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 财产，遗产，房地产; 个人财产; 不动产权; （较高的）社会地位
adj. （汽车）连箱的（拥有较长的车身和后门，后座后面有较大的空间）
分布：房地产(72%)，财产(12%)，遗产(10%)，庄园(5%)，状态(1%)
→e-, 缓音字母。-stat, 站立，词源同stand,instate.用来指庄园或房产。
不动产,财产(e出+state→站出来的东西→房子等不动产)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
n.房地产;不动产;所有权;地位;生活状况The wrestler's testimony manifests that he has large estates.角力者的证言表明他有大量房地产.
【记】state（n 领土；社会地位或等级）
noun
PROPERTY 财产
 IMPROVER countable
■a large area of land in the country which is owned by a family or an organization and is often used for growing crops or raising animals （位于乡村的）大片私有土地，庄园，种植园
• It's a typical country estate with a large house for the owner, farm buildings and estate workers' houses. 这是一个典型的乡村庄园，建有主人的大宅子、许多农舍以及庄园工人的宿舍。
countable legal
■everything that a person owns when they die （个人死后留下的全部）财产，遗产
• She left her entire estate to her niece. 她把所有的遗产都留给了自己的侄女。
[ɪ'steɪt] noun
BUILDINGS 建筑物
 ADVANCED countable UK
■a group of houses or factories built in a planned way （按规划建造的）住宅区，工业区
• a housing estate 住宅区 ，屋邨
• an industrial estate (= a group of factories) 工业区，工业邨
[ɪ'steɪt] noun
CAR 车
countable UK (also estate car) (US station wagon)
■a car with a lot of space behind the back seat and an extra door at the back for putting in large objects 旅行车；客货两用汽车
[ɪ'steɪt] noun
STATE 状态
uncountable old use
■a state of being 状况；状态
• the holy estate of marriage 婚姻的神圣性
resources, assets, goods, wealth, property, estate
这组词都有“财产、财富”的意思，其区别是：
resources: 指在需要时可以动用的财产，包括国家土地、矿藏、水力等自然资源或个人的存款及其他财产。
assets: 法律和商业用词，指包括全部动产和不动产的资产。
goods: 含义较窄，主要指个人动产。
wealth: 普通用词，含义广。既可指大笔的钱财或物质财富，也可指抽象的精神财富。
property: 含义较estate宽，指个人或团体合法拥有的财产，包括动产与不动产，或临时的财产。
estate: 多指地产或建在地面上的房产。
n. 房地产； [经] 财产；身份
 - identity, property, treasure, possession, worth

Word: historical
Front: historical
[hɪˈstɒrɪkl] (研四六雅 1472/1689 -K3)
Vocabulary: historical
(once / 166 pages)
adj
Use the adjective historical to describe something that happened in the past, like the historical details of your ancestors' immigration to the United States.
When you're talking about events in the past, you can call them historical. Civil War reenactors might work hard to research the perfect historical costumes, and set designers for period films try to recreate rooms with historical accuracy, making them look just like they would have in the past. The word historical traces back to the Greek word historia, "a learning by inquiry, history, or record."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
historic / historical
Something historic has a great importance to human history. Something historical is related to the past. People with big egos get them mixed up if they say they had a historic family background. Unless they helped win a war, it was probably just historical.
Historic describes something huge that happened in the past, something that affected human history. Historic things can be important figures, like Abraham Lincoln, or pivotal events, like the invention of the printing press. Historic lows are the lowest in history. Here are some historic examples from the news:
The last one closed in October as the museum moves historic objects out of its west wing for a major renovation beginning early next year.  (Washington Post)
A private funeral for the rap legend will be held at the historic Grace Baptist Church in Mount Vernon, just north of New York City. (Seattle Times)
Germans have little incentive to save, with interest rates at historic lows. (Business Week)
Something historical, like an event or an object, doesn't have to concern all of human history or be of worldwide importance, it's just something connected to the past, like these examples:
Other blow-by-blow historical Twitter efforts have run aground. (New York Times)
Kugel regularly furnished historical information that other Madoff employees used to fabricate trades, the government charged. (Washington Post)
Our package also included photos, video, story, historical timeline, readers' memories and polls. (Seattle Times)
The Battle for Bunker Hill was an important battle in the Revolutionary War, making it historic. While the battle for the last piece of your mom's chocolate cake might live in your family history as huge event, it's historical.
And by the way, if you pronounce the h- in either historic or historical, you should use a rather than an before it.
WORD FAMILY
historical: ahistorical, historically, historicalness, prehistorical+/ historian: historians/ history: historian, historic, historical, historicism, histories, prehistory / prehistoric: prehistorically/ prehistory: prehistoric
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I said, ‘I think your prices are a little high for an all-volunteer historical society.’
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Tucker teaches seven forms of lightsaber combat, which he said he developed using historical combat forms and skills that he thought to be somewhat similar.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
OK, so with that historical template, in two years the Rams will be invited to play Air Force in the Armed Forces Bowl.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 历史的，历史上的; 有关历史研究的; 有根据的; 基于史实的
分布：与历史有关的(100%)
a.历史的;有关历史的It is a historical play.这是一部历史剧.
US [-'stɔ:r-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■connected with the study or representation of things from the past 历史的；有关历史的
• Many important historical documents were destroyed when the library was bombed. 图书馆遭轰炸时，很多重要的历史文献都毁于一旦。
• She specializes in historical novels set in eighteenth-century England. 她专门创作以18世纪英格兰为背景的历史小说。
historical, historic
这组词都有“历史的”的意思，其区别是：
historical: 指历史上的或历史的，侧重在历史上出现过或与历史有关的。
historic: 指历史上有名的，具有历史意义的或者可成为史料的。

Word: profile
Front: profile
[ˈprəʊfaɪl] (研六托雅宝 2676/2812 -3)
Vocabulary: profile
(once / 482 pages)
1nv 2nv
If a magazine editor asks you to write a profile of an up-and-coming novelist, she's asking you to write a biographical sketch, to give the readers a sense of the novelist as a person.
Profile comes from the Italian profilo, the thin colored border of cloth that outlines a garment. It came to mean any kind of sketch or outline, especially of faces. If someone compliments your profile means you look nice from the side (try outlining from other angles). If you have a criminal profile, your criminal record creates a picture of an active life of crime. A profile is also a drawing of the earth in cross-section, showing layers of crust.
WORD FAMILY
profile: profiled, profiles, profiling
USAGE EXAMPLES
It posted photos of its adventures to its Twitter, Facebook and Instagram profiles, and it appeared to be well received.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
She landed on the Facebook profile for the most vile of her harassers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
China’s eagerness to act, analysts say, also reflected a desire by the government to raise its profile on environmental issues.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 侧面，半面; 外形，轮廓; [航]翼型; 人物简介
vt. 描…的轮廓; 给…画侧面图; 为（某人）写传略; [机]铣出…的轮廓
时态：profiled, profiling, profiles
分布：轮廓(43%)，侧面(23%)，简介(20%)，形象(10%)，评论人物(3%)，描绘 ... 轮廓(1%)
→pro-,向前，-fil,线，线条，词源同file,filament.即画出线条轮廓，引申诸相当词义。
侧面像;轮廓(pro+file纱线→前面的线条)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
外形,轮廊(pro在前面+file→在前面的线条→轮廊)[fil,fili=thread表示"线条"]
外形,轮廓(pro前面+file线条...前面的线条...轮廓)[-ile 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"物体"]
n.侧面(像);轮廓,外形;人物简介Having piled miles of files, the compiler smiled a while at the profile.堆了几英里长的文件之后,编辑对着侧面笑了一会.
【记】pro前，file＝fili线条－前部的线条－外形，轮廓pro前，file文件：文件的前面是一篇文章的轮廓。
US ['proʊ-] noun countable
SHORT DESCRIPTION 简短的描述
 ADVANCED
■a short description of someone's life, work, character, etc. 传略；人物简介
UK ['prəʊ.faɪl] US ['proʊ-] noun countable
ATTENTION 注意
 ADVANCED
■the amount of public attention and notice that something receives 大众的注意
• We need to increase our company's profile in Asia. 我们需要扩大公司在亚洲的影响力。
• There is a growing number of women in high- profile positions (= positions where they are noticed) in the government. 在备受注目的政府职位上，女性的数量在逐渐增长。
UK ['prəʊ.faɪl] US ['proʊ-] noun countable
SIDE VIEW 侧面视角
■a side view of a person's face （面部的）侧面（像）
• Drawing profiles is somehow easier than drawing the full face. 不知为甚么画侧面像要比画整张脸容易。
• a strong profile 轮廓分明的侧影
• The actor is photographed in profile, smoking a cigarette. 这个演员被人从侧面拍了一张抽烟的照片。
UK ['prəʊ.faɪl] US ['proʊ-] noun countable
keep a low profile
■to avoid attracting attention to yourself 不张扬；低调处理
• He's been in a bit of trouble recently so he's trying to keep a low profile. 他最近惹了些麻烦，所以尽量不抛头露面。
n. 侧面；轮廓；外形； [建] [地质] 剖面
 - configuration, side, shell, outline

Word: pocket
Front: pocket
[ˈpɒkɪt] (中高研四六雅 1620/1786 -K3)
Vocabulary: pocket
(once / 82 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A pocket is a kind of pouch that's sewn into your clothes. If you are worried about your ink pen leaking in your shirt pocket, then you might spring for a pocket protector. Nice look!
You can keep things like your keys in a pocket, or you can use your pockets to keep your hands warm. Jackets and jeans have pockets, and so do kangaroos and pool tables. In the case of kangaroos, it's a handy pouch in a mother's belly where she can keep a baby kangaroo warm and comfortable. And when you shoot pool, you aim for the pockets. As a verb, pocket can literally mean "put into your pocket," or more figuratively, "steal money." To be "in someone's pocket" is to be under their control or influence.
WORD FAMILY
pocket: pocketable, pocketed, pocketful, pocketing, pockets+/pocketful: pocketfuls
USAGE EXAMPLES
Buyers of a four-bedroom family home in London need deep pockets - but perhaps not as cavernous as a year ago.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“The end of the world,” Cara Todd said as she walked through pockets of celebrating Giants fans at FedEx Field.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Down by a field goal late in the fourth, Cousins moved forward in the pocket to throw over the middle toward Pierre Garcon.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 口袋，钱袋; 金钱，财富; 容器; 凹处
vt. 隐藏; 放进口袋; 私吞，盗用; 忍受
adj. 放在口袋里的; 小的，迷你的; 金钱上的
时态：pocketed, pocketing, pockets
分布：口袋(65%)，钱(29%)，小型的(2%)，私吞(1%)，球袋(1%)，袋子(1%)，局部的(1%)
→来自古英语pocket,袋子，麻袋，来自Proto-Germanic*puk,鼓起，膨胀，来自beu,鼓起，膨胀，词源同poach,pouch.-et,小词后缀。即小袋子，引申词义口袋，钱财，资金等。
n.衣袋a.袖珍的,小型的v.把...装入袋内At the dock I'm shocked to see the pocket rocket made of a block of rock.在码头看到一块岩石做的小巧火箭,我感到震惊.
US ['pɑ:.kɪt] noun countable
BAG 袋子
 ESSENTIAL
■a small bag for carrying things in, which is made of cloth and sewn into the inside or onto the outside of a piece of clothing 衣袋，口袋
• a jacket/trouser/coat pocket 夹克／裤子／外衣口袋
• a hip/breast pocket 臀部／胸部口袋
• She thrust her hands deep in/into her pockets. 她把双手深深插进口袋里。
• He took some coins from/out of his pocket. 他从口袋里掏出几枚硬币。
 ESSENTIAL
■a container, usually made of cloth, which is sewn into or onto a bag or fixed to a seat or door in a vehicle （附于袋子、车门、车座椅等处的）口袋，袋子
• Sarah put her maps in the outside pocket of her rucksack. 莎拉把地图放在帆布背包外面的口袋里。
• The safety instructions are in the pocket of the seat in front of you. 安全指南在前座椅背的插袋里。
■one of several holes around the edge of a billiard or snooker table, into which balls are hit （台球桌的）网袋，球袋
■informal
■the amount of money that someone has for spending 钱，财力
• You need deep pockets (= a lot of money) if you're involved in a long law suit. 卷入这样旷日持久的诉讼中，你必须很有钱才行。
• I paid for my ticket out of my own pocket (= with my own money) , but I can claim the cost of it back from my employer. 我自己掏钱买票，不过我可以向老板报帐。
UK ['pɒk.ɪt] US ['pɑ:.kɪt] noun countable
GROUP/AREA 团体／地区
■a group, area or mass of something which is separate and different from what surrounds it 小块地区（或团体、部分）；孤立地区（或团体、部分）
• Among the staff there are some pockets of resistance (= some small groups of them are opposed) to the planned changes. 员工中有部分人抵制计划中的变革。
• The pilot said that we were going to encounter a pocket of turbulence (= an area of violently moving air). 飞行员说我们将碰上一小股强气流。
UK ['pɒk.ɪt] US ['pɑ:.kɪt] noun countable
be/live in each other's pockets disapproving
■to be with each other all the time and depend on each other 过从甚密，形影不离
• I don't think it's healthy the way you two are always in each other's pockets. 你们俩老是这样形影不离，我认为不好。
UK ['pɒk.ɪt] US ['pɑ:.kɪt] noun countable
have sth in your pocket informal
■to be certain to win or succeed at something 对…稳操胜券
• Last year's winners again have the championship firmly in their pocket. 去年的冠军得主今年仍旧稳操胜券。
UK ['pɒk.ɪt] US ['pɑ:.kɪt] noun countable
in sb's pocket disapproving
■in a situation where someone has power or control over you 被（某人）控制，服从于（某人）
• The head teacher has the school governors completely in her pocket/The school governors are completely in the head teacher's pocket. 校董们完全在校长的控制之下。
UK ['pɒk.ɪt] US ['pɑ:.kɪt] noun countable
in/out of pocket UK
■having more/less money than you started with after an activity involving money 赚钱／赔钱的
• Even when we've paid all our expenses, we should still be several hundred pounds in pocket. 即使我们支付了所有的开销，应该还能赚几百英镑。
• The last time I went to the pub with you, I ended up seriously out of pocket! 上次和你去酒馆，我最后把钱都花光了。
UK ['pɒk.ɪt] US ['pɑ:.kɪt] verb transitive
■to put something into your pocket 把…装入口袋
• He carefully pocketed his change. 他小心翼翼地把找回的零钱装入口袋。
■to hit a billiard or snooker ball into a pocket （台球中）击（球）落袋
• Davis pocketed the black to win the game. 大卫斯把黑球击入袋内赢得了比赛。
■to take something for yourself, especially dishonestly 窃取，侵吞，把…据为己有
• I'll tell them I sold it for £20, not £25, then I can pocket the rest. 我要告诉他们我卖了20英镑而不是25英镑，这样我就可以把剩下的钱据为己有。
UK ['pɒk.ɪt] US ['pɑ:.kɪt] adjective [before noun]
■describes something that is small enough to put in your pocket, or that you regularly carry in your pocket 袖珍的，小型的，口袋版的
• a pocket dictionary 袖珍词典
• a pocket diary 袖珍日记本
• a pocket calculator 袖珍计算器
■smaller than usual 小型的，袖珍的
• a pocket battleship 小型战舰
n. 口袋；钱；容器
 - money, container, vessel, QIAN
vt. 隐藏；忍受；将…放入衣袋
 - lock, stomach, stand, go, tough
adj. 小型的，袖珍的；金钱上的
 - miniative, baby-size

Word: suburb
Front: suburb
[ˈsʌbɜ:b] (研四六托雅 3531/5306 -2)
Vocabulary: suburb
(once / 544 pages)
n
A suburb is a residential district located on the outskirts of a city. If you live in the suburbs, you probably travel to the city for work.
Suburb comes from Latin: sub means "below or near" and urbis means "city." You also will recognize this root in urban. Suburbs have more single-family homes than apartment buildings, and living there, you are more likely to have a yard with trees and grass. The downside is, if you work in the city, you might have a long commute that adds to the time you are away from your family.
WORD FAMILY
suburb: suburbs
USAGE EXAMPLES
More recently he lived in Antony, a suburb of Paris.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The national referendum result was narrow but Remain votes piled up in big cities, affluent suburbs and Scotland.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He enrolled in the fourth grade this past fall at a school in the Boston suburbs.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 郊区，城郊; 边缘; 附近，周围
分布：郊区(100%)
→sub-,在下，-urb,城市，词源同 urban,urbane.引申词义郊区，城乡结合部。
郊区(sub下面+urb→在城市下面→郊区)[urb=city,表示"城市"]
n.市郊,郊区Banned murders in the suburb bring turbulent disturbance and burden to the urban turbine works.在郊区被禁止的谋杀给都市透平工厂带来汹涌骚乱和重负.
US [-ɝ:b] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■an area on the edge of a large town or city where people who work in the town or city often live 城郊；近郊住宅区
• Box Hill is a suburb of Melbourne. 博克斯希尔属于墨尔本的近郊住宅区。
• We drove from middle-class suburbs to a very poor inner-city area. 我们从中产阶级的近郊住宅区驱车前往市中心的贫民区。
the suburbs [plural]
■the outer area of a town, rather than the shopping and business centre in the middle 郊区，城外
• The company decided to relocate to the suburbs because the rent was much cheaper. 公司决定搬到城郊去，因为那里的租金便宜得多。
n. 郊区；边缘
 - margin, banlieue

Word: boat
Front: boat
[bəʊt] (中高雅 1231/1303 -K4)
Vocabulary: boat
(once / 37 pages)
1nv 2n
A boat is a water craft, a vessel that floats and can be propelled through the water. If you buy a private island, you'll need a boat to get there.
A lobster boat travels across ocean bays powered by a small motor, and a sail boat is moved by the wind hitting its sails at a particular angle. A much smaller type of boat is a gravy boat, a boat-shaped serving dish that holds a sauce. Boat is sometimes used as a verb, meaning "to go out in a boat." The Old English root is bat, "ship or vessel," from a Germanic source.
WORD FAMILY
boat: boated, boater, boating, boats+/boater: boaters/boating: boatings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Finally, as the turtle slowed down, he positioned the boat near the fatigued animal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rickety boats ferry small groups of migrants to Curacao, Bonaire and other Caribbean islands a short distance from Venezuela’s north coast.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
More amused than chastened, Mills said, “It’s two captains with one boat.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 小船，小艇; 轮船
vi. 乘船，划船
vt. 用船运输; 用船装运
时态：boated, boating, boats
分布：船(95%)，划船(3%)，乘船(1%)，放于船上(1%)
→来自PIE *bheid, 砍，劈。反映古老的凿树为船的历史。词源同bite.
n.小船,艇When the boat floats through the throat, the goat in overcoat goes to the goal.当船漂过狭口时,穿大衣的山羊朝目标走去.
US [boʊt] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a small vehicle for travelling on water 艇，小船
• a rowing/sailing boat 划艇／帆船
• a fishing boat 渔船
• We took turns to row the boat up the river. 我们轮流划艇船逆流而上。
 ESSENTIAL informal
■a ship 轮船
• Are you travelling by boat or by air? 你要乘船还是乘飞机旅行？
• I'm taking the boat from Dover to Calais. 我要乘从多佛开往加来的船。
craft, vessel, ship, canoe, steamer, boat
这组词都有“船”的意思，其区别是：
craft: 船只的集合名词，但可指单独的船只。
vessel: 多指运货或运人的大船。
ship: 含义广，一般指大轮船，如航海船只，内河航运船只。
canoe: 指长而轻，用桨的小舟、独木船。
steamer: 指靠蒸汽发动机为动力的船只。
boat: 泛指任何大小的船只，尤指靠划桨或风帆行进的无篷小船。
n. 小船；轮船
 - tender, barca
vi. 划船
 - to row

Word: nonetheless
Front: nonetheless
[ˌnʌnðəˈles] (研六托 3298/4823 -2)
Vocabulary: nonetheless
(once / 1132 pages)
adv
This is a word that people don't usually stop and define. They use it to link two seemingly contradictory thoughts. Nonetheless, it does have a definition. It means "in spite of."
Break this word up to examine its meaning: None-the-less means that the statement you've just made does not diminish or make less what comes next. We are not at all prepared to climb this mountain, nonetheless we are going to try.
WORD FAMILY
nonetheless: nonethelesss
USAGE EXAMPLES
Not a fancy car, mind you—a fifteen-year old Civic with 170,000 miles on it—but a car nonetheless.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
While they understand the challenges, Republicans are nonetheless jubilant at their enviable position.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nonetheless, that poll — and all but one Michigan poll conducted in 2016 — pointed to a Clinton victory that never happened.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 虽然如此，但是
分布：副词(100%)
→来自none the less,尽管。比较nevertheless,despite.
ad.[nevertheless]虽然如此,但是
[ˌnʌn.ðə'les] (also nevertheless)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■despite what has just been said or done 然而，但是；尽管
• There are serious problems in our country. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time to return. 我们国家存在严重问题。但尽管如此，我们仍然觉得这是归国的好时机。
adv. 尽管如此，但是
 - yet
conj. 尽管如此，但是
 - and, granted, but, yet, only

Word: destruction
Front: destruction
[dɪˈstrʌkʃn] (研四六托 2685/3111 -K)
Vocabulary: destruction
(once / 149 pages)
n
Destruction is damage so bad, things must be replaced, not fixed. Tornadoes often leave a trail of destruction, damaging neighborhoods and knocking down houses.
The Latin word destructionem, "a pulling down," is the root of destruction. When destruction strikes, things do get pulled down — from houses in the case of natural disasters or a big display of canned soups in the case of a careless shopper. Sometimes, destruction refers to death, as when critics of war talk about the resulting destruction of human life.
WORD FAMILY
destruction: destructions, self-destruction+/ destroy: destroyable, destroyed, destroyer, destroying, destroys, destructible, destruction, destructive, self-destroy/destroyable: undestroyable/destroyed: destroyedest/destroyer: destroyers/destructible: destructibility, indestructible / destructive: destructively, destructiveness, self-destructive/ indestructible: indestructibility, indestructibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
So the effect of this version of job destruction will be harsh, and require redistribution.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
And don’t put your money into the businesses and banks that profit off the oppression of others or the destruction of the environment.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Trump pointed to the CIA’s incorrect assessment in 2003 that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 破坏，毁灭，消灭，灭亡，扑灭，驱除; 摧毁; 毁灭的原因，破坏手段; 杀害
分布：破坏(60%)，毁灭(40%)
→de-, 夺去，损毁。-struct, 建造，词源同structure,destroy.
破坏(de+struct结构;建造＋ion→弄坏结构→破坏)[de-①表示"去掉,变坏,离开,变慢,向下"等②表示"使…成为,加强"等]
n.毁坏,毁灭(的原因)The instructor struggled to say, "The structure of the construction led to the destruction."教师挣扎着说:"建筑物的构造导致这场毁灭."
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when something is destroyed 毁灭，消灭，破坏
• Many people are very concerned about the destruction of the rainforests. 许多人都非常关注雨林遭破坏的问题。
• Unusually high winds left a trail of destruction over southern Britain. 罕见的大风在英国南部造成了一连串的破坏。
• weapons of mass destruction (= those which kill or hurt large numbers of people) 大规模杀伤性武器
n. 破坏，毁灭；摧毁
 - breaking, death, blasting, disruption, demolition

Word: renew
Front: renew
[rɪˈnju:] (研四六托 5526/4932 -3)
Vocabulary: renew
(once / 150 pages)
v
If you make something like new, you renew it. When you catch up with an old friend you haven't seen in a long time, you renew your friendship.
To renew is to make new again. If you get a new due date for your library books, you've renewed them. If you forget to renew them, your books will be overdue, and you may have to pay a fine. Renew also means to revive, restore, or cause to appear in a new form. Historically, all kinds of tonics have claimed to renew a person's health, but many of the early ones actually contained poisons that could kill you.
WORD FAMILY
renew: renewable, renewal, renewed, renewing, renews+/ new: newer, newest, newly, newness, renew /newness: newnesses/ renewable: nonrenewable, renewably, unrenewable/renewal: renewals, self-renewal/renewed: renewedly, unrenewed/renewing: self-renewing
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said he hoped the case would spark renewed efforts towards enacting anti-discrimination legislation to protect more people like him.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
There weren’t signs of a broader shift in Twitter’s China strategy or renewed efforts to bring its social network back to the country.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
If the show is renewed, his wife gets to keep her writing gig, too.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 重新开始; 使更新; 使恢复; 补充
vi. 重申，重复强调; 重新开始
时态：renewed, renewing, renews
分布：更新(89%)，重新开始(11%)
→re-,再，重新，new,新的。
v.(使)更新,恢复,重新开始,继续The interviewer reviewed the newspaper and renewed his viewpoint on the news.采访者再次查看了报纸并更新了他对该新闻的看法.
US [-'nu:] verb transitive
MAKE NEW 使变新
 ADVANCED
■to increase the life of or replace something old 给…展期，延长…的期限；更新，更换
• Every year I renew my membership of the sports club. 我每年都将体育俱乐部会员资格续期。
• I forgot to renew my season ticket. 我忘了办理季票续期了。
• I'll use this material to renew the chair covers. 我要用这块布料做新的椅子罩来换掉旧的。
UK [rɪ'nju:] US [-'nu:] verb transitive
REPEAT 重复
■to begin doing something again 重新开始
• The kidnappers renewed their threats. 绑架者又发出威胁了。
• She renewed her efforts to escape. 她再次企图逃跑。
vt. 使更新；续借；复兴；重申
 - reiterate, reaffirm
vi. 更新；重新开始
 - to update, start over

Word: coverage
Front: coverage
[ˈkʌvərɪdʒ] (研托雅 1877/3338 -3)
Vocabulary: coverage
(once / 618 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Use the noun coverage to talk about how much something is covered or included. If your history book's coverage of the Civil War is skimpy, you might want to do some extra research at the library.
There's the TV news coverage of the winter Olympics — in other words, the way they show and comment on the events — and the spotty coverage of your lawn by the grass you planted. Something is covered in both examples, either literally or figuratively, and it's more common to use coverage in a figurative way. There's also insurance coverage, or the extent of protection it provides: "I have the cheapest car insurance coverage, so it won't pay to fix these dents."
WORD FAMILY
coverage: coverages+/ cover: coverage, covered, covering, coverlet, covers, recover, uncover, undercover/covering: coverings, uncovering/coverlet: coverlets/irrecoverable: irrecoverably/ recover: recoverable, recovered, recoverer, recovering, recovers, recovery / recoverable: irrecoverable, recoverably, unrecoverable/recoverer: recoverers/ recovery: recoveries/uncover: uncovered, uncovers/uncovering: uncoverings/unrecoverable: unrecoverably
USAGE EXAMPLES
For more of our research and news coverage on memory, visit our topic page.
Science Magazine(Dec 01, 2016)
Read more of Slate’s coverage of the Oscar race.
Slate(Dec 01, 2016)
But you’d hate to discover hidden cracks in your coverage once it’s too late.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 范围，规模; 保险项目; （新闻）报导; [植]优势度
分布：新闻报道(42%)，覆盖范围(42%)，承保范围(16%)
→来自cover, 覆盖。
US [-ɚ-] noun uncountable
REPORT 报道
 ADVANCED
■the reporting of a particular important event or subject 新闻报道
• What did you think of the BBC's election coverage? 对英国广播公司的大选报道你怎么看？
UK ['kʌv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] noun uncountable
DEALING WITH 处理
■when something deals with or directs attention to something 处理；涉及；包括；针对
• These books give very good grammar coverage (= They deal with grammar very well). 这些书文法讲解得很透彻。
n. [植] 覆盖，覆盖范围
 - lay over, decken

Word: structural
Front: structural
[ˈstrʌktʃərəl] (四六托雅 3829/2916 -2)
Vocabulary: structural
(once / 1516 pages)
adj
When you're talking about something structural you're talking about the way it's built. The simple look of a building can mask its complex structural design.
A skeleton is the structural framework of a body. While we all look different on the outside, for the most part, we all share the same structural components — we're built the same way. Some buildings, such as the Eiffel Tower, reveal their structural design completely. They are nothing but structure. Other buildings work hard to hide their structural qualities. You can discuss the structural nature of ideas too, as in "structural economics" or even human relationships.
WORD FAMILY
structural: nonstructural, structuralism, structurally
USAGE EXAMPLES
The industry hasn’t changed all that much, in a structural sense.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
They are the weak spots that threaten the structural integrity of Trump’s political project and the fortunes of the Republican Party itself.
Slate(Dec 29, 2016)
New structural and flood-level requirements enacted after the storm meant starting from scratch with the design.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 结构（上）的，构架（上）的; 建筑的; 构造上的; 组织上的
分布：结构的(65%)，建筑的(15%)，构造的(14%)，建筑用的(6%)
→structure,结构，-al,形容词后缀。
US [-tʃɚ-] adjective
ARRANGEMENT 安排
 ADVANCED
■relating to the way in which parts of a system or object are arranged 结构；构造；机构；体系
• The political reforms have led to major structural changes in the economy. 政治改革导致经济结构的重大变化。
UK ['strʌk.tʃər.əl] US [-tʃɚ-] adjective
BUILDING 建筑物
■relating to the structure of a building or similar object （建筑物或类似物体）结构上的
• Hundreds of houses in the typhoon's path suffered structural damage. 台风所到之处，数百栋房屋遭到结构性破坏。
adj. 结构的；建筑的
 - tectonic, configurational

Word: tiger
Front: tiger
[ˈtaɪgə(r)] (中高研四六 5908/4773 -1)
Back: n. 老虎; 各种猫科动物; 凶恶的人，虎狼之徒
分布：老虎(99%)，凶残之人(1%)
→来自拉丁语 tigris,老虎，来自希腊语 tigris,老虎，其原义为箭，因老虎捕食猎物时箭一般的 速度而得名，该希腊词借自波斯某语言，如古波斯语 tigri,箭，伊拉克巴比伦文明两河流域 发源地其中之一 Tigris River,底格里斯河，字面意思为像箭一样湍急的水流，最终来自 steig,尖刺，刺穿，词源同 stick.
n．虎;老虎The tame tigers play the same game on the frame.温顺的老虎在框架上玩同一游戏.
US [-gɚ] (female also tigress)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a large wild animal of the cat family with yellowish orange fur with black lines which lives in parts of Asia 虎，老虎
n. 老虎；凶暴的人
 - dragon

Word: winter
Front: winter
[ˈwɪntə(r)] (中高 1244/1300 -K3)
Back: n. 冬，冬天; 年岁; 萧条期，衰落期
v. 过冬; 冬季饲养（家畜）; 使受冻，使萎缩
adj. 冬天的，冬季的; 越冬的; 冬播的
时态：wintered, wintering, winters
分布：冬天(65%)，冬季(18%)，过冬(8%)，冬天的(8%)，冬季生长的(1%)
→争议词源，通常认为来自wed,雨，水，湿的，词源同wet,water,即多雨季节。
n.冬季,冬天Twice the twin king wins the winter swinging under the wing of the plane.孪生国王两次赢得冬季机翼下的荡秋千赛.
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the season between autumn and spring, lasting from November to March north of the equator and from May to September south of the equator, when the weather is coldest 冬季，冬天
• Last winter we went skiing. 去年冬天我们去滑雪了。
• It's been a surprisingly mild winter. 今年冬天暖和得出奇。
• I think you tend to eat more in the winter. 我想你在冬天可能会吃得更多。
UK ['wɪn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition
■(especially of a bird) to spend the winter in a particular place （尤指鸟类）过冬，越冬
• Birds migrate so that they can winter in a warmer country. 鸟类定期迁徙，这样它们就可以在更暖和的地方过冬。
• Kuwait Bay is one of the world's most important wintering grounds for wading birds. 科威特湾是世界上最重要的涉禽越冬地之一。
n. [气候] 冬季；年岁；萧条期
 - peret, years of age
vi. 过冬
 - hibernate, overwinter
adj. [气候] 冬天的；越冬的
 - brumous, hibernal

Word: typical
Front: typical
[ˈtɪpɪkl] (高研四六托雅 1835/1850 -K3)
Vocabulary: typical
(once / 242 pages)
adj
When something is typical, it is common, regular, expected — hanging out with friends and playing computer games are typical activities of American teens.
To be typical is to be of a type, meaning that a person or thing has the same characteristics of everyone or everything else in the group, like a typical student, trying to talk the teacher out of giving homework over break. Something that is typical is what you can expect, like reading a guidebook about a faraway country you will visit to learn the typical weather and kinds of food you will encounter while you are there.
WORD FAMILY
typical: antitypical, atypical, typicality, typically, untypical+/ atypical: atypicality, atypically/typicality: untypicality/untypical: untypically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The firm says it is more efficient than typical amine compounds used for the purpose.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
“We’ve experienced only a small number of minor incidents, in numbers less than typical,” Boasberg said in response to questions from The Washington Post.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
These aren’t your typical protests but are our young democracy’s natural response to an urgent existential threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 典型的; 特有的或特别的; 代表性的
分布：典型的(91%)，特有的(5%)，有代表性的(4%)
→来自 type,类型，典型，-ical,形容词后缀。
典型饿(tyo+ical→成模式的→典型的)[typ=type,表示"模式,形状"]
a.(of)典型的,有代表性的The typist plays Typhoon on the piano in a typical style.打字员以典型的风格在钢琴上演奏"台风".
adjective
 IMPROVER
■showing all the characteristics that you would usually expect from a particular group of things 典型的，有代表性的
• I must look like the typical tourist with my shorts and my camera. 穿着短裤，带著相机，我看上去一定像个典型游客。
• This sort of hot and spicy food is very typical of the food in the south of the country. 这种辛辣食品是该国南部具代表性的食物。
• Typical symptoms would include severe headaches, vomiting and dizziness. 典型的症状包括剧烈的头痛、呕吐和眩晕。
 IMPROVER disapproving
■showing all the bad characteristics that you expect from someone or something, often in a way that is annoying （不良品质等）特有的，一向如此的，不出所料的
• It's just typical of Ian to spend all that money on the equipment and then lose interest half way through the course. 伊恩就是这种人，先把所有钱花在买装备上，中途又失去兴趣。
• "He phoned in at the last minute to say he wasn't coming." "Typical!" “他在最后时刻打电话说不来了。”“他老是这样！”
ordinary, typical, regular, normal, natural
这组词都有“规则的，正常的，正规的”的意思，其区别是：
ordinary: 强调一般性和普通性，含不突出的意味。
typical: 指个体能体现出群体的特征。
regular: 指已有模式、有规律或定期的。
normal: 指不超过某种限度、符合某种标准或常规。
natural: 侧重某人或某物的行为符合其固有特性。
typical, unique, rare, common, particular, special
typical: 典型的
unique: 唯一的
rare: 罕见的，珍贵的
common: 共同的
particular: 特定的，特殊的
special: 特殊的，特别的
typical, unique, particular, unusual
typical: 典型的
unique: 独一无二的，其同类中唯一现存的
particular: 特别的 一整体或类别中单一可区分的部分或个体，侧重同类中某一个有别于其他的独特性质，或在一般情况下所有的独特性质
unusual: 不同寻常的
adj. [数] 典型的；特有的；象征性的
 - characteristic, representative, proper, very, own

Word: tour
Front: tour
[tʊə(r)] (中高研四六雅 1474/1420 -K4)
Vocabulary: tour
(once / 107 pages)
1nv 2n
Use the noun tour to describe a route taken while sight-seeing or the act of experiencing a place, like a tour of Italy in which travelers tour museums and churches.
Not all tours have to do with vacations. In fact, a tour can be quite the opposite, such as a snowplow driver whose tour during a blizzard lasts until the streets are clear, or military personnel who serve a tour of duty in the place they are assigned. These kinds of tours involve a commitment of work or service for a certain period of time.
WORD FAMILY
tour: toured, tourer, touring, tourism +/tourer: tourers/ tourism: tourist / tourist: tourists, touristy
USAGE EXAMPLES
The winners will tour the UK with the new musical for a year.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
When 12-year-old Daniel Radenz hanged himself during his father’s second tour in Iraq, I thought he must be the only one.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
But he does a very good job of identifying them, providing a thorough if disconcerting tour d’horizon.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 旅行，观光; 巡回演出; 任职期; 轮班
vt. 到…旅游; 在…巡回演出
vi. 观光; 巡回
时态：toured, touring, tours
分布：旅游(40%)，旅行(33%)，巡回(13%)，观光(12%)，周游(2%)
→来自古法语 tourn,转动，巡游，绕圈，词源同 turn.引申诸相关词义。
旅游(转着玩)[tour,torn,tourn=turn,表示"转,环绕"]
n.旅游,旅行;巡回演出/比赛v.旅游The honourable journalist spent an hour on the journey of tour.可敬的新闻记者在观光旅程上花了一个小时.
UK [tɔ:r] US [tʊr] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a visit to a place or area, especially one during which you look round the place or area and learn about it 参观；游历，观光
• We went on a guided tour of / UK alsoround the cathedral/museum/factory. 我们在导游的带领下参观了大教堂／博物馆／工厂。
• A bus took us on a sightseeing tour of the city. 一辆公共汽车载着我们游览这座城市。
• a tour guide 导游
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a journey made for pleasure, especially as a holiday, visiting several different places in an area （尤指作为渡假的）旅行，旅游
• a cycling tour of Provence 骑车去普罗旺斯旅游
• They've just come back from a tour of / UK alsoround Devon and Cornwall. 他们刚从德文郡和康沃尔郡旅行回来。
• Tour operators (= companies which arrange holidays for people) have reported a drop in bookings. 旅行社称预订旅游的人数减少了。
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a planned visit to several places in a country or area made for a special purpose, such as by a politician, sports team or group of performers （政治家、运动队、演出团体等的）巡视，巡回比赛，巡回演出
• a lecture/concert tour 巡回演讲／音乐会
• The Queen is making a two-week tour of Australia. 女王将到澳大利亚进行为期两周的巡访。
• She is performing in Birmingham tonight, on the third leg of (= stage of) her nationwide tour. 她今晚将在伯明罕演出，这是她全国巡回演出的第三站。
• The England cricket team is on tour in Pakistan. 英格兰板球队正在巴基斯坦打巡回比赛。
countable
■a tour of duty 任期；执勤期
UK [tʊər] UK [tɔ:r] US [tʊr] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to go on a tour somewhere （到…）旅行，游历；（到…）巡回比赛，巡视
• [+ prep] We spent a month touring (around/round/in) Kenya. 我们在肯亚各地游玩了一个月。
• The New Zealand team will be touring (in) Europe this winter. 今年冬天纽西兰队将去欧洲参加一系列比赛。
• The President toured US military bases yesterday. 总统昨天巡视了美国军事基地。
• The band are currently touring to promote their new album. 该乐队目前正在各地巡回以推广他们的新唱片。
transitive
■If a play tours a particular area, it is performed in several places there 在…作巡回演出
• The play will be performed first in London, and will then tour the rest of the country. 这出戏将在伦敦首演，然后到国内其他地方巡回演出。
expedition, voyage, journey, trip, travel, excursion, tour, cruise
这组词都有“旅行”的意思，其区别是：
expedition: 指有特定目的远征或探险。
voyage: 指在水上旅行，尤指海上旅行，也可指空中旅行。
journey: 最普通用词，侧重指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅行，也指水上或空中的旅行。
trip: 普通用词，口语多用，常指为公务或游玩作的较短暂的旅行。
travel: 泛指旅行的行为而不指某次具体的旅行，多指到远方作长期旅行，不强调直接目的地，单、复数均可用。
excursion: 较正式用词，常指不超过一天的短时期娱乐性游玩，也可指乘火车或轮船往返特定景点的远足旅游。
tour: 指最后反回出发地，旅途中有停留游览点，距离可长可短，目的各异的周游或巡行。
cruise: 主要指乘船的游览并在多处停靠。
n. 旅游，旅行；巡回演出
 - journey, trip, travel
vt. 旅行，在……旅游；在……作巡回演出
 - have a trip, go on a trip
vi. 旅行，旅游；作巡回演出
 - travel, have a trip

Word: advertisement
Front: advertisement
[ədˈvɜ:tɪsmənt] (中高四雅 5957/3277 -K2)
Vocabulary: advertisement
(once / 482 pages)
n
A public notice promoting the sale of a certain item is called an advertisement. The word is often shortened to ad. They're on TV, on the radio, online, in the paper — you can't even escape advertisements at the movies.
Although advertisements are usually meant to persuade, they aren't always just for selling goods. They're a great way to get the word out about just about anything. You can place an advertisement to (among other things) look for your long-lost sister, hire an employee, or announce a local dance. Even way back in the 1600s, the British were posting advertisements for trips to a newfound place called "Virginia."
WORD FAMILY
advertisement: advertisements+/ advertise: advertised, advertisement, advertiser, advertises, advertising /advertised: advertisedly/advertiser: advertisers/ advertising: advertisings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Great vintage advertisement: The Union Pacific railroad touts its access to “America’s vital potato markets.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
One such advertisement declared unagi “the irresistible flavor of summer.”
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
In New Delhi and many other cities, newspapers are full of big advertisements for lavish parties at upscale hotels and restaurants.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 广告，宣传; 公告; 出公告，做广告
分布：广告(100%)
广告[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
US ['æd.vɝ:.taɪz.mənt] noun countable
 IMPROVER (informal ad) (UK also informal advert)
■a picture, short film, song, etc. which tries to persuade people to buy a product or service 广告；启事
• a television/newspaper advertisement for a new car 为一款新车做的电视／报纸广告
• She scanned the job/property advertisements in the paper. 她浏览了一下报纸的招聘／房地产广告。
be an advertisement for sth
■If you are an advertisement for something, you show its good effects 现身说法宣传…的好处；是…的活广告
• I'm afraid I'm not a very good advertisement for the diet since I've actually put on weight! 恐怕我不是这个减肥饮食计划的活广告，因为我的体重实际上是增加了！
UK [əd'vɜ:.tɪs.mənt] US ['æd.vɝ:.taɪz.mənt] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  advertisementWarning: Check your spelling! Advertisement is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'e' after the 's'.
UK [əd'vɜ:.tɪs.mənt] US ['æd.vɝ:.taɪz.mənt] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  advertisement or advertising? Warning: Choose the right word! To talk about the business of trying to persuade people to buy products or services, don't say 'advertisement', say advertising :
✗ She works for a big advertisement agency.
advertisement, propaganda
advertisement: 广告
propaganda: 宣传（贬义，为某种政治目的而进行的口号式宣传）
n. [经] 广告，宣传
 - publicity, bill, propaganda, dissemination, drumbeating

Word: coffee
Front: coffee
[ˈkɒfi] (中高雅 1388/1403 -K3)
Vocabulary: coffee
(once / 141 pages)
1n 2n
The hot, brown beverage that many people start their days with is called coffee. To make coffee, you can grind coffee beans and pour very hot water over the grounds.
Many people drink coffee because they love the deep, roasted flavor, and also for the caffeine it contains — drinking coffee helps you feel more awake and alert. The green coffee bean that's roasted and ground to produce your cup of Joe grows on a bush in a warm climate. People have been drinking coffee since at least the 15th century, although it didn't catch on with Americans until the Revolutionary War, when the British habit of tea drinking plummeted in popularity.
WORD FAMILY
coffee: coffees
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her crew will soon bring chicken sandwiches and coffee.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That said, two new characters were invented after Brownstein saw a flier in her Portland coffee shop.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Sannito said her version is nothing like mass-produced biscotti, often so hard and dry it must be dunked in coffee to soften it up.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 咖啡豆; 咖啡粉; （一杯）咖啡; 非正式的社交集会
分布：咖啡(98%)，咖啡色(2%)
→词源有争议。一种说法是因产自埃塞俄比亚Kaffa而得名。
n.咖啡(色)The bee paid the fee of coffee, beef and beer for the cheerful deer.蜜蜂为欢快的鹿付了咖啡,牛肉和啤酒的费用.
US ['kɑ:.fi] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a dark brown powder with a strong flavour and smell that is made by crushing coffee beans, or a hot drink made from this powder 咖啡粉；咖啡
• decaffeinated coffee 不含咖啡因的咖啡
• fresh/instant coffee 现磨／即溶咖啡
• a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡
• Would you get some coffee when you go shopping? 你去买东西时买点咖啡好吗？
• If I drink too much coffee, I can't sleep. 要是咖啡喝得太多，我会睡不着觉。
• Can I get you a coffee (= cup of coffee) ? 我给你来杯咖啡吧？
• I'd like a black coffee (= a cup of coffee without milk) , please. 请给我来杯不加牛奶的咖啡。
• Do you take (= drink) your coffee white (= with milk) ? 你喝咖啡要加奶吗？
n. [食品] [作物] 咖啡；咖啡豆；咖啡色
 - caffe

Word: broker
Front: broker
[ˈbrəʊkə(r)] (宝 4073/5375 -3)
Vocabulary: broker
(once / 522 pages)
nv
A broker is someone who buys or sells for someone else for a commission. You may go to a real estate company to get a broker to help you buy a house.
In Middle English broker meant "peddler or retailer." Nowadays a broker still sells things — but she's acting as an agent making deals for someone else and collecting a commission for all that work. Used as a verb, broker means to arrange a deal or negotiate. Working for an advisory firm, a broker may convince you to invest in a company — so the broker would broker a business deal.
WORD FAMILY
broker: brokerage, brokered, brokering, brokers+/brokerage: brokerages
USAGE EXAMPLES
What the page doesn’t say is that those sources include detailed dossiers obtained from commercial data brokers about users’ offline lives.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Today, he is one of the biggest obstacles to U.S. efforts to broker peace in Yemen and threatens Washington’s influence in the Middle East.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The resolution also welcomed plans for the talks in Kazakhstan before a resumption of U.N.-brokered talks in Geneva in February.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （股票、外币等）经纪人; 中间人，代理人; 旧货商人; 〈口〉婚姻介绍人
vt. 作为权力经纪人进行谈判; 作为中间人来安排、设法
时态：brokered, brokering, brokers
分布：经纪人(93%)，安排(4%)，协商(3%)
→来自拉丁词brocca, 针，刺，词源同broach. 原指卖散酒的零售商，后来词义由散酒零售商到皮条客到经纪人。
【源】“一笔交易做成时作为礼节性的礼品”
【记】pawnbroker（n 典当商）
US ['broʊ.kɚ] noun countable
■a person who buys and sells foreign money, shares in companies, etc., for other people 经纪人，掮客
• a commodity/insurance/mortgage broker 商品／保险／按揭经纪人
• I called my broker for advice about investing in the stock market. 我给我的经纪人打电话咨询股市投资的问题。
■a person who talks to opposing sides, especially governments, making arrangements for them or bringing to an end disagreements （尤指政府的）中间人，调停人
• During the war Wallas became a power broker in governmental circles. 战争期间华莱士成了政界的权力经纪人。
UK ['brəʊ.kər] US ['broʊ.kɚ] verb transitive
■to arrange something such as a deal, agreement, etc. between two or more groups or countries 作为经纪人安排（交易、协议等）
• The foreign ministers have failed in their attempts to broker a ceasefire. 外交部长们促成停火的尝试已告失败。
n. [经] 经纪人， [劳经] 掮客
 - booking agent, middleman

Word: accident
Front: accident
[ˈæksɪdənt] (中高研四托 1707/1187 -K3)
Vocabulary: accident
(once / 93 pages)
n
An accident is an unfortunate event. By their very nature, accidents are not planned. Rear-ending the car ahead of you, spilling milk, losing your footing on an icy sidewalk — all of these are considered accidents.
You will most often hear people use accident to describe an unfortunate mistake, like swerving into oncoming traffic or making a sloppy calculation. However, an accident could have a positive outcome as well: "The invention of the chocolate chip cookie was a happy accident, occurring when the cook decided to add the chopped chocolate to the batter without melting it first."
WORD FAMILY
accident: accidental, accidents+/ accidental: accidentally, accidentals
USAGE EXAMPLES
According to the report, the pileup happened when six vehicles slowed on the interstate because of another accident.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The coroner’s office ruled Gilbert’s death an accident.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In Iowa, fatal crashes involving alcohol or drugs increased 27 percent between 2011 and 2015, while overall fatal traffic accidents fell.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 意外事件; 事故; 机遇，偶然; 附属品
分布：事故(80%)，意外(17%)，偶然(2%)，造化(1%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. 词根cid, 1.落，见deciduous,落叶的。2.砍，见decide,决定。此处指突外掉落的，意外。
n.意外遭遇,事故;意外(因素)The stupid student rapidly studied the accident in the studio.愚蠢的学生在画室里快速研究了事故.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■something bad which happens that is not expected or intended, and which often damages something or injures someone 意外；不测；事故
• Josh had an accident and spilled water all over his work. 乔希不小心把作业上洒得都是水。
• She was injured in a car/road accident (= when one car hit another). 她在一宗车祸／交通意外中受伤了。
by accident
 ESSENTIAL
■without intending to, or without being intended 偶然，意外地
• I deleted the file by accident. 我不小心删掉了那个档案。
• I found her letter by accident as I was looking through my files. 我在查看我的文件时，意外地发现了她的信。
['æk.sɪ.dənt] noun countable
Accidents will happen. saying
■said after an accident in order to make it seem less bad （事故发生后说的安慰话）出事是难免的。
['æk.sɪ.dənt] noun countable
an accident waiting to happen
■a very dangerous situation in which an accident is very likely 容易发生事故的情形
['æk.sɪ.dənt] noun countable
have an accident
■to urinate or excrete (= pass solid waste) when you do not intend to （无意识地）便溺；尿（或拉）裤子；尿床
• Even a six-year-old can have an accident at night sometimes. 即使是六岁大的孩子，晚上有时也可能会尿床。
['æk.sɪ.dənt] noun countable
more by accident than design
■because of luck and not because of skill or organization 与其说是人为还不如说因为幸运；由于机缘而非有意安排
• The play was a success more by accident than design. 这出剧的成功与其说是演得好，还不如说是运气好。
accident, happening, event, occurrence, incident
这组词都有“事故、事件”的意思，其区别是：
accident: 强调偶然或意外发生的不幸事情。
happening: 和occurrence这两个词多指日常生活中发生的一般事件，有时也指偶然发生的事。
event: 可指任何大小事件，但尤指历史上的重大事件。
occurrence: 和happening这两个词多指日常生活中发生的一般事件，有时也指偶然发生的事。
incident: 既可指小事件或附带事件，又可指政治上具有影响的事件或事变。
n. [安全] 事故；意外； [法] 意外事件；机遇
 - occurring, slip

Word: origin
Front: origin
[ˈɒrɪdʒɪn] (高研四六托雅 2547/1898 -K3)
Vocabulary: origin
(once / 102 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An origin is a start. You could say that the origin of yoga was in India, since that's where the practice began, or that the origin of the strawberries in the market is Mexico, since they were grown there.
If your best friend asks you about the origin of your fear of mariachi bands, it means that she wants to know where your phobia came from. Your ancestry is another kind of origin — you might mention your Eastern European origin if that's where your ancestors came from. The root, start, or birth of something is its origin. The origin of the word origin is the Latin word originem, meaning "rise, beginning, or source."
WORD FAMILY
origin: originate, origins+/ originate: originated, originates, originating, origination, originative, originator/origination: originations/originator: originators
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Scottish government money will help mark the origins in 1947 of the Edinburgh International, Fringe and Film Festivals.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
For instance, the first form is modeled after a talwar, a curved sword with Indian origins.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One was a French citizen of Tunisian origin, who died with her Tunisian husband, according to the French Foreign Ministry.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 起源，根源; 出身; [数]原点，起点; [解]（筋，神经的）起端
分布：起源(77%)，出身(15%)，起因(8%)
→来自拉丁语origo,升起，上升，来自oriri,升起，出现，来自ergh,升起，上升，词源同orient,orogeny.引申词义起源，发源。
起源;出身(orig+in→[生命]开始→起源)[ori,orig=rise,begin,表示"升起,开始"]
n.起源,由来;出身,来历Many Americans are African by origin.许多美国人是非洲血统.
US ['ɔ:r.ə-] noun
 IMPROVER countable (also origins)
■the beginning or cause of something 起源；源头；起因
• It's a book about the origin of the universe. 这是一本关于宇宙起源的书。
• Her unhappy childhood was the origin of her problems later in life. 她不幸的童年导致她后来生活中的诸多问题。
• What's the origin of this saying? (= Where did it come from?) 这格言出自甚么地方？
origins
 ADVANCED [plural]
■used to describe the particular way in which something started to exist or someone started their life 起源，来历，出身，家庭背景
• The story has obscure origins (= No one knows how it started). 这个故事的起源已不可考。
• The president's family was of humble origins (= They were poor people without a good position in society). 总统家庭出身卑微。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■where a person was born 出生地
• He is of North African origin. 他是北非裔人。
• What is your country of origin? 你出生在哪个国家？
 ADVANCED uncountable
■where an object was made （原）产地
• The furniture was French in origin. 这家俱产于法国。
opponent, opposite, original, origin
opponent: 反对者
opposite: 相反的
original: 原创
origin: 起源
source, root, origin
这组词都有“起源，起因，根源”的意思，其区别是：
source: 本义指某地系河流或瀑布的源头，引申指某事的来源出处，但更多指抽象事物的根源或来源。
root: 通常指事物产生的原因或根源。
origin: 侧重指事物的起源或由来，也指人的出身。
commencement, origin, founding, initiation
commencement: 学位颁授典礼
origin: 起点，开端，来源，作复数时指血统，背景，出身
founding: 弃儿
initiation: 开始，发起，initiation of sth
n. 起源； [数] 原点；出身；开端
 - birth, extraction, dawn

Word: visa
Front: visa
[ˈvi:zə] (高研六雅 5525/8033 -2)
Vocabulary: visa
(once / 1932 pages)
nv
A visa is a permit to enter a specific country. Without a visa, you might not be able to travel where you want.
While you may know Visa as the name of a credit card company, a visa is a little different: it's an official authorization to enter a country. This is different from a passport, which is a type of identification geared toward international travel. A visa is a more specific form of authorization, allowing you to travel to a certain country. A visa may only last for a certain amount of time, and different countries have different standards for granting a visa.
WORD FAMILY
visa: visaed, visaing, visas
USAGE EXAMPLES
Inspector Thrower said Mr. Gronych is from Slovenia and is in Canada on a work visa.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Until the last several years, the overwhelming majority of those crossing the Southwest border without visas were Mexicans in search of jobs.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It does not track what proportion of visas are issued to birth tourists.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 签证
vt. 签发签证
时态：visaed, visaing, visas
分布：签证(99%)，办理签证(1%)
→来自拉丁语charta visa,即验证过的文件，visa,看，词源同visage,charta,纸，词源同chart.
n.(护照等的)签证;维萨信用卡vt.签证To go to the United States, you must get a visa at the U.S. embassy.你必须从美国大使馆得到签证才能去美国.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an official mark made in a passport which allows you to enter or leave a particular country 签证
• We travelled to Argentina on a tourist visa. 我们持旅游签证到阿根廷旅行。
n. 签证
 - vise

Word: regular
Front: regular
[ˈregjələ(r)] (高研四六托雅 1370/1276 -K4)
Vocabulary: regular
(once / 56 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj 4adjn 5adj 6adj 7n
The adjective regular is useful for describing something that happens in a specific way again and again, like your regular tasks at work.
Things that occur in a particular order or a certain way can be called regular. You might have a regular group of patients you visit when you're volunteering at the hospital, or a roommate who insists on sitting down together for regular meals. The word regular comes from the Latin regularis, "continuing rules for guidance," which in turn has its roots in regula, or "rule."
WORD FAMILY
regular: irregular, regularise, regularity, regularize, regularly, regulars+/ irregular: irregularity, irregularly, irregulars/irregularity: irregularities/regularise: regularisation, regularised, regularising/ regularity: regularities, unregularity/regularize: regularization, regularized, regularizes, regularizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
All appeared fine with his injured right throwing shoulder, which caused him to miss the final two games of the regular season.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
He re-aggravated the injury during a November loss to Georgia and missed the final two games of the regular season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He led the Trojans with 79 tackles in the regular season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 有规律的; 规则，整齐的; 不变的; 合格的
n. 正规军; 主力（或正式）队员; 常客
adv. 定期地; 经常地
分布：规则的(42%)，正规的(19%)，经常的(19%)，整齐的(17%)，有规律的；定期的(3%)
→来自拉丁语 regula,规则，来自 regere,管理，统治，来自 reg,拉直，词源同 correct,right,regal.
a.有规律的;整齐的,匀称的,正规的,正式的The store has a lot of regular customers.这家商店有许多老主顾.
US [-lɚ] adjective
OFTEN 经常
 ESSENTIAL
■happening or doing something often 频繁的；经常发生的；经常做的
• a regular customer/churchgoer/reader/user 老顾客／经常去教堂做礼拜的人／固定读者／老用户
• Top footballers make regular appearances on TV. 顶尖的足球运动员经常在电视上亮相。
UK ['reg.jʊ.lər] US [-lɚ] adjective
EVEN 均匀的
 IMPROVER
■existing or happening repeatedly in a fixed pattern, with equal or similar amounts of space or time between one and the next; even 定时的；固定的；有规律的；规则的；均匀的
• Her heartbeat was regular. 她的心跳很正常。
• The gardeners planted the trees at regular intervals. 园丁按照固定的间隔种树。
• I suggest that we have regular meetings/meet on a regular basis. 我建议我们定期会面。
■If you say someone is regular, you mean they pass the contents of their bowels out of their body often enough, or (of women) that their period is always at approximately the same time （人）大便正常的；（女性）月经正常的
• The doctor asked if I was regular/if my bowel movements were regular. 医生问我大便是否正常。
UK ['reg.jʊ.lər] US [-lɚ] adjective
USUAL 通常的
 ADVANCED US
■usual or ordinary 普通的；一般的；寻常的
• Her regular secretary was off sick for a week. 她平时的秘书生病了，休假一周。
• I couldn't see my regular dentist. 我不能去找平时给我看病的那个牙医了。
• mainly US I bought a regular size tee-shirt, rather than extra large. 我买了一件标准尺码的T恤衫，而不是特大号的。
 ADVANCED specialized
■describes a verb, noun or adjective which follows the usual rules in the structure of its various forms （动词、名词或形容词）规则的，按规则变化的
• 'To talk' is a regular verb but 'to be' is not. 动词 to talk 是个规则动词，而 to be 就不是。
a regular guy US
■a normal man who is liked and trusted 可亲近信赖的人；好人
regular army/soldier, etc.
■an army that exists all the time, or a soldier in such an army 正规军／正规军士兵等
UK ['reg.jʊ.lər] US [-lɚ] adjective
SIMILAR 相似的
■the same on both or all sides 均匀的；端正的；整齐的
• He's very handsome, with regular features and deep brown eyes. 他相貌英俊，五官端正，长着一双深褐色的眼睛。
• A square is a regular quadrilateral. 广场是个正四边形。
UK ['reg.jʊ.lər] US [-lɚ] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
[before noun] informal
■real; complete 完全的；彻底的；十足的
• The situation here now is becoming a regular disaster. 这里的局势现在正在演变成一场惨重的灾难。
• old-fashioned That child is a regular charmer/little nuisance. 那个小孩真是个地地道道的迷人精／讨厌鬼。
UK ['reg.jʊ.lər] US [-lɚ] adjective
(as) regular as clockwork
■never late 准时
• In this country the trains are regular as clockwork. 在这个国家，列车非常准时。
UK ['reg.jʊ.lər] US [-lɚ] noun countable
CUSTOMER 顾客
■someone who often goes to a particular event or place, such as a shop or restaurant 常客；老顾客；老主顾
• He's one of the regulars at the Rose and Crown pub. 他是玫瑰王冠酒吧馆的常客之一。
UK ['reg.jʊ.lər] US [-lɚ] noun countable
SOLDIER 军人
■a soldier whose permanent job is being a soldier 职业军人；正规军人
ordinary, typical, regular, normal, natural
这组词都有“规则的，正常的，正规的”的意思，其区别是：
ordinary: 强调一般性和普通性，含不突出的意味。
typical: 指个体能体现出群体的特征。
regular: 指已有模式、有规律或定期的。
normal: 指不超过某种限度、符合某种标准或常规。
natural: 侧重某人或某物的行为符合其固有特性。
usual, habitual, regular, conventional, customary
这组词都有“通常的，惯常的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 普通用词，概念广泛。指经常发生或意料中的事，既可指自然发生的现象，也可指按个人习惯或惯例而做的事。
habitual: 指按个人习惯反复发生的事情。侧重经常性、习惯性。
regular: 着重遵守约定俗成的规则。
conventional: 语气强，指遵守已成习惯的事情，强调符合惯例，由人们普遍认可。
customary: 指特定的个人或群体的平常习惯，或习俗性的行为。
adj. 定期的；有规律的；合格的； [植] 整齐的
 - qualified, stated, ordered, straight, periodic
n. 常客；正式队员；中坚分子
 - familiar, elite
adv. 定期地；经常地
 - frequently, periodically

Word: quarterly
Front: quarterly
[ˈkwɔ:təli] (研四六托雅 11417/9787 -2)
Back: adj. 季度的，按季度的; 四分之一
adv. 按季的; [农] 一季一次地; 纵横四分地
n. 季刊; 季考
分布：季度的(53%)，季刊(43%)，每季一次(4%)
→quarter,四分之一，-ly,形容词后缀。引申词义季刊，季报。
a.每季的ad.每季一次n.季刊The guardian found a quarterly quart of quartz in the safeguard.监护人在安全装置内找到了四分之一夸脱石英.
US ['kwɑ:.tˌɚ.li] adjective adverb
■done or produced four times a year 一年四次的，每季进行或制作的
• a quarterly magazine 季刊杂志
• The magazine will be published quarterly. 这份杂志每季出版一期。

Word: sink
Front: sink
[sɪŋk] (高研四六托雅 2809/2585 -K3)
Vocabulary: sink
(once / 77 pages)
1v 2n
When things sink, they settle or drop to a lower level. If your kayak has a leak, it might fill with water and sink to the bottom of the lake.
Things can sink, like a toy octopus descending to the bottom of the bathtub or the sun appearing to sink below the horizon. You can also deliberately sink something, as when you capsize your friend's remote controlled speedboat on purpose. When sink is a noun, it's the water basin in your kitchen or bathroom. The Old English root of both kinds of sink is sincan, "become submerged or go under," from a Germanic source.
WORD FAMILY
sink: sank, sinkable, sinked, sinker, sinking, sinks, sunken+/sinkable: unsinkable/sinker: sinkers/sinking: sinkings/unsinkable: unsinkably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Alonso hit 8 of 14 from the field and sank all seven of his free throws.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At last, we are allowed to sit, and we sink into a velvet, purplish sofa.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
But Anderson sank a 3, Cooper followed with a layup and Green Bay led by double figures the rest of the way.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 淹没; 下落; 退去; 渐渐进入
vt. 使下沉; 使下垂; 砸入地面; 使败落
n. 水池; 洗涤槽; 污水坑
时态：sank, sunk, sinking, sinks
分布：水槽(42%)，下沉(30%)，沉没(16%)，散热器(4%)，渗透(3%)，低落(2%)，衰弱(1%)，沟渠(1%)，变低(1%)
→来自古英语 sincan,下沉，下陷，来自 Proto-Germanic*senkwan,下沉，下陷，来自 sengw, 下沉，下陷，词源同 sag,saggy.
v.(使)下沉,下落n.水槽,水池While sinking into thinking, the shrinking linkman drank the pink ink sprinkled on the wrinkly paper.陷入沉思时,退缩的联络员喝掉了洒在皱纹纸上的粉红色墨水.
verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
GO DOWN BELOW 沉没
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something or someone to) go down below the surface or to the bottom of a liquid or soft substance （使）沉没；（使）陷入
• The Titanic was a passenger ship which sank (to the bottom of the ocean) in 1912. 铁达尼号是1912年沉没（海底）的一艘客轮。
• The legs of the garden chair sank into the soft ground. 休闲椅的脚陷入松软的土中。
• Enemy aircraft sank two battleships. 敌机击沉了两艘军舰。
• The dog sank her teeth into (= bit) the ball and ran off with it. 狗叼着球跑走了。
⇒ See also sunken
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
FALL 下落
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to (cause something or someone to) fall or move to a lower level 落下，沉下；降低
• The sun glowed red as it sank slowly below the horizon. 太阳缓缓沉到地平线下，发出红色的余晖。
• Student numbers have sunk considerably this year. 今年的学生人数大幅减少。
• informal We sank (= drank) a bottle of wine each last night. 昨天晚上，我们每人喝了一瓶葡萄酒。
• The wounded soldier sank (= fell) to the ground. 受伤的士兵跌倒在地。
• He sank into deep despair (= became very unhappy) when he lost his job. 失去工作后，他极其绝望。
transitive
■to hit a ball into a hole or pocket, especially in golf or snooker （尤指在高尔夫球或撞球运动中）击（球）进洞
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
DIG 挖
transitive
■to dig a hole in the ground, or to put something into a hole dug into the ground 挖，掘（洞）；把…插入，把…埋入（洞里）
• Sinking more wells is the best way of supplying the population with clean drinking water. 要为人们提供清洁的饮用水，最好的方法是挖更多的井。
• The first stage of building the fence is sinking the posts into the ground. 筑栅栏的第一步是把柱子插进地里。
⇒ See also sunken
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
FAILURE 失败
transitive
■to cause something to fail or be in trouble 使失败；使陷入麻烦
• This rain could sink our plans for the garden party. 这场雨会让我们举行露天派对的计划泡汤。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink your differences UK
■to forget your disagreements 搁置分歧；忘却不和
• Paul and Mark agreed to sink their differences and be friends. 保罗和马克同意放下成见，成为朋友。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink like a stone (also sink like a lead balloon)
■to attract no support, attention or interest 石沉大海，无人关注
• My suggestion that we all play tennis sank like a stone. 我所提出大家都去打网球的建议犹如石沉大海，无人回应。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink or swim
■If someone leaves you to sink or swim, they give you no help so that you succeed or fail completely by your own efforts 自己去闯，成败全凭自己
• My employer gave me no help when I started my new job - I was just left to sink or swim. 开始做新工作时，我的老板没有为我提供任何帮助——全凭我自己打拼。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink to a whisper
■to speak very quietly 非常小声地说话，如耳语般说话
• The child's voice sank to a whisper as she admitted that she had broken the window. 那个女孩承认自己打破窗户玻璃时，声音低得如同耳语。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink to such a level/such depths (also sink so low)
■to do something so bad 堕落到如此地步
• I can't believe you would sink so low as to snitch on your best friends. 我无法相信你堕落到如此地步，竟然会告发你最要好的朋友。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink without (a) trace informal
■to be forgotten about completely, or to not attract any attention or interest 彻底被人遗忘，销声匿迹
• Since his last book five years ago, he seems to have sunk without trace. 自从五年前出了最后一本书之后，他好像就销声匿迹，音讯全无。
• Her second symphony sank without a trace. 她的第二部交响乐无人问津。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sinking fast
■(of a person's health) getting much worse quickly so that death is likely （病情）迅速恶化
• Mrs Jones is sinking fast, and the doctor doesn't think she'll live much longer. 琼斯太太的病情迅速恶化，医生认为她活不了多久了。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sinking feeling
■a feeling that something bad is going to happen 不祥的预感
• When I woke up this morning, I had a sinking feeling that it was going to be a difficult day. 今天早晨醒来时，我有种不祥的预感——这将是艰难的一天。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sinking ship
■a company or other organization that is failing 正在沉没的船（暗示某个公司或组织正要垮掉）
• He'd seen the accounts, realized he was on a sinking ship, and decided to get off. 他看到了账目，意识到犹如站在沉船上一般的危险处境，因此决定离开。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sunk in thought UK
■thinking deeply 沉思；深思
• Rodin's sculpture 'The Thinker' is of a man sitting with his head in his hand, sunk in thought. 罗丹的雕塑《沉思者》刻画的是一名坐着的男子，他手托着下巴，陷入沉思。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  sink in informal
■If an unpleasant or surprising fact or idea sinks in, you gradually start to believe it, understand it, or realize the effect it will have on you （事实或想法）逐渐被完全理解，被充分意识到
• How many times do I have to tell you something before it sinks in? 要我对你说多少遍，你才能明白?
• His voice trailed off as the seriousness of his position sank in. 他渐渐明白了自己处境的险峻，语调慢慢低了下来。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  sink in/sink into sth
■If a liquid or soft substance sinks into something solid, it gradually passes into it through its surface 逐渐渗入
• You'd better wipe up that coffee you spilled on the carpet before it sinks in. 趁洒在地毯上的咖啡没有渗进去之前，你最好把它擦干净。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  sink into sth
■to slowly move your body into a sitting or lying position, in a relaxed or tired way （放松地）坐下，躺下
• I was so tired when I got home that all I wanted to do was sink into bed/an armchair/a hot bath. 我回家后太累了，只想躺在床上／坐进扶手椅里／洗个热水澡。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  sink sth into sth
■to spend a large amount of money on a business or other piece of work 把大量（资金）投入（生意或工作）
• We sank all our money into my brother's business. 我们把自己所有的钱都投注在我哥哥的生意上。
[sɪŋk] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a bowl that is fixed to the wall in a kitchen or bathroom in which you wash dishes or your hands, etc. （厨房的）水槽，洗碗槽；（浴室的）洗脸盆
• a bathroom/kitchen sink 浴室／厨房水槽
drop, fall, sink, descend
这组词都有“落下，下降”的意思，其区别是：
drop: 指物体从一定高度落下。
fall: 与drop同义，指突然或猛烈地降落，但fall也可指任何下落，同高度或形式无关。
sink: 指在空气或水中垂直下降、下沉。
descend: 通常指沿斜线或斜坡下降。
vi. 下沉；消沉；渗透
 - dip
vt. 使下沉；挖掘；使低落
 - to dig, tap into
n. [化工] 水槽；洗涤槽；污水坑
 - trough, washing tank

Word: correction
Front: correction
[kəˈrekʃn] (高四六 5966/5971 -2)
Vocabulary: correction
(once / 416 pages)
1n 2n 3n
When you fix a mistake, you make a correction, a change that rights a wrong. When you correct a misspelled word, you’ve made a correction. Well done! Correction also applies to punishment, which is another way to right a wrong.
A correction is an improvement or a revision when there's something that needs to be fixed. Newspapers issue corrections for previously printed errors, and a poorly written law might get the correction it needs after voters choose to amend it. Sometimes correction is also used to mean "punishment or discipline," and a correction or correctional facility is another word for jail. Correction can also mean "a drop in the value of a stock that was artificially high."
WORD FAMILY
correction: correctional, corrections+/ correct: correctable, corrected, correctedly, correcting, correctingly, correction, corrective, correctly, correctness, corrects, incorrect /correctable: uncorrectable/corrected: uncorrected/correctional: correctionally/corrective: correctively, correctives/correctness: correctnesses/ incorrect: incorrectly, incorrectness/incorrectness: incorrectnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
A statement says corrections officers attempted to resuscitate the inmate, including using CPR.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Correction: A previous version of this post misstated CES's anniversary.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
The Department of Correction says it’s reviewing the cases and continually assessing its practices.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 修改; 改[纠]正; 惩罚; 有待改正
adj. 改正的，纠正的
分布：改正(64%)，订正(18%)，惩罚(18%)
noun
CHANGE 更正
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a change made to something in order to correct or improve it, or when you make such a change 改正；修改；更正
• She was disappointed to see her essay returned with a mass of corrections in red ink. 看到她的作文发下来时满篇都用红笔修改过，她很失望。
[kə'rek.ʃən] noun
PUNISHMENT 惩罚
uncountable old use
■punishment of a type that was intended to improve bad behaviour （用于纠正不良行为的）惩罚
corrections [plural] US formal
■the set of methods available to the people responsible for punishing and treating people who have committed crimes 责罚，惩罚
• a corrections officer 狱警
n. [天] 改正， [自] [机] [数] 修正
 - modification, reform, rectification, revision, amendment

Word: consume
Front: consume
[kənˈsju:m] (高研四六托 3006/3627 -2)
Vocabulary: consume
(once / 81 pages)
1v 2v 3v
"The Freshman 15" describes freshman-year college students who gain about fifteen pounds because they consume way too much lousy dorm food all day long.
To consume a cake is to eat it, the idea being that you ate the whole thing. To say a fire consumed a building is to say that the entire building was destroyed. Consume means to devour, to take in, to use up. The Unites States is often referred to as a consumer society because our economy is based on things being consumed. Whether it's gas, clothes, burgers, music, or anything that we use up as we purchase it, it's something that we consume. If we consume all the oil, there will be none left to burn.
WORD FAMILY
consume: consumable, consumed, consumer, consumes, consuming, consumption, consumptive+/consumed: unconsumed/ consumer: consumerism, consumers/ consuming: consumingly/ consumption: consumptions/consumptive: consumptively, consumptives/unconsumed: unconsumedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Civil wars – most fuelled by outsiders – are consuming the Middle East.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Mexico imports more than half of the roughly 34 million gallons a day of gasoline it consumes.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
During launch, as the liquid oxygen is consumed, the helium is heated and released to maintain pressure within the tank.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 消耗，消费; 耗尽，毁灭; 吃光，喝光; 烧毁
时态：consumed, consuming, consumes
分布：消耗(89%)，毁灭(10%)，吃喝(1%)
→con-, 强调。-sum, 拿，带，消费，词源同assume, resume.
消费,吃光(con全部+sum+c→全部拿光→消费)[sum,sumpt=take表示"拿,取"]
vt.消耗;吃完,喝光;(with)使着迷;烧毁The perfume consumer presumably assumes that the volume is resumed.香水消费者假定地设想音量已恢复.
【记】con共同，sume＝take拿，取－全部拿光－消费
【参】assume（vt 假定；采取；承担）；resume（v 重新开始）
US [-'su:m] verb transitive
USE RESOURCE 消耗资源
 IMPROVER
■to use fuel, energy or time, especially in large amounts （尤指大量地）消耗，消费，花费
• Our high living standards cause our present population to consume 25 percent of the world's oil. 我们的高生活水准致使我们目前的人口要消耗世界石油的25%。
■formal
■to eat or drink, especially a lot of something （尤指大量地）吃，喝
• He consumes vast quantities of chips with every meal. 他每一餐都要吃掉大量的薯条。
UK [kən'sju:m] US [-'su:m] verb transitive
DESTROY 毁灭
■If a fire consumes something, it destroys it completely. （火）吞噬，烧毁，毁灭
be consumed by/with sth
■to have so much of a feeling that it affects everything you do 充满（某种强烈的感情）
• He was consumed with jealousy. 他心里满是嫉妒。
• As a teenager, I was consumed by passion for the boy next door. 十几岁时，我对隔壁的男孩非常着迷。
dine, gorge, have, swallow, eat, devour, consume
这组词都有“吃”的意思，其区别是：
dine: 正式用词，既可指一日三餐中的任何一餐，也可以指特殊的用餐。
gorge: 侧重指拼命地吃或塞，强调吃饱或吃得过量。
have: 可与eat换用，但强调一次性的动作。
swallow: 主要指吃的整个过程的第二部分“咽”，并常指咀嚼得匆匆忙忙地吃。
eat: 普通用词，使用广泛。既可用于人，也可用于动物。
devour: 指狼吞虎咽地吃，强调吃得既快又彻底。
consume: 侧重痛痛快快地吃得一干二净，可用于人和动物。
vt. 消耗，消费；使…著迷；挥霍
 - waste, to use up
vi. 耗尽，毁灭；耗尽生命
 - peter, spend

Word: gift
Front: gift
[gɪft] (中高 1382/1914 -K3)
Vocabulary: gift
(once / 75 pages)
nv
A gift is an item that's given without any expectation of payment — it's a present. A gift may be the present you receive on your birthday or it may be a natural gift or talent you possess — like your gift for reading lips.
People give gifts to mark special occasions, like birthdays, weddings, anniversaries. and some holidays. Sometimes tourists buy gifts while on vacation and bring them home to their friends and family. Another kind of gift is a special ability: "She has such a gift for learning languages." The root of gift is probably the Old Norse gipt or gift, which means both "gift" and "good luck."
WORD FAMILY
gift: gifted, gifting, gifts+/ gifted: giftedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
While enjoying reading cards and opening gifts, we were shocked to find 35 of our 140 guests did not leave a gift.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
I hold on to these items and add them to birthday gifts for my girlfriends.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
The questioning Monday night was apparently related to the less serious of the two, which concerns gifts from businessmen, according to the media reports.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 赠品，礼物; 天赋; 赠送; 天资
vt. 赋予; 向…赠送; 天赋权力（或才能等）; 授予
时态：gifted, gifting, gifts
分布：礼物(75%)，天赋(12%)，赠送(4%)，才能(4%)，赠品(3%)，赋予(2%)
→来自give的名词形式。
n.礼品,赠品;天赋,才能The drifter swiftly shifted the gift to the left of the lift.那个漂泊者敏捷地将礼物换到电梯的左边.
noun
PRESENT 礼物
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a present or something which is given 礼物；赠品
• a birthday/wedding gift 生日／结婚礼物
• The guests all arrived bearing (= bringing) gifts. 客人们都带着礼物到了。
countable usually singular informal
■something which is surprisingly easy or cheap 极容易完成的事；极便宜的东西
• That goal was a gift! 那入球不费吹灰之力！
• £100 for a good leather coat? It's a gift! 100英镑就买了一件好皮衣？真是便宜！
[gɪft] noun
ABILITY 能力
countable usually singular
■a special ability to do something 天赋；才能
• He has a gift for languages. 他有语言天赋。
[gɪft] noun
a gift from the gods
■an especially good or lucky thing or person that comes to you 天赐之物（或人）；走运的机会；天上掉下的馅饼
[gɪft] noun
the gift of the gab UK (US the gift of gab) informal
■the ability to speak easily and confidently in a way that makes people want to listen to you and believe you 能言善道；口才；辩才
• She's got the gift of the gab - she should work in sales and marketing. 她能言善道——她应该去做销售和市场行销的工作。
present, gift, souvenir, tip
这组词都有“礼物，赠品”的意思，其区别是：
present: 普通用词，指给亲朋好友的礼物，赠者与被赠者之间存在某种个人关系，所赠礼物一般不是很昂贵的。
gift: 含义广，既可指真诚相送的礼物、赠品或生日、节日礼物，又可指捐赠的物品或捐款等。
souvenir: 指对人、物、地点或事件有纪念意义的礼物或纪念品。
tip: 指为酬谢他人服务而给的小费。
gift, genius, aptitude, talent, capacity, capability, faculty, ability, competence
这组词都有“能力，才能”的意思，其区别是：
gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
genius: 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability: 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
ability: 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
competence: 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
n. 礼物；天赋； [贸易] 赠品
 - giving, tribute, present, genius
vt. 赋予；向…赠送
 - put, endow with

Word: alongside
Front: alongside
[əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd] (高研六雅 4203/2737 -K3)
Vocabulary: alongside
(once / 357 pages)
adv
Use the adverb alongside when two things are right next to each other, like a boat and a dock or a hunter and her loyal dog.
If you pull up alongside your friend's car in a parking lot, it means that you've parked directly beside it. Alongside can also imply cooperation, as when a baker's assistant works alongside him, kneading dough and wiping flour off the counter. Alongside was once a phrase, either "along side" or "along the side," both primarily used in a nautical sense, to talk about boats. In the 1700s it became a single word.
WORD FAMILY
alongside
USAGE EXAMPLES
In central Mexico’s Mezquital Valley, new pick-up trucks bounce along unpaved roads and U.S.-style houses are springing up alongside cornfields.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile, she authorised the transfer to Estonia of high-precision long-range missiles to be deployed alongside drones, tanks and RAF jets.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
This was where Publius Decius Mus began his career, alongside a handful of other writers, most of whom adopted Latin pseudonyms.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 在…的侧面; 在…旁边; 与…并排
prep. 在…旁边; 横靠; 傍着
分布：在旁边(89%)，在 ... 旁边(11%)
ad.在旁边prep.和...在一起;在...旁边The lengthened long fishing rod alongside the lake belongs to me.靠在湖边的加长长钓竿属于我.
US [ə'lɑ:ŋ.saɪd] preposition adverb
 IMPROVER
■next to, or together with 在…旁边；与…一起
• A car pulled up alongside (ours). 一辆车开过来停在（我们车的）旁边。
• The new pill will be used alongside existing medicines. 这种新药将配合现有药物一起服用。
• Most of the staff refused to work alongside the new team. 大多数职员拒绝和这个新团队一起工作。
• Britain fought alongside France, Turkey and Sardinia during the Crimean War. 在克里米亚战争中，英国和法国、土耳其以及撒丁尼亚王国并肩作战。
adv. 在旁边
 - aside

Word: steady
Front: steady
[ˈstedi] (高研四六托雅 2914/2922 -K3)
Vocabulary: steady
(once / 78 pages)
1adjvadv 2adj 3adjn
The adjective steady describes something that is firmly fixed in position. If you have to climb up on your roof, you definitely want to have a steady ladder. Otherwise, you risk ending up in the bushes instead of on the roof.
The adjective steady can also describe something that isn't going to fluctuate wildly. If you have a steady income from a salary, you bring in approximately the same amount of money each month. If you are paid on commission, on the other hand, you may make Midas look poor in some months and beggars look rich in others. As a verb, to steady means "to make something steady" (big surprise): You can steady a wobbly table by sticking a matchbook under its shortest leg, or you could steady a nervous dog with a reassuring pat.
WORD FAMILY
steady: steadied, steadier, steadies, steadiest, steadily, steadiness, steadying, steadyingly, steadyly, unsteady+/steadiness: steadinesses/unsteadiness: unsteadinesses/unsteady: unsteadied, unsteadily, unsteadiness, unsteadyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is a comedy, but one with “a steady undertow of anxiety, dread and anger,” Stephen Holden wrote in The Times.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
They learn to rappel down abandoned buildings and hold their rifles steady, ready to fire, while charging across a swampy field.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Steady demand for kitty litter helped Wyo-Ben and other bentonite miners through the downturn.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 稳定的，不变的; 镇定的，沉着的; 坚定的
vt. 使稳定，使坚定
n. 关系固定的情侣
时态：steadied, steadying, steadies
分布：稳定的(69%)，稳固的(9%)，坚定的(5%)，固定支架(4%)，使稳定(4%)，关系固定的情侣(4%)，使坚定(4%)，使稳固(1%)
→stead,位置，地方，-y,形容词后缀。
a.稳定的,不变的;坚定的v.(使)稳固/稳定Is the table steady?桌子平稳吗?
adjective
GRADUAL 逐渐的
 IMPROVER
■happening in a smooth, gradual and regular way, not suddenly or unexpectedly 稳步的；持续的；有规律的
• The procession moved through the streets at a steady pace. 队伍稳步穿过街道。
• Orders for new ships are rising, after several years of steady decline. 新船的订单数量经过几年的持续下降之后开始增加了。
• Over the last 10 years he has produced a steady flow/stream/trickle of articles and papers. 过去十年，他连续发表了一系列文章和论文。
• Progress has been slow but steady. 进展虽然缓慢，但却也在稳步向前。
['sted.i] adjective
FIRM 稳固的
■fixed and not moving or changing suddenly 固定不动的；稳固的，平稳的
• I'll hold the boat steady while you climb in. 我把船稳住，你爬上来。
• Most rental prices have held steady this year. 今年大部分租金保持不变。
• Young people assume that if you are in a steady relationship , you don't have to worry about HIV. 年轻人想当然地认为，只要保持稳定的恋爱关系，就不必担心爱滋病病毒。
['sted.i] adjective
CONTROLLED 受控制的
■under control 稳的；冷静的，沉着的
• a steady voice/look/gaze 冷静的声音／表情／目光
• You need steady nerves to drive in city traffic. 在市内开车需要沉着冷静。
• Painting these small details needs a steady hand. 画这些小细节手要稳。
■describes someone who can be trusted to show good judgment and act in a reasonable way 可靠的；稳重的
• a steady friend 可靠的朋友
['sted.i] adjective
go steady on sth UK (US go easy on sth) informal
■to not use too much of something 节省着用
• Go steady on the milk, Dan - that's our last bottle. 牛奶省着点喝，丹——那是我们最后一瓶了。
['sted.i] adjective
Steady on! UK informal
■used to tell someone that what they are saying is too extreme 别那么极端！说话留点余地！
• Steady on, Chris - she's nice but she's not that nice! 别这么绝对，克里斯——她是漂亮，但还没你说的那么漂亮！
['sted.i] verb transitive
STOP MOVING 固定不动
■to make something stop shaking or moving 使稳定；使固定不动
• He wobbled about on the bike and then steadied himself. 他在脚踏车上摇晃了几下，随后便稳住了。
• He steadied his rifle on the wall and fired. 他把步枪抵在墙上稳住，然后开火。
['sted.i] verb transitive
CONTROL 受控制的
■to become calm and controlled, or to make someone do this （使）冷静，（使）镇定下来
• Some people say that a drink will steady your nerves. 有些人说喝杯酒能稳定情绪。
['sted.i] adverb old-fashioned
go steady (with sb)
■to have a romantic relationship with one person for a long period （和某人）保持稳定的恋爱关系
• She's been going steady with Mike for six months. 她和麦克稳定交往已经六个月了。
firm, stable, steady
这组词都有“稳固的”的意思，其区别是：
firm: 指牢固不可动摇或意志、信仰的坚定。
stable: 多指根基牢固，平衡良好，也指性格或位置等的稳定，不可移动或改变。
steady: 指保持平衡不动摇。用于有形物时，指没有根基的稳固，也指动中的稳。
adj. 稳定的；不变的；沉着的
 - settled, constant, stable, composed, permanent
vt. 使稳定；稳固；使坚定
 - firm, stabilitate
adv. 稳定地；稳固地
 - firmly, equably
n. 关系固定的情侣；固定支架
 - fixed bolster, fixed support

Word: drawing
Front: drawing
[ˈdrɔ:ɪŋ] (高研四六托 2521/1892 -K2)
Vocabulary: drawing
(once / 96 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A drawing is a sketch or a picture, usually made with a pencil or pen. You might use extra class time after you've finished a test to make a quick drawing of your teacher sleeping at his desk.
A drawing is an artwork that's not a painting — it's made of sketched lines and represents some object, person, or form. An architect might begin working on a project for a house design by doing some drawings, and a kindergartener might proudly hang a drawing of her family on the refrigerator. Another kind of drawing is the act of pulling, which is also the earliest meaning of the word.
WORD FAMILY
drawing: drawings+/ draw: drawed, drawee, drawer, drawing, draws, drew, overdraw/drawee: drawees/ drawer: drawers/drawers: underdrawers/overdraw: overdrawing, overdrawn, overdraws, overdrew
USAGE EXAMPLES
His mask - which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator - features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The cinematography of “Louie” was more artful, often drawing from the French New Wave.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
His mask — which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator — features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 绘画; 制图; 图画; 图样
v. 绘画(draw的现在分词); 拖; 拉; 拔出
分布：绘图(52%)，图画(26%)，素描(15%)，抽签(5%)，动词draw的现在分词形式.(2%)
→来自draw, 画画。
n.绘图,图样This is a fine drawing.这是一幅好看的素描.
US ['drɑ:-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the act of making a picture with a pencil or pen, or a picture made in this way 绘画；图画
• Rosie loves drawing. 罗西喜欢画画。
• She gave me a beautiful drawing of a horse. 她送了我一幅很漂亮的画，上面画着一匹马。
picture, photo, drawing
picture: 可指相片,图片,电影片,
photo: 用照相机拍摄的照片,
drawing: 画的画 Let's go and see a good picture.
picture, sketch, cartoon, illustration, diagram, painting, portrait, drawing
这组词都有“画，图”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 指广义的“图画”，现多用来指相片、画像。
sketch: 通常指只画出物体主要特征的图画。
cartoon: 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。
illustration: 指插入书页之间帮助说明的任何插图或图解。
diagram: 多指科技书籍或文献中具有概括解说作用的图表、图样或略图。
painting: 指着色的画。
portrait: 指肖像，只用于指人。
drawing: 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。
n. 图画；牵引；素描术
 - picture, traction
v. 绘画；吸引（draw的ing形式）；拖曳
 - painting, gaining

Word: wake
Front: wake
[weɪk] (中高 1764/2178 -K3)
Vocabulary: wake
(once / 107 pages)
1v 2n 3n
In the wake, or aftermath, of a death, it's traditional in many cultures to hold a wake, a vigil for the dead. There's a third meaning of wake, too, you know: it's the waves that a boat leaves behind as it slices through the water. And that's not all...
Wake has three meanings as a noun, and, yes, just about as many meanings as a verb! So get set. To wake is come out of sleep, a verb you'll recognize from "Wake up! You're asleep at the wheel!" You can wake feelings, as well as the people who are having them. The wake before the funeral caused Mike to wake from his depression and decide to live life to the fullest. His first act was to water ski; he eventually mastered staying upright while crossing the wake of the boat that was towing him.
WORD FAMILY
wake: waked, wakeful, wakeless, waken, waker, wakes, waking, woke, woken+/wakeful: wakefully, wakefulness/waken: wakened, wakening, wakens/wakening: wakenings/waker: wakers/waking: wakingly, wakings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Watson said he sees the potential for a new push for an Article V convention in the wake of the November election.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Tournament of Roses Rose Parade Facebook page posted this photo of Palmer in the wake of his death in September.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
A strong response is needed in the wake of these failures.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 醒，醒来; 苏醒，复活; 警觉; 弄醒，叫醒
vt. 激发，唤醒; 使意识到，使警觉; 为…守夜
n. 守灵，守夜; （船航过时的）尾波; 年度假期
时态：woke, woken, waking, wakes
分布：醒来(68%)，唤醒(18%)，意识到(7%)，守夜(4%)，航迹(3%)
→来自weg,强健的，有活力的，词源同vigor,vegetable,watch。引申词义睡醒，醒来。尾流义词源不详。
v.醒来,唤醒;使觉醒,激发,引起I woke up at six this morning.今天早晨我六点钟醒来.
verb intransitive or transitive (woke or waked, woken or waked or US ALSO woke) (also wake up) US ALSO
 ESSENTIAL
■to (cause someone to) become awake and conscious after sleeping 醒来；叫醒，吵醒
• Did you wake at all during the night? 夜里你一点都没醒吗？
• Please wake me early tomorrow. 明天请早点叫醒我。
• I woke up with a headache. 我醒来时觉得头痛。
• Jane's hand on my shoulder woke me out of/from a bad dream. 简的手放在我肩上，把我从噩梦中摇醒。
[weɪk] verb intransitive or transitive (woke or waked, woken or waked or US ALSO woke) (also wake up) US ALSO
Wake up!
■something you say to tell someone to listen or to become involved when they have not been listening or paying attention 注意听！注意点！
• Wake up, Daniel! It's your turn. 注意点，丹尼尔！轮到你了。
[weɪk] verb intransitive or transitive (woke or waked, woken or waked or US ALSO woke) (also wake up) US ALSO
wake up and smell the coffee informal
■used to tell someone that they are wrong about a particular situation and that they must realize what is really happening （用于告诉某人）认清形势，正视目前的情况
[weɪk] verb intransitive or transitive (woke or waked, woken or waked or US ALSO woke) (also wake up) US ALSO
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wake (sb) up
STOP SLEEPING
 ESSENTIAL
■to (cause to) become conscious after sleeping （某人）醒来；叫醒（某人），弄醒（某人）
• Come on, wake up - breakfast is ready. 快点，快醒醒——早饭都准备好了。
• He woke himself up with his own snoring! 他打鼾都把自己打醒了！
REACT
■to start to react to a situation after a period in which you have done very little, or to make someone start to react to a situation （使）（某人）清醒过来，（使）（某人）反应过来
• Companies need to wake up and take notice of the public's increasing concern with the environment. 各企业需要清醒过来，注意了解公众对环境的日益关注。
[weɪk] verb intransitive or transitive (woke or waked, woken or waked or US ALSO woke) (also wake up) US ALSO
  Phrasal Verbs  wake up to sth
■to start to understand that a situation or problem exists 开始意识到（问题）
• Governments are finally waking up to the fact that the environment should be cleaned up. 各国政府终于开始意识到应该整治环境这个事实。
[weɪk] noun countable
WATER 水
■the waves that a moving ship or object leaves behind （航行的船只等留下的）尾流，航迹
• The wake spread out in a v-shape behind the ship. 轮船的航迹呈V字形在船后扩散开来。
[weɪk] noun countable
FUNERAL 葬礼
■when the family and friends of a dead person meet in order to look at the dead body the night before it is buried, or when they meet after a dead person has been buried to drink and talk about the person's life （葬礼前后的）守灵，守夜
[weɪk] noun countable
in the wake of sth
■If something happens in the wake of something else, it happens after and often because of it 作为…的后果；随…之后而来
• Airport security was extra tight in the wake of yesterday's bomb attacks. 昨天的炸弹袭击发生之后，机场安检变得格外严格。
[weɪk] noun countable
leave sth in your wake
■to go somewhere new, leaving problems, confusion, etc. behind you, that you have caused （离开某地）留下（麻烦或一片混乱等）
• The soldiers rampaged through the town centre, leaving chaos in their wake. 士兵们在市中心横冲直撞，留下一片狼藉。
waken, evoke, wake, arouse, awake
这组词都有“唤醒,唤起”的意思，其区别是：
waken: vi.醒来,睡醒(up);觉醒,振奋 vt.唤醒,弄醒;使觉醒;使振奋,激发;激起
evoke: vt.唤起,引起,使人想到
wake: vi.醒来 vt.唤醒,唤起,激起,使认识到 wake (up) to 认识到,意识到
arouse: vt.引起,唤起,激起;唤醒=awaken
awake: adj.[用作表语]醒着的 vt.唤醒,觉醒 vi.醒,觉醒,意识到
waken, rouse, wake, arouse, awake
这组词都有“唤醒、醒来”的意思，其区别是：
waken: 书面用词，常用于被动态和引申意义。
rouse: 较正式用词，用主动语态时，强调弄醒别人的努力，用被动语态时，指轻而易举地醒过来。可用于引申意义。
wake: 普通常用词，指真正的醒来。即可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。
arouse: 除表示一般的唤醒外，多作引申用。
awake: 正式用词，常指觉醒、警惕的状态，也多用于比喻。
vi. 醒来；唤醒；警觉
 - awake, arouse
vt. 叫醒；激发
 - inspire, make someone tick
n. 尾迹；守夜；守丧
 - vigil, night watch

Word: outlook
Front: outlook
[ˈaʊtlʊk] (研四六托 5863/5039 -2)
Vocabulary: outlook
(once / 561 pages)
1n 2n
The word outlook describes a belief about the future. Your outlook on the awful present situation might make your outlook for the future turn grim.
The noun outlook can also mean the practice of looking out. A guard's outlook on the bank vault must stay watchful and attentive in case there's an attempted robbery. Your outlook on your first job out of college was one of promise and excitement. The word can also mean a characteristic mental attitude that determines how you will handle situations. A pessimistic outlook on life will make you see only the negative.
WORD FAMILY
outlook: outlooks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Friends with recent pneumonia experience confirmed this rather depressing outlook.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
I find this outlook for a guy in his mid-thirties possibly a red flag since I do consider marriage important.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Stern said he’s comfortable with the financial outlook for the new facility, especially after some good revenue years for the institution.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 前景，展望; 观点，见解; 景色; 眺望处
v. 瞪着看，瞧; 比…漂亮; 用目光压倒
分布：前景(68%)，展望(17%)，观点(10%)，景色(5%)
→out-,向外，look,看。引申词义观点，风解。
n.景色,风光;观点,见解;展望,前景The business outlook for next year is favorable.明年的事业展望是乐观的.
noun
FUTURE SITUATION 未来的情况
 ADVANCED only singular
■the likely future situation 前景；展望
• The outlook for the economy is bleak. 经济前景暗淡。
• The outlook for today is cloudy and dry at first with showers later. 今天多云，气候干燥，晚些时候有阵雨。
['aʊt.lʊk] noun
OPINION 观点
countable usually singular
■a person's way of understanding and thinking about something 观点，看法
• He has a fairly positive outlook on life. 他的人生观相当积极。
['aʊt.lʊk] noun
VIEW 景色
countable usually singular formal
■a view 景色，风光，景致
• From the top of the tower, the outlook over the city was breathtaking. 从塔顶俯视，这座城市的景色令人叹为观止。
outlook, expectation, prospect, hope
这组词都有“期望，指望”的意思，其区别是：
outlook: 多指根据征兆或分析对要发生的事情的愿望或预料。
expectation: 指期待某事发生或假设某事能发生，多含揣想的意味。
prospect: 与outlook的含义相近，但侧重对成功、利润和舒适生活等方面的期待。
hope: 通常指建立在愿望基础上的期待。这种期待有可能发生或实现，但也可能相反。
n. 展望；观点；景色
 - viewpoint, scenery, perspective, picture, eye

Word: volunteer
Front: volunteer
[ˌvɒlənˈtɪə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2284/3012 -3)
Vocabulary: volunteer
(once / 122 pages)
nadjv
To volunteer means to freely offer up your time and service to help. So a volunteer might offer to water a neighbor's plants while he's on vacation or sign up to serve dinner at a local homeless shelter.
When it came into usage circa 1600, the noun volunteer referred to a person who offered himself up for military service. It wasn't until a few decades later that the word was first used in a non-military sense. And a little over a hundred years after that, volunteer expanded from functioning as just a noun to also playing the role of verb. A volunteer is someone who volunteers: willingly performs a task or offers a service.
WORD FAMILY
volunteer: voluntary, volunteered, volunteering, volunteers+/ involuntary: involuntarily, involuntariness/nonvoluntary: nonvoluntarily/ voluntary: involuntary, nonvoluntary, unvoluntary, voluntaries, voluntarily, voluntaryly
USAGE EXAMPLES
She was a Girl Scouts leader, Sunday school teacher and volunteer at Rock Spring Congregational Church in Arlington.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 300 men passed through the courses for volunteers, he said, some of them graduates of his civilian training.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
College scout teams consist of scholarship players who are buried on the depth chart and walk-ons who volunteer to be tackling dummies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 志愿者; 自告奋勇者; 志愿兵
v. 自愿做; 义务做; 主动建议; 自愿参军
时态：volunteered, volunteering, volunteers
分布：志愿者(100%)
志愿者(volunt+eer人→意愿的人→志愿者)[vod,otunt=wish,will,表示"意志,意愿"]
志愿者(volunt自愿)[-eer表名词"…人员"]
n./v.自愿(者,兵);自愿(提供)He enlisted as a volunteer in the army.他以志愿兵从军.
US [ˌvɑ:.lən'tɪr] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who does something, especially helping other people, willingly and without being forced or paid to do it 自愿参加者，（尤指帮助别人的）志愿者
• The Health clinic is relying on volunteers to run the office and answer the telephones. 这家健康门诊依靠志愿者来负责办公室的日常工作和接听电话。
• Since it would be a highly dangerous mission, the Lieutenant asked for volunteers. 由于那项任务非常危险，所以中尉请大家自告奋勇。
• It's a volunteer army with no paid professionals. 这是一支志愿军，没有领军饷的职业军人。
Compare conscript
UK [ˌvɒl.ən'tɪər] US [ˌvɑ:.lən'tɪr] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to offer to do something that you do not have to do, often without having been asked to do it and/or without expecting payment 自愿做；无偿做；作志愿者；主动提出做
• [+ to infinitive] During the emergency many staff volunteered to work through the weekend. 紧急时刻，很多员工都自愿周末加班。
• I volunteered myself for the post of Health and Safety Representative. 我自告奋勇担任卫生与安全代表一职。
• My mates volunteered me to do the talking. 我的朋友们推举我去讲话。
• He volunteered for the army (= He became a member although he was not forced to by law). 他自愿参军。
transitive
■to give information without being asked 主动提供（资讯）
• If I were you, I wouldn't volunteer any details of what happened. 要是我的话，我不会主动说出所发生事情的任何细节。
• [+ speech] "I saw her going out of the main entrance at about half past two," he volunteered. “我见她在大约两点半的时候从主出入口走了出来。”他主动说道。
equip, furnish, present, provide, volunteer, propose, supply, offer, afford
equip: 侧重提供与技术有关的装备或设备等
furnish: 多指添置家具等供给生活的必需品或为生活舒适提供所需的服务设施
present: 既可指提出意见建议等，又可指拿出某物供人欣赏或赠送
provide: 与supply近义，但强调人的深谋远虑，侧重用贮备等方法作充分准备
volunteer: 侧重出于自愿，而不是奉命做某事
propose: 指直接而主动地提出问题或建议等，也指在讨论或争辩中提出具体意见或建议
supply: 普通用词，指提供任何所需求的东西
offer: 多指主动提出或提供意见或东西等，但是否接受由对方自行决定
afford: 一般只用于对抽象事物提供，也可指经济能力上的供给或支付

Word: eliminate
Front: eliminate
[ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt] (研四六托雅宝 1838/3110 -3)
Vocabulary: eliminate
(once / 386 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
As eliminate means "get rid of or do away with," it has become used to refer to the end of a problem or even an entire species. We need to eliminate sources of pollution in order to maintain a healthy world.
The original literal meaning of eliminate was "to thrust over the threshold and out of doors, to kick out," but the 18th century saw the word expand to mean "to exclude," and later to ridding the body of waste. The verb then came to refer to getting rid of anything, such as a problem or foul odor. The word took an ominous turn in the 20th century, when we saw man-made pollution eliminate whole species, and war, hate, and famine nearly eliminate whole groups of people.
WORD FAMILY
eliminate: eliminated, eliminates, eliminating, elimination, eliminator+/ elimination: eliminations/eliminator: eliminators
USAGE EXAMPLES
For instance, that bill eliminated the tax penalties, tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies central to the ACA’s individual mandate to purchase health insurance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The agency also focuses on eliminating drugs in schools from elementary through college.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
After the introduction of the measles vaccine, the rate of the disease dropped precipitously; it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 排除，消除; 淘汰; 除掉; <口>干掉
时态：eliminated, eliminating, eliminates
分布：淘汰(43%)，除去(31%)，剔除(19%)，忽略(7%)
→e-, 向外。-limin, 界限，门槛，词源同limit, sublime.
消灭;删除(e出+limin+ate→[赶]出门槛→删除)[limin,lim=threshold,表示"门槛,限制"]
vt.除去;淘汰;排(删,消)除;削减(人员)The limitation on the imitations is preliminarily eliminated.对模仿的限制初步被消除.
【记】e出，limi界限一扔出界限一淘汰
verb
 IMPROVER transitive
■to remove or take away 排除；消除；清除
• A move towards healthy eating could help eliminate heart disease. 养成健康的饮食习惯有助于消除心脏病诱因。
• We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident. 我们排除了这或许是一埸意外事故的可能性。
• The police eliminated him from their enquiries. 员警已把他排除在调查对象之外。
 IMPROVER transitive often passive
■to defeat someone so that they cannot continue in a competition （比赛中）淘汰
• He was eliminated in the third round of the competition. 他在第三轮比赛中被淘汰。
 IMPROVER transitive slang
■to murder 消灭；干掉
• A police officer was accused of helping a drug gang eliminate rivals. 一名员警被指控帮助一个贩毒黑帮铲平敌对帮派。
extinguish, dispose, erase, exclude, cancel, eliminate, abolish
这组词都有“取消，除掉”的意思，其区别是：
extinguish: v.熄灭，扑灭(火)；使沉默，使暗淡。
 • Firefighters extinguished a big fire.   消防队员扑灭了大火。
dispose: v.处理，处置；表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。)
 • After your picnic, please dispose of the litter.   野餐后请清除掉垃圾。
erase: v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。
 • I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.   我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。
exclude: v.排斥；排除，不包括在内，与include互为反义词。
 • The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from entering.   衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。
cancel: v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消；删去(字、句)。
 • The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.   会议由于流感而取消了。
eliminate: v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。
 • The losing team was eliminated from further competition.   失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。
 • The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.   医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。
abolish: v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除；完全破坏。
 • The government abolished the tax on alcohol.   政府取消了酒税。
preclude, discard, abandon, eliminate, abolish, dismiss
preclude: 排除
discard: 丢弃，抛弃（可指人也可指物）
abandon: 放弃（某物）
eliminate: 消除，淘汰
abolish: （依法）废除
dismiss: 解雇
remove, expel, eliminate, dismiss
这组词都有“开除，驱出，去掉”的意思，其区别是：
remove: 普通用词，不带任何感情色彩。
expel: 多指强行解除公职或驱出住地。
eliminate: 通常指例行的、有步骤地去掉某物或某人。
dismiss: 既可指突然地迅速地排除，也可指解雇或开除。
vt. 消除；排除
 - avoid, exclude

Word: supposedly
Front: supposedly
[səˈpəʊzɪdli] (托雅 4551/5933)
Vocabulary: supposedly
(once / 1937 pages)
adv
If you hear that something is supposedly going to happen, it may or may not occur. If a friend is supposedly having a pool party next week, wait until you know for sure before you buy that new swimsuit.
When you add supposedly to a sentence, it means you aren't sure. If a teacher says there is supposedly an early dismissal next week, it means that decision isn't final yet, but it could happen. If a singer is supposedly dating a certain actor, it isn't official — it might just be gossip. Don't confuse supposedly with similar-sounding supposed to be, which can imply a judgment.
WORD FAMILY
supposed: supposedly +/ presuppose: presupposed, presupposes, presupposing, presupposition / presupposition: presuppositions/supposable: supposably/supposal: supposals/ suppose: presuppose, supposable, supposal, supposed, supposes, supposing, supposition / supposition: suppositional, suppositions, suppositious, supposititious /suppositious: suppositiously/ supposititious: supposititiously
USAGE EXAMPLES
To this day the limited case documentation provided to the family doesn’t specify which “terror” organization the pastor supposedly joined.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In one complicated scene, the mother, played by Shirley MacLaine, steals the show at a party supposedly thrown in her daughter’s honor.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
However, they don’t specify what toxins you will supposedly be removing, or how they will be removed.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adv. 据认为; 据推测; 据称; 一般相信
分布：大概(75%)，推测地(25%)
US [-'poʊ-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■used to show that you do not believe that something you have been told is true 想像上；大概；恐怕
• Well, the tickets are supposedly in the mail. 嗯，票可能已经寄出了。
adv. 可能；按照推测；恐怕
 - perhaps, maybe, like

Word: paint
Front: paint
[peɪnt] (中高研四 1555/2040 -K4)
Vocabulary: paint
(once / 44 pages)
1nv 2n
Paint is a liquid, colored substance you can use to decorate or protect a surface. If you want your bedroom walls to be bright purple, you need to buy some purple paint.
Artists use paint to create landscapes, portraits, and other styles of paintings, and house painters use paint to coat and protect the wood siding on houses. When you paint, you make a painting, or cover something with paint: "First I'm going to paint your portrait, and after you paint that wall in your kitchen, we can hang it there." When someone "paints the town red," they don't literally paint anything — they just go on a celebratory spree.
WORD FAMILY
paint: paintable, painted, painter, painting, paints, repaint+/paintable: unpaintable/ painted: unpainted/painter: painterly, painters/ painting: paintings/repaint: repainted, repainting, repaints
USAGE EXAMPLES
His mask - which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator - features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His mask — which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator — features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Maryland entered the game averaging 49.5 points in the paint, 26 more than its opponents.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 颜料，涂料; 绘画作品; 胭脂等化妆品; 色彩，装饰
vt. 涂色于; 绘画; （用语言，文字等）描写; 擦脂粉等
vi. 描绘; 绘画; 化妆
时态：painted, painting, paints
分布：油漆(71%)，颜料(15%)，绘画(12%)，绘画作品(2%)
→来自古法语peintier,涂抹，绘画，来自拉丁语pingere,涂抹，绘画，来自peig,刻，切，词源同picture,pigment,file.词义由刻，雕刻，引申为装饰，涂抹，绘画，绘制。拼写比较point,pungent.
n.油漆,颜料v.油漆;涂,涂漆;画;描绘,描述I hint that the faint saint painted the printer with a pint of paint.我暗示说虚弱的圣徒用了一品脱油漆涂印刷机.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a coloured liquid that is put on a surface such as a wall to decorate it 油漆，涂料
• a UKtin/ UScan of paint 一罐油漆
• This wall needs another coat of paint. 这面墙需要再刷一层漆。
• Caution! Wet paint. 小心，油漆未干！
• gloss/ UKmatt/ USmatte paint 清漆／亚光漆
• There were so many paints (= types of paint) to choose from that I couldn't decide which to buy. 有这么多种油漆可供选择，我很难决定买哪一种。
paints [plural]
■tubes of paint or blocks of dried paint used for making pictures 绘画颜料
• oil paints 油画颜料
[peɪnt] verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to cover a surface with paint 油漆（表面），（在…上）刷油漆
• [+ obj + adj] We've painted the bedroom blue. 我们把卧室漆成了蓝色。
• I've been painting all morning. 我整个早上都在刷油漆。
• I'll need to paint over (= cover with another layer of paint) these dirty marks on the wall. 我要用油漆遮盖一下墙上这些污迹。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make a picture using paints （用颜料）画，绘
• All these pictures were painted by local artists. 这些画全都是当地画家画的。
transitive
■If someone paints their nails or face, they put make-up on that part of their body 涂（指甲）；在（脸上）涂脂粉
• She painted her nails bright red. 她把指甲涂成鲜红色。
colour, dye, paint, stain
这组词都有“着色，染”的意思，其区别是：
colour: 普通用词，含义笼统。可指人工的着色，也可指天然的着色。
dye: 多指使用染料改变物体的颜色，如染织品或头发等。
paint: 指为装饰等目的而把油漆或涂料等物涂于物体表面。
stain: 多指用化学或其它方法使物体着色。
vt. [涂料] 油漆；绘画；装饰；描绘
 - represent, hang, trace, figure
n. [涂料] 油漆；颜料；绘画作品
 - color, pek

Word: wine
Front: wine
[waɪn] (中高研四六 1449/1304 -K4)
Back: n. 葡萄酒; 果酒; 紫红色，深红色
vt. 请…喝酒
vi. 喝酒
时态：wined, wining, wines
分布：酒(75%)，葡萄酒(20%)，喝酒(3%)，紫红色(1%)，使人沉醉的东西(1%)
→来自拉丁语vinum,酒，词源同vine,viticulture,oenology.
n.葡萄酒,果酒We were entertained with wine.我们受到酒宴款待.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■an alcoholic drink which is usually made from grapes , but can also be made from other fruits or flowers. It is made by fermenting the fruit with water and sugar 葡萄酒；果酒
• a wine cellar/connoisseur/cooler/glass 酒窖／酒鉴赏家／镇酒冰杯／玻璃酒杯
• red/white/dry/sweet/sparkling/table wine 红／白／无甜味的／甜／有汽的／佐餐葡萄酒
• Shall we have a bottle/glass of wine with dinner? 我们晚餐喝一瓶／杯葡萄酒好吗？
• I love Australian wines, especially the white wines. 我喜欢澳大利亚葡萄酒，特别是白葡萄酒。
• Would you like to see the wine list , sir? 先生，您要不要看一下酒单？
[waɪn] verb
wine and dine sb
■to entertain someone by giving them food and drink 设酒宴款待（某人）
• The survey concludes that most women like to be wined and dined on the first few dates. 调查得出结论：大多数女性在最初的几次约会喜欢去餐馆大吃大喝。
n. [食品] 酒，葡萄酒；紫红色
 - liquor, drink, grape, vin
vi. 喝酒
 - liquor, knock over a drink

Word: understanding
Front: understanding
[ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ] (高研四六雅 1298/1260 -K3)
Vocabulary: understanding
(once / 117 pages)
nadj
To be understanding is to be sympathetic to someone’s woes. Understanding a concept means you get it. Your understanding might be that your mother will always drive you to school if you miss the bus.
The sum of your knowledge of a certain topic, is your understanding of it. This can change, or deepen as you learn more. But being an understanding person doesn't take a lot of studying — it takes opening your heart to appreciate what someone else feels or experiences. If someone says to you, "I thought we had an understanding," you must have done something unexpected. Here, understanding means "an agreement."
WORD FAMILY
understanding: understandingly, understandings+/ misunderstand: misunderstanding, misunderstands/misunderstanding: misunderstandings/misunderstood: misunderstoodest/ understand: misunderstand, understandable, understanding, understands, understood/ understandable: understandability/understood: misunderstood, understoodest, ununderstood
USAGE EXAMPLES
Why try to connect when even her own film says true understanding is impossible?
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Tallman said the Kansas City, Kansas, district needs more money because there’s an understanding that it costs more to educate its students.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For many though, their understanding of “domestic violence” remains limited to its physical manifestations.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 理解，懂得; 熟知，通晓; 获知，理解; 谅解
vi. 理解，懂得; 表示同情或谅解; 据说
n. 认识，了解; 谅解; 知识
adj. 能谅解的; 宽容的; 通情达理的
分布：理解(89%)，谅解(10%)，非正式协议(1%)
n.理解,理解力;谅解a.了解的,通情达理的She is an understanding mother.她是一个体谅儿女的母亲.
US [-dɚ-] noun
KNOWLEDGE 知识
 ADVANCED uncountable
■knowledge about a subject, situation, etc. or about how something works 理解；领悟；了解
• She doesn't have any understanding of politics/human nature/what it takes to be a good manager. 她对政治／人性／如何成为一个好经理一无所知。
• My understanding of the agreement (= What I think it means) is that they will pay £50 000 over two years. 我对协议的理解是他们会在两年内支付五万英镑。
UK [ˌʌn.də'stæn.dɪŋ] US [-dɚ-] noun
SYMPATHY 同情
[S or U]
■a positive, honest, sympathetic relationship between two people or groups 谅解；体谅
• For peace to exist in the region there needs to be a much improved understanding between all the parties concerned. 为了地区和平，需要有关各方大力增进彼此的谅解。
UK [ˌʌn.də'stæn.dɪŋ] US [-dɚ-] noun
AGREEMENT 协定
countable
■an informal agreement between people 非正式协定，谅解
• It took several hours of discussion before they could come to/reach an understanding. 他们讨论了几个小时才达成协定。
on the understanding (that)
■If you do something on the understanding that something else can or will happen, you do it because someone else has promised that it can or will 条件为…
• We bought the cupboard on the understanding that we could return it if it wasn't suitable. 我们买下这个橱柜，前提是不合适可以退货。
UK [ˌʌn.də'stæn.dɪŋ] US [-dɚ-] adjective approving
 IMPROVER
■describes someone who has the ability to know how someone else is feeling or what their situation is, and can forgive them if they do something wrong 善解人意的；体谅人的；通情达理的
• He had expected her to be horrified, but she was actually very understanding. 他本以为她会惊慌失措，但她实际上非常通情达理。
understandable, understanding
understandable: 可理解的,能够懂的 an understandable mistake
understanding: 明白事理的,能体谅的, an understanding girl,
agreement, contract, treaty, convention, bargain, understanding, accord
这些名词均含“协定，协议，契约，合同”之意。
agreement: 普通用词，含义最确定，泛指个人、团体或国家之间取得一致而达成的任何协议、协定或合同、契约等，可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。
contract: 侧重指双方或多方订立的具有法律效力的正式的书面合同或契约。
treaty: 指国家之间经外交谈判后依照国际法签订的正式条约。
convention: 比treaty更专门化，但不及treaty正式。也可指国家之间就有关事情签订的条约。
bargain: 通常指商业交往中的购销合同。
understanding: 指不具约束力的非正式的协议。
accord: 多指国际间的非正式协议。
n. 谅解，理解；理解力；协议
 - agreement, intelligence, grasp, protocol, head
adj. 了解的；聪明的；有理解力的
 - intelligent, comprehensive, wise, bright, clever
v. 理解；明白（understand的ing形式）
 - grasping, comprehending

Word: tower
Front: tower
[ˈtaʊə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 2412/2131 -K3)
Vocabulary: tower
(once / 93 pages)
1nv 2n
A tower is a tall structure, with the diameter of its base less than its height. Rapunzel lived in a tower. If you have a super tall friend and you're short, you could say they tower over you.
Towers can come in handy––you can build one and climb to the top, looking out for approaching enemies, or in the case of a fire tower, for early signs of forest fires. One of the most famous towers is the Tower of London, with its long-held reputation as a place of torture and execution. Most people are surprised to learn that only seven people were executed in the Tower.
WORD FAMILY
tower: towered, towering, towers+/tow: towage, towed, tower, towing, tows/ towering: toweringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is truly enormous; from the tall observation tower, the ranks of black panels stretch almost to the horizon.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
The plan will result in towering structures in the wrong places, a paucity of parks, crowded schools and a continuation of nightmare-inducing traffic.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In an adjacent anteroom, there’s a stationary bike, 15-pound weights, a multipurpose fitness tower and a TRX suspension trainer hanging on the door.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 塔，楼塔; 要害地; 〈罕〉（负伤鸟的）笔直向上飞; 〈美〉铁路信号所
vi. 远远高于，远远超过; 高耸，超越
na. “Towers“的变体
时态：towered, towering, towers
分布：塔(93%)，高耸(4%)，高楼(2%)，胜过(1%)
→来自古英语 torr,塔，眺望塔，来自拉丁语 turris,塔楼，城堡，高塔，词源同 turret,tor.引申词 义耸立，高耸。
n.塔v.高耸Mr Brown owns the brown towels in the downtown tower.布朗先生拥有闹市区塔里的棕色毛巾.
US [taʊɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a tall narrow structure, often square or circular, which either forms part of a building or stands alone 塔；建筑物的塔形部分；塔楼，高楼
• the Eiffel tower 艾菲尔铁塔
• There's a clock on the church tower. 教堂塔楼上有一座钟。
• He works in an office tower in downtown San Francisco. 他在旧金山市中心的一座高层办公大楼里工作。
■a tall, usually metal structure used for broadcasting 发射塔（通常为金属结构）
• a radio/transmission tower 无线电发射塔／传送塔
UK [taʊər] US [taʊɚ] noun countable
a tower of strength
■a person who gives you help and support when you are in a difficult situation （危难时的）可依靠的人，支柱
• Polly was a tower of strength to me when I was ill. 我生病时，波莉就是我的精神支柱。
UK [taʊər] US [taʊɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to be very tall or large, usually in a way that makes people feel respect 高耸，矗立
• We turned the corner and there was the cathedral, towering in front of us. 我们转过拐角，便看见大教堂高高耸立在面前。
UK [taʊər] US [taʊɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  tower above/over sb/sth
■to be very tall in comparison with someone or something else 比…高；矗立在…上
• Canary Wharf towers above the Dockland area of London. 加那利码头矗立在伦敦码头区。
• Although he's only 12, David towers over his mother. 虽然戴维只有12岁，他已经比妈妈高了。
UK [taʊər] US [taʊɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  tower above/over sth
■to be much bigger and more successful than another thing of the same type 比…优秀；远胜于
• One computer manufacturer towers above all the rest. 一家电脑制造商在同行中一枝独秀。
n. [建] 塔；高楼；堡垒
 - minar, turm
vi. 高耸；超越
 - rise, top, rear

Word: virginia
Front: virginia
[və(:)ˈdʒinjə] (-/5056)
Back: n. 维吉尼亚
分布：名词(100%)

Word: component
Front: component
[kəmˈpəʊnənt] (高研四六托雅宝 1760/1631 -3)
Vocabulary: component
(once / 947 pages)
n
It's the Ikea curse: You spend four hours figuring out how to piece together your new furniture, only to be left with one random component, or part, that doesn't seem to fit anywhere.
It's not surprising that component is related to a Latin word that means "to put together." You simply can't put something together without all of the correct components. Technically speaking, a component is an element of a system or a part of a machine. But a component can also be a factor or ingredient, such as the components of a decision or the components of a really good chocolate cake.
WORD FAMILY
component: components+/ compose: component, composed, composer, composes, composing, composition, compositor, composure, decompose, discompose/ composed: composedly / composer: composers/ composition: compositional, compositions/compositional: compositionally, decompositional/compositor: compositors/ composure: composures/decomposable: undecomposable/ decompose: decomposable, decomposed, decomposes, decomposing, decomposition / decomposition: decompositions/discompose: discomposed, discomposes, discomposing, discomposure/discomposed: discomposedly/discomposure: discomposures
USAGE EXAMPLES
Like Apple, Pearl dealt with dozens of suppliers, mostly in Asia, to obtain the 400 unique components in RearVision.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Running year-round in four-week sessions, the program consists of 12 levels of language attainment, with components including grammar and vocabulary, essay writing, and conversational English.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the delicate devices can’t be sterilized like a scalpel because intense heat would destroy crucial components.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 成分; 零件; [数]要素; 组分
adj. 组成的; 合成的; 构成的; 成分的
分布：组成的；构成的(34%)，零部件；元件(33%)，组成部分；成分(33%)
→com-, 强调。-pon, 放置，词源同opponent, position. 即放在一起的。
成分(com+pon放+ent→放到一起[的东西]→成分)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
组成的n.部分(com共同+pon+ent→共同的放到一起→组成的)[pon,pound=put,表示"放置"]
n.组成部分,成分,元件a.组成的,合成的The composer was proposed to decompose his composition into components.作曲家被建议将著作分解成单元.
【记】com共同，pon＝put放－放到一起的东西是一个整体的各个部分
【反】nexus（n 连接）－disconnected components（不相关的元素）
US [-'poʊ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a part which combines with other parts to form something bigger 组成部分；成分；零件
• television/aircraft/computer components 电视／飞机／电脑零件
• The factory supplies electrical components for cars. 这家工厂供应汽车电器零件。
• The course has four main components: business law, finance, computing and management skills. 这门课由四大部分组成：商业法、金融、电脑操作和管理技巧。
• Fresh fruit and vegetables are an essential component of a healthy diet. 新鲜水果和蔬菜是健康饮食的一个基本要素。
• The control of inflation is a key component of the government's economic policy. 控制通货膨胀是政府经济政策中的关键环节。
element, component, constituent, ingredient
这组词都有“组成、成分、部分”的意思，其区别是：
element: 指一个整体必不可少或固有的部分，强调一个复杂整体中最基本、最简单的元件、元素或成分等。
component: 指一个整体的组成部分。
constituent: 常可与component换用，指某一整体不可少的部分或成分。
ingredient: 普通用词，含义笼统。既可指混在一起而本身没有变化的物质，如配料，又可指与别的物质混在一起，发生了变化的成分。
element, component, ingredient, factor
这组词都有“组成成分”的意思，其区别是：
element: n.元素；组成部分，方面；某特定类型的人或群体，分子。
 • The elements hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.   氢元素和氧元素构成了水。
 • He belongs to a bad element in this city.   他属于这个城市的坏分子。
component: n.零部件；(某事物的)组成部分；成分。
 • Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are component of a car.   轮胎，引擎，车身以及坐椅都是一辆汽车的零部件。
ingredient: n.原料，成分，要素。
 • Flour, milk, butter and yeast are some ingredients in bread.   面粉、牛奶、黄油和酵母是做面包的一些原料。
factor: n.因素，要素，侧重指原因。
 • Endurance is an important factor in success in sports.   耐力是体育比赛成功的一个重要因素。
element, component, composition, ingredient
element: 指“元素”类的“成分”
component: 尤用于机械装置的成分
composition: 尤用于指物体内在固有的不可分割的成分，如氢于水
ingredient: 主要指混合物的成分
adj. [天] 组成的，构成的
 - constituent
n. 成分；组件； [电子] 元件
 - module, element, constituent

Word: virtually
Front: virtually
[ˈvɜ:tʃuəli] (研四六托雅 2046/2034 -K3)
Vocabulary: virtually
(once / 443 pages)
adv
Use the adjective virtually to mean almost. If your economics homework is nearly complete, it is virtually done.
Virtually also means in essence, or for all intents and purposes. If you virtually ran the German club bake sale by yourself, it means that even though you weren't officially in charge, you might as well have been. In computer science, the word virtually has the extended sense of being part of the simulated computer world. Your character in a computer game might excel virtually at sports even though you're not particularly athletic in real life.
WORD FAMILY
virtual: virtually
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its former customers now roam the aisles of Walmart and Target, or fill their carts virtually.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
A victory would’ve virtually guaranteed a playoff berth pending the late result from Green Bay at Detroit.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He completed six passes for 21 yards, missing virtually every throw downfield.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 实际上，实质上，事实上，几乎; 无形中; 无形
分布：几乎(57%)，实际上(43%)
US ['vɝ:-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■almost 几乎；实际上；实质上
• Their twins are virtually identical. 他们的双胞胎长得几乎一模一样。
• That wine stain on my shirt has virtually disappeared. 我衬衣上的那块酒渍几乎已经看不见了。
realistically, practically, virtually
realistically: 写实地，逼真地
practically: 几乎，实事求是地
virtually: 差不多地，事实上，实际上
adv. 事实上，几乎；实质上
 - actually, really, almost, nearly, most

Word: valuable
Front: valuable
[ˈvæljuəbl] (高研四六 2605/2236 -K3)
Vocabulary: valuable
(once / 120 pages)
adjn
Something that has worth is valuable. Often, valuable things are worth money, but a spy can provide valuable information that might save lives.
When you use this word as a noun — "Were any valuables taken during the robbery?" — you usually are referring to things that are worth money: jewelry, electronics, etc. As an adjective, the word covers more territory. A person can be a valuable addition to a team if she helps it win. The most valuable things in life have nothing to do with money: friends, family, good health. If it is something we want, need, or respect, then it is valuable.
WORD FAMILY
valuable: invaluable, valuableness, valuables, valuably+/devaluate: devaluated, devaluates, devaluating/devaluation: devaluations/ devalue: devaluate, devaluation, devalued, devalues, devaluing/ invaluable: invaluableness, invaluably/overvalue: overvaluation, overvalued, overvalueing, overvalues, overvaluing/revaluation: revaluations/revalue: revaluation, revalued, revalues, revaluing/undervaluation: undervaluations/undervalue: undervaluation, undervalued, undervalues, undervaluing/valuate: valuating, valuation, valuator/valuation: valuations/valuator: valuators/ value: devalue, overvalue, revalue, undervalue, valuable, valuate, valued, valueless, valuer, values, valuing/valued: multi-valued, unvalued/valueless: valuelessness/valuer: valuers
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s no panacea, but it would be a valuable contribution because industrial steam-making boilers are hard to run on renewable energy.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Or trade secrets, and valuable inside information about mergers or drug trials.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Antlers cut while still in velvet are the most valuable.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 贵重的，宝贵的; 有价值的; 可评估的
n. 贵重物品，财宝
分布：宝贵的(72%)，贵重的(28%)
→来自value,价值。
有价值的(val+uable→因为强壮,所以有价值)[vail,val=strong,表示"强壮"]
a.贵重的,有价值的n.(pl.)贵重物品,财宝All valuables should be kept in the safe.所有贵重物品应存放在保险箱里.
adjective
MONEY 钱
 IMPROVER
■worth a lot of money 值钱的，贵重的
• These antiques are extremely valuable. 这些古董非常值钱。
• This is losing valuable business for the company. 这是在使公司损失价值不菲的生意。
Opposite worthless.
['væl.jʊ.bl] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 IMPROVER
■Valuable information, advice, etc. is very helpful or important 有用的；重要的；有价值的
• He was able to provide the police with some valuable information. 他能给警方提供一些重要资讯。
• Parents gave the school valuable support in its case for getting its facilities improved. 家长为学校改进设施提供了宝贵的支援。
valuable, precious
这组词都有“贵重的，有价值的”的意思，其区别是：
valuable: 指有相当价值，可高价出售的，或有用、有益的东西。
precious: 指因稀罕、不易得到而很值钱，或因本身的品质而具有极大的价值。
adj. [经] 有价值的；贵重的；可估价的
 - worthy, of value
n. 贵重物品
 - preciosity

Word: convict
Front: convict
[kənˈvɪkt] (研六托雅宝 3678/4837 -3)
Vocabulary: convict
(once / 97 pages)
vn
A convict is a person who has been found guilty — convicted — of a crime and is serving a sentence in prison.
When you convict (accent on the second syllable) someone of a crime, you find them guilty. The person is then a convict (accent on the first syllable). When the person is released from jail, he's an ex-con, that is, he's not a convict any more.
WORD FAMILY
convict: convicted, convicting, conviction, convicts, reconvict+/ conviction: convictions/reconvict: reconvicted
USAGE EXAMPLES
Someone convicted of killing a turtle faces a maximum fine of about $240 and up to three months in jail.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Olmert is now serving a prison sentence after being convicted of accepting bribes.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Two Marines, a major and a sergeant, were eventually convicted of lesser charges.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 宣判有罪; 证明…有罪; 使知罪; 定…的罪
n. 罪犯
时态：convicted, convicting, convicts
分布：罪犯(54%)，囚犯(36%)，被定罪的(4%)，使 ... 知罪(3%)，宣判 ... 有罪(3%)
→con-, 强调。-vict, 胜利，词源同evince, victory. 该词主要用于法律用语。
证明有罪(con全部+vict→把对方彻底征服→证明[对方]有罪)[vict,vinc=conquer,overcome,表示"征服,克服"]
v.(经审讯)证明...有罪,宣判...有罪n.囚犯He depicted the conviction that contradicted the verdict.他描绘反驳裁决的定罪.
【参】convince（vt 使确信；使信服）；victory（n 胜利）；invincible（adj 不可征服的；无敌的）
US [ˈkɑːn-/
■someone who is in prison because they are guilty of a crime 已决犯，囚犯
• an escaped convict 逃犯
convict, judge, sentence, doom, condemn
这组词都有“判决、宣判”的意思，其区别是：
convict: 法律用词，指审判后判定有罪，但未作最后判决。
judge: 指对案件作出审理判决，但判决内容较笼统，不如sentence和condemn使用广泛。
sentence: 法律用词，指根据罪犯所犯罪行的轻重而宣判处罚。
doom: 书面用词，指郑重他宣判某人有罪。
condemn: 普通用词，指法院对审理结束的案件做出的定罪判刑。
convict, captive, prisoner
这组词都有“囚犯、俘虏”的意思，其区别是：
convict: 指经判决而在狱中服刑的人。
captive: 指战争中抓到的俘虏，也可作引申用。
prisoner: 指关入监狱的囚犯，包括战俘，也可作引申用。
n. 罪犯
 - criminal offender, culprit

Word: halt
Front: halt
[hɔ:lt] (研四六托雅 5267/4352 -3)
Vocabulary: halt
(once / 138 pages)
1vn 2adj
Whether it's used as a noun or a verb, the word halt means stop. You can remember this by remembering that when you step on the brake to halt your car (verb), it comes to a halt (noun).
English draws on both Romance and Germanic languages, and halt is one that comes from the Old High German haltmachen, which means "to hold." The word suggests a stoppage in the midst of action, and a Chinese proverb states, “We are not so much concerned if you are slow as when you come to a halt.” Consider, also, that a less-used definition of the word is that of "lame" or disabled, which still ties in with the idea of stopping.
WORD FAMILY
halt: halted, halter, halting, halts+/ halter: haltered, halteres, haltering, halters/ halting: haltingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Fiji government imposed a temporary ban on turtle harvesting in 1995 to halt the decline.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Legislative committee in November voted to halt presentations from Native American tribal leaders and from the state’s chief justice.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 100 flights were cancelled and all intercity buses were halted at the capital’s airport.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 停止，中止; 暂停; 小火车站
vt. 使停止; 使中断; 阻止; 使立定
vi. 停止，立定; 犹豫
时态：halted, halting, halts
分布：停止(72%)，暂停(18%)，中止(3%)，跛行(2%)，止步(2%)，犹豫(2%)，踌躇(1%)
→来自古法语halte,停下，词源同hold.即使停止，停下。halt 跛行，踌躇
n.止步,停步,停止前进v.止步,(使)停止The tilted salt filters halt alternately for altering.倾斜的盐过滤器交替地停下以便改造.
US [hɑ:lt] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to (cause to) stop moving or doing something or happening （使）停止，停下
• "Halt!" called the guard. "You can't go any further without a permit." “站住！”警卫喊道，“没有通行证不能入内。”
• Production has halted at all of the company's factories because of the pay dispute. 由于工资纠纷，这家公司所有工厂都停产了。
• Security forces halted the demonstrators by blocking the road. 警卫部队用封路的办法来制止示威者前进。
UK [hɒlt] US [hɑ:lt] noun only singular
■when something stops moving or happening 停止，停下，中止
• the recent halt in production 最近的停产
• Severe flooding has brought trains to a halt (= prevented them from moving) on several lines in Scotland. 凶猛的洪水使苏格兰几条铁路线上的火车停驶。
• The bus came to a halt (= stopped) just in time to avoid hitting the wall. 公车正好及时停下，没有撞到墙上。
• If traffic increases beyond a certain level, the city grinds to a halt (= stops completely). 如果交通流量的增长超过一定限度，城市就会陷于瘫痪状态。
• The car screeched to a halt (= suddenly and noisily stopped) just as the lights turned red. 这辆车就在号志灯变红时嘎吱一声煞住了车。
call a halt to sth
■to prevent something from continuing 停止，中止
• How many more people will have to die before they call a halt to the fighting? 还要死多少人他们才肯停战？
pause, stop, cease, halt, quit
这组词都有“停止”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指暂时的、瞬间的停顿，隐含有再进行之意。
stop: 指动作、运行、进展等被停下来，含突然、断然的意味。
cease: 指逐渐、徐徐中止某种状态的存在。书面用词。
halt: 侧重突然地、决定性地终止、停止某一活动。
quit: 指最终彻底停止某事，有时暗示遭到失败或面临挫折。
vi. 停止；立定；踌躇，犹豫
 - desist from, come to a stop
n. 停止；立定；休息
 - break, stop, rest, stay, stand
vt. 使停止；使立定
 - put a stop to

Word: fox
Front: fox
[fɒks] (中高研四六 6537/4616 -2)
Vocabulary: fox
(once / 661 pages)
1n 2nv 3v
A fox is a small, dog-like wild animal with pointed ears and nose, and a thick tail. A red fox has dark front legs that look like little opera gloves. They’re sneaky, so a fox can also be a tricky person.
There are different kinds of foxes, but they all have a reputation for sneaking around and stealing stuff. Because they’re known for being wily and smart, you can use the word fox to describe someone who's sly: "That old fox always manages to get other people to buy his lunch." Colloquially, a fox is also an attractive person. They say don’t let a fox guard the henhouse, even if the fox is really good looking.
WORD FAMILY
fox: foxed, foxes, foxing, foxy +/ foxy: foxier, foxiest, foxily, foxiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“You don’t want to put the fox in charge of the hen house,” said Robert Ambrogi, of the Massachusetts Newspaper Publishers Association.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
They say they intervened to save the fox and were attacked by a hunt employee.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Who’s very good at finding foxes, killing them and then ripping them apart?
Salon(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 狐; 狐狸; 狡猾的人; 狐皮
vt. 欺骗; 迷惑; 使困惑
vi. 耍花招
时态：foxed, foxing, foxes
分布：狐狸(92%)，欺骗(4%)，狡猾的人(2%)，迷惑(2%)
→来自puk, 尾巴。因狐狸毛茸茸的大尾巴而得名。引申词义欺骗，迷糊，耍花招等。
n.狐狸Her boyfriend fed a box of oxygen and hydrogen to the ox and fox.她男朋友给牛和狐狸喂了一盒子氧和氢.
US [fɑ:ks] noun
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED countable
■a wild mammal belonging to the dog family which has a pointed face and ears, a wide tail covered in fur and often reddish-brown fur 狐，狐狸
uncountable
■the skin of this animal used to make coats and hats 狐狸皮
UK [fɒks] US [fɑ:ks] noun
CLEVER PERSON 聪明的人
countable usually singular
■someone who is clever and good at deceiving people 狡猾的人
• He's a cunning/sly/wily old fox. 他是一个狡猾／阴险／诡计多端的老狐狸。
UK [fɒks] US [fɑ:ks] noun
WOMAN 女人
countable US informal
■a sexually attractive woman 狐狸精，狐媚子，性感女郎
UK [fɒks] US [fɑ:ks] verb transitive
CONFUSE 使迷惑
■to confuse someone or be too difficult to be understood by someone 使迷惑；难住
• This puzzle has well and truly foxed me! 这个谜真把我给难住了！
UK [fɒks] US [fɑ:ks] verb transitive
DECEIVE 欺骗
■to deceive someone in a clever way 欺骗，使上当
vt. 欺骗；使变酸
 - sell, kid
n. [脊椎] 狐狸；狡猾的人
 - renard, serpent
vi. 假装；耍狡猾手段
 - act, make as if

Word: reactor
Front: reactor
[riˈæktə(r)] (六 6317/4912 -2)
Vocabulary: reactor
(once / 2137 pages)
n
A reactor is where a nuclear reaction is controlled, making it possible to create energy or any number of artificial elements.
Reactor these days almost always refers to a nuclear reactor, where atomic fission of uranium or plutonium creates the heat used to make steam to generate electricity. Originally, though, reactor meant a vessel in which chemical processes were made to generate useful products such as nylon and artificial sweetener. These reactors are still used in chemical manufacturing plants.
WORD FAMILY
reactor: reactors
USAGE EXAMPLES
A quarter century after China fired up its first nuclear reactor, the country is poised to become the world’s biggest producer of nuclear power.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
You’re the reactor, doing the majority of your work in silence.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
The reactor operated until 1963 and President Lyndon Johnson dedicated it as a Registered National Historic Landmark three years later.
Washington Times(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. [化工]反应器; [核]反应堆; 起反应的人; 原子炉
分布：反应堆(99%)，反应者(1%)
→物理名词术语，来自 react,反应，反抗，-or,表物。
US [-tɚ] (also nuclear reactor)
noun countable
■a large machine in which atoms are either divided or joined in order to produce power 核反应堆

Word: compensation
Front: compensation
[ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn] (研六托雅 3796/2611 -3)
Vocabulary: compensation
(once / 437 pages)
1n 2n
Compensation means "making up for a something." When a restaurant offers you a free dessert as compensation for messing up your dinner order, the hope is you will leave happy and come back again.
Compensation can also be money, a payment meant to give someone a fair exchange for their effort and output. In fact, the word comes from the Latin word compensat-, meaning "weighed against." If you receive fair compensation for your work, the money is equal to your time and effort. In other words, the scale is balanced.
WORD FAMILY
compensation: compensations+/ compensate: compensable, compensated, compensates, compensating, compensation, overcompensate/compensated: uncompensated/overcompensate: overcompensated, overcompensates, overcompensating, overcompensation
USAGE EXAMPLES
The group was also to receive unspecified compensation for what is described in the accord as previously unfair exclusion from Afghanistan’s government.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But he noted that Apple’s high compensation, focused product mission and top-down decision-making tended to damp the risk-taking necessary to start a company.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The reason is clear from consultation into a proposed deadline for PPI compensation claims.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 补偿，赔偿; 修正; 补救办法
分布：补偿(60%)，赔偿(35%)，赔偿金(5%)
n.补偿(或赔偿)的款物;补偿,赔偿Equal compensation for equal work.同工同酬.
US [ˌkɑ:m-] noun
MONEY 钱
 IMPROVER uncountable
■money that is paid to someone in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some problem 赔偿金；补偿金
• She received £40 000 in compensation for a lost eye. 她得到四万英镑，作为对失去一只眼睛的赔偿。
• You should claim/seek compensation. 你应该要求赔偿。
• a compensation claim 索赔要求
UK [ˌkɒm.pen'seɪ.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:m-] noun
EXCHANGE 交换
countable or uncountable
■something that makes you feel better when you have suffered something bad 补偿（物）；赔偿（物）
• I have to spend three months of the year away from home - but there are compensations like the chance to meet new people. 我一年必须有三个月的时间出门在外——但也有好处，比如有机会认识新朋友。
• Free food was no compensation for a very boring evening. 免费食物并不能弥补晚会的乏味无聊。
n. [会计] 补偿；报酬； [保险] 赔偿金
 - payment, consideration, insurance, reward, offset

Word: discount
Front: discount
[ˈdɪskaʊnt] (高研四六托雅宝 4504/3143 -K3)
Vocabulary: discount
(once / 743 pages)
1nv 2v
The noun discount refers to an amount or percentage deducted from the normal selling price of something. If you wait until after the holiday, you can often buy goods at a steep discount — just make sure you need all that stuff.
The noun discount means a reduction in price of a good or service. You can ask the manager for a discount if the item is damaged. As a verb, discount means to reduce the price. The manager can discount the item for you. The verb discount also means to disregard, underestimate, or dismiss. If you are a teenager, people will often discount your opinion — but you should keep expressing it because eventually people will listen!
WORD FAMILY
discount: discounted, discounter, discounting, discounts+/discounter: discounters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Several hundred U.S. ski resorts are participating in Learn to Ski & Snowboard Month in January with discounted deals for beginners.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Before the discount, rooms start at $167 at the beachfront resort, and the offer runs through March 31.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
In retaliation, the Glen Cove City Council withdrew Russian access to free beach parking and discounted tennis permits.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 打折扣，减价出售; 减息贷款; 削价出售，打折; 减价，减量
vi. 折扣; 贴现率; 贴现
n. 贴现; 数目; （任何面值上的）扣除额; （考虑到故事、报告、报道等的夸张或偏见等）不全信
时态：discounted, discounting, discounts
分布：折扣(68%)，贴现(17%)，贴现率(7%)，打折扣(5%)，不全信(1%)，不重视(1%)，减息贷款(1%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。count, 数。即没有计算在内的，折扣。
n.折扣;贴现(率)vt.打折扣;不重视The counselor bounced up to denounce discount.顾问上升蹦跳指责折扣.
【反】surcharge（n 附加费）
noun countable /ˈdɪs.kaʊnt/
 IMPROVER
■a reduction in the usual price 减价，打折
• They usually give you a discount if you buy multiple copies. 你如果多买几本他们通常会给你打折。
• They offer a 10 percent discount on rail travel for students. 他们给乘火车旅行的学生提供10%的折扣。
verb[dɪˈskaʊnt/
NOT CONSIDER 不考虑
transitive
■to decide that something or someone is not worth considering or giving attention 忽视，忽略，不理会
• You shouldn't discount the possibility of him coming back. 你不应该排除他回来的可能性。
verb[dɪˈskaʊnt/
REDUCE 降低
transitive often passive
■to reduce the price of something 打折；减价
• discounted goods/rates 打折货物／费率
n. [贸易] 折扣； [金融] 贴现率
 - agio, rabato
vt. [贸易] 打折扣；将…贴现；贬损
 - water sth. down, preach down

Word: protein
Front: protein
[ˈprəʊti:n] (研四六托雅 2523/2193 -3)
Vocabulary: protein
(once / 1346 pages)
n
Protein makes up your nails, your hair, and the egg on your plate. This nitrogenous substance we call protein consists of chains of amino acids and is necessary for life functions.
The linguistic origins of protein — from the Greek proteios, meaning “first place” or “primary” — are fitting for a substance that is one of life’s chief components. Although protein is a word often heard in labs and biology classes, it has everyday context too, particularly in the kitchen. Protein-rich foods like eggs, cheese, meats, peanuts or beans are an essential part of good nutrition.
WORD FAMILY
protein: proteinaceous, proteins
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s a Styku 3-D body scanner, tucked away in a room next to a minibar serving protein shakes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Cheese proteins contain casomorphins, chemical compounds that attach to the same opiate receptors in the brain as heroin or morphine.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Spinraza addresses the underlying genetic cause of the disease and enables a backup gene to produce more of the necessary protein.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. [化]朊，蛋白（质）
adj. 蛋白质的
分布：蛋白质(100%)
→proto-,原始的，最早的，-ine,化学名词后缀，氨。后拼写变为protein.
n.蛋白质The pretty priest protested the contest of protein test.漂亮牧师抗议蛋白质化验赛.
US ['proʊ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■one of the many substances found in food such as meat, cheese, fish or eggs, that is necessary for the body to grow and be strong 蛋白质
n. [生化] 蛋白质；朊
 - albumose
adj. [生化] 蛋白质的
 - glaireous

Word: gathering
Front: gathering
[ˈgæðərɪŋ] (六 3999/4936 -2)
Back: n. 聚集; 集会; 采集; 积累
v. （使）聚集( gather的现在分词); 集合; 推断; 了解
分布：聚集(64%)，集会(34%)，动词gather的现在分词.(2%)
US [-ɚ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a party or a meeting when many people come together as a group 聚会；集会
• There will be a gathering of world leaders in Vienna next month. 下月世界各国领导人将共聚维也纳。
• a social gathering (= when people meet for pleasure not work) 社交聚会
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。
n. [涂料] 聚集；集会；收款
 - collection, assembly, clustering, meet
v. [涂料] 聚集（gather的ing形式）
 - aggregating

Word: unfortunately
Front: unfortunately
[ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənətli] (高研四六托 2016/1910 -K3)
Vocabulary: unfortunately
(once / 246 pages)
adv
Use unfortunately to describe an event that is unlucky or bad in some way. Unfortunately, life is full of chances to use this word.
Someone who's fortunate has good luck. Unfortunately is the adverb form of unfortunate — so unfortunately means "unluckily." If someone asks you whether you have to go to work tomorrow when you'd rather go to the beach, you might answer, "Unfortunately." You might also use unfortunately when you give someone bad news, as in "Unfortunately, we cannot accept your dog to obedience class at this time” or “Unfortunately, you have the flu.”
WORD FAMILY
unfortunate: unfortunately, unfortunates+/ fortunate: fortunately, fortunatest, misfortunate, unfortunate / fortune: fortunate, fortunes, misfortune /misfortunate: misfortunately/ misfortune: misfortunes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Well, unfortunately, many times the colors of the promotional lipsticks or eye shadows are just not your shade.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Unfortunately, Robinson converted just 73 of those targets into receptions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Unfortunately, he was greeted at the emergency room doors by a priest, Grogan said, because nobody believed she would be survive.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 不幸地，遗憾地; 可惜; 不巧
分布：不幸地(64%)，遗憾地(36%)
ad.不幸地He was unfortunately caught in the shower.他运气不好遇到这场阵雨.
US [-'fɔ:r-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used to say that something is sad, disappointing or has a bad effect 不幸地；倒楣地
• Unfortunately, I didn't have my credit card with me or I'd certainly have bought it. 很不凑巧，我没带信用卡，否则我肯定早买了。
UK [ʌn'fɔ:.tʃən.ət.li] US [-'fɔ:r-] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  unfortunatelyWarning: Common word-building error! If an adjective ends with 'te', just add 'ly' to make an adverb. Don't write 'unfortunatly' or 'unfortunatelly', write unfortunately.
adv. 不幸地
 - unhappily, unluckily

Word: nasty
Front: nasty
[ˈnɑ:sti] (研四六雅 4476/3646 -2)
Vocabulary: nasty
(once / 697 pages)
adj
Something nasty is filthy, foul, dirty, or awful. Nasty isn't a word for anything nice.
The main meaning of nasty is for things that are unpleasant and very gross. If someone throws up in class, at least one student will probably say, "That's nasty!" The smell of a bathroom is nasty. A song full of dirty words is nasty in a different way. Nasty can also mean "extremely." In football, a vicious hit can be called a nasty hit. A mean person is a nasty person too.
WORD FAMILY
nasty: nastier, nastiest, nastily, nastiness +/ nastiness: nastinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The bullying remained, but the joy faded, and the comedy was often reduced to nasty zingers and schoolyard-quality taunts.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
This timely novel captures every character in the worst light, and the grudge matches among Brooklyn’s liberal parentocracy are nastier than any playground brawl.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In the distance, in the Upside Down, is a monument to George Washington, an electric January sky, and tens of thousands of nasty women.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 肮脏的; 下流的，令人讨厌的; 恶劣的，艰险的; 严重的
n. 令人不愉快的事物
级别：nastier, nastiest
分布：严重的(52%)，下流的(34%)，令人不快的(6%)，难懂的(4%)，危害的(4%)
→词源不详，可能来自nose,鼻子，引申义难闻的，厌恶的，下流的。
a.肮脏的,卑劣的,下流的;令人厌恶的Things look nasty for me.事情看来不妙.
US ['næs.ti] adjective
 IMPROVER
■bad or very unpleasant 糟糕的；令人不快的，让人讨厌的
• a nasty shock/surprise 极度震惊／惊奇
• There's a nasty smell in here. 这里有股难闻的气味。
• He had a nasty cut above the eye. 他眼睛上方有一道严重的伤口。
• She has a nasty habit of picking on people in meetings. 她有一个坏习惯，经常在会上故意挑别人的毛病。
 IMPROVER
■unkind 不友善的，恶意的
• Don't be so nasty to your brother - he's four years younger than you! 别对你弟弟这么凶——他可比你小四岁！
 IMPROVER
■dangerous or violent 危险的；狂暴的
• In an emergency you could get out through a window, but it would be a nasty drop. 遇上紧急情况，你可以从窗户跳出去，不过这样会有危险。
• The situation could turn (= become) nasty at any moment. 局势随时可能恶化。
■rude or offensive 粗鲁的；冒犯的
• She said some quite nasty things about him. 她说了一些恶意中伤他的话。
have a nasty feeling
■to think that something bad is likely to happen or to be true 有种不祥的预感
• I've got a nasty feeling that I forgot to tell Joe I couldn't come. 我怀疑自己忘了告诉朱欧我不能来了。
UK ['nɑ:.sti] US ['næs.ti] adjective
a nasty piece of work informal
■a very unpleasant person 令人讨厌的人
nasty, dirty, foul
这组词都有“脏的，污秽的”的意思，其区别是：
nasty: 主要指特别讲究清洁的人感到讨厌的东西。
dirty: 普通用词，泛指被玷污或弄脏。
foul: 指由于腐烂、恶臭等造成的不干净，令人恶心。
adj. 肮脏的；下流的；险恶的；脾气不好的
 - blue, dirty

Word: autumn
Front: autumn
[ˈɔ:təm] (中高 5010/2252 -K3)
Vocabulary: autumn
(once / 205 pages)
n
Autumn is the season after summer, when leaves fall from trees. It's also the season when the days get shorter and colder, and everything turns brown and drab, but people like it anyway, for the cocoa and cider, probably.
Autumn is the third season of the year, coming after summer and before winter, and coinciding with the dropping of leaves from the trees as they go into a winter rest, which is why it's also called fall. We also use autumn metaphorically to talk about the seasons of a person's life, like that luminous older actress in the autumn of her career: she's not yet playing roles in nursing homes, but neither is she scampering around in bikinis.
WORD FAMILY
autumn: autumnal, autumns+/ autumnal: autumnally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Goff was down there, somewhere, sacked by giants, handcuffed by his coaches, left lying in the limbo of a lost autumn.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In the summer and autumn, she picked cotton in Arizona, and Raul worked alongside her, a child bent over in the fields.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
If their arms fail to bounce back in 2017, critics, including Chapman himself, will point to overuse this autumn.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 秋; 秋天; 成熟期; 渐衰期
adj. 秋天的; 秋季的
分布：秋天(76%)，秋季(24%)
→词源不详。
n.秋,秋季;成熟期,渐衰期In the autumn the authorities automatically authorize me to buy highly mobile automobiles.秋天,当权者自动授权我买高机动性的汽车.
US ['ɑ:.tˌəm/ (US also fall)
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the season of the year between summer and winter, lasting from September to November north of the equator and from March to May south of the equator, when fruits and crops become ripe and are picked, and leaves fall 秋天，秋季
• We like to travel in the autumn when there are fewer tourists. 我们喜欢在秋天出游，那时游客较少。
• We always clear out the garage in early autumn. 我们总是在初秋季节清理车库。
• Last autumn we went to Germany. 去年秋天我们去了德国。
• autumn colours/leaves 秋天的色彩／落叶
UK ['ɔ:.təm] US ['ɑ:.tˌəm/ (US also fall)
noun countable or uncountable
autumn years literary
■Someone's autumn years are the later years of their life, especially after they have stopped working. （尤指退休后的）迟暮，暮年
autumn, fall
这组词都有“秋天”的意思，其区别是：
autumn: 使用地区的不同，英国用词
fall: 使用地区的不同，美国英语。
n. 秋天；成熟期；渐衰期，凋落期
 - fall, maturation phase
adj. 秋天的， [天] 秋季的
 - fall

Word: wireless
Front: wireless
[ˈwaɪələs] (四六 5363/8824 -1)
Back: adj. 不用电线的，用无线电波传送的
n. 无线电，无线电话系统; 无线电接收机或发射机
分布：无线电(79%)，无线的(21%)
US ['waɪr-] adjective
■without a cable 无线的
• a wireless connection 无线连接
UK ['waɪə.ləs] US ['waɪr-] noun countable mainly UK old-fashioned
■a radio 无线电收音机
adj. [通信] [电讯] 无线的；无线电的
 - threadless
vi. [通信] [电讯] 打无线电报；打无线电话
 - marconi

Word: calm
Front: calm
[kɑ:m] (高研四六托 4189/4472 -K3)
Vocabulary: calm
(once / 66 pages)
1adjnv 2nadj
Just saying the word calm reminds you of how it feels to be calm — steady, at rest, not agitated, chilled out, caaaaalllmmmm. Waters without waves? People without drama? Sounds calm.
Some synonyms of the adjective calm are peaceful and even-tempered. As a verb, it describes making someone steady and still — in other words, calm. Taking a walk or calling a friend might help you calm down when you are upset. As a noun, calm is a state of peace or stillness — the calm of your neighborhood at daybreak or the calm you seek when you exercise.
WORD FAMILY
calm: calmed, calmer, calmest, calming, calmingly, calmly, calmness, calms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prescott appears born to do this, and his football team now embodies his impressive calm.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
An angry crowd cursed the government, even after a representative of Mr. Sadr tried to calm them.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their expressions are shy and calm, yet the picture is haunting.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 镇定的; 平静的; （海洋，天气等）安静的，平静的; （人）从容不迫的
vt. & vi. （使）平静，（使）镇定; （使）镇静
n. 平静; 镇定; 安定; 无风
vt. 使安静; 使冷静; 使镇定; 使（疼痛等）减轻
vi. 安静下来，平静下来，镇静下来
时态：calmed, calming, calms
分布：平静(64%)，镇定(17%)，平静的(14%)，冷静的(3%)，平稳(2%)
→词源同calorie. 原指酷暑下的安静，后指人心静，类似汉语心静自然凉的意味。
a.(天气,海洋等)静的n.平静v.(使)平静Palm calmly recalled the so-called caller."手掌"平静地回忆了那个所谓的拜访者.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■peaceful and quiet; without hurried movement, worry or noise 平静的；冷静的，镇静的；安静的
• After a night of fighting, the streets are now calm. 经过一夜的战斗，街上现在平静了。
• He has a very calm manner. 他举止沉着镇静。
• Now keep calm everyone, the police are on their way. 现在请大家保持安静，员警就要来了。
 IMPROVER
■describes weather which is not windy, or the sea or a lake when it is still and has no waves （天气）无风的；（海或湖）风平浪静的，平静的
[kɑ:m] verb transitive
■to stop someone feeling upset, angry or excited 使平静；使安静；使镇静
• He tried to calm the screaming baby by rocking it back and forth. 他来回摇晃着嚎哭的婴儿，想让他安静下来。
calm sb's fears
■to make someone feel less worried about something 平息（某人的）恐惧
[kɑ:m] verb transitive [M] calm (sb) down IMPROVER
■to stop feeling upset, angry or excited, or to stop someone feeling this way （使）平静；（使）冷静；（使）镇静
• [R] She sat down and took a few deep breaths to calm herself down. 她坐下做了几个深呼吸让自己平静下来。
• She was angry at first but we managed to calm her down. 一开始她很生气，但我们设法让她平静了下来。
• Calm down, for goodness sake. It's nothing to get excited about! 看在上帝的份上，安静下来吧。没甚么可激动的！
[kɑ:m] noun
■a quiet or peaceful period or situation 宁静（的时期），安详（的时期）
• It was the calm of the countryside that he loved so much. 他所深爱的正是乡村的宁静。
■a quiet and relaxed manner 心情放松，泰然自若
[kɑ:m] noun
the calm before the storm
■a quiet or peaceful period before a period during which there is great activity, argument or unpleasantness 暴风雨前的平静（指重大活动、激烈辩论或灾难发生之前的平静）
• I like to get everything done before the guests arrive and relax for a moment in the calm before the storm. 我喜欢在客人到来之前把甚么都做好，然后利用暴风雨前那一刻的平静让自己放松一下。
noiseless, silent, calm, peaceful, serene, still, quiet
这组词都有“平静的，无声无息”的意思，其区别是：
noiseless: 指无任何噪音或不出声，无声无息。
silent: 普通用词，指缄默不语或无声无息。
calm: 普通用词，既可指天气、海洋等的平静状态，又可指人的镇定沉着、不慌乱，不受外界影响和情绪支配。
peaceful: 普通用词，指一种不受外物扰乱和刺激的内在宁静或和平状态。
serene: 指一种超脱一切烦恼的宁静状态。
still: 指平静而又安定的状态。
quiet: 普通用词，指没有喧闹、活动或骚乱的寂静状态。
adj. 静的，平静的；沉着的
 - pacific, peaceful, composed, steady, still
vt. 使平静；使镇定
 - compose, pacify
vi. 平静下来；镇定下来
 - quiet, wind down

Word: chase
Front: chase
[tʃeɪs] (研四六雅宝 3312/3378 -K3)
Vocabulary: chase
(once / 230 pages)
1vn 2v 3n
To chase is to follow or go after someone or something you want. This activity is called a chase. Dogs chase cats, cats chase mice, and mice are in big trouble.
The word chase tried to run away from the Old French word chacier for "to hunt or strive for,” but we caught it. Any time you’re trying to get something that’s trying to get away from you, you chase it. Police officers chase criminals, and kids playing tag chase each other all over the yard. You can also chase things that aren't physical, like a dream or a goal. This activity itself is called a chase.
WORD FAMILY
chase: chased, chaser, chases, chasing+/chaser: chasers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Iraqi “led them on a wild goose chase of grave sites saying that he knew where Troy was,” Ginger’s husband Jim says.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
The crime Saturday at Plaza Frontenac resulted in a police chase that ended 60 miles away in Illinois.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“Someday,” he wrote, “my wish will be granted and I'll join a village like this and spend my days chasing sheep across Syria's hills.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 追捕; 追求; 追寻; 镂刻
n. 追捕; 打猎; 猎物（指鸟兽等）; 槽
vi. 追逐，追赶; 追寻; 追求（常与after连用）; [口语] 奔跑
时态：chased, chasing, chases
分布：追赶(33%)，追求(26%)，追捕(23%)，奔跑(10%)，试图赢得(4%)，狩猎(3%)，争取(1%)
→来自拉丁词captare, 抓，拿，catch的同源对词，词源同capture, captive.
v./n.追逐,追求She chased the children from her garden.她把那些孩子赶出花园.
【记】读：沉思。雕镂之前要沉思一下，用什么图案。
【参】chafe（v 擦痛）读：重复
verb
FOLLOW 跟随
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to hurry after someone or something in order to catch them 追赶，追逐；追捕
• The police car was going so fast, it must have been chasing someone. 警车开得这么快，一定是在追捕甚么人。
• She was chasing (after) a man who had snatched her bag. 她在追赶一个抢走她的手提包的男子。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to hurry or run in various directions 跑来跑去；匆忙赶往
• She couldn't study with the children chasing around the house. 孩子在房子里跑来跑去，她没法温习。
[tʃeɪs] verb
TRY TO GET 争取
transitive
■to try to get something that is difficult to get or achieve 追求，努力争取
• It's depressing how many people there are chasing so few jobs. 这么多人在争夺这么少的几份工作，真是让人沮丧。
• After years of chasing her dreams , she finally got a part in a film. 追逐自己的梦想这么多年，她终于在一部电影中得到了一个角色。
intransitive or transitive
■to try very hard to persuade someone to have a relationship with you 追求，（向某人）求爱
• She's always chasing (after) men. 她总是追求男人。
[tʃeɪs] verb
GET RID OF 除掉
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to run after a person or an animal in a threatening way in order to make them leave 驱逐；赶走，撵走
• He used to chase the children away from his apple trees. 他过去常把孩子从他的苹果树旁赶走。
• She's always chasing cats out of the garden to protect her precious birds. 她总是把猫赶出花园，以保护她那些珍贵的小鸟。
[tʃeɪs] verb
be chasing your tail
■to be busy doing a lot of things but achieving very little 瞎忙活，白忙，徒劳无功
[tʃeɪs] verb
chase the dragon slang
■to take the drug heroin , by smoking it 吸食海洛因
[tʃeɪs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chase sb up informal
■to ask someone to do something that they have said they would do but that they have not yet done 催促，提醒（某人实践诺言）
• If you don't hear from the builders this week, make sure you chase them up. 要是你这个星期还没有从施工人员那里得到消息，一定要催催他们。
• I must chase my flatmate up about those bills and see if she paid them. 我一定要找我的室友问问那些帐单的事，看看她是否付了帐。
[tʃeɪs] noun countable
■when you go after someone or something very quickly in order to catch them 追赶，追逐；追捕
• a tedious film with endless car/police chases 充斥着没完没了追车／员警追捕场面的乏味电影
the chase
■the sport of hunting animals 打猎
• Asked why he went fox-hunting, he replied that he loved the thrill of the chase. 问到他为甚么去猎狐时，他回答说喜欢打猎的刺激。
[tʃeɪs] noun countable
give chase
■to go after a criminal quickly in order to catch them 追逐罪犯
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
vt. 追逐；追捕；试图赢得；雕镂
 - go after, track down
vi. 追逐；追赶；奔跑
 - pursue, go after
n. 追逐；追赶；追击
 - pursuit, hunting

Word: johnson
Front: johnson
[ˈdʒɔnsn] (-/2614)
Back: n. 詹森，约翰逊
分布：名词(100%)

Word: tap
Front: tap
[tæp] (高研四六托雅 2843/3299 -K3)
Back: vt. 开发; （从容器等）汲取（液体）; 割[打]开…取[放]液体
vi. 轻声走; 跳踢踏舞
n. 龙头，阀门; 塞子; 电话窃听; （补鞋的）掌子
时态：tapped, tapping, taps
分布：龙头(48%)，利用(12%)，开发(11%)，轻拍(8%)，轻敲(6%)，窃听(5%)，选择(3%)，塞子(3%)，轻击(2%)，鞋掌(1%)，索要(1%)
→来自古英语 taeppa,水龙头，塞子，来自 Proto-Germanic*tappon,塞子，词源同 tamp,tampon. 引申词义开发，利用。tap 轻拍，轻击，轻扣
n.塞子;水龙头;n./v.轻打,轻敲;vt.开发The mapper trapped in the gap tapped the tap wrapper with strap.陷在缝中的制图者用皮带轻击塞子套.
verb (-pp-)
HIT 打
intransitive or transitive
■to hit something gently, and often repeatedly, especially making short sharp noises （常指连续）轻拍，轻叩，轻敲
• The branches tapped against the window. 树枝轻轻敲打着窗户。
• I could hear him tapping his fingers on the desk. 我能听见他用手指轻叩桌子的声音。
• I was tapping my feet (= hitting the floor gently with my feet) to the music. 我随着音乐用脚打拍子。
• Someone tapped me on the shoulder. 有人轻轻拍我的肩膀。
[tæp] verb (-pp-)
GET 获得
transitive
■to get or make use of something 开发；开辟；着手利用
• For more than a century, Eastern cities have expanded their water supplies by tapping ever more remote sources. 一个多世纪以来，东部的城市透过开发更偏远地区的水源，扩大了水的供应。
• There is a rich vein of literary talent here just waiting to be tapped (into) by publishers. 众多文学才俊汇聚于此，等待出版商慧眼识珠。
[tæp] verb (-pp-)
TELEPHONE 电话
transitive
■to use a small device fixed to a telephone in order to listen secretly to what people are saying 在（电话或电报线）上装窃听器；窃听
• He suspected that his telephone had been tapped. 他怀疑自己的电话被人窃听了。
[tæp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  tap sb for sth old-fashioned informal
■to get money from someone 从（某人）处获得（钱）
• I might be able to tap my father for a loan. 我也许能从我父亲那里借到钱。
[tæp] noun
DEVICE 设备
 IMPROVER countable UK (US faucet)
■a device that controls the flow of liquid, especially water, from a pipe （水）龙头，阀门
• the hot/cold tap 热水／冷水龙头
• Turn the tap on/off. 打开／关掉水龙头
 IMPROVER countable UK
■a device that controls the flow of gas from a pipe （煤气）阀门
on tap
■describes beer which is served from a barrel through a tap （啤酒）装在有旋塞的桶里的，散装的
■available for use at any time 随时可用的
• Working in a library as I do, I have all this information on tap. 我在图书馆工作，可以随时查阅所有这些资料。
[tæp] noun
HIT 打
countable
■a gentle knock or touch, or the noise made by knocking something gently 轻扣，轻敲，轻拍；轻轻拍打（或敲击）的声响
• I gave her a tap on the shoulder and she turned round. 我轻轻拍了一下她的肩，她回过头来。
• There was a tap on the window - Dad was outside! 有人轻轻敲了一下窗子－－是爸爸在外面！
[tæp] noun
DANCE 舞蹈
uncountable
■ tap dancing 踢踏舞
• He teaches tap and ballroom. 他教人跳踢踏舞和社交舞。
[tæp] noun
TELEPHONE 电话
countable
■a small piece of equipment that can be fixed to a telephone in order to listen secretly to someone's telephone calls 在（电话或电报线）上装窃听器；窃听
• He claims that he knew nothing of government phone taps on journalists during those years. 他宣称自己对那几年政府监听记者电话的事一无所知。
pat, knock, rap, tap
这组词都有“敲、击”的意思，其区别是：
pat: 指用手轻拍以示同情、赞同或爱抚。
knock: 指用拳头或其它器械猛敲或猛打；也指用手轻敲某物。
rap: 指用手指或木棒等快速地轻敲或急拍。
tap: 多指慢慢地连续地轻击或轻拍。
tag, tar, tap, tan
tag: 标签，货签；
tar: 柏油，焦油
tap: 水龙头，轻拍，利用，开发；
tan: 晒黑成棕褐色，鞭打；
vt. 轻敲；轻打；装上嘴子
 - percuss
vi. 轻拍；轻击；轻叩
 - pat
n. 水龙头；轻打
 - water faucet, rotary swivel

Word: pilot
Front: pilot
[ˈpaɪlət] (中高研四六托雅宝 1772/2085 -K3)
Vocabulary: pilot
(once / 214 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A pilot leads the way. An aircraft pilot flies a plane, and a maritime pilot steers a ship. Also, to pilot is to guide to safety, like to navigate a ship out of a harbor or through a sea of zombies.
Pilot comes from the Greek pēdon meaning "oar." Like an oar that steers a ship, a pilot steers or directs a plane. A pilot can also be a model or basis for others of its kind. A school might launch a pilot breakfast program for a few students before introducing it to the whole school. The pilot episode of a TV show is like a test program produced to determine viewer interest before making a whole season.
WORD FAMILY
pilot: co-pilot, pilotage, piloted, piloting, pilotless, pilots
USAGE EXAMPLES
Update from pilot….because customs computers are down…we are the 20th plane in line for a gate.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
Sunwing’s gate agents found the pilot’s behavior to be unusual and alerted the co-pilot.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Mills wanted to be a pilot for the military but missed her chance when World War II ended.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 飞行员; 引航员; 向导; [机械学]导向器（或轴）
vt. 驾驶; 试验; 试点; 为（船舶）引航（或操舵）
adj. 试验性的; 导向的; 驾驶员的; 辅助的
时态：piloted, piloting, pilots
分布：飞行员(56%)，驾驶(20%)，试点(11%)，领航(5%)，领航员(4%)，向导(2%)，试验性的(1%)，引导的(1%)
→来自拉丁语pilotus,驾驶员，领航员，异化自pedota,来自希腊语pedon,桨，舵，词源同foot,pioneer.字母d,l音变，比较odor,olfactory.
飞行员,领航员(意大利语piloto"划浆"的变体)"[-ot表名词"…人"]
n.飞行员;领港员v.驾驶(飞机等);领航,引水Lots of pilots plot to dot the rotten robot.大批领航员策划给腐烂的机器人打点.
【记】pi屁股，lot大：因为天天开飞机，是久坐的人（sedentary），所以屁股大－飞行员，领航员。
noun countable
AIRCRAFT 航空器
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who flies an aircraft 飞行员
• a fighter/helicopter/bomber/airline pilot 战斗机／直升机／轰炸机／客机驾驶员
['paɪ.lət] noun countable
SHIP 船
■a person with detailed knowledge of an area of water, such as that around a port, who goes onto a ship to direct it safely （船只的）领航员，领港员；引水人
['paɪ.lət] noun countable
TEST 试验
■a programme which is made to introduce and test the popularity of a new radio or television series （电视或广播的）试播节目
• If you'd seen the pilot, you'd know why they decided not to make a complete series of programmes! 如果你看了试播节目的话，就会明白他们为甚么决定不制作整套节目了。
['paɪ.lət] noun countable
FLAME 火 (also pilot light)
■a small flame which burns all the time in a gas device, such as a cooker or a water heater, and which starts the main flame burning when the gas is turned on （灶具等的）母火，引火用的常燃小火苗
['paɪ.lət] adjective [before noun]
■describes a plan, product or system that is used to test how good something is before introducing it 试验性的，试点的
• If the UKpilot scheme / USpilot program is successful many more homes will be offered the new television service. 如果试验计划成功，会有越来越多的家庭享受到新的电视服务。
['paɪ.lət] verb
AIRCRAFT 航空器
transitive
■to fly an aircraft 飞行
• She piloted the aircraft to safety after one of the engines failed. 其中一个引擎发生故障后，她把飞机驾驶到安全的地方。
['paɪ.lət] verb
TEST 试验
transitive
■to test a new product before it is sold 试验（新产品）
• We shall pilot several new cosmetic products to selected potential purchasers. 我们将安排一些选定的潜在顾客试用几种新化妆品。
['paɪ.lət] verb
INTRODUCE 引入
transitive usually + adverb or preposition mainly UK
■to be responsible for introducing a new law or system and making certain it is established 使（新的法律或制度）顺利通过
• Twenty years ago he piloted a bill through Parliament on working conditions. 20年前他力促议会通过一项有关工作环境的议案。
['paɪ.lət] verb
SHIP 船
transitive
■to direct a ship into a port or through an area of water 导引，领航
guide, direct, conduct, pilot, lead
这组词都有“引导”的意思，其区别是：
guide: 普通用词，可与conduct换用，指引导者与被引导者双方彼此合作，共同努力的关系。
direct: 指为某人指方向，但自己不一定亲自引路，也可表示指导一群人的事或活动。
conduct: 正式用词，指引导某人去某处，强调亲自带领；也强调监督管理一群有共同目的或目标的人。
pilot: 从原义“为飞机、轮船导航”借喻为指亲自带领某人去某处。
lead: 指走在前面给某人引路或带路人共同去达到某一目标。用于抽象意义时，指在某项活动或运动中起主导和组织作用。
pilot, astronaut
这两个名词者指驾驶飞行装置的人员。
pilot: 指不进入外层空间的各类飞机的驾驶员。
astronaut: 指在外层空间(outer space)驾驶宇宙飞船、航天飞机等飞行装置的宇航员。
n. [航] 飞行员； [水运] 领航员
 - aviator, amn
v. [航] 驾驶； [水运] 领航；试用
 - to navigate, experiment with

Word: sophisticated
Front: sophisticated
[səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd] (研四六托雅宝 3077/3019 -3)
Vocabulary: sophisticated
(once / 875 pages)
adj
If something is sophisticated, it's complicated and intricate. The inner workings of a computer are sophisticated. Sophisticated can also refer to having good taste. Either way, sophisticated things are impressive.
Sophisticated systems and objects are complex and tough to understand. High school math is a lot more sophisticated than grammar school math. Driving a car is more sophisticated than riding a bike. People are sophisticated if they have plenty of worldly experience and what is generally regarded as "good taste." Sometimes, that just means they have a lot of money and like things that are fancy. Going to a symphony is considered more sophisticated than going to a rock concert.
WORD FAMILY
sophisticated: sophisticatedly, unsophisticated+/ sophisticate: sophisticated, sophisticates, sophisticating, sophistication / sophistication: sophistications
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Communists coveted the far more sophisticated American weapons.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But none of those sophisticated earthbound films were able to attract anything close to the turnout for the top-performing weekend offerings.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Students used a sophisticated meter provided by the Hubbard Foundation to do the work.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 复杂的; 精致的; 富有经验的; 深奥微妙的
v. 使变得世故; 使迷惑; 篡改(sophisticate的过去分词形式)
分布：复杂的(71%)，精密的(17%)，老练的(10%)，久经世故的(2%)
→来自 sophisticate,诡辩，强词夺理，-ed,形容词后缀。字面意思即诡辩的，强词夺理的，后词 义由贬义转褒义，用于形容人老练的，见过世面的，或机器复杂的，先进的，精密的等。
老于世故的;精致复杂的[Soph=wise,表示"智慧,聪明"]
a.尖端的,复杂的,先进的;老练的,老于世故的The physician made a physical examination to the sophisticated philosopher and physicist.医生给世故的哲学家和物理学家作了体检.
US [-ɪd] adjective
 IMPROVER
■having a good understanding of the way people behave and/or a good knowledge of culture and fashion 精于世故的，老练的；见多识广的；很有品味的
• She was slim, svelte and sophisticated. 她身材苗条，体态娇美，处事练达。
• I don't suppose I have any books that would suit your sophisticated tastes. 我认为我没有甚么书能满足你那高雅的品味。
• He was older than me and from London and I thought him very sophisticated. 他比我大，而且来自伦敦，我觉得他为人很老练。
 ADVANCED
■clever in a complicated way and therefore able to do complicated tasks 精密的，复杂的；高级的
• I think a more sophisticated approach is needed to solve this problem. 我认为要解决这个问题需要更为高明的方法。
• These are among the most sophisticated weapons in the world. 这些属于世界上最尖端的武器。
complex, complicated, sophisticated, intricate
这组词都有“复杂的”的意思，其区别是：
complex: 侧重内在关系的复杂，需通过仔细研究与了解才能掌握和运用。
complicated: 与complex的含义接近，但语气更强，着重极其复杂，很难分析、分辨或解释。
sophisticated: 侧重指事物发展到或达到高级的程度所体现出的复杂。
intricate: 着重指错综复杂，令人迷惑理解。
adj. 复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的
 - complicated, experienced, involved, detailed, exquisite
v. 使变得世故；使迷惑；篡改（sophisticate的过去分词形式）
 - mystified

Word: specialist
Front: specialist
[ˈspeʃəlɪst] (高研四六 2546/1808 -K3)
Vocabulary: specialist
(once / 662 pages)
n
A specialist has an area of expertise in a profession or branch of learning. Call an ear, nose, and throat specialist if you can’t shake a stuffy nose, but go to a Shakespeare specialist to learn about King Lear.
Specialist started off as a word used just for doctors who focused particular diseases or parts of the body, but now a specialist can be someone with a narrow focus in any field. A specialist is any professional with a specialty — lawyers are specialists because each lawyer deals with a specific kind of legal work. To be a specialist you have to study or get experience in a specific field for a long time.
WORD FAMILY
specialist: specialistic, specialists+/overspecialize: overspecialized/ special: specialise, specialism, speciality, specialize, specially, specialness, specials/specialisation: specialisations/specialise: overspecialise, specialisation, specialised, specialiser, specialises, specialising/specialised: unspecialised/specialism: specialisms, specialist /speciality: specialities/ specialization: specializations/ specialize: overspecialize, specialization, specialized, specializer, specializes, specializing/ specialized: unspecialized/specializer: specializers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Problem: It is difficult for people in rural areas to travel to the cities to see heart specialists.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Ryan was a defensive specialist who oversaw a unit that finished 19th in yards allowed in each of his two seasons.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The experience helped her land a job as a communications specialist at T-Mobile.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 专家; 行家; 专科医生
分布：专家(92%)，专科医生(7%)，专食性动物(1%)
→special,特殊的，专门的，-ist,人。
n.专家This section about insects is written by a respectable specialist.关于昆虫的这一节是由一位可敬的专家撰写的.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who has a lot of experience, knowledge or skill in a particular subject 专家；专业人员
• a software specialist 软体专家
• She's a specialist in modern French literature. 她是现代法国文学专家。
• specialist advice/help 专家建议／专业帮助
 IMPROVER (UK also consultant)
■a doctor who has special training in and knowledge of a particular area of medicine 专科医生
• She's a specialist in childhood illnesses. 她是小儿科专家。
• I've asked to be referred to a specialist about my back pain. 我已经要求转诊，让专科医生来治我的背痛。
• a leading cancer/eye specialist 杰出的癌症／眼科专家
n. 专家；专门医师
 - expert, mavin
adj. 专家的；专业的
 - professional

Word: bloody
Front: bloody
[ˈblʌdi] (研 4127/1763 -3)
Vocabulary: bloody
(once / 272 pages)
1adjv 2adjadv
Something that's bloody is stained or covered with blood, like a bloody nose. In British slang, bloody means something like “very.” That’s bloody brilliant!
Things that are literally bloody have blood on them or are made of blood. Figuratively bloody things, on the other hand, only imply blood — a bloody coup, for example, is a government overthrow that involves some amount of violence. To bloody something is to cover it in blood: "I will bloody your nose if you say that again!" It comes from the Old English blodig, from blod, or "blood."
WORD FAMILY
bloody: bloodied, bloodier, bloodies, bloodiest, bloodily, bloodiness, bloodying, unbloody+/ blood: blooded, blooding, bloodless, bloods, bloody /blooded: bloodedest, bloodedly/ bloodless: bloodlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Pet” is a modern-day fable of unchecked desire that descends quickly into a bloody, morbid cautionary tale.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
When the Americans recovered a bloody blanket outside one house, the woman who lived there pleaded ignorance.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Viewers are right above the limo looking down at Kennedy’s bloody head in Jackie’s lap, giving us a similar vantage to Jackie’s.
Slate(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 血腥的，残忍的; 血一样的; 血染的; 嗜杀的，残忍的
adv. 非常，很
v. 血污，血染; 使流血
时态：bloodied, bloodying, bloodies
分布：血腥的(67%)，流血的(12%)，嗜杀的(11%)，使流血(10%)
a.流血的,血腥的This is bloody wonderful!就是非常好!
adjective [before noun] adverb mainly UK very informal
ANGER 生气
 ADVANCED
■used to express anger or to emphasize what you are saying in a slightly rude way 该死的；他妈
• I've had a bloody awful week. 我这个星期他妈糟透了。
• It's a bloody disgrace that some war widows don't get a decent pension. 有些因战争而守寡的妇女没有得到数额合理的抚恤金，这种事真他妈丢人。
• Don't be a bloody idiot ! 别他妈像个傻瓜似的！
• This computer's bloody useless ! It's always going wrong. 这部电脑他妈甚么用也没有！总是出问题。
• Don't you tell me what to do! I'll do what I bloody well like in my own house. 不要告诉我该干甚么！在我自己家里我他妈想干甚么就干甚么。
['blʌd.i] adjective [before noun] adverb mainly UK very informal
EMPHASIS 强调
 ADVANCED
■used to emphasize an adjective, adverb or noun in a slightly rude way 很，非常的（地）
• Life would be bloody boring if nothing ever went wrong. 如果甚么都是顺顺利利的，那生活也太沉闷了。
• Don't be so bloody stupid. 别这么傻了。
• She's done bloody well to reach the semi-final. 她表现得很出色，进入了准决赛。
• You must think I'm a bloody fool. 你一定认为我是个大傻瓜。
• I had a bloody good time last night. 我昨晚玩得真痛快。
• I'm afraid there's not a bloody thing (= nothing) you can do about it. 恐怕这件事你无能为力。
• I can't see a bloody thing (= anything) in here. 这儿我甚么也看不见。
['blʌd.i] adjective [before noun] adverb mainly UK very informal
bloody hell very informal
■a rude way of expressing great anger 该死；他妈
• Bloody hell! I've lost my wallet. 该死！我的钱包丢了。
• What the bloody hell did you do that for? 你他妈那样做究竟是为了甚么？
['blʌd.i] adjective
 ADVANCED
■covered with blood; bleeding 流血的，出血的
• a bloody nose 流血的鼻子
 ADVANCED
■extremely violent and involving a lot of blood and injuries 血腥的；残忍的
• It was a long and bloody battle and many men were killed. 那是一场漫长而残酷的战斗，死了许多人。
['blʌd.i] verb transitive
■to make something bloody 使…血淋淋的
• The first punch bloodied his nose. 第一拳就使他的鼻子出血了。
adj. 血腥的；非常的；嗜杀的，残忍的；血色的
 - intense, cruel
adv. 很
 - greatly, quite, badly, far, too

Word: schedule
Front: schedule
[ˈʃedju:l] (高研四六托雅 2144/2702 -K4)
Vocabulary: schedule
(once / 226 pages)
nv
A schedule is a plan of things to be done and the time when they will be done. It is the thing you write down in your planner. If you're a student, you probably have your class schedule memorized within the first few weeks of school.
This noun derives from Middle English sedule "slip of parchment or paper, note," from Late Latin schedula, from scheda "a strip of papyrus," from Greek schida "a splinter of wood." The modern spelling schedule did not become established until the mid 17th century. And the current American pronunciation, patterned on words such as scheme and school, was not in use until the 19th century.
WORD FAMILY
schedule: reschedule, scheduled, scheduler, schedules, scheduling+/ reschedule: rescheduled, reschedules, rescheduling/ scheduled: unscheduled /scheduler: schedulers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The school announced the procedure is scheduled for Friday, with an anticipated recovery time of four weeks.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
I get a referral from my doctor and schedule a mammogram.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
She said trainers add a few more slots in their schedule to accommodate new clients.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 时刻表，进度表; 清单，明细表; 预定计划; 目录
vt. 排定，安排; 将…列表; 为…作目录
时态：scheduled, scheduling, schedules
分布：安排(54%)，计划(41%)，预定(3%)，一览表(1%)，编制目录(1%)
→来自拉丁语 schedula,小纸条，来自希腊语 skhizein,切，分开，来自 skei,切，分，词源同 shed,science,scythe.词义由小纸条引申词义便笺，便条，日程表等。
n.时间表,进度表v.安排,预定By the ruler's schedule, the molecule capsules will play an important role in the roller.根据统治者的时间表,这种分子胶囊将在滚筒上起重要作用.
US ['sked-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a list of planned activities or things to be done showing the times or dates when they are intended to happen or be done 计划表；日程表； 进度表 ； 时刻表
• a production schedule 生产进度表
• a hectic/tight (= very busy) schedule 忙乱的／紧张忙碌的排程
• Everything went according to schedule (= as planned). 一切按照排程进行。
 IMPROVER US (UK timetable)
■a list of the times when events are planned to happen, especially the times when buses, trains and planes leave and arrive 时刻表
■formal
■an official list of things 清单，报表
• a schedule of business expenses 业务费用清单
ahead of schedule
■early 提前
• We expect the building work to be completed ahead of schedule. 我们希望建筑工程能提前竣工。
on schedule
■not early or late 准时
fall behind schedule
■to do less work than you planned to do by a particular point in time 晚于预定时间
UK ['ʃed.ju:l] US ['sked-] verb transitive often passive
 IMPROVER
■to arrange that an event or activity will happen at a particular time 为…安排时间；安排，排定
• The meeting has been scheduled for tomorrow afternoon. 会议安排在明天下午。
• [+ to infinitive] The train is scheduled to arrive at 8.45, but it's running twenty minutes late. 火车预定于8：45到达，但今天会误点20分钟。
rgeister, schedule, roll, form, catalog(ue), chart, list, table
这组词都有“名单、目录、表格”的意思，其区别是：
rgeister: 多指官方对人或事作出的正式书面记录或详细清单。
schedule: 既可指时间或计划的安排表，又可指详细列出的所有分类项的清单或细表。
roll: 多指人员的姓名名单，尤指属于团体或军事单位的全体人员名单。
form: 指上面印有横线或格让人填写规定内容的表格。
catalog(ue): 指列出有全部队名、物名或项目等的目录，有时附有简要说明的分类名单或一览表。
chart: 指把资料制成表格等形式供人看的图表。
list: 最普通用词，含义广。指按字母顺序、时间先后或类别等排列的姓名或项目等的单子。
table: 普通用词，一般指易于迅速查阅使用，具有特定编排方法的目录或表格。
vt. 安排， [计划] 计划；编制目录；将……列入计划表
 - budget, propose, design, map, make
n. [交] 时间表； [计划] 计划表；一览表
 - kalendar, time-table

Word: merge
Front: merge
[mɜ:dʒ] (研六托雅 5365/4687 -2)
Vocabulary: merge
(once / 423 pages)
v
The verb merge means to seamlessly join something. For example, when you merge onto the highway, you need to smoothly join the traffic, forgetting everything you learned riding the bumper cars at the fair.
If two or more things become one, they merge. If your favorite deli, The Cheese Stop, merges with a sandwich shop called Chez Lui, the two restaurants might also merge their names, becoming Chez Cheese. You can also use merge when things only appear to blend. You know it's time to go to sleep when the words in your book begin to merge together.
WORD FAMILY
merge: merged, merger, merges, merging+/ merger: mergers/merging: mergings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The system is merging the two hospitals into a $1 billion medical center focused heavily on outpatient care.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A widely shared story that claimed Pope Francis called for merging Islam and Christianity is false.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They proposed to him that the two companies merge and do business under the name of AeroFarms.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）混合; 相融; 融入; 渐渐消失在某物中
时态：merged, merging, merges
分布：合并(83%)，融合(16%)，兼并(1%)
→来自拉丁语mergere,浸入，浸没，来自mezg,浸入，浸没，词源同immerse,emerge.字母z被r音化。引申词义合并，整合等。
合并,融合(沉下→融为一体→合并)[merg,mers=sink,表示"沉,没"]
v.(使)结合,(使)合并,(使)合为一体The roads merge a kilometre ahead.这两条道路在前面一公处汇合成一条大道.
US [mɝ:dʒ] verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to combine or join together, or to cause things to do this （使）合并；（使）融合
• They decided to merge the two companies into one. 他们决定将两家公司合并起来。
• The country's two biggest banks are planning to merge. 这个国家最大的两家银行正计划合并。
• After a while the narrow track merges with a wider path. 过了一会儿，窄道并入了一条较宽的小路。
intransitive US for * filter in
mingle, merge, blend, combine, mix
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
mingle: 暗示混合后的各成分仍保持各自的特性，能辨别出来。
merge: 指一种成分被别一种成分吸收或融合，着重成分的个性消失在整体之中。
blend: 一般可与mix和mingle换用。混合与其各成分的性质通常是一致的，侧重混合整体的统一性与和谐性。
combine: 通常用于化学反应中，指化合物等。
mix: 含义广泛，侧重混合的一致性，混合的各成分可能按原样存在，但不一定能辨别出来。
vt. 合并；使合并；吞没
 - conflate, incorporate with
vi. 合并；融合
 - incorporate with, coalesce

Word: populist
Front: populist
['pɒpjəlɪst] (9764/13003 -1)
Vocabulary: populist
(once / 3508 pages)
n
Use the noun populist to describe a person — especially a politician or activist — who works to give regular working people a voice in their government.
In politics, the word populist refers to someone who puts ordinary people's rights above those of the wealthy and powerful. It is basically a synonym of democrat, which when spelled with a lower-case d is simply a person who believes in democratic principles of rule by the people, freedom, and equality. The root of populist is the Latin word for "people," populus.
WORD FAMILY
populist: populists+/ populism: populist
USAGE EXAMPLES
He called Burr a latter-day Catiline, the ancient Roman senator who attempted a populist uprising against the Republic.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But this principled response, though valid, fails to address some big questions implicit in the populist complaint.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
European populists sought to preserve their national institutions against encroaching Europeanization — a term they use sometimes interchangeably with globalization.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 平民主义者; 平民论者; 平民党党员; 民粹主义者
adj. 平民主义的; 平民化的
分布：平民主义者(37%)，平民主义的(33%)，平民论者(19%)，平民化的(11%)
US ['pɑ:.pjə-] adjective
■representing or connected with the ideas and opinions of ordinary people 平民主义的；民粹主义的
• a populist manifesto 平民主义宣言
• a populist leader 民粹主义领袖

Word: fret
Front: fret
[fret] (六托雅宝 9929/11926 -1)
Vocabulary: fret
(once / 470 pages)
1vn 2nv 3nv 4v 5vn
When you fret, you worry so much about something that it eats away at you. Many people fret about taking standardized tests, but really, they're nothing to sweat.
Fret comes from the Old English word freton which means to devour like an animal. When you fret over something, it consumes your thoughts. If you tell your mother to not fret about you while you're at a sleepover camp, you're telling her to not worry about you too much. Sometimes it means to be agitated though. When you're waiting for the results of an exam, you might fret and wring your hands. In a totally unrelated meaning, a guitar player calls the raised lines on the neck of the guitar that help him play correctly frets.
WORD FAMILY
fret: fretful, frets, fretted, fretting+/ fretful: fretfully, fretfulness/fretfulness: fretfulnesss/fretted: unfretted
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Egypt it fretted over the toppling of Hosni Mubarak and welcomed his eventual replacement by another pro-American military dictator.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Sing of the two friends, both women, who fretted that their upcoming nuptials might be controversial: because, they explained, they didn’t like cake!
Time(Dec 23, 2016)
As a septuagenarian, she fretted over her chances of being hired anywhere.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. [建筑]回纹饰，状饰物; 烦躁，烦恼; 腐蚀处，磨损处; 弓上木头的毛病
v. 磨损，腐蚀; 焦急; 使烦恼; 用回纹装饰
vi. 烦恼; 磨损; 焦急
时态：fretted, fretting, frets
分布：烦躁(33%)，焦急(25%)，侵蚀(21%)，磨损(18%)，音柱(3%)
→来自Proto-Germonic*fra-etan, 吞噬，吃尽，*fra-, 完全的，词源同per-, *etan, 吃，词源同eat. 用来指魔鬼或维京海盗，后用于心理含义，指焦虑紧张等。fret 回纹饰
【记】fr＝free，et小－飞来一只小苍蝇fret你－（使）烦躁，担心
【参】fretful（adj 烦燥的；焦躁的）＝peevish
verb intransitive (-tt-)
■to be nervous or worried 烦躁不安，苦恼，发愁
• Don't fret - I'm sure he's OK. 别发愁——他肯定没事。
• She spent the day fretting about/over what she'd said to Nicky. 她为对尼基说的话而担心了一整天。
[fret] noun countable
■any of the small raised metal bars across the long thin part of a stringed musical instrument such as a guitar, that show you where to put your fingers on the strings in order to produce different notes （吉他等弦乐器指板上定音的）品
fret, care, brood, worry
这组词都有“烦恼、担忧”的意思，其区别是：
fret: 通常指因悲哀、焦虑或忧愁等所困扰的心理状态。
care: 多指极强烈的关心和忧虑。常带纯客观的意味。
brood: 语气比worry强，多指沉思、沮丧或忧郁。
worry: 普通用词，着重使人焦虑、烦恼或深深不安。
vt. 使烦恼；焦急；使磨损
 - trouble, irk
vi. 烦恼；焦急；磨损
 - trouble, worry
n. 烦躁；焦急；磨损
 - anxiousness, wear and tear

Word: underlie
Front: underlie
[ˌʌndəˈlaɪ] (研托 7604/5797 -1)
Vocabulary: underlie
(once / 745 pages)
v
While it’s true that when something underlies something else, it is beneath it, this does not necessarily mean subservience — it can also indicate a strong foundation or bedrock that underlies, or supports, an idea or decision.
The Old English word underlicgan meant to serve or submit to another, and that meaning does carry through to the modern word underlie — to a point. Although still referring to something under something else, around 1850 the meaning of the verb shifted to include something that makes a foundation for something else. For example, one factor that underlies a patient's unusual symptoms might be his recent trip to a foreign country, where he could have picked up a local infection.
WORD FAMILY
underlie: underlain, underlies, underlying +/ liar: liars/ lie: lain, liar, lied, lies, lying, overlie, underlie /lied: lieder, lieds/ lying: lyings/overlie: overlain, overlies, overlying
USAGE EXAMPLES
The underlying absurdity of those shows was redoubled through his lens, occasionally in the form of magical realism.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
But it would appear that a lack of demand is the underlying narrative from toy firms in the UK.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Yet he also sustains an underlying sense of tension, revealing a deeper musical structure that evokes an ever-intensifying spiritual struggle.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 位于或存在于（某物）之下; 构成…的基础（或起因）; [经]构成优先于…的财政要求
时态：underlay, underlying, underlies
分布：位于 ... 之下(50%)，成为 ... 的基础(50%)
vt.位于...之下,成为...的基础The degraded undergraduate upgraded the underlying virus program.被降职的大学生升级基础的病毒计划.
US [-dɚ-] (underlying, underlay, underlain)
verb transitive
■to be a hidden cause of or strong influence on something 是…；对…有重大影响
• Psychological problems very often underlie apparently physical disorders. 心理问题常常是明显生理疾病的深层原因。

Word: guilty
Front: guilty
[ˈgɪlti] (高研四六宝 2061/2126 -K3)
Vocabulary: guilty
(once / 134 pages)
adj
Someone guilty has done something wrong or illegal. And when you do something wrong, you feel guilty — bad or sorry — about it.
The police are responsible for finding out who’s guilty of a crime so they can be arrested, convicted, and punished. But you can also be guilty of smaller, more legal things, like cheating on a test, breaking the rules of a game, or thinking awful things. If you’ve done it, then you’re guilty of it: so if someone asks if you have a crush on your swim instructor, you can say “guilty!”
WORD FAMILY
guilty: guiltier, guiltiest, guiltily, guiltiness+/ guilt: guiltless, guilts, guilty /guiltless: guiltlessly, guiltlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once they’re inside, it becomes extraordinarily difficult to try the guilty or release those who are no longer a threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Tsang pleaded not guilty to three charges of bribery and misconduct, relating to a luxury flat in China.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof was found guilty on 33 federal charges, including hate crimes and obstruction of the practice of religion.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 内疚的; 有罪的
分布：有罪的(72%)，内疚的(28%)
a.(of)有罪的,内疚的The guide disguised his guilty of mixing the liquor with a liter of liquid.导游把酒与一公升液体混合的罪过掩饰起来.
【反】exonerate（vt 免除；证明无罪）－prove guilty（证明有罪）
US [-tˌi] adjective
FEELING 感觉
 ESSENTIAL
■feeling guilt 内疚的；愧疚的；自责的
• I feel so guilty about forgetting her birthday. 我忘了她的生日，深感内疚。
• She must have done something wrong, because she's looking so guilty. 她一定是做错甚么事了，因为她一脸愧疚。
• You've got a guilty conscience - that's why you can't sleep. 你问心有愧——所以会睡不着觉。
UK ['gɪl.ti] US [-tˌi] adjective
RESPONSIBLE 承担责任的
 ESSENTIAL
■responsible for breaking a law 犯了罪的；有过失的；有罪责的
• The jury has to decide whether a person is guilty or innocent of a crime. 陪审团必须就一个人是否有罪作出裁决。
• A person accused of a crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty. 一个被指控犯罪的人在被证明有罪之前是假定无罪的。
• The company pleaded guilty (= They formally admitted their guilt in court) to the charge of manslaughter. 这家公司在法庭上认罪，承认了对其过失杀人罪的指控。
Compare innocent
the guilty party
■the person who has done something wrong or who has committed a crime 有过错的一方；犯罪的一方
criminal, guilty
这组词都有“犯罪的”的意思，其区别是：
criminal: 侧重指某种行为是违犯法律的，因而应受到惩罚。
guilty: 主要指某种行为违反道德标准，也可指违犯法律。
adj. 有罪的；内疚的
 - sinful, culpable

Word: mandate
Front: mandate
[ˈmændeɪt] (托雅宝 3724/7252)
Vocabulary: mandate
(once / 704 pages)
1nv 2n
A mandate is an official command or a go-ahead. When a politician wins an election by a wide margin, that's a mandate to implement her ideas.
A mandate gives authority. If the government gives schools a mandate to test more, then the schools had better give more tests. People who work for the Peace Corps have a mandate to help various countries with things like getting clean drinking water. A politician who believes in higher taxes and then gets elected considers that a mandate to raise taxes. When you have a mandate, it's like a ticket to get something done.
WORD FAMILY
mandate: mandatary, mandated, mandates, mandating, mandatory +/mandatary: mandataries/ mandatory: mandatories, mandatorily, nonmandatory
USAGE EXAMPLES
For instance, that bill eliminated the tax penalties, tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies central to the ACA’s individual mandate to purchase health insurance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Explaining this research is clearly within the mandate of the Labor Department, whose mission statement includes a pledge to “advance opportunities for profitable employment.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A bipartisan collection of U.S. lawmakers is gearing up to expand CFIUS’s legal mandate, in part to demand greater access by U.S. investors into China.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 授权; 任期; 委任; 命令
vt. 托管; 批准
vi. 强制执行; 委托办理
时态：mandated, mandating, mandates
分布：授权(52%)，要求(25%)，命令(17%)，指令(6%)
→来自拉丁语mandatum,命令，委托，交付，来自manus,手，词源同manual, -dat,给予，词源同data,date.即交付给某人，引申词义授权，命令等。
命令,要求(mand+ate)[mand=order,表示"命令"]
noun countable usually singular
AUTHORITY 权力
■the authority given to an elected group of people, such as a government, to perform an action or govern a country 授权；委任
• At the forthcoming elections, the government will be seeking a fresh mandate from the people. 在即将举行的选举中，政府将向人民寻求新的支持。
• [+ to infinitive] The president secured the Congressional mandate to go to war by three votes. 总统以三票的优势获得了国会对开战的授权。
['mæn.deɪt] noun countable usually singular
AREA NAME 地方名称 specialized
■the name of an area of land which has been given to a country by the UN , following or as part of a peace agreement （联合国授权某国管理的）托管地
['mæn.deɪt] verb transitive
GIVE PERMISSION 批准
■to give official permission for something to happen 正式批准，授权进行
• The UN rush to mandate war totally ruled out any alternatives. 联合国匆匆授权开战，完全排除了其他选择。
['mæn.deɪt] verb transitive
ORDER 命令 mainly US to order someone to do something 命令；要求
• [+ to infinitive] Our delegates have been mandated to vote against the proposal at the conference. 我们的代表受命在会议上对提案投反对票。
n. 授权； [法] 命令，指令；委托管理；受命进行的工作
 - instruction, order, bidding, word, charge
vt. 授权；托管
 - empower, accredit

Word: sexual
Front: sexual
[ˈsekʃuəl] (四六 1006/1384 -K4)
Back: adj. 性的，有性别的; 性欲的; 生殖的; [生]有性的
分布：性的(51%)，性欲的(26%)，性别的(18%)，有性生殖的(5%)
→sex,性，-al,形容词后缀。
adjective
SEX 性的
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to the activity of sex 性的，性行为的
• Most people remember their first sexual experience. 大多数人都记得他们的第一次性经验。
• a sexual relationship 性关系
• sexual assault / harassment 性侵害／性骚扰
• FORMAL sexual intercourse (= the act of having sex) 性交
• sexual orientation / preference (= whether someone chooses to have sex with men, women, or both) 性倾向
■relating to the reproduction of babies by the combining of a cell from a male with a cell from a female 有性繁殖的
• sexual reproduction 有性繁殖
['sek.sjʊəl] adjective
MALE OR FEMALE 雄性或雌性
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to being male or female 性别的
• Sexual equality will not be achieved until there is more provision for childcare. 只有提供更多的幼儿保育服务，才会实现男女平等。
• Some steps have been taken towards ending sexual discrimination (= treating people unfairly because of which sex they are). 已经采取了一些措施来消除性别歧视。
adj. [生物] 性的；性别的；有性的
 - gamic

Word: subsidiary
Front: subsidiary
[səbˈsɪdiəri] (研六托雅宝 7513/3904 -2)
Vocabulary: subsidiary
(once / 1220 pages)
adjn
If a company belongs to another company, then the owned company is a subsidiary. When a large company bought your small business, you became a subsidiary. It still hurts to call them the parent company, since you publish novels and they make toilet paper.
The adjective form of subsidiary describes something that is of secondary importance or that functions in a supporting capacity. In addition to running the band program, you're a member of several subsidiary committees like the fund raising committee and the hospitality committee. Traffic on the road was light when you drove outside the city, but as more subsidiary roads joined with the main one, traffic quickly became congested.
WORD FAMILY
subsidiary: subsidiaries, subsidiarily, subsidiarity
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hundreds of the multinational corporations rushed to channel international profits through subsidiaries in the country, among them McDonald’s, Fiat, Amazon, Shire Pharmaceuticals and Skype.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The agreement announced Thursday settles a lawsuit brought by Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co., a subsidiary of Kinder Morgan.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Citilink is a subsidiary of national flag carrier Garuda Indonesia.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 附带的，附属的，次要的; 助的，帮助的; 补足的
n. 附属事物，附属机构，子公司; 附属者，附属品
分布：子公司(88%)，附属机构(4%)，辅助的(4%)，附属的(3%)，补贴的(1%)
→subsidy,帮助，辅助，-ary,名词后缀。
补助的(sub下+sid+iary→坐在下面[帮助别人]→补助的)[Sid=sit,表示"坐"]
【记】sub下面，sid坐，iary－坐在下面的－辅助的
【反】preponderant（adj 占有优势的）
US [-er-] adjective
■describes something less important than something else with which it is connected 辅助的；次要的
• a subsidiary role/factor 辅助角色／次要因素
UK [səb'sɪd.i.ər.i] US [-er-] noun countable
■a company which is owned by a larger company 子公司；附属公司
adj. 附属的；辅助的
 - assistant, helping, affiliated, auxiliary
n. 子公司；辅助者
 - auxiliary, subcompany

Word: kick
Front: kick
[kɪk] (中高研四六 1815/2403 -K4)
Back: vt. & vi. 踢
n. （毒品或酒精的）效力; 精力; <非正>极度兴奋
vi. 踢蹬，踢（腿）
vt. （因干了蠢事、失去良机等）对（自己）生气; 体育运动; 如足球和橄榄球踢球得分; 射门得分
时态：kicked, kicking, kicks
分布：踢(94%)，反冲(5%)，后座力(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自拟声词，踢东西的声音。
n./v.踢His wicked trick is to get the kids to kick bricks and lick the cricket ticket.他的缺德恶作剧是让孩子们踢砖和舔板球门票.
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to hit someone or something with the foot, or to move the feet and legs suddenly and violently 踢，踹
• I kicked the ball as hard as I could. 我用尽全力踢球。
• He was accused of kicking a man in the face. 他被控踢到他人的脸。
• She felt the baby kicking inside her. 她感觉到腹中的胎儿在踢她。
intransitive
■If a gun kicks, it jumps back suddenly and with force when the gun is fired. （枪、炮）反冲，后坐
be kicking yourself /could have kicked yourself
■used to say that you are very annoyed with yourself because you have done something stupid or missed a chance （由于做了蠢事或错失机会而）懊恼，自责
• When I realized what I'd done I could have kicked myself. 当我意识到自已的所作所为，不禁懊恼不已。
• They must be kicking themselves for selling their shares too early. 他们一定为过早抛售股票而懊恼不已。
[kɪk] verb
kick (some) ass mainly US offensive
■to punish someone or to defeat someone with a lot of force 狠狠教训
• We're gonna go in there and kick ass. 我们要去那里好好收拾他们一下。
[kɪk] verb
kick the bucket (US kick off) informal
■to die 死
[kɪk] verb
kick the habit informal
■to give up something harmful that you have done for a long time 改掉旧习惯；戒除恶习
• She used to be a heavy smoker but she kicked the habit last year. 她过去抽烟很厉害，但去年戒了。
[kɪk] verb
kick your heels UK informal
■to be forced to wait for a period of time 被迫久等
[kɪk] verb
kick sth into touch UK informal
■to decide not to do what you had planned to do 取消（计划）；搁置（计划）
• Our plans to buy a new car have had to be kicked into touch now Kev's lost his job. 由于盖乌被解雇，我们买新车的计划不得不搁置。
[kɪk] verb
kick over the traces old-fashioned informal
■to behave badly and show no respect for authority 不受管束；不听指挥
[kɪk] verb
kick the tires US informal
■to try something or examine it carefully before you buy it 在购买之前精挑细选；仔细检查
• Come and kick the tires on this latest version of the software. 过来仔细试用一下这个软体的最新版本。
[kɪk] verb
kick up a fuss/row/stink informal
■to show great anger about something, especially when this does not seem necessary 挑起事端；（尤指）小题大做
• He kicked up a tremendous fuss about having to wait. 他因需要等待而大吵大闹。
[kɪk] verb
kick up your heels US informal
■to do things that you enjoy 轻松愉快一番，尽情享乐
• After the exams we kicked up our heels and had a really good party. 考试后，我们好好轻松了一番，开了个很开心的派对。
[kɪk] verb
kick sb upstairs
■to give someone a new job which seems more powerful but is really less powerful, usually in order to stop them causing trouble for you （通常为制止某人找麻烦而）使（某人）明升暗降
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  kick about/around informal
■If something is kicking around a place, it is somewhere in that place, not being used 被乱丢于；被闲置于
• There must be a copy of it kicking around the office somewhere. 办公室的某个地方肯定会有一份副本。
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  kick against sth UK informal
■to refuse to accept something and react strongly against it 反对；反抗
• As a boy he always kicked against his father's authority. 他小时候总是不服父亲的管束。
kick against the pricks informal
■to argue and fight against people in authority 反抗权威
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] kick sth around informal
■If you kick ideas around, you talk about them informally in a group （在小组中）随便谈一谈，非正式讨论
• We need to get everyone together and kick a few ideas around 我们需要聚集各人，一起讨论几个构思。
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  kick in informal
■to start to have an effect or to happen 开始见效；起作用
• It takes half an hour for the tablets to kick in. 药片的药力在半小时后开始显现。
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  kick off
FOOTBALL
■If a game of football kicks off, it starts （足球比赛）开球，开始
• What time does the match kick off? 比赛甚么时候开始？
⇒ See also kick-off
COMPLAIN informal
■to start to get angry or complain in a noisy way 生气；吵嚷地抱怨
• The children started to kick off so I couldn't stay. 孩子都开始吵嚷地抱怨了，因此我必须走了。
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] kick (sth) off
■If you kick off a discussion or an activity, you start it 开始（讨论或活动）
• I'd like to kick off the discussion with a few statistics. 我想以几个统计数据来开始讨论。
• Right, any suggestions? Jim, you kick off. 好，有甚么建议吗？吉姆，你先说。
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] kick sb out informal
■to force someone to leave a place or organization 开除（某人）；撵走（某人）
• His wife kicked him out. 他妻子把他撵出去了。
• She was kicked out of the squad. 她被小组除名了。
[kɪk] noun
HIT 打击
 IMPROVER countable
■the action of kicking something 踢，踹
• She gave the cat a kick when no-one was looking. 她趁人不注意，踢了猫儿一脚。
[kɪk] noun
STRONG FEELING 强烈的感觉
countable
■a strong feeling of excitement and pleasure 极度的快感（或刺激）；极大的乐趣
• I get a real kick out of owning my own car. 我拥有自已的汽车，太兴奋了。
• He decided to steal something from the shop, just for kicks (= because he thought it would be exciting). 他决定偷店里的东西，这纯粹是为了追求刺激。
countable usually singular informal
■the strong effect of an alcoholic drink （酒的）刺激性
• Watch out for the fruit punch, it's got a real kick. 小心这种水果调酒，它很有劲。
[kɪk] noun
INTEREST 兴趣
countable usually singular informal
■a new interest, especially one that does not last long 一时的爱好（或狂热）
• He's on an exercise kick (= He exercises a lot) at the moment. 现在他心血来潮爱上了运动。
[kɪk] noun
kick in the teeth informal
■If you describe the way someone treats you as a kick in the teeth, you mean that they treat you badly and unfairly, especially at a time when you need their support （尤指在需要帮助时遭受的）恶劣待遇，严重打击
• She was dismissed from her job, which was a real kick in the teeth after all the work she'd done. 她辛辛苦苦做了那么多工作之后被解雇了，使她深受打击。
[kɪk] noun
a kick up the arse / backside UK (US a kick in the butt/pants) offensive
■If you give someone a kick up the arse, you do or say something to try to stop them being lazy. 鞭策；教训，督促（使其不再懒惰）
vt. 踢；反冲，朝后座
 - boot, back flushing
n. 踢；反冲，后座力
 - backflushing, bounce-back
vi. 踢；反冲
 - back flushing

Word: robot
Front: robot
[ˈrəʊbɒt] (中高研四六 4523/6669 -1)
Vocabulary: robot
(once / 1841 pages)
n
A robot is a mechanical creation that can move or act on its own. Science fiction is full of robots.
Also called droids, Cylons, and bots, robots are certainly the stuff of science fiction stories. But there are plenty of real robots out there in the world, using their mechanical smarts to make life easier. There are robots that can vacuum the rug, dance, perform surgery, clean oil spills, and even build cars. The field of robotics is growing all the time. Maybe someday you'll even have that robot butler so many of us have dreamed about.
WORD FAMILY
robot: robotlike, robots
USAGE EXAMPLES
Like driverless cars, the delivery robots use cameras, GPS devices and radar to navigate the urban environment.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Each school received a starter kit and handbook to design and build one VEX brand robot.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Harriott and George F. Smith, St. Thomas’s athletic director, learned about the robots through an alumni parent, and asked for a demonstration.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 机器人; 遥控装置; 自动机; 机械呆板的人
分布：机器人(99%)，机械呆板的人(1%)
→杜撰词，来自捷克语 robota,奴隶，被奴役者，做苦工者，来自 orbu,剥夺，失去，特指 失去父母的小孩，词源同 orphan.
n.机器人,自动机械Lots of pilots plot to dot the rotten robot.大批领航员策划给腐烂的机器人打点.
US ['roʊ.bɑ:t] noun countable
MACHINE 机器
■a machine used to perform jobs automatically, which is controlled by a computer 机器人
UK ['rəʊ.bɒt] US ['roʊ.bɑ:t] noun countable
PERSON 人 disapproving
■someone who does things in a very quick and effective way but never shows their emotions 机器一般的人，机械呆板的人
UK ['rəʊ.bɒt] US ['roʊ.bɑ:t] noun countable
TRAFFIC LIGHT 交通信号灯
■a traffic light in South Africa （南非的）自动交通信号灯
n. [自] 机器人；遥控设备，自动机械；机械般工作的人
 - droid, golem

Word: pact
Front: pact
[pækt] (研托宝 6682/5146 -3)
Vocabulary: pact
(once / 1278 pages)
n
A pact is a treaty or other agreement between parties, and it's usually written. Countries can have pacts or you can make a pact with your friends, promising each other that you'll all show up for the spelling bee.
A pact is a formal agreement. The 1955 Warsaw Pact, for instance, was Eastern Europe's answer to NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization), with communist countries pledging mutual aid in case of foreign aggression. You may also come across the word compact, which is pretty much the same as a pact. The word pact comes from the Latin pactum, meaning "something agreed upon." In Roman times, one kind of pact was the marriage pact you signed when you got married.
WORD FAMILY
pact: pacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The channel will likely not be back until after the baseball season starts in the spring, people with knowledge of the pact said.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
The current pact was set to expire at 9 p.m.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Mr. Tietmeyer contributed to designing the Stability and Growth Pact that still forms the basis for Europe’s common currency.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 条约，公约; 公约
分布：协定(55%)，条约(34%)，契约(11%)
→来自拉丁语pactum,协议，合同，条约，来自pag,固定，词源同page,compact.
契约,公约(对双方加紧约束)[pact=fastened,表示"紧的"]
n.合同,条约,公约,协定They made a pact not to tell anyone.他们有协定,不告诉任何人.
【记】p怕，act行动：怕别人采取行动，所以要签订协定
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a formal agreement between two people or groups of people 契约；条约；协定
• The United States and Canada have signed a free-trade pact. 美国和加拿大签署了自由贸易协定。
• [+ to infinitive] The Liberal Democrats may form a pact with Labour to try to beat the Conservatives in the next election. 自由民主党可能会和工党达成协议，力图在下一次竞选中击败保守党。
n. 协定；公约；条约；契约
 - convention, treaty, compact

Word: hearing
Front: hearing
[ˈhɪərɪŋ] (高研雅 1711/2480 -K3)
Vocabulary: hearing
(once / 90 pages)
1nadj 2n
Hearing is the sense that allows you to distinguish sounds with your ears. Dogs have a particularly acute sense of hearing, and they can hear sounds pitched too high for humans to hear.
You use your hearing when you attend a concert, listen to an audio book, or talk to a friend on the phone. Another kind of hearing is a legal process at which people state a case in front of a judge, so she can decide whether or not it should be presented at a trial with a jury. This kind of hearing gets its name from the idea that the court is "listening" to the evidence.
WORD FAMILY
hearing: hearings, rehearing, unhearing+/ hear: hearable, heard, hearer, hearing, hears, overhear, rehear/hearable: hearably, unhearable/ heard: heardest, heardly, unheard/hearer: hearers/ overhear: overheard, overhearing, overhears/rehear: reheard/rehearing: rehearings/unhearing: unhearingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such delays would upend Republican hopes of quickly holding hearings and confirming most of Trump’s top picks on Inauguration Day.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
On Monday, at the request of Roof’s former defense attorney, a judge conducted a nonpublic hearing to assess Roof’s competence.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof also was adamant that a transcript of a hearing where he was found mentally competent not be released to the public.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 听力，听觉; 审问; 听力所及的距离，听得见的范围; 听证会，〈美〉意见听取会
v. 听到，听见( hear的现在分词)
分布：听力(46%)，听觉(24%)，听证会(19%)，审讯(9%)，说话或申辩的机会(1%)，动词hear的现在分词.(1%)
n.听,倾听;听力;审讯She is hard of hearing.她的听觉迟钝.
US ['hɪr.ɪŋ] noun
MEETING 会议
countable
■an official meeting that is held to collect the facts about an event or problem 听证会；公听会
• A disciplinary hearing will examine charges of serious professional misconduct against three surgeons. 纪律听证会将就三名外科医生严重渎职的指控进行调查。
• I think we should give him a (fair) hearing (= we should listen to what he wants to say). 我想我们应该给他一个申诉的机会。
UK ['hɪə.rɪŋ] US ['hɪr.ɪŋ] noun
ABILITY 能力
uncountable
■the ability to hear 听力，听觉
• He's getting old and his hearing isn't very good. 他年纪大了，听力也不好了。
n. [生理] 听力； [法] 审讯，听讯
 - trial, aural comprehension
v. 听见（hear的ing形式）
 - earring

Word: chair
Front: chair
[tʃeə(r)] (中高雅 946/1029 -K4)
Vocabulary: chair
(once / 53 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4n 5n
A chair is a seat with four legs and a back to lean against. When you invite a large group for dinner, you have to make sure you find chairs for all of your guests.
As opposed to a bench, couch, or sofa, a chair usually seats one single person. You might have wooden kitchen chairs and a comfortable, upholstered chair with arms for watching TV. Another kind of chair is the leader of an organization or group, and it's also a verb meaning to lead such a group: "I've been asked to chair the monthly meetings of the stamp collectors' club." The Old French root is chaiere, "seat or throne."
WORD FAMILY
chair: chaired, chairing, chairs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some states, such Mississippi, do not pay their party chairs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mari, adopted more than three years ago from the Philippines, was summoned to the witness chair.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Yet the same materials for a Duchenne drug reviewed fewer than six months earlier say that “by age 10-14, patients become wheel chair bound.”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 椅子; 大学教授职位; 主持会议的主席（的席位或职位）; 讲座
vt. 主持; 使…入座; 使就任要职
时态：chaired, chairing, chairs
分布：椅子(94%)，主持(5%)，当 ... 的主席(1%)
→来自拉丁词cathedra，cat-, 向下，-hed,坐，同sit, seat. 比喻义主持，权威。比较holy seat, 圣座。
n.椅子;(会议的)主席vt.当...的主席,主持On the impaired dairy the chairman lay in a pair of repaired chairs for haircut.在遭到损害的牛奶场,主席躺在一对修理过的椅子上理发.
US [tʃer] noun countable
FURNITURE 家俱
 ESSENTIAL
■a seat for one person, which has a back, usually four legs, and sometimes two arms 椅子
⇒ See also armchair;deckchair;pushchair;wheelchair
the chair informal for
■ the electric chair （用以处决罪犯的）电椅
UK [tʃeər] US [tʃer] noun countable
TITLE 头衔
■(the official position of) a person in charge of a meeting or organization, or a position in an official group, or the person in charge of or having an important position in a college or university department 主席（职位），委员长（职位）；（大学）系主任
• All questions should be addressed to the chair. 所有的问题都应当向主席提出。
UK [tʃeər] US [tʃer] verb transitive
■to be the person in charge of a meeting, etc. 主持（会议等）
• Would you like to chair tomorrow's meeting? 你愿意主持明天的会议吗？
armchair, chair, bench, stool
这组词都有“椅子”的意思，其区别是：
armchair: 指有扶手的椅子。
chair: 通常指带有靠背的椅子，有时也指有靠背有扶手的椅子。
bench: 指可供两人或更多人坐的长凳或石凳，多置于公园或划艇中。
stool: 多指方的或圆的无靠背无扶手一人坐的凳子。
n. [家具] 椅子；讲座；（会议的）主席位；大学教授的职位
 - cathedra

Word: thin
Front: thin
[θɪn] (中高托 1621/1670 -K3)
Vocabulary: thin
(once / 83 pages)
1adjv 2adjv 3adjvadv 4adj
Something thin is narrow or not very thick. If you wear thin socks on a cold winter day, your toes might start to feel numb.
Thin can describe something that is narrow and slender, like a hair or a thread. It can also describe a layer of something that is not very thick, such as paper. To thin something out is to make it lesser or weaker, like thinning out a sauce by adding water. You can also use this word figuratively. An argument that is not very convincing is thin.
WORD FAMILY
thin: thinly, thinned, thinner, thinness, thinnest, thinning, thins+/thinner: thinners/thinning: thinnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it was predictably a thin reed on which to build a doctrine.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
In his view, they do not prove anything new and are too thin to draw larger conclusions.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And we voters did our part, passing judgment on the candidates, thinning the herd, rejecting them one by one.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 薄的; 瘦的; 稀少的; 细的
vt. 使瘦; 使淡; 使稀疏
vi. 变薄; 变瘦; 变淡
adv. 稀疏地，微弱地
时态：thinned, thinning, thins
分布：薄的(85%)，瘦的(14%)，稀的(1%)
→来自古英语 thynne,薄的，来自 Proto-Germanic*thunni,薄的，来自 ten,延展，拉长，词源 同 extend,tender,tenuous.词义由拉长引申为细长，薄的，脆弱的等诸多相关词义。
a.薄的,细的;稀薄的,淡的;瘦的v.变薄;变稀The thin sick chicken picks the thick sticky stick quickly.瘦病鸡快速地啄粘乎乎的粗棍.
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
adjective
NOT THICK 不厚的
 ESSENTIAL
■having a small distance between two opposite sides 薄的；细的
• a thin book 薄薄的书
• thin black lines 细黑线
• a thin jacket (= made from thin material) 薄夹克
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
adjective
NOT FAT 不胖的
 ESSENTIAL
■(of the body) with little flesh on the bones （身体）瘦的，不肥的
• Did you notice how thin her wrists were? 你注意到她的手腕有多细吗？
• Thin, hungry dogs roamed the streets. 瘦瘦的饿狗们在街上遛来遛去。
Opposite fat.
be as thin as a rake (be as thin as a rail) mainly US
■to be very thin 非常瘦；骨瘦如柴
• He eats like a horse and yet he's as thin as a rake. 他像猪一样吃得多，却骨瘦如柴。
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
adjective
TRANSPARENT 透明的
■not difficult to see through 稀薄的
• thin mist/cloud 薄雾／云
Opposite thick.
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
adjective
FEW 少量的
■having only a small number of people or a small amount of something 稀少的
• Attendance at the meeting was rather thin. 到会者寥寥可数。
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
adjective
FLOWING EASILY 易流动的
■(of a liquid) flowing easily （液体）稀的，不黏稠的
• a thin soup 稀汤
Opposite thick.
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
adjective
WEAK 弱的
■weak or of poor quality 弱的；拙劣的；空泛的
• a thin excuse 牵强的借口
• a thin disguise 容易识破的伪装
• a thin smile 淡淡一笑
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
adjective
be thin on the ground UK
■to exist only in small numbers or amounts 少有，不多见
• Shops which will deliver goods are thin on the ground these days. 现在送货上门的商店不多见。
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
adjective
be thin on top informal
■to have lost some of the hair on your head 头发稀少；谢顶
• He's a bit thin on top nowadays, isn't he? 他现在有点谢顶了，是不是？
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
adjective
disappear / vanish into thin air
■to disappear suddenly and completely 烟消云散，消失得无影无踪
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
adjective
have a thin time (of it)
■to have bad or unhappy experiences 日子不好过
• He's been having a thin time (of it) since his accident. 自从发生事故以来，他就一直过得不好。
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
adjective
out of thin air
■from nothing 凭空
• I can't come up with £10 000 out of thin air. 我不能凭空拿出一万英镑。
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
adjective
the thin end of the wedge UK
■the start of a harmful development 事情糟糕的开始
• Identity cards for football supporters could be the thin end of the wedge - soon everyone might have to carry identification. 足球迷需要出示身份证件可能只是个开始——不久可能人人都要带着证件出门。
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
verb
LESS THICK 变稀
   (-nn-)
transitive
■to make a substance less thick, often by adding a liquid to it 使变稀，稀释
• Thin the sauce down with a little stock. 加少量汤汁把调料弄稀一点。
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
verb
FEWER 稀少
   intransitive or transitive (-nn-) (also thin out)
■When a crowd or a group thins (out), it becomes fewer in number, and when you thin (out) a group of plants or other things, you remove some to make them fewer （使）稀少
• The traffic will thin out after the rush hour. 交通高峰期过后车流量将减少。
[θɪn] (thinner, thinnest)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  thin down informal
■If you thin down, you become less fat. 变瘦
• He's thinned down a lot since I last saw him. 自我上次见到他以来，他瘦了不少。
lean, slim, slight, slender, thin
这组词都有“瘦的”的意思，其区别是：
lean: 侧重缺少脂肪。既可能是因病而瘦，也可能因饥饿而消瘦。也指身体消瘦，但肌肉结实，身体健康。
slim: 指身体的细长，体重轻不着重外形的优美，可用于不同的性别，常用于减轻体重的人。
slight: 指身材又瘦又小。
slender: 指身体细长、体态优美、苗条适中，多用于指女性。
thin: 普通用词，指腰细、骨架窄，常因疾病或疲劳而消瘦。
adj. 薄的；瘦的；稀薄的；微弱的
 - rare, small, spare, subtle
vi. 变薄；变瘦；变淡
 - dilutor
adv. 稀疏地；微弱地
 - sparsely, faintly

Word: beer
Front: beer
[bɪə(r)] (高 1902/2300 -K3)
Vocabulary: beer
(once / 273 pages)
n
Beer is an alcoholic drink usually made from barley and hops. A beer is a can or pint of the stuff. Too much beer can make people, often college students, wear lampshades as hats or dance like chickens. Cheers!
Beer is a foamy, malt-flavored beverage with a relatively low alcohol content. Beer is actually the most commonly consumed alcoholic drink around the world, and it's believed to be the oldest too. Brewers make beer by fermenting a grain — usually barley or wheat — and adding hops or other flavoring agents. The word comes from the Old English beor, and though experts disagree about its roots, one guess names the Vulgar Latin biber, "beverage," as a possible origin.
WORD FAMILY
beer: beers, beery+/beery: beerily
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It is because they didn’t patronizingly speak in the advertising campaign in a very macho, aggressive language like most beer advertising used in the past.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The canoe was heaped with valuable trade goods: copper, flint, weapons, textiles, and beer.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“All my friends were drinking beer and not gaining massive amounts of weight,” Mr. Cahill said.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: n. 啤酒，麦酒; （一般）发酵饮料; [印，纺]比尔
分布：啤酒(100%)
→来自拉丁词biber, 喝，饮料，来自词根bib, 喝，见imbibe, 吸收。
n.啤酒The bee paid the fee of coffee, beef and beer for the cheerful deer.蜜蜂为欢快的鹿付了咖啡,牛肉和啤酒的费用.
US [bɪr] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an alcoholic drink made from grain 啤酒
• He asked for a pint of beer. 他要了一品脱啤酒。
• This beer is brewed in Mexico. 这种啤酒是在墨西哥酿制的。
countable
■a glass or container of this drink 啤酒瓶，啤酒杯，盛啤酒的容器
• After a hard day's work I enjoy a beer or two. 我喜欢在辛苦工作了一整天后，喝一两杯啤酒。
n. [食品] 啤酒
 - reeb, cerevisiae

Word: rebuild
Front: rebuild
[ˌri:ˈbɪld] (高托 3790/4709 -2)
Vocabulary: rebuild
(once / 557 pages)
v
When you construct something again, you rebuild it. If the chair you made from scraps of wood collapses when you sit in it, you can either rebuild it or give up on the idea of making your own furniture.
When a natural disaster — like a hurricane or a tornado — destroys people's houses, they usually need the community's help to rebuild them. Before modern fire departments existed, several cities in the United States burned in terrible fires, destroying nearly all the homes and businesses. These cities had to rebuild, which they often did using less flammable materials, like bricks, rather than just wood.
WORD FAMILY
rebuild: rebuilding, rebuilds, rebuilt+/ build: builder, building, builds, rebuild /builder: builders/ building: buildings/rebuilding: rebuildings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“If not” is a dangerous thought for a team about to enter the win-or-else phase of its rebuilding.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Europe and Japan rebuilt; the Soviet Union failed; communism was discredited.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Mendoza and I met a few years back, and he invited me to look in on his rebuild.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 重建; 重新组装; 再形成某事物; 恢复
时态：rebuilt, rebuilding, rebuilds
分布：重建(91%)，恢复(8%)，重新组装(1%)
→re-,再，重新，build,建造。
[ˌri:'bɪld] (rebuilt, rebuilt)
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to build something again that has been damaged or destroyed 重建；改建；使恢复原状
• The cathedral was completely rebuilt in 1425 after it had been destroyed by fire. 这座大教堂毁于火灾，于1425年得以全面重建。
 ADVANCED
■If you rebuild a system or organization, you develop it so that it works effectively 重新组织；改造
• Before the election, the party claimed it would rebuild the country's economy. 在大选前，这个政党声称它会重振经济。
rebuild your life
■to try to return to the good situation that you were in before an unpleasant event happened to you 恢复正常的生活；重新安排生活
• Many people have difficulty in rebuilding their lives when they come out of prison. 很多人在出狱后很难重新过正常的生活。
vt. 重建；改造，重新组装；复原
 - reconstruct, reintegrate

Word: straight
Front: straight
[streɪt] (高托 1634/1598 -K4)
Vocabulary: straight
(once / 55 pages)
1adjadvn 2adjadv 3adjn 4adjn 5adj 6adj
Arrows, sides of a rectangle, well-organized lines of people waiting to get into the theater or the ladies' room, and anything else free from curves can be described as straight. The word can also mean honest, uninterrupted, undiluted, or heterosexual.
In Middle English, strecchen meant "to stretch." Streght "stretched" emerged from it and morphed into straight. It's easy to see the connection: If you stretch out a piece of spaghetti or a curl, it looks linear. Today the word means free from bends, breaks, or irregularities literally or figuratively. "Give it to me straight" means "just the facts, ma'am." "I was up for seven straight days" means "I haven't slept in a week."
WORD FAMILY
straight: straighten, straighter, straightest, straightly, straightness, straights+/straighten: straightened, straightener, straightening, straightens/straightener: straighteners/straightness: straightnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Penn State has won eight straight to make its first appearance in the title game.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
A victory for Oklahoma State would be its second over the Sooners in three years, and its second straight in Norman.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
James and Wade played together for four seasons in Miami, leading the Heat to two titles and four straight Finals appearances.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 直的; 连续的; 直率的; 整齐的
adv. 直地; 直接地; 坦率地; 立即
n. 直线; 直线部分
级别：straighter, straightest
分布：直接(47%)，直的(25%)，笔直地(7%)，连续的(4%)，正直的(4%)，坦率地(3%)，连续不断地(3%)，异性恋者(3%)，准的(2%)，异性恋的(1%)，直的东西(1%)
→来自中古英语 streight,拉直的，过去分词格于 strechen,拉直，展开，来自古英语 streccan,拉 直，展开，词源同 stretch,伸展，延伸。拼写比较 bake,batch.引申词义正的，正直的，以及现 代词义传统的，异性恋的等。
a.直的;整齐的,端正的ad.直接;正直,直率The bright fighter is frightened and flies upright in straight line from the right.那架明亮的战斗机受到惊吓后呈直线地从右边垂直飞起来.
adjective adverb
NOT CURVING 不弯曲的
 ESSENTIAL
■continuing in one direction without bending or curving 直的（地），笔直的（地）
• a straight line 直线
• She's got straight blonde hair. 她有一头金色直发。
• Skirts this summer are long and straight. 今夏的裙装流行长长的直筒裙。
• Can't you see it? - it's straight ahead (of you)! 难道你看不见吗？——就在（你）正前面！
• The dog seemed to be coming straight at/for me. 那只狗似乎是一路朝我跑过来的。
• Go straight along this road and turn left at the traffic lights. 沿着这条路一直走，到了红绿灯那里向左转。
[streɪt] adjective adverb
HONEST 诚实的
■honest 坦诚的，直率的
• Just be straight with her and tell her how you feel. 直接告诉她你的感觉即可。
• informal Tell me straight, would you rather we didn't go tonight? 请坦白告诉我，你是不是希望我们今天晚上不去？
Compare bent
straight out
■If you tell someone something straight out, you tell them directly and honestly, without trying to make what you are saying more pleasant 直接了当地；不拐弯抹角地
• I told her straight out that I didn't love her anymore. 我直接了当告诉她我不再爱她了。
[streɪt] adjective adverb
straight arrow US
■someone who is very honest and careful to behave in a socially acceptable way 正直而坦率的人
• Friends described Menendez as a straight arrow who rarely drank and was close to his family. 朋友们说梅内德斯是正直而坦率的人，极少喝酒且和家人非常亲近。
[streɪt] adjective adverb
(as) straight as a die
■extremely straight 笔直
• The road runs (as) straight as a die for fifty or so miles. 这条路笔直地延伸了50英里左右。
■completely honest 完全坦白，非常诚实
• She's as straight as a die, I can trust her to tell me what she's really thinking. 她非常诚实，我相信她会告诉我她的真实想法。
[streɪt] adjective adverb
straight up slang
■used to show that you are telling the truth 真的，属实
• You're a really attractive woman, straight up! 你是个非常有魅力的女人，真的！
■2. "You're not telling me she's sixteen! Straight up? (= Are you telling the truth) ?
[streɪt] adverb
IMMEDIATELY 立即
 ESSENTIAL
■without pausing or delaying 径直，直接；立即
• I got home and went straight to bed. 我回到家就立即上床睡了。
• Shall we go straight to the party or stop off at a pub first? 我们应该直接去参加聚会，还是先找个酒吧坐一会儿？
• Time is short so I'll get straight to the point (= explain the matter immediately). 时间不多，所以我就有话直说了。
⇒ See also straightaway
straight away/off
 IMPROVER mainly UK
■immediately 立即，马上
• I knew straight away what you were thinking. 我立刻就知道你在想甚么。
• We don't need to go straight off - we can stay for a little while. 我们用不着马上就走——我们可以留一会儿。
[streɪt] adverb
CLEAR 清楚的
■clearly 清楚地
• You know you've had too much to drink when you can't see straight. 如果你眼都花了，那你就知道自己喝得太多。
• I'm so tired I can't think straight any more. 我累坏了，头脑都不清楚了。
[streɪt] adjective
CLEAR 清楚的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■clear or not complicated 清楚的；简单明了的
• It's a straight choice - either you leave him or you stay. 你的选择很简单——不是离开他，就是留下。
• Let's get this straight - you're travelling to Frankfurt on Monday and Brussels on Tuesday, is that correct? 我们把状况弄清楚——你周一要去法兰克福，周二去布鲁塞尔，对吗？
⇒ See also straightforward
[streɪt] adjective
LEVEL 平的
■level and not sloping to either side 平的，平直的；正的
• This picture's not straight. 这幅画不正。
• The shelf isn't straight - it sags in the middle. 架子不平——中间陷下去了。
[streɪt] adjective
TIDY 整齐的
[after verb] mainly UK
■tidy, or arranged in order 整齐的，整洁的；井井有条的
• It only took an hour to get the flat straight after the party. 聚会之后，只用了一个小时就把公寓收拾得整整齐齐。
• Have you got a mirror? - I'll just put my hair straight. 你有镜子吗？——我要把头发梳理整齐。
[streɪt] adjective
PLAIN 纯的
■plain and basic, or without anything added 纯的，不掺其他东西的
• No tonic for me, please, I like my vodka straight. 请不要给我加奎宁水，我喜欢喝纯伏特加。
• Straight pasta is very bland - you need some kind of sauce to make it interesting. 甚么佐料也不加的义大利面条没甚么味道——你需要加些酱汁才会有滋味。
[streɪt] adjective
FOLLOWING EACH OTHER 一个跟一个
[before noun]
■following one after another without an interruption 连续的，不间断的
• They're the only team to have won ten straight games this season. 他们是这个赛季唯一一支连赢十场比赛的球队。
[streɪt] adjective
TRADITIONAL 传统的 informal
■traditional or serious 传统的，正统的；规矩的；严肃的
• disapproving He was a nice enough bloke, but he was so straight - I always felt I had to be on my best behaviour with him. 他是个不错的家伙，不过太严肃了——我总是觉得我和他在一起都得规规矩矩的。
• There's a lot of straight theatre at the festival as well as the newer, more experimental stuff. 戏剧节上有许多正统的戏剧作品，也有不少比较新、更有实验性的剧目。
[streɪt] adjective
SEXUAL PREFERENCE 性倾向 informal
■not homosexual 异性恋的
[streɪt] adjective
NO DRUGS 不吸毒的 informal
■not using illegal drugs or alcohol 不吸毒的；不酗酒的
• He's been straight for five months. 他戒毒已经有五个月了。
[streɪt] adjective
NOT OWING MONEY 不欠钱的
[after verb] informal
■neither owing nor owed any money 不欠钱的；两清的
• You bought the tickets, so if I pay for the taxi, we'll be straight. 你买门票，因此如果我付计程车费，我们就扯平了。
[streɪt] adjective
put/set someone straight
■to make certain that someone knows the real facts about a situation 确保（某人）了解实情；使（某人）了解真相
• Don't worry, I set him straight (on this matter). 不用担心，我（把这件事）跟他说清楚了。
[streɪt] noun countable
SPORTS TRACK 跑道 (US usually straightaway)
■the straight part of a racetrack (= the track on which competitors race) 直线跑道
• And the runners are just coming up to the finishing straight. 选手刚跑上最后一个直道。
[streɪt] noun countable
SEXUAL PREFERENCE 性倾向 informal
■a person who is not homosexual 异性恋者
[streɪt] noun countable
the straight and narrow humorous
■If you keep on the straight and narrow, you behave in a way that is honest and moral 正直坦荡（如果你正直坦荡做人，那么你的行为举止是诚实的、合乎道德规范的）
• The threat of a good beating should keep him on the straight and narrow. 害怕遭到痛打，应可以使他正直做人。
adj. 直的；连续的；笔直的；正直的；整齐的
 - continuing, endless, ordered, regular, running
adv. 直接地；不断地；立即；坦率地
 - constantly, directly, forever, rapidly, continually
n. 直；直线
 - beeline, gerade

Word: endorse
Front: endorse
[ɪnˈdɔ:s] (托雅宝 3884/4200 -2)
Vocabulary: endorse
(once / 611 pages)
1v 2v
To endorse is to give support to someone or something. "I endorse this!" means "I think this is a good thing, and so should you."
People endorse in many ways. When someone endorses a politician, it means "You should vote for this person, and I'm putting my reputation on the line to say so." When someone endorses a product in a commercial, it means "Go buy this! You'll like it." To endorse is to give support. You can also endorse a check, which means writing your name or someone else's on the back so that you or the other person can cash or deposit it.
WORD FAMILY
endorse: endorsed, endorsement, endorser, endorses, endorsing+/ endorsement: endorsements/endorser: endorsers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump, who campaigned on building a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border and endorsed mass deportations, effectively rejected the recommendation — and won anyway.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Decius sought to be clear-eyed about the candidate he was endorsing.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Seen as a progressive, Harris was endorsed by the outgoing senator for California, Barbara Boxer, and Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren in her Senate run.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 支票的背书，签名; 签署，批准：签署（签名），; 开发票，开证明文件; 支持，核准
时态：endorsed, endorsing, endorses
分布：支持(66%)，赞同(33%)，背书于(1%)
→en-, 进入，使。-dors, 背，见dorsal. 财务术语，即在背后签字。
【记】dorse背－在背后签字表示同意
【参】dorsal（adj 背的）读：抖擞（背上的毛）
【反】oppose publicly（公开反对）；impugn（v 打击；指责）；deprecate（vt 抗议；不赞成）
US [-'dɔ:rs] verb transitive
SUPPORT 支援
 ADVANCED
■to make a public statement of your approval or support for something or someone （公开）赞同，认可，支援
• The National Executive is expected to endorse these recommendations. 预计全国执委会将赞同这些提议。
• formal I fully endorse (= agree with) everything the Chairperson has said. 我完全赞同主席所说的一切。
 ADVANCED
■to appear in an advertisement, saying that you use and like a particular product （在广告中对某种产品）宣传，吹捧
• They paid $2 million to the world champion to endorse their new aftershave. 他们付给这位世界冠军200万美元，请他为他们新生产的须后水做广告。
UK [ɪn'dɔ:s] US [-'dɔ:rs] verb transitive
GIVE PERMISSION 给予许可
■to write something in order to give permission for something, especially your signature on the back of a cheque , in order to make it able to be paid to someone else （尤指在支票背面）签名，背书
UK [ɪn'dɔ:s] US [-'dɔ:rs] verb transitive
PUNISH 惩罚 UK to officially record on a driving licence that the driver has been found guilty of driving in an illegal way （在驾驶执照上）注明司机违规，记录违规事项
vt. 背书；认可；签署；赞同；在背面签名
 - ink, allow, back, sign

Word: fierce
Front: fierce
[fɪəs] (高研四六托雅 4482/3932 -3)
Vocabulary: fierce
(once / 101 pages)
adj
Fierce is ferocious and forceful, like a lion. When you are fierce, opponents fear you. Despite their loss, the talented JV team put up a fierce fight against the varsity squad.
Fierce comes from the Latin ferus 'wild animal.' It means strong, proud, dangerous and ready to roar. Fierce can also be used to mean intense. The family was known for their fierce pride. If you have a fierce work ethic, you don't rest until you finish the job. And a fierce storm can really devastate a community.
WORD FAMILY
fierce: fiercely, fierceness, fiercer, fiercest+/fierceness: fiercenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
U.S.-backed Iraqi forces are currently fighting to push Islamic State from the northern city of Mosul, but are facing fierce resistance.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
"Stereotypical Shanghai women are fierce and loud," she says with a grin.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Over the next two years while she awaited trial in jail, Clark became a fiercer warrior than she was on the day of the robbery.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: adj. 凶猛的，残忍的; 猛烈的; 狂热的
级别：fiercer, fiercest
分布：凶猛的(70%)，强烈的(27%)，酷烈的(3%)
→词源同feral, ferocity.
a.凶猛的,残忍的;狂热的,强烈的The unyielding man fiercely pierced the shield in the field.那个不屈的人凶猛地刺穿田野里的盾牌.
US [fɪrs] adjective
 IMPROVER
■physically violent and frightening 猛烈的；激烈的；骇人的
• a fierce attack/battle 猛烈的进攻／激烈的战斗
• Two men were shot during fierce fighting last weekend. 上周末的激战中两人被枪击。
 IMPROVER
■strong and powerful 狂暴的
• Fierce winds/seas prevented the race from taking place. 狂风／汹涌的海浪致使比赛无法进行。
• Fire fighters had to retreat from the fierce heat. 消防员面对逼人的热浪只好后撤。
 IMPROVER
■showing strong feeling or energetic activity 强烈的；狂热的
• The expansion plans will face fierce opposition/resistance from environmentalists. 扩建计划会遭到环境保护主义者的强烈反对／抵制。
• There is fierce competition to join the Special Branch. 加入政治保安处要面对激烈的竞争。
■US informal
■difficult 难的
• The chemistry exam was fierce! 化学考试太难了！
UK [fɪəs] US [fɪrs] adjective
something fierce US informal
■very much 很，非常
• I need a cold drink something fierce. 我真想来杯冷饮。
stormy, wild, fierce, turbulent, violent
这组词都有“剧烈的，凶猛的，狂暴的”的意思，其区别是：
stormy: 指风雨大作，也指人很激动的感情。
wild: 普通用词，既可指自然界的荒芜，未被驯化状态，又指人的无法无天，不文明的野蛮行为。
fierce: 普通用词，指人或兽的凶猛残酷。
turbulent: 正式用词，多用描写风和水，也可指心神不定或控制不住的感情波动。
violent: 普通用词，指人时侧重极为不安，异常激，暗含有达或暴力行为；也指破坏性的或不可控制的自然力量。
brutal, ruthless, savage, fierce, inhuman, barbarous, cruel
这组词都有“残忍的”的意思，其区别是：
brutal: 指极端的残忍，强调无情或缺乏同情心，含不择手段的意味。
ruthless: 与cruel同义。强调为达到目的，对别人的痛苦毫无怜悯之心。
savage: 指缺乏文明人应有的教养，尤指在动怒或冲动时表现出的粗野蛮横，含野蛮意味。
fierce: 指天性凶恶，令人害怕。
inhuman: 着重缺乏同情心、仁爱等人类特有的良好的品质。
barbarous: 专指只有原始或未开化的人才会有的残忍行为。
cruel: 一般用词，指行动或态度的残忍。
adj. 凶猛的；猛烈的；暴躁的
 - fell, violent, hard

Word: unpopular
Front: unpopular
[ʌnˈpɒpjələ(r)] (8474/7586 -2)
Back: adj. 不受欢迎的，不流行的; 无人望的; 不得人心的
分布：不受欢迎的(91%)，不流行的(9%)
US [-'pɑ:.pjə.lɚ] adjective
 ADVANCED
■not liked by many people 不普及的；不流行的；不受欢迎的
• Night flights from the airport are deeply unpopular. 从该机场出发的夜间航班非常不受欢迎。
• The government is becoming increasingly unpopular. 政府变得越来越不得人心。
adj. 不流行的，不受欢迎的
 - unacceptable, undesired

Word: migration
Front: migration
[maɪˈgreɪʃn] (托雅 4509/4640)
Vocabulary: migration
(once / 768 pages)
n
Migration is the movement of either people or animals from one area to another. Look up in the trees, where you might see a Monarch butterfly make a stop on its migration to Mexico.
Migration can be used for the journey from one place to another or for the act of movement. Thousands of mid-western farmers made the migration to California during the dust bowl. Demographers have noted the migration of young people to the big cities presumably for work. With animals, it’s almost always in reference to a seasonal change in location. On boat tours, you can see the whales during their annual migration down the West coast.
WORD FAMILY
migration: migrational, migrations+/ migrate: migrated, migrates, migrating, migration, migrator, migratory, transmigrate /migrator: migrators/ migratory: nonmigratory/ transmigrate: transmigrated, transmigrates, transmigrating, transmigration / transmigration: transmigrations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Michael Clemens, who studies remittances and migration at the Center for Global Development, says that "for countless towns like Ixmiquilpan, remittances are an economic lifeline."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Still, Kruger added, Colombian officials are preparing for the worst, and would be ready to cope with a collapse in Venezuela or a mass migration.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Experts, nevertheless, say the figures tell a story about people’s movement across state and city lines — what demographers call “domestic migration” — that is worth heeding.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 迁移，移居
分布：移民(90%)，移动(8%)，移往(2%)
→来自migrate,迁徙，转移。
VERB
移居，迁徙(尤指到外地寻找工作或暂住一段时间)
If people migrate, they move from one place to another, especially in order to find work or to live somewhere for a short time.
例：People migrate to cities like Jakarta in search of work...人们为找工作而迁移到雅加达这类城市里。
例：Farmers have learned that they have to migrate if they want to survive.农民们已经认识到，想要生存就必须外出打工。
VERB
(鸟类、鱼类、兽类等随季节变化)迁徙
When birds, fish, or animals migrate, they move at a particular season from one part of the world or from one part of a country to another, usually in order to breed or to find new feeding grounds.
例：Most birds have to fly long distances to migrate.绝大多数鸟类为了迁徙都不得不进行长距离的飞行。
例：...a dam system that kills the fish as they migrate from streams to the ocean.导致鱼类在从溪流向海洋迁徙途中死亡的水坝体系
n. [动] [地质] 迁移；移民；移动
 - removal, move, shift, motion, transplantation

Word: optimistic
Front: optimistic
[ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk] (高研四六托 4141/4963 -1)
Vocabulary: optimistic
(once / 1152 pages)
adj
An optimistic person thinks the best possible thing will happen, and hopes for it even if it's not likely. Someone who's a tad too confident this way is also sometimes called optimistic.
If you see the glass as half-full when others see it as half-empty; if you look on the bright side of things, you're optimistic. If the chain falls off your rusty old bicycle, a tire goes flat, the frame cracks down the middle, the seat keeps twisting around, and you say, "But look! The little bell still works — I'm sure this bike will be fine," you're being very optimistic, though some might venture to call you "delusional."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
optimistic / pessimistic
An optimistic person expects all the best things to happen! Is it raining money yet? A pessimistic person is a downer. Who cares if it's raining money? They'll never get any.
Optimistic people see the best in the world. Optimistic ideas have been around for a while — Voltaire's "Candide" (1759) mocked them thoroughly. Here's an optimistic quote from Ralph Waldo Emerson: "Write it on your heart that every day is the best day in the year." Here are some more recent examples from the news:
"It's been so positive…He's always optimistic, always hungry for the next one." (Washington Times)
"It's an optimistic assessment that clashes hard with the reality on the ground." (Los Angeles Times)
Abandon all hope ye who enter here! A pessimistic person expects the worst in every situation. Doom and gloom rule a pessimistic attitude. In business, a pessimistic mood prevents people from investing. If you're pessimistic, you see a beautiful waterfall and assume you're going to die in it. Here are some examples of the word:
"Designed to cope with the most pessimistic nightmare of an apocalypse, a day spent here is not destined to be uplifting." ( BBC)
"There has also been a smaller—yet still statistically significant—rise in the frequency of negative words, such as 'disappointing' and 'pessimistic'." (Nature)
These words often show up together:
"And my personal philosophy is I'd rather be optimistic and wrong rather than pessimistic and right." (Time)
"A higher life expectancy estimate is optimistic for the human condition, but pessimistic for the Social Security Trust Fund." (New York Times)
Most people are a little of both, and you can certainly be optimistic — you just learned new words! Or pessimistic — you'll probably just forget them, though. Sigh.
WORD FAMILY
optimistic: optimistically+/ optimism: optimisms, optimist, optimistic / optimist: optimists
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m not very optimistic that the employment situation of transgender people will change as a result of this case,” Wang said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
For the first time I am not optimistic any more.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The rate of warming we are seeing, in both the air and ocean temperatures, is inconsistent with the fanciful and optimistic beliefs of this group.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 乐观的，乐观主义的
分布：乐观的(91%)，乐观主义的(9%)
乐观的(optim+ist+ic)[optim=best,表示"最好"]
a.乐观主义的The optional helicopter is adopted to help the optimistic helpless in the hell.可选用的直升飞机被用来帮助地狱里那些乐观的无助者.
US [ˌɑ:p.tə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■hopeful; believing that good things will happen in the future 乐观的
• She is optimistic about her chances of winning a gold medal. 她对赢得金牌很乐观。
hopeful, optimistic
这组词都有“充满希望的，乐观看”的意思，其区别是：
hopeful: 着重有根据的希望，充满自信。
optimistic: 指性格乐观，对未来充满希望，有时抱有不切实际的幻想。
adj. 乐观的；乐观主义的
 - rose-colored, rosy

Word: climb
Front: climb
[klaɪm] (中高研四六 1566/1646 -K3)
Vocabulary: climb
(once / 93 pages)
vn
To climb is to go higher. When you ascend a mountain, you climb it, and when a song rises in popularity, it climbs the charts.
To climb something generally takes hard work, which is clear when you watch a toddler climb a jungle gym or a mountaineer climb a sheer rock wall. You can also climb things metaphorically, like when a soldier climbs the ranks from corporal to major. Prices can climb too, when they get higher, and you can climb a social ladder when you meet well-connected people at parties. The Germanic root is klimban, "go up by clinging."
WORD FAMILY
climb: climbable, climbed, climber, climbing, climbs+/climbable: unclimbable/climber: climbers, semi-climber/climbing: climbings, semi-climbing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunday showed a “lone individual” climbing the mountain, scaling the sign’s ladders and hanging tarpaulins over the O’s to change them to E’s, said Sgt.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The climb to the top appears as steep as ever.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The quarterback climbed to his feet and limped back to the huddle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 攀登; 爬; 登山; 上升
n. 攀登; 山，岩; 增值; 晋升
时态：climbed, climbing, climbs
分布：爬(74%)，攀登(21%)，上升(4%)，攀爬处(1%)
→来自glei,黏，粘，词源同clay,cling.形容爬的动作或吃力。插入字母b,见number.
v./n.攀登,爬In this climate, the climber climbed up the cliff with his stiff limbs.在这种气候下,攀登者用僵硬的四肢爬上悬崖.
verb
RISE 上升
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to go up, or to go towards the top of something 上升；攀升；爬升
• The plane climbed quickly to a height of 30 000 feet. 飞机迅速爬升到三万英尺的高度。
• As it leaves the village, the road climbs steeply up the mountain. 出了村庄，这条路沿着山坡陡然向上。
• The sun climbed higher in the sky. 太阳升得更高了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to use your legs, or your legs and hands, to go up or onto the top of something 爬；攀登，攀爬
• to climb the stairs/mountain 爬楼梯／登山
• I hate climbing ladders. 我讨厌爬梯子。
• We're going climbing (= climbing mountains as a sport) in Scotland next weekend. 下周末我们要去苏格兰爬山。
intransitive
■If a price, number, or amount climbs, it increases （价格、数量等）上涨，增长，攀升
• Our costs have climbed rapidly in the last few years. 过去几年里我们的成本增长很快。
intransitive
■to move into a higher social position, or to improve your position at work 提高社会地位，向上爬；晋升
• He quickly climbed to the top of his profession. 他很快攀上了事业巅峰。
[klaɪm] verb
MOVE 移动
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move into or out of a small space awkwardly or with difficulty or effort （笨拙或费力地）爬
• They climbed into the truck and drove away. 他们爬上卡车开走了。
• We can't stop Tom climbing out of his cot. 我们没法让汤姆留在婴儿床里不往外爬。
[klaɪm] verb
GROW 生长
intransitive
■to grow upwards 攀爬，攀援
• There's masses of ivy climbing up/over the walls of our house. 我们房子的墙上爬满了常春藤。
[klaɪm] verb
be climbing the walls
■to suffer unpleasant feelings, such as worry, in an extreme way 感觉极为不快；极度忧虑
• to be climbing the walls with boredom/anger/frustration 觉得无聊至极／很生气／非常沮丧
• When Joely went missing, we were practically climbing the walls. 乔利失踪了，我们简直担心死了。
[klaɪm] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  climb down UK
■to change your opinion or admit that you were wrong 让步；认错
• The government has been forced to climb down over the issue of increased taxes. 政府在加税问题上被迫让步。
[klaɪm] noun countable
■an act or process of climbing 攀登；爬升
• We were very tired after our climb. 往上爬了一阵后我们累坏了。
• The climb down the mountain took longer than the climb up. 下山比上山用的时间更长。
• I've made three climbs so far this year. 今年，我已爬过三次山了。
• Her climb to power has been very rapid. 她很快就上台掌权了。
■a place or object to be climbed 攀登的地方；攀登物
• The north face of the Eiger is a very difficult climb. 艾格峰的北坡很难攀登。
climb, creep, crawl
这组词都有“爬”的意思，其区别是：
climb: 通常指用手或足爬上或爬下，也指飞机、日、月的上升，还可用作比喻。
creep: 多指人或四足动物匍匐爬行，尤指偷偷地或不出声地缓慢向前爬行。也指植物的蔓延生长等。
crawl: 指人或动物以身躯贴着地面缓慢地移动。
climb, mount, ascend
这组词都有“攀登，上升”的意思，其区别是：
climb: 普通用词，含义广泛，侧重运用手足费力地攀登或上升，也可指抽象事物。
mount: 书面用词，词义与ascend相近，强调连续不断地向上移动、攀登或上涨。指骑马时用mount。
ascend: 正式用词，指不用手攀，一直上升直到相当高的地方。
vi. 爬；攀登；上升
 - arise, raise, scale
vt. 爬；攀登；上升
 - scale, come up
n. 爬；攀登
 - escalade

Word: raid
Front: raid
[reɪd] (研四六托雅宝 5096/3428 -3)
Vocabulary: raid
(once / 302 pages)
1nv 2nv
A raid is a military attack, especially a quick surprise attack. The word comes from the military but has spread out — police might raid a shady nightclub to find bad guys, or a babysitter might raid the refrigerator.
When an army launches a raid, you can say they raid, or attack abruptly. This verb can also be used to mean "search" or "enter unexpectedly," as when police officers raid a suspect's home or summer campers' raid a neighboring cabin. The military meaning is the oldest, and the word comes from the Scottish rade, "a riding" or "a journey," from the Old English rad, which is also the root of road.
WORD FAMILY
raid: raided, raider, raiding, raids+/raider: raiders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gariev said that as he and his allies turned their attention away from domestic politics, raids by the police also subsided.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The account said police, acting on a tip, then raided a village looking for the attackers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Police raids to disrupt suspected holiday terror plots led to several shootouts in which five militants were killed and 20 arrested.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （骑兵队等的）急袭，突然袭击，突击，（军舰等的）游击; 劫掠，劫夺，（盗贼，狐等的）侵入; 突然查抄[搜捕]，围捕
vi. 对…进行突然袭击; 进行奇袭
vt. 突然袭击[抢劫]; 突然搜查; 劫掠; 打劫
时态：raided, raiding, raids
分布：袭击(76%)，劫掠(10%)，突然袭击(8%)，突击搜捕(3%)，攫取(2%)，集体抛售(1%)
→来自古英语 rad,骑马，骑马抢劫，词源同 road,ride.引申词义突袭。
n/v..袭击,搜查Without my aid I'm afraid the maiden would have been raided.没有我的帮助我怕少女已遭到袭击.
【记】源于：ride（v /n 骑）原指一小队骑兵的奇袭。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a short sudden attack, usually by a small group of people （通常由一小队人发起的）突袭，袭击
• The commandos made/staged/carried out a daring raid (on the enemy). 突击队大胆（向敌人）发起了突袭。
• planes on a bombing raid 执行空袭轰炸任务的飞机
 ADVANCED
■when people enter a place by force in order to steal from it 抢劫；打劫
• Millions of dollars were stolen in a bank raid last night. 昨晚一间银行被劫走数百万美元。
 ADVANCED
■when the police enter a place suddenly in order to find someone or something （警方）查抄，突然搜查
• The drugs were found during a police raid on the house. 这些毒品是在警方查抄这栋房子时发现的。
[reɪd] verb transitive
■to attack a place suddenly 突袭；突击
• The nomads raided the enemy camp and captured over 100 camels. 游牧部落突袭了敌人的营地，掠走了上百头骆驼。
■to enter a place illegally and usually violently, and steal from it 抢劫；洗劫；劫掠
• The post office was raided late at night. 昨晚深夜邮局遭到抢劫。
■(of the police) to enter a place suddenly in order to find someone or something （警方）突击检查，突然搜查
• Police officers from the organized crime branch have raided solicitors' offices in central London. 有组织罪案调查科的员警已经突击搜查了位于伦敦中心的一些律师事务所。
■informal
■to take something from a place, usually secretly （通常指偷偷地）从…把东西拿走，取走（某处的）东西
• I caught Toby raiding the fridge. 托比从冰箱里偷拿东西时被我撞上了。
n. [军] 袭击；突袭；搜捕；抢劫
 - robbery, assault
vt. [军] 袭击，突袭
 - hit, descend on

Word: ambassador
Front: ambassador
[æmˈbæsədə(r)] (高研六雅 4520/4614 -3)
Vocabulary: ambassador
(once / 164 pages)
n
An ambassador is an official representative for his or her country, stationed in another nation, like Benjamin Franklin, who was an ambassador to France.
Ambassador usually describes the official diplomatic envoy who represents one country to another. These ambassadors work to promote understanding, perhaps by settling differences or clearing up misunderstanding. Used less formally, an ambassador can be anyone who represents something, like a pop singer who is a "brand ambassador" for a cosmetics company.
WORD FAMILY
ambassador: ambassadorial, ambassadors, ambassadorship+/ambassadorial: ambassadorially/ambassadorship: ambassadorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Branstad is preparing to leave office to become the next ambassador to China in the Trump administration.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2009, following Israel’s war with Hamas in Gaza, then-President Hugo Chávez expelled the Israeli ambassador and his staff from Caracas.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Thomas R. Pickering is a former undersecretary of state and served as ambassador to the United Nations and Israel, among other places.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 大使，使节; （派驻联合国等国际组织的）代表; 特使; [比喻]使者
分布：大使(93%)，代表(7%)
→前缀ambi-, 两边，周围。 -ass, 词根ag的过去分词形式。原指古罗马帝国派到各地巡视的官员。
n.大使;特使,(派驻国际组织的)代表The ass bypassed the guard and assassinated the surpassing ambassador in the embassy.驴为警卫设旁路并且在大使馆暗杀胜过的大使.
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an important official who lives in a foreign country to represent his or her own country there, and who is officially accepted in this position by that country 大使
• Britain's ambassador in Moscow has refused to comment. 英国驻莫斯科大使已拒绝发表评论。
• She's a former ambassador to the United States. 她是前任驻美国大使。
• Late last night, the French ambassador was summoned to the Foreign Office to discuss the crisis. 昨晚深夜法国大使被外交部召见，商讨危机事宜。
n. 大使；代表；使节
 - representation, deputy, behalf of

Word: arrival
Front: arrival
[əˈraɪvl] (高研四雅 3194/2281 -K3)
Vocabulary: arrival
(once / 109 pages)
1n 2n
An arrival is an entrance or an appearance — the act of showing up somewhere. Your arrival at your grandparents' house will no doubt be marked by great enthusiasm and many hugs.
The process of arriving, or first getting to your destination, is arrival. Your sister's arrival at the airport might be delayed by bad weather, and your new kitten's arrival will be an exciting event for your whole family. Another kind of arrival is a person who's just arrived: "I easily picked her out from all the bus station arrivals."
WORD FAMILY
arrival: arrivals+/ arrive: arrival, arrived, arriver, arrives, arriving/arriver: arrivers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Under most antitrust analysis, such a deal would be dead on arrival.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Directed by Lee Sunday Evans, the show puts us in a neighborhood bar as the arrival of a new face shakes up the regulars.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ahead of their arrival, Mr Netanyahu again denied any wrongdoing.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 到达，抵达; 出现，登场; 新生婴儿; 到达者
分布：到达(80%)，到达者(12%)，新生儿(4%)，达到(4%)
n.到达,到来;到达者,到达物The rival's arrival gives him a forgivable chance.对手的到来给他一个可原谅的机会.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when someone or something arrives somewhere 到达；到来；来临
• Hundreds gathered to await the boxer's arrival at the airport. 数百人聚集在机场等候拳击手的到来。
• On arrival at the police station, they were taken to an interview room. 一到警察局，他们就被带到一间问讯室。
• We regret the late arrival of Flight 237. 237航班延误，我们对此表示歉意。
• New arrivals (= people who have just come to a place) were being housed in refugee camps. 新到的人员被安置在难民营中。
• Sue and Michael are delighted to announce the arrival (= birth) of Emily, born on August 21. 苏和麦克于8月21日喜得爱女艾蜜莉，特告亲友。
• The arrival (= introduction) of satellite television changed the face of broadcasting. 卫星电视的问世改变了广播的面貌。
countable informal
■a baby which has recently been born 新生婴儿
• Their new arrival was keeping them busy. 宝宝出生后，他们一直忙得不可开交。
n. 到来；到达；到达者
 - coming, advent

Word: necessarily
Front: necessarily
[ˌnesəˈserəli] (四六 1957/1642 -K3)
Vocabulary: necessarily
(once / 208 pages)
adv
Use the adverb necessarily to mean inevitably. The best man won't necessarily have to speak at the wedding reception, but he should probably have a speech ready just in case.
Necessarily also means as a logical result or consequence of some action. Your English composition grade is necessarily based on the work you turn in for the class. If you write fairly well, you won't necessarily get an A, but you just might. Necessarily is made up of the Latin roots ne, meaning not, and cedere, meaning yield. The adjective "necessary," from which necessarily comes, originally meant no backing away.
WORD FAMILY
necessary: necessaries, necessarily, unnecessary +/ unnecessary: unnecessarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nor are the successes of rural schools necessarily an indictment on the struggles of those in metropolitan areas.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While research confirms the value of early- childhood advocates’ efforts, a hometown lawmaker observed that their work wasn’t necessarily in sync.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When I say “high points” I don’t necessarily mean good.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 必要地; 必需地; 必定地; 必然地
分布：必然地(47%)，必定地(30%)，必需地(23%)
→来自necessary,必要的，必需的。
adverb
 IMPROVER
■used in negatives to mean 'in every case' or 'therefore' （用于否定句）不可避免地，必然地
• The fact that something is cheap doesn't necessarily mean it's of low quality. 价廉未必物不美。
• You may love someone without necessarily wanting to marry them. 你可能爱一个人，但未必愿意和他／她结婚。
• That's not necessarily true. 那不一定是事实。
adv. 必要地；必定地，必然地
 - inevitably, consequentially

Word: anywhere
Front: anywhere
[ˈeniweə(r)] (中高研四 1879/2157 -K3)
Vocabulary: anywhere
(once / 182 pages)
adv
The adverb anywhere means "in any location," or "wherever." If you're allowed to pitch your tent anywhere in the campground, it means you can choose any spot you like.
When you say, "I can't find the cat anywhere!" it means you've looked every single place you can think of, and you still haven't located your pet. If you win the lottery, you may be overwhelmed by the idea that you can afford to travel anywhere — you can visit any country in the world. English speakers started saying anywhere in the 14th century; earlier, they said owhere or oughwhere.
WORD FAMILY
anywhere: anywheres
USAGE EXAMPLES
"London is still one of the most desirable places to live, anywhere."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“We’re not pleased with it. It’s not anywhere near where we want it to be,” Carroll said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State parties began to receive monthly payments of anywhere from $5,000 to $10,000, an amount that varies depending on the year.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 什么地方; 任何地方; 无论何处; 〈口〉（用于否定句〕根本(不）
分布：任何地方(100%)
ad.无论哪里;(用于否定,疑问等)任何地方I couldn't find the handkerchief anywhere.我到处都找不到手帕.
US [-wer/ (US also anyplace)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in, to or at any place or (especially in questions or negatives) some place 在（或去）任何地方；随便哪个地方；（尤用于疑问句或否定句中）某个地方，任何地方
• I can't find my keys anywhere. 我哪里都找不到我的锁匙。
• You won't find a prettier village anywhere in England. 在英格兰任何地方你都找不到比这里更美丽的村庄了。
• Did you go anywhere interesting this summer? 今年夏天你去过甚么有趣的地方吗？
• Go anywhere in the world and you'll find some sort of hamburger restaurant. 无论走到世界哪个地方，你都能看到这样或那样的汉堡速食店。
• Is there anywhere in particular you wanted to go to eat tonight? 今晚你有没有甚么特别想去吃饭的地方？
• I was wondering if there was anywhere I could go to get this mended. 我一直在想有没有甚么地方可以修这个东西。
• There are quite a few words that they use in that part of the country that you don't hear anywhere else. 在那个乡村地区的方言中，有许多词汇是在其他任何地方都听不到的。
• As a teacher you could expect to be paid anywhere (= any amount) between £7 and £15 per hour. 作为一名教师，你可以期望得到每小时7到15英镑的报酬。
• He charges anywhere from $20 to $50 for a haircut and blow-dry. 在他的理发店，理发加吹干收费在20到50美元之间。
• Is there anywhere to eat around here? 这附近有可以吃饭的地方吗？
• They live in some tiny little village miles from anywhere (= a very long way from any main towns or villages). 他们住在一个小村子里，到哪里去都要走好远的路。
UK ['en.i.weər] US [-wer/ (US also anyplace)
adverb
anywhere near informal
■close in time, quality, distance or amount 几乎，差不多
• Are we anywhere near finishing yet or is there still some way to go? 我们是快做完了，还是仍然差很多？
UK ['en.i.weər] US [-wer/ (US also anyplace)
adverb
not anywhere near
■very much less 差得多；远不及
• He isn't anywhere near as popular as he used to be. 他远不及以前那样受欢迎了。
UK ['en.i.weər] US [-wer/ (US also anyplace)
adverb
not anywhere to be found
■impossible to see or find 看不到；找不着
• We searched the house, but it wasn't anywhere to be found. 我们在屋里找遍了，但是哪里都没有看见它。
UK ['en.i.weər] US [-wer/ (US also anyplace)
adverb
not get/go anywhere informal
■If you are not getting/going anywhere, you are not improving or advancing a particular situation 没有甚么进展；没有甚么成就
• I've been sorting out my study all day, but it's such a mess I don't feel I'm getting anywhere. 我一整天都在整理书房，但是里面太乱了，我觉得忙来忙去还是没甚么头绪。
adv. 在任何地方；无论何处
 - whithersoever
n. 任何地方
 - nowhere

Word: multimedia
Front: multimedia
[ˌmʌltiˈmi:diə] (7362/6325 -1)
Vocabulary: multimedia
(once / 6018 pages)
n
Multimedia is a system of relaying information or entertainment that includes many different forms of communication. You might use multimedia to give a presentation at school.
Multimedia might include video, audio clips, and still photographs, for example. A newspaper's online presence could use multimedia as well, combining graphics, sound, and animation. The word itself, sometimes spelled with a hyphen as multi-media, has been used since 1962, from multi-, or "many," rooted in the Latin multus, "many or much;" and media, the plural form of medium, or "system of communication."
WORD FAMILY
media: multimedia +/ medium: media, mediumly, mediums
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Ma, whose multimedia studio, Shizhi Media, produced the taxi cartoon, said about a fifth of its clients were party or state entities.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
We are spoiled for choice in this multi-platform, multimedia culture.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
He said he plans to put more resources toward those two sites, expanding their use of multimedia and video.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 多媒体
adj. 多媒体的
分布：多媒体(96%)，多媒体的(4%)
→multi-,许多，多个，media,媒体。
多媒体的(multi+media媒介)[multi-表示"很多,很多"]
US [-tˌi-] adjective [before noun]
■using a combination of moving and still pictures, sound, music and words, especially in computers or entertainment （尤指在电脑上或娱乐事业）应用多媒体的
• multimedia software 多媒体软体

Word: assault
Front: assault
[əˈsɔ:lt] (研六托雅宝 2860/2970 -3)
Vocabulary: assault
(once / 299 pages)
vn
An assault is an attack. Getting punched, yelled at, or bombed are all types of assault.
To assault is to attack or bombard someone in some way. Fighter planes can make an aerial assault, while ground troops make a ground assault. Verbal assault consists of insults, swearing, or threats. A strong criticism, like a negative review in the newspaper, is a written assault. Physical assault can range from getting pushed to getting shot. You could even say "That music is so loud it's assaulting my ear drums!"
WORD FAMILY
assault: assaulted, assaulter, assaulting, assaultive, assaults+/assaulter: assaulters/assaultive: assaultively
USAGE EXAMPLES
I begin each day by mentally preparing myself for whatever Donald Trump’s latest assault on working people is.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
The veterans’ group says they’re going to defend protesters against “assault and intimidation at the hands of the militarized police force” and pipeline security.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Recently, though, Pentatonix has become a scourge: You can’t turn on TV now without being assaulted by one of the group’s increasingly goofy performances.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 攻击; 袭击，进攻; 威胁，殴打; 侵犯人身
vt. 袭击; 强暴; 使（感官）难受
vi. 发起攻击; 动武
时态：assaulted, assaulting, assaults
分布：攻击(55%)，袭击(34%)，突袭(6%)，抨击(5%)
→前缀as-同ad-. -sault, 来自词根sal, 跳，见salmon,鲑鱼，跳鱼。-t, 构成反复格。
进攻(as+saul跳→跳起来→进攻)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
进攻,攻击(as一再+sault=sult→一再跳起来→进攻)[sult=leap,表示"跳"]
v.猛烈地攻击,袭击n.突然而猛烈的攻击The consul's consultant hauled out the assaulter from the vault.领事的顾问把袭击者从地窖中拖了出来.
【记】saul＝sail，详见：assail
US [-'sɑ:lt] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a violent attack 殴打；袭击，攻击
• He was charged with sexual assault. 他被指控性侵犯。
• UK The number of indecent assaults has increased alarmingly over the past year. 在过去的一年中，强暴猥亵案件数量的增长令人惊讶。
• an assault on a police officer 袭击员警
• They launched an assault on the capital yesterday. 昨天他们进攻首都。
countable
■a determined or serious attempt to do something difficult 攻关，攻坚；硬仗
• Women's groups have demanded a nationwide assault on sexism in the workplace. 妇女团体已经要求在全国范围内发动一场反对工作场所性别歧视的硬仗。
• She died heroically during an assault on the world's second-highest mountain. 她在尝试攀登世界第二高峰时英勇牺牲。
assault and battery legal uncountable
■a threat to attack someone followed by a violent physical act 暴力殴打
UK [ə'sɒlt] US [-'sɑ:lt] verb transitive
■to attack someone violently 殴打；袭击，攻击
• A woman and a man have been convicted of assaulting a police officer. 一名女子和一名男子被判袭警罪名成立。
• He had attempted to sexually assault the woman. 他试图对该妇女进行性侵犯。
aggression, invasion, assault, attack, offensive
这些名词均有“进攻、侵略”之意。
aggression: 词义宽泛，既可指武装入侵别国领土，又可指文化、经济等方面的侵略。侧重敌意行动和征服的企图。
invasion: 多指具体的侵入或侵犯别国领土，也可用于指抽象事件。
assault: 主要指突然而猛烈的进攻。
attack: 普通用词，含义广，指事先不发警告，主动地向对方发起武力进攻或对言论等进行抨击。
offensive: 多指进攻的态势，常指大规模的协同军事行动。
n. 攻击；袭击
 - attack, attempt, push
vt. 攻击；袭击
 - hit, come at
vi. 袭击；动武
 - descend on, set at

Word: ultimately
Front: ultimately
[ˈʌltɪmətli] (四六雅 1774/2786 -K3)
Vocabulary: ultimately
(once / 324 pages)
adv
Ultimately means "at the very end of the process." Your strategy of robbing banks with a water gun worked a few times, but ultimately it was unsuccessful.
Use ultimately when you want to stress that there are many different elements of something, but in the end there's one clear conclusion. The city parks department might listen to everyone's ideas for what to do with that empty lot, but ultimately they'll do whatever they think will serve the city best. Ultimately comes from the Latin ultimāre, meaning, lying at the very end.
WORD FAMILY
ultimate: ultimacy, ultimately, ultimateness, ultimates
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ultimately, he resigned, which was the right decision.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ultimately, Bonds and Clemens may need that push, too.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The idea was ultimately abandoned in the 1980s.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 最后，最终; 基本上; 根本; 郅
分布：最后(54%)，最终(46%)
US [-tˌə-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■finally, after a series of things have happened 最终，最后
• Everything will ultimately depend on what is said at the meeting with the directors next week. 一切将最终取决于下周开会和董事们商议的结果。
• Ultimately, of course, he'd like to have his own business but that won't be for some time. 当然，他最终想拥有自己的企业，但那不会很快实现的。
 IMPROVER
■used to emphasize the most important fact in a situation 终归，终究
• Ultimately, he'll have to decide. 他终究要作出决定。
initially, afterward, subsequently, ultimately, lately, previously, eventually, shortly, presently
initially: 最初，开头
afterward: 以后，后来
subsequently: 随后，后来
ultimately: 最后，终于
lately: 最近，不久前
previously: 以前，先前
eventually: 终于，后来
shortly: 立刻，马上
presently: 马上，一会儿，很快
adv. 最后；根本；基本上
 - eventually, finally, basically, lastly, either

Word: item
Front: item
[ˈaɪtəm] (研四雅 1031/950 -K4)
Vocabulary: item
(once / 261 pages)
1nadv 2n
An item is one thing, usually in a group or a list. At a restaurant, you might find yourself interested in a particular item on the menu (until you notice the price and decide to order a hamburger instead).
Item is a Latin word meaning “likewise.” As early as the 15th century, this word was used in formal writing to introduce each point in a list (like a medieval version of the bullet point). The meaning of item has continued to evolve. Since the 1970s, it’s been used in casual speech to refer to a romantically involved couple: "Brad and Angelina — they're a hot item!"
WORD FAMILY
item: itemise, itemize, items+/itemise: itemised/ itemize: itemization, itemized, itemizes, itemizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Starship’s robots work this way: Customers use a mobile app to order an item.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
I hold on to these items and add them to birthday gifts for my girlfriends.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
With the New Year under way, it’s time to check off some items on my “TIDU List” — Things I Don’t Understand:
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 条，条款; 项目; 一则; 一件商品（或物品）
分布：项目(83%)，条款(10%)，也(6%)，一则或一条新闻(1%)
→来自拉丁语item,相似的，更多的，词源同idem,identity.后引申词义条目，清单等。
n.条(款),项目;一则(新闻),(戏剧的)节目The systematic items stem from the walker's talk about the chalk.这些系统的条款来源于步行者关于粉笔的谈话.
US [-tˌəm] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■something which is part of a list or group of things 条，项目
• the last item on the list 名单上的最后一项
• The restaurant has a long menu of about 50 items. 这家餐馆的菜单很长，大约有50道菜。
• Several items of clothing (= clothes) lay on the floor. 地板上有几件衣服。
 ADVANCED
■one of several subjects to be considered 项目
• There are three items on the agenda. 议事日程上有三个项目。
item by item
■one thing at a time 逐项，逐件
• Buyers from stores are given the opportunity to go through fashion collections item by item and place orders. 从商店来的买主有机会逐件细看时装系列中的衣服并下订单。
UK ['aɪ.təm] US [-tˌəm] noun countable
be an item informal
■If two people are said to be an item, they are having a romantic relationship 有恋爱关系
• I saw Darren and Emma there. Are they an item? 我在那里看见了达伦和艾玛。他们在谈恋爱吗？
n. [法] 条款，项目；一则
 - event, provision, clause, article

Word: flexible
Front: flexible
[ˈfleksəbl] (高研四六托雅宝 4227/3127 -3)
Vocabulary: flexible
(once / 505 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something that is flexible is easily bent without breaking. The flexible drinking straw was invented in the 1930s by a man who saw his daughter struggling to drink a milkshake with a straight paper straw.
The word flexible can refer to bendable physical objects or to intangibles like a person's mind, which can be changed. It can even refer to work environments that can adapt schedules and benefits to fit a worker's individual needs. Being physically flexible usually means good health, with no pain in movement. In all, it's great to be flexible, to be able to bend without breaking and bounce back, ready to keep going.
WORD FAMILY
flexible: flexibility, flexibleness, flexibly, inflexible +/ flex: flexed, flexes, flexible, flexing, flexure/ flexibility: flexibilities/flexure: flexures/ inflexibility: inflexibilities/ inflexible: inflexibility, inflexibleness, inflexiblest, inflexibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Other companies are promoting such devices — flexible, lighted tubes used to peer deep inside the body — for use in the lungs and kidneys.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She’s simply not as flexible as she was in 1991, when she released “Emotions”; then again, her online trolls probably aren’t either.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At a basic level, it keeps me fit, strong and flexible.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 灵活的; 易弯曲的; 柔韧的; 易被说服的
分布：灵活的(77%)，柔韧的(12%)，易弯曲的(6%)，可变通的(5%)
→来自拉丁语flecto, 弯，转，词源同inflect, reflect. 进一步可能来自kleng, 弯，转，词源同link, incline.
易弯曲的(flex弯曲+ible)[-ible形容词"能…的"]
a.柔韧的,易弯曲的,灵活的,能变形的I'm perplexed by the flexible complex index of sex and age.我被灵活复杂的性别与年龄索引迷惑住了.
【记】flex＝flect弯
【参】reflect（v 思考；反射）；inflect（v 弯曲；变调）
【反】obdurate（adj 冷酷无情的；顽固的）；mulish（adj 固执的）
【参】inflexible（adj 不易弯的，僵硬的；不可变的；（在目标、原则或个性上）坚定不可动摇的＝immovable）
adjective
CHANGEABLE 可改变的
 ADVANCED
■able to change or be changed easily according to the situation 可变动的；灵活的；可变通的
• My schedule is quite flexible - I could arrange to meet with you any day next week. 我的时间安排很灵活——下周任何一天我都可以安排与你见面。
['flek.sɪ.bl] adjective
ABLE TO BEND 可弯曲的
■able to bend or to be bent easily without breaking 可弯曲的；柔韧的；有弹性的
• Rubber is a flexible substance. 橡胶是一种有弹性的物质。
• Dancers and gymnasts need to be very flexible (= able to bend their bodies easily). 舞蹈演员和体操运动员的身体必须非常柔韧。
plastic, elastic, flexible
这组词都有“弹性的，易弯曲的”的意思，其区别是：
plastic: 科技用词，指事物质地柔软，易造型，可塑造成所需的形状。
elastic: 强调物体的伸展性，也可作引申用。
flexible: 主要指有韧性，暗示有可以弯曲而不脆继的特性，但不一定有弹性。也可作引申用。
adj. 灵活的； [力] 柔韧的；易弯曲的
 - elastic, pliable

Word: band
Front: band
[bænd] (高研四托雅宝 1277/1145 -K4)
Vocabulary: band
(once / 79 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4n
A band is a narrow strip of fabric or some other material, like the head band a little girl wears in her hair. When a patient is admitted to a hospital, she gets a plastic wrist band with her name on it.
There are many different kinds of bands, from rubber bands to wedding bands — what they have in common is being thin and flat, and forming a kind of loop or circle. Other ways to use the word band include to mean musicians who play together or another group with something in common, like a band of thieves. When you band together with others, you join them in a clump or support a common cause.
WORD FAMILY
band: banded, banding, bands, disband +/banded: unbanded/banding: bandings/ disband: disbanded, disbanding, disbandment, disbands/disbandment: disbandments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The marching bands were the very soul of diversity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some people voiced strong opposition, while others support the band’s participation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Aleppo was never far from the minds of the band Musiqana and the crowd at its record release concert in Berlin.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 带; 乐队; 衣带; 价值
vt. 给…镶边; 用带绑扎; （将价格、收入等）划分档次; 把…联合起来
vt. & vi. 结合起来，伙同
vi. 聚集，联合（起来）（通常与together 连用）
时态：banded, banding, bands
分布：队(37%)，乐队(33%)，带(20%)，联合(3%)，波段(3%)，结合(1%)，一群(1%)，箍(1%)，绑扎(1%)
→来自PIE *bendh, 绑。同bend, bind, bond. 乐队义来自于旧时士兵绑一条带子在头上作为某种象征，而最早的乐队成员也有类似的动作。
n.条,带;乐队;波段;一群,一伙v.缚,绑扎The wandering band abandoned her bandaged husband on Swan Island.流浪的乐队把她那位打着绷带的丈夫遗弃在天鹅岛上.
noun
MUSICIANS 音乐人
 ESSENTIAL countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of musicians who play modern music together 乐队，乐团
• a jazz/rock band 爵士／摇滚乐团
• The Beatles are probably the most famous band in the world. 披头四乐队大概是世界上最有名的乐团。
boy/girl band
■a group of fashionable young men or women who perform popular songs together and dance as a group 少男／少女组合
• He made his name in the nineties boy band Boyzone, before going on to a highly successful solo career. 他90年代以“男孩乐团”这一少男组合成名，后来作独立发展，事业极为成功。
[bænd] noun
STRIP 带
countable
■a thin flat piece of cloth, elastic , metal or other material put around something to fasten or strengthen it, or a long narrow piece of colour, light, etc. that is different from what surrounds it 带，细绳；箍
• a wrist band 腕带
• a red silk band 红丝带
• A narrow band of grass separated the greenhouse from the vegetable garden. 窄窄的一片草地把温室和菜地隔开了。
[bænd] noun
RANGE 范围
countable
■a particular range of values, numbers, etc. （数值、数目等的）特定范围
• The scheme is devised for young people in the 15 - 20 age band. 该方案是为15至20岁年龄阶段的年轻人所设计的。
[bænd] noun
GROUP 群
countable
■a group of people who share the same interests or beliefs, or who have joined together for a special purpose 一帮人，一群人，一伙人
• The former president still has a small band of supporters. 前总统仍然有一小群支持者。
[bænd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  band together
■to join together as a group in order to be able to do something better 携手；团结，联合
• We decided to band together and organize a protest. 我们决定团结起来共同组织抗议活动。
band, orchestra
这组词都有“乐队”的意思，其区别是：
band: 指主要由铜、木管和打击乐所组成的乐队，主要演奏轻音乐和流行乐曲，与orchestra的主区别在于没有弦乐。
orchestra: 指规模大、最为完整的交响乐队，可演奏各种不同音乐，一般由弦乐、本管乐、铜管乐和打击乐所组成。
band, mob, masses, gang, swarm, group, throug, crowd
这组词都有“群，帮，伙”的意思，其区别是：
band: 多指一群有明确宗旨，为共同目的而结合在一起的人，常含贬义。
mob: 指无组织、乱七八糟凑合在一起的乌合之众，或指聚集在一起寻衅滋事的人群，多为暴徒。
masses: 指群众或人民大众。
gang: 常指从事非法、暴力或敌对活动的帮派或团伙。有时呈中性，词义同group。
swarm: 指人数众多，杂乱无章，不停移动的一群人。
group: 普通用词，通常指有组织、有秩序的一群人，也可指无意汇集在一起的一群人。
throug: 书面用词，意义接近crowd，侧重密集地挤在一起的一群，含挤在一起向前推进之意。
crowd: 常指无组织地乱哄哄地挤在一起的人群。
n. 带；乐队；松紧带；一帮；传送带
 - strip, crowd
vi. 联合；聚焦
 - combine, connect, focus, hand in hand

Word: invasion
Front: invasion
[ɪnˈveɪʒn] (研四六托 3295/3416 -3)
Vocabulary: invasion
(once / 299 pages)
n
An invasion is the movement of an army into a region, usually in a hostile attack that's part of a war or conflict. World history is full of descriptions of invasions.
One country's army plundering or taking over a city or piece of land in another country is an invasion. You can call other mass movements invasions as well, like a horrifying invasion of your kitchen by cockroaches, or the invasion of a stadium by excited soccer fans. A common phrase is "invasion of privacy," which means an unfair intrusion into someone's personal space or private information.
WORD FAMILY
invasion: invasions+/ invade: invaded, invader, invades, invading, invasion, invasive /invader: invaders/invading: invadingly/ invasive: invasively, noninvasive/noninvasive: noninvasively
USAGE EXAMPLES
This did not stop him from rushing back to Washington on the eve of the invasion and speaking to the American people.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
These include such evils as copyright infringement, cybercrime, the invasion of privacy, hate speech, espionage—and perhaps cyberwar.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
In 1990, he travelled to Saddam Hussein's Iraq to help secure freedom for 68 Italians prevented from leaving following the invasion of Kuwait.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 入侵，侵略; 侵害，侵犯; 侵袭; [医]发病
分布：侵略(77%)，侵入(23%)
→来自invade,入侵，侵犯。
侵略[vadvas=go,表示"走"]
n.入侵,侵略,侵犯She was annoyed at his invasion.她对他的不招自来感到不快.
【记】invade（v （以武力）侵犯；（有害的东西大批）侵入）in进入，vade走一走进来－侵略
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when an army or country uses force to enter and take control of another country 入侵，侵略
• They were planning to mount an invasion of the north of the country. 他们正计划发动对该国北部的侵略。
■when a large number of people or things come to a place in an annoying and unwanted way （通常为了谋财或搞破坏而不受欢迎地）涌入，蜂拥而至
• the annual invasion of foreign tourists 每年外国游客的涌入
■an action or process which affects someone's life in an unpleasant and unwanted way 侵犯，侵扰
• an invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私
aggression, invasion, assault, attack, offensive
这些名词均有“进攻、侵略”之意。
aggression: 词义宽泛，既可指武装入侵别国领土，又可指文化、经济等方面的侵略。侧重敌意行动和征服的企图。
invasion: 多指具体的侵入或侵犯别国领土，也可用于指抽象事件。
assault: 主要指突然而猛烈的进攻。
attack: 普通用词，含义广，指事先不发警告，主动地向对方发起武力进攻或对言论等进行抨击。
offensive: 多指进攻的态势，常指大规模的协同军事行动。
n. 入侵，侵略； [医] 侵袭；侵犯
 - violence, aggression, infringement

Word: mainland
Front: mainland
[ˈmeɪnlænd] (高研四六 6208/5381)
Vocabulary: mainland
(once / 850 pages)
n
A mainland is the land covering a continent, as opposed to islands off its coast. When you take the ferry back after visiting Block Island, you can say you're "returning to the mainland."
The rocky coast of the mainland might make for a difficult landing in your rowboat — or you might enter a race that requires you to swim from the mainland to a tiny island and back. You could also refer to "mainland United States" to distinguish it from the island state of Hawaii, and its residents might even call you a mainlander when you vacation there.
WORD FAMILY
mainland: mainlands
USAGE EXAMPLES
Displays of Nazi symbols for commerce or entertainment also occur in mainland China, South Korea and Thailand.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There is a lower likelihood of gusts exceeding 80 mph across the far north of the mainland and the Northern Isles.
BBC(Dec 23, 2016)
Census Bureau’s latest population estimates show 10,000 more people left Hawaii than moved in from the mainland over the last year.
Washington Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 大陆; 本土
adj. 大陆的; 本土的
分布：大陆(94%)，本土(6%)
n.大陆,本土The landlord's land on the highland of the mainland expanded a lot.地主在大陆高原上的土地扩张了很多.
N-SING
（指与周围岛屿相对的）大陆，本土
You can refer to the largest part of a country or continent as the mainland when contrasting it with the islands around it.
例：She was going to Nanaimo to catch the ferry to the mainland.她准备去纳奈莫乘渡船回大陆。
例：...the islands that lie off the coast of mainland Britain.远离英国本土的岛屿
n. [地理] 大陆；本土
 - continent, landmass
adj. [地理] 大陆的；本土的
 - continental, indigenous

Word: strict
Front: strict
[strɪkt] (中高研四六托 3553/3091 -K3)
Vocabulary: strict
(once / 130 pages)
adj
Strict describes someone who sticks to a particular set of rules. If your math teacher is strict, it means that she expects her rules to be followed to the letter.
The adjective strict always has to do with rules. Your strict parents enforced rules and expected you to obey them. Your cousin might be a strict vegetarian who always follows her own rules about what to eat. Strict laws demand to be followed, and a strict follower of the First Amendment supports free speech no matter what. The Latin root of strict is strictus, which means "drawn together, tight, or rigid." A rigid adherence to rules is exactly what makes someone strict.
WORD FAMILY
strict: stricter, strictest, strictly, strictness+/strictness: strictnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
He is a genuine person who lives by a strict moral code, and he expects to be treated fairly.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The law establishes stricter timetables for state agencies and municipalities to respond to public records requests.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Environmental and health groups pushed for an even stricter standard.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 精确的; 绝对的; 严格的，严谨的; [植]笔直的
级别：stricter, strictest
分布：严格的(85%)，精确的(10%)，完全的(5%)
→来自拉丁语 strictus,紧的，拉紧的，过去分词格于 stringere,拉紧，绑紧，收缩，词源同 strain,stress,stringent.引申词义严格的，严厉的。
严厉的,严格的[stirain,striet,string=tighten,表示"拉紧"]
a.(with)严格的,严厉的;严谨的,精确的In this district I can strictly distinguish the distinct distinctions of bees' stings by instinct.在该地区我能靠直觉严格分辨蜜蜂刺的明显特征.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■strongly limiting someone's freedom to behave as they wish, and likely to severely punish them if they do not obey 要求严格的，严厉的
• My parents were very strict with me when I was young. 小时候父母对我要求非常严格。
• Stricter controls on air pollution would help to reduce acid rain. 加强控制空气污染将会有助于减少酸雨。
• A strict curfew has been imposed from dusk till dawn. 从黄昏到黎明实行了严格的宵禁。
• We follow very strict guidelines on the use and storage of personal details on computers. 对于电脑上个人资料的使用和储存，我们遵循极为严格的规定。
• Do you think stricter gun laws would reduce the murder rate in the United States? 你认为制定更为严格的枪械法律会降低美国谋杀案的发生率吗？
• The drug should only be administered under strict medical supervision. 这种药只有在医生的严格指示下才能使用。
• The negotiations took place in strict (= total) secrecy. 谈判在高度保密的情况下进行。
⇒ See also restrict
 IMPROVER
■exactly correct 精确的，完全正确的；严谨的
• a strict translation of the text 紧扣原文的翻译
• He would be found guilty under a strict interpretation of the law. 按照对法律的严谨阐释，他会被判有罪。
 IMPROVER
■describes someone who follows the rules and principles of a belief or way of living very carefully and exactly, or a belief or principle that is followed very carefully and exactly 恪守信条的，严格遵循（某种生活方式）的；不折不扣的；（信条或原则）必须恪守的
• His parents were strict Catholics. 他的父母是恪守教规的天主教徒。
• She's a strict vegetarian and refuses to eat any poultry or fish. 她是个不折不扣的素食主义者，任何禽类和鱼类都不吃。
in a strict sense
■in the most limited meaning of a word, phrase, etc. 从严格意义上来说
• In a strict sense, frost refers simply to a temperature of zero degrees Celsius or less. 严格来说，霜冻仅指气温达到摄氏零度或更低时的情况。
[strɪkt] adjective
in the strictest confidence
■If you tell someone something in the strictest confidence, you expect them not to tell it to anyone else. 极其秘密地
rigid, rigorous, strict
这组词都有“刻板的，严格的”的意思，其区别是：
rigid: 指没有灵活性、机动性。
rigorous: 侧重指严格到毫不宽容的地步。
strict: 指在行为规则上要求严格。
adj. 严格的；绝对的；精确的；详细的
 - rigid, precise, accurate, mathematical, absolute

Word: oblige
Front: oblige
[əˈblaɪdʒ] (研四六托雅宝 6685/6344 -2)
Vocabulary: oblige
(once / 76 pages)
v
To oblige is to do something you have to, because you're bound by either good manners or the law.
You are obliged to pay back your student loans, or for your portion of the dinner bill. You may also feel obliged to bring a gift if you're invited to a wedding. You can also tip your cowboy hat and be "much obliged" if someone does you a favor. The French phrase, noblesse oblige means basically that "privilege entails responsibility," or that the wealthy are obliged to do something productive in the world and not just sit around polishing their silver spoons.
WORD FAMILY
oblige: disoblige, obligatory, obliged, obliger, obliges, obliging +/disoblige: disobliged, disobliges, disobliging/disobliging: disobligingly/ obligatory: nonobligatory/ obliged: obligedly/obliger: obligers/ obliging: obligingly, obligingness, unobliging/unobliging: unobligingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Airlines are not obliged to compensate travelers with lodging or meals for delays because of extreme weather.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Several curious children stopped by to see the instrument up close, and Vaughn was happy to oblige.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The court is scheduled to issue its final verdict on 16 January and is not obliged to follow the advisory body’s report.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 强制，强迫; 使负债务; 使感激; 施惠于
vi. 施恩惠; 帮忙，效劳
时态：obliged, obliging, obliges
分布：迫使(37%)，帮忙(18%)，使感激(16%)，责成(13%)，施恩于(12%)，使…成为必要(2%)，帮 ... 的忙(2%)
→ob-,向前，朝向，-lig,绑定，词源同ligament,league.原指用誓言捆绑的，给予承诺的。后引申诸相关词义。
v.强迫,迫使;责成;(使)感激,施恩于The pig is obliged to dig a big pit for the pigeon.猪被迫为鸽子掘一个大坑.
[固定搭配]be obliged to sb. 感谢(某人)； be obliged to do sth. 不得不(做某事), 必须(做某事)
verb
FORCE 迫使
[T + obj + to infinitive] (mainly US or formal obligate)
■to force someone to do something, or to make it necessary for someone to do something 责成；强迫，迫使
• The law obliges companies to pay decent wages to their employees. 法律强制公司向其雇员支付适当的工资。
• Sellers are not legally obliged to accept the highest offer. 法律没有强制卖主必须接受最高的出价。
[ə'blaɪdʒ] verb
HELP 帮助
intransitive or transitive
■to please or help someone, especially by doing something they have asked you to do （尤指按别人要求的去做以）讨好，帮助，为…效劳
• We only went to the party to oblige some old friends who especially asked us to be there. 我们去参加这个聚会只是为了照顾一些老朋友的面子，他们特意要求我们到场。
• We needed a guide and he was only too happy to oblige. 我们需要一个向导，而他很乐意帮忙。
[ə'blaɪdʒ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  oblige sb with sth formal
■to help someone by giving them something 提供…帮助（某人）
• Could you oblige me with a pen and a piece of paper, please? 劳驾请给我一支笔和一张纸好吗？
constrain, force, compel, oblige
这组词都有“迫使”的意思，其区别是：
constrain: 侧重施加约束力或有约束作用的影响，也指环境对人强加的影响迫使人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等内在力量驱使去做某事。
force: 指用个人意志、权力、权威或暴力等，迫使他人改变看法或做本不愿做的事。
compel: 指在法律、权力、力量或行动等的驱使下被迫而为。
oblige: 指由于生理上或道德上的需要，促使某人做某事，也指有权威的人或机构迫使某人做某事，还可指在特定情况下被迫作出的反应。
vt. 迫使；强制；赐，施恩惠；责成
 - pressure, enforce

Word: ceasefire
Front: ceasefire
[ˈsi:sfaɪə(r)] (-/6824 -3)
Back: n. （通常指永久性的）停火，停战; 停火命令
分布：停火(92%)，停战(8%)
US [-faɪr] noun countable usually singular
■an agreement, usually between two armies, to stop fighting to allow discussions about peace （通常指两军间的）停火协定
• declare a ceasefire 宣布停火

Word: charter
Front: charter
[ˈtʃɑ:tə(r)] (研六托雅宝 4386/3063 -3)
Vocabulary: charter
(once / 348 pages)
1nv 2vn
What do rock gods do when they travel? They charter their own plane, of course. Charter means you rent or lease a particular service or object. Anyone can charter something, though lesser mortals tend to limit themselves to buses.
Charter comes from the Latin charta, meaning "paper, card or map." As a noun, charter refers to a written document outlining — or mapping — the rights and obligations of a company or organization, or even, in older days, a town or entire colony. New York City was given a charter, for example, by the British monarch in the 17th century, guaranteeing it certain rights in exchange for goods and services. Today corporations still have charters governing their behavior.
WORD FAMILY
charter: chartered, chartering, charters+/ chart: charted, charter, charting, chartist, chartless, charts/charted: uncharted / chartered: unchartered/chartist: chartists
USAGE EXAMPLES
After graduating from Cambridge University, he became a chartered accountant.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Democrats opposed to school choice often claim that charter schools and vouchers siphon taxpayer money from traditional public schools.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
NBCUniversal’s current contract with Charter expires Saturday at 9 p.m.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 许可证; 纲领; 宪章; 包租
vt. 发给…许可证; 发给特许执照
时态：chartered, chartering, charters
分布：宪章(64%)，特许(26%)，包租(8%)，特许的(1%)，发给 ... 执照(1%)
→来自拉丁词charta, 卡片，纸，词源同card,cartel。指在纸上签订的协议和条款。
特许状;契约(chart+er→纸上的东西→契约等)[card,chart=paper表示"纸片"]
v.租船,租车,租用飞机;n.宪章,特许状The articulate man's artistic cartoon startled the charterer.发音清晰者的艺术卡通使包租人大吃一惊.
US ['tʃɑ:r.tˌɚ] noun
OFFICIAL PAPER 官方文件
countable
■a formal statement of the rights of a country's people, or of an organization or a particular social group, which is agreed by or demanded from a ruler or government 宪章，章程（由统治者或政府批准或要求制定、阐明一国公民、组织或社会团体的权利）
• a charter of rights 人权宪章
• Education is one of the basic human rights written into the United Nations Charter. 受教育权是写入《联合国宪章》的基本人权之一。
• The Government have produced a Citizen's/Parents'/Patients' Charter. 政府制定了一套公民／家长／病人权利章程。
UK ['tʃɑ:.tər] US ['tʃɑ:r.tˌɚ] noun
RENT 租用
uncountable
■the renting of a vehicle （交通工具的）包租
• boats for charter 供租赁的船只
• a charter flight 包机航班
• a major charter operator 大包租营运商
UK ['tʃɑ:.tər] US ['tʃɑ:r.tˌɚ] verb transitive
RENT 租用
■to rent a vehicle, especially an aircraft, for a special use and not as part of a regular service 包租（交通工具，尤指飞机）
• They've chartered a plane to take delegates to the conference. 他们包了一架飞机送代表参加会议。
UK ['tʃɑ:.tər] US ['tʃɑ:r.tˌɚ] verb transitive
OFFICIAL START 正式开始
■to officially start a new organization by giving it a charter 特许成立
• Cambridge University Press was chartered in 1534. 剑桥大学出版社是于1534年特许成立的。
charter, let, lease, rent, hire
这组词都有“租，租用”的意思，其区别是：
charter: 指承租大型运输工具，如飞机、轮船、大客车以及火车等。
let: 尤指出租房屋或地产等。
lease: 指按照租约租出或租用房屋、土地或其它不动产。
rent: 在英国指较长时间租出或租入房屋、商店或土地；而在美国指长时间或短时期租用各种资产以及日用东西。
hire: 多指短期租用。在英国一般指租用车、船。
vt. 特许； [车辆] [航] 包租；发给特许执照
 - license
n. 宪章；执照；特许状
 - license, patent, permit

Word: detect
Front: detect
[dɪˈtekt] (研四六托雅 2763/2502 -2)
Vocabulary: detect
(once / 123 pages)
v
The verb detect means to discover or observe the existence of something. If you walk into your house and detect the odor of burnt food, you can deduce from the evidence that you will be going out to dinner tonight!
The verb detect comes from the Latin word detegere, which literally means "to uncover" — or more figuratively, to discover. You may detect the presence of a new dog in your house if you note a water bowl, chew toys, and grooming tools. Of course, the large woofing beast that greeted you at the door with a wagging tail might be a big clue as well.
WORD FAMILY
detect: detectable, detected, detecting, detection, detective, detector, detects+/ detectable: detectably, undetectable/detected: undetected/ detection: detections/ detective: detectives/ detector: detectors/undetectable: undetectably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We detected the malware in a single Burlington Electric Department laptop not connected to our organization’s grid systems,” Kanarick said in a statement.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The Burlington Electric Department said Friday it detected the malware in a laptop not connected to its grid systems.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Others detected a more nefarious strategy at work in Putin’s gambit.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 查明，发现; 洞察; 侦察，侦查; [电子学]检波
时态：detected, detecting, detects
分布：探测(58%)，察觉(34%)，发觉(8%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-tect, 覆盖，词源同deck, tile. 即揭开覆盖，查明。
发觉;看破(de打开+tect...把盖上的打开...发觉)[tect=cover,表示"盖上"]
v.察觉,发觉,侦察,探测The detective detected that the arch was under the marching Arctic architects' protection.侦察察觉拱门受到行进的北极建筑师们的保护.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to notice something that is partly hidden or not clear, or to discover something, especially using a special method （尤指用特殊方法）发现，察觉，看出
• Some sounds cannot be detected by the human ear. 有些声音是人的耳朵无法察觉到的。
• Financial experts have detected signs that the economy is beginning to improve. 金融专家已经注意到经济开始有好转的迹象。
 ADVANCED
■to discover something, usually using special equipment （通常指用特别设备）探测，检测，测出
• High levels of lead were detected in the atmosphere. 经检测发现大气中铅的含量很高。
• Radar equipment is used to detect (= find the position of) enemy aircraft. 雷达装置用于探测敌机的位置。
detect, discover, ascertain, find
这组词都有“发现”的意思，其区别是：
detect: 正式用词，强调经过周密观察或研究而有所获得和发现，尤指发现有意隐藏之物。
discover: 普通用词，指发现本来存在，但示被认识的事物、真理或情况。
ascertain: 较正式用词，指有意搜寻与发现。
find: 普通用词，可指偶然发现，也可指经过寻找后得到或重新获得已失去的东西。强调动作的结果。
vt. 察觉；发现；探测
 - explore, perceive

Word: discovery
Front: discovery
[dɪˈskʌvəri] (中高研四六雅 2227/2453 -K3)
Vocabulary: discovery
(once / 110 pages)
n
The noun discovery means the finding or uncovering of something. The discovery of a body is usually an important plot point in a mystery novel.
The process of finding, realizing, or unearthing something is discovery, like your discovery of a live lizard in the birthday box your aunt mailed from Arizona. The lizard is also a discovery — the thing that is found. In law, discovery means the obligation to reveal any relevant documents to the opposing party in a legal case. The Latin root, discooperire, basically translates as "the opposite of covering something up."
WORD FAMILY
discovery: discoveries, self-discovery+/ discover: discoverable, discovered, discoverer, discovering, discovers, discovery, rediscover /discoverable: discoverably, undiscoverable/discovered: undiscovered/discoverer: co-discoverer, discoverers/ rediscover: rediscovered, rediscovering, rediscovers, rediscovery/rediscovery: rediscoveries/undiscoverable: undiscoverably/undiscovered: undiscoveredly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Other Nixon scholars called Mr. Farrell’s discovery a breakthrough.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Kipnis said he did the experiment that led to the discovery “on a whim” after reading about type 2 innate lymphocytes in another paper.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But, as is often the case, this sort of “discovery” science is yielding extraordinary benefits.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 发现，发觉; （剧情的）发展; 被发现的事物; [法]显示证据
分布：发现(99%)，发现物(1%)
发现(discover发现)[-y 1.加在名词后变成形容词2表名词,加在形容词或以r结尾的单词后3表名词"人或小东西"常带有戏谑性和爱称]
n.发现;被发现的事物This new discovery will contribute to all humanity.这个新发现将对全人类作出贡献.
US [-ɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the process of finding information, a place or an object, especially for the first time, or the thing which is found （尤指第一次）发现（资讯、地方或物件）的过程；被发现的事物
• the discovery of electricity 电的发现
• Leonardo made many scientific discoveries. 李奥纳多有许多科学发现。
• a journey/voyage of discovery 发现之旅
• The discovery of a body in the undergrowth started a murder enquiry. 在灌木丛中发现的尸体引发了一场凶杀案调查。
n. 发现，发觉；被发现的事物
 - detection, occurrence, find

Word: qualify
Front: qualify
[ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ] (研四六托雅 3049/2685 -K3)
Vocabulary: qualify
(once / 169 pages)
1v 2v
Make sure you know the context when using the word qualify. In one sense, it means to be right for, to measure up. In another sense, though, qualify means to change something slightly, to limit it or add a condition to it.
If you want to qualify for your driver's license, remember not to drive through that final stop sign without stopping. I guarantee you that if you don't stop you will not qualify. You don't just get your Eagle Badge. You have to qualify for it—there's a lot to do before you get it. The word might be used in its other sense like this: If you plan to get married, keep your vows simple: say "I do." Don't qualify them by saying something like "I do...except sometimes, when I don't." If you have to qualify your wedding vows, don't get married.
WORD FAMILY
qualify: disqualify, qualification, qualified, qualifier, qualifies, qualifying+/ disqualification: disqualifications/disqualify: disqualification, disqualified, disqualifies, disqualifying/ qualification: qualifications/ qualified: qualifiedly, unqualified / qualifier: qualifiers/qualifying: qualifyings/ unqualified: unqualifiedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nearly 4,000 children whose family income should qualify them for subsidies were on the wait list as of November, according to state data.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
She acknowledged that there were grants available to the UK tech sector, but added that they were difficult to qualify for.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
About a third of the students qualify for free or reduced-price lunches because of their parents’ lower incomes, according to state figures.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）具有资格; 有权; 达标
vt. 限定，修饰; 描述，形容; 使合适; 证明…合格
vi. 合格或成为合格; 取得…的资格
时态：qualified, qualifying, qualifies
分布：合格(54%)，取得资格(22%)，描述(16%)，使具备资格(8%)
→来自quality,质量，品质，-fy,使。即使符合质量要求，引申词义使符合资格。
v.(使)具有资格,证明合格;限制,限定;修饰He qualified to join the club.他取得加入俱乐部的资格.
US ['kwɑ:.lɪ-] verb
FINISH TRAINING 完成培训
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to successfully finish a training course so that you are able to do a job; to have or achieve the necessary skills, etc （使）具有资格，（使）合格
• She hopes to qualify (as a lawyer) at the end of the year. 她希望在年底取得（律师）资格。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] This course qualifies you to teach in any secondary school. 这个课程可以让你取得在任何中学任教的资格。
UK ['kwɒl.ɪ.faɪ] US ['kwɑ:.lɪ-] verb
HAVE RIGHT 有权
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to have the legal right to have or do something because of the situation you are in, or to cause someone to have such a right 有资格；准予；有权
• She doesn't qualify for maternity leave because she hasn't been in her job long enough. 她无权休产假，因为她任职的时间不够长。
• To qualify for the competition you need to be over 18. 18岁以上才有资格参赛。
• Being a single parent qualifies you for extra benefits. 单亲父母有资格领取额外补贴。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] figurative He thinks the fact that he's worked here longer than the rest of us qualifies him (= gives him the right) to tell us all what to do. 他觉得自己在这里工作的时间比其他人长，所以有权发号施令。
UK ['kwɒl.ɪ.faɪ] US ['kwɑ:.lɪ-] verb
GET INTO COMPETITION 进入比赛
intransitive
■to succeed in getting into a competition 取得比赛资格
• Nigeria was the first team to qualify for the World Cup. 奈及利亚队是第一支取得世界杯参赛资格的球队。
• England has to win tonight's qualifying match to go through to the next round of the competition. 英格兰队必须在今晚的资格赛中获胜才能进入下一轮比赛。
UK ['kwɒl.ɪ.faɪ] US ['kwɑ:.lɪ-] verb
LIMIT 限制
transitive
■to limit the strength or meaning of a statement 限制，限定；缓和
• I'd like to qualify my criticisms of the school's failings, by adding that it's a very happy place. 关于我对这所学校不尽人意之处的批评我想补充一点，就是这是一个令人感到愉快的地方。
transitive specialized
■In grammar, a word or phrase which qualifies another word or phrase limits its meaning and makes it less general 修饰；限定
• In the sentence 'He walked quickly along the road', 'quickly' and 'along the road' qualify 'walked'. 在 He walked quickly along the road 这句话里，quickly 和 along the road 修饰 walked。
vt. 限制；使具有资格；证明…合格
 - block, set a limit to
vi. 取得资格，有资格
 - be in a position, be qualified to

Word: crunch
Front: crunch
[krʌntʃ] (7540/11397 -2)
Vocabulary: crunch
(once / 1562 pages)
1vn 2n
When you crunch something, you grind it into tiny pieces, often with your teeth. You can also crunch whole spices into smaller bits with a mortar and pestle.
A horse might crunch an apple, and on a summer day you might drink a glass of iced tea and crunch the ice between your teeth. You could also describe the sound of gravel underneath the wheels of a car or feet walking in fresh snow as a crunch. A figurative crunch is a deadline or crisis: "When it came to the crunch, I just voted for the person who would do the least harm."
WORD FAMILY
crunch: crunched, crunches, crunching
USAGE EXAMPLES
To the layperson, this is one of Big Data’s stranger qualities—that the portrait of an individual emerges from the crunched crowd.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Prices are forecast to rise since the cash crunch is pinching supplies of all sorts of goods.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
So in any crunch, he sides with the settlers, and they keep pushing.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 嘎吱嘎吱地咬嚼; 嘎吱嘎吱地压，碾，跺; [俚]运行，处理
vi. 嘎吱嘎吱地咀嚼; 嘎吱嘎吱地动; 发嘎吱嘎吱声
n. 嘎吱声; 决定性冲突; 危急情况; 经济收缩
时态：crunched, crunching, crunches
分布：关键时刻(69%)，发出碎裂声(8%)，嘎吱声(8%)，嘎喳嘎喳地碾过(5%)，艰难局面(5%)，嘎吱嘎吱地咀嚼(5%)
→拟声词。
verb intransitive or transitive
■to crush hard food loudly between the teeth, or to make a sound as if something is being crushed or broken 嘎吱嘎吱地咬嚼；嘎吱作响
• She was crunching noisily on an apple. 她嘎吱嘎吱地嚼着苹果。
• The gravel crunched underfoot as we walked up to the house. 我们向房子走去，脚下的砾石嚓嚓作响。
[krʌntʃ] noun
SOUND 声音
countable usually singular
■the sound of hard food being crushed between the teeth, or like something being crushed or broken 嘎吱嘎吱地咬嚼；嘎吱作响
• The woods were silent apart from the crunch of our feet in the snow. 树林里一片寂静，只有我们踩在雪地上的嘎吱嘎吱声。
[krʌntʃ] noun
DIFFICULTY 困难
the crunch informal
only singular
■a difficult situation which forces you to make a decision or do something 严峻的形势；紧要关头；需要作出艰难抉择的时刻
• The crunch came when she was forced to choose between her marriage and her career. 关键时刻到了，她不得不在婚姻和事业之间作出选择。
[krʌntʃ] noun
if/when it comes to the crunch
■when a situation becomes extremely serious and a decision must be made 要是到了紧要关头；等到了关键时刻；需要作出决定时
• If it comes to the crunch and you and your husband do split up, you can always stay with us. 如果到最后关头，你和你丈夫非得离婚，你总还可以和我们住在一起。
n. 咬碎，咬碎声；扎扎地踏
 - craunch
vt. 压碎；嘎扎嘎扎的咬嚼；扎扎地踏过
 - crush

Word: spokesman
Front: spokesman
[ˈspəʊksmən] (研六雅 2723/2144 -4)
Vocabulary: spokesman
(once / 282 pages)
n
A spokesman is a representative, someone who speaks for a group. The spokesman of your French club, for example, might announce the date of your bake sale during your school's morning announcements.
You can use the noun spokesman whenever you're talking about an official speaker, a person who communicates information about a company, organization, or other group. It's most common to refer to a man in this position as a spokesman — a more inclusive term for males or females is spokesperson. Spokesman has been around since the 1500's, but spokesperson wasn't first used until the 1970's.
WORD FAMILY
spokesman: spokesmen
USAGE EXAMPLES
At Miami International Airport, thousands of passengers from more than 30 international flights were delayed from entering the country, a spokesman said.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
D.C. police are investigating an abandoned U-Haul truck that was found Monday in Southeast Washington with “multiple” ATMs inside, a police spokesman said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Asked for a comment about the demands and what the university would do in response, a university spokesman sent this response:
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 发言人，代言人
分布：发言人(100%)
n.发言人He is the spokesman for the conference.他是会议的发言人.
US ['spoʊks-] (also spokesperson)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who is chosen by a group or organization to speak officially to the public for them 发言人
• a government spokesperson 政府发言人
n. 发言人；代言人
 - prolocutor, public speaker

Word: inevitable
Front: inevitable
[ɪnˈevɪtəbl] (研四六托雅 3561/2837 -K3)
Vocabulary: inevitable
(once / 169 pages)
adjn
If something is inevitable, it will definitely happen, like death or tax season.
Inevitable comes from the Latin word inevitabilis, which means unavoidable. If you say something is inevitable, you give the sense that no matter what scheme you come with to get around it, it's going to happen sooner or later. You can use all the skin products you want, but wrinkles are inevitable.
WORD FAMILY
inevitable: inevitability, inevitableness, inevitables, inevitably +/evitable: evitably, inevitable / inevitability: inevitabilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wexler dismisses the argument used by leagues that since sports gambling is inevitable, they might as well push to regulate it.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It was inevitable that she would clash with Michael, the most willful of their three children.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
An interception or two seemed inevitable for the Clemson quarterback prone to occasional bad decisions and wayward throws this season.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 不可避免的; 必然发生的; <非正>总会发生的; 必然发生的事
分布：不可避免的(100%)
→in-,不，非，e-,向外，-vit,分开，离开，词源同divide,widow.即不可离开的，引申词义无可避免的。
a.不可避免的,必然发生的Death is inevitable.死是无法避免的.
US [-tˌə-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented 不可避免的；必然发生的
• The accident was the inevitable consequence/result/outcome of carelessness. 这次意外是粗心导致的必然结果。
the inevitable
■something that is certain to happen and cannot be prevented 不可避免的情况；逃避不了的事实
• Eventually the inevitable happened and he had a heart attack. 最终不可避免的情况还是发生了——他心脏病发作。
adj. 必然的，不可避免的
 - certain, necessary, automatic

Word: intention
Front: intention
[ɪnˈtenʃn] (中高研四六托 2517/1523 -K3)
Vocabulary: intention
(once / 92 pages)
n
An intention is idea that you plan (or intend) to carry out. If you mean something, it's an intention.
Your goal, purpose, or aim is your intention. It's something you mean to do, whether you pull it off or not. You may have the best intention of cooking an incredible meal, but if you leave the burner on and burn the house down, you will not be remembered as an excellent chef. When a father asks his daughter's boyfriend "What are your intentions?" that means something specific: Does he want to marry her?
WORD FAMILY
intention: intentional, intentions+/ intend: intended, intending, intends, intention / intended: intendedly, unintended/ intentional: intentionality, intentionally, unintentional /unintended: unintendedly/ unintentional: unintentionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
The White House is warning Trump officials not to reverse course and says Cubans are worried about the next administration’s intentions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hooker announced his intentions Monday with a post on Twitter.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the pillars of Mr. Trump’s campaign was his intention to revive the fortunes of the coal industry through support of so-called clean coal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 意图，目的; 意向; 意义，意旨; [医]愈合
分布：意图(42%)，打算(29%)，目的(16%)，意向(13%)
→来自intent,意图，目的。
故意(intent意图+ion→有意图,故意)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
n.意图,意向,目的For convenience of intensive study, he has an intense intention of making friend with me.为便于强化学习,他有和我交朋友的强烈意向.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■something that you want and plan to do 意图，打算
• [+ to infinitive] It wasn't my intention to exclude her from the list - I just forgot her. 我并不是故意将她排除在名单之外——只是把她忘了而已。
• I've no intention of changing my plans just to fit in with his. 我不打算改变自己的计划来迁就他。
• He's full of good intentions, but he never does anything about them! 他有很多好的打算，但从未有过实际行动！
intention, intent, design
这组词都有“意图，企图”的意思，其区别是：
intention: 普通用词，指某人内心产生的想做某事的想法，侧重内心活动。
intent: 法律用词，常指某人怀有歹意而犯罪。
design: 多用复数形式，含贬义多指行为不轨的意图。
idea, intention, purpose
idea: 指“意见”，“见解”。
intention: 主要指个人心里产生的做某事欲望或得到某物的想法，常见的搭配是have the intention of doing something.
purpose: 意为“目的”，着重于实现目的的决心和待付出的努力。如：For what purpose do you learn English?(你学英文的目的是什么？)
n. 意图；目的；意向；愈合
 - goals, purpose, sake, meaning, will

Word: normally
Front: normally
[ˈnɔ:məli] (四六托 2588/1195 -K3)
Back: adv. 正常地; 通常地，一般地; 按说; 论理
分布：正常地(70%)，通常(30%)
US ['nɔ:r-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■If you normally do something, you usually or regularly do it 通常；平常，一般地
• She doesn't normally arrive until ten. 她通常不到十点不会来。
• Normally, I plan one or two days ahead. 通常我会提前一两天作出计划。
 ESSENTIAL
■If something happens normally, it happens in the usual or expected way 正常地
• Is the phone working normally again? 这部电话又能正常使用了吗？
adv. 正常地；通常地，一般地
 - commonly, currently, generally

Word: knock
Front: knock
[nɒk] (中高 2087/1958 -K3)
Vocabulary: knock
(once / 101 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
When you knock, you bump or strike someone or something. When you hear a knock at the door, someone on the other side is thumping it with their knuckles.
You can accidentally knock your grandmother's special glass bowl off the table, and you can also knock softly on her door — or tap with your knuckles — before you go in and tell her how sorry you are. If a car engine knocks, it makes a rattling or rapping sound. Colloquially, to knock something is to reject or criticize it, and if you do, you may hear the phrase, "Don't knock it until you try it!"
WORD FAMILY
knock: antiknock, knocked, knocker, knocking, knocks+/knocker: knockers/knocking: knockings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bartolo Colon, playing first base for Braves, knocks 20th homer of season.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The first time, other inmates broke her nose, and the second time, they stomped on her and knocked her unconscious, she said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At the snap, defensive end Jonathan Allen slanted inside and knocked down both the offensive tackle and the guard.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 短促的敲打（声）; 爆震声; 敲击声; 敲门（或窗等）声
vi. 猛烈敲击; 与某物相撞; 撞到了桌子
vt. （心）怦怦跳; 把…撞击成（某种状态）; 批评
时态：knocked, knocking, knocks
分布：敲(59%)，敲门(32%)，敲击(5%)，敲打(3%)，攻击(1%)
→拟声词，敲打东西的声音。比较click,clock.
v.敲,敲打,碰撞n.敲,击The mocker knocked the stock with the knots on the stocking and sock.嘲笑者用长袜和短裤上的结鼓打存货.
US [nɑ:k] verb
MAKE NOISE 发出声响
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to repeatedly hit something, producing a noise （反覆地）敲，击，打
• She knocked on the window to attract his attention. 她敲窗想引起他的注意。
• There's someone knocking on/at the door. 有人在敲门。
• Please knock before entering. 进来前请先敲门。
intransitive specialized
■If an engine is knocking, it is producing a repeated high sound either because the fuel is not burning correctly or because a small part is damaged and is therefore allowing another part to move in ways that it should not. （引擎）发出爆震声，砰砰作响
intransitive
■If something such as a pipe knocks, it makes a repeated high sound. （管子等）发出碰撞声
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
HIT 击打
 IMPROVER intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to hit, especially forcefully, and cause to move or fall 碰，撞；碰倒；撞倒
• He accidentally knocked the vase off the table. 他不小心把花瓶碰下了桌子。
• She knocked her head against the wall as she fell. 她跌倒时头撞在墙上。
• Who knocked over that mug of coffee? 谁打翻了那杯咖啡？
• [+ obj + adj] Some thug knocked him unconscious/senseless. 有个恶棍把他打晕了。
• She took a hammer and knocked a hole in the wall. 她拿锤子在墙上砸了一个洞。
knock into each other/knock through
■If you knock two rooms into each other or knock two rooms through, you remove the wall between them so that they form one room. 把（两个房间）打通
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
CRITICIZE 批评
transitive UK informal
■to criticize, especially unfairly 指责；挑剔
• Don't knock him - he's doing his best. 别对他鸡蛋里挑骨头了——他已在竭尽全力了。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
be knocking (on) 60/70, etc. informal
■to have almost reached a particular, usually old, age 快60／70岁等（通常指高龄）
• She was knocking on 80 when she died. 她去世时快80岁了。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock sb's block off informal
■If you say that you will knock someone's block off, you are threatening to hit them very hard, especially on the head 要把（某人）揍扁，要痛打（某人）
• I'll knock his block off if he tries anything with me! 要是他敢对我怎么样，我会让他好看！
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock sb off their pedestal See at pedestal
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock sth on the head UK informal
■to prevent something from happening, or to finally finish something 制止…发生；最终完成
• It's nearly done - another couple of hours should knock it on the head. 快做完了——再过几个小时就完成了。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock (some) sense into sb informal
■to forcefully teach someone not to be silly 让（某人）懂道理
• A couple of years in the army will knock some sense into him. 在军队里留上几年会让他懂些道理。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock sb sideways/for six UK informal
■to shock or upset someone very much, or to make someone very ill 使（某人）惊呆；使（某人）大病一场
• That flu really knocked me sideways. 那次流感使我大病一场。
• The news of his death knocked me for six. 他的死讯令我震惊。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock (on) wood US for
■ touch wood See at touch
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
Knock 'em dead! informal
■used to tell someone to perform or play as well as they can 尽力做好！全力以赴！
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock it off informal
■used to tell someone to stop doing something which annoys you 住口；住手
• Oh, knock it off Alex, I'm really not in the mood for your jokes. 哎，别说了，亚历克斯，我真的没心情听你说笑话。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock spots off sth UK informal
■to be much better than something or someone else 远远胜过
• It knocks spots off that restaurant in Cotswold Street. 这家餐馆远远胜过科茨沃尔德街上的那家。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock the bottom out of sth
■to damage something severely, especially by destroying its support 破坏…的基础；严重损害
• The rise in mortgage rates really knocked the bottom out of the housing market. 按揭利率上升确实严重打击房地产市场。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
'Knock, knock!'
■a way of describing the sound made when you hit a door. It is sometimes used as the first line of a joke. 咚咚的敲门声；有时指“敲敲门玩笑”（玩笑的第一句话是：“敲门，敲门”）
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
You could have knocked me down / over with a feather. saying
■said when you are extremely surprised 惊讶得目瞪口呆；令人大跌眼镜
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock sb about/around informal
■to behave violently towards someone and hit them 粗暴对待，虐待（某人）
• Her husband used to knock her about. 她的丈夫过去常常虐待她。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock about/around (sth) informal
■to be in a place which is not exactly known or in various places especially over a long period of time （尤指长时间地）漫游，游荡；散置在（某处）
• I'm sure I've got a copy of 'Time's Arrow' knocking about somewhere. 我肯定我有一本《时间之箭》，但不知道放哪里去了。
• He spent years knocking around the Far East before World War One. 第一次世界大战前，他在远东漫游了多年。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock around/about informal
RELAX
■to spend time relaxing and doing very little 悠闲地打发时间
• I spent the weekend just knocking about the house. 我周末就在家里闲着。
BE WITH SOMEONE
■to spend a lot of time with someone （和某人）长时间在一起
• I used to knock around with him at school. 我过去在学校里常和他在一起。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock sb back (sth) UK informal
■to cost someone a large amount of money 让（某人）花费（一大笔钱）
• I bet that computer knocked you back a few thousand. 我敢说那台电脑花了你几千元。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock back (sth) UK informal
■to quickly drink something, especially a lot of alcohol 一下子喝下（尤指很多酒）
• She was knocking back the champagne at Maria's party. 她当时正在玛丽亚的派对上畅饮香槟。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] knock sb down UK
■to hit someone with a vehicle and injure or kill them （驾车）撞倒（某人）
• She was knocked down by a bus. 她被一辆公共汽车撞倒了。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sb/sth down
HIT
■to cause someone or something to fall to the ground by hitting them 击倒，打倒
REDUCE PRICE informal
■to reduce a price, or to persuade someone to reduce the price of something they are selling 降价；说服（某人）降价；杀（某人的）价
• She wanted £200 but I knocked her down to £175. 她开价200英镑，我还价到175英镑。
⇒ See also knockdown
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sth down
■to destroy a building or part of a building 拆掉，拆毁（建筑物等）
• The Council plans to knock the library down and replace it with a hotel complex. 市政会计划拆除图书馆，改建饭店综合大楼。
• figurative She easily knocked down every argument he put up. 她轻而易举地驳倒了他提出的各个论点。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock off (sth) informal
■to stop working, usually at the end of the day 停止（工作）；下班
• I don't knock off until six. 我要到六点才下班。
• What time do you knock off work? 你几点下班？
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sth off (sth) informal
■to take a particular amount away from a price （从价格中）减去，除去
• The manager knocked £5 off because it was damaged. 因为有破损，经理将价格降低了五英镑。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sth off
STEAL (US knock sth over) slang
■to steal something 抢劫；偷
• He has a stack of computer equipment he's knocked off from various shops. 他有一大堆从各个商店偷来的电脑配件。
• Terrorist groups are knocking off (US alsoknocking over)banks to get money. 恐怖组织打算抢劫银行来谋财。
• He was caught selling knocked-off car radios in the pub. 他在酒吧里出售偷来的汽车音响时，被当场抓住。
PRODUCE informal
■to produce something quickly and easily 迅速而轻松地完成
• She can knock off (= write) a novel in a couple of weeks. 她能在几周内赶出一部小说。
⇒ See also knock out
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sb off
MURDER slang
■to murder someone 杀死，谋杀，干掉（某人） knock 1 1. He hired a hit-man to knock off a business rival.
他雇了杀手来杀死一个商业对手。
HAVE SEX offensive old-fashioned
■to have sex with someone 与（某人）性交
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sb out
MAKE UNCONSCIOUS
■to hit someone so that they become unconscious 击昏（某人）；使（某人）不省人事
• [R] She hit her head on the ceiling and knocked herself out. 她的头撞到天花板，昏了过去。
⇒ See also knockout
MAKE SLEEP
■If a drug or alcohol knocks you out, it makes you go to sleep （药物或酒精）使（某人）入睡
• The sleeping tablets knocked him out for 18 hours. 安眠药使他睡了18个小时。
DEFEAT
■to defeat a person or a team in a competition so that they can no longer take part in it （在竞赛中）淘汰（某人或某队）
• The champion was unexpectedly knocked out (of the tournament) in the first round. 冠军在比赛的第一轮中被意外淘汰出局。
IMPRESS old-fashioned slang
■to cause enjoyment or admiration in someone 给（某人）留下深刻印象；使（某人）钦佩
• We were all really knocked out by the film. 我们对这部电影留下了深刻的印象。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] knock yourself out informal
■to make yourself ill with tiredness 使筋疲力尽
• If you carry on working like this, you'll knock yourself out. 如果你继续这么做下去，会累垮的。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sth out
PRODUCE informal
■to produce something quickly without spending time thinking about the details 仓促完成；草草拟出
• I've knocked out a first draft of the report which we can amend at a later date. 我已粗略写好了报告的第一稿，日后我们可作修改。
⇒ See also knock off
DESTROY
■If something such as a piece of equipment is knocked out by something else, it stops working or is damaged or destroyed 使（设备等）无用；毁坏
• The surge in the power supply knocked out all the computers. 电源供应器的突波毁坏了所有的电脑。
• Enemy aircraft have knocked out 25 tanks. 敌机摧毁了25辆坦克。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock sth out of sb
■If a quality is knocked out of someone, they lose that quality because the situation they are in does not allow it to exist 使（某人）丧失（某种素质）
• Any creativity I had was soon knocked out of me at school. 在学校，我所拥有的所有创造力都很快丧失殆尽。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sth over US for knock sth off(= steal something) 偷
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M usually passive] knock sb over
■to hit someone with a vehicle and injure or kill them （驾车）撞倒（某人）
• She got knocked over by a taxi as she ran for the bus. 她赶公车时被一辆计程车撞倒。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sth together/up informal
■to make something quickly and without much care 匆匆拼凑成，草草做成
• I could knock together a quick lunch if you like. 如果你愿意，我可以很快做好一顿午餐。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock up
■Players knock up before beginning a game of tennis or similar sport by hitting the ball to each other （网球等运动中）赛前练习，赛前试打
• The players have a couple of minutes to knock up before the match starts. 开赛前，运动员有几分钟时间练球。
knock-up
    UK [ˈnɒk.ʌp] US [ˈnɑːk-] noun countable usually singular
• Shall we have a quick knock-up before the game? 我们是不是应该在比赛前赶紧练练球？
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sb up
WAKE UP UK informal
■to wake someone up by knocking on the door of their house or bedroom 敲门叫醒（某人）
• I'm sorry to have to knock you up in the middle of the night. 很抱歉，我不得不半夜敲门叫醒你。
MAKE PREGNANT slang
■to make a woman pregnant 使（某人）怀孕
• You don't want to get knocked up by some guy you hardly know. 你也不想让你几乎不认识的家伙搞大肚子吧。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] noun countable
NOISE 声音
■a sudden short noise made when someone or something hits a surface 敲击声
• There was a knock at/on the door. 有敲门声。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] noun countable
HIT 碰撞
■when something hard hits a person or thing （重重的）一击，敲击
• He received a nasty knock on the head from a falling slate. 一块石板掉下来，把他的头重重地砸了一下。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] noun countable
the knock at/on the door
■when the police or soldiers come to take you away from your house 员警或士兵到家里把某人带走
• During the dictatorship people had come to fear the knock at the door in the middle of the night. 独裁时期人们害怕半夜时员警或士兵敲门抓人。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] noun countable
take/have a knock
■to be damaged because of a bad experience 遭受挫折
• Her confidence took a hard knock when her application was rejected. 申请被拒绝了，她的自信心受到严重打击。
knock, beat, strike, hit
knock: 敲门；
beat: 打鼓;连续打；
strike: 敲锣，钟敲几点，猛的一击；
hit: 击中，打一下
pat, knock, rap, tap
这组词都有“敲、击”的意思，其区别是：
pat: 指用手轻拍以示同情、赞同或爱抚。
knock: 指用拳头或其它器械猛敲或猛打；也指用手轻敲某物。
rap: 指用手指或木棒等快速地轻敲或急拍。
tap: 多指慢慢地连续地轻击或轻拍。
vi. 敲；打； [动力] 敲击
 - strike, hit
vt. 敲；打； [动力] 敲击；批评
 - strike, stroke, dong
n. 敲；敲打； [力] 爆震声
 - beating

Word: jerusalem
Front: jerusalem
[dʒə'ru:sələm] (-/5844)
Back: n. 耶路撒冷
分布：名词(100%)

Word: interior
Front: interior
[ɪnˈtɪəriə(r)] (研四六托雅 3476/3308 -K3)
Vocabulary: interior
(once / 267 pages)
adjn
Interior commonly refers to the inside of something. When house hunting you might find that the outside of the house is run down, but the interior rooms beautifully renovated.
If you design the color scheme of a room and pick our furnishings for it, you are an interior designer. If you delve into a characters feelings and emotions, you might describe what you're looking at as their interior. A place that lies far inland from a coast or border is said to lie in the interior of a country. If you talk to yourself inside your mind, you are said to be having an interior monologue.
WORD FAMILY
interior: interiorise, interiorize, interiorly, interiors+/interiorise: interiorised/interiorize: interiorized
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Wizards’ interior work was critical because they couldn’t cash in from beyond the arc.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Tennessee State dominated the interior outscoring the Owls 36-14.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The work also included adding nearly 13,000 square feet of interior space and remodeling about 20,000 square feet of the existing terminal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 内部; 内地; 内政; 内心
adj. 内部的; 内地的，国内的; 内面的
分布：内部(76%)，内部的(13%)，内在(5%)，国内的(3%)，内地的(3%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-ior,比级级后缀。
内部的(inter内)[-ior表形容词"较…的"]
a.内部的,里面的n.内部,内地The extravagant savage made the interior and exterior criteria of deterioration.奢侈的野蛮人制定了腐败的内外标准.
US [-'tɪr.i.ɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■the inside part of something 内部
• The estate agent had pictures of the house from the outside but none of its interior. 房地产经纪人有这栋房子的外观照片，但没有其内部的照片。
• The car's interior is very impressive - wonderful leather seats and a wooden dashboard. 这款汽车的内部看上去很气派——优质的皮座椅及木制的仪表板。
Compare exterior
only singular
■the land which is furthest away from the outside or coast of a country or continent 内地，腹地
• the African interior 非洲腹地
the interior
■in some countries, the government department which deals with subjects and events which are important in the country itself instead of events in other countries （某些国家的）内政部
• the Ministry of the Interior 内政部
• officials of the U.S. Interior Department 美国内政部官员
UK [ɪn'tɪə.ri.ər] US [-'tɪr.i.ɚ] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■inside 内部的
• The interior walls have patches of damp on them. 内墙上有片片湿斑。
• The paintwork on the interior doors (= those not in the outside wall of a building) is in good condition. 室内门上的漆面保持完好。
■relating to the government department in some countries which deals with subjects and events which are important in that country instead of events in other countries （政府）内政的；内务的
• France's interior minister 法国内政部长
interior, inward, inner, inside, internal
这组词都有“内部的，内在的”的意思，其区别是：
interior: 指某物的内部，尤指某物的内侧；也可指内地的或国内的。
inward: 指朝着中心或内部方向的，侧重方向而不是位置；也可指内心的隐密活动。
inner: 含义广泛，指事物中心或接近中心的部位，也可指内心隐密的活动。
inside: 多指处于某物内部或靠近内部，常可与inner换用，可引申指内幕的，秘密的。
internal: 书面用词，医学上多用，指事物的内部，也可指国内的或内政的。
n. 内部；本质
 - essence, principle, texture, entity, inner
adj. 内部的；国内的；本质的
 - inner, domestic, essential, inside, home

Word: devote
Front: devote
[dɪˈvəʊt] (高研四六托雅 3225/3407 -K2)
Vocabulary: devote
(once / 64 pages)
v
Devote means to give to. If you devote yourself to jump-roping, you might be found in your driveway every free moment of the day practicing.
Nuns and priests are said to devote their lives to God. A knight in shining armor devotes himself to his lady. If you devote as much energy to your school work as you do to your hair, your grades should improve. If our country devoted to education even half of the resources we pour into defense, we could eliminate poverty.
WORD FAMILY
devote: devoted, devotee, devotes, devoting, devotion +/ devoted: devotedest, devotedly, devotedness/ devotee: devotees/ devotion: devotional, devotions/devotional: devotionally, devotionals
USAGE EXAMPLES
She devoted herself to her job at the Brinkmann cigarette factory.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Christopher devoted much of his life offscreen to caring for his autistic son, Ned, and to championing for the developmentally disabled and their families.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It's also why he's devoted his life to keeping the memory of his donor, Jason Gosnell, alive.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 把…奉献（给），把…专用（于）; 奉献
时态：devoted, devoting, devotes
分布：致力于(74%)，奉献给(23%)，把...专用于(3%)
→de-, 强调，整个的。-vot, 说，发愿，词源同vow, vote,voice. 引申义发下宏愿的，虔诚的。
投身于,献身(de加强+vote→拼命发誓→献身)[vot=vow,表示"发誓"]
v.(to)奉献,致力In the hot hotel the devoted voter did not notice the noticeable notebook.在炎热的旅馆里,热心的投票者没有注意到显而易见的笔记本.
US [-'voʊt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  devote sth to sth/sb
 ADVANCED
■to give all of something, especially your time, effort or love, or yourself, to something you believe in or to a person 将…贡献给，把…奉献给
• He left government to devote more time to his family. 为了能有更多时间陪伴家人，他离开了政府部门。
• She has devoted all her energies/life to the care of homeless people. 她为照料无家可归者倾注了全部心血／奉献了一生。
• [R] At the age of 25, he decided to devote him self to God. 他25岁时决定献身上帝。
[passive]
■to use a space, area, time, etc. for a particular purpose 将…用于
• Over half his speech was devoted to the issue of unemployment. 他那篇演讲用了一半多的篇幅讨论失业问题。
• The report recommends that more resources be devoted to teaching four year olds. 该报告建议投入更多的资源用于四岁儿童的教育。
dedicate, devote
这组词都有“奉献”的意思，其区别是：
dedicate: 正式用词，指献身于某一崇高事业或目的，也可指把著作题献给他人。
devote: 普通用词，指决心把全部身心、精力、时间等献给某一目标，某一个人或致力于某一事业。
vt. 致力于；奉献
 - commit oneself to, bend oneself to

Word: distribute
Front: distribute
[dɪˈstrɪbju:t] (高研四六托雅宝 2944/2662 -K2)
Vocabulary: distribute
(once / 93 pages)
1v 2v
To distribute is to disperse widely, hand out, or spread around. While you're still snoozing, the paper boy is busy distributing the newspaper all over the neighborhood.
This verb was first recorded in the early 15th century and has its roots in the Latin distributus, meaning “to divide.” Think of dividing up the last cookies in the cookie jar and passing them out to all your friends. Distribute can also mean to space out or arrange in a particular order — you'd want to distribute the chairs in even lines across the floor when setting up for a concert, for example.
WORD FAMILY
distribute: distributary, distributed, distributer, distributes, distributing, distribution, distributive, distributor, redistribute +/distributary: distributaries/ distributed: undistributed/distributer: distributers/ distribution: distributional, distributions/ distributive: distributively/ distributor: distributors/ redistribute: redistributed, redistributes, redistributing, redistribution / redistribution: redistributions
USAGE EXAMPLES
When he stepped down in 2011, his power was distributed among more of the company’s executives, but decisions remained highly centralized.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Another red flag: Ray said if a pharmacist orders more narcotics than are being distributed through order prescriptions it may draw the inspector’s interest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Carter is still talking with DHS and other nonprofits that support foster families on distributing the suitcases.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 分配，散布; 散发，分发; 把…分类; [电]配电
时态：distributed, distributing, distributes
分布：分配(56%)，分布(34%)，散发(10%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-tribute, 分配，词源同tribute, contribution. 即分配，分发。
分配：区分(bis分开+tribute→分开给→分配)[tribut=give,表示"给予"]
v.分发;分配;分布;配(电);(over)散布Pamphlets were distributed among the audience.把小册子分发给听众.
【记】dis分开，tribute给予－分开给－分配
【参】distribution（n 分发；分配）；tribute（n 贡品；颂词）
US [-jʊt] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give something out to several people, or to spread or supply something 分发，散发；分配
• The books will be distributed free to local schools. 这些书将免费发放给当地学校。
• Several people were arrested for distributing racist leaflets/pamphlets (to the spectators). 有数人因为（向观众）散发宣扬种族主义的小册子而被捕。
• The company aims eventually to distribute (= supply for sale) its products throughout the European Union. 公司计划最终让产品行销欧盟国家。
distribute, propagate, spread, circulate
这组词都有“传播，散播”的意思，其区别是：
distribute: 指把一定数量的东西分成若干等份进行分发。
propagate: 指自觉地努力推广，也指宣传或散布。
spread: 普通用词，使用广泛。指传播疾病、思想、文化、习惯或谣言等。
circulate: 既指某物在一物体内循环流动，又可指在一定范围内传播物品、刊物或思想、语言等。
distribute, issue, publish
这组词都有“发行，发出，发给”的意思，其区别是：
distribute: 指把东西分发给所属者或应得者。
issue: 多指通过官方或正式渠道正式发行。
publish: 普通用词，多指出版发行文字作品，也指发布新闻或发表见解等。
assign, distribute, allocate, divide
这组词都有“分配，分发”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 指按照某种原则进行的硬性分配，也不一定是很公平的。
distribute: 通常指以整体或定量分为若干份来分配。
allocate: 主要指金钱、财产、权力或领土等的分配，着重分配的比例和专门用途。
divide: 普通用词，侧重将某物分成若干份分配给他人，当某物一分为二时，含平均分配之意。
vt. 分配；散布；分开；把…分类
 - portion, part, spread

Word: completely
Front: completely
[kəmˈpli:tli] (四六 1169/1163 -K)
Vocabulary: completely
(once / 101 pages)
adv
Use completely to describe something that is totally and utterly...something. A completely ridiculous idea is absolutely crazy and stupid.
Completely is an adverb that comes from the Latin completus, "to fill up." We use it to mean "entirely" or "wholly." So if a building is completely destroyed, no part of it is left standing. Reading a newspaper story or watching a documentary film completely means you finished it from beginning to end. And doing so can completely change your view on an issue.
WORD FAMILY
complete: completed, completely, completeness, completes, completest, completing, completion, incomplete, uncomplete+/completed: uncompleted/ completion: completions/ incomplete: incompletely, incompleteness, incompleter, incompletest/incompleteness: incompletenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s in a different area, completely the other side. Hurt a lot less when it happened, so I’m definitely encouraged.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One visitor said: "It was like being in a completely different city, a foreign city. Everyone is in really great spirits."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
While there I completely lost track of my family.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 完全地; 完整地; 完全，彻底，全部，一干二净; 很，非常，充分，十分，万分
分布：完全地(64%)，十分地(21%)，全然(15%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in every way or as much as possible 完全地，彻底地；十分地
• I agree with you completely. 我完全同意你的意见。
• She's completely mad. 她彻底疯了。
• He'd completely changed - I didn't recognize him. 他彻底变样了——我当时没认出来。
[kəm'pli:t.li] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  completelyWarning: do not confuse the adverb completely with the adjective complete :
✗ My tour of France was a completely disaster. My tour of France was a complete disaster.
[kəm'pli:t.li] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  completely Warning: Common word-building error! If an adjective ends with 'te', just add 'ly' to make an adverb. Don't write 'completly', write completely.
adv. 完全地，彻底地；完整地
 - entirely, totally, thoroughly, fully, absolutely, strictly, perfectly

Word: error
Front: error
[ˈerə(r)] (高研四六托 2198/1595 -K3)
Vocabulary: error
(once / 113 pages)
1n 2n 3n
"I'm sorry, sir, there's been some sort of error in the kitchen," is what a restaurant waiter might say to a patron who ordered the fish but was mistakenly served a plateful of worms instead.
Simply put, an error is a mistake. However, that mistake is more likely due to a lapse in judgment or skill than to an accident. A plane crash that occurs after the pilot mistakenly presses the "pilot eject" button is said to be caused by "human error." A baseball play in which the pitcher throws the ball to second base instead of first because he was distracted by a pretty girl in the stands is an error — one that might cost his team the game.
WORD FAMILY
error: errorless, errors+/ err: errant, erred, erring, error, errs, inerrable/errancy: errancies/ errant: errancy, errantest, errantly, inerrant/erring: erringly, unerring/inerrable: inerrably/inerrant: inerrancy, inerrantly/unerring: unerringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They tally the number of medication errors, the number of patients injured in falls and the number who develop infections after certain types of surgery.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The EpiPen inquiry also revealed potential errors in how the government classifies drugs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But he did assert that some recent published reports about him contained factual errors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 错误，过失; [法]误审，违法; [数]误差
分布：错误(77%)，误差(17%)，过失(4%)，谬误(2%)
→来自err, 犯错误。
错误(err+or)[err=wander,mistake,表示"漫游,犯错误"]
n.错误,过失The miracle mirrors a horrible error made by the terrorists in the terrible territory.这件奇事反映了恐怖分子在这一可怕地区犯的可怕错误.
US [-ɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a mistake 错误；谬误；差错
• He admitted that he'd made an error. 他承认犯了一个错误。
• The letter contains a number of typing errors. 信中有一些打字错误。
• Human error has been blamed for the air crash. 飞机坠毁被归咎于人为失误。
• With something as delicate as brain surgery, there is little margin for error (= you must not make mistakes). 像做脑部外科手术这样精细的事情，不容许半点差错。
error of judgment
■a wrong decision 判断失误
• Not telling the staff before they read the news in the papers was an error of judgment. 没有在员工看到报上的消息前就告诉他们实情是个判断失误。
see the error of your ways
■to understand that you were wrong to behave in a particular way and start to behave differently 知错能改；意识到自己的做法错误而开始改正
mistake, flaw, shortcoming, error, defect, slip, fault, blunder
这组词都有“错误”的意思，其区别是：
mistake: 最普通用词，泛指思想上、行为上或认识上的判断或理解方面的错误。
flaw: 指结构或组织上的缺点，如破裂之处。用作比喻意义时，指品格上的缺陷。
shortcoming: 指没有达到所要求的标准、没有充分发展或没尽到职责的不足、缺点或短处。多用复数形式。
error: 指思想或行动背离正题轨道或没有得到正确指引而出现的偏差或错误。
defect: 普通用词。指表面上的缺陷，或指人或物本质上的缺点。
slip: 指因疏忽或无意而造成的差错。
fault: 一般指小并且可宽容的缺点、错误。
blunder: 通常指由于无知或情况不明造成判断或行动上的大错。
n. 误差；错误；过失
 - mistake, deviation, fault, sin, blame

Word: sensible
Front: sensible
[ˈsensəbl] (研四六托雅宝 6126/2809 -K3)
Vocabulary: sensible
(once / 124 pages)
adj
Sensible means practical and reasonable. If you're wearing sensible shoes, they're sturdy, comfortable, good for walking, and your feet don't hurt. If you're a sensible person, you're level-headed and calm, and you make wise decisions.
Sensible may not sound exciting — who wants to be like a pair of galoshes, when you can be stilettos? But sensible is the voice of reason, and when you're tooling along in your convertible, you'll be grateful for the sensible 15-mile-per-hour speed limit posted at that sharp turn where the road drops off into the canyon. Sensible comes from the Latin sensibilis, meaning "perceptible by the senses," a meaning that eventually evolved into "having good sense, reasonable."
WORD FAMILY
sensible: insensible, sensibilise, sensibility, sensibilize, sensibleness, sensibler, sensiblest, sensibly+/desensitise: desensitisation, desensitising/ desensitize: desensitization, desensitized, desensitizes, desensitizing/hypersensitive: hypersensitively, hypersensitivity/insensibility: insensibilities/ insensible: insensibility, insensibly/ insensitive: insensitively, insensitiveness, insensitivity/insensitivity: insensitivities/ nonsense: nonsenses, nonsensical / nonsensical: nonsensicalest, nonsensicality, nonsensically/oversensitive: oversensitively, oversensitiveness/ sensation: aftersensation, sensational, sensations/ sensational: sensationalism, sensationally, unsensational/sensationalism: sensationalisms, sensationalist, sensationalistic/sensationalist: sensationalists/ sense: nonsense, sensation, sensed, senseless, senses, sensible, sensing, sensitive, sensor, sensorial, sensuous /senseless: senselessly, senselessness/ sensibility: sensibilities/sensitise: desensitise, sensitisation, sensitised, sensitiser, sensitising/sensitised: hypersensitised, supersensitised/sensitiser: sensitisers/ sensitive: hypersensitive, insensitive, nonsensitive, oversensitive, sensitise, sensitively, sensitiveness, sensitives, sensitivity, sensitize, supersensitive/sensitiveness: sensitivenesses/ sensitivity: sensitivities/sensitize: desensitize, sensitization, sensitized, sensitizer, sensitizes, sensitizing/sensitized: hypersensitized, supersensitized/sensitizer: sensitizers/sensor: sensors/sensorial: sensorially/ sensuous: sensuously, sensuousness/supersensitive: supersensitively/unsensational: unsensationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
When I was in Europe I saw lots of friends circles with normal-weight healthy looking people, walking around and eating sensible meals.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
That's led to an explosion of ideas - some more sensible than others.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
But based on the latest nutrition research, cutting carbs in favor of healthy fats seems sensible.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 明智的; 合乎情理的; 通情达理的; 意识到的，能感觉到的
n. 可感觉到的东西; 敏感的人
分布：明智的(85%)，实际的(9%)，可觉察的(2%)，可感知物(2%)，合情理的(2%)
→来自 sense,感觉，知觉，理解，-ible,形容词后缀。
能感觉的;明智的(sens+ible)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
明智的(sense感觉,理智+ible)[-ible形容词"能…的"]
a.明智的,达理的;可觉察的,明显的A sensible man's sensor is sensitive to nonsense on census.明智者的传感器对人口调查废话敏感.
adjective
GOOD JUDGMENT 好的判断力
 IMPROVER
■based on or acting on good judgment and practical ideas or understanding 理智的；明智的
• a sensible answer/approach/compromise/option 明智的回答／方法／妥协／选择
• a sensible person 理智的人
• I think the sensible thing to do is phone before you go and ask for directions. 我觉得你去之前最好先打电话问好路。
• It would be sensible to take an umbrella. 带把伞是明智的。
■Sensible clothes or shoes are practical and suitable for the purpose they are needed for, rather than being attractive or fashionable （衣服或鞋）合适的，实用的
• It could be cold and wet so pack some sensible clothes. 天可能会又冷又湿，因此带些合适的衣服。
['sent.sɪ.bl] adjective
AWARE 觉察的 formal
■having an understanding of a situation 意识到的；知道的；觉察到的
• He did not appear to be sensible of the difficulties that lay ahead. 他看起来并没有意识到前面的困难。
sensible, conscious, awkward, aware, clumsy
这组词都有“笨拙的”的意思，其区别是：
sensible: 侧重通过直觉或理性感觉意识到某物的存在。 awkward, clumsy
conscious: 指内心的感觉，强调深刻的心理活动。
awkward: 侧重缺乏优雅、机敏和技巧。用于物时，指使用不便。
aware: 强调通过耳闻目睹或感觉而得到的信息，也指敏税的观察和推断。侧重感知，多与of一起用。
clumsy: 指人时，侧重行动笨拙；指物时，侧重制作粗陋或体积、重量过大而呈现笨重。
sensible, rational, reasonable
这组词都有“明智的，合情合理的”的意思，其区别是：
sensible: 一般指合乎常情、切合实际的行为与思想，侧重明白事理。
rational: 指有理性的，有思维推理能力，而不是凭感觉冲动从事。
reasonable: 一般不十分着重推理的能力，而往往用来表示合乎情理、公正或务实。
sensible, senseless, sensitive
sensible: 懂事的，明智的。如：He is a sensible child.(他是个懂事的孩子。)
senseless: 愚蠢的(常作定语)；无知觉的(常作表语)。
sensitive: 有感觉的，敏感的。如：Eyes are very sensitive to light.(眼睛对光敏感。)
sensational, sensible, sentimental, sensitive
这是一组形近易混词。
sensational: a.耸人听闻的，令人激动的。
 • I read a sensational story about a ten-year-old mother.   我听到一则耸人听闻的故事：十岁女孩做妈妈。
sensible: a.有知觉的，可感知的；明智的。
 • The patient was speechless but still sensible.   病人虽然不能说话但仍然有知觉。
sentimental: a.多愁善感的，感伤的。
 • The novel has scenes full of love and loss; it is so sentimental!   小说有多处场景充满爱情的悲欢离合，真是感伤啊！
sensitive: a.敏感的，灵敏的。
 • This film is sensitive to light.   这种胶片对光很敏感。
adj. 明智的；明显的；意识到的；通晓事理的
 - obvious, aware, distinct, wise, visible

Word: song
Front: song
[sɒŋ] (中高 851/1405 -K4)
Back: n. 歌曲; 歌唱（艺术）; 诗歌，韵文; 鸟叫声，鸟语
分布：歌曲(84%)，歌唱(16%)
→来自 sing 的名词形式。
n.歌唱,(虫,鸟等)鸣声;歌曲,歌词The pop song is popular in the populous city.这首流行歌曲在人口稠密的城市流行.
US [sɑ:ŋ] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a usually short piece of music with words which are sung 歌，歌曲
• to sing a song 唱歌
• a love/folk/pop song 情歌／民歌／流行歌曲
⇒ See also swansong
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the act of singing, or singing when considered generally 歌唱
• He was so happy he wanted to burst/break into song (= start singing). 他太高兴了，真想放声歌唱。
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the musical sound that a bird makes （鸟的）鸣声，鸣唱
• bird song 鸟鸣声
• A thrush's song was the only sound to break the silence. 唯有画眉鸟的鸣叫声打破了宁静。
UK [sɒŋ] US [sɑ:ŋ] noun
for a song informal
■very cheaply 非常便宜地
• She bought the bed for a song at an auction. 她在一次拍卖会上以非常便宜的价格买下了这张床。
• Because the shop's closing down, most of the stock is going for a song (= being sold very cheaply). 这家商店要关门了，所以大多数存货都廉价出售。
UK [sɒŋ] US [sɑ:ŋ] noun
make a song and dance about sth UK informal
■to make something seem more important than it really is so that everyone notices it 对…小题大做
• I only asked her to move her car but she made such a song and dance about it. 我只是请她挪一下车，但她却小题大做。
UK [sɒŋ] US [sɑ:ŋ] noun
song and dance mainly US informal
■a long and complicated statement or story, especially one which is not true 长篇唠叨；（尤指）胡言乱语
song, theme, melody, tune
这组词都有“乐曲、曲调”的意思，其区别是：
song: 多指配有歌词的歌曲。
theme: 指主旋律。
melody: 指悦耳的曲调旋律。
tune: 指曲调，与配有歌词的歌曲相对。
n. 歌曲；歌唱；诗歌；鸣声
 - poems, melody

Word: theatre
Front: theatre
[ˈθiətə] (中高四六雅 -/1464 -K4)
Vocabulary: theatre
(once / 160 pages)
n
A theatre is the place where plays are performed, especially in England, because the normal American spelling of theatre is theater. If you're looking for a night of drama and astonishment, try going to the theatre.
Theatre comes from the Ancient Greek theatron, which means a place for showing, or performing. Now we call the place and the stuff performed the same thing. There are theatres where other things happen than plays. A theatre of war is the area in which a war is taking place. If you're fascinated by war but don't have the nerve to be a soldier, why not make theatre about war?
WORD FAMILY
theatre: theatres
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then he sneaked into the back of the theatre for the last twenty minutes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
I first met Rosenberg at an international conference on indoor agriculture held at a theatre in Manhattan.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Christopher, who was born in Chicago, moved to New York to work as a theatre actor after college.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 电影院，戏院; 戏剧工作; 演戏; 手术室
分布：剧场(37%)，戏院(31%)，戏剧(18%)，手术室(7%)，戏院的(3%)，战区(3%)，=theater.(1%)
UK [θi'et.ər] US ['θi:.ə.tˌɚ] noun
BUILDING/ROOM 建筑物／室
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a building, room or outside structure with rows of seats, each row usually higher than the one in front, from which people can watch a performance or other activity 剧院，戏院；电影院
• the Lyceum Theatre 兰心剧院
• a lecture theatre 报告厅，演讲厅
countable UK * operating theatre
UK (ALSO US theater) UK ['θɪə.tər] UK [θi'et.ər] US ['θi:.ə.tˌɚ] noun
PERFORMING ARTS 表演艺术
 IMPROVER uncountable
■(the writing or performance of) plays, musicals or opera, written to be performed in public 戏剧；剧本，剧作；演出
• His latest play has delighted theatre audiences and theatre critics alike. 观众和戏剧评论家都很喜欢他最新的剧作。
• She made her career in the theatre. 她从事戏剧事业。
UK (ALSO US theater) UK ['θɪə.tər] UK [θi'et.ər] US ['θi:.ə.tˌɚ] noun
BEHAVIOUR 行为
uncountable
■behaviour that is not sincere and is intended just to produce a particular effect or to attract attention 做戏；夸张做作
• Her tears were pure theatre. 她流眼泪纯粹是在做戏。
UK (ALSO US theater) UK ['θɪə.tər] UK [θi'et.ər] US ['θi:.ə.tˌɚ] noun
MILITARY 军事
countable
■an area or place in which important military events happen 战区，战场
• a theatre of war 战场
n. 电影院， [建] 戏院；戏剧；阶梯式讲堂
 - drama, stage, cinema

Word: extraordinary
Front: extraordinary
[ɪkˈstrɔ:dnri] (高研四六托 2625/2759 -K3)
Vocabulary: extraordinary
(once / 108 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something extraordinary goes above and beyond what is expected. This can be good or bad. Saving a child from a burning building is an extraordinary act of heroism, but a test score of 11 out of 100 is extraordinary too.
The extra- in extraordinary means "outside" the ordinary. If you had to work for 10 hours on a two-page writing assignment, that means it was an extraordinarily hard assignment. Either that or you were extraordinarily slow. We often use the word extraordinary as a superlative. If your friend bakes you a cake better than any you’ve ever tasted, you could tell her it is “extraordinary.”
WORD FAMILY
extraordinary: extraordinarily, extraordinariness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But, as is often the case, this sort of “discovery” science is yielding extraordinary benefits.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
At an extraordinary parliamentary hearing, Mr. Lee and eight other chaebol leaders also denied receiving or seeking special treatment for the donations.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All around her there are silences, empty places, held breaths—an extraordinary act of literary finesse.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 非凡的; 特别的; 非常奇特的
分布：非凡的(55%)，特别的(35%)，特派的(10%)
→extra-, 外面的，超过的。ordinary, 普通的。
格外的(extra+ordinary变通的→超出普通)[extra-表示"以外的,超过的"]
特别的,超常的(extra超+ordinary普通的)[ordin=order,表示"命令,顺序"]
a.非常的;格外的;意外的;离奇的;临时的No extraordinary disorder happens on the orderly border.在有序的边界上没有发生不寻常的混乱.
【记】extra超过，ordinary（adj 普通的）－超出普通的－非凡的
【反】quotidian（adj 每日发作的；平凡的）；prosaic（adj 散文的；平凡的）
US [-'strɔ:r.dən.er-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■very unusual, special, unexpected or strange 非凡的；特别的；意想不到的；令人惊奇的
• He told the extraordinary story of his escape. 他讲述了他离奇的逃亡经历。
• Her voice had an extraordinary hypnotic quality. 她的声音有一种奇怪的催眠效果。
• an extraordinary coincidence 令人吃惊的巧合
extraordinary meeting
■a special meeting which happens between regular meetings 特别会议
striking, remarkable, unusual, prominent, outstanding, extraordinary
striking: 引人注意的，饶有兴趣的；（因相貌好）吸引人的，惹人注目的
remarkable: 值得注意的，不寻常的；独特的
unusual: 罕见的，异乎寻常的；独特的，与众不同的
prominent: 凸出的,显著的，惹人注目的,杰出的，重要的
outstanding: 杰出的，优秀的；地位显著的，为人瞩目的，（报酬、工作、问题等）未偿付的，未完成的，未解决的
extraordinary: 不平常的，不普通的，非常的，格外的，；（安排、会议等）特别的，（官员）特命的，特派的
peculiar, especial, specific, particular, special, exceptional, extraordinary
这组词都有“特殊的，特别的”的意思，其区别是：
peculiar: 强调指与众不同或独特的意思。
especial: 和special含义很接近，较正式，但侧重有特殊的意义或重要性。
specific: 着重指某种、某类事物具有的特殊或特定的属性，也可指专门提出作特别考虑的事物。
particular: 侧重不同于普遍性的个性或特殊性。
special: 普通用词，指不同于一般、与众不同，着重事物的专门性，突出与一般不同。
exceptional: 指不同于一般，本身是特别的或异常的事物。
extraordinary: 语气比exceptional强，指极大地超过一般或正常情况。
adj. 非凡的；特别的；离奇的；临时的；特派的
 - remarkable, particular, temporary, special, wonder

Word: temperature
Front: temperature
[ˈtemprətʃə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 1622/1622 -K3)
Vocabulary: temperature
(once / 219 pages)
n
Temperature refers to how hot or cold something is. When you think you might have a fever, you take your temperature to see if it is higher than normal.
Temperature can also mean hotness and coldness in terms of excitement. Before offering a discount on its new one-legged jeans, the clothing manufacturer surveyed 200 loyal customers over the phone, to gauge the likely temperature of the response to their marketing ploy.
WORD FAMILY
temperature: temperatures
USAGE EXAMPLES
Quiet sitting at room temperature is the standard RMR reference point; this is referred to as one metabolic equivalent, or MET.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Chief among them is a re-entry vehicle capable of withstanding extremes of temperature and vibration.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A strong El Niño brought high temperatures early in the year; a follow-up La Niña cooled things back down.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 温度; 体温; 气温; <口>发烧，高烧
分布：温度(70%)，气温(17%)，体温(11%)，发烧(2%)
→来自 temper,管控，调节，-ature,名词后缀。引申词义气温，体温，温度等。
n.温度,体温;热度,发烧Because of the temperature tempo, I temporarily lost temper to my contemporary in the temple.由于温度进度的原因,我在庙里一时地同代人发了脾气.
US [-pɚ.ə.tʃɚ] noun
HEAT LEVEL 热度
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the measured amount of heat in a place or in the body 温度；体温
• Preheat the oven to a temperature of 200 degrees Celsius. 把炉子预热到摄氏200度。
• There has been a sudden rise in temperature over the past few days (= The weather has become warmer). 最近几天气温突然上升了。
• The doctor examined him and took his temperature (= measured it). 医生给他做检查，并量了他的体温。
run/have a temperature
■to have a higher body temperature than normal and to be ill 发烧
UK ['tem.prə.tʃər] US [-pɚ.ə.tʃɚ] noun
OF A SITUATION 情况下
uncountable
■If you say that the temperature in a particular situation is rising, you mean that it is likely to become violent because people have become angry 紧张程度，激烈程度
• The temperature of the discussion started to rise as each side added its own arguments. 由于讨论双方各执一词，气氛开始变得紧张起来。

Word: unusually
Front: unusually
[ʌnˈju:ʒuəli] (四六 6275/5607 -K2)
Back: adv. 非常; 不寻常地，异乎寻常地; 显著地; 出奇
分布：异乎寻常地(40%)，显著地(30%)，非常(30%)
adverb
■more than is usual or expected or in a way that is not usual 异乎寻常地；罕有地
• He was unusually polite. 他异乎寻常地礼貌。
adv. 非常；异乎寻常地；显著地
 - extremely, badly, highly, greatly, too

Word: announcement
Front: announcement
[əˈnaʊnsmənt] (高托雅 3604/2825 -3)
Vocabulary: announcement
(once / 278 pages)
n
An announcement is a public statement that's usually formal and has a specific purpose.
There are many kinds of announcements, but they're all public and meant to inform. In school, the announcements might say whose birthday it is and what clubs are meeting after school. In a store, an announcement might mention a sale or a lost kid who's looking for her parents. The President makes lots of formal announcements, like the decision to run for re-election. So basically, if it's announcing something, it's an announcement.
WORD FAMILY
announcement: announcements+/ announce: announced, announcement, announcer, announces, announcing, annunciatory/announced: unannounced/announcer: announcers/unannounced: unannouncedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Opposition leaders were muted in their reaction to the announcement of a criminal investigation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Iridium says it in a tweet that it is pleased with the SpaceX’s announcement and target launch date.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“So the announcement will just help Nebraskans to comply with the existing law.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 通告; 布告; 预告; 宣告
分布：宣布(54%)，声明(32%)，通告(14%)
通告(announce+ment)[nounce,nunci=speak,表示"讲话,说出"]
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that someone says officially, giving information about something, or when someone announces something 公告，布告；通告；声明
• The President made an unexpected announcement this morning. 今天上午总统发表了一项出人意表的声明。
n. 公告；宣告；发表；通告
 - publication, declaration

Word: everybody
Front: everybody
[ˈevribɒdi] (中高 799/1552 -4)
Back: pron. 每人，人人; 大伙儿; 各位
分布：人人(79%)，每人(14%)，各人(7%)
pron.(everyone)每人,人人Everybody has his duty.每个人都有自己的责任.
US [-ˌbɑ:.di] pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■ everyone

Word: developer
Front: developer
[dɪˈveləpə(r)] (3503/3740 -2)
Back: n. 开发者; <摄>显影剂，显像剂
分布：开发者(92%)，显影剂(8%)
US [-pɚ] noun
BUILDER 建立者
 ADVANCED countable
■a person or company that makes money from buying land, building new houses, shops or offices, or by changing existing buildings to sell or rent 开发商
• a property developer 地产开发商
UK [dɪ'vel.ə.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
PROCESS FILM 底片处理
countable or uncountable
■a chemical used for developing photographs or films 显影剂
UK [dɪ'vel.ə.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
GROWTH 成长
countable
■someone, especially a child, whose physical or mental development can be described in a particular way 成长发育者（尤指孩子）
• Tom was a late/slow developer. 汤姆发育较晚／迟缓。
n. 开发者； [摄] [试剂] 显影剂
 - eikonogen, developing agent

Word: chaos
Front: chaos
[ˈkeɪɒs] (高研四六托雅宝 3727/4091 -3)
Vocabulary: chaos
(once / 698 pages)
n
Chaos is a state of extreme confusion and disorder. Putting a dozen dogs and a dozen cats in the same room would probably lead to utter chaos.
The word chaos derives from a Greek word meaning "chasm" or "void," which makes sense, given that chaos also refers to the formless state of matter before the cosmos was created. In math and science, chaos describes a system that will develop in wildly different ways with only tiny changes to the initial conditions. "Controlled chaos" is a phrase often used casually to describe something that looks out of control but which functions according to unseen rules or organization.
WORD FAMILY
chaos: chaoses, chaotic +/ chaotic: chaotically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile British politics is plunged into chaos, the result being that in ...
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The unknown assailant opened fire at Reina nightclub early on Sunday, before managing to flee amid the chaos.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Witnesses described scenes of chaos as revellers attempted to flee, some even throwing themselves into the Bosphorus to escape the gunfire.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 混乱，紊乱; （天地未出现的）浑沌世界; 〈古〉无底深渊; 一团糟
分布：混乱(68%)，混沌(31%)，无秩序(1%)
→来自gheu, 呵气，张嘴，词源同gas, yawn.神学术语。
n.混乱,紊乱With a clatter, the flatterer shattered the chattering wattmeter in the chaos.当啷一声,马屁精在混乱中打碎了格格作响的瓦特表.
【源】原指：混沌世界（一些宇宙起源论认为的在有序宇宙形成以前的未成形物质和无尽空间的混乱状态）
【记】chao拼：吵，s死：吵死了－混乱
【反】chaotic（adj 混乱的）－strictly structured（构造严谨的）/strictly featured（特征严谨的）
US [-ɑ:s] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a state of total confusion with no order 混乱；无秩序状态
• Snow and ice have caused chaos on the roads. 冰雪造成道路交通秩序混乱。
• Ever since our secretary walked out, the office has been in a state of total/utter chaos. 自从我们的秘书离开后，办公室就陷入了极度混乱中。
• We muddled up the name labels and chaos ensued (= resulted). 我们弄乱了姓名标签，结果一片混乱。
chaos, disturbance, disordr, mess, confusion
这些名词均表示事物的混乱状态。
chaos: 着重指令人无能为力或感到绝望的混乱状态。突出没有很好的组织。
disturbance: 主要指社会中政治性的动乱、骚乱；也可指个人或少数人的闹事。
disordr: 正式用词，含义广泛。指事物因失去原有的秩序而造成混乱；也可指社会中的动乱或骚乱。
mess: 语气强，口语中较常用的非正式用词。指既混乱又肮脏，尤指人思想混乱或外表不整洁。
confusion: 指东西搅混在一起，凌乱得难以辨认；也可指思想混乱，以致无法进行正常的思维活动。
n. [物] 混沌，混乱
 - disorder, confusion, involvement, mix, turmoil

Word: endure
Front: endure
[ɪnˈdjʊə(r)] (研四六托宝 3650/5274 -2)
Vocabulary: endure
(once / 102 pages)
1v 2v
If something endures, it lasts: Beethoven's fame has endured for more than 200 years. But if you endure something, you suffer through it: We endured our teacher's slide shows of her vacation photographs.
Notice above that something that endures can be good or bad. Something you endure is always bad. And people are forever talking about what they can't or won't endure, as in "I refuse to endure any more abuse from my neighbors." Endure derives from the Latin indūrāre "to make hard," formed from the prefix in- "against, into" plus dūrus "hard."
WORD FAMILY
endure: endurable, endurance, endured, endures, enduring +/ endurable: endurably, unendurable / endurance: endurances/ enduring: enduringly, enduringness/ unendurable: unendurably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Watson, who is often reluctant to change equipment, is not your typical player who endures endless hours of product testing.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
As it happens, mania was Lowell’s most enduring diagnosis in his many years as a psychiatric patient.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The agreement promised an “enduring partnership” between the United States and Afghanistan, with pledges of American help in developing the Afghan economy and public institutions.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 忍耐; 容忍
vi. 持续，持久; 忍耐
时态：endured, enduring, endures
分布：忍耐(43%)，容忍(23%)，持久(18%)，持续(16%)
→en-, 进入，使。-dur, 硬，坚持，词源同during, true, tree.
持久,耐久(en进入+dure_进入持久→耐久)[dur=last,hard,表示"持久,坚硬"]
v.忍受,持久,持续My durable endurance made me endure the injury during insurance.我持久的忍耐力使我忍受了保险期间的伤害.
【记】dur持久，坚硬
【参】endurance（n 忍耐力）
US [-'dʊr] verb
EXPERIENCE 经历
 ADVANCED transitive
■to suffer something difficult, unpleasant or painful 忍耐；忍受
• We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport. 航班延误，我们不得不在机场苦等了九个小时。
• She's already had to endure three painful operations on her leg. 她已经承受了三次腿部手术的巨大痛苦。
UK [ɪn'djʊər] US [-'dʊr] verb
CONTINUE 持续
intransitive formal
■to continue to exist for a long time 持续；持久
• The political system established in 1400 endured until about 1650. 建立于1400年的政治体系一直沿用到1650年前后。
withstand, tolerate, stand, endure, suffer, abide
这组词都有“忍受”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 指因具有一定实力、权力或能力而能忍受某种情况。
tolerate: 指以自我克制的态度，对待令人反感或厌恶的东西，含默认宽容意味。
stand: 口语用词，常可与hear换用，但前者侧重指经受得起，后者强调容忍，是普通用语。
endure: 书面用词，指长时间忍受痛苦和不幸，着重体力或意志力的坚强不屈服。
suffer: 通常指非自愿或被迫忍受各种痛苦、困难或不快，强调受到苦难。
abide: 指忍受长期的痛苦或折磨，强调耐心和屈从。多用于否定句和疑问句中。
withstand, bear, tolerate, stand, endure
这些词都表忍受，忍耐。
withstand: 经受，承受，指顶住外来的压力和攻势。如：They have withstood all test.(他们经受了一切考验。)
bear: 忍受，容忍，指忍受使人悲痛、烦恼或痛苦的事情。如：It is hard to bear to be laughed at.(被人取笑是难以忍受的。)
tolerate: 容忍，容许，指自我克制的态度，对于令人反感的事没有任何抗议。如：I can’t tolerate him if he goes on like that. (他如果继续这样下去的话，我决不会容忍他。)
stand: 忍受，与bear同义，但较口语化。如：She can’t stand having nothing to do.(没事干，她受不了。)
endure: 忍耐，书面语，指长时间经受痛苦而不屈服。如：It takes patience to endure hardships. 忍受苦难需要耐力。)
last, continue, endure, persist
这组词都有“持续”的意思，其区别是：
last: 着重存在的时间相当长，超过正常的或所期望的时间。
continue: 多指过程，强调持续而无终止，常含不间断之意。
endure: 与last同义，但还指经受住，有能耐忍受而并不受损。
persist: 强调超过了指定的或正常的时间。
vt. 忍耐；容忍
 - resist, tough, abide
vi. 忍耐；持续
 - resist, abide

Word: solid
Front: solid
[ˈsɒlɪd] (中高研四六 2011/2417 -K3)
Vocabulary: solid
(once / 127 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adj
A solid, as opposed to a liquid or gas, has a size and shape to it. It doesn't flow like water or disappear into the air.
At first glance, solid appears to be a simple word, but it really offers shades of meaning. A solid friend is dependable. If you give a solid performance, it was very good, though not quite great. Likewise, if you achieve a solid win, you win by a large, but not huge, majority. In a less figurative use, if a piece of chocolate is solid — as opposed to hollow — it is chocolate throughout.
WORD FAMILY
solid: semisolid, solid-colored, solidest, solidify, solidity, solidly, solidness, solids+/solidification: solidifications/ solidify: solidification, solidified, solidifies, solidifying/solidity: solidities
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is a true tossup of a game between solid teams and accomplished quarterbacks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Official data on Sunday also showed China's manufacturing sector expanded in December, indicating the world's second-largest economy is entering 2017 on solid footing.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Every year, humans generate more than a billion tons of solid waste, and that number will be closer to 4 billion by 2100.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 固体的; 实心的; 结实的，可靠的; 可信赖的
n. 固体; 立体图形; 立方体
分布：固体(78%)，可靠的(7%)，固体的(4%)，实心的(4%)，结实的(4%)，立体图形(2%)，一致地(1%)
→来自拉丁语 solidus,整个的，完整的，健全的，来自 sol,整个的，词源同 hologram,safe. 引申诸相关比喻义。
a.固体的;结实的,稳固的,可靠的n.固体The man who broke the sole solid lid is solemnly condemned.打破这个仅有的实心盖子的人受到庄严谴责.
US ['sɑ:.lɪd] adjective
HARD 坚硬的
 ESSENTIAL
■hard or firm, keeping a clear shape 坚固的；坚硬的
• solid ground 坚硬的地面
• a solid object 坚固的物体
• a solid structure 坚固的结构
 ESSENTIAL
■completely hard or firm all through an object, or without any spaces or holes 实心的，无空隙的
• solid rock 实心的石头
• a solid oak table 质地坚实的橡木桌子
• solid doors/walls 实心门／墙
• a solid line of traffic 拥挤不堪的车流
• The lecture hall was packed solid (with students). 演讲大厅里挤满了（学生）。
 IMPROVER
■describes a metal or a colour which is pure, and does not have anything else mixed together with it 纯的，无杂质的
• solid gold/silver candlesticks 纯金／银烛台
• a white rose on a solid blue background 纯蓝色背景下的一朵白玫瑰
UK ['sɒl.ɪd] US ['sɑ:.lɪd] adjective
NOT LIQUID/GAS 非液体／气体
 IMPROVER
■not liquid or gas 固体的，固态的
• Liquid and solid waste is collected in the tank. 液体和固体废弃物集中在箱罐里。
• Freeze the mixture for about 3 hours or so until solid. 把混合物冷冻三小时左右，直到其变成固体。
■describes food which is not in liquid form, especially when given to babies or people who are ill （尤指给婴儿或病人吃的食物）固体的
• That rice pudding was the first solid food he's eaten since his operation. 那种大米布丁是他手术后吃的第一种固体食物。
UK ['sɒl.ɪd] US ['sɑ:.lɪd] adjective
CERTAIN 确定的
 ADVANCED
■certain or safe; of a good standard; giving confidence or support 确定的；扎实的；可信赖的
• This provided solid evidence that he committed the crime. 这提供了确凿证据，证明他犯了罪。
• The drama course gives students a solid grounding in the basic techniques of acting. 戏剧课为学生们的表演基本功打下了扎实的基础。
UK ['sɒl.ɪd] US ['sɑ:.lɪd] adjective
CONTINUOUS 持续的
■continuing for a period of time without stopping 持续的，不间断的
• I slept for eleven solid hours. 我整整睡了11个小时。
• The hotel was booked solid all of December. 整个12月份该旅馆的客房都被订光了。
UK ['sɒl.ɪd] US ['sɑ:.lɪd] noun
OBJECT 物体
countable specialized
■an object that has a height, width and length, and is not flat 立体；立体图形
• A cube and a pyramid are both solids. 立方体和棱锥体都是立体图形。
UK ['sɒl.ɪd] US ['sɑ:.lɪd] noun
NOT LIQUID/GAS 非液体／气体
countable
■a substance that is not liquid or gas 固体物质
countable usually plural
■a food not in liquid form 固体食物
solid, firm, hard
这组词都有“坚定的，结实的”的意思，其区别是：
solid: 着重质地紧密、坚实和无间隙，含有在外部压力下仍可保持原有形状的意味。
firm: 侧重指质地坚硬、不易切割或有弹性，一旦变形会很快恢复原形。
hard: 侧重有抗拒压力或拉力的性质，但不一定有弹性。
adj. [物] 固体的；可靠的； [数] 立体的；结实的；一致的
 - responsible, honest, united, consistent, reliable
n. [物] 固体； [数] 立方体
 - cube

Word: provincial
Front: provincial
[prəˈvɪnʃl] (宝 6308/4185 -2)
Vocabulary: provincial
(once / 414 pages)
1adjn 2n
A provincial person comes from the backwaters. Someone from a small province outside of Provence, France, might seem a little more provincial and less worldly than someone from, say, Paris.
Something or someone provincial belongs to a province, or region outside of the city. Provincial has a straightforward meaning when describing where someone is from, but it has some other shades of meaning too. Something provincial can be quaint and in a pleasing rural or country style, but it also can imply someone less sophisticated, as in someone with provincial, or simple, tastes. Individuals or groups of people who are considered narrow-minded are often labeled provincial, even if they're from the city.
WORD FAMILY
provincial: provincialism, provincially, provincials+/ province: provinces, provincial / provincialism: provincialisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Election experts also question the feasibility of organising presidential, legislative and provincial assembly elections together by the end of 2017.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The provincial government ordered an inquiry into the episode.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Najib sent photos of his bruised back and legs to the provincial prosecutor, and got one of his tormentors arrested.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 省的，州的; 领地的; 地方的，乡下的; 粗野的，鄙俗的
n. <贬>首都以外的人，地区居民; 外地人; 粗野的人; （管辖教区的）大主教
分布：省的(59%)，地方的(18%)，偏狭的(13%)，乡下人(6%)，地方人民(4%)
→来自province,省，地方。引申词义地方性的，排外的，守旧的等。
偏狭的;地方性的(province省+ial)[-ial表形容词"有…的"]
【记】源于：province（n 省）－地方性的－狭隘的
noun countable mainly disapproving
■a person who comes from somewhere in a country outside its capital city 外省人；外地人；首都以外的人
[prə'vɪn.tʃəl] adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to an area which is governed as part of a country or an empire 省
• provincial governments 省政府
■in or from the parts of the country that are not the capital city 外省的，外地的
• The majority of young professionals in the capital have moved there from provincial towns. 大多数在首都工作的年轻职业人口都来自外省城镇。
■disapproving
■having opinions and ideas which are old-fashioned and simple 守旧的，偏狭的
• provincial attitudes 狭隘的想法
adj. 省的；地方性的；偏狭的
 - local, endemic
n. 粗野的人；乡下人；外地人
 - peasant, stranger

Word: trump
Front: trump
[trʌmp] (12616/14687 -1)
Vocabulary: trump
(once / 961 pages)
1vn 2nv
To trump is to outrank or defeat someone or something, often in a highly public way. Safety might trump appearance when you're buying a car, or your desires may trump your brother's when it comes to making weekend plans.
In the card game bridge, the trump card is the most powerful card in a particular round and defeats all the others — sort of like when your needs or wishes trump someone else's. Originally trump implied a deceptive form of victory involving cheating, but that sense has been largely lost, though it's still around in the term trumped up, meaning something that's been falsely made up. A politician may face trumped up charges that could ruin his career.
WORD FAMILY
trump: overtrump, trumped, trumpery, trumping, trumps+/overtrump: overtrumps/ trumpery: trumperies/trumping: trumpings
USAGE EXAMPLES
President-elect Donald Trump repeatedly called for voters to "drain the swamp" of Washington politics, claiming the federal government was corrupt and dysfunctional.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Donald Trump defeats Hillary Clinton in the biggest upset in US history.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Now that Trump is promising to free the forces of capitalism once more – axing Dodd-Frank and cutting regulations – faster times may be ahead.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 王牌，法宝; 有效手段; <古，诗>喇叭，号声; <口>好人
vt. 打出王牌赢; 胜过
vi. 出王牌; 捏造，编造; 吹喇叭
时态：trumped, trumping, trumps
分布：王牌(67%)，胜过(15%)，打出王牌(8%)，法宝(6%)，吹喇叭(4%)
→来自古法语 trompe,号角，喇叭，拟声词，词源同 trombone,大号，长号。引申词义吹喇叭， 大吹法螺，欺骗，捏造等。
noun
countable
■a card that belongs to the group of cards that has been chosen to have the highest value in a particular game （牌戏中的一张）王牌，将牌
• I played a trump. 我打了一张王牌。
• Luckily, I drew a trump. 我幸运地抽到了一张王牌。
trumps [plural]
■one of the four groups in a set of playing cards which has been chosen to have the highest value during a particular game or part of a game 王牌花色，主牌花色
• Diamonds are trumps. 方块是王牌。
no trump(s)
■when all four groups of cards have equal value in a game of bridge （桥牌戏中）无王牌，无主牌
[trʌmp] noun
turn/come up trumps UK
■to complete an activity successfully or to produce a good result, especially when you were not expected to 意外地成功；结果出乎意料地令人满意
• John's uncle came up trumps, finding us a place to stay at the last minute. 约翰的叔叔大显神通，在最后一刻为我们找到了住处。
[trʌmp] verb transitive
■If you trump another player's card, you beat it with a card that belongs to the group of cards that has been chosen to have the highest value in the game you are playing. （牌戏中）打出王牌赢（别人的牌）
■to beat someone or something by doing or producing something better 打败，赢
• Their million-pound bid for the company was trumped at the last moment by an offer for almost twice as much from their main competitor. 他们出价100万英镑收购那家公司，但最终输给了以几乎两倍价格竞标的主要对手。
[trʌmp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] trump sth up
■to accuse someone of something they have not done in order to have an excuse for punishing them 捏造（罪名），假造（罪证以陷害他人） trumped-up /ˌtrʌmptˈʌp] adjective [before noun]
• She was imprisoned on trumped-up corruption charges. 她因莫须有的贪污指控而入狱。
n. 王牌；法宝；喇叭
 - horn, matador
vt. 胜过；打出王牌赢
 - overcome, exceed, cap, transcend
vi. 出王牌；吹喇叭
 - blow job

Word: plain
Front: plain
[pleɪn] (中高研四六托宝 3549/2762 -K3)
Vocabulary: plain
(once / 37 pages)
1adjadv 2n 3n 4v
Plain things are simple, unadorned, and even a little boring. Being a plain talker means you don't use pretentious, fancy words. But having a plain face means you're not much to look at.
Plain comes from the Latin word planum, meaning "level ground." That's one meaning of the word, as in a flat prairie or low lying coastal flood plain. If something is in plain view, it's out in the open with no obstructions. But usually we use plain as an adjective to describe unembellished, bare, or unimpressive things. A white room with just an old bed and a chair is pretty plain.
WORD FAMILY
plain: plained, plainer, plainest, plaining, plainly, plainness, plains
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yes, this is still a nation of purple mountain majesties and fruited plains.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The food, stingy during wartime, remains surprisingly plain.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This is important if you’re trying to break a chemical addiction — to tobacco or alcohol, for instance — but also if you’re just plain struggling.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 平原; 平地; [纺织业]平针; 朴实无华的东西
adj. 平的; 素的; 清晰的; 相貌平平的
adv. 清楚地，明白地; 平易地; [用以加强语气]显然; 完全地
vi. 发牢骚; 诉苦
时态：plained, plaining, plains
分布：平原(70%)，朴素的(11%)，简单的(10%)，完全地(3%)，平常的(3%)，纯的(1%)，清楚的(1%)，坦白的(1%)
→来自拉丁语planus,平的，来自pele,展开，放平，词源同plan,place.引申诸相关词义。
a.明白的;朴素的;坦率;平凡n.平原,旷野The plain woman explained to me why she complained about the chain.长相平平的女人向我解释她为什么抱怨那条链子.
adjective
WITH NOTHING ADDED 未添加任何东西
 ADVANCED
■not decorated in any way; with nothing added 朴素的；不加修饰的；简单的
• She wore a plain black dress. 她穿着一件朴素的黑色连身裙。
• We've chosen a plain carpet (= one without a pattern) and patterned curtains. 我们挑了一张没有图案的地毯和带图案的窗帘。
• He prefers plain food - nothing too fancy. 他喜欢清淡简单的食物——不喜欢太花巧讲究的。
• We're having plain blue walls in the dining room. 我们现在客厅里的墙壁是纯蓝色的。
• a catalogue sent in a plain brown envelope 用纯褐色信封寄出的目录
• a plain style of architecture 简朴的建筑风格
• plain (= with no added fruit or sugar) yoghurt 原味酸乳酪
plain paper
■paper which has no lines on it 白纸
• a letter written on plain paper 用白纸写的一封信
[pleɪn] adjective
CLEAR 清楚的
■obvious and clear to understand 清楚的，明显的
• It 's quite plain that they don't want to speak to us. 很明显，他们不想和我们说话。
• The reason is perfectly plain. 原因很清楚。
• I made it quite plain (that) (= explained clearly that) I wasn't interested. 我直截了当地表示我不感兴趣。
[pleɪn] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
[before noun]
■(used for emphasis) complete （表示强调）完全的
• It was plain stupidity on Richard's part. 理查愚蠢至极。
[pleɪn] adjective
NOT BEAUTIFUL 不漂亮的
■(especially of a woman or girl) not beautiful （尤指女性）相貌平平的，不好看的
• She had been a very plain child. 她小时候并不是个漂亮的孩子。
a plain Jane
■a woman or girl who is not attractive 平凡的珍妮（不漂亮的女人或女孩）
• If she'd been a plain Jane, she wouldn't have had all the attention. 假使她像平凡的珍妮，她就不会成为大众的焦点。
[pleɪn] adjective
be (as) plain as the nose on your face (also be (as) plain as a pikestaff)
■to be very obvious 非常明显
• He's not happy here - that's as plain as the nose on your face. 他在这里并不愉快——这是显而易见的。
[pleɪn] adjective
be plain sailing (US also be smooth sailing) UK
■to be easy and without problems 一帆风顺
• The roads were busy as we drove out of town, but after that it was plain sailing. 我们开车离开市区时路上很拥挤，但往后就一路顺畅。
[pleɪn] noun
LAND 土地
countable (also plains [plural])
■a large area of flat land 平原
• the coastal plain 海边的平原
• High mountains rise above the plain. 高山从平原拔地而起。
[pleɪn] noun
STITCH 针脚
uncountable
■a type of simple stitch in knitting 平针
• a row of plain and two rows of purl 一排平针两排反针
[pleɪn] adverb informal
■completely 完全地，简直
• I mean, taking the wrong equipment with you - that's just plain stupid. 我的意思是，你拿错仪器简直是愚蠢透顶。
open, frank, sincere, blunt, honest, plain, straightforward
这组词都有“坦率，诚实”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指不隐瞒自己的秘密，愿意向他人表露自己或公开暴露自己的缺点。
frank: 强调毫无保留地畅所欲言，不受任何约束。
sincere: 侧重指一个人出自内心地对某人某事表示一种诚意。
blunt: 指讲话坦白直率、不客气，但隐含不得体、不顾及他人感情等意味。
honest: 指遵守正直等道德准则。
plain: 指直言不讳，毫不做作或故弄玄虚。
straightforward: 多用于答复、叙述等场合。指直截了当，不回避，或故弄玄虚。
clear, obvious, evident, apparent, manifest, definite, plain, distinct
这组词都有“清楚的，明白的，明显的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 普通用词，侧重清楚明白。
obvious: 语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。
evident: 指根据事实成为显然的。
apparent: 强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。
manifest: 语义较强，书面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。
definite: 语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。
plain: 普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。
distinct: 较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。
adj. 平的；简单的；朴素的；清晰的
 - simple, defined, plane
n. [地理] 平原；无格式；朴实无华的东西
 - flatland, puszta
adv. 清楚地；平易地
 - definitely, fair, expressly

Word: ticket
Front: ticket
[ˈtɪkɪt] (中高托雅 1576/1884 -K4)
Back: n. 票，入场券; 标签; 传票，交通违规的通知单; <美>候选人名单
vt. 售票; 给…门票; 加标签于，指派; 对。。开交通违章通知单
时态：ticketed, ticketing, tickets
分布：票(80%)，售票(8%)，券(4%)，罚单(3%)，标签(2%)，加标签于(1%)，候选人名单(1%)，开罚单(1%)
→缩写自中古法语 etiquet,标签，记号，来自古法语 estiquette,标记，通知，特指贴在城门上或 墙上的官方通告，来自 steig,刺，插入，词源同 stick,sticky,etiquette.拼写比较 study,etude. 后引申词义凭证，票等。
n.票,入场券;票签;(交通违章)罚款传票His wicked trick is to get the kids to kick bricks and lick the cricket ticket.他的缺德恶作剧是让孩子们踢砖和舔板球门票.
noun countable
PROOF OF PAYMENT 支付凭证
 ESSENTIAL
■a small piece of paper or card given to someone, usually to show that they have paid for an event, journey or activity 票；券；车票；入场券
• a concert ticket 音乐会票
• a train/bus/plane ticket 火车／汽车／飞机票
• a lottery/raffle ticket 彩票／奖券
• a ticket office 售票处
• a ticket collector 检票员
['tɪk.ɪt] noun countable
PRICE CARD 价格标签
■a piece of card or paper which is put on an object to show its size or price （货物上标明价目、尺码等的）标签，签条
• a price ticket 价格标签
■a note telling you that you must pay some money as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law 罚款单；违规通知单
• a parking ticket 违规停车罚单
['tɪk.ɪt] noun countable
POLITICS 政治 US the range of ideas and plans that someone supports when they are in an election （在选举中提出的）纲领，政见
• She's standing on an education ticket. 她支持一条有关教育的竞选主张。
■US
■the group of people representing a particular political party in an election （选举中某政党的）候选人名单
• the Republican/Democratic ticket 共和党／民主党候选人名单
['tɪk.ɪt] noun countable
just the ticket slightly old-fashioned informal
■very suitable and exactly what is needed 正是求之不得的东西；正是所需要的东西
n. 票； [经] 入场券，标签；（美）候选人名单；证明书；交通罚款单
 - label, tag
vt. 加标签于；指派；对…开出交通违规罚单
 - co-opt, to assign

Word: horse
Front: horse
[hɔ:s] (中高雅 1279/803 -K4)
Vocabulary: horse
(once / 24 pages)
1nv 2n
A horse is a large, four-legged animal with hooves, a long nose and tail, and a mane of hair along its upper back. Part of learning how to ride a horse includes giving commands and using the reins to guide it.
Horses are very strong and fast, which is why humans have domesticated them for thousands of years — horses can be helpful on farms, for riding, and for pulling wagons and carts. Some people ride horses simply as a hobby, while others race them in competitions. Horses are one of the very few animals that can sleep either lying down or standing up, a trait that helped them run quickly from predators in the wild.
WORD FAMILY
horse: horsed, horses, horsing, unhorse+/unhorse: unhorsed, unhorses, unhorsing
USAGE EXAMPLES
"The likelihood is that, because of its location, most of the early landlords were connected with horses, carriages and stabling," writes Dailey.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The quarantine began in a barn where two horses tested positive last week.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Notably, Dortmund and Klimt were handed off Sunday to Art Sherman, trainer of California Chrome, Arrogate’s chief adversary for top horse honors.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 马; 骑马的军人，骑兵; 有脚的架; 跳马，鞍马
vt. 为…备马; 猛推或用力向上举
vi. 欲交配，，用于母马
adj. 马的; 骑在马背上的; 马拉的，使用马力的; 较大的，较粗硬的
时态：horsed, horsing, horses
分布：马(89%)，骑马(6%)，马的(5%)
→来自古英语hors,马，来自Proto-Germanic*hursa,跑动，来自kurs,跑，词源同car,current.引申词义马。比较equine.
n.马;跳马,鞍马v.骑马In the racial horse-race, the white racer's race-horse won.在种族赛马运动中,白人赛手的马获胜.
US [hɔ:rs] noun
ANIMAL 动物
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a large animal with four legs which people ride on or use for carrying things or pulling vehicles 马
• to ride a horse 骑马
• a horse and cart 一辆马车
the horses [plural] informal
■horse races where you try to win money by correctly guessing which horse will win 赌马，赛马
• He spends all his money on the horses. 他把所有的钱都花在赌马上了。
UK [hɔ:s] US [hɔ:rs] noun
WOODEN STRUCTURE 木质结构
countable (also vaulting horse)
■a wooden structure which you jump over for exercise 跳马；鞍马
UK [hɔ:s] US [hɔ:rs] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable slang
■ heroin 海洛因
UK [hɔ:s] US [hɔ:rs] noun
(straight) from the horse's mouth
■If you hear something (straight) from the horse's mouth, you hear it from the person who has direct personal knowledge of the matter. 来自直接参与者；据可靠消息
UK [hɔ:s] US [hɔ:rs] noun
horses for courses UK
■something that you say which means that it is important to choose suitable people for particular activities because everyone has different skills 知人善任
UK [hɔ:s] US [hɔ:rs] noun
You can lead a horse to water , but you can't make him drink. saying
■said to emphasize that you can make it easy for someone to do something, but you cannot force them to do it 牵马到河边容易，逼马饮水难。（意指不要强迫别人做他不愿意做的事）
UK [hɔ:s] US [hɔ:rs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  horse around/about informal
■to behave in a silly and noisy way 胡闹；哄闹；捣乱
• He was horsing around in the kitchen and broke my favourite bowl. 他在厨房里捣乱，打碎了我最喜欢的碗。
n. [畜牧] 马；骑兵；脚架；海洛因
 - prad, yarraman
vt. 使骑马；系马于；捉弄
 - play tricks on, play tricks with
vi. 骑马；作弄人
 - ride

Word: comfort
Front: comfort
[ˈkʌmfət] (高研四六 2928/2827 -K3)
Vocabulary: comfort
(once / 37 pages)
1nv 2n
To comfort someone is to give solace or to soothe. You might comfort your brother when his favorite team gets knocked out of the playoffs.
The verb comfort comes from the Latin word comfortare, which means “strengthen greatly.” To give comfort is to shore up the mood or physical state of someone else. It might take a long time to comfort your mother after her cat disappears. As a noun, comfort is anything that provides satisfaction or a relaxed and easy feeling. You might think that the comfort of your new shoes cannot be surpassed.
WORD FAMILY
comfort: comfortable, comforted, comforter, comforting, comfortless, comforts, discomfort +/ comfortable: comfortableness, comfortabler, comfortablest, comfortably, uncomfortable /comfortableness: comfortablenesses/comforted: comfortedly/comforter: comforters/comforting: comfortinger, comfortingly/comfortless: comfortlessly/ discomfort: discomforts/ uncomfortable: uncomfortableness, uncomfortablest, uncomfortably/uncomfortableness: uncomfortablenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
And some of which are almost identical to the originals but lack the comfort and quality.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It is about nurturing, comfort and spending time with people who are important to us.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
For its part, Televisa said it was moving “outside the comfort zone” by developing more contemporary programs.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 安慰; 舒适; 使人舒服的事物; 给予援助或安慰的人或事
vt. 安慰，使舒适; 使（痛苦等）缓和
时态：comforted, comforting, comforts
分布：安慰(47%)，舒适(44%)，安逸(4%)，慰藉(3%)，使舒适(2%)
→com-, 强调。-fort, 堡垒，强壮，见fortify。
安慰(com+fort加强→[精神]强大→安慰)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
安慰;舒适(com共同+fort强大→一起给力量→安慰)[fore,fort=storng,表示"强大,力量"]
n.舒适,安逸;安慰,慰问v.安慰,使舒适She comforted me in my distress.在我苦恼的时候,她来安慰我.
US [-fɚt] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a pleasant feeling of being relaxed and free from pain 舒适；舒服
• She evidently dresses for comfort. 显然，她穿着讲究舒适。
• It's a little too hot for comfort. 热得有点不舒服。
• Now you can watch the latest films in the comfort of your own room. 现在你可以在自己的房间里舒舒服服地观看最新影片。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you feel better after feeling sad or worried, or something that makes you feel better in this way 安慰，慰藉，宽慰；使人感到宽慰的事物
• The letters that people wrote after his death gave me a lot of comfort. 他去世后人们写来的信给了我极大的安慰。
• It's some comfort to his wife (= It makes her feel less sad) to know that he died instantly and didn't suffer. 对于他妻子来说，得知他很快就去了而且又没有受苦，也算是一种安慰。
• I've got to take an exam too, if it's any comfort (= if it makes you feel better to know that we share the same problem or bad luck). 就算是点安慰吧，我也要参加考试。
• I know she goes out a lot at night, but I draw/take comfort from the fact that she's always with friends. 我知道她夜里经常出去，不过让我感到宽慰的是她总是与朋友在一起。
• He's a great comfort to his mother. 他是母亲的莫大慰藉。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when you have a pleasant life with enough money for everything that you need 富足；小康；安逸
• He could retire now and live in comfort for the rest of his life. 他现在可以退休安享晚年了。
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■something that makes your life easy and pleasant 令人舒适愉悦的事物；舒适的设施（或条件）
• After the trip, it was nice getting back to a few home comforts. 旅行后，回来享受家里舒适的生活真是惬意。
• She's always liked her creature comforts (= the type of pleasure found in the house, for example warmth, food, etc.). 她一贯喜欢自己家里的舒适环境。
UK ['kʌm.fət] US [-fɚt] verb transitive
■to make someone feel better when they are sad or worried 安慰，抚慰，宽慰
• The girl's mother was at home today, being comforted by relatives. 女孩的母亲今天在家，有亲戚在安慰她。
comfort, ease, leisure, rest, relaxation, relief
这组词都有“舒适，安逸、悠闲”的意思，其区别是：
comfort: 通常指在摆脱烦人、痛苦的事情，或在要求、愿望得到满足后所感到的舒适。
ease: 指因没有担心和忧虑而轻松。
leisure: 专指闲暇时间或悠闲状态。
rest: 与work相对，强调水分除身心痛劳，不着重休息方式。
relaxation: 强调消除肌肉疲劳或思想的紧张状态，使身心松弛，得到休息。
relief: 侧重有消除痛苦、不适或困难的负担，常暗含不利因素已不存在的意味。
relieve, console, soothe, comfort, ease
这组词都有“给人以帮助以减轻痛苦或悲伤”的意思，其区别是：
relieve: 指解除或缓解某人的病痛、担心或忧虑等，常用被动态。
console: 较正式用词，侧重缓和或减轻别人的痛苦或悲伤。
soothe: 着重以安慰减轻悲痛、愤怒或激动，使人理智地平静下来。也可指药物等减轻病痛。
comfort: 普通用词，指用语言或行动对痛苦者给予鼓励、勇气和力量，从而减轻其痛苦或悲伤，得到安慰。
ease: 正式用词，指减轻身心的痛苦、不安和忧虑。
n. 安慰；舒适；安慰者
 - relief, ease, consolation
vt. 安慰；使（痛苦等）缓和
 - quiet, soothe

Word: slash
Front: slash
[slæʃ] (托 5955/7123 -2)
Back: vt. 挥砍; 鞭打; 严厉批评; 大幅削减
vi. 严厉地批评; 猛砍
n. 猛砍; 斜线; 刀痕，伤痕; 沼泽低地
时态：slashed, slashing, slashes
分布：斜线(36%)，猛砍(19%)，鞭打(9%)，大幅减少(8%)，乱砍(8%)，撒尿(7%)，割伤(5%)，长切口(2%)，尖锐抨击(2%)，衣衩(2%)，沼泽地(2%)
→来自辅音丛 sl-,砍，劈，分开，比较 slab,slip,slat,slit,slot.引申比喻义削减。
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to cut with a sharp blade using a quick strong swinging action （用利器）劈，砍，划
• The museum was broken into last night and several paintings were slashed. 昨晚有人闯进了博物馆，有几幅画被划破了。
• She tried to commit suicide by slashing her wrists. 她试图割腕自杀。
• We had to slash (our way) through the long grass to clear a path. 我们不得不在茂盛的草丛里劈出一条通道。
transitive informal
■to very much reduce something, such as money or jobs 大幅削减，大幅减少（金钱、工作等）
• Prices have been slashed by 50%! 价格直降50%！
[slæʃ] noun
PUNCTUATION 标点符号
countable (UK also oblique (stroke))
■the / punctuation mark that can be used to separate letters, numbers or words 斜线
• You often write a slash between alternatives, for example, 'and/or'. 通常在选择项之间会加斜线，比如“和／或”。
[slæʃ] noun
CUT 切口
countable
■a long, deep cut （长而深的）划痕，切口
countable
■a long swinging hit 抽打；挥击
• Ben took a wild slash at the ball and luckily managed to hit it. 班拼命地挥棒击球，居然幸运地击中了。
countable
■a decorative opening in a piece of clothing, often with a different colour showing through it 装饰性开叉（一件衣服上的装饰上开叉，常有不同的颜色即底色透过开叉显示出来）
• My new dress is pale blue, with a dark blue slash in the sleeves. 我的新衣服是淡蓝色的，在袖口上有一个深蓝色开叉。
[slæʃ] noun
TOILET 厕所
only singular UK slang
■when you go to the toilet and urinate 撒尿
vt. 猛砍；鞭打；严厉批评；大幅度裁减或削减
 - hide, whip up
vi. 猛砍；严厉批评
 - pick apart, pick to pieces
n. 削减；斜线；猛砍；砍痕；沼泽低地
 - cut, curtailment

Word: wood
Front: wood
[wʊd] (中高研四六雅 1236/1414 -K4)
Back: n. 木材; 树林; 木制品
vi. 收集木材
vt. 在…植树造林; 给…添加木柴
adj. 木制的; 失去理智的
分布：木头(58%)，木材(28%)，树林(14%)
→来自widhu,树，木柱，来自wi的扩大格，分开，词源同wide,with。可能来自其原义劈开的木材，柴火，或者来自树林在古代隔开文明与野蛮的比喻义。参考forest词源。wood 失去理智的
n.木材,木头,木料;(pl.)森林,林地Dry wood burns easily.干柴易燃.
noun
MATERIAL 材料
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a hard substance which forms the branches and trunks of trees and which can be used as a building material, for making things, or as a fuel 木头；木材；木料；木柴
• He gathered some wood to build a fire. 他捡了些木头生了一堆火。
• She fixed a couple of planks of wood to the wall for shelves. 她将一些木板固定在墙上当作架子。
• Mahogany is a hard wood and pine is a soft wood. 红木是硬木，松木是软木。
• The room was heated by a wood -burning stove. 这个房间是靠烧木头的炉子来取暖。
countable
■a type of golf club (= long, thin stick) with a rounded wooden end, used in golf for hitting the ball over long distances （顶部为木制的高尔夫球）球杆
• He likes to use a number 2 wood to tee off. 他喜欢用二号球杆开球。
[wʊd] noun
GROUP OF TREES 树林
 ADVANCED countable (also woods [plural])
■an area of land covered with a thick growth of trees 树林；森林
• an oak wood 橡树林
• We went for a walk in the woods after lunch. 午饭后，我们在树林里散步。
⇒ See also woodland
[wʊd] noun
be out of the woods informal
■to no longer be in danger or difficulty 脱离险境（或困境）
• The club has been given funding for another year, but it's not out of the woods yet. 这个俱乐部下一年的资金已经有了，但仍未摆脱困境。
[wʊd] noun
from the wood UK
■If a drink such as wine or beer is described as being from the wood, it has been stored in a wooden container. （酒）从木桶里取出的；（酒）在木制容器中存放的
[wʊd] noun
not see the wood for the trees UK (US not see the forest for the trees)
■to be unable to get a general understanding of a situation because you are too worried about the details 只见树木，不见森林
[wʊd] adjective
■made of wood 木制的，木头做成的
• Solid wood furniture is much more sturdy and durable than chipboard furniture. 实木家俱要比刨花板家俱结实耐用得多。
• We sanded and polished the wood floor in the living room. 我们将客厅的木地板打磨擦亮。
• Much of the original 18th-century wood panelling was destroyed in the fire. 许多18世纪的木质护墙板都在火灾中被焚毁。
⇒ See also wooden
timber, wood, lumber, log
这组词都有“木材”的意思，其区别是：
timber: 指经过匠人初步加要的备用木材，多用于英国英语。
wood: 最普通用词，含义广，除表示“木材，木”外，还可用复数形式表示森林。
lumber: 指伐下后未经削磨的木材，现多用于美国英语中。
log: 指原木或圆木。
n. 木材；木制品；树林
 - timber, lignum

Word: highlight
Front: highlight
[ˈhaɪlaɪt] (研四六托雅 3369/2853 -K3)
Vocabulary: highlight
(once / 853 pages)
nv
If you missed the big game, don't worry — you can still catch the highlights on the news. A highlight is the most important or memorable part of something.
If you don’t have time to listen to your friend’s long, involved story, you might say, "Just give me the highlights." Highlight can also mean "a lightness or a bright area." If someone puts highlights in their hair, they are adding bright streaks to their hair. When used as a verb, highlight means "to emphasize." You may want to highlight the best grades on a report card while downplaying the lesser ones.
WORD FAMILY
highlight: highlighted, highlighter, highlighting, highlights+/highlighter: highlighters
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the highlights of the holiday season for me was attending the “It’s a Wonderful Life” Festival in Seneca Falls, New York.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here are lists of this month’s highlights by two critics for The New York Times.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She’s also showing off some pink highlights in her hair.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （图画或照片的）强光部份; 最重要的事情; 最精彩的部分
vt. 强调，突出; 把…照亮; 标示记号; 为…中最突出的事物
时态：highlighted, highlighting, highlights
分布：强调(69%)，加亮(9%)，加亮区(6%)，使突出(4%)，照亮(4%)，闪光点(2%)，精彩部分(2%)，使 ... 显得重要(2%)，最重要的细节或事件(2%)
→原为绘画术语，即最明亮的部分，后引申词义做标记，强调。
v.使显著,使突出;强调n.最精彩的部分The enlightened man highlighted his mighty insight into the fright.开明的人强调他的强大的对惊悸了解.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to attract attention to or emphasize something important 使引起注意；强调
• The report highlights the need for improved safety. 那份报告强调了加强安全的重要性。
• The spelling mistakes in the text had been highlighted in green. 文本中的拼写错误用已经用绿色标出了。
['haɪ.laɪt] noun
BEST PART 最好的部分
countable
■the best or most exciting, entertaining or interesting part of something 最精彩的部分
• Highlights of the match will be shown after the news. 比赛的精彩部分将在新闻之后播出。
['haɪ.laɪt] noun
HAIR 头发
countable usually plural
■a narrow strip of hair on a person's head which has been made a more pale colour than the surrounding hair 挑染的头发
stress, emphasize, focus, highlight
stress: 重读（某音节）
emphasize: 加强…的语气
focus: 使…集中于一点
highlight: 对…予以特别的注意；将（头发）染成浅色使之有光泽
vt. 突出；强调；使显著；加亮
 - emphasize, stress
n. 最精彩的部分；最重要的事情； [电子] 加亮区
 - first thing

Word: triumph
Front: triumph
[ˈtraɪʌmf] (研四六托雅宝 4638/3546 -3)
Vocabulary: triumph
(once / 81 pages)
nv
A triumph is a well-earned victory. It'll make you pump your fist and yell "Hurrah!"
Triumph can be a noun or a verb, so you can have a triumph after the big game when you triumph over your opponents. Either way, it's a way to rejoice and a reason to whoop it up. The word comes from the Latin triumphus which is an "achievement, success, procession for a victorious general or admiral." The jury's still out on whether it comes from the Greek thriambos, as a "hymn to Dionysus," but it's fun to imagine that a triumph is a song to the Greek god of party animals. Fittingly, a Triumph is also the name of a motorcycle, a cool car, and a hard rockin' band from Canada.
WORD FAMILY
triumph: triumphal, triumphant, triumphed, triumphing, triumphs+/triumphal: triumphally/ triumphant: triumphantest, triumphantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They agreed that claims of the “absolute character” of scientific truth, and the supposed triumph of Enlightenment reason, needed to be challenged.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The films explored Hull's history, from the Blitz to sporting triumphs.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The summer brought triumph after triumph for the U.S.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 胜利; 巨大的成就; （成功的）典范; （巨大成功或胜利的）心满意足
vi. 获胜; 克服; 打败; 战胜
时态：triumphed, triumphing, triumphs
分布：胜利(73%)，战胜(12%)，凯旋(7%)，成就(4%)，欢欣(3%)，庆祝胜利(1%)
→来自拉丁语 triumphus,胜利，成功，古罗马班师回朝的军队，来自希腊语 thriambos,赞歌， 特指献给酒神 Dionysus 的赞歌，词源同 thriambus.
n.胜利,成功v.得胜,战胜With a dim triumph, she trims the swimming-suit rim at the swimming-pool brim.她带着暗淡的喜悦在泳池边整理泳装的边缘.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a very great success, achievement or victory (= when you win a war, fight or competition) , or a feeling of great satisfaction or pleasure caused by this 巨大成功；胜利；狂喜
• The book celebrates the hostages' remarkable triumph over appalling adversity. 这本书颂扬人质脱离可怕险境的壮举。
• The signing of the agreement was a personal triumph for the Prime Minister. 签订该协议对首相而言是一项伟大的个人成就。
• It was the Republican Party's third election triumph in a row. 这是共和党连续第三次赢得选举胜利。
• The eradication of smallpox by vaccination was one of medicine's greatest triumphs. 透过接种疫苗根除天花是医学上最伟大的成就之一。
• The constitutional changes have been hailed as a triumph for democracy. 宪法改革被誉为民主政治所取得的一项重大成就。
• The match ended in triumph for the French team. 比赛以法国队获胜而告终。
• He returned in triumph from the sales with a half-price stereo system. 他从拍卖会回来的时候，兴高采烈地抱着半价买来的立体声音响。
['traɪ.əmpf] verb intransitive
■to have a very great success or victory 巨大成功；胜利
• I believe that sooner or later good must triumph over evil. 我相信正义终究要战胜邪恶。
• The Democrats once again triumphed in recent elections. 民主党人在最近的选举中再次获胜。
conquest, victory, triumph
这组词都有“胜利”的意思，其区别是：
conquest: 指获取胜利或征服，把败者置于控制之下。
victory: 普通用词，主要指在战争、斗争或竞赛中获得的胜利，侧重艰辛与成功。
triumph: 着重胜利或成功的辉煌与彻底。
n. 胜利，凯旋；欢欣
 - victory, success, win
vi. 获得胜利，成功
 - arrive, win, make good

Word: widen
Front: widen
[ˈwaɪdn] (四六 5456/4524 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. 放宽，加宽，（使）变宽
时态：widened, widening, widens
分布：扩大(80%)，加宽(12%)，变宽(7%)，使变宽(1%)
verb intransitive or transitive
DISTANCE 距离
 ADVANCED
■to become, or to make something greater in width （使）变宽，加宽；放宽
• As it approaches the sea, the river begins to widen (out). 随着河流接近入海口，河道开始变宽。
['waɪ.dən] verb intransitive or transitive
AMOUNT 数量
■to (cause something to) become larger or to include a larger amount or number （使）变宽；（使）变多；（使）变大
• His eyes/smile widened. 他睁大了眼睛／大笑起来。
• Why not widen the discussion to include the Muslim and Jewish points of view? 为甚么不扩大讨论范围，把伊斯兰教和犹太教的观点也包括进来？
vi. 变宽
 - broaden

Word: asylum
Front: asylum
[əˈsaɪləm] (雅宝 7774/5764 -2)
Vocabulary: asylum
(once / 602 pages)
1n 2n
When someone needs a refuge from a difficult or dangerous situation, they need asylum. If a government offers to protect people who have fled war or hardship in their own country, it gives them asylum.
You may have heard asylum used to describe an institution where insane people are housed, but did you know that an asylum can also be somewhere you’d happily and willingly go? An asylum offers shelter and protection, like the awning of a building in a downpour. Or it could be a country that takes in refugees in danger of persecution — otherwise known as "political asylum."
WORD FAMILY
asylum: asylums
USAGE EXAMPLES
They argue that skipping the lengthier deportation procedures deprives people of the opportunity to claim asylum.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Delince dodged a death sentence after the failed coup by seeking asylum at the Brazilian Embassy in Haiti.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Careful vetting of those international migrants who request asylum is one important step, officials say.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 避难所; 庇护; 政治避难; 精神病院
分布：精神病院(49%)，收容所(34%)，避难所(17%)
→前缀a-, 不，非。-syl, 同词根sal, 跳，攻击，见assail. 指宗教圣殿，避难所。
【记】读：我赛劳模。劳模牛吧！一天工作24小时，几十年如一日的奉献。但是我赛劳模，我比劳模还牛，不但没日没夜的工作，还主动请求住在避难所里，把家腾给比我更苦的人们！
noun
PROTECTION 保护
uncountable
■protection or safety, especially that given by a government to foreigners who have been forced to leave their own countries for political reasons （尤指政治）避难，庇护
• to seek/apply for political asylum 寻求／申请政治庇护
[ə'saɪ.ləm] noun
HOSPITAL 医院
countable old use
■a hospital for people with mental illnesses 精神病院
• a lunatic asylum 精神病院
n. 庇护；收容所，救济院
 - shadow, umbrella, shelter

Word: hate
Front: hate
[heɪt] (中高研四六 1526/1839 -K3)
Vocabulary: hate
(once / 68 pages)
nv
Do you dislike getting up early on weekends? How much do you dislike it? So much that you'd stay in bed even if your favorite movie star came by your house to make you your favorite breakfast? In that case, you could say you hate it.
Hate is a powerfully strong verb, and it's one you should probably save for those things you really detest, that you have a passionately negative feeling about. An exception is when you use it in a sentence like, "I hate to bother you, but I'd like another cup of coffee." In this case, you're not using the word hate literally, but in more of a polite way; you simply want to emphasize that you're not trying to bother someone while still getting what you want.
WORD FAMILY
hate: hated, hateful, hater, hates, hating+/hateful: hatefulest, hatefully, hatefulness/hatefulness: hatefulnesses/hater: haters
USAGE EXAMPLES
He hates but accepts the constant criticism from media and fans.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
You will not see us accusing them of hating Jews.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
“I just hated to cut all that hair off,” Gates said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. 仇恨，憎恨; 厌恶; 对…感到不喜欢或讨厌
vi. 恨
n. 强烈的仇恨或厌恶，恨; 仇恨或讨厌的对象
时态：hated, hating, hates
分布：讨厌(66%)，憎恨(26%)，厌恶(8%)
→来自古英语hatian,讨厌，厌恶，来自kad,憎恶，词源同heinous.
v.恨,憎恨;不愿,不喜欢n.恨,憎恶I've hatred for the hateful man's skates bought with prior private privilege.我对那个可恶男子用优先个人特权购买的冰鞋感到厌恶.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to dislike someone or something very much 憎恨，憎恶，厌恶
• Kelly hates her teacher. 凯莉厌恶她的老师。
• She hated the cold dark days of winter. 她不喜欢冬天寒冷阴暗的日子。
• I hate it when you do that. 我非常讨厌你那样做。
• [+ -ing verb] I have always hated speaking in public. 我一直都很讨厌在公共场合讲话。
• I hate him telling me what do to all the time. 我讨厌他每时每刻都在告诉我该做甚么。
• [+ to infinitive] I hate (= do not want) to interrupt, but it's time we left. 我不想打断你，但我们该走了。
• I'd hate (= would not like) you to think I didn't appreciate what you'd done. 我不愿让你认为我不欣赏你做的事。
[heɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
hate sb's guts informal
■to dislike someone very much 非常恨（某人），恨死（某人）
[heɪt] noun countable or uncountable
■an extremely strong dislike 憎恨，憎恶
• She gave him a look of pure hate. 她非常憎恨地看了他一眼。
• The feelings of hate grew stronger every day. 仇恨一天天加深。
• UK One of my pet hates (= one of the main things I dislike) is people who use your name all the while when they're speaking to you. 我最讨厌那些跟你说话时不停地叫你名字的人。
⇒ See also hatred
disgust, hate, dislike
这组词都有“不喜欢”的意思，其区别是：
disgust: 指对令人不快、生厌或坏的东西或行为怀有强烈的憎恶。
hate: 指因对某人或某事强烈不满或反感，或因利害关系等而产生憎恨。
dislike: 普通用词，指任何程度的憎恶，但永远指正面的憎恶和反对。
vt. 憎恨；厌恶；遗憾
 - detest, turn away from
n. 憎恨；反感
 - despite, hatred

Word: dividend
Front: dividend
[ˈdɪvɪdend] (研雅 5827/3056 -3)
Vocabulary: dividend
(once / 817 pages)
n
A dividend is a bonus. If you buy a cup of coffee and the shop owner throws in a free muffin, that's a dividend. Your charm and loyal patronage are paying dividends!
If you own stock and your company has had a good year, you’ll probably get a dividend — a share of the profit the company pays to shareholders. You've probably also heard the word dividend in math class: if you've got 300 divided by 50, 300 is the dividend (and 50 is the divisor).
WORD FAMILY
dividend: dividends
USAGE EXAMPLES
Without a sustainable budget solution, the annual Permanent Fund dividend soon will disappear, as will our savings accounts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Over time, courting the United States paid dividends.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Including dividends, the total return as of Thursday’s close was 12.5 percent.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 红利，股息，利息，（破产时清算的）分配金; ; [数]被除数 opp. divisor; （足球彩票的）彩金
分布：股息(66%)，红利(25%)，被除数(5%)，回报(3%)，彩金(1%)
→来自divide, 分开。用于经济学术语红利，股息。
股息,红利(di+vid+end→分享的股息)[vid,vis=separate,表示"分开"]
n.红利,股息;被除数In 8 ÷ 2, 8 is the dividend.在8除以2这个式子中, 8是被除数.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■(a part of) the profit of a company that is paid to the people who own shares in it 红利，股息
• Dividends will be sent to shareholders. 红利将被派发给股东。
n. 股息； [数] 被除数；奖金
 - bonus, stake

Word: journey
Front: journey
[ˈdʒɜ:ni] (高研四六 2409/1662 -K3)
Vocabulary: journey
(once / 62 pages)
nv
If you're looking for a more refined word to call your latest drive to the beach or trip to the mall, try journey — a noun that describes travel from one place to another.
From the Old French journée, meaning a “day’s work or travel,” journey doubles as both noun and verb. The noun simply refers to a voyage; the verb is the act of taking that voyage. So you can journey across the Sahara, or tell friends about your journey across the desert if you make it back alive. Either way, you should always remember that life is a journey, not a destination.
WORD FAMILY
journey: journeyed, journeyer, journeying, journeys+/journeyer: journeyers/journeying: journeyings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ditch your expectations before beginning the journey and keep an open and curious mind.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He told the Today programme ticket prices are rising because they "need to invest more to provide more and better journeys".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Goff began his journey here last spring as a No. 1 overall draft pick, Hollywood’s newest star, the next Kobe, the new Kershaw.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 旅行，旅程行期; 历程，过程
vi. 旅行，出游
vt. 在…旅行或旅行到过…
时态：journeyed, journeying, journeys
分布：旅行(63%)，旅程(31%)，行程(6%)
→来自古法语journee,一天的行程或工作，来自拉丁语diurnum,天，一天，词源同diurnal.后词义不再受一天的行程所局限，引申词义行程，长途旅程。
旅行,旅程[journ=day,表示"日期"]
n.旅行,旅程v.旅行The honourable journalist spent an hour on the journey of tour.可敬的新闻记者在观光旅程上花了一个小时.
US ['dʒɝ:-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the act of travelling from one place to another, especially in a vehicle （尤指搭乘交通工具的）旅行，行程
• It's a two-hour train journey from York to London. 从约克到伦敦乘火车需要两个小时。
• I love going on long journeys. 我喜欢长途旅行。
• We broke our journey (= stopped for a short time) in Edinburgh before travelling on to Inverness the next day. 我们在爱丁堡稍作停留，第二天继续踏上旅途去印威内斯。
• Did you have a good journey? 你的旅途愉快吗？
• Have a safe journey! 祝你一路平安！
• figurative He views his life as a spiritual journey towards a greater understanding of his faith. 他把生活视作一种深入认识信仰的精神旅程。
See usage note at travel
UK ['dʒɜ:.ni] US ['dʒɝ:-] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition literary
■to travel somewhere 旅行
• As we journeyed south, the landscape became drier and rockier. 我们向南旅行时，土地越来越干燥，岩石越来越多。
expedition, voyage, journey, trip, travel, excursion, tour, cruise
这组词都有“旅行”的意思，其区别是：
expedition: 指有特定目的远征或探险。
voyage: 指在水上旅行，尤指海上旅行，也可指空中旅行。
journey: 最普通用词，侧重指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅行，也指水上或空中的旅行。
trip: 普通用词，口语多用，常指为公务或游玩作的较短暂的旅行。
travel: 泛指旅行的行为而不指某次具体的旅行，多指到远方作长期旅行，不强调直接目的地，单、复数均可用。
excursion: 较正式用词，常指不超过一天的短时期娱乐性游玩，也可指乘火车或轮船往返特定景点的远足旅游。
tour: 指最后反回出发地，旅途中有停留游览点，距离可长可短，目的各异的周游或巡行。
cruise: 主要指乘船的游览并在多处停靠。
n. [交] 旅行；行程
 - tour, trip
vi. [交] 旅行
 - travel, have a trip, go on a trip, wayfare

Word: properly
Front: properly
[ˈprɒpəli] (高四六 2880/1634 -K)
Back: adv. 适当地; 恰当地; 正确地; 完全，非常
分布：正确地(38%)，适当地(37%)，完全地(25%)
US ['prɑ:.pɚ.li] adverb
CORRECTLY 正确地
 ESSENTIAL
■correctly, or in a satisfactory way 正确地；合适地
• It's still not working properly. 它还是不能正常运转。
• I'm not properly dressed for this sort of weather. 我的穿着不适合这样的天气。
• I think you should take it somewhere to have it mended properly. 我觉得你应该把它拿去给人好好修一修。
• Come on, Evie, speak properly - you're not a baby any more! 来，埃薇，好好说话——你已经不是小孩子了！
UK ['prɒp.əl.i] US ['prɑ:.pɚ.li] adverb
SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE 可被社会接受的 formal
■in a socially and morally acceptable way 适当地，恰当地
• Most vegetables should be eaten with a fork but asparagus can be properly eaten with the fingers. 大多数蔬菜要用叉子吃，不过用手拿芦笋吃是合规矩的。
UK ['prɒp.əl.i] US ['prɑ:.pɚ.li] adverb
properly speaking formal
■really 实际上，严格来说
• It's not, properly speaking, champagne but it is very similar. 严格地说，它不是香槟酒，但口感很像。
adv. 适当地；正确地；恰当地
 - correctly, exactly, well, appropriately, adequately

Word: pop
Front: pop
[pɒp] (中研四六雅 2545/3228 -K3)
Back: vi. （意外地、突然地）出现; 突然出现; 发出爆裂声; （突然地）行动
vt. （突然地）伸出; （突然地）提出问题; （把准备好的东西）突然拿出来; 敲击
n. 流行音乐; 汽水; （尤用作称呼）爸; （迅速打上的）记号
adj. 流行音乐的; 通俗风格的; 通俗的; 现代的
adv. 爆炸；砰地
abbr. 邮局协议(post office protocol)
时态：popped, popping, pops
分布：流行的(36%)，突然出现(16%)，取出(11%)，热门的(8%)，通俗的(6%)，开枪(6%)，爆开(6%)，睁大(4%)，突然行动(4%)，爆裂声(3%)
→拟声词。
a.流行的n.(发出)砰的一声v.突然出现The pop song is popular in the populous city.这首流行歌曲在人口稠密的城市流行.
US [pɑ:p] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 IMPROVER uncountable (formal popular music)
■modern popular music, usually with a strong beat, created with electrical or electronic equipment, and easy to listen to and remember 流行音乐
• pop music 流行音乐
• a pop concert/song 流行音乐会／歌曲
• What do you want to listen to - jazz, classical or pop? 你想听甚么——爵士乐、古典音乐还是流行音乐？
• The song reached No. 32 in the pop charts. 这首歌升到了流行音乐排行榜的第32位。
• She wants to be a pop singer/star like Madonna. 她想成为一名像玛丹娜那样的流行歌手／歌星。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] noun
SOUND 声音
countable
■a short sharp sound, like something exploding 发出砰的一声
• I heard a pop and the lights went out. 我听到砰的一声，灯就灭了。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] noun
FATHER 父亲 mainly US informal
■a father 爸爸
• [as form of address] Hey Pop, can I do anything to help? 嘿，爸，我能帮甚么忙吗？
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] noun
DRINK 喝
uncountable (US usually soda) old-fashioned informal
■a sweet fizzy (= with bubbles) drink, usually with a fruit flavour （通常有果味的）汽水
• a bottle of pop 一瓶汽水
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] noun
CRITICISM 批评
take a pop at sb UK informal
■to criticize someone, especially in public （尤指当众）批评（某人），指责（某人）
• She never expected anyone from her own family to take a pop at her. 她从未料到自己的家人会当众指责她。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] noun
OCCASION/OBJECT 事情／项目
countable usually singular US informal
■each particular occasion or object in a series （一系列事情中的）一次，一项
• She gives lectures and gets paid $5 000 a pop. 她做系列讲座，每次报酬5000美元。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] noun
go pop humorous
■to explode 爆炸
• If I eat any more I'm going to go pop! 我再吃肚子就会撑破了！
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
GO 去
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition mainly UK informal
■to go to a particular place 去
• I've just got to pop into the bank to get some money. 我刚去银行领了些钱。
• Paula popped out for a minute. 宝拉出去了一会儿。
• Would you pop upstairs and see if Grandad is okay? 你能上楼去看看爷爷怎么样了吗？
• Why don't you pop in/over and see us this afternoon? 你今天下午为甚么不过来看看我们呢？
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
SOUND 声音
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something to) make a short explosive sound, often by breaking something （使）发出砰的一声；（使）爆开
• The kids were popping all the birthday balloons. 孩子们把所有的生日气球都弄爆了。
• The music played and champagne corks popped. 音乐声响起，香槟酒砰砰地打开了。
intransitive
■If your ears pop, you experience a strange noise and feeling in your ears as a result of a sudden change in air pressure （耳压）变化；耳膜胀痛
• My ears always pop as the plane comes in to land. 飞机降落时我的耳朵总是胀痛。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
MOVE 移动
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to move quickly and suddenly, especially from a closed space （尤指从封闭的空间）爆开，弹出来
• When you open the box, a clown pops out. 你打开盒子时，一个小丑会弹出来。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
PUT 放置
transitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to put or take something quickly 迅速地拿；快速地放
• If you pop the pizza in the oven now, it'll be ready in 15 minutes. 如果你现在把比萨放在炉子里，15分钟就好了。
• He popped his head into the room/ round the door and said "Lunchtime!" 他把头探进房间／从门后探出来说：“吃午饭了！”
• Pop your shoes on and let's go. 穿上鞋，我们走吧。
pop pills informal
■to take pills regularly, especially ones containing an illegal drug 经常性服药；（尤指）服用违法药品，磕药
• A decade of heavy drinking and popping pills ruined her health. 十年来的酗酒和服药毁了她的健康。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
your eyes pop out of your head informal
■a way of describing the way you look when you are extremely surprised to see something or someone （表示惊奇）眼睛瞪得都要掉出来了
• When she saw the amount written on the cheque, her eyes nearly popped out of her head. 当她看到支票上的数字时，她的眼珠子瞪得都快要掉出来了。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
pop your clogs UK humorous
■to die 死，死亡
• I think I'll leave all my money to charity when I pop my clogs. 我想我死后要把所有的钱都捐给慈善事业。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
pop the question
■to ask someone to marry you 求婚
• So did he pop the question, then? 那么，接着他求婚了？
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pop off humorous
■to die 死，死亡
• You're all just waiting till I pop off so you can get your hands on my money. 你们都在等我死，好来分我的钱。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pop sb off humorous
■to kill someone 杀死（某人），干掉（某人）
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pop up informal
■to appear or happen, especially suddenly or unexpectedly （尤指突然地）出现，发生
• She's one of those film stars who pops up everywhere, on TV, in magazines, on Broadway. 她是那种四处露脸的影星，在电视上、杂志上、百老汇，到处可见她的身影。
• The words 'Hard disk failure - program aborted' popped up on the screen. “硬碟故障——程式终止”这几个字突然出现在萤幕上。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] adjective [before noun]
■enjoyed by many people and easy to understand 流行的（许多人欣赏且容易理解的）
• Dario Fo, the famous Italian playwright, is a pop Pirandello. 达里奥‧福是著名的义大利剧作家，和皮兰德娄齐名，只是剧作较流行通俗。
• 'Silence of the Lambs' was pop film-making at its best. “沉默的羔羊”是流行电影业的代表作品。
n. 流行音乐；汽水；砰然声；枪击
 - world music, fizzwater
vi. 突然出现；爆开；射击；瞪大；发出爆裂声
 - crop up, break out in
vt. 取出；开枪打；抛出；突然伸出；突然行动
 - extract, take of
adj. 流行的；通俗的；热门的
 - popular, fashionable, going, ruling, epidemic
adv. 突然；砰地
 - short, amain

Word: unclear
Front: unclear
[ˌʌnˈklɪə(r)] (5282/5656 -2)
Back: adj. 不清楚的; 不明白的; 含糊不清
分布：不清楚的(94%)，含混的(6%)
US [-'klɪr] adjective
 ADVANCED
■not obvious or easy to see or know 不清楚的，含糊的
• The ownership of the painting remains unclear. 这幅画的归属目前还不清楚。
• [+ question word] It's unclear wh at actually happened that night. 那天晚上到底发生了甚么尚不清楚。
• It's unclear wh ether he arrived before or after the shot was fired. 不清楚他是在开枪之前还是之后到的。
 ADVANCED
■If you are unclear about something, you are not certain about it 不太明白的；不确定的
• I'm unclear about a couple of points in your proposal - could you go over them again? 我对你的提议有几点没弄清楚——你能不能再讲一遍？
• I'm unclear (as to) wh ether we're meant to stay here or not. 我不清楚是否是要我们留在这儿。
dim, unclear, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“模糊”的意思，其区别是：
dim: a.光线暗淡的，看不清的；记忆力模糊的；不大可能的。
 • Don't work in dim light.   不要在昏暗的光线下工作。
 • His changes of recovery from illness are dim.   他康复的可能性十分渺茫。
unclear: a.指句意、字迹不清楚，使人难以看懂；不肯定的。
 • Unclear writing is difficult to understand.   模糊的字迹使人难以辨认。
 • It is unclear whether the economy will get better.   经济是否好转仍不明朗。
vague: a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，该词也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。
 • He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.   他大概知道他要做什么，但没有具体的计划。
obscure: a.用于表达因光线不足而使人看不清楚。该词的引申意义可以表示语法、文字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可而使人看不懂和无法理解。
 • The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many obscure references.   艾兹拉·庞德的诗有时候难以理解，因为诗歌中含有许多令人费解的典故。
ambiguous: a.意义含糊的，有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。
 • His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.   他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以至于我们不知道该走哪条路了。
adj. 不清楚的；不易了解的
 - ill-defined, indistinct

Word: condemn
Front: condemn
[kənˈdem] (高研四六托雅宝 4138/3223 -3)
Vocabulary: condemn
(once / 134 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
You can condemn, or openly criticize, someone who is behaving inappropriately. If you are an animal rights activist, you would probably condemn someone for wearing fur.
Condemn originally comes, through Old French, from the Latin word condemnāre, "to sentence, condemn." You may see politicians condemn each other in political ads during a campaign in hopes of improving their chances of winning an election. You also might hear of a convict being "condemned to death." In this sense of the word, to condemn still carries on its Latin meaning of "to sentence."
WORD FAMILY
condemn: condemnable, condemnation, condemnatory, condemned, condemning, condemns+/condemnable: condemnably/ condemnation: condemnations, self-condemnation/condemning: condemningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Leaving him with a mouthful of condemned teeth that would likely deteriorate merely stacked the odds against him.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Wasting no time, House and Senate Republicans are poised to mark the first day of the 115th Congress with resolutions condemning the U.N.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The federal government moved a decade ago to condemn the last privately owned mineral rights to protect against geothermal development within the preserve.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. （通常因道义上的原因而）谴责; 宣判; 宣布…不能使用; 迫使…陷于不幸的境地
时态：condemned, condemning, condemns
分布：谴责(97%)，判刑(3%)
→con-, 强调。-demn, 责备，词源同damn, 该死的。
谴责,指责(com共同+demn→共同伤害→谴责)[demn=harm表示"伤害"]
v.谴责,指责;判刑,宣告有罪The man who broke the sole solid lid is solemnly condemned.打破这个仅有的实心盖子的人受到庄严谴责.
【记】con共同，demn＝damn（v 谴责，诅咒）－共同诅咒－强烈谴责
【参】damnify（v 损害）；indemnify（v 赔偿，补偿）
【反】countenance（v 支持）；extol（v 赞美）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to criticize something or someone strongly, usually for moral reasons （通常指出于道义而）谴责，指责
• The terrorist action has been condemned as an act of barbarism and cowardice. 人们谴责这一恐怖行径是野蛮和懦弱的行为。
• The film was condemned for its sexism. 这出电影被指责带有性别歧视。
[kən'dem] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  condemn sb to (do) sth
■to say what the punishment of someone who has committed a serious crime will be 判决，宣判（某人某种刑罚）
• She was condemned to death and executed two weeks later. 她被宣判死刑，两星期后被处决。
• [often passive] They were condemned to spend the rest of their lives in prison. 他们被判终身监禁。
[kən'dem] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  condemn sb to sth
■to make someone suffer in a particular way 使（某人）遭受；使（某人）处于（不幸的境地）
• Poor education condemns many young people to low-paid jobs. 缺乏教育致使许多年轻人只能从事低收入的工作。
reproach, accuse, charge, rebuke, denounce, scold, condemn, blame
reproach: 侧重指因他人粗心、自私等引起不满而去指责、找岔。
accuse: 正式或非正式场合，私人或法律上均可用，被指控的情节可轻可重，常与of连用
charge: 常与accuse换用，但charge多指较严重的错误或罪行，而且往往向法庭提出正式起诉。与with连用
rebuke: 多指上级对下级进行的公开、强烈、严正而不宽容的责备。隐含一定权威的意味。
denounce: 与condemn同义，但着重公开性。
scold: 普通用词，多指上级对下级、长辈对后辈或雇主对雇员的态度粗暴、言词激烈的数落。
condemn: 正式用词，表示谴责，有较强的司法意味，侧重从道义或原则上的谴责。
blame: 普通用词，语气较弱，仅是一般的责难、归咎于，不含用语言责骂之意。
convict, judge, sentence, doom, condemn
这组词都有“判决、宣判”的意思，其区别是：
convict: 法律用词，指审判后判定有罪，但未作最后判决。
judge: 指对案件作出审理判决，但判决内容较笼统，不如sentence和condemn使用广泛。
sentence: 法律用词，指根据罪犯所犯罪行的轻重而宣判处罚。
doom: 书面用词，指郑重他宣判某人有罪。
condemn: 普通用词，指法院对审理结束的案件做出的定罪判刑。
vt. 谴责；判刑，定罪；声讨
 - denounce, deplore

Word: desperate
Front: desperate
[ˈdespərət] (高研四六托雅宝 3091/2935 -K3)
Vocabulary: desperate
(once / 113 pages)
nadj
Desperate means "having lost all hope." If you are desperate for food, it means you are starving, possibly about to die. If you are in a desperate situation, it means things are really, really bad.
Desperate, desparate, or despirate? The word desperate is misspelled often enough that it's the despair of English teachers. Both desperate and despair come from the same Latin verb as despair. Don't mix it up with disparate, a totally different word that means "distinctive, different, various."
WORD FAMILY
desperate: desperately, desperates, desperatest, desperation +/ desperation: desperations
USAGE EXAMPLES
She looked at me, looked at how desperate I was, the tears streaming from my face, and shook her finger.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
New York, not its opponent, looked like the desperate team in its 19-10 victory over Washington.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
So, why does this fightin’ team produce such uneven results until it’s in a desperate situation?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 绝望的; 由绝望而引起的; 铤而走险的，孤注一掷的; 急切的，极度渴望的
分布：绝望的(53%)，不顾一切的(38%)，极其想要的(9%)
→来自despair, 绝望。
绝望的(de去掉+sper+ate→去掉希望→绝望的)[Sper=hope,表示"希望"]
a.不顾一切的,铤而走险的;绝望的,危急的I deliberately liberated the man who was in despair and desperately struggled for liberation and liberty.我有意解放了那个拼命地争取解放和自由的绝望者.
US [-pɚ-] adjective
SERIOUS 严重的
 ADVANCED
■very serious or bad 非常严重的，非常糟糕的
• desperate poverty 赤贫
• a desperate shortage of food/supplies 食物／供应品的极度匮乏
• The situation is desperate - we have no food, very little water and no medical supplies. 形势非常严峻——我们没有食物和药物，只有很少的水。
 ADVANCED
■very great or extreme 巨大的；极端的；非常的
• The earthquake survivors are in desperate need of help. 地震幸存者极需帮助。
• He has a desperate desire to succeed. 他非常渴望成功。
• informal I'm in a desperate hurry. 我饿极了。
UK ['des.pər.ət] US [-pɚ-] adjective
WANTING 想要的
 ADVANCED [usually after verb]
■needing or wanting something very much 非常需要的；非常想要的
• They are desperate for help. 他们非常需要帮助。
• humorous I'm desperate for a drink! 我特别想喝一杯！
• [+ to infinitive] He was desperate to tell someone his good news. 他很想把自己的好消息告诉别人。
UK ['des.pər.ət] US [-pɚ-] adjective
RISKY 冒险的
 ADVANCED
■feeling that you have no hope and are ready to do anything to change the bad situation you are in （因绝望而）拼命的，不顾一切的
• The doctors made one last desperate attempt/effort to save the boy's life. 医生们为挽救男孩的生命作了最后一次努力。
• Desperate measures are needed to deal with the growing drug problem. 需要对越来越严重的毒品问题采取强而有力的措施。
• They made a desperate plea for help. 他们拼命求助。
■willing to be violent, and therefore dangerous 疯狂的，狂暴的
• This man is desperate and should not be approached as he may have a gun. 此人已是亡命之徒，可能还有枪，千万不要靠近。
desperate, hopeless
desperate: 因绝望而铤而走险
hopeless: 无任何希望；
adj. 不顾一切的；令人绝望的；极度渴望的
 - venturous, devil-may-care

Word: breed
Front: breed
[bri:d] (研四六托雅宝 5698/3721 -K3)
Vocabulary: breed
(once / 146 pages)
1vn 2v
To breed is to have babies, whether you’re a human or a hermit crab. A breed is also a specific type of a domesticated species, like a poodle or Great Dane.
The word breed comes from the Old English bredan which means to "bring young to birth," but also "cherish,” which is how most people feel about their offspring. Awwwww. But the fact is that breeding is reproducing. Also, a breed is a strain or stock of a species, such as a Siamese cat. There are many types of dog breeds, cow breeds, and even pig breeds. Members of a breed usually look and behave in a similar way.
WORD FAMILY
breed: bred, breeded, breeder, breeding, breeds, crossbreed, interbreed+/bred: ill-bred, underbred/breeder: breeders/breeding: breedings, ill-breeding, inbreeding/ crossbreed: crossbred, crossbreeding, crossbreeds/inbreeding: inbreedings/interbreed: interbred, interbreeding, interbreeds
USAGE EXAMPLES
Five species of marine mammals all breed or haul out here, and great white sharks visit regularly to feed on many of them.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He is set to swim through shark breeding grounds near Brazil, where mothers may lash out to protect their young.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
Daily reports of her progress became news, though, in the end, she was more or less the only success from the breeding experiment.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 产（后代），生; 产生，导致; 优生交配; 养育，训练
vi. 产仔; 繁殖，旺盛生长
n. 属; 种类; 类型; 血统
时态：bred, breeding, breeds
分布：繁殖(49%)，品种(46%)，血统(2%)，养育(2%)，教养(1%)
→词源同brew, 蒸，加热。原指小鸡孵化的过程。
v.(使)繁殖,生殖;产生;教养,抚养n.品种In the freezing breeze, the breeder greedily squeezed oil from the seeds.在冰冷的微风中,饲养员贪婪地从种子中榨油.
verb (bred, bred)
REPRODUCE 繁殖
 ADVANCED transitive
■to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way （为繁殖目的）饲养
• Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts. 交配繁殖梗狗是为了保持它们好斗的本性。
• His main income comes from breeding cattle. 他的主要收入来自养牛。
⇒ See also inbred;purebred;thoroughbred;well-bred
intransitive
■(of animals) to have sex and reproduce （为繁殖目的）饲养；（动物）交配繁殖
• The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring. 画眉和大多数鸟一样是在春天繁殖。
[bri:d] verb (bred, bred)
CAUSE 导致
transitive
■to cause something to happen, usually something bad 招致，导致
• Favouritism breeds resentment. 偏袒招致怨恨。
[bri:d] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a particular type of animal or plant （动植物的）品种，种
• a breed of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle 某个品种的狗／猫／马／羊／牛
• What's your favourite breed of dog/dog breed? 你最喜欢哪种狗？
■informal
■a type of person （人的）类型，种类
• Arletty was that rare breed of actress - beautiful, sexy and funny. 阿列蒂是那种少见的女演员——漂亮、性感、幽默。
• A new breed of film-maker has taken over Hollywood. 新一代电影导演在好莱坞占据了主导地位。
• Authentic blues singers are a dying breed (= becoming rare) these days. 正宗的蓝调歌手近来很少见。
vi. 繁殖；饲养；产生
 - increase, result
vt. 繁殖；饲养；养育，教育；引起
 - attract, keep, school, cause, mother
n. [生物] 品种；种类，类型
 - category, variety, manner, nature, description

Word: rome

Word: instrument
Front: instrument
[ˈɪnstrəmənt] (高研四六托雅 1611/1709 -K3)
Vocabulary: instrument
(once / 104 pages)
1nv 2nv
An instrument is usually a tool for making music, like a piano or a guitar, but it can also be used for almost any kind of tool or thing you use to get something done.
A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature. A violin is an instrument used for making music. Recent economic woes were blamed on the abuse of certain financial instruments, which is just a fancy way of saying "deals." Your eye is a very sensitive light-collecting instrument, though you'll need a man-made instrument, like an X-ray telescope, if you want to see light outside of the visible spectrum.
WORD FAMILY
instrument: instrumental, instrumentalist, instrumentation, instrumented, instruments+/ instrumental: instrumentalism, instrumentality, instrumentally/instrumentalist: instrumentalists/instrumentality: instrumentalities/instrumentation: instrumentations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meet the instruments of bigotry in America today.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Several curious children stopped by to see the instrument up close, and Vaughn was happy to oblige.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The program is free for all students, and they receive free dance attire, shoes, costuming, performance attire and musical instruments.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 仪器; 手段，工具; 乐器; 法律文件
vt. 用仪器装备; 为演奏谱曲; 向…提交文书
分布：仪器(48%)，乐器(29%)，工具(17%)，器械(5%)，向…提交文书(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-stru,建造，建设，词源同structure,destruct.引申词义提供的工具，仪器，器械等。后也用于指乐器或法律文件。
工具;仪器;乐器(in内+stru[=struct]+ment→内部结构→仪器、工具)[struct=build,表示"建立"]
n.工具,仪器,器械;乐器The blunder made the underground instrument undergo an undermining of the thunderbolt.这个失策让地下仪器经受了一次雷电的破坏.
noun countable
MUSIC 音乐
 IMPROVER (also musical instrument)
■an object, such as a piano, guitar or drum, which is played to produce musical sounds 乐器
• Which instrument do you play ? 你演奏哪一种乐器？
['ɪn.strə.mənt] noun countable
TOOL 工具
 ADVANCED
■a tool or other device, especially one without electrical power, used for performing a particular piece of work 器械
• surgical instruments 外科手术器械
• instruments of torture 刑具
• The man's injuries had obviously been caused by a blunt instrument. 这人的伤口显然是由钝器所致。
 ADVANCED
■a device used for measuring speed, height, etc. in vehicles, especially aircraft （尤指飞机上的）仪器，仪表
• the instrument panel 仪表板
• The lightning had damaged the plane's instruments, and they weren't giving any readings. 闪电击毁了飞机的仪表，上面甚么资料都显示不出来。
■formal
■a way of achieving or causing something 手段
• He saw the theatre as an instrument of change - a way of forcing people to consider social and political issues. 他把戏剧看作变革的手段——一种迫使人们考虑社会及政治问题的方法。
facility, equipment, instrument
facility: n.指较大的设施、设备，尤指公用的、为大众带来便利的设备。
 • The facility at that club includes tennis courts and a swimming pool.   那家俱乐部的体育设施包括网球场地和一个游泳池。
equipment: n.指生产、研究所需要的设备、装置，如各种机器和器材，是不可数名词。
 • a factory with modern equipment   具有现代化设备的工厂
instrument: n.乐器，仪器，为某个用途而使用的工具。
 • As a flexible actor, he can perform, sing, dance and play several kinds of musical instruments.   作为一个多才多艺的演员，他既可以表演，又会唱歌跳舞，还能够演奏不同种类的乐器。
installation, tool, device, apparatus, implement, equipment, instrument, appliance, facilities
这组词都有“仪器、设备、器械、器具”的意思，其区别是：
installation: 一般多指安装完成，可供使用或操作的整套装置或设施。
tool: 一般指进行特种工作的手工工具，也可指人造使用动力的工具，还可作引申用。
device: 多指为某一特殊用途或解决某一特定机械问题而设计或改装的精巧的仪器或装置。
apparatus: 既可指某种具体的由许多不同零件构成的复杂的仪器、装置或器械，又可指它们的总称。
implement: 原指史前人类所用的工具，现在多指农用工具，也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。
equipment: 多指成套的或重型的设备或装备。通常用作不可数名词。
instrument: 通常指能使人们完成某一精确动作或测量的一种小型仪器，尤指电工仪表、测量装置，航海或航空用的控制装置。
appliance: 侧重指家用机器或设备，尤指家用电器。
facilities: 常用复数形式，指可供使用的设备或设施。
n. [仪] 仪器； [机] 工具；乐器；手段；器械
 - facilities, vehicle, engine, tool, implement

Word: procedure
Front: procedure
[prəˈsi:dʒə(r)] (高研四六托雅 1369/897 -K3)
Vocabulary: procedure
(once / 399 pages)
1n 2n
A procedure is a tried and true process or method used to accomplish a particular task. Using sharp metal picks, dentists scrape the plaque from their patients’ teeth. While effective, it’s a procedure most people despise.
The word procedure is often used in the fields of medicine and law, sometimes in combination with other words, as in "surgical procedure" or "legal procedure." A "Parliamentary procedure" is the set of rules that you follow at a meeting of a club or some other organization (not necessarily a House of Parliament). Procedure is also related to the word procedural, which is sometimes used a term for a genre of television drama in which the plot revolves around a technical procedure, like the solving of a police case.
WORD FAMILY
procedure: procedural, procedures+/ procedural: procedurally/ proceed: procedure, proceeded, proceeding, proceedings, proceeds, procession / procession: processional, processions/processional: processionally, processionals
USAGE EXAMPLES
The school announced the procedure is scheduled for Friday, with an anticipated recovery time of four weeks.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Over the long term, though, might the procedure affect their eating and digestion?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He begged us to perform the extractions at the same time so that he would not be awake for the procedures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 程序，手续; 工序，过程，步骤; 诉讼程序，（议会的）议事程序; 〈罕〉进行
分布：程序(67%)，步骤(18%)，手续(15%)
→来自proceed,行进，前进。引申词义程序，步骤。
程序;手续(pro在前＋ced+ure→在前面走完的程序)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
n.程序,手续,步骤During the procession, the microprocessor finished the processing procedure.在队伍行进时,微处理器完成了加工过程.
US [-dʒɚ] noun
WAY TO DO 程式
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a set of actions which is the official or accepted way of doing something 程式；步骤；常规
• The company has new procedures for dealing with complaints. 公司采取了新的处理投诉事宜的程式。
• You must follow correct procedure at all times. 你必须随时按照正确的步骤操作。
UK [prə'si:.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] noun
MEDICAL TREATMENT 医疗处理
 ADVANCED countable
■a medical operation 医疗处理；手术
• It's a routine/standard surgical procedure. 这是一个普通的外科手术。
UK [prə'si:.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] noun
COMPUTING 电脑
countable specialized
■in computing, part of a program which performs a particular job and which is operated by the main part of the program when it is needed （电脑的）应用程式
n. 程序， [管理] 手续；步骤
 - routine, program, move, step

Word: quote
Front: quote
[kwəʊt] (研四六宝 2255/2039 -K4)
Vocabulary: quote
(once / 106 pages)
1vn 2v
If a journalist is interviewing you and you blurt out something inappropriate, you will have to ask her not to quote you on that. Sometimes the word quote is used as shorthand for quotation, a passage of speech or writing that’s repeated word for word.
As a verb, to quote means to repeat someone’s words, attributing them to their originator. If you’re giving a speech on personal organization, you might want to quote Ben Franklin in it — he’s the master. When you write out a quote, you put the other person’s words in quotation marks (“Aha!”). Sometimes a price estimate is called a quote, like when a mechanic looks at your engine and gives you a quote for the cost of repair.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
quote / quotation
If you quote someone, do you create a quote or a quotation? To quote is to transcribe what someone said or wrote, crediting that person:
As a result, until yesterday, the Company had been quoted only on the Pink Sheets.
"She was kind of a rainbow," Sheri Potter said Wednesday, quoting Kimmie's father, Cecil.
A quotation is the transcription of what someone said or wrote, crediting that person:
A quotation attributed to Adolf Hitler that made its way into a high school yearbook in Pennsylvania has left students, parents and educators mortified.
Yet we also see quote used to mean quotation, and not just by Johnny-Come-Lately quotation publishers like Quote of the Day, BrainyQuote, and the Quotations Page:
Twain is known for more notable quotes about more topics than you can shake a stick at.
It features the presidential seal in the center and quotes from some of the leaders Obama admires most.
Most dictionaries allow that quote can mean quotation, though some will label such usage as informal. Given the prevalence of this usage in edited news copy, don't worry overmuch about using quote to mean quotation ... unless, of course, you're writing for someone who is very formal.
WORD FAMILY
quote: misquote, quotable, quotation, quoted, quoter, quotes, quoting, underquote+/misquotation: misquotations/ misquote: misquotation, misquoted, misquotes, misquoting/ quotable: quotability, quotably, unquotable/ quotation: quotations/quoter: quoters
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the exact quote is, “Administration should support and defend activist groups by nullifying slander and smear campaign from bigger group.”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Vatican spokesman Greg Burke tells The Associated Press the quotes are “invented.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nevertheless Comey says he is recommending that no criminal charges be brought against Clinton, because, quote, “I don’t want to die.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 引述，引用
vt. 报价; 引述
vi. 引用
n. 引用; 报价; 引号
时态：quoted, quoting, quotes
分布：报价(49%)，引用(39%)，引述(11%)，举证(1%)
→来自拉丁语quot,多少，来自kwo,疑问代词词干，词源同quality,quantity.用于指文章引用出处，章节，后用于指投标，报价。
v.引用,援引The author frequently quoted Shakespeare.作者经常引用莎士比亚作品里的话.
【记】读：抠他，把他的话从嘴里抠出来－引证
US [kwoʊt] verb
SAY 说
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to repeat the words that someone else has said or written 引用，引述，援引
• He's always quoting from the Bible. 他总是引用《圣经》上的话。
• "If they're flexible, we're flexible", the official was quoted as saying. 援引那位官员的话说：“如果他们能变通，我们也能变通。”
• She worked, to quote her daughter, "as if there was no tomorrow". 用她女儿的话来说，她工作起来“就像没有明天似的”。
• Can I quote you on that (= Can I repeat to other people what you have just said) ? 你讲的那些话我可以告诉别人吗？
transitive
■If you quote a fact or example, you refer to it in order to add emphasis to what you are saying 举出，举证
• [+ two objects] Quote me one organization that doesn't have some bad managers. 请给我举出一个没有不善管理的经理的机构来。
UK [kwəʊt] US [kwoʊt] verb
GIVE PRICE 报价
transitive
■to give a price, especially one that will be charged for doing a piece of work 报价
• The architect has quoted £40,000 to build an extension. 扩建部分建筑师开价40000英镑。
UK [kwəʊt] US [kwoʊt] verb
quote ... unquote informal
■said to show that you are repeating someone else's words, especially if you do not agree with them （尤指在不赞同某人时表示引用其话语）引文起…引文止
• She says they're, quote 'just good friends' unquote. 她说她们，开引号，“只是好朋友而已”，关引号。
UK [kwəʊt] US [kwoʊt] noun
countable
■informal forquotation quotation 的非正式用法
quotes [plural]
■informal forquotation marks quotation marks（引号）的非正式用法
• Put the title of the article in quotes. 替文章的标题加上引号。
cite, quote, repeat
这组词都有“引用，复述”的意思，其区别是：
cite: 指引经据典以示证明或凭据。
quote: 指不加剪裁的直接引用原文或原话。
repeat: 仅强调口头或笔头重复别人的话或字句，并不必指明出处。
vt. 报价；引述；举证
 - make offers, price quotation
vi. 报价；引用；引证
 - reference, make offers
n. 引用
 - citing, citation

Word: theme
Front: theme
[θi:m] (高研四六托雅 1655/1703 -K3)
Vocabulary: theme
(once / 248 pages)
1nv 2n
A theme can be an underlying topic of a discussion or a recurring idea in an artistic work. Anxiety about getting married is a big theme in romantic comedies.
From ancient Greek thema (via Latin and French) we get this word, whose many related uses all have to do with the idea of "the main subject of something." In music, it can be a recurring melody in a composition, or an entire song throughout a play or film (a theme song). It can also describe the decor of a setting: "The amusement park had a Wild West theme."
WORD FAMILY
theme: thematic, themed, themes, theming+/ thematic: thematically, unthematic
USAGE EXAMPLES
The theme of the Rose Parade that year was "Headlines in Flowers."
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s sort of the theme for the Heat season so far.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The theme of falling is alive in South Africa.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [乐]主题; 主旋律; 题目，话题; （学生的）作文
adj. 以奇想主题布置的
分布：主题(90%)，主旋律(5%)，题目(5%)
→来自希腊语 thema,主题，提议，假设，来自 dhe,放置，做，词源同 do,fact,thesis.-ema, 名词后缀。比喻用法，引申诸相关词义。
n.题目,主题;主旋律,基调The extra theme of the supreme scheme is an extreme secret.至高无上的计划的额外主题是个极端机密.
noun countable
MAIN SUBJECT 主题
 IMPROVER
■the main subject of a talk, book, film, etc. （谈话、书籍、电影等的）题目，主题
• The theme of loss runs through most of his novels. 失落这一主题贯穿了他的大多数小说作品。
[θi:m] noun countable
TUNE 乐曲
■a song or tune which is played several times in a film, etc. and which is therefore remembered as belonging to that film, etc. （电影等的）主题歌，主题曲
• a theme song/tune 主题歌／曲
■a short, simple tune on which a piece of music is based （谈话、书籍、电影等的）题目，主题；（音乐的）主旋律
article, paper, theme, composition, dissertation, essay, prose, thesis
这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
article: 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
paper: 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
theme: 一般指大学或高中生作为作业所写的篇幅有限、较完整论述某个观点的文章。也可指作品或谈话的主要论题。
composition: 多指学校里老师给学生的作文练习。
dissertation: 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
essay: 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
prose: 专指散文。
thesis: 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
topic, subject, theme, issue
这组词都有“主题、话题”的意思，其区别是：
topic: 普通用词，含义广泛，但其范畴小于subject。既可指文章、讲话的题目，谈话的内容，又可指提纲中的标题甚至段落的主题或中心思想。
subject: 一般用词，使用广泛。指书籍、文章、演讲、讨论等中所隐含的、暗示的，需要由读者或听众推断的主题或中心话题。
theme: 系正式用词，多指文学、艺术作品的主题，或论文、演说的主题。
issue: 指有争论、议论，急需讨论研究的热点话题。
song, theme, melody, tune
这组词都有“乐曲、曲调”的意思，其区别是：
song: 多指配有歌词的歌曲。
theme: 指主旋律。
melody: 指悦耳的曲调旋律。
tune: 指曲调，与配有歌词的歌曲相对。
n. 主题；主旋律；题目
 - topic, subject, titles, motive

Word: conglomerate
Front: conglomerate
[kənˈglɒmərət] (托宝 10258/9077 -1)
Vocabulary: conglomerate
(once / 2020 pages)
vadjn
A conglomerate is a group of things, especially companies, put together to form one. If you are rich enough to buy a TV network, a record company, several newspapers, and a radio station, you too can own a media conglomerate.
The root of conglomerate is glomus, a Latin word for “ball.” So think of a conglomerate as a bunch of different things balled together. Before it came to describe giant corporations, a conglomerate was a rock formed from different kinds of minerals. Conglomerate can also be used as a verb — like when your media companies conglomerated successfully.
WORD FAMILY
conglomerate: conglomerated, conglomerates, conglomerating, conglomeration +/ conglomeration: conglomerations
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the founding families still dominate almost all the conglomerates, in part, critics say, because of lax enforcement of corporate governance and tax laws.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
During parliamentary hearings into the corruption scandal, top executives at Samsung and other conglomerates admitted contributing to Ms. Choi’s foundations and companies.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Irving lobbied for the law, which paved the way for the conglomerate to mine in a northern Maine deposit.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 联合大企业; 砾岩; 合成物; 组合物
adj. 成团的; 砾岩性的
vt. 使聚结; 使成团
时态：conglomerated, conglomerating, conglomerates
分布：联合企业(48%)，结合(16%)，城郊混合区(6%)，成簇的(6%)，密集体(6%)，使结成(6%)，使聚集(6%)，聚成一团的(6%)
→con-, 强调。-glom, 球，块，词源同global, agglomerate.
合并,联合[glomer=ball(球)]
【记】con共同，glomer球，团－共同聚集变成球－聚集
【参】agglomerate（vt 使成团；使成块；使凝聚）
US [-'glɑ:.mɚ-] noun
COMPANY 公司
countable
■a company that owns several smaller businesses whose products or services are usually very different 联合大企业，企业集团
• a financial/industrial conglomerate 金融／工业企业集团
UK [kən'glɒm.ər.ət] US [-'glɑ:.mɚ-] noun
ROCK 岩石
countable or uncountable specialized
■a rock which consists of small rounded stones that are held together by clay and sand 砾岩
n. [岩] 砾岩；企业集团； [动] 聚合物
 - enterprise group, keiretsu
adj. 成团的；砾岩性的
 - volumed

Word: unity
Front: unity
[ˈju:nəti] (研四六托 3749/2795 -3)
Vocabulary: unity
(once / 247 pages)
1n 2n
Unity is being together or at one with someone or something. It's the opposite of being divided.
This is a word for togetherness or oneness. When the north won the Civil War, it assured the unity of the United States. Sports teams wear uniforms to show unity, and their fans wear team colors for the same reason. When a bunch of people act as one and are on the same page, they're displaying unity. When people are bickering and disorganized, there's no unity. In any group or cause, unity can be hard to find and maintain.
WORD FAMILY
unity: disunity, unities+/disunite: disunited, disunites, disuniting/disunited: disunitedly/disunity: disunities/ reunite: reunited, reunites, reuniting/ unite: disunite, reunite, united, unites, uniting, unity / united: unitedly/uniting: unitings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The celebration includes the recognition of the seven Kwanzaa principles of unity, self-determination, collective work and responsibility, cooperative economics, purpose, creativity and faith.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The archbishop echoed the sentiment of Prime Minister Theresa May, who called for unity following June's "divisive" vote in her new year message.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Snoop Dogg and The Game led a unity march to the Los Angeles Police Headquarters after the killings of Dallas police officers.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 统一体; （艺术等）完整; （文学、戏剧）（情节、时间和地点的）统一性; 团结一致
分布：统一(79%)，一致(13%)，整体(7%)，结合(1%)
→来自拉丁语unus, 一，词源同one。引申义联合，一致。
单一;一致(uni+ty)[un,uni=one,表示"单一,一个"]
n.团结;统一,一致,整体For unity the units united into a unique union.为了统一,这些单位联合成一个独特的联盟.
US [-nə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the state of being joined together or in agreement 联合；一致；团结；和睦
• European political and economic unity 欧洲政治和经济的统一
• a call for national unity 号召全民团结
unity, concord, agreement, harmony, accord
这组词都有“和谐、一致”的意思，其区别是：
unity: 指各个成员、各群体之间相互协调一致的关系。
concord: 多指人际、国家间或民族之间协调一致的关系。
agreement: 侧重态度与观点上的一致。
harmony: 指人与人之间或不同部分与整体之间完全协调、和谐、愉快，没有摩擦。
accord: 指思想一致，彼此不矛盾，也指行动上的一致。
n. 团结；一致；联合；个体
 - accordance, agreement, alliance, identity, combination, union, association

Word: supermarket
Front: supermarket
[ˈsu:pəmɑ:kɪt] (中高雅 4682/4087 -K2)
Back: n. 超级市场; 自动售货商店
分布：超级市场(100%)
→super-,超级，market,市场。
n.超级市场During this serious period, the superior asked the inferior a series of questions about the supermarket.在这段严肃时间内,上级问了下级一连串有关超级市场的问题.
US [-pɚˌmɑ:r-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a large shop which sells most types of food and other goods needed in the home, in which people take from shelves the things they want to buy and pay for them as they leave 超级市场，超市

Word: happening
Front: happening
[ˈhæpənɪŋ] (6702/6340 -1)
Back: n. 事件; 意外发生的事
v. 发生(happen的现在分词); 碰巧
分布：偶然发生的事(50%)，动词happen的现在分词形式.(25%)，即兴表演(25%)
noun countable usually plural
■something that has happened 发生的事
• Recent happenings on the money markets can be interpreted in various ways. 近期货币市场上发生的事可以从多方面来解释。
■a performance or similar event that happens without preparation 即兴演出
['hæp.ən.ɪŋ] adjective informal
■describes a place that is extremely fashionable and exciting （指场所）极为时髦的，极刺激的
• Ask Caroline - she knows all the happening clubs in town. 去问卡洛琳——她知道城里所有的时髦俱乐部。
accident, happening, event, occurrence, incident
这组词都有“事故、事件”的意思，其区别是：
accident: 强调偶然或意外发生的不幸事情。
happening: 和occurrence这两个词多指日常生活中发生的一般事件，有时也指偶然发生的事。
event: 可指任何大小事件，但尤指历史上的重大事件。
occurrence: 和happening这两个词多指日常生活中发生的一般事件，有时也指偶然发生的事。
incident: 既可指小事件或附带事件，又可指政治上具有影响的事件或事变。
n. 事件；意外发生的事
 - event, incident, occurrence, circumstance, scene

Word: punish
Front: punish
[ˈpʌnɪʃ] (中高研四六 3862/4686 -K2)
Vocabulary: punish
(once / 78 pages)
v
To punish is to discipline or penalize someone because they've done something wrong. If you stole the cookie from the cookie jar, someone may have to punish you. Not you? Then who?
A judge will often punish a guilty defendant with community service or parole — or sometimes even with time spent in prison, if the crime is serious enough. You probably punish your puppy for chewing your shoes simply with a firm "No!" Sometimes people are punished unfairly, like how higher gas prices punish the people who can already barely afford to drive to their jobs.
WORD FAMILY
punish: punishable, punished, punishes, punishing, punishment +/punishable: punishably/punished: unpunished/ punishing: punishingly/ punishment: punishments, self-punishment
USAGE EXAMPLES
"At 2-2 I just started to drop and got punished."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
But voters brutally punished Mr Clegg for his gamble.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It's just one incident, but it supports Rohingya claims that they are being abused and collectively punished by the military.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 处罚; 严厉对付; 贪婪地吃喝
时态：punished, punishing, punishes
分布：惩罚(84%)，处罚(15%)，粗暴对待(1%)
→来自拉丁语punire,惩罚，处罚，纠正，来自 poena,处罚，罚金，词源同pain,penal.
惩罚(pun+ish)[pen,pun=penalty,表示"处罚"]
v.惩罚,处罚I'm to be punished for publishing his bad reputation to the public of the republic.我因将他的坏名声公布给共和国的公众将受到惩罚.
verb transitive
CRIME 犯罪
 IMPROVER
■to cause someone who has done something wrong or committed a crime to suffer, by hurting them, forcing them to pay money, sending them to prison, etc 惩罚
• Those responsible for these crimes must be brought to court and punished. 那些该为罪行负责的人必须被送上法庭接受惩罚。
• He punished the class by giving them extra work. 他给这班学生多派了些作业作为对他们的惩罚。
• The oil company was found guilty on ten counts of pollution, and was punished with a $250 million fine. 这家石油公司被判犯了十项污染环境的罪状，被罚款2.5亿美元。
⇒ See also punitive
■to punish anyone who commits a particular crime 惩处（犯罪行为）
• Drunken driving can be punished with a prison sentence. 酒后驾车可被处以监禁。
['pʌn.ɪʃ] verb transitive
TREAT BADLY 很差地对待
■to use or treat badly, violently or without care 粗暴对待，伤害
• He really punishes that horse of his. 他狠狠地教训他的马。
vt. 惩罚；严厉对待；贪婪地吃喝
 - penalise, chastise
vi. 惩罚
 - drop across, come down on

Word: bonus
Front: bonus
[ˈbəʊnəs] (高研六托雅 4172/3780 -2)
Back: n. 奖金，额外津贴; 红利，额外股息; 退职金; 额外令人高兴的事情
分布：奖金(86%)，红利(13%)，意外所得之物(1%)
→来自词根bon, 好。
奖金[bon=good(好)]
n.奖金,红利The workers got a National Day bonus.工人得到国庆节奖金.
【记】bon好，us我们－我们的好事－发奖金了，分红利了
US ['boʊ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an extra amount of money that is given to you as a present or reward as well as the money you were expecting 奖金；花红；红利；津贴
• a productivity bonus 生产效益奖金
• a Christmas bonus 圣诞节奖金
• The company used to give discretionary bonus payments. 公司过去常常会酌情发放一些奖金。
 ADVANCED
■a pleasant extra thing 另外的优点；额外的好处
• I love the job, and it's an added bonus that it's so close to home. 我喜欢这份工作，它还有个优点是离家很近。
n. [劳经] 奖金； [经] 红利；额外津贴
 - prix, dividend

Word: absorb
Front: absorb
[əbˈsɔ:b] (高研四六托雅宝 3120/2879 -K2)
Vocabulary: absorb
(once / 158 pages)
v
To absorb is to take in or suck up like a sponge. If you don't hear your mother calling because you are reading, you could say you were absorbed in the book.
If your parents buy groceries for a party you are throwing and don't make you pay, you could say that they decided to absorb the cost of the food. Young minds absorb information easily. The word, absorbent, describes something that is capable of absorbing something else. When you go swimming on a chilly day, it's best to carry an absorbent towel so that all of the water is absorbed from the surface of your skin.
WORD FAMILY
absorb: absorbable, absorbate, absorbed, absorbent, absorber, absorbing, absorbs, absorption, absorptive, reabsorb+/absorbed: absorbedly, self-absorbed/absorbency: nonabsorbency/absorbent: absorbency, absorbents, nonabsorbent/absorber: absorbers/absorbing: absorbingly/ absorption: absorptions, self-absorption/ absorptive: absorptivity, nonabsorptive/reabsorb: reabsorbed, reabsorbing, reabsorbs, reabsorption
USAGE EXAMPLES
The gas is drawn off and compressed for further use, and the amine solution is then cycled back through the system to absorb more CO2.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Feet need to be squared up; pushes need to be absorbed, not leaned into.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rookie quarterback Jared Goff, the No. 1 pick in the draft, was sacked seven times and absorbed numerous hits.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 吸收（液体、气体等）; 吸引（注意）; 吞并，合并; 忍受，承担（费用）
时态：absorbed, absorbing, absorbs
分布：吸收(94%)，承受(4%)，吞并(1%)，吸引 ... 的注意(1%)
→前缀ab-,此处用于强调义。词根sorb,吸收，吮吸，拟声词。
吸收(ab+sorb吸收→吸收掉)[ab-,abs-加在词根前,表示"相反,变坏,离去"等]
vt.吸收(水,光,蒸汽等);使全神贯注The distracted reader can't be absorbed in the abstract extract.心神纷乱的读者无法专心于抽象的节录.
【参】absorbed（adj 精神集中的）；absorbent（adj 能吸收的；n 吸收剂）
【反】emit（v 发射，喷出）；radiate（v 发射，辐射）；reflect（v 反射）；exude（v 渗出）
US [-'zɔ:rb] verb transitive
TAKE IN 吸收
 ADVANCED
■to take something in, especially gradually （尤指逐渐）吸收
• Plants absorb carbon dioxide. 植物吸收二氧化碳。
• In cold climates, houses need to have walls that will absorb heat. 在气候寒冷的地方，房屋的墙壁必须能吸收热量。
• Towels absorb moisture. 毛巾吸收水汽。
• The drug is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. 药物迅速被血液吸收流遍全身。
• Our countryside is increasingly being absorbed by/into the large cities. 我们越来越多的农村地区正被大城市蚕食掉。
■to reduce the effect of a physical force, shock or change 消减；缓解
• The barrier absorbed the main impact of the crash. 碰撞产生的大部分冲击力被防撞墙吸收了。
UK [əb'zɔ:b] US [-'zɔ:rb] verb transitive
UNDERSTAND 明白
■to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them 理解；掌握
• It's hard to absorb so much information. 掌握如此大量资讯非常困难。
UK [əb'zɔ:b] US [-'zɔ:rb] verb transitive
INTEREST VERY MUCH 很有兴趣
■If someone's work, or a book, film, etc. absorbs them, or they are absorbed in it, their attention is given completely to it （使）完全吸引住；（使）全神贯注于…
• Simon was so absorbed in his book, he didn't even notice me come in. 西蒙读书太入神了，我进来他都没有注意到。
⇒ See also self-absorbed
incorporate, absorb, suck, digest
这组词都有“吸收”的意思，其区别是：
incorporate: 指一物或多物与它物相融合，形成一整体。
absorb: 普通用词，词义广泛，既可指吸收光、热、液体等具体东西，又可指吸收知识等抽象概念的东西。
suck: 作“吸收”解时，可与absorb换用，但还可有“吮吸”之意。
digest: 侧重在消化道内改变食物的化学结构后被人体吸收。
vt. 吸收；吸引；承受；理解；使…全神贯注
 - attract, engage, see, read, seize

Word: painting
Front: painting
[ˈpeɪntɪŋ] (高研四六托雅 1056/1348 -K4)
Vocabulary: painting
(once / 153 pages)
n
If you want to study painting, go to art school. If that doesn’t work out, maybe you can get a job painting houses. Then you can paint a house purple or paint a picture, which is called a painting.
Slapping a coat of paint on your apartment walls is painting, but so is creating a masterpiece like Van Gogh's "Starry Night" or maybe even C.M. Coolidge’s “Dogs Playing Poker.” The picture that results from your painting experiments is also called a painting. The Latin root of painting, pingere, means "to paint," but also "to stain, embroider, or tattoo."
WORD FAMILY
painting: paintings+/ paint: paintable, painted, painter, painting, paints, repaint/paintable: unpaintable/ painted: unpainted/painter: painterly, painters/repaint: repainted, repainting, repaints
USAGE EXAMPLES
This work, painted in 1618, is really about the visual puzzle it presents, but this is packaged in the guise of a religious painting.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
A Chinese immigrant, Mr Wong's vibrant paintings captured Walt Disney's eye and became the basis of the film's distinct style.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
A lot of intricate craft pieces, artwork, paintings.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 绘画; 油画; 上色，着色; 颜料，油漆
v. 绘画（ paint的现在分词）; 涂色于
分布：绘画(99%)，动词paint的现在分词.(1%)
n.上油漆,着色;绘画;油画;画法Do they teach painting at your school?你们学校里有图画课吗?
US [-tˌɪŋ] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a picture made using paint 绘画，油画
• The walls are covered in oil paintings. 墙上挂满了油画。
• an exhibition of 19th-century French painting 19世纪法国绘画作品展
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the skill or activity of making a picture or putting paint on a wall 绘画；（上）油漆
• We were taught painting and drawing at art college. 我们在美术学院学过绘画和素描。
• When we bought the house, we had to do a lot of painting and redecorating. 我们买下这幢房子的时候，不得不好好油漆装修一番。
picture, sketch, cartoon, illustration, diagram, painting, portrait, drawing
这组词都有“画，图”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 指广义的“图画”，现多用来指相片、画像。
sketch: 通常指只画出物体主要特征的图画。
cartoon: 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。
illustration: 指插入书页之间帮助说明的任何插图或图解。
diagram: 多指科技书籍或文献中具有概括解说作用的图表、图样或略图。
painting: 指着色的画。
portrait: 指肖像，只用于指人。
drawing: 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。
n. 绘画；油画；着色
 - brushwork, coloration
v. 绘画（paint的ing形式）；涂色于
 - drawing

Word: policymaker
Front: policymaker
['pɒləsɪmeɪkə(r)] (6562/34466)
Back: n. 政策制定者，决策人
分布：决策者(53%)，政策制定者(47%)
N-COUNT
（政治）政策制定者，决策人
In politics, policymakers are people who are involved in making policies and policy decisions.
例：...top economic policymakers.最高经济政策制定者
n. 政策制定者；决策人
 - decision-maker

Word: somewhat
Front: somewhat
[ˈsʌmwɒt] (研四六托雅 1897/1966 -K3)
Back: adv. 稍微; 有点; 达到某种程度
n. 少量; 某些数量; 某种程度
分布：有些(45%)，多少(19%)，一些(14%)，稍微(13%)，几分(6%)，某物(3%)
pron. & ad.一点儿,几分I am somewhat tired of this work.我对这个工作有点厌倦了 .
US [-wɑ:t] slightly formal
adverb
 ADVANCED
■slightly 有点，稍微有些
• The resort has changed somewhat over the last few years. 近几年来，这个旅游胜地出现了些变化。
• She's somewhat more confident than she used to be. 她比过去自信了一些。
• We were somewhat tired after our long walk. 走了很长的路之后，我们有些累了。
somewhat of
■to some degree 在某种程度上，有些
• She was known for being somewhat of a strange character. 大家都觉得她性格有些怪。
adv. 有点；多少；几分；稍微
 - how, any

Word: bureaucracy
Front: bureaucracy
[bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi] (研六雅宝 4976/4420 -2)
Vocabulary: bureaucracy
(once / 1369 pages)
n
A bureaucracy is an organization made up of many departments and divisions that are administered by lots of people. If you've ever had to deal with health insurance or financial aid, you're familiar with the dark side of bureaucracy.
Bureaucracy has a bad reputation because it has come to mean an organization or government that is chin-deep in red tape and unnecessary procedures. When dealing with a bureaucracy, expect to fill out lots of forms and wait. Bureaucracies are mocked in the hilarious film "Brazil," where people have mind-numbing jobs they do while sitting at desks. Bureaucracy is an organization administered by people behind desks, or bureaus. Bureaus, get it?
WORD FAMILY
bureaucracy: bureaucracies, bureaucratic +/ bureaucrat: bureaucracy, bureaucrats/ bureaucratic: bureaucratically
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s reason to be concerned about the ability of some of Trump’s Cabinet nominees to manage the large bureaucracies of their new agencies.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“I’m not a wallowing behemoth with a giant bureaucracy,” Mr. Ford said.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Politicians promised that the Regents would consolidate some schools, eliminate others, reduce education bureaucracy and save public funds.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 官僚主义; 官僚机构; 官僚政治
分布：官僚(75%)，官僚主义(22%)，官僚制度(3%)
→bureau, 办公室。cracy, 统治。
官僚政治(bureau政府机构+cracy)[cracy=rule,表示"统治或政体";crat=ruler,表示"统治者"]
n.官僚主义,官僚机构;(非民选的)委任官员Corruption is a pestilence of bureaucracy.贪污腐败是官僚主义的一种罪恶.
【记】bureau（办公室；政府的局、处等），cracy统治－官僚政治
【参】bureaucratic（adj 官僚的）；bureaucratization（n 官僚政治化）
US [bjʊ'rɑ:.krə-] mainly disapproving
noun countable or uncountable
■a system for controlling or managing a country, company or organization that is operated by a large number of officials who are employed to follow rules carefully 官僚作风；官僚主义；官僚体制
• I had to deal with the university's bureaucracy before I could change from one course to another. 我要想调换课程必须先应付大学里的官僚主义。

Word: institutional
Front: institutional
[ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃənl] (3206/3604 -2)
Vocabulary: institutional
(once / 2681 pages)
adj
Something institutional is what you'd expect from a big entity like a college or corporation, such as the institutional cinder-block dorm room walls or the institutional policy of giving employees 10 sick days per year.
Accent the third syllable in institutional: "in-stih-TOO-shun-ul." The word institutional can be used to describe something related to an organization or a corporation, like institutional reform or institutional policies. Something that's institutional is often thought of as bland or boring, like the institutional food served to hospital patients. Institutional things often share, for better or worse, a certain sameness.
WORD FAMILY
institutional: institutionally, noninstitutional+/ institute: instituted, institutes, instituting, institution / institution: institutional, institutionalise, institutionalize, institutions/institutionalise: institutionalised/institutionalised: noninstitutionalised/ institutionalize: institutionalized, institutionalizes, institutionalizing/institutionalized: noninstitutionalized
USAGE EXAMPLES
But how about the more insidious institutional prejudice?
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Years of violence, civil war and assassinations ensued before the country stabilized under an “institutional” revolutionary party, which grew progressively more hierarchical and autocratic.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
“It was an institutional conspiracy,” said the acting director general of Russia’s national antidoping agency.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 由来已久的; 习以为常的; 公共机构的; 慈善机构的
分布：机构的(44%)，制度上的(37%)，学会的(11%)，惯例的(8%)
→来自institution,机构，慈善机构。
US [-'tu:-] mainly disapproving
adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to an institution 收容机构的
• The hospital provides typically awful institutional food. 医院供应的是公共机构常见的那种难吃的食物。
institutional, instrumental, universal, fundamental
institutional: 制度上的，公共机构的
instrumental: 起作用的，有助于
universal: 全体的，普及的，大众的
fundamental: 基础的，根本的，必要的

Word: proof
Front: proof
[pru:f] (研四六托 2865/2743 -K3)
Vocabulary: proof
(once / 102 pages)
1n 2nv 3vadj 4n 5v
Proof is the evidence that shows something is true or valid. When you show the logical steps that take you from your hypothesis that the world is round to the conclusion that it is, you're formulating a proof.
Photographic prints that haven't been touched up are also called proofs, and that’s also what you call the first copy of a printed text, before it's checked for errors and corrected. When you check a text for errors, you're proofing. If your poker strategy is foolproof, even somebody who knows nothing about poker — a poker fool, that is — can’t get it wrong. Proof is a word you’ll see on bottles of alcohol, too: 90-proof rum means it's 45% alcohol.
WORD FAMILY
proof: disproof, proofed, proofing, proofs+/disproof: disproofs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hanman focused on the recent test of a liquid-fueled rocket engine as proof of this emerging capability for the North.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But as I’ve discussed before, many athletes are willing to spend money and try therapies with little proof of potential gain.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Proof, residents say, that the new rail cars are the source of the increase in sound and vibration.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 证明; 校样; 检验; （酒的）标准酒精度
adj. 防…的; 抗…的; 能抵御; 能防范
vt. 给（织物）做防护处理，使防水（或防火等）; 印…的校样
vi. [印刷术] 校对; 发酵
时态：proofed, proofing, proofs
分布：证明(58%)，证据(32%)，校样(5%)，检验(4%)，防 ... 的(1%)
→来自prove的名词形式，拼写比较believe,belief.
n.证据,证明;校样,样张The proof of the pudding is in the eating.空言不如实证.
noun
SHOWING TRUTH 证明真实
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a fact or piece of information which shows that something exists or is true 证据；证物；证明
• [+ that] Do they have any proof that it was Hampson who stole the goods? 他们有甚么证据证明是汉普森偷了货物？
• I have a suspicion that he's having an affair, though I don't have any concrete (= definite) proof. 我怀疑他有婚外情，不过我没有确凿的证据。
• If anyone needs proof of Andrew Davies' genius as a writer, this novel is it. 如果有人需要证据证明安德鲁•大卫斯是天才作家，这本小说就是。
• "How old are you?" "Twenty-one." "Have you got any proof on you?" “你几岁？”“21岁。”“你身上有甚么证明吗？”
• Keep your receipt as proof of purchase. 保留收据作为购物证明。
[pru:f] noun
PRINTED COPY 印刷品
countable
■a printed copy of something which is examined and corrected before the final copies are printed 校样
• I was busy correcting proofs. 我正忙着改校样。
[pru:f] noun
The proof of the pudding (is in the eating). saying
■said to mean that you can only judge the quality of something after you have tried, used or experienced it 布丁好不好，吃了才知道（空谈不如实证）
[pru:f] adjective [after noun]
ALCOHOL 酒精
■of the stated alcoholic strength, a higher number meaning a greater amount of alcohol 标准酒精浓度的
• It says on the bottle that it's 60 percent proof. 瓶子上写着酒精浓度为60度。
[pru:f] adjective [after noun]
PROTECTED 受保护的 formal
■providing protection against something 耐…的，防…的
• No household security devices are proof against (= protect completely against) the determined burglar. 再好的家用防盗装置也防不住有心要偷的窃贼。
• Her virtue would be proof against his charms. 她的美德使她不受他的魅力所吸引。
[pru:f] verb transitive
■to treat a surface with a substance which will protect it against something, especially water 给（表面）作防护处理；（尤指）给…作防水处理
testimony, evidence, proof, witness
这组词都有“证据、见证”的意思，其区别是：
testimony: 指证据、证词，多系法律用语。
evidence: 普通用词，在法律上指能起证明作用的，如证明、公证书以及所有的实物东西等。在生活中指任何一样可证明某一件事的真实性的东西。
proof: 指足以直接证明某事为某事实的依据，侧重作为充分证据所导致的结果。
witness: 指证据或证人，尤指后者，且有亲眼见到之意。
n. 证明；证据；校样；考验；验证；试验
 - authentication, certification, demonstration, confirmation, witness
vt. 试验；校对；使不被穿透
 - try out, put to test

Word: golden
Front: golden
[ˈgəʊldən] (中高研四六 1821/2240 -3)
Vocabulary: golden
(once / 85 pages)
adj
Something that's golden is made out of gold. A queen in a fairy tale might wear an elaborate golden crown.
Aside from golden ornaments and jewelry, things the color of gold are also golden, like a boy's golden hair or golden fields of wheat. If you talk about a golden time or a golden opportunity, you mean something marked by luck, peace, and happiness. In Old English, it was common to add the suffix -en to mean "made of," but golden is one of just a few of these words in modern English (including wooden and waxen).
WORD FAMILY
golden: goldener, goldenest, goldenly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A fourth-year veteran, Hyde intercepted a pass at the goal line intended for Golden Tate with 1:35 left in the game.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“To see where I started and to see where we’re ending with our last game in the Rose Bowl is surreal,” Golden said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The honor of Miss Golden Globe is also an openly nepotistic one.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 金（黄）色的; 金质的; 美好的
分布：金色的(73%)，珍贵的(10%)，黄金般的(8%)，金的(6%)，绝佳的(3%)
金(色)的(gold金子)[-en 1.表动词"变成"2.表形容词"由…制成",通常加在名词后面3.表名词"人或物"]
a.金黄色的;贵重的,极好的The girl has golden hair.那女孩长了一头金发.
US ['goʊl-] adjective
GOLD 金
 ESSENTIAL
■made of gold 金质的，金的
• a golden necklace 金项链
 ADVANCED
■the colour of gold 金色（的）；金黄色（的）
• golden hair/skin 金发／金色的外皮
• miles of golden beaches 延绵数英里的金色海滩
UK ['gəʊl.dən] US ['goʊl-] adjective
SPECIAL 特别的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■special, successful, or giving someone an advantage 特别的；非常有利的；成功的
• the golden days of our youth 我们年轻时的黄金岁月
• He's got a place at university which gives him a golden opportunity to do research in the subject which interests him. 他在大学里获得了一个职位，这为他研究自己感兴趣的课题提供了绝佳的机会。
• I like listening to those radio stations that play all the golden oldies (= old popular songs which people still like or which have become liked again). 我喜欢收听那些播放怀旧金曲的广播电台。
gold, golden
gold: 指真金制品, a gold ring
golden: 指金色的,但金鱼用gold fish
adj. 金色的，黄金般的；珍贵的；金制的
 - precious, aureate

Word: ranking
Front: ranking
[ˈræŋkɪŋ] (5038/9081 -2)
Vocabulary: ranking
(once / 875 pages)
nadj
Your spot on a scale is your ranking. If your football team has a #10 ranking and you’re playing #1, well good luck. Your class ranking is how you measure up. The student with the highest ranking is the valedictorian.
All kinds of things have rankings, from the top 100 colleges in the US to a person's constantly updated list of favorite horror movies. Athletes and the teams they play for have rankings too. In the military, someone who has a higher rank, or position, than anyone else who's present might say, "As the ranking officer, I'll command the troops to retreat."
WORD FAMILY
ranking: rankings+/ rank: ranked, ranker, rankest, ranking, rankly, rankness, ranks/ranked: unranked/ranker: rankers/rankness: ranknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
For example, the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute does health rankings of counties in every state.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The teams were regarded among the best in the region, according to MaxPreps.com’s computer rankings.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As high-school basketball players return from the holiday break, they’ll find The Seattle Times state basketball rankings mostly the same — at least at the top.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 社会地位，社会阶层; 顺序，次序; 行列; 军队
adj. 头等的; 高级的; 超群的
分布：排(48%)，列(25%)，等级(13%)，排列(6%)，列为(3%)，阶层(2%)，繁茂的(1%)，讨厌的(1%)，分等级(1%)
noun countable
■a rank or level, for example in a competition 排名；名次；地位
• Last year Wiseman rose from 266 to 35 in the tennis world rankings. 去年怀斯曼在世界网坛的排名从第266位猛升至第35位。
• The city's housing costs were enough to earn it a ranking of 66th nationally. 该市的高房价使之在全国城市中排名第66。
['ræn.kɪŋ] adjective [before noun] US
■being the officer of highest rank present at a particular time （某一时候）地位最高的，最高级的
• General Steinberger was the ranking officer present at the meeting. 斯坦伯格将军是出席会议的级别最高的军官。
adj. 上级的；头等的；超群的
 - superior, top
n. 等级；地位
 - status, degree, classification, capacity, grade
v. 排列；归类于（rank的ing形式）
 - ranging

Word: airbus

Word: rig
Front: rig
[rɪg] (六雅宝 8285/8228 -2)
Vocabulary: rig
(once / 396 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
When you rig something, you connect parts in a way that's so crazy it just might work. You could rig your jeans by using a paper clip to replace a button that pops.
Rig can also describe deceiving people to achieve a certain outcome. Voting multiple times, purposely miscounting the number of votes a person received, even throwing out certain people's votes: these are all ways to rig an election. Outraged people say, "The election was fixed!" This doesn't mean it was repaired; it means it was rigged — fraud played a role in the outcome.
WORD FAMILY
rig: rigged, rigger, rigging, rigs+/ rigged: unrigged/rigger: riggers/ rigging: riggings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The digital media ecosystem is completely rigged against ethical responsibility in ways that are potentially more destructive than the old media ecosystem.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Palmyra, parts of it already destroyed by the Islamists who deemed these monuments idolatrous, was still rigged with explosives.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“So it’s rigged if Hillary wins, but it’s not rigged if Trump’s winning?” correspondent Allana Harkin asked a Trump voter.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 船桅（或船帆等）的装置; 成套器械; 捣蛋，恶作剧; 阴谋，诡计
vt. 给（船、桅杆）装配帆及索具; 用临时替代材料迅速搭起; （用不正当手段）操纵; 垄断
时态：rigged, rigging, rigs
分布：操纵(33%)，钻塔(19%)，装备(16%)，装配(10%)，服装(7%)，钻井架(6%)，临时赶造(3%)，装扮(3%)，帆具(3%)
→可能来自北欧某语言，最终来自 reig,绑定，来自 reg,拉直，管理，词源同 rack,regulate. 引申词义帆，索具，后引申动词义操纵，控制等。
【记】rig不是right的行为
verb transitive (-gg-)
DISHONESTLY ARRANGE 作假
■to arrange dishonestly for the result of something, for example an election, to be changed （采取不正当的手段）操纵；对…做手脚
• Previous elections in the country have been rigged by the ruling party. 这个国家以前的选举都受到了执政党的操纵。
[rɪg] verb transitive (-gg-)
FIX IN PLACE 固定到位
■to fix a piece of equipment in place 安装；装配
• We rigged up a tent between two trees. 我们把帐篷扎在两棵树之间
• The sailors rigged the ship with new sails. 水手们给船装配上了新帆。
[rɪg] verb transitive (-gg-)
rig the market
■to make the price of shares go up or down in order to make a profit 操纵股市
[rɪg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rig sb out informal
■to put a particular type of clothing on someone 给（某人）穿上特别的衣服
• [R] We rigged ourselves out in tracksuits and running shoes for the race. 我们穿上了田径服和跑鞋去赛跑。
[rɪg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rig sth up
■to quickly make a piece of equipment from any materials you can find 匆匆做成；仓促拼凑
• I rigged up a temporary radio aerial from a coat hanger. 我用一个衣撑凑合著做了一个收音机临时天线。
[rɪg] noun countable
STRUCTURE 结构
■a large structure which is used for removing oil or gas from the ground or the bottom of the sea （开采石油或天然气的）钻井架，钻塔，钻井设备
• Safety precautions on oil rigs are designed to cope with fires and small-scale explosions. 已经对钻塔制定了安全预防措施，以应付火灾和小规模的爆炸事故。
[rɪg] noun countable
TRUCK 货车 mainly US a truck consisting of two or more parts which bend where they are joined so that the vehicle can turn corners more easily 铰接式货车；大型货车
n. 装备；钻探设备；服装； [船] 帆装
 - equipment, clothing, arm, garment, wear
vt. 操纵；装配；装扮；装上索具
 - man, guide, manipulate

Word: sitting
Front: sitting
[ˈsɪtɪŋ] (7512/5951)
Back: n. （摆姿势让人画像或拍照的）一次（时间）; 开会; 入席; （饭店等）一批
adj. 坐着的; 就座的; 在任期中的; 孵卵中的
v. （使）坐( sit的现在分词 ); 坐落; 处在; （在…中）任职
分布：坐着的(35%)，开会(16%)，一次(14%)，开庭(11%)，就餐时段(4%)，孵卵的(4%)，易击中的(4%)，供人画像或拍照期间(4%)，动词sit的现在分词.(4%)，现任的(4%)
→sit,坐下，-ing,动名词后缀。引申比喻义开会。
US ['sɪtˌ-] noun countable
BE SEATED 安排座位
■a period when a meal is served in a place like a hotel （旅馆的）用餐时间
• When the hotel is full, dinner is served in two sittings. 旅馆客满时，用餐分两批进行。
■a period spent by a model who is being painted, photographed, etc. （模特儿摆姿势让人画像或拍照的）一次（时间）
• The portrait was finished after only three sittings. 这张肖像只画了三次就画完了。
UK ['sɪt.ɪŋ] US ['sɪtˌ-] noun countable
MEETING 会议
■a meeting of a parliament, court, etc. （议会、法庭等）开会，开庭
UK ['sɪt.ɪŋ] US ['sɪtˌ-] noun countable
at/in one sitting
■during one limited period of time, without stopping 一口气地
• I enjoyed the book so much that I read it all in one sitting. 我太喜欢这本书了，一口气就把它读完了。
n. 入席，就坐；开庭；孵卵；坐着的一段时间
 - session

Word: chunk
Front: chunk
[tʃʌŋk] (托雅宝 4502/6981 -2)
Back: n. 厚厚的一块; （某物）相当大的数量或部分; 强壮、结实的马
分布：矮胖的人或物(40%)，发出猛冲的声音(40%)，相当大的量(20%)
→来自chuck的鼻音拼写。
【记】chun拼：蠢－矮胖的人看上去就是蠢。
【参】chunky（adj 人或动物矮胖的）
noun countable
■a roughly cut piece 大块；厚块
• a chunk of cheese/meat 一大块起司／肉
• pineapple/tuna chunks 凤梨／金枪鱼块
■informal
■a part of something, especially a large part 一部分；（尤指）大部分，一大块
• a chunk of text 一大段文字
• a substantial chunk of our profits 我们利润的很大一部分
• Three hours is quite a chunk out of my working day. 三个小时占了我一个工作天中相当长的时间。
n. 大块；矮胖的人或物
 - bulk, blocking

Word: finger
Front: finger
[ˈfɪŋgə(r)] (中高研四六 1042/1109 -K4)
Back: n. 手指; 指状物; 指针
vt. 伸出; 告发; 用手指触摸
vi. 用手指触摸; 拨弄
时态：fingered, fingering, fingers
分布：指针(61%)，触碰(26%)，用指抚摸(13%)
→来自penkwe, 五，词源同five，fist.用于指手指。
n.手指;指状物;指针The tenderer surrendered her tremendously slender tender fingers.投标者交出了她异常纤细娇嫩的手指.
US [-gɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■any of the long thin separate parts of the hand, especially those which are not thumbs （尤指除大拇指之外的）手指
• He noticed her long delicate fingers. 他注意到她纤细修长的手指。
• I cut my finger chopping onions last night. 我昨晚切洋葱时割破了手指。
⇒ See also forefinger;index finger;ring finger;little finger
■a part of a glove (= hand covering) which covers a finger （手套）套手指的部分，指部
UK ['fɪŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] noun countable
be all fingers and thumbs UK (US be all thumbs)
■to move your hands in an awkward way 手不够灵巧；笨手笨脚
• I'm all fingers and thumbs today. That's the second plate I've dropped this morning. 我今天笨手笨脚的，这已经是我今天早上打碎的第二个碟子了。
UK ['fɪŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] noun countable
cross your fingers (also keep your fingers crossed)
■to hope that things will happen in the way that you want them to 祈求好运
• It's her exam this morning so cross your fingers. 今天上午她要考试，祝她好运吧。
• We're just hoping the weather stays nice and keeping our fingers crossed. 我们希望好天气能持续下去，并祈求天公做美。
UK ['fɪŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] noun countable
give sb the finger US
■to show someone in an offensive way that you are angry with them by turning the back of your hand towards them and putting your middle finger up 向（某人）竖起中指（手背朝外，表示愤怒，具有冒犯性）
UK ['fɪŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] noun countable
have a finger in every pie
■to be involved in and have influence over many different activities, often in a way that people do not approve of （常指不受欢迎地）凡事插手，到处干预
UK ['fɪŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] noun countable
have a finger in the pie
■to be involved in something, often when your involvement is not wanted 参与某事；（常指）多管闲事
UK ['fɪŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] noun countable
have your fingers in the till UK
■to steal money from the place where you work 内盗，监守自盗
UK ['fɪŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] noun countable
not lift/raise a finger
■to not make any effort to help 不（肯）帮一点忙，不（愿）尽举手之劳
• He never lifts a finger to help with the housework. 他从不帮忙做家务。
UK ['fɪŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] noun countable
point the finger at sb
■to accuse someone of being responsible for something bad that has happened 指责（某人）
• Unhappy tourists have pointed the finger at unhelpful travel agents. 不满的游客纷纷指责旅行代办人办事不力。
UK ['fɪŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] noun countable
pull/get your finger out UK informal
■to start working hard, especially after a period of low activity （尤指在一段不太活跃的时期过后）开始努力工作
• She's really going to have to pull her finger out if she wants to finish before Friday. 她要是想在星期五之前完成，就必须赶紧再加把劲。
UK ['fɪŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] noun countable
put your finger on sth
■to discover the exact reason why a situation is the way it is, especially when something is wrong 确切地指出（尤指出错的原因）
• There's something odd about him but I can't quite put my finger on it. 他有点不对劲，但我说不出到底是甚么。
UK ['fɪŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] verb transitive
TOUCH 触碰
■to touch or feel something with your fingers 用手指触碰；抚摸
• She fingered her necklace absent-mindedly as she talked. 她说话时心不在焉地拨弄着项炼。
UK ['fɪŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] verb transitive
TELL THE POLICE 告诉员警 informal
■If you finger someone, you tell the police that they are guilty of a crime. （向员警）指证，告发（罪犯）
n. 手指；指针，指状物
 - index, pointer
vt. 伸出；用手指拨弄
 - extend, reach out

Word: opt
Front: opt
[ɒpt] (研雅 4704/3825 -3)
Vocabulary: opt
(once / 233 pages)
v
To opt is to choose. Given the alternative, most kids will opt for a cupcake over a ham sandwich.
When you're signing up for next semester's classes, you might opt for another history class, or instead opt for advanced biology. Whenever you have more than one alternative, you have the chance to opt for something. You can also opt out of something, or choose not to do it at all. Opt comes from the French verb opter, "to choose," from the Latin root optare, "desire," and it's related to option.
WORD FAMILY
opt: optative, opted, opting, option, opts+/optative: optatively/ option: optional, options/ optional: optionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
She opted for secluded beaches despite her concerns about swimming in places with no flags or lifeguards.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Better to opt for the petite pool, where an inflatable gold swan bobs next to the chic lounge.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Even if Trump opts to pull back Obama’s sanctions and overlook hacking allegations, he may find rapprochement with Russia isn’t that simple.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 选择，挑选
时态：opted, opting, opts
分布：选择(95%)，决定(5%)
→来自拉丁语optare,选择，词源同option.
vi.抉择,选择He opted to go alone.他决定独自一人去.
US [ɑ:pt] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to make a choice, especially for one thing or possibility in preference to any others 选择，挑选；（尤指）优先选择
• Mike opted for early retirement. 麦克选择了提前退休。
• [+ to infinitive] Most people opt to have the operation. 大多数人选择动手术。
UK [ɒpt] US [ɑ:pt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  opt out
■to choose not to be part of an activity or to stop being involved in it 选择不参与；选择退出
• Within any society, there will usually be people who decide to opt out (= choose not to live the way most people do). 通常，任何社会都会有人决定不按常规方式生活。
• The government has been encouraging individuals to opt out of the state pension scheme. 政府一直在鼓励个人不参加国家养老金制度。
opt-out
    UK [ˈɒpt.aʊt] US [ˈɑːpt-] noun countable
• Since the opt-out, the hospital has been responsible for its own budgeting. 自从脱离地方政府的管辖后，这家医院独立负责自己的预算。
UK [ɒpt] US [ɑ:pt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  opt in
apt, opt
这是一对形近易混词。
apt: a.易于……的，(后接to)；恰当的，贴切的。
 • She is apt to make mistakes if you pressure her too much.   如果你给她施加的压力过大，她就很容易出错。
opt: v.选择，抉择，后接for。
 • She opted for a winter vacation, instead of one in summer.   她选择了在冬天休假而不是夏天。
elect, select, pick, prefer, choose, opt
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
elect: 指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。
select: 书面用词，具有庄严、正式的感情色彩。强调精选。
pick: 口语用词，多指从个人角度仔细挑选，也含任意挑选之意。
prefer: 强调个人偏爱，不一定有选择的行动。
choose: 普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，着重被选者的优点。
opt: 多指在几种可能性之间进行选择。
vi. 选择
 - to choose, to make a choice

Word: bribe
Front: bribe
[braɪb] (研六雅宝 10665/11092 -2)
Vocabulary: bribe
(once / 455 pages)
nv
You pay a bribe to get someone to do something they wouldn't do otherwise. It's usually dishonest and often criminal.
Bribes can be utterly corrupt and illegal — like when you offer a bribe to a politician so she'll make a decision in your favor. On the other hand, a bribe can be somewhat benign — like when your mom bribes you with an ice cream if you play with your little brother. When you bribe someone, you can say you're "greasing their palm."
WORD FAMILY
bribe: bribable, bribed, briber, bribery, bribes, bribing+/briber: bribers/bribery: briberies
USAGE EXAMPLES
In its impeachment motion, the National Assembly characterized the money as bribes.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Karen objects to fruit juice in grade-school lunches; however, like most of us, she resorts to sugary bribes when necessary.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Wealthy businessmen and officials were purchasing elaborate carvings as luxurious gifts or, in some cases, bribes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 贿赂，行贿
n. 贿赂; 诱惑物
时态：bribed, bribing, bribes
分布：贿赂(98%)，贿赂物(2%)
→在古英语指施舍给乞丐的小片面包，词源同break, 分开，小块。
n.贿赂v.向...行贿,买通The briber described the tribe head's bribery.行贿者描述了部落首领的受贿行为.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to try to make someone do something for you by giving them money, presents or something else that they want 贿赂；收买
• He bribed immigration officials and entered the country illegally. 他贿赂移民官员非法入境。
• [+ to infinitive] They bribed the waiter to find them a better table. 他们贿赂餐厅侍者，让他找一张好一点的桌子。
[braɪb] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■money or a present that you give to someone so that they will do something for you, usually something dishonest 贿赂
• He was accused of accepting/taking bribes from wealthy businessmen. 他被指控收受富商们的贿赂。
vt. [法] 贿赂，收买
 - buy over, grease
vi. [法] 行贿
 - corrupt practices
n. [法] 贿赂
 - fix, golden key, payola, glove money

Word: transition
Front: transition
[trænˈzɪʃn] (研六托雅宝 2212/2912 -3)
Vocabulary: transition
(once / 472 pages)
nv
A transition is a change from one thing to the next, either in action or state of being—as in a job transition or as in the much more dramatic example of a caterpillar making a transition into a butterfly.
Transition is awfully reassuring in its tidy reliance on regular forms. Trans means "cross," so when you hear it at the beginning of a word you know that it indicates crossing, as in transatlantic or translate. An odd thing happening with transition lately is that it is transitioning from its familiar form as a noun to a newer life as a verb, as in “We’re going to transition Gloria to that new job.”
WORD FAMILY
transition: transitional, transitioned, transitioning, transitions+/ transit: transited, transiting, transition, transits/ transitional: transitionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trade Representative, a transition official says, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The Trump Organization and his transition team did not respond to AP requests for comment.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Trade Representative, a transition official said Monday night, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 过渡，转变，变迁; [语]转换; [乐]变调
时态：transitioned, transitioning, transitions
分布：过渡(62%)，转变(38%)
→来自 transit,中转，过渡，-ion,名词后缀。
过渡,转变(trans交换+it+ion→交换走→过渡)[it=go,表示"行走"]
n.转变,变迁,过渡(时期)The gigantic panther in pants passed the transition period of heart transplant.穿裤子的巨大黑豹度过了心脏移植的过度期.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a change from one form or type to another, or the process by which this happens 转变；过度
• The health-care system is in transition at the moment. 医疗保健制度目前正在变革。
• There will be an interim government to oversee the transition to democracy. 将会有一个临时政府来进行监督过度到民主政治的过程。
transfer, transaction, transition, transmission, transformation
这是一组在考研和CET-6中经常出现的形近易混词。
transfer: n.转移，转让；(工作的)调动；(旅途中的)换乘，改变路线。
 • The club's goalkeeper isn't happy here, and has asked a transfer.   这个足球俱乐部的守门员在此过得不愉快，已经要求转会到其他俱乐部。
transaction: n.交易行为，处理。
 • Transactions of shares on the stock exchange were up today.   今天证券交易所的股票成交额上升了。
transition: n. (从一种情况到另一种的)过渡，更替。
 • The transition from high school to college can be difficult for students.   对于学生来说，从中学到大学的过渡会是困难的。
transmission: n.传播(比如疾病)；广播。
 • The transmission of germs can occur by contact, breathing, and eating.   细菌通过接触、呼吸和饮食传播。
transformation: n. (外观或性质的)改变，改观，转变。
 • His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marrige.   他结婚之后性格判若两人。
n. 过渡；转变； [分子生物] 转换；变调
 - conversion, switching, changing

Word: scope
Front: scope
[skəʊp] (研四六托宝 3107/2487 -2)
Vocabulary: scope
(once / 564 pages)
1n 2n
Business people like to use the word scope because it specifies the extent of their responsibilities. Once you know the scope of a project, you can decide if you're qualified and how much time it will take to do it.
If your boss gives you a new task and you don't want to do it, tell him or her it's not within the scope of your duties. A scope is also a device used to see something in the distance. You'll find one on shotguns, submarines, radars and the like. You can use scope as a verb meaning "to look out or around." When you and your friends go out, you probably scope out a few places to see where the action is.
WORD FAMILY
scope
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beyond defining its scope, there are competing ideas about what a convention should tackle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Acknowledging the true scale and the scope of the problem is the first step.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The throwaway scope: A way to ditch superbugs?
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （处理、研究事务的）范围; 眼界，见识; （活动或能力的）余地; 广袤，地域
v. 审视，仔细研究
分布：范围(92%)，机会(4%)，眼界(2%)，仔细研究(1%)，观看的仪器(1%)
→来自拉丁语 scopus,视野，范围，来自希腊语 skopos,观看者，观察者，置换自 spek,看， 注视，观察，词源同 spectator,inspect.
n.(活动)范围;机会,余地There's not much scope for imagination in this job.做这项工作发挥想像力的机会不太多.
US [skoʊp] noun uncountable
RANGE 范围
 ADVANCED
■the range of a subject covered by a book, programme, discussion, class, etc. 范围
• I'm afraid that problem is beyond/outside the scope of my lecture. 恐怕那个问题超出了我的课程范围。
• Oil painting does not come within the scope of a course of this kind. 油画不在这类课程范围内。
• We would now like to broaden/widen the scope of the enquiry and look at more general matters. 我们现在要扩大调查的范围，多注意一些普遍情况。
UK [skəʊp] US [skoʊp] noun uncountable
OPPORTUNITY 机遇
■the opportunity for doing something （做某件事的）余地，机会
• There is limited scope for further reductions in the workforce. 进一步裁员的余地有限。
UK [skəʊp] US [skoʊp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scope sth/sb out US informal
■to look carefully to see if something or someone is interesting or attractive 仔细观察（看某事物／某人是否有趣或具吸引力）
• We scoped out the local shops and facilities to see if it would be a good place to rent a flat. 我们仔细观察了一下附近的商店和公共设施，看那个地方是否适于租房住。
territory, scope, range, span
territory: 领土（的范围）
scope: （处理、研究事物的）范围
range: （种类或变化的）限度，范围，幅度，程度；视力或听力所达到的距离，声音所能传送的距离；（枪、炮、导弹等的）射程
span: 跨度，跨径；（某事物）自始至终的持续时间或期间
n. 范围；余地；视野；眼界；导弹射程
 - extent, boundary, region, spectrum, territory, range, area

Word: veto
Front: veto
[ˈvi:təʊ] (研六托雅宝 7289/10573 -2)
Vocabulary: veto
(once / 975 pages)
nv
A veto is a no vote that blocks a decision. The President can veto some bills that pass his desk.
A veto is a very official way of saying "No!" Vetoes block or forbid something, and the word is also used more loosely. The President of the United States can veto Senators who oppose his ideas, but if he tries to veto his daughter from joining the swim team, he might encounter his fiercest opponent yet. If you strongly disagree with your friends' choice of a movie, you could say, "I have to veto that." Vetoes vote no.
WORD FAMILY
veto: vetoed, vetoes, vetoing, vetos
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Dayton vetoed the package due to a costly wording error, and plans to revive it in special session never materialized.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But in a veto memorandum he said the bill didn’t fully address the problem.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Though ostensibly a defense of our decision not to veto a U.N.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 否决权，否认权; 行使否决权; 否决理由
vt. 否决，不同意; 不批准，禁止
vi. 否决; 禁止
时态：vetoed, vetoing, vetoes
分布：否决(67%)，否决权(33%)
→来自拉丁语veto,我反对，我禁止。
n./v.否决The President threatened to use his veto against the bill.总统威胁要对这个议案行使否决权.
【区】vote（n /v 投票；选举）
【反】consent（v /n 同意）
US [-oʊ] noun countable or uncountable (plural vetoes)
 ADVANCED
■(a) refusal to allow something to be done 否决；禁止
• The Ministry of Defence has the power of veto over all British arms exports. 国防部有权禁止英国所有的武器出口。
• In theory the British government could use its veto to block this proposal. 理论上英国政府可以利用否决权来阻止这项议案通过。
• The Senate voted to override the President's veto of the proposed measures. 参议院投票推翻了总统对拟议中的措施的否决。
• mainly UK Mum has put a veto on our watching television for more than two hours an evening. 妈妈禁止我们每天晚上看电视超过两个小时。
UK ['vi:.təʊ] US [-oʊ] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to refuse to allow something 否决；禁止
• In 1961, President De Gaulle vetoed Britain's entry into the Common Market. 1961年，戴高乐总统行使否决权，反对英国加入西欧共同市场。
• [+ -ing verb] My boss vetoed my taking any more time off this year. 我的老板不允许我今年再请假。
n. 否决权
 - neto
vt. 否决；禁止
 - bar, inhibit
vi. 否决；禁止
 - rule against, vote down

Word: evolve
Front: evolve
[iˈvɒlv] (研四六托宝 2821/3445 -2)
Vocabulary: evolve
(once / 188 pages)
v
When something evolves, it changes, or develops over time, like your taste in music and clothes, which evolve as you get older.
Evolve comes from the Latin word ēvolvere, "to unroll," the perfect image to keep in mind when thinking of this verb. When something is unrolling or unraveling, it is doing so gradually, not all at once. Evolve describes a development that is taking its time to reach its final destination. Think change with a speed limit. Your taste in music evolved from the nursery rhymes you loved as a little kid to whatever you like today. Even places can evolve, like the old-fashioned coffee shops that evolved into Internet cafes as people began to bring their laptops with them.
WORD FAMILY
evolve: evolution, evolved, evolves, evolving+/ evolution: evolutionary, evolutionism, evolutions, microevolution/ evolutionary: evolutionarily/evolutionism: evolutionist / evolutionist: evolutionists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The league continues to evolve, with the passing game becoming more dominant.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We are committed to listening to our community and evolving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The broadcaster commissioned British photographer Martin Parr to "capture an evolving portrait of modern Britain in all its diversity" for 2017.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使发展; 使进化; 设计，制订出; 发出，散发
vi. 发展; [生]通过进化进程发展或发生
时态：evolved, evolving, evolves
分布：进化(100%)
→e-, 向外。-vov, 卷，词源同volume, voluble. 后用于进化义，并通过达尔文的使用使该词广泛传播。
发展,进化(e出+volv+e→转出来→发展,进化)[vol,volv,volt=roll,turn,表示"卷,转"]
v.(使)发展;(使)进化;(使)进展Man has evolved from the ape.人是从类人猿进化来的.
【记】e出，volve卷，转－转出来－发展；进化
【参】evolution（n 发展；演化）
US [-'vɑ:lv] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually （使）逐步发展；（使）逐步演变；（使）逐渐形成；（使）进化
• Humans evolved from apes. 人类是由猿进化而来的。
• The company has evolved over the years into a multi-million dollar organization. 这间公司在几年内逐步发展成为一间拥有几百万美元资产的大企业。
• Bacteria are evolving resistance to antibiotics. 细菌正逐渐对抗生素产生抵抗力。
revolve, involve, evolve
revolve: v.旋转，转动。
 • The room began to revolve , then he fainted.   屋子开始旋转，然后他就昏倒了。
involve: v.需要，包含；使卷入，牵涉。
 • Getting a driver's licence involves learning how to drive, studying the rules of the road, and taking a test.   要得到驾驶执照需要学习开车，学习交通规则，还要经过考试。
evolve: v.发展，演变。
 • Agriculture evolved slowly over thousands of years.   几千年来，农业发展得很缓慢。
vt. 发展，进化；进化；使逐步形成；推断出
 - go way, to develop
vi. 发展，进展；进化；逐步形成
 - grow, expand, advance

Word: truly
Front: truly
[ˈtru:li] (高四六 1719/2576 -K3)
Vocabulary: truly
(once / 100 pages)
adv
Truly is an adverb that means "in truth" or "really." You would say, "That is truly beautiful" or "It was truly a beautiful wedding."
When you're truly sick, you're really sick. When you're truly sorry, you're sincerely sorry. A truly odd story is extremely strange or bizarre. A truly scary movie is terrifying. This word has to do with things that are actually or absolutely so. It's also used as a closing in letters. Instead of "Sincerely" or "Sincerely yours," many people write, "Yours truly" or "Very truly yours." The idea is: "I really mean this; you can trust me."
WORD FAMILY
true: trued, truely, trueness, truer, trues, truest, truing, truism, truly, truth, untrue+/ truism: truisms/ truth: truthful, truths, untruth/truthful: truthfulest, truthfully, truthfulness, untruthful/untrue: untruely, untruest, untruly/untruth: untruths/untruthful: untruthfully, untruthfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is truly enormous; from the tall observation tower, the ranks of black panels stretch almost to the horizon.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
The Protestant pastor says he believes in a larger meaning of civility, a definition that captures a truly civil approach to social justice.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Such resignation points to the reform that is truly needed.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 真正; 精确地，正确地; 忠实的，诚实地; 正当地
分布：真诚地(38%)，真实地(37%)，正确地(25%)
→true,真实的，-ly,表副词。
adverb
EMPHASIZING TRUTH 强调事实
 ADVANCED
■used to emphasize that what you are saying is true 真实地；确实地；如实地
• At this time of year the river is a truly beautiful sight. 每年的这个时候，这条河的景色确实很美。
• She was a truly great actress. 她确实是一名很了不起的演员。
• This is a truly remarkable achievement. 这是一项真正令人惊叹的成就。
• It was a truly terrifying experience. 这是一次真正令人胆寒的经历。
['tru:.li] adverb
REALLY 真正地
■really existing; in fact 真地，真正地；真实地
• These will be the first truly democratic elections in the country's history. 这些将是该国历史上首次真正的民主选举。
• It's hard to obtain truly independent financial advice. 很难获得真正客观的金融建议。
• This is a desperate situation which requires a truly radical solution. 形势危急，需要快刀斩乱麻。
['tru:.li] adverb
SINCERELY 衷心地
 ADVANCED formal
■sincerely 真心地，真诚地，衷心地
• Truly I could not have done this without you. 说真的，没有你我不可能取得成功。
• He truly believes he can cure himself by willpower alone. 他真的相信仅凭意志力身体就能痊愈。
yours truly formal mainly US
 ADVANCED
■used to end a letter （用于信末）你忠诚的
• I look forward to hearing from you. Yours truly, Taylor Champinski. 我盼望收到你的来信。你真诚的，泰勒‧钱彬斯基。
['tru:.li] adverb
EXACTLY 确切地
■in an exact way 确切地；准确地；严格地
• Mushrooms aren't truly vegetables, but many people think they are. 严格地讲，蘑菇并不是蔬菜，但许多人却认为是。
['tru:.li] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  trulyWarning: Common word-building error! To make the adjective true into an adverb, first remove the 'e' and then add '-ly'. Don't write 'truely' or 'truelly', write truly.
truly, indeed, really, actually
这组词都有“确实地，真正地”的意思，其区别是：
truly: 强调客观存在的真实性，没有任何虚假。
indeed: 一般用于肯定或证实对方所说的话，多承接前言，也用来加强或肯定自己说话的语气。
really: 主要用于强调与事实或现实不相违背，也可表示不快、惊奇或某种含蓄的怀疑。
actually: 侧重于实际的事，而不是凭空想象或推测的事。
adv. 真实地，不假；真诚地
 - sincerely, really, true

Word: wound
Front: wound
[waʊnd] (中高研四六 3202/3399 -K4)
Vocabulary: wound
(once / 47 pages)
1nv 2adj
A wound is a serious injury, especially a deep cut through the skin. But things like pride and feelings can also get wounded.
Wounds are serious: we're talking a lot worse than just a scrape or booboo. Just about all the meanings of this word have to do with being hurt. If you got stabbed, you got a stab wound. Soldiers in battle get a lot of wounds from enemies. If someone told you to shut up, they might wound your feelings. If you slipped in a puddle in front of your friends, that might wound your pride.
WORD FAMILY
wound: wounded, woundedly, wounding, woundingly, wounds+/wounded: unwounded, woundedest, woundeds/wounding: woundings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My thoughts,” said the poet and priest George Herbert, “are all a case of knives / Wounding my heart.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The five explosions wounded 49 people, they added.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A booby-trapped drone launched by Islamic State militants killed two Kurdish Peshmerga fighters and wounded two French soldiers in October near Mosul.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 创伤; 伤口; 伤害
v. 伤; 伤害; “wind”的过去式和过去分词
时态：wounded, wounding, wounds
分布：伤(54%)，伤口(38%)，伤害(5%)，创伤(3%)
→来自wen,击，打，伤口，可能来自wel的鼻音形式，撕，扯，词源同vulture,svelte.
n.创伤,伤口v.伤,伤害The wounded founder bought a pound of compound.受伤的奠基人买了一磅化合物.
noun countable
INJURY 受伤
 ADVANCED
■a damaged area of the body, such as a cut or hole in the skin or flesh made by a weapon （身体上的）伤，伤口
• a gunshot wound 枪伤
• a chest/leg wound 胸部／腿部的伤口
• a flesh (= not deep) wound 皮肉伤
• He died from multiple stab wounds to the neck and upper body. 他死于颈部和上半身的多处刺伤。
[wu:nd] noun countable
UPSET 麻烦
■a problem or great unhappiness 问题；痛苦；创伤
• She refuses to talk about the incident, saying it would only reopen old wounds (= make her remember unhappy past experiences). 她拒绝谈起那场事故，说那样只会揭开旧伤疤。
[wu:nd] verb transitive usually passive
HURT 受伤
 ADVANCED
■to damage an area of the body, especially by making a cut or hole in the skin （身体上的）伤，伤口
• Flying glass wounded her in the face and neck. 飞溅的玻璃刮伤她的脸和颈部。
• The police chief was badly wounded in the explosion. 警长在爆炸中受了重伤。
[wu:nd] verb transitive usually passive
UPSET 麻烦
■to make someone feel upset 使受创伤；伤害
• He was deeply wounded by her fierce criticism. 她尖刻的批评深深伤害了他。
[waʊnd] verb past simple and past participle of
■ wind (TURN) and wind (WRAP AROUND) 包扎（伤口）
bruise, scar, cut, wound
这组词都有“伤口，损伤”的意思，其区别是：
bruise: 指表皮下面的组织受损，但没有破裂。但由于血流进组织，因而出现紫块。普通用词。
scar: 主要指伤口愈合而留下的伤疤。
cut: 指因尖利的器械的刺或割而造成的或深或浅的伤口。
wound: 通常指尖锐锋利的工具所致的伤口，多深及到表皮组织以下。可用作引申指打击或伤害。
harm, hurt, damage, disable, injure, wound
这组词都有“损害，伤害”的意思，其区别是：
harm: 主要用于有生命的东西，语气略强于injure，指引起严重的痛苦和损伤；有时也用于抽象事物，指造成任何不良后果。
hurt: 普通用词，较口语化，侧重指给有生命的东西造成机体上或精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。
damage: 通常指对无生命物体的损害，并有降低其价值，破坏其功能等的后果。
disable: 强调使伤残。
injure: 较hurt正式，多用于有生命的事物。既可指伤害别人的事物。即可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等，又可指使别人受伤或东西受损，同时含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失功能的意味。
wound: 专指对身体的重伤，尤指在战斗中受的伤，强调外部创伤；也可指精神方面的伤害。
n. 创伤，伤口
 - trauma, cut, vulnus
vt. 使受伤
 - hurt
vi. 受伤，伤害
 - get hurt, get injured

Word: neighbourhood
Front: neighbourhood
[ˈneɪbəhʊd] (高四六 25261/3942 -K2)
Back: n. 居住区; 周边地区; 大约; 在…附近
分布：邻近(79%)，邻里关系(21%)
US [-bɚ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the area of a town that surrounds someone's home, or the people who live in this area 邻近地区；住宅区，街区；街坊，四邻
• There were lots of kids in my neighbourhood when I was growing up. 我是在有很多孩子的街区里长大。
• They live in a wealthy/poor/friendly neighbourhood. 他们生活在富裕／贫穷／和睦的街区。
• I wouldn't like to live in the neighbourhood of (= in the area around) an airport. 我不会喜欢住在机场附近。
UK (ALSO US neighborhood) UK ['neɪ.bə.hʊd] US [-bɚ-] noun countable
in the neighbourhood of sth
■approximately 大约…
• We're hoping to get somewhere in the neighbourhood of £70 000 for our house. 我们希望我们的房子能卖到七万英镑左右。
region, area, districk, belt, neighbourhood, zone, section, quarter
这组词都有“地区”的意思，其区别是：
region: 普通用词，常指地球上、大气中具有自然分界线的区域，特指按照气候、人体或其他特征鲜明、自成一体的地区。
area: 普通用词，指整体中较大的，界线不分明的一部分。
districk: 多指由政府等机构出于行政管理等目的而明确划分的地区。
belt: 从本义“带，带状物”引申而指任何广阔的长条地带，也可指种植某种作物的地区。
neighbourhood: 指比section的划定更清楚，范围更小。具体指城市中的住宅区，也可指附近一带。
zone: 科技用词，指圆形或弧形地带，尤指地图上按温度划分的五个地带。用作一般意义时，也可指具有某种特征的其它地区。
section: 普通用词，指城市、国家或天然界线形成的地区。
quarter: 指城市里具有相同性质或独特风味的地区，比section范围小，但划分更精确。
n. 邻近；周围；邻居关系；附近一带
 - contiguity, all around

Word: bay
Front: bay
[beɪ] (高研四六托雅 23460/2330 -K3)
Vocabulary: bay
(once / 87 pages)
1n 2n 3nadj 4nv 5n
A bay is an inlet along the shoreline of a body of water. A bay window occupies a similar inlet in a room. When you keep someone "at bay" you hold them off.
The different meanings of bay come from different origins. For example, the idea of the word as a cove comes from the Latin bāia, while the idea of an opening is a wall is from the Latin batāre, meaning "gape." The word that means a dog's howl, however, comes from the Latin baubari, which means "to bark." Other meanings of this versatile word include a horse with reddish coloring, and a tree with leaves used to add flavor in cooking. There's nothing quite like riding a bay along the scenic bay while listening to the hounds bay!
WORD FAMILY
bay: baily, bayed, baying, bayly, bays
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stafford said after Sunday’s loss to Green Bay that he will continue to wear a glove to protect his hand in the playoffs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Cormorants gather on a light standard high above the Husky Ballpark next to the Union Bay Natural Area.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On a recent stroll through Olongapo, Mr. Cortez reflected fondly on the U.S. military’s rich history in the city and nearby Subic Bay.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 湾，海湾; 犬吠声; 月桂树; 吊窗，凸窗
vi. （尤指猎犬等）吠，叫，咆哮; 筑堤遏（水）; 穷追，使陷入绝境; 阻止（敌人）不使前进
adj. 赤褐色的，栗色的
vt. 向…吠叫
时态：bayed, baying, bays
分布：海湾(86%)，月桂树(6%)，哀号(2%)，红棕色(2%)，嗥叫(2%)，隔间(1%)，犬吠(1%)
→1.海湾，词源不详。
n.海湾,(港)湾"The gay mayor maybe lay in the hay by the Baby bay," he says in dismay.他沮丧地说:"快活的市长大概躺在婴儿湾边上的干草中."
noun countable
COAST 海滨
 ADVANCED
■a part of the coast where the land curves in so that the sea is surrounded by land on three sides 湾，海湾
• We sailed into a beautiful, secluded bay. 我们驶进了一个美丽、僻静的海湾 。
• Dublin Bay 都柏林湾
• the Bay of Naples 那不勒斯海湾
[beɪ] noun countable
SPACE 空间
■a partly surrounded or marked space 间隔区，限定区域
• Visitors must park their cars in the marked bays. 来访者必须把车停在划定的区域内。
⇒ See also sickbay
[beɪ] noun countable
TREE 树 (also bay tree)
■a small evergreen (= never losing its leaves) tree which has leaves that are used to add flavour to cooking 月桂树
[beɪ] noun countable
HORSE 马
■a brown horse 栗色马
[beɪ] noun countable
hold/keep sth/sb at bay
■to prevent someone or something unpleasant from harming you 阻止，遏制（令人不快的事物）
• Exercise can help keep fat at bay. 锻炼身体有助于防止变胖。
[beɪ] noun countable
at bay
■If an animal is at bay, it is about to be caught or attacked. （动物）被包围，走投无路
[beɪ] verb intransitive
■(of dogs and wolves) to make a low and long deep cry repeatedly （狗或狼）叫，吠
[beɪ] verb intransitive
bay for blood disapproving
■If a group of people are baying for blood, they want someone to be hurt or punished 要求暴力相向；要求惩罚（某人）
• By now the crowd was baying for blood. 此时，人群在大声要求惩罚相关人等。
bay, gulf
这两个名词均有“海湾”之意。
bay: 指海岸线上一大块凹入的地方，是港口的所在地。
gulf: 一般比bay大，但比sea小。指大片深入到陆地中，由海岸围绕成半圆形的海水区域。
n. [地理] 海湾；狗吠声
 - gulf, bight
vi. 吠叫；大声叫嚷
 - rant and rave

Word: mosque
Front: mosque
[mɒsk] (六宝 5801/10417 -2)
Vocabulary: mosque
(once / 806 pages)
n
The mosque is the traditional Muslim place of worship. Architecturally, it often features a minaret, or onion-shaped dome, on top.
Mosque stems from the Arabic word masjid, meaning "temple" or "place of worship." This building is very important religiously and politically, and can be a modest structure or an architectural masterpiece, such as the Great Mosque of Córdoba in Spain. Muslims, or practitioners of Islam, come together here and pray in rows facing in the direction of the holy city of Mecca.
WORD FAMILY
mosque: mosques
USAGE EXAMPLES
And they’re pushing their leaders to deny connection to the public sewage system the mosque would need.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Islamic Society’s application to build the mosque was denied after more than three years and 39 public hearings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In December, the Justice Department sued Culpeper County, alleging discrimination after the county denied a request for a permit to build a mosque there.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 清真寺，伊斯兰教寺院
分布：清真寺(100%)
→来自阿拉伯语masjid,祷告的地方，清真寺，来自ma-,表方位，sajada,俯伏在地，祈祷，祷告。
【记】源于：Moslem（n 穆斯林）
US [mɑ:sk] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a building for Islamic religious activities and worship 清真寺

Word: confident
Front: confident
[ˈkɒnfɪdənt] (高研四六托雅 2866/2580 -K3)
Vocabulary: confident
(once / 50 pages)
adj
If you're confident you are sure about something, someone, or yourself. He was confident he could keep his balance and cross the river on the skinny log, but he wasn't so confident that the log was strong enough to hold him.
Confident is often a word of assurance. Someone may ask, "Are you sure that's the right way to do it?" and then, just to be assured, they might say, "So, you're confident that's the right wire to cut so the bomb doesn't blow?" Being really sure of something or being sure of yourself is being confident. "He held his head high, but not in an arrogant or show-off way; he was just confident about who he was. He liked himself."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
confident / confidant(e)
Confident is how you feel on a good hair day, but a confidant is the person you tell when you're secretly wearing a wig. It's no wonder that these words are so easily confused: they were once both confident.
If you're looking and feeling good, you're confident. Confident is a feeling of self-reliance or of certainty about something. It comes from Middle French, confident, which in turn comes from Latin, cōnfidentem, meaning "trusting or bold." If you're not confident, you turn tail and go home. Hold your head up high to read these confident examples:
He appeared confident that he could get to any spot, setting up lanes by running with patience and vision. (New York Times)
Both camps say they are confident of winning. (Reuters)
A confidant, with an a, is the person you trust to spill your guts to. It also comes from the French confident, which came from the Latin confidente, for "a trusted friend." Confidante has been used to refer to a female trusted friend, parallel to the French confidente, but that usage has fallen largely out of favor as an unnecessary feminine version, like authoress. You can add that e if you want, either way say it with a sultry French accent:
They were friends, confidants, inseparable companions as well. (Frederick William Robinson)
 "I'm not talking about just two or three of my closest confidants." (New York Times)
Try remembering that if you are confident, the person you believe in is "me." If you have a confidant, you are putting your trust in another. If you're confident your friend won't tell all your business, she can be your confidant.
WORD FAMILY
confident: confidence, confidenter, confidently, overconfident, self-confident +/ confidence: confidences, confidential, self-confidence/ confidential: confidentiality, confidentially/ overconfident: overconfidence, overconfidently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump’s strongest rival is Ted Cruz, a veteran debater so knowledgeable and confident that Mahatma Gandhi would want to punch him in the face.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“I mean, first of all, we were just confident all week that we would be able to do our job,” defensive end Christian Wilkins said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
His knee felt strong and the team looked confident.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 确信的，深信的; 有信心的，沉着的; 大胆的，过分自信的; 厚颜无耻的
n. 知己; 心腹朋友
分布：自信的(69%)，有信心的(27%)，有把握的(4%)
自信的(con+fid+ent)[fid=trust,faith,表示"相信,信念"]
自信的(con全部+fid相信+ent)[-ent 1.表示形容词"…的"2.表名词"…药剂"3.表名词"…人"]
n.(of,in)确信的,自信的I'm confident that the dentist will deny the confidential accidental incident.我确信牙医会否认那个机密的意外事件.
【记】con全部，fid相信－相信别人（信任），相信自己（自信）
US ['kɑ:n-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■having confidence 自信的；有信心的；确信的；有把握的；信任的
• Be a bit more confident in yourself! 你应该再自信一点！
• They don't sound confident about the future of the industry. 他们听起来对该行业的未来信心不足。
• I'm confident of his skills as a manager. 作为经理他相当老练，我对此很有信心。
• [+ that] Are you confident that enough people will attend the event? 你确信会有足够的人参加这项赛事吗？
• It was a confident performance. 这是一场充满自信的表演。
adj. 自信的；确信的
 - sure, convinced, assured

Word: demonstration
Front: demonstration
[ˌdemənˈstreɪʃn] (托雅 3142/2547 -3)
Vocabulary: demonstration
(once / 333 pages)
n
A demonstration is a show, or display. If you are against war, you might go to an anti-war demonstration in front of the White House. You might need to see a demonstration of napkin folding before you take a job as a waitress.
Dressing well for a job interview and showing up on time is considered a demonstration of your seriousness about the job. Crying is a demonstration of your feelings. If you sell website design you can make a demonstration site, or demo, so clients can see what they would get if they hired you.
WORD FAMILY
demonstration: counterdemonstration, demonstrations+/counterdemonstration: counterdemonstrations/counterdemonstrator: counterdemonstrators/ demonstrable: demonstrability, demonstrably/ demonstrate: demonstrable, demonstrated, demonstrates, demonstrating, demonstration, demonstrative, demonstrator /demonstrated: demonstratedly/ demonstrative: demonstratively, demonstrativeness, demonstratives, undemonstrative/ demonstrator: counterdemonstrator, demonstrators/undemonstrative: undemonstratively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Harriott and George F. Smith, St. Thomas’s athletic director, learned about the robots through an alumni parent, and asked for a demonstration.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The signing of the agreement in April set off the largest demonstrations of el-Sissi’s two-year rule.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The demonstration starts at 11 a.m. on the upscale shopping district along Michigan Avenue.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 游行示威; 示范; 证明; 表露
分布：示范(60%)，实证(20%)，示威游行(18%)，表达(2%)
→来自demonstrate, 展示，示范。用来指流行示威等。
证明;示威游行[monstr=show,表示"显示"]
noun
SHOW 展示
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you show someone how to do something, or how something works 演示，示范
• This disaster is a clear demonstration of the need for tighter controls. 这场灾难清楚表明需要进一步加强管理。
• Let me give you a demonstration of how the camera works. 让我来给你示范一下照相机的工作原理。
• She told us how easy it was to use the computer, then by way of demonstration simply pressed a few keys on the keyboard. 她告诉我们使用电脑非常容易，然后在键盘上敲击了几个键给我们作了示范。
• We're going to a cookery demonstration tonight. 今天晚上我们要去看烹饪表演。
[ˌdem.ən'streɪ.ʃən] noun
MARCH 行进
 ADVANCED countable (informal demo)
■when a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someone 游行，示威
• The students are holding a demonstration to protest against the increase in their fees. 学生们举行游行示威，抗议学费上涨。
• Protesters staged an anti-war demonstration in front of the US embassy. 抗议者在美国使馆前举行反战示威活动。
[ˌdem.ən'streɪ.ʃən] noun
EXPRESSION 表达
countable or uncountable
■a way of expressing a feeling or a quality 表示；表达；表现；表明
• Huge crowds followed the funeral procession in a public demonstration of grief. 大批群众跟在葬礼队伍的后面，公开表达他们的悲痛。
• There has been little demonstration of support for the proposal so far. 到目前为止，很少有人对这个提案表示支持。
exhibition, demonstration
exhibition: 展示，展览
demonstration: 示范，证实
procession, parade, demonstration
这组词都有“游行”的意思，其区别是：
procession: 指举行庆祝活动或盛大仪式时庄严行进的有秩序的游行队伍或行列。
parade: 多指盛大和正式的游行，有检阅等活动。
demonstration: 侧重指抗议的示威性游行。
n. 示范；证明；示威游行
 - authentication, certification, proof, evidence, march

Word: peaceful
Front: peaceful
[ˈpi:sfl] (高研四六 3655/3937 -K3)
Vocabulary: peaceful
(once / 214 pages)
adj
Peaceful describes something calm and tranquil, not at war. The ocean seems peaceful when the waves lap gently at your feet, and a country can be peaceful when it's not fighting anyone.
Peace comes from the Latin word pax meaning, "tranquility, absence of war." Add the suffix ful which means — you guessed it — "full" and you have something full of peace, like a protest where nobody gets hurt. It refers to being passive, committed to nonviolence, like Martin Luther King Jr.'s peaceful protests during the Civil Rights Movement. It's also the mellowness that inspired the Eagles to sing, "I got a peaceful, easy feeling that you won't let me down."
WORD FAMILY
peaceful: peacefuler, peacefulest, peacefully, peacefulness, unpeaceful+/ peace: peaceable, peaceful, peaces/ peaceable: peaceableness, peaceabler, peaceablest, peaceably, unpeaceable
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many wished each other not only a happy, but also a peaceful 2017.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
He said China in 2016 upheld its peaceful development while resolutely defending its territorial sovereignty and maritime rights.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Though both countries are nominally peaceful democracies, political feuds and ethnic and religious discrimination are widely cited as factors motivating some citizens to flee.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 和平的; 爱好和平的; 安静的; 平静的
分布：和平的(86%)，安宁的(14%)
a.和平的,平静的,安宁的,爱好和平的I paced in the peaceful spacecraft.我在宁静的宇宙飞船里踱步.
adjective
NO VIOLENCE 和平的
 IMPROVER
■without violence 和平的
• peaceful demonstrators 和平示威者
• She hoped the different ethnic groups in the area could live together in peaceful co-existence. 她希望该地区不同的种族群体能和平共处。
['pi:s.fəl] adjective
CALM 宁静的
 IMPROVER
■quiet and calm 安静的，宁静的
• a peaceful afternoon/place 安静的下午／地方
noiseless, silent, calm, peaceful, serene, still, quiet
这组词都有“平静的，无声无息”的意思，其区别是：
noiseless: 指无任何噪音或不出声，无声无息。
silent: 普通用词，指缄默不语或无声无息。
calm: 普通用词，既可指天气、海洋等的平静状态，又可指人的镇定沉着、不慌乱，不受外界影响和情绪支配。
peaceful: 普通用词，指一种不受外物扰乱和刺激的内在宁静或和平状态。
serene: 指一种超脱一切烦恼的宁静状态。
still: 指平静而又安定的状态。
quiet: 普通用词，指没有喧闹、活动或骚乱的寂静状态。
adj. 和平的，爱好和平的；平静的
 - pacific, calm, still

Word: explore
Front: explore
[ɪkˈsplɔ:(r)] (高研四六托雅 1594/1882 -K3)
Vocabulary: explore
(once / 173 pages)
1v 2v
Explore is a verb that means "to travel in or through." You might explore an island, a European city, or the rooms of an unfamiliar house.
The Latin root of explore is explorare, meaning "investigate or search out." When you explore a new place, you want to see interesting things and get to know its people. Whenever you delve into something, or investigate it, you explore it. You can even explore an interest, like when you explore African art, or explore an idea or tendency in order to understand it — you can explore your fear of snakes to try to get over it.
WORD FAMILY
explore: exploration, explorative, exploratory, explored, explorer, explores, exploring, re-explore+/ exploration: explorations/explorative: exploratively, nonexplorative, unexplorative/exploratory: nonexploratory, unexploratory/explored: unexplored/ explorer: explorers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The films explored Hull's history, from the Blitz to sporting triumphs.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In this piece, originally published Sept. 1, columnist Nancy Kaffer explored potential conflicts related to a substantial philanthropic donation to fund Kalamazoo city government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Spurning the American tendency to treat every ailment with medication, he instead explored the body’s ability to heal itself.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 勘查， 探测， 勘探; [医]探查（伤处等），探索，研究
vt. 探索， 探究， 仔细查看
时态：explored, exploring, explores
分布：探究(39%)，探险(27%)，考察(21%)，探测(13%)
→ex-, 向外。-plor, 大叫，哭喊，词源同deplore. 原指猎人在打猎时通过叫声把鸟赶出山林，后词义引申为探索。
探索,钻研(ex出+plore→喊出来→探索[奥秘])[plor=cry,weep,表示"喊,哭"]
v.勘探,探测;探究,探索After an explosion the explorer restored the storage of the explosive in the exploiter's storehouse.爆炸过后勘探者恢复了剥削者的仓库里炸药的储量.
【记】ex出，plore原指为了提醒场上队员的大喊－挖出东西后的大喊－探索
【参】implore（v 恳求；哀求）
US [-'splɔ:r] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to search and discover (about something) 探测；勘查；探索；研究
• to explore space 探索太空
• The best way to explore the countryside is on foot. 在农村考察，步行是最好的方法了。
• The children have gone exploring in the woods. 孩子们去树林里观察大自然了。
■to think or talk about something in order to find out more about it 仔细研究；探究，探讨
• Let's explore this issue/idea more fully. 让我们进一步探讨一下这个问题／计划。
explore, track, hunt, seek
这组词都有“搜索、寻找”的意思，其区别是：
explore: 一般指对未知事物或新生事物的探索、观察与研究。
track: 侧重按一定线索追查出结果。
hunt: 一般指寻找所需的物件，或对罪犯的搜寻，特指追猎。
seek: 语义庄重，语气强，使用广。多暗示做出很大努力去寻求某人或物。
vt. 探索；探测；探险
 - detect, probe into
vi. 探索；探测；探险
 - probe into, search after

Word: slowdown
Front: slowdown
[ˈsləʊdaʊn] (10257/23707 -1)
Back: n. 减速，减缓; 怠工; 降低速度
分布：减速(96%)，降低速度(4%)
US ['sloʊ-] noun countable
■a reduction in speed, activity or the rate that things are produced 减速；减缓
• a worldwide economic slowdown 全球性的经济迟缓
• a slowdown in production 生产率降低
US for * go-slow
n. [经] 减速；怠工；降低速度
 - deceleration, reduced speed

Word: luck
Front: luck
[lʌk] (中高研四雅 2384/2598 -K3)
Vocabulary: luck
(once / 75 pages)
n
Luck is chance or happenstance. If something happens from pure good luck, it seemingly came out of nowhere, based only on fate and not on anything you did to make it happen.
If you find a fifty dollar bill on the sidewalk, you might exclaim, "What luck!" Alternately, if you lose all night at the poker table, you'll probably blame it on bad luck. In both examples, you're referring to a mysterious, unpredictable circumstance that affects your life by chance. Luck has a Middle Dutch root, luc, which is a shortened form of gheluc, "happiness or good fortune."
WORD FAMILY
luck: luckless, lucks, lucky +/luckless: lucklessly/ lucky: luckier, luckiest, luckily, luckiness, unlucky/unlucky: unluckily
USAGE EXAMPLES
It wasn’t luck or even a strategic adjustment that turned things around.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He says “luck and fate” prevented it from being worst.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the buildup of forces in the Baltics is an unambiguous warning to him not to push his luck.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 运气; 好运; 机遇; 命运
vi. 交好运，走运; 侥幸成功
分布：运气(72%)，幸运(18%)，走运(4%)，侥幸(3%)，侥幸成功(3%)
→词源不详，原指赌博中的财运。
n.运气;好运,侥幸He had the bad luck to break his leg.他不幸断了一条腿.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the force that causes things, especially good things, to happen to you by chance and not as a result of your own efforts or abilities 运气；（尤指）机遇，机会
• It was just luck that I asked for a job at the right time. 真是机缘巧合，我刚好在合适的时机开口说想找份工作。
• Then I met this gorgeous woman and I couldn't believe my luck. 后来我碰到了这个出色的女人，我不敢相信自己的运气有这么好。
• She wears a charm that she thinks brings her good luck. 她戴了一个她认为会给自己带来好运的护身符。
• He seems to have had a lot of bad luck in his life. 他生活中似乎遇到了不少倒霉的事情。
• So your interview's tomorrow? Good luck! 这么说明天你要去面试？祝你好运！
• The best of luck in/with your exams! 祝你考试顺利！
 ESSENTIAL
■success 成功
• Have you had any luck with (= Have you been successful in) booking your flight? 你订到飞机票了吗？
• He tried to get into teacher training college but with no luck (= no success). 他想进教师进修学院，但未能如愿。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
as luck would have it
■by chance 碰巧，幸好
• We ran out of petrol on the way home, but as luck would have it, we were very near a garage. 我们在回家的路上汽油用光了，幸好当时离加油站不远。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
Bad/Hard/Tough luck!
■said to express sympathy with someone when something bad has happened to them 太倒楣了！真不走运！太不凑巧！
• "They've just run out of tickets." "Oh, bad luck!" “他们刚刚卖光了票。”“哦，真倒楣了！”
[lʌk] noun uncountable
be bad luck on sb mainly UK
■to be a bad thing that happened to someone by chance （某人）碰到倒楣事，不走运
• It was bad luck on Alex that he was ill on his birthday. 亚历克斯过生日那天病倒了，真够倒楣的。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
be down on your luck
■to be experiencing a bad situation or to have very little money 运气不济，不走运
• He's been a bit down on his luck recently. 近来他有些不走运。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
be in/out of luck informal
■to be able/unable to have or do what you want 能够／未能如愿，运气好／差
• "Do you have any tuna sandwiches?" "You're in luck - there's one left." “你们这里有金枪鱼三明治吗？”“你的运气不错——还有一个。”
[lʌk] noun uncountable
be the luck of the draw
■to be the result of chance and something that you have no control over 听天由命，全靠运气
• You can't choose who you play against - it's just the luck of the draw. 你无法选择比赛对手——全靠你的运气了。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
for (good) luck
■to bring good luck 带来好运
• We have a horseshoe hanging on our wall for good luck. 我们在墙上挂了一块马蹄铁，希望能有好运气。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
for luck usually humorous
■used to describe something extra which you take, especially in order to bring you good luck （用于描述额外取用之物，尤指）为了求得好运
• There's two spoonsful of sugar, and one for luck. 有两匙糖，其中一匙是为了求好运。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
more by luck than judgment UK
■by chance and not because of any special skill 运气好而已，碰巧走运
• "You did amazingly well to get the ball in." "Oh, it was more by luck than judgment." “你进的那个球太棒了。”“哦，不过是运气好罢了。”
[lʌk] noun uncountable
no such luck informal
■said after an event or result that would be very good has been suggested, to show disappointment that it cannot or did not happen 没那么走运
• I was rather hoping it would rain today and I wouldn't have to go on the walk, but no such luck. 我特别希望今天能下雨，那样我就不用走路了，不过没有这样的好事。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
with any luck (also with a bit of luck) informal
■used before describing an event or a result that you are hoping for 希望，但愿
• With any luck (= I hope that) we should get to Newcastle by early evening. 但愿我们能在傍晚前到达纽卡素。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
Your luck's in! UK humorous
■something that you say in order to tell someone that you think another person would like a sexual relationship with them 你要走桃花运了！
• He's been looking at you all evening - I think your luck's in, Cath. 他一晚上都在看你——我觉得你要走桃花运了，凯思。
[lʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  luck into sth US informal
■to get something that you want by chance 幸运地获得，碰巧得到
• We lucked into tickets for the World Cup finals. 我们幸运地搞到了世界杯决赛的门票。
[lʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  luck out US informal
■to be very lucky 十分走运
• The Giants really lucked out in last night's game. 巨人队在昨晚的比赛中真走运。
luck, lot, destiny, fortune, doom, fate
这组词都有“命运”的意思，其区别是：
luck: 普通日常用词，指好的或坏的运气，尤多指好运气，有时也指成功或愉快的结局。
lot: 多指偶然的运气或终身遭受的不幸命运。
destiny: 普通用词，侧重预先注定的命运，对未来命运的美好憧憬。
fortune: 普通用词，指由机会或运气来决定的一种命运，如暗示一种比fate好的运气或一种愉快的未来。
doom: 指最终的，常常是灾难性或毁灭性的命运，隐含不可避免的意味。
fate: 较庄严用词，多指不幸的命运，暗示不可避免，令人畏惧和人的意志无法改变，宿命论色彩较浓。
n. 运气；幸运；带来好运的东西
 - fortune, chance, mercy
vi. 靠运气，走运；凑巧碰上
 - have one's day, strike it rich

Word: stall
Front: stall
[stɔ:l] (研六托雅宝 6674/4533 -2)
Vocabulary: stall
(once / 395 pages)
1nv 2nv 3vn
Stall means to stop or delay. If your car stalls, it comes to a stop. When you want a horse to stop, you put him in a stall, or small enclosure inside a barn.
The word stall implies stopping something that will start again — a horse will leave the stall eventually and start moving, a stalled car can be restarted. Remember that when you're thinking about stall in the sense of postpone or delay. You can stall your professor from giving an exam by talking about last night’s big game. Your little sister can stall going to bed by asking for one more story. If you want to delay an approaching army, you might steal their boots — they'll still come but the "stall tactic" will buy you time.
WORD FAMILY
stall: forestall, stalled, stalling, stalls+/ forestall: forestalled, forestalling, forestalls/forestalling: forestallings/stalling: stallings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A voluntary 24/7 sobriety program passed the Senate last year but stalled in the House, with MADD, civil libertarians and others raising opposition.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Then he turned and knocked on the wood panel inside the locker-room stall inside at Toyota Center.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A measure to allow government agencies in New Jersey to publish their own legal notices stalled in December.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 货摊; 托辞; 畜栏; （房间内的）小隔间
vt. & vi. （使）熄火，（使）停止转动
vi. 拖延
vt. 搪塞; 暂缓; 搁置; 停顿
时态：stalled, stalling, stalls
分布：失速(42%)，拖延(22%)，货摊(17%)，熄火(11%)，小隔间(5%)，座位(1%)，栅栏(1%)，把...关进畜舍里(1%)
→来自中古英语 stall,来自古英语 steall,货摊，站立地，固定位置，来自 Proto-Germanic*stallaz, 放置，固定位置，来自 stel,放置，站立，来自 sta,站立，词源同 stable,stand.stall 车辆熄火，抛锚，拖延，暂缓
n.货摊;畜栏,厩v.(使)停转,(使)停止,延迟The engine stalled.这引擎不动了.
US [stɑ:l] noun
SHOP 商店
 ADVANCED countable
■a large table or a small shop with an open front from which goods are sold in a public place 货摊，摊位；贩卖处
• In the village market, the stalls are piled high with local vegetables. 村子市集的摊位上高高堆着当地产的蔬菜。
UK [stɔ:l] US [stɑ:l] noun
SMALL AREA 小面积
countable
■a small closed area within a farm building in which there is space for one animal to be kept （农场建筑中圈养单只牲畜的）隔栏，分隔间
countable
■a small area of a room which is separated from the main part of the room by walls or curtains （房间内的）小隔间
• There was one bathroom with a shower stall in the corner. 有一个洗手间，角落里有个淋浴的小隔间。
UK [stɔ:l] US [stɑ:l] noun
SEATS 座位
the stalls [plural]
■rows of fixed seats in a church which often have their sides and backs connected （边缘和背部常围起来的）靠背长排座位
■UK (US the orchestra)
■the seats on the main floor of a theatre or cinema, not at a higher level 正厅前排座位 Compare the circle ; gallery
UK [stɔ:l] US [stɑ:l] verb
ENGINE 引擎
intransitive or transitive
■If an engine stalls, or if you stall it, it stops working suddenly and without you intending it to happen （使）（引擎）熄火
• A car may stall due to the driver braking too suddenly. 司机踩刹车过猛可能会导致汽车熄火。
• I stalled the car twice during my driving test but still managed to pass. 我在路考时两次把车弄熄火，不过还是勉强通过了考试。
UK [stɔ:l] US [stɑ:l] verb
DELAY 延迟
intransitive
■to delay taking action or avoid giving an answer in order to have more time to make a decision or get an advantage 拖延
• She says she'll give me the money next week but I think she's just stalling (for time). 她说下周会把钱给我，但我认为她只不过是在拖时间。
transitive
■If you stall a person, you delay them or prevent them from doing something for a period of time 拖住（某人）
• I managed to stall him for a few days until I'd got enough money to pay back the loan. 我设法拖住了他几天，直到我筹够了还贷款的钱。
• mainly US The thief broke into the office while his accomplice stalled off the security guard. 小偷趁同伙拖住警卫之际，闯进了办公室。
transitive
■If you stall an event, you delay it or prevent it from happening for a period of time 延迟，暂缓；搁置
• Commandoes stalled the enemy attack by destroying three bridges. 突击队破坏了三座桥，拖延了敌人的进攻。
• Fears are growing that a tax increase may stall economic recovery. 人们越来越担心加税可能会阻碍经济复苏。
n. [贸易] 货摊；畜栏；托辞
 - booth, concession stand
vi. 停止，停转；拖延
 - desist from, come to a stop
vt. 拖延；使停转；使陷于泥中
 - prolong, drag on

Word: mechanism
Front: mechanism
[ˈmekənɪzəm] (研六托雅宝 2677/1869 -3)
Vocabulary: mechanism
(once / 597 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Use the word mechanism to describe a process that has been set up to accomplish a particular goal. If you’ve set up a method for dealing with your sister when she annoys you, then you have a mechanism in place for establishing peace with your sister.
The word mechanism came into the English language in the seventeenth century by way of the Latin word mechanismus, which traces back to the Greek word mekhane, meaning “device" or "means.” Mechanism still carries with it the meaning of “device” and can be used to describe a machine, but nowadays you are more likely to hear it used to describe a process for getting something done, such as "a mechanism for generating revenue" or "a crisis-resolution mechanism."
WORD FAMILY
mechanism: mechanisms, mechanist, mechanistic+/ mechanic: mechanics, mechanism / mechanical: mechanically, mechanise, mechanize, nonmechanical, unmechanical/ mechanics: mechanical /mechanisation: mechanisations/mechanise: mechanisation, mechanised/mechanised: unmechanised/mechanist: mechanists/mechanistic: mechanistically, nonmechanistic/mechanization: mechanizations/mechanize: mechanization, mechanized, mechanizes, mechanizing/mechanized: unmechanized
USAGE EXAMPLES
But such mechanisms are designed for limited amounts of information in a slow-moving world.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
“Splitting itself into separate parts is one of the most powerful of the mind’s defense mechanisms,” he writes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
There are mechanisms in place, however, for people to challenge what they believe to be mistakes on their rap sheet.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [生]机制，机能，[乐]机理; （机械）结构，机械装置[作用]，（故事的）结构; [艺]手法，技巧，途径; 机械作用
分布：机制(70%)，机构(14%)，机械装置(7%)，结构(6%)，原理(3%)
→来自mechanic,机械的，-ism,主义，思想。
n.机械装置,机构;机制The mechanical mechanic knows the technique and technology of the echo mechanism.呆板的机修工知道共鸣装置的技术和工艺.
noun countable
MACHINE PART 机器零件
■a part of a machine, or a set of parts that work together 机械零件；机械装置
• These automatic cameras have a special focusing mechanism. 这些自动相机有特殊的对焦装置。
['mek.ə.nɪ.zəm] noun countable
SYSTEM
■a way of doing something which is planned or part of a system 体制，结构方式
• The mechanism for collecting taxes needs revising. 税收制度需要检讨。
['mek.ə.nɪ.zəm] noun countable
BEHAVIOUR 行为
■a part of your behaviour which helps you to deal with a difficult situation （处理棘手情况的）机制
• She's actually rather insecure, and her rudeness is just a defence mechanism. 她其实很缺乏安全感，她的粗鲁不过是出于防卫心理。
machinery, engine, motor, apparatus, mechanism, machine
这组词都有“机器，装置”的意思，其区别是：
machinery: 指机器的总称。
engine: 既可泛指或大或小、简单或复杂的机械、机器，又可指产生动力的发动机或引擎。
motor: 通常指小型或轻型马达、发动机。
apparatus: 指具有特殊用途的装置。
mechanism: 指运行系统，简单的机械装置。
machine: 普通用词，泛指一切机器。
n. 机制；原理，途径；进程；机械装置；技巧
 - theory, element, technique, skill, machinery

Word: category
Front: category
[ˈkætəgəri] (高研六托雅宝 1461/1419 -K3)
Vocabulary: category
(once / 499 pages)
n
A category is a group of things that share some commonality. Think of the game show "Jeopardy!," and how each column is a different category of questions — like "Literary Characters" or "Potent Potables."
The noun category has the sense of ordering or sorting. In Biology, the science of taxonomy is all about categorizing all living organisms. It might be an easier task to categorize books in a library according to genre (e.g., fiction, non-fiction, mysteries, etc.) or to categorize the shoes in your closet according to season.
WORD FAMILY
category: categoric, categorical, categories, categorise, categorize +/ categorical: categorically/categorise: categorisation, categorised/categorised: uncategorised/ categorization: categorizations/ categorize: categorization, categorized, categorizes, categorizing/categorized: uncategorized
USAGE EXAMPLES
First, with the exception of certain categories like power lines, infrastructure is, on average, less metal-intensive than offices or homes.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
We also witnessed seven Category 5 storms, which is a huge number.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The second category is people who want to create something tangible.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 类型，部门，种类，类别，类目; [逻，哲]范畴; 体重等级
分布：类别(64%)，范畴(25%)，种类(11%)
→cata-, 向下，相对。-agora, 广场，公开说，公开演讲，见allegory, 寓言。原指在广场发表演讲，叙述。后古希腊哲学家亚里士多德用该词描述类别，种类，使之固定为现在的词义。
n.种类,部属,类目;范畴,类型The categories of the lubricated duplicators are intricate.那些润滑过的复印机的种类错综复杂.
US ['kætˌ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■(in a system for dividing things according to appearance, quality, etc.) a type, or a group of things having some features that are the same 种类，类别，范畴
• There are three categories of accommodation - standard, executive and deluxe. 有三种住宿标准——标准房、商务房和豪华房。
category, sort, species, classification, class, type, variety, kind
这组词都有“种，类，类型”的意思，其区别是：
category: 书面用词，特指有确切定义的群体。
sort: 普通用词，文体较kind随便，指对人或对事物进行的大概分类，有时含贬义。
species: 书面用词，单复数同形。指生物分类上的种。
classification: 指根据已经确定的类型对某一实物作鉴别和归类。
class: 正式用词，指门类、种类或优劣等级；用于指动植物的分类时，表示“纲”。
type: 指客观界限比较清楚，有相同本质特点的同类事物，或指大致相似的同类事物。
variety: 强调有各自的特点，形式不同，品质不同的种类。
kind: 指性质相同，而且特征很相似，足以归为一类的人或东西。
n. 种类，分类； [数] 范畴
 - variety, classification, kind, manner, sort, nature

Word: historian
Front: historian
[hɪˈstɔ:riən] (研六雅 2542/2722 -2)
Vocabulary: historian
(once / 270 pages)
n
A historian is someone who is an authority on history. Your American History textbook was written by a historian.
If you've ever taken a history class, chances are it was taught by a historian — someone who is an expert on history. You don't get to be a historian overnight; most historians have studied history for years and have a Master's or Ph.D. in history. If you want an informed opinion on past elections, wars, disasters, and trends, talk to a historian or read a book by one. Historians are experts on the past.
WORD FAMILY
historian: historians+/ historical: ahistorical, historically, historicalness, prehistorical/ history: historian, historic, historical, historicism, histories, prehistory / prehistoric: prehistorically/ prehistory: prehistoric
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dr. Appleby was part of a generation of historians who examined the ideologies and beliefs that animated the American Revolution.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The final days are Obama’s last chance to define his presidency before he loses the bully pulpit and cedes his legacy to historians.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One of them, a historian on the archives staff who was writing a book on the de Carvajal family, accused a rival of the theft.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 历史学家，史学工作者
分布：历史学家(99%)，编史者(1%)
→来自history,历史。
历史学家(history历史+ian)[-ian 1.表名词"某种人"2.表形容词"…国家的"]
n.历史学家He is a historian.他是个历史学家.
US [-'stɔ:r.i-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who writes about or studies history 历史学家

Word: tenth
Front: tenth
[tenθ] (中 7565/5237 -4)
Back: n. 第十; 十分之一
adj. 第十的，第十个的; 十分之一的
分布：第十(54%)，十分之一(46%)
→来自 ten,十，-th,表序数。
ordinal number
■10th written as a word 第十（的）
• This is his tenth year of working for the company. 这是他就职于该公司的第十个年头。
• He was tenth in the batting order/He batted tenth. 他第十位出场击球。
[tentθ] noun countable
■one of ten equal parts of something 十分之一
• He receives a tenth of the profits. 他获得10%的利润。
adj. 十分之一的；第十个的
 - decimus

Word: andrew
Front: andrew
[ˈændru:] (-/2021)
Back: n. 安德鲁（男子名）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: spark
Front: spark
[spɑ:k] (研四六托雅宝 4805/6367 -3)
Vocabulary: spark
(once / 399 pages)
nv
A spark is a small, glowing particle that's either thrown off of a fire or that starts a fire. Your dad might tell everyone to stand back from the bonfire so they don't get burned by a spark.
Sparks are burning fragments that pop up off a fire, but they're also bright flashes, like the sparks of light reflecting off your sunglasses or electrical sparks given off by an engine. Some small thing that promises to grow larger is yet another kind of spark — you might notice a spark of anger within yourself when you see someone being treated unfairly, for example. The word spark comes from the Old English root spearca, "glowing or fiery particle thrown off."
WORD FAMILY
spark: sparked, sparker, sparking, sparks+/sparker: sparkers
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said he hoped the case would spark renewed efforts towards enacting anti-discrimination legislation to protect more people like him.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The riot was sparked by a clash between two gangs in the prison and reflects shifting allegiances among Brazil’s powerful narco-trafficking groups, authorities said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The episode sparked anger in the Philippines and calls for the removal of all U.S. military personnel.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 燃烧的颗粒; 火星，火花，余火; （金属的）发光的颗粒; 电火花
vi. 发出火星，发出闪光; 热烈赞同; 正常运转
vt. 发动，触发; 激起运动，鼓舞
时态：sparked, sparking, sparks
分布：火星(36%)，引起(26%)，激发(13%)，闪烁(9%)，朝气(4%)，热情回应(4%)，俗丽的年轻人(2%)，情人(2%)，向...求爱(2%)，冒火花(2%)
→来自古英语 speraca,火花，火星，来自 Proto-Germanic*spark,火花，来自 sperg,播，洒， 溅，来自 sper,播，洒，词源同 sprinkle,sparse,sperm.引申比喻义才华，热情等。
n.火花,火星v.发火花,发电花In the sparking park, the darling dark dog barked at the embarked larks.在闪着火花的公园里,可爱的深色狗对着装载于船云雀吠叫.
【参】sparkle（v 发火花；n 火花）；sparkling（adj 闪烁的）
US [spɑ:rk] noun
CAUSE 原因
 ADVANCED only singular
■a first small event or problem which causes a much worse situation to develop 导火线，诱因
• That small incident was the spark that set off the street riots. 那件小事是引发街头暴动的导火线。
UK [spɑ:k] US [spɑ:rk] noun
FIRE/ELECTRICITY 火／电
countable
■a very small piece of fire which flies out from something that is burning or which is made by rubbing two hard things together, or a flash of light made by electricity 火花，火星；电火花
• Sparks were flying out of the bonfire and blowing everywhere. 营火中飞溅出很多火星，迸得到处都是。
• You can start a fire by rubbing two dry pieces of wood together until you produce a spark. 你可以透过摩擦两块干木头直到产生火花来点火。
spark of anger/inspiration/life, etc.
■a very small amount of a particular emotion or quality in a person 愤怒／灵感／生命的火花等
UK [spɑ:k] US [spɑ:rk] noun
sparks fly
■If sparks fly between two or more people, they argue angrily 激烈争论
• When they get together in a meeting the sparks really fly. 他们只要在开会时碰头，就会激烈争论。
UK [spɑ:k] US [spɑ:rk] verb transitive
■to cause the start of something, especially an argument or fighting 引起，导致，触发（尤指争论或打斗）
• This proposal will almost certainly spark another countrywide debate about how to organize the school system. 这项提议很可能会再一次引起全国性的关于如何组织学校体系的争论。
• The recent interest rises have sparked new problems for the Government. 近期利率的调升为政府带来了新问题。
• The visit of the all-white rugby team sparked off (= caused the start of) mass demonstrations. 这支全部由白人组成的橄榄球队的来访，引发了大规模示威游行。
n. [电] 火花；朝气；闪光
 - A FRAME, scintilla
vt. 发动；鼓舞；求婚
 - stimulate, launch, lift, drive, spirit
vi. 闪烁； [电] 发火花；求婚
 - offer, coruscate

Word: dealer
Front: dealer
[ˈdi:lə(r)] (研六托 2575/2450 -3)
Back: n. 商人; 发牌人，庄家; 以某种方式待人的人; 经销商
分布：经销商(65%)，商人(27%)，毒品贩子(5%)，发牌者(3%)
→来自deal, 交易。
n.商人The zealous dealer has an ideal idea of dealing with the meal.热心的商人有一个处理膳食的理想主意.
US [-lɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who trades in something 商人，商贩
• a second-hand car dealer 二手汽车经销商
• an antiques dealer 古玩商；古董商
• drug dealers 毒贩
■the person who deals the cards in a game （游戏中）发牌者
dealer, businessman, merchant, tradesman, trader
这组词都有“商人”的意思，其区别是：
dealer: 指商人时多与表商店的字连用。
businessman: 指有经验、善于经营、从事各种买卖活动的买卖人、实业家或工商业家。
merchant: 指从事批发生意的大商人，尤指从事国际贸易的大商人，但在美国或苏格兰等地，也指一般商人。
tradesman: 指零卖商人，开小店的商人。
trader: 指从事贸易工作的人，也指贩子。
n. 经销商；商人
 - distributor, trader

Word: concede
Front: concede
[kənˈsi:d] (研六托雅宝 4192/3862 -3)
Vocabulary: concede
(once / 221 pages)
v
If you concede something, you admit that it is true, proper, or certain––usually in an unwilling way and often in the context of a competition, as in "At midnight, the candidate finally conceded defeat."
In its most common senses, a near synonym of concede is acknowledge––if your mom is pointing out that you need sleep before the test, you should concede the truth of what she's saying. But another meaning of concede is to give away or grant something: The leaders are not ready to concede power. Concede is from Latin concēdere, from the prefix com- "completely" plus cēdere, "to go along, grant, yield." The corresponding noun is concession.
WORD FAMILY
concede: conceded, concedes, conceding, concession, concessive+/ concession: concessions/concessive: concessively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mane’s joy was short-lived when he conceded the game’s second penalty by blocking Sebastian Larsson’s free kick with his arm.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fernyhough does not spend much time on these criticisms, though in a footnote he does concede the scant evidentiary basis of the movement’s claims.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He lost the presidential election to Adama Barrow and publicly conceded defeat.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 承认; 让步，容许; 承让
时态：conceded, conceding, concedes
分布：承认(70%)，让步(22%)，认输(5%)，给予(3%)
→con-, 强调。-cede, 走，离开，词源同accede, cease.即让步的，承认的。
vt.承认;容许;(比赛结束前)认输;退让The captives finally conceded defeat.俘虏们最终承认了失败.
【记】con共同，cede（v 割让；放弃[读：死敌]）－两边都放弃一点儿－让步，承认con共同，cede走：两人共同走一步－让步
【参】concession（n 让步＝yielding；特许权＝privilege）
【反】refuse to grant（拒绝承认）；aggress（v 攻击）
verb
 ADVANCED transitive
■to admit, often unwillingly, that something is true （常指不情愿地）承认
• [+ (that)] The Government has conceded (that) the new tax policy has been a disaster. 政府承认新的税收政策是彻底失败的。
• [+ speech] "Well okay, perhaps I was a little hard on her, " he conceded. “好吧，也许我对她是有点苛刻，”他承认道。
⇒ See also concession
transitive
■to allow someone to have something, even though you do not want to （不情愿地）让步，答应给，让与
• The president is not expected to concede these reforms. 估计总统不会同意这些改革。
• He is not willing to concede any of his power/authority. 他不愿交出自己的任何权力。
• Britain conceded (= allowed) independence to India in 1947. 英国在1947年承认印度独立。
intransitive or transitive
■to admit that you have lost in a competition 认输；承认（失败）
• He kept on arguing and wouldn't concede defeat. 他一直争论不休，不愿认输。
• She conceded even before all the votes had been counted. 选票还没全部点算她就认输了。
concede a goal/point
■to fail to stop an opposing team or person from winning a point or game 没能阻止对方进球／得分
• The team conceded two goals (to the other side) in the first five minutes of the game. 开赛后五分钟内，球队就送了（对方）两个球。
acknowledge, admit, confess, recognize, concede
这些动词均含“承认”之意。
acknowledge: 通常指公开承认某事的真实情况或自己的过错。
admit: 强调因外力或良心驱使或经判断而明确承认，多含不情愿或被迫意味。
confess: 语气较强，着重承认自己意识到的错误或罪行，含坦白忏悔的意味。
recognize: 作“承认”解时，系书面用词，主要指合法的或外交上的承认，也指公认。
concede: 指在事实与证据面前勉强或不得不承认。
vt. 承认；退让；给予，容许
 - afford, accept, agree, recognize, extend
vi. 让步
 - meet halfway, give ground

Word: additional
Front: additional
[əˈdɪʃənl] (研四六托雅 1319/1310 -K)
Vocabulary: additional
(once / 141 pages)
adj
If your parents get you a cell phone and add it to their plan as an additional line, they are adding one more line to their bill, so additional means another or one more.
Even though they added an additional line to their plan, your parents might ask you to pay for the additional charges. That means they will see how much more your phone usage adds to their plan, and will charge it back to you. If you complain, they might say to avoid additional conflict, you can just get your own plan and pay all of the bills!
WORD FAMILY
additional: additionally+/ add: addable, added, adder, addible, adding, addition, additive, adds/adder: adders/ addition: additional, additions/additive: additively, additives
USAGE EXAMPLES
The statement says if no complications arise, he shouldn’t face any additional surgeries for six to eight months.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A judge ordered Hamell to pay $1,875 in fines plus an additional amount in surcharges for operating while intoxicated and carrying weapons.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“After a short meeting, he was told that his presence is no longer required and that there shall be no further need for additional meetings.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 额外的，附加的; 另外的，追加的; 补充; 外加
分布：额外的(74%)，附加的(26%)
a.额外的,附加的,另外的The odd man added an additional riddle to the middle of the saddle.那个怪人把一个额外的谜语添加到鞍座中间.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■extra 外加的，附加的；额外的，另外的
• additional costs/problems 额外的费用／另外的问题
• There will be an extra charge for any additional passengers. 如额外再上乘客，将会加收费用。
additional, extra, supplementary
这组词都有“另加的，额外的”的意思，其区别是：
additional: 由名词additon派生出的形容词，指在原有基础上添加上去的。
extra: 指不包括本身而额外加上去的部分。
supplementary: 由名词supplement派生而来，指对原有的追加或补究。
adj. 附加的，额外的
 - attached, added, plus, more, excess

Word: prosperity
Front: prosperity
[prɒˈsperəti] (研四六托宝 5082/5349 -2)
Vocabulary: prosperity
(once / 247 pages)
n
Use prosperity to refer to the state of being successful. In the US, the decades following World War II were characterized by rising prosperity, with large numbers moving into the middle class.
Prosperity usually means the type of success that comes from having a lot of money. Our modern English word derives from Middle English prosperite, borrowed through Old French from Latin prosperus "favorable." The Latin word also means "fortunate," and the word prosperity does have an element of good luck.
WORD FAMILY
prosperity: prosperities+/ prosperous: prosperity, prosperously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“At every event, I talk about how health is the cornerstone to our prosperity,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Not surprisingly, the supposed connection between greater prosperity and democratic politics failed to materialize.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“All that we strive for as a human family — dignity and hope, progress and prosperity — depends on peace,” he said.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 繁荣; 兴旺，昌盛; 成功
分布：繁荣(94%)，兴旺(6%)
→来自prosper,使繁荣，昌盛。
繁荣昌盛(prosper+ity)[Sper=hope,表示"希望"]
n.繁荣,兴旺Peace brings prosperity.和平带来繁荣.
【记】源于：prosper（v 成功；兴隆）
US [prɑ:'sper.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
■the state of being successful and having a lot of money 成功；（尤指经济上的）繁荣，昌盛
• A country's future prosperity depends, to an extent, upon the quality of education of its people. 一个国家未来的繁荣昌盛在一定程度上取决于国民的教育品质。
• The war was followed by a long period of peace and prosperity. 战争过后是长时间的和平与繁荣。
n. 繁荣，成功
 - success, victory, winning, up, hit

Word: grid
Front: grid
[grɪd] (雅 5479/4694 -1)
Vocabulary: grid
(once / 2490 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A grid is a network of intersecting parallel lines, whether real or imaginary. Most American streets are laid out in a grid pattern, meaning the streets intersect at right angles and form a pattern of squares when viewed from above.
You've probably seen a map grid, the uniform lines drawn on a map that allow you to pinpoint a particular location. Grid can also refer to a physical network of sorts, not necessarily made of straight or parallel lines. You may be familiar with the high voltage electrical cables that carry power throughout the country, known as the national grid. A gird can also be a device made up of intersecting metal bars that you use when grilling food.
WORD FAMILY
grid: grids
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or maybe even the code running an electrical grid, such as the one Russian hackers recently tried to infiltrate in Vermont.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The company said in its statement that the laptop was not connected to its grid systems.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Getting people in rural areas onto the national grid is proving too difficult and traditional solar panels generate meagre amounts of energy.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 格子，非实质的; 地图上的坐标方格; （输电线路、天然气管道等的）系统网络
分布：网格(81%)，电网(10%)，格子(7%)，栅栏(1%)，赛车起跑线(1%)
→词源同grate,炉栅。引申义网格，输电网。
noun countable
PATTERN/STRUCTURE 形状／结构
■a pattern or structure made from horizontal and vertical lines crossing each other to form squares 网格，方格；格栅，格子
• A metal grid had been placed across the hole to stop people falling in. 在洞口铺了一个铁格栅，以免有人跌入。
• In Barcelona the streets are laid out in/on a grid system. 巴塞隆拿的街道是棋盘式的布局。
⇒ See also gridiron
[grɪd] noun countable
ELECTRICITY 电力
■a system of wires through which electricity is connected to different power stations across a region 电力网；输电网
• the national grid 全国输电网
[grɪd] noun countable
MAP 地图
■a pattern of squares with numbers or letters used to find places on a map （地图的）坐标方格
n. [电子] 网格； [数] 格子，栅格；输电网
 - reseau, latticework

Word: pen
Front: pen
[pen] (中高宝 3583/3020 -K3)
Vocabulary: pen
(once / 140 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A pen is an ink-filled tool that you use for writing or drawing. Doing a crossword puzzle with a pen shows a lot of self confidence, since you can't erase your answers.
Pen is also a verb meaning "to write," especially when you're writing something of literary value: "She's my favorite writer — I can't wait for her to pen another novel!" Then there's the pen that you keep your pet donkey safely inside (you can also say you pen him in there), and inspired by this "livestock enclosure" meaning there's also the slang for "penitentiary" or "jail."
WORD FAMILY
pen: penned, penning, pens+/penning: pennings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her desk hosts an ever-expanding array of pens, pencils and markers.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Zhang told the activist he would need to pen “a self-criticism” in which he confessed to a series of crimes.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Marine Le Pen, leader of France’s National Front, is still not the favorite to win her country’s upcoming presidential elections.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 笔，笔尖; 笔法，文笔; 作家; 围栏
vt. 写; 把…关入栏中; 关押，囚禁
时态：penned, penning, pens
分布：笔(62%)，钢笔(26%)，写(9%)，写作(1%)，围栏(1%)，雌天鹅(1%)
→来自拉丁语penna,羽毛，翎，来自petna,展开，翅膀，来自*pet,展开，词源同feather,compete.原指鸟翎制成的笔，后词义通用化。拼写比较pan,patella.pen 围栏，畜栏
n.钢笔,圆珠笔,作家,围栏vt.写,关入栏中With one penny I had this peculiar pen opened.我花了一便士让人把这支奇特的钢笔打开了.
【记】源于pen鹅毛笔－雌天鹅
noun countable
WRITING DEVICE 书写工具
 ESSENTIAL
■a long thin object used for writing or drawing with ink （用墨水的）笔
• a fountain/ballpoint/felt-tip pen 自来水／原子／签字笔
• Don't write in (= using a) pen, or you won't be able to rub out any mistakes you make. 不要用钢笔写，否则写错就擦不掉了。
[pen] noun countable
ENCLOSED SPACE 圈起的空间
■a small area surrounded by a fence, especially one in which animals are kept （尤指饲养动物的）圈，栏
• a sheep/pig pen 羊／猪圈
⇒ See also playpen US slang for
■ penitentiary
• He served nine years in the state pen. 他在州立监狱服刑九年。
[pen] noun countable
The pen is mightier than the sword. saying
■said to emphasize that thinking and writing have more influence on people and events than the use of force or violence 笔诛胜于剑伐；文胜于武。
[pen] noun countable
put / set pen to paper
■to start to write 开始写，动笔
• It's time you put pen to paper and replied to that letter from your mother. 该动笔给你妈妈回信了。
[pen] verb transitive (-nn-) formal
■to write something 写
• She penned a note of thanks to her hostess. 她写了一封感谢信给女主人。
[pen] verb transitive (-nn-) formal
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] pen sb in/up
■to keep people or animals in a small area 把…圈起来；把…关起来
• The sheep were penned in behind the barn. 羊群被圈在谷仓后面。
• The soldiers were penned up in their barracks. 士兵被关在军营里。
n. 钢笔；作家；围栏
 - writer, author, rail
vt. 写；关入栏中
 - write on

Word: phase
Front: phase
[feɪz] (研四六托雅 2244/1682 -K3)
Vocabulary: phase
(once / 317 pages)
1nv 2n
A phase is a particular period of time, like someone whose "teenage rebellion" phase lasts well into her thirties.
The word phase can mean a stage in a person’s development or a step in a process, such as “the next phase in the Interstate 57 project.” Phase can also be a verb, usually followed by in or out, to mean slowly introducing or getting rid of something. For example, your school might phase in a new rule or phase out an old one, as new students arrive.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
faze / phase
To faze is to disturb, bother, or embarrass, but a phase is a stage or step. It could faze your family if your princess phase lasts well into your college years.
Faze entered English around 1830 through American English as a variant of feeze, to mean "frighten." It's often in the negative, like when your mellow brother is unfazed by your crazy Cinderella costumes. Don't let these examples faze you:
Gasser didn't seem fazed by his teammates' early shooting woes. (Seattle Times)
Morgan doesn't seem fazed by Google overwhelming influence in the tech world. (Forbes)
A phase is a stage, like the phases of the moon or the awkward phase of teenage rebellion. As a verb, it means to do something in stages, like to phase something in or out:
Education officials are now considering phasing out the middle school grades and possibly housing a new district or charter middle school in the same building. (New York Times)
We will finish Phase One, and then we will look at Phase Two," says Peter Voser, Shell's chief executive officer. (Business Week)
I never know if musicians see bands going through all these different phases the way outsiders or music critics do. (Time)
Confusing phase for faze is an error that usage guru Bryan Garner notes as being at stage 2 of language change: having spread to a "significant fraction of the language community" but remaining "unacceptable in standard usage." So don't get them mixed up.
To keep them straight: something that fazes or bothers you might make you want to fight, but please pass through your princess phase as soon as possible.
WORD FAMILY
phase: multiphase, phased, phases, phasing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“If not” is a dangerous thought for a team about to enter the win-or-else phase of its rebuilding.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
There are three more phases planned for the project.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The start of the penalty phase, originally set for Tuesday, was pushed back a day.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 相，周相; 阶段; [物理学]相位; 方面，侧面
vt. 分阶段实行; 调整相位
vi. 分阶段进行
时态：phased, phasing, phases
分布：阶段(70%)，相位(20%)，时期(4%)，方面(3%)，局面(2%)，逐步执行(1%)
→来自希腊语phasis,月相，星相，来自phainein,出现，显示，来自bha,照明，光照，词源同beacon,phantasm.引申词义相位，阶段。
n.阶段,状态,时期;相,相位In occasional case the phrase emphasizes the importance of the phase to the laser.在偶然情况下该短句强调了相位对于激光的重要性.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■any stage in a series of events or in a process of development （发展或变化的）阶段，时期
• The project is only in the initial phase as yet, but it's looking quite promising. 该专案计划到目前为止才刚起步，但看起来大有可为。
• We're entering a new phase in international relations. 我们现正进入国际关系的新阶段。
 IMPROVER
■a period of strange or difficult behaviour, especially that a young child or person goes through, that will stop after a while 时期（尤指孩童或成人经历的一段行为怪异或让人费解的时期）
• When I was in my early teens I went through a phase of only ever wearing black. 我在十几岁的时候有一阵子只穿黑色衣服。
 IMPROVER
■The phases of the moon are the regular changes in its shape as it appears to us on Earth. （月亮的）位相，盈亏
[feɪz] noun countable
in phase/out of phase
■If two things are happening in/out of phase they are reaching the same or related stages at the same time/at different times. 同步／不同步
[feɪz] verb transitive often passive
■to introduce something in stages over a particular period of time 分阶段实施，逐步进行
• The reduction in armed forces will be phased over the next ten years. 裁军将在未来十年内分阶段进行。
[feɪz] verb transitive often passive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] phase sth in
■to introduce something gradually or in stages 逐步采用；分阶段实施
• They will phase the new health care system in over a period of five years. 他们将在五年内逐步实施新的医疗保健体系。
[feɪz] verb transitive often passive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] phase sth out
■to remove or stop using something gradually or in stages 逐步淘汰，分阶段停止使用
aspect, side, phase, angle
这组词都有“方面”的意思，其区别是：
aspect: 着重以特定观点对事物进行观察或考虑。
side: 可与aspect和phase换用，但更着重构成事物全貌的一个或多个方面。
phase: 指可以对事物进行观察或描述或考虑的任何方面。
angle: 专指从某一角度去观察、考虑事物的某个方面。
n. [物] 相；阶段； [天] 位相
 - stage, age, grade

Word: toll
Front: toll
[təʊl] (研托雅宝 4599/6043 -2)
Vocabulary: toll
(once / 585 pages)
1nv 2vn
A toll is a payment made for something. To drive on some highways, drivers have to pay a toll when they exit.
Toll comes from the Greek word for "tax," telos. When a fee is charged for the privilege of driving on a road or crossing a bridge, it's called a toll. Another kind of toll is the charge to make a long distance telephone call. Occasionally, toll refers to a different kind of cost — a loss of human life: the human toll of an earthquake or war. Finally, there's the toll, or deep ringing sound, of a bell.
WORD FAMILY
toll: tolled, toller, tolling, tolls+/toller: tollers
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say all potential revenue increases should be on the table, including raising the gas tax and imposing tolls.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Up to 35 other people were wounded in that attack, he said, adding that the death toll was expected to rise.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
But Assembly Speaker Robin Vos and other Assembly Republicans argue everything, including tolling and tax and fee increases, should be considered.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 通行费; 伤亡人数; 钟声; 长途电话费
v. 鸣钟; 敲钟
时态：tolled, tolling, tolls
分布：代价(34%)，通行费(30%)，钟声(15%)，敲钟(14%)，伤亡人数(7%)
→来自古英语 toll,费用，税费，关税，来自 Proto-Germanic*tullo,计算数，告知，来自 dol, 计算，思考，词源同 tell,tall.引申诸相关词义。
n.(道路,桥等的)通行费;牺牲;死伤人数Automobile accidents take a heavy toll of human lives.车祸使许多人丧生.
US [toʊl] noun
CHARGE 收费
countable
■a small amount of money that you have to pay to use a road, cross a bridge, etc （道路、桥梁等的）通行费
• He's just got a job collecting tolls at the start of the motorway. 他刚刚得到了一份在高速公路入口处收通行费的工作。
countable US
■the money a long-distance telephone call costs 长途电话费
• Is Bayonne a toll call (= a more expensive telephone call) from New York? 从纽约打电话到贝约纳是长途吗？
UK [təʊl] US [toʊl] noun
SUFFERING 痛苦
 ADVANCED uncountable
■suffering, deaths or damage 伤亡；损失；破坏
• Independent sources say that the death toll from the earthquake runs into thousands. 独立消息人士称地震中的伤亡人数达到数千人。
UK [təʊl] US [toʊl] noun
take its/their/a toll
■If something takes its/their/a toll, it causes suffering, deaths or damage 造成损失（或伤亡、破坏）
• The problems of the past few months have taken their toll on her health and there are shadows beneath her eyes. 过去几个月的问题影响了她的健康，她眼睛出现黑眼圈。
• The deepening recession has also taken its toll in the south of the country, where unemployment is rife. 日益加剧的经济衰退也严重影响到该国南部地区，那里的失业率居高不下。
UK [təʊl] US [toʊl] verb intransitive or transitive
■to (cause a large bell to) ring slowly and repeatedly （使）缓慢而反覆地鸣响
• In the distance, a church bell tolled the hour (= showed the time by ringing). 远处传来教堂报时的钟声。
vt. 征收；敲钟
 - ring, levy upon
n. [税收] 通行费；代价；钟声
 - price, expense, cost, ring, bell
vi. 鸣钟；征税
 - ring the bell, levy tax

Word: carefully
Front: carefully
['keəfəlɪ] (1603/1328 -K)
Back: adv. 小心谨慎地; 警惕地; 仔细地; 周密地
分布：副词(98%)，名词(2%)
US ['ker-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■with great attention 小心地；仔细地；认真地
• She carefully folded the letter and put it in her pocket. 她小心地将信折好，放进口袋。
• Drive carefully on those icy roads. 那些道路结了冰，要小心驾驶。
adv. 小心地
 - discreetly, shyly

Word: folk
Front: folk
[fəʊk] (高研四六托 1339/2958 -3)
Vocabulary: folk
(once / 94 pages)
n
Folk are regular people. Country folk can be suspicious of fancy city people, while city folk tend to act a little snobby toward country dwellers.
The plural form of this word, folks, is often used for groups of ordinary people. You could say that folks in New York seem more accepting of your eccentricities than the folks back home in your small town. You can also refer to your parents as your folks, or use it as an informal, friendly form of address: "Hi, folks! I'll be your waiter today." The Old English root is folc, "common people, nation, or troop."
WORD FAMILY
folk: folks+/folks: folkses, folksy / folksy: folksier, folksiest, folksily
USAGE EXAMPLES
A special thanks to the folks in the reservations department at the Trump International Hotel here who helped us rent this ballroom on last-minute notice.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I’ve seen what happens when folks decide they want to do something. It gets done,” Jones said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At this time of year, many mathematically curious folk spend time looking for satisfying number patterns like this one involving the new date.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 民族; 人们; 〈口〉家属，亲戚; 民间音乐
adj. 民间的; 普通平民的; 流传民间的; 普通百姓的
分布：民间音乐(45%)，人们(26%)，民间的(20%)，双亲(9%)
→来自pele,装满，词源同full, plebeian.用来指民间大众。
n.人们;民族;亲属a.民间的The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand.大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里.
US [foʊk] noun
PEOPLE 人们
 ADVANCED [plural] (mainly US folks)
■people, especially those of a particular group or type （尤指某一群体或类型的）人们
• old folk 老人
• Ordinary folk can't afford cars like that. 普通人买不起那样的轿车。
folks [plural] [as form of address] informal
■used when speaking informally to a group of people 各位；大伙
• All right, folks, dinner's ready! 好啦，伙计们，晚餐准备好了！
■mainly US
■someone's parents 父母
• I'm going home to see my folks. 我要回家看看我的父母。
UK [fəʊk] US [foʊk] noun
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable
■modern music and songs that are written in a style similar to that of traditional music 民谣；民歌
• I enjoy listening to folk (music/songs). 我喜欢听民谣（音乐／歌曲）。
• folk singers 民谣歌手
• a folk club/festival 民间音乐俱乐部／节
UK [fəʊk] US [foʊk] adjective [before noun]
■traditional to or typical of a particular group or country, especially one where people mainly live in the countryside, and usually passed on from parents to their children over a long period of time 传统的；（尤指）普通百姓的，流传民间的
• folk culture 民间文化
■describes art that expresses something about the lives and feelings of ordinary people in a particular group or country, especially those living in the countryside （艺术）民间的，民俗的
• folk art 民间艺术
• folk dancing 民间舞蹈
mass, folk
mass: 大众的
folk: 人们，民间的
n. 民族；人们；亲属（复数）
 - nation, people, family
adj. 民间的
 - civil

Word: shed
Front: shed
[ʃed] (研四六托雅宝 4356/4479 -3)
Vocabulary: shed
(once / 169 pages)
1v 2vadj 3n
The small, simple building in your yard where you keep tools or gardening equipment is a shed.
As a noun, shed means "hut," and probably comes from the word shade. But shed is also a verb meaning "to cast off," like when a snake sheds its skin. If your couch is covered in fur, it might be because your dog is shedding. You can shed non-physical things, like a bad habit. Does your cat shed? If so, maybe I should sleep in the shed since I'm allergic.
WORD FAMILY
shed: shedder, shedding, sheds+/shedder: shedders/shedding: sheddings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The nation entered the Year of the Monkey with industry deep in deflation and firms rapidly shedding workers.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Our finding sheds some light on the nature of implicit racial bias.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
Cyrus, 24, shed tears as the little girl crooned and Hemsworth, 26, said “Wow! You were amazing” after the song was over.
Time(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 棚，库; 分水岭
vt. 流出; 流下; 蜕皮; 树叶脱落
vi. 流出; 蜕皮; 脱落; 散布
时态：shed, shedding, sheds
分布：小屋(58%)，车棚(15%)，使流出(14%)，使脱落(7%)，除掉(3%)，使清晰(3%)
→来自 shade 拼写变体，引申词义简易遮盖地，工棚，厂房。shed 去除，摆脱，蜕，落
v.流出;发散,散发,脱落,脱去n.棚,小屋The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身.
【记】she蛇，d的：蛇容易脱皮－脱落
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a small building, usually made of wood, used for storing things （通常为木质、存放物品用的）棚子，小屋
• a garden shed 园艺棚
• a tool/bicycle shed 工具／脚踏车棚
■a large simple building used for a particular activity （用于特定活动的）大简易棚
• the lambing shed 产羔棚
[ʃed] verb (shedding, shed, shed)
GET RID OF 摆脱
 ADVANCED transitive
■(often used in newspapers) to get rid of something you do not need or want （常为报刊用语）去除，摆脱
• 900 jobs will be shed over the next few months. 接下来几个月中要裁减900个职位。
• Psychotherapy helped him to shed some of his insecurity/inhibitions. 心理疗法帮助他摆脱了一些不安全感／自我压抑。
• I'm going on a diet to see if I can shed (= become thinner by losing) a few kilos. 我要节食，看能不能甩掉几公斤。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to lose a covering, such as leaves, hair or skin, because it falls off naturally, or to drop something in a natural way or by accident 使脱落；使掉落；蜕；脱
• The trees shed their leaves in autumn. 树木在秋天落叶。
• They ran down to the sea, shedding clothes as they went. 他们奔向大海，一边跑一边脱衣服。
• UK A lorry had shed a load of gravel across the road. 一辆卡车在路上掉下了一堆碎石。
[ʃed] verb (shedding, shed, shed)
PRODUCE 产生
shed tears/blood/light, etc.
■to produce tears, light, blood, etc. 流泪／流血／发光等
• She shed a few tears at her daughter's wedding. 她在女儿的婚礼上流下泪来。
• So much blood has been shed (= So many people have been badly hurt or killed) in this war. 这场战争造成了惨重的伤亡。
shed, scrap, discard
这组词都有“抛弃、丢弃”的意思，其区别是：
shed: 指毛发、皮肤、叶等经过某种自然的过程而脱落。
scrap: 指抛弃过时不再有用的东西。
discard: 指把具体的东西抛掉不要，着重扔、丢的动作。
shed, cabin, but, cottage
这组词都有“小屋”的意思，其区别是：
shed: 一般指四壁没有完全封闭，供牲畜用或储藏东西、停放车辆等的简易棚屋。
cabin: 多指建造粗糙的简陋小木屋，也指旅客或船员住的船舱。现在也指节假日游游者的简便住房。
but: 多指供居住或遮避风雨的简易小屋。
cottage: 指穷苦人住的乡间小茅屋。现在也指雅致的小住宅，在美国可指别墅。
vt. 流出；摆脱；散发；倾吐
 - stream, steam, slip
vi. 流出；脱落；散布
 - discharge, issue
n. 小屋，棚；分水岭
 - cottage, divide, cabin

Word: elderly
Front: elderly
[ˈeldəli] (研四雅 2907/1837 -K3)
Vocabulary: elderly
(once / 470 pages)
adjn
Someone who's elderly is very old. Your elderly neighbor might need help shoveling snow from her sidewalk and going grocery shopping each week.
When you talk about an elderly person, you might call him a "senior citizen" or an "older gentleman." We tend to think of people as elderly when they're quite aged and have started to become physically frail. You can also use the adjective for animals or even inanimate objects that are getting old: "That elderly oak tree is going to have to come down." The Old English root ealdorlic means "princely" or "excellent."
WORD FAMILY
elderly: elderlies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The money sent back usually gets reinvested locally, he said, "in better schooling for kids, better care for the elderly, and better housing."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
An elderly relative with Alzheimer’s recently told me that God talks to her.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Scientists associated tau buildup with Alzheimer’s, but that disease ravaged the elderly.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 上了年纪的; 过了中年的; 较老的
n. 老人
分布：年长的(69%)，年老的(31%)
a.较老的,年长的n.[the～]到了晚年的人They are talking about elderly pursuits.他们在谈论有关老年人的事业.
US [-dɚ.li] adjective
 IMPROVER polite word for
■old 年老的；上了年纪的；年纪较大的
• elderly relatives/parents 年迈的亲戚／父母
UK ['el.dəl.i] US [-dɚ.li] plural noun
the elderly
 IMPROVER
■old people considered as a group （总称）老人，上了年纪的人
• The city is building new housing for the elderly. 这座城市正在为老年人修建新的住房。
adj. 上了年纪的；过了中年的；稍老的
 - oldish

Word: plastic
Front: plastic
[ˈplæstɪk] (中高研四六托雅 1523/1999 -K3)
Vocabulary: plastic
(once / 620 pages)
1nadj 2n
Plastic is a synthetic material that can be molded when soft and formed into a solid shape. Many toys are made out of plastic, like Barbie dolls and Lego blocks.
Plastic appears in many different forms, from beach balls to lawn chairs, grocery bags and much more. Credit cards, which are made of plastic, are called plastic, meaning payment that's not cash. You can also use plastic as an adjective to describe things that can be molded, like clay that's plastic in your hands, or to describe something that's artificial. For example, if a person is called plastic, he or she is probably fake or insincere.
WORD FAMILY
plastic: plastically, plasticise, plasticity, plasticize, plastics+/plasticise: plasticiser/plasticize: plasticized, plasticizer, plasticizing/plasticizer: plasticizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The 25-year-old victim fell through the corrugated plastic ceiling of a kitchen annexe in a basement flat on Charles Road on New Year's Day.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“Happy New Year!” shouts an older man swigging from a plastic bottle of vodka on the subway platform.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The L.E.D. grow lights are in plastic tubing above each level of the grow tower.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 塑料制品; 〈口〉（使用）信用卡; 整形; 可塑体
adj. 可塑的，塑性的，受范的，柔软的; 造型的，塑造的，给与形态的; 塑料[塑胶]的，塑料[塑胶]制的，合成树脂做的; 有形成力的，有创造力的
分布：塑料(88%)，塑料的(4%)，塑料制品(2%)，信用卡(2%)，可塑的(2%)，造型的(1%)，整形的(1%)
→来自拉丁语plasticus,形成的，可塑的，来自希腊语plastos,形成的，铺开的，来自plassein,形成，铺开，来自pele,展开，放平，词源同plan,plain.引申词义塑料的。
可塑的[plas=mold(模式)]
n.(常pl.)塑料,塑料制品a.可塑的,塑性的After the blast the plastics show everlasting elasticity.爆炸过后,塑胶显示出永久的弹性.
noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an artificial substance that can be shaped when soft into many different forms and has many different uses 塑胶
• He put a sheet of plastic over the broken window. 他在打破的窗户上盖了一块塑胶片。
• Those flowers aren't real - they're made of plastic. 那些花不是真的——是塑胶做成的。
plastics uncountable
■the process or business of producing plastic 塑胶制造（业）
• The company has moved into plastics. 公司已转而投身塑胶制造业。
• the plastics industry 塑胶工业
['plæs.tɪk] noun
MONEY 钱
uncountable (also plastic money)
■ credit cards or debit cards , rather than money in the form of notes, coins or cheques 信用卡
• I'd prefer a restaurant where they take plastic. 我较喜欢到接受信用卡付款的餐厅吃饭。
['plæs.tɪk] adjective
SUBSTANCE 物质
 ESSENTIAL
■made of plastic 塑胶（制）的
• a plastic bag/box/cup 塑胶袋／盒／杯
■disapproving
■artificial or false 不真实的，不自然的，做作的
• I hate the hostesses' false cheerfulness and plastic smiles. 我讨厌女主人假装高兴，脸上带着做作的微笑。
['plæs.tɪk] adjective
SOFT 柔软的
■soft enough to be changed into a new shape 可塑的，塑性的
• Clay is a very plastic material. 黏土是一种可塑性极强的材料。
• This metal is plastic at high temperatures. 这种金属在高温下具有可塑性。
plastic, elastic, flexible
这组词都有“弹性的，易弯曲的”的意思，其区别是：
plastic: 科技用词，指事物质地柔软，易造型，可塑造成所需的形状。
elastic: 强调物体的伸展性，也可作引申用。
flexible: 主要指有韧性，暗示有可以弯曲而不脆继的特性，但不一定有弹性。也可作引申用。
adj. [塑料] [力] 塑料的；（外科）造型的；可塑的
 - mouldable, malleable
n. [塑料] 塑料制品；整形； [力] 可塑体
 - restricting, true-up

Word: precisely
Front: precisely
[prɪˈsaɪsli] (2579/2424 -K3)
Vocabulary: precisely
(once / 229 pages)
adv
The adverb precisely describes something done with complete accuracy or perfection. When you speak precisely, you pronounce each word completely and clearly — and you say exactly what you mean.
Something that's done precisely is done with great care, the way you'd set the table according to your grandmother's demands, precisely following her instructions about where knives and forks should go. You can also use precisely to tell about an exact time, like meeting a friend under the big clock at precisely 12:30. On its own, precisely can substitute for yes or exactly.
WORD FAMILY
precise: imprecise, precisely, preciseness, preciser, precisest+/ imprecise: imprecisely, impreciseness/preciseness: precisenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the “silence and sighs”? The allegedly negative reaction was experienced by precisely one colleague on exactly one call, unsolicited by the Conways.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But it’s precisely because governments are distracted or incapacitated that there is a role for non-state actors.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
City looked rushed and accident-prone – which is precisely what their opponents wanted them to be.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 精确地; 恰好地; 严谨地，严格地; 一丝不苟地
分布：精确地(100%)
US [prə-] adverb
EXACT 精确地
 ADVANCED
■exactly 精确地，准确地，确切地
• The fireworks begin at eight o'clock precisely. 烟火在八点整开始燃放。
• What do you think the problem is, precisely? 确切地说，你认为问题在哪里？
 ADVANCED
■used to emphasize what you are saying （用于强调）恰恰，正
• "You look tired - you should go home and rest." "I'm going to do precisely that." “你看起来累了——应该回家休息。”“我正打算这么做。”
• But it's precisely because of the noise that they're thinking of moving. 说实在的，就是那些噪音使他们想搬家。
■used to express complete agreement with someone or suggest that what they have said is obvious （用于表示完全同意）对，正是，的确
• "It would be stupid to attempt the journey in the dark." "Precisely," he answered. “想在黑暗中走这段路很傻。”“的确如此，”他答道。
UK [prɪ'saɪ.sli] US [prə-] adverb
CAREFUL 严谨地 approving
■carefully and accurately 严谨地，细致地
• He works slowly and precisely whereas I tend to rush things and make mistakes. 他是慢工出细活，而我则匆匆了事常常出错。
adv. 精确地；恰恰
 - accurately, exactly

Word: kashmir
Front: kashmir
['kæʃmɪə] (-/13374)
Back: n. 克什米尔（南亚一地区，约2/5弱为巴基斯坦控制，其余为印度控制）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: cheer
Front: cheer
[tʃɪə(r)] (中高研四六雅 4621/5070 -3)
Vocabulary: cheer
(once / 63 pages)
1nv 2vn
A cheer is what you shout at a sporting event when you cheer your team on, showing your enthusiasm and support. Often there's a lot of cheer or good spirits at these games, unless of course your favorite team loses.
The word cheer comes from the Old French chiere, meaning "face." When you cheer someone on, you show approval, whether on your face through a smile, or by shouting encouragement. Cheer is also a quality of being sunny or happy. You can cheer someone up by being silly or entertaining. Or, you could raise a glass to them and toast, "Cheers!"
WORD FAMILY
cheer: cheered, cheerer, cheerful, cheering, cheerless, cheers, cheery +/cheerer: cheerers/ cheerful: cheerfuler, cheerfulest, cheerfulness, uncheerful/cheerfulness: cheerfulnesses/cheering: cheeringly, cheerings/cheerless: cheerlessly, cheerlessness/ cheery: cheerier, cheeriest, cheerily/uncheerful: uncheerfully, uncheerfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Activists cheered the government’s pledge for swift action, and the state-run news media called it a “monumental win for elephants.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Joe’s Pub, the glimmering nightclub at the Public Theater, bursts with laughter and cheers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The crowd rose to its feet and cheered as Rossello announced that he would fly to Washington, D.C.,
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 欢呼; 使高兴; 为…喝彩; 为…加油
n. 欢呼，喝彩; 兴致勃勃，愉快; 心情; 令人愉快的事
vi. 欢呼; 感到高兴
时态：cheered, cheering, cheers
分布：欢呼(56%)，加油(23%)，愉快(7%)，鼓舞(7%)，激励(3%)，使振奋(3%)，快活起来(1%)
→词源不确定，可能来自拟声词，模仿欢呼声。
v.(使)振奋,(使)高兴v./n.喝彩,欢呼The bee paid the fee of coffee, beef and beer for the cheerful deer.蜜蜂为欢快的鹿付了咖啡,牛肉和啤酒的费用.
US [tʃɪr] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to give a loud shout of approval or encouragement 欢呼；喝彩；鼓舞，振奋
• Everyone cheered as the winners received their medals. 当优胜者接受奖牌时，大家都欢呼起来。
• He was cheering for the other side. 他正为另一方喝彩。
UK [tʃɪər] US [tʃɪr] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cheer sb on
■to shout loudly in order to encourage someone in a competition （在比赛中大喊）给（某人）打气，给（某人）加油
• As the runners went by, we cheered them on. 赛跑者经过时，我们为他们呐喊加油。
UK [tʃɪər] US [tʃɪr] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cheer (sb) up ADVANCED
■If someone cheers up, or something cheers them up, they start to feel happier （使）振作；（使）高兴起来
• She was ill so I sent her some flowers to cheer her up. 她病了，所以我送花给她让她开心起来。
• He cheered up at the prospect of a meal. 想到要吃饭他精神一振。
• Cheer up! It's not that bad! 振作起来！并没有那么糟！
• [R] She went shopping to cheer herself up. 她去购物好让自己开心起来。
UK [tʃɪər] US [tʃɪr] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cheer sth up
■to make a place look brighter or more attractive 使…亮丽起来；使…令人耳目一新
• A coat of paint and new curtains would really cheer the kitchen up. 厨房粉刷一遍再换上新窗帘确实会让人耳目一新。
UK [tʃɪər] US [tʃɪr] noun
SHOUT 欢呼
countable
■a loud shout of approval or encouragement 欢呼声；喝彩声
• Her speech was received with cheers and a standing ovation. 她的演讲受到了热烈欢呼和起立鼓掌。
• His victory in the 400m earned him the biggest cheer of the afternoon. 他在400米赛跑中获胜，赢得了下午最热烈的欢呼。
• Three cheers for the winning team (= Let's give them three shouts of approval) ! 让我们为获胜队欢呼三声！
UK [tʃɪər] US [tʃɪr] noun
HAPPINESS 欢乐
uncountable formal or old-fashioned
■a feeling of happiness 欢乐，高兴；兴奋，振奋
• The victory in the by-election has brought great cheer to the Liberal Democrats. 补选的胜利令自由民主党人大为振奋。
be of good cheer old use
■to be happy 非常高兴，兴致勃勃
vt. 欢呼；使高兴；为…加油
 - please, glad, satisfy
n. 欢呼；愉快；心情；令人愉快的事
 - sunshine, breast, applause, brightness
vi. 欢呼；感到高兴
 - hurray

Word: cope
Front: cope
[kəʊp] (研四六托 3198/1779 -K3)
Vocabulary: cope
(once / 646 pages)
1v 2n 3n
If you are able to cope with something, you are able to deal with it. If you can cope with waiting in long lines, you'll get the best seats. If you can cope with the stress, you will be excellent at defusing bombs.
From the Old French couper, cope means “come to blows with." Coping can imply struggle, but it’s usually met with success or at the very least, not failure. Another word to describe the balancing act of a mother who takes care of three children while also working part-time and pursuing a graduate degree is coping. “Understanding does not cure evil, but it is a definite help, inasmuch as one can cope with a comprehensible darkness,” warns Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung.
WORD FAMILY
cope: coped, copes, coping+/coping: copings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In December, Roraima’s governor declared a state of emergency and appealed for federal assistance to cope with the crush of border-crossers.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Negative emotions may be easier to cope with when channelled into words spoken to ourselves.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
I introduced mindfulness meditation into my life to help cope with a history of high blood pressure and depression.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 成功地应付，对付; 对抗
n. 长袍; 斗篷状覆盖物; 墙帽
vt. 笼罩; 给…盖墙压顶
时态：coped, coping, copes
分布：应付(82%)，对抗(5%)，笼罩(5%)，长袍(3%)，妥善处理(2%)，盖上斗篷(2%)，斗篷状物(1%)
→来自拉丁词colp, 击，打，来自skel, 砍，劈，词源同scissor, cleave. 词义由击，打到对付，处理。
v.(with)竞争,对抗;(with)对付,妥善处理I hope to make copper copies of the telescope and microscope for hobby in the lobby.我希望制作望远镜和显微镜的铜质复制品.
US [koʊp] verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to deal successfully with a difficult situation （成功地）对付，应付，处理
• It must be difficult to cope with three small children and a job. 要照顾三个小孩还要工作肯定不容易。
• The tyres on my car don't cope very well on wet roads. 我的车轮在湿滑的路面上总打滑。
• He had so much pressure on him in his job that eventually he just couldn't cope. 他工作压力太大，最后便扛不住了。
vi. 处理；对付；竞争
 - manage, contest
n. 长袍
 - gown, robe

Word: criticise
Front: criticise
['krɪtɪsaɪz] (-/3439)
Back: vt. & vi. 评论，批评
时态：criticised, criticising, criticises
分布：批评(94%)，评论(5%)，吹毛吹疵(1%)
批评(ctitic批评家)[-ise 1.表动词后缀,和-ize相同,是-ize的变体,"…化"2.表名词"物品,状态"]
vt. 批评；吹毛求疵；非难
 - to criticize, find quarrel in a straw
vi. 批评；吹毛求疵；非难
 - to criticize, find quarrel in a straw

Word: sweep
Front: sweep
[swi:p] (中高研四六托雅 2639/2636 -K3)
Back: vt. 打扫，清理; 扫除; 彻底搜索; 掠过
vi. 打扫; 扫过; 蜿蜒; 大范围伸展
n. 打扫; 延伸; 挥动; 全胜
时态：swept, sweeping, sweeps
分布：打扫(39%)，清扫(14%)，席卷(11%)，清除(10%)，全胜(8%)，掠过(6%)，范围(5%)，扫视(5%)，搜寻(1%)，赌金(1%)
→来自古英语 swapan,清扫，打扫，来自 Proto-Germanic*swaipana,清扫，打扫，来自 swei, 弯，转，摇摆，词源同 swoop,swing.引申诸相关词义。
v.扫,打扫;席卷,冲光;扫过,掠过After a deep sleep, the weeping sweeper keeps on peeping the sheep on the steep.酣睡之后,哭泣的清扫者继续窥视峭壁上的羊.
verb (swept, swept)
CLEAN 清扫
 ADVANCED transitive
■to clean especially a floor by using a brush to collect the dirt into one place from which it can be removed 打扫，清扫，扫除
• sweep the floor 扫地
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
MOVE 移动
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to move, especially quickly and powerfully （尤指快速有力地）移动，冲
• Everyone looked up as she swept into the room. 她冲进房间时，每个人都抬头看她。
• The fire swept (= spread quickly) through the house. 火势迅速在房子里蔓延开来。
• The National Party swept into power (= easily won the election) with a majority of almost 200. 民族党以近200票的领先优势顺利当选。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to quickly spread through and influence an area 风行，风靡，迅速蔓延，迅速传播
• A 1970s fashion revival is sweeping Europe. 20世纪70年代的时尚复古潮流正风靡整个欧洲。
transitive
■to travel across all of an area, especially when looking for something （尤指为寻找某物而）横扫，掠过
• American minesweepers are sweeping the Arabian sea. 美国的扫雷艇正在阿拉伯海扫雷。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If a road, river, range of mountains, set of steps, etc. sweeps in a particular direction, they follow a particular curved path 延伸，蜿蜒
• The road sweeps down to the coast. 这条路一直延伸到海岸边。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
REMOVE 移走
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to remove and/or take in a particular direction, especially in a fast and powerful way （尤指迅猛地）带走，卷走
• A large wave swept away half the sandcastle. 一道巨浪卷走了一半的沙堡。
• She swept the pile of papers and books into her bag. 她把一堆报纸和书胡乱塞进袋子里。
• The boat was swept out to sea (= away from land) by the tide. 那艘船被潮水卷到海里。
• Government troops swept aside the rebel forces (= caused them to move away from the area in which they were). 政府军队迅速肃清了叛军。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
WIN 获胜
transitive US informal
■to win all the parts of a competition, or to win very easily 大获全胜，一举获胜，轻易获胜
• The Yankees swept a four-game series from the Blue Jays. 洋基队在四连战中大胜蓝鸟队。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
sweep sb off their feet
■to make someone become suddenly and completely in love with you 使（某人）为之倾倒，使（某人）彻底爱上
• The first time he met her, he was completely swept off his feet. 他对她一见倾心。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
sweep sth under the carpet UK (US sweep sth under the rug)
■to hide a problem or try to keep it secret instead of dealing with it 隐瞒，掩饰
• The committee is being accused of sweeping financial problems under the carpet to avoid embarrassment. 这个委员会被控隐瞒财务问题，企图掩人耳目。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
sweep the board
■to win everything that is available 囊括全部奖项，大获全胜
• Australia swept the board in the swimming, with gold medals in every race. 澳大利亚大获全胜，囊括游泳项目的所有金牌。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] sweep sb along
■If a feeling or someone's behaviour sweeps you along, it makes you feel very enthusiastic about an activity and very involved in it 令（某人）着迷，令（某人）倾倒，深深吸引（某人）
• We were swept along by her eloquence. 她的能言善辩令我们为之倾倒。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sweep sth aside
■to refuse to consider something or to treat it as important 对…置之不理，无视，对…不予考虑
• They swept his doubts and objections aside. 他们对他的疑虑和反对置之不理。
[swi:p] noun
CLEAN 清扫
countable usually singular
■the act of sweeping something to clean it 打扫，清扫，扫除
• I've given the kitchen floor a sweep (= I have swept it). 我已经扫了厨房的地板。
countable old-fashioned for * chimney sweep
[swi:p] noun
MOVEMENT 动作
countable
■a movement, especially a quick, powerful one or one to search an area 掠过；扫过
• With a sweep (= horizontal movement) of its tail, the alligator knocked her under the water. 鳄鱼尾巴一扫，将她打到水中。
countable
■a long, often curved, area of land, sea, river, etc. or the area covered by something such as a book 一片长的、常常是曲线形的土地、海、河流等区域；或被某物如书本覆盖的区域
• A broad sweep of flat countryside stretched to the horizon in all directions. 平坦宽阔的乡村向四面延伸，一望无际。
sweeps [plural] US
■a period of time when measurements of the number of people watching different television stations are made so that the cost of advertising on each station can be set 调查收视率的时段
[swi:p] noun
WIN 获胜
a clean sweep
■when a player, team, etc. wins everything that is available 全胜，囊括所有奖项
• Romania made a clean sweep of the medals. 罗马尼亚囊括了所有奖牌。
scrub, clear, clean, dust, wipe, mop, sweep
这组词都有“使干净”的意思，其区别是：
scrub: 指用硬刷、肥皂或水用力地擦洗某物。
clear: 指清除不要的东西。
clean: 是这些动词中最常用的词，指将某物或某处的污物等清除掉，弄干净。
dust: 指将积落在物体表面的尘土抹去、掸掉或擦去以保干净。
wipe: 多指用布、纸等物把东西擦净，也指擦掉某物。
mop: 侧重指用拖把擦洗地板，有时也指擦干净或擦去。
sweep: 指用扫帚等进行清扫，也用作比喻。
vt. 扫除；猛拉；掸去
 - clean off, broom
vi. 扫，打扫；席卷；扫视；袭击
 - clean, do out
n. 打扫，扫除；范围；全胜
 - extent, boundary, region, spectrum, territory, area

Word: enormous
Front: enormous
[ɪˈnɔ:məs] (研四六托雅宝 1994/2120 -K3)
Vocabulary: enormous
(once / 145 pages)
adj
When something is very, very, VERY big, it can be called enormous. “Good heavens, that pimple on your cheek is absolutely enormous; it covers half your face!”
The word enormous contains within it, if you look closely, the root norm, as in normal. So what you’re saying when you call something enormous is that it’s beyond what is normal; you’re trying to convey a sense of exaggerated difference. You may also have heard the word ginormous, which people try to use as enormous with a dramatic flair. But, trust us: ginormous is not a good word; it’s just a blend of two words — gigantic and enormous.
WORD FAMILY
enormous: enormity, enormously, enormousness+/ enormity: enormities
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the past, the presidents’ siblings and sons, while holding no official titles, often wielded enormous power as “junior presidents.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Halfway through his term, the Indian prime minister’s popularity is still enormous, measured at 81% by a Pew poll in September.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Either one of those teams—Washington, Ohio State or Clemson—will pull off an enormous upset.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 巨大的; 庞大的; 极恶的; 凶暴的
分布：巨大的(87%)，庞大的(13%)
→e-, 向外。-norm, 正常，见normal. 即超出正常的，巨大的。
巨大的(e出+norm+ous→出了正常状态→巨大的,过分的)[norm=rule,norm,表示"规则,规范"]
a.巨大的,庞大的Normally, enormous deformation is abnormal.通常,巨大的变形是不正常的.
US [-'nɔ:r-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■extremely large 极大的；巨大的；庞大的
• an enormous car/house 大轿车／大房子
• He earns an enormous salary. 他工资极高。
• I was absolutely enormous when I was pregnant. 我怀孕的时候，身体十分臃肿。
• You've been an enormous help. 你真是帮了大忙。
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的，庞大的”的意思，其区别是：
tremendous: 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。
colossal: 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge: 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic: 指面积或体积的巨大，但多用于引申意义。
massive: 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
vast: 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
enormous: 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense: 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant: 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
adj. 庞大的，巨大的；凶暴的，极恶的
 - huge, tremendous, massive, macro, vast

Word: offset

Word: pour
Front: pour
[pɔ:(r)] (高研四六雅 1898/2331 -K3)
Vocabulary: pour
(once / 84 pages)
v
To pour is to flow rapidly in a steady stream, or to cause something to flow. You can pour good coffee into a cup and pour bad coffee down the drain.
You can pour your heart out, pour a cup of orange juice into or out of a cup, or watch the rain pour down while a poem pours from your lips. A jet of water may pour from a spout. Listen to how the water pours in this poem from Lewis Carroll's book, Alice in Wonderland: “How doth the little crocodile / Improve his shining tail, / And pour the waters of the Nile, / On every golden scale!”
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
pore / pour
A pore is small opening in a surface that lets stuff through. To pour, on the other hand, means to flow continuously and rapidly.
A pore is a little hole in a surface that lets gases, liquids, and microscopic elements through. The surface might be your skin (think of all those clogged pores suffered through in teen years) or something else, like a filter:
With the sweat starting from every pore he essayed a few more steps, stumbled, and in clumsily catching his balance, his hat fell off. (James Beardsley)
Solid bodies are not absolutely so, all undoubtedly containing pores, or spaces void of matter. (Thomas P. Jones)
As a verb, to pore is used with through or over and means that you are absorbed in the study of something or that you are reading something intensely. For example:
He spent more than 10 hours on the manuscript, poring over the details and asking faculty members for advice. (Nature)
Meanwhile, players pore over Polaroid photographs during breaks or wait as officials measure out first downs using sticks attached to chains. (New York Times)
On the other hand, to pour is to flow, like when you pour yourself a glass of water while it pours down rain.Usually an inanimate object is poured, but people can pour, too:
The donations began pouring in on Thursday, many of them delivered electronically and accompanied by politically tinged comments. (New York Times)
Within seconds, other heavily armed cops are pouring out the car, guns drawn, to surround the now disabled jet. (Time)
So her group and others are pouring energy into training mounted riders to fend off wolves. (New York Times)
After you pore over the difference between these words, pour yourself a glass of lemonade and say, "This one's for U!"
WORD FAMILY
pour: poured, pouring, pours
USAGE EXAMPLES
For years Ankara looked the other way as hard-line jihadists poured into Syria, destabilizing both sides of the border.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
I poured lots of time and money into getting a PhD, in hopes that academia might scratch that itch.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
They chuckled at some customers’ home remedies, such as pouring white wine on a red-wine stain.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 涌出; 倾，倒
vi. 涌流; 泛滥，涌出; 斟，倒
n. 倾泻
时态：poured, pouring, pours
分布：倒(87%)，倾泻(12%)，蜂涌而来(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自拉丁语purare,纯化，清洗，词源同pure,purgatory.引申词义倾泻，喷涌。
v.灌注,倾泻,涌入,流,倾盆大雨The sour vapour pours into the flourishing flour factory. It's the source of resources.酸蒸汽涌进兴旺的面粉厂.这是资源的源泉.
US [pɔ:r] verb
CAUSE TO FLOW 使流动
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to make a substance flow from a container, especially into another container, by raising just one side of the container that the substance is in 倒，注，灌
• I spilled the juice while I was pouring it. 我倒果汁时不小心弄洒了。
• Pour the honey into the bowl and mix it thoroughly with the other ingredients. 把蜂蜜倒进碗里，让它和其他原料充分混合。
• [+ two objects] Would you like me to pour you some more wine? 我再给你斟点酒好吗？
• Would you like to pour (= pour a drink into a glass or cup) while I open some bags of nuts? 我开几袋坚果，你倒饮料好吗？
UK [pɔ:r] US [pɔ:r] verb
FLOW QUICKLY 快速流动
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause to) flow quickly and in large amounts （使）倾泻，（使）涌出
• The bus was pouring out thick black exhaust fumes. 公共汽车在排出大量浑浊的黑色废气。
• The government has been pouring money into inefficient state-owned industries and the country can no longer afford it. 政府一直在向效益欠佳的国有企业挹注大量资金，而国家再也无力承担了。
• I felt a sharp pain and looked down to see blood pouring from my leg. 我感到一阵剧痛，低头一看血正从我的腿上涌出。
• Refugees have been pouring into neighbouring countries to escape the civil war. 难民大量涌入邻国以逃避内战。
• The sweat was pouring down her face by the end of the race. 赛跑结束时汗水顺着她的脸颊滚落。
• It looks as though it 's about to pour (with rain). 看样子要下倾盆大雨了。
• I was standing in the pouring rain for an hour waiting for my bus. 为了等公车我在倾盆大雨中站了一个小时。
UK [pɔ:r] US [pɔ:r] verb
pour oil on troubled waters UK
■to do or say something in order to make people stop arguing and become calmer 平息风波，调停争端
• My husband's always arguing with my father, and I'm the one who has to pour oil on troubled waters. 我丈夫老和我父亲争吵，我不得不做他们的调停人。
UK [pɔ:r] US [pɔ:r] verb
pour scorn on sb/sth
■to say a person or thing is stupid and not worth anything 鄙夷地谈论，对…嗤之以鼻
• Critics of the President have been pouring scorn on the plan ever since it was first proposed. 自从这一计划最开始提出，总统的批评者就一直在大肆贬低它。
UK [pɔ:r] US [pɔ:r] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pour sth out
■to tell all your problems or feelings to someone, especially privately or secretly （尤指私下或秘密地）倾诉，倾吐
• He spends every lunchtime pouring out his emotional problems to me and expects me to find a solution. 他每次吃午饭时都向我倾诉感情问题，希望我给他想个解决办法。
pour your heart out
■to tell someone your secret feelings and things that worry you, usually because you feel a strong need to talk about them 倾诉（通常因为感到十分需要向人倾诉，而把心底的感受和忧虑的事情说出来）
• I poured my heart out to him and then he told all his friends what I'd said. 我对他毫无保留，推心置腹，但他随后就把我的话告诉他所有的朋友。
stream, pour, flow, run
这组词都有“流动，涌出”的意思，其区别是：
stream: 指水或其它液体从源头流出，不断地朝某一方向流动，可用作引申。
pour: 通常指从高向低或从上向下的急剧流动。也可作引申用。
flow: 侧重水继续不断地往前流，不关心其流量的大小和速度的快慢。
run: 指液体向任何方向流动，暗示比flow快而有力。
n. 倾泻；流出；骤雨
 - issue, flux, dumping
vt. 灌，注；倒；倾泻；倾吐
 - shed
vi. 倾泻；涌流；斟茶
 - flow

Word: insurgent
Front: insurgent
[ɪnˈsɜ:dʒənt] (宝 7294/25391)
Vocabulary: insurgent
(once / 518 pages)
adjn
An insurgent is a rebel or a revolutionary, someone who takes up arms against the authorities.
Insurgent is from the Latin word “insurgentem,” literally meaning “to rise against,” so think of an insurgent as a fighter who rises against the people in power. Often insurgents are considered terrorists because they use violence to intimidate people.
WORD FAMILY
insurgent: counterinsurgent, insurgency, insurgently, insurgents+/counterinsurgency: counterinsurgencies/counterinsurgent: counterinsurgency/ insurgency: insurgencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
"There are several explanations. Sometimes insurgents are killed in a gunfight with law enforcement agencies but their bodies are found later," he said.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
It said however that terror organizations would be kept outside of the cease-fire agreement, without elaborating on which insurgent groups would be considered terror organizations.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Ron Gallo, June 23 at the 5 Spot: Insurgent thrift-store poet overcomes irritating schmoozing crowd with feedback and barbed words.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 起义的，叛乱的，造反的
n. 起义者，叛乱者，造反者
分布：叛乱分子(47%)，起义的(23%)，叛乱的(20%)，反对派(10%)
→in-,进入，使，向上，surge,上升，激增。其原义为上升，站起来，后引申词义起义，叛乱。比较revolution.
起义的,暴动的(in内部+surg+ent→内部升起来→暴动的)[surg=rise,表示"升起"]
【记】in里面，surge（n /v 汹涌澎湃），ent－国家里面汹涌澎湃－叛乱的
US [-'sɝ:-] noun
countable usually plural formal
■someone who is fighting against the government in their own country 叛乱者，造反者，暴动者
• All approaches to the capital are now under the control of the insurgents. 所有通往首都的道路都被叛乱分子控制了。
countable US
■someone who opposes especially political authority （尤指政党的）反对派
adj. 叛乱的；起义的
 - revolting
n. 叛乱者；起义者
 - rebeldom, riser

Word: decent
Front: decent
[ˈdi:snt] (研四六托雅宝 3878/3681 -2)
Vocabulary: decent
(once / 195 pages)
adjadv
The adjective decent means sufficient or acceptable. The local diner you like to frequent may not serve a four-star breakfast, but it probably has decent food.
Though the concept is a little dated, people of "decent society" are socially correct. They don't break the law, behave rudely, use impolite language, or wear inappropriate clothing. Decent can also mean "nice": Holding the door for a woman with a stroller is the decent thing to do. Lastly, decent can also mean "appropriately clothed" (or just "not naked"). If a stranger is knocking on your door, you're probably not going to answer it until you're decent.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
decent / descent / dissent
Decent is all buttoned up. Descent has all the fun because it gets to climb down a mountain. Dissent is what you do when the glee club wants to get matching red outfits but you like purple.
Decent, pronounced "DEE-sent," means "socially acceptable." It's also an old fashioned way to say "polite." These days if you ask someone if she's decent, you probably don't care if she went to finishing school, you're just wondering if she's dressed so you can come in. Decent can also mean good but not excellent. Have it both ways:
He's a decent old chap, but isn't at home much. (Bertram Mitford)
"We're going to work hard out there, and earn a decent living." (New York Times)
Descent, pronounced "dih-SENT," means the act of moving downward, either physically or socially, like an evil cartoon character's descent into the underworld, or a villain's descent into madness, or even your descent into the subway station or down a mountain:
There are a few nasty, short climbs, but several long descents too. (Guardian)
Descent can also refer to a person's cultural background. Makes sense if you think about going down the family tree:
The women, U.S. citizens of Somali descent, are charged with conspiracy to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization. (Washington Post)
Finally, dissent, also pronounced "dih-SENT" is to pipe up against popular opinion.
It can refer to an opinion that differs from an official or popularly held one.To dissent is to voice such an opinion. There are shades of meaning, but it always means to go against the grain:
Mr. Putin, who has rarely faced public dissent in his 11 years in power, appeared momentarily taken aback, but quickly recovered and finished his statement. (New York Times)
Mrs. Twining curled her mouth in bitter dissent. (Edgar Fawcett)
To recap: decent is fine and you're dressed, descent is to go down down down, and dissent is when you're opinion doesn't mesh with others.
WORD FAMILY
decent: decency, decenter, decentest, decently, indecent +/ decency: decencies/ indecency: indecencies/ indecent: indecency, indecenter, indecently
USAGE EXAMPLES
At first glance, Melania Trump did a good job of seeming like a decent sane person in her softball interview with Anderson Cooper in October.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
If this is just a decent match, it will be memorable.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The group says the state’s residents deserve affordable housing and transportation, high-quality education, nutritious food and a decent wage.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 正派的; 得体的; （服装等）相称的，合宜的; 相当好的
分布：体面的(53%)，正派的(25%)，相当好的(12%)，适当的(10%)
→来自dek, 接受，得体，合适，词源同doctor, dignity.
a.体面的;正派的,合乎礼仪的;合适的Those innocent adolescents ascending the hill are the tribe's descendants of decent descent.这些爬山的天真青少年是这个部落具有正派血统的后代.
【记】de地，cent硬币：我在马路边，拣到一分钱，把……（多么得体的行为！！）
【参】decency（n 庄重；正派；端庄）；decant（vt 移入其他容器）
【反】seamy（adj 丑恶的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■socially acceptable or good 正派的；体面的，正经的；像样的，相当不错的
• Everyone should be entitled to a decent wage/standard of living. 人人都应该有权获得像样的工资／过着体面的生活。
• I thought he was a decent sort of person. 我认为他是个正派人物。
• It was very decent (= kind) of you to help. 你能帮忙，真是个大好人啊。
• It made quite a decent-sized (= large) hole. 它弄出了一个很大的洞。
• After the recent scandal, the priest is expected to do the decent thing and resign from his position. 近来的丑闻过后，估计那个牧师会做该做的事，引咎辞职。
■informal
■dressed or wearing clothes 穿好衣服的
• Are you decent yet? 你穿好衣服了吗？
• You can come in now, I'm decent. 我穿好衣服了，你可以进来了。
adj. 正派的；得体的；相当好的
 - proper, goodish

Word: insider
Front: insider
[ɪnˈsaɪdə(r)] (宝 5334/5487 -2)
Vocabulary: insider
(once / 1679 pages)
n
An insider is someone, usually one of a small group, who has access to secret or private information. A political insider knows what really goes on behind the scenes in a campaign or a senator's office.
In a large company, insiders are privy to financial information or details about the way things work — information that isn't available to an ordinary employee or the general public. In the financial world, an insider knows things about the businesses whose stock is being traded, and "insider trading" is when they illicitly use this information for personal gain.
WORD FAMILY
insider: insiders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stefan Kalmár is a veteran art industry and gallery insider and the new director of the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In email interviews with travel industry insiders, I found that most reflect a more conservative, less-is-more approach.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The photographer also doubles as an informal tour guide sharing insider tips while snapping candid photos of visitors as they explore a destination.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 知情人; 了解内幕的人
分布：知情人(81%)，局内人(19%)
→来自inside,内部。
局内人(inside内部)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
【记】inside里面，er人－里面的人－知情人
US [-dɚ] noun countable
■someone who is an accepted member of a group and who therefore has special or secret knowledge or influence 内部的人，知情人，了解内幕者
• According to insiders, the committee is having difficulty making up its mind. 据知情人称，委员会很难作出决定。
n. [劳经] 内部的人，会员；熟悉内情者
 - member, fellow

Word: conviction
Front: conviction
[kənˈvɪkʃn] (研六托雅宝 3066/2840 -3)
Vocabulary: conviction
(once / 151 pages)
1n 2n
A conviction is something certain: a judgment of guilty in court and a strong belief are both convictions.
In the legal world, when a judge or jury convicts someone of a crime — finding them guilty — this is called a conviction. Prosecutors try to get convictions, and defense attorneys try to prevent them. Also, convictions are beliefs — principles. The United States was founded on many convictions, such as the belief in free speech and separation of church and state. When you have a conviction, you're certain of something.
WORD FAMILY
conviction: convictions+/ convict: convicted, convicting, conviction, convicts, reconvict/reconvict: reconvicted
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Swedish activist says he was partly driven by “middle-class guilt” but also a conviction that people should be the masters of their own destinies.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Amnesty International called the conviction "ludicrous" and the trial "farcical".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
An appeals court recently voided the convictions of 73 police officers for their participation in the killings, raising criticism from human rights groups.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 定罪; 说服; 确信; 信念
分布：定罪(64%)，坚信(22%)，信服(14%)
定罪;坚信[vict,vinc=conquer,overcome,表示"征服,克服"]
n.深信,确信;定罪,判罪;He depicted the conviction that contradicted the verdict.他描绘反驳裁决的定罪.
【记】vict征服－被法律征服是定罪；被信仰征服是信念
【反】skepticism（n 怀疑论；怀疑＝dubiety）
noun
CRIME 罪行
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when someone is officially found to be guilty of a particular crime 定罪，判罪
• As it was her first conviction for stealing, she was given a less severe sentence. 由于她是初次犯盗窃罪，对她的量刑不是很重。
• He has a long record of previous convictions for similar offences. 他有多次类似罪行的犯罪记录。
• The conviction of the three demonstrators has caused public outrage locally. 三个示威者被判有罪，这激起了当地民众的愤怒。
Compare acquittal
[kən'vɪk.ʃən] noun
OPINION 观点
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a strong opinion or belief 坚定的看法；坚定的信念；坚定的信仰
• religious/moral convictions 宗教／道德信仰
• a deep/strong/lifelong conviction 深深的／坚定的／终生的信仰
• [+ that] It's my personal conviction that all rapists should be locked away for life. 我个人坚持认为所有强奸犯都应处以终生监禁。
uncountable
■a feeling of being certain about something 坚信，深信；确信
• He said he was enjoying his new job, but his voice lacked conviction. 他说他喜欢自己的新工作，但口气不怎么坚定。
belief, conviction, faith, trust, confidence, credit
这组词都有“相信，信任”的意思，其区别是：
belief: 普通用词，指单纯从主观上的相信，不着重这种相信是否有根据。
conviction: 多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的信心和相信，侧重其坚定性。
faith: 语气较强，强调完全相信；有时也能仅凭感觉产生的相信。
trust: 强调相信、信任的完全可靠。
confidence: 指对某人某事有充分信心，断定不会使人失望，因而给予信任。
credit: 语气最弱，着重以声誉为信任的基础。
certainty, assurance, conviction
这些名词均含有“确信无疑”之意。
certainty: 指在客观上和主观上都无一丝一毫的怀疑。
assurance: 侧重依靠个人力量、本能、方法或对其他人或事的完全信任，强调有信心。
conviction: 多指在理性基础上清除了原有的疑虑或无把握，着重对证据的主观反应。
n. 定罪；确信；证明有罪
 - assurance, damningness

Word: morning
Front: morning
[ˈmɔ:nɪŋ] (中高 357/445 -K5)
Vocabulary: morning
(once / 18 pages)
n
Morning is the earliest part of the day. No matter what time you get up, morning ends at noon.
Originally, in the 13th century, morning meant the time just before sunrise. Now, morning technically starts at 12:00am and lasts until 12:00pm. If you describe yourself as a "morning person," you like to get up early. Strangely enough, a "night person," who stays up very late might not go to bed until several early-morning hours have passed.
WORD FAMILY
morning: mornings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Georgia, some of the heaviest rains were expected early Tuesday morning, forecasters said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Local media outlets reported that emergency officials advised residents to stay in their homes and assess damage in the morning.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Monday morning, the NBA announced Wall and Harden as the Eastern and Western Conference players of the week, respectively.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 早晨; 上午; 黎明; 早期，初期
分布：早晨(59%)，上午(40%)，开端(1%)
→来自morn,早晨，-ing,动名词后缀。
n.早晨,上午A day goes through daybreak, morning, noon, afternoon, evening and midnight.一天经过拂晓,上午,正午,下午,傍晚和午夜.
US ['mɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the part of the day from the time when the sun rises or you wake up until the middle of the day or lunch time 早晨；上午
• a beautiful/sunny/wet morning 美丽的／阳光明媚的／多雨的上午
• I work three mornings a week at the bookshop. 我每周在书店工作三个上午。
• She only works in the mornings. 她只在上午工作。
• What's our schedule for this morning? 我们今天上午有甚么安排？
• I'd like an appointment for tomorrow morning, please. 请把时间约定在明天上午。
• I'll see you on Saturday morning. 我星期六上午见你。
• I had too much to drink at Sarah's party, and I felt terrible the morning after. 我在萨拉的聚会上喝得太多，第二天早上觉得很难受。
in the morning
 ESSENTIAL
■during the early part of the day 在早晨；在上午
• I listen to the radio in the morning. 我早上听收音机。
 ESSENTIAL
■at some time between twelve o'clock at night and twelve o'clock in the middle of the day 午夜至正午间
• The murder took place at four in the morning. 谋杀案发生在凌晨四点。
 ESSENTIAL
■the next morning 明天早晨；次日上午
• She said she would see you in the morning. 她说第二天早上见你。
UK ['mɔ:.nɪŋ] US ['mɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
morning , noon and night
■all the time 从早到晚，一直
• Our neighbour's baby cries morning, noon and night. 我们邻居家的婴儿从早到晚都在哭。
n. 早晨；黎明；初期
 - prime, sunrise

Word: incident
Front: incident
[ˈɪnsɪdənt] (高研四六托 1980/1785 -K4)
Vocabulary: incident
(once / 99 pages)
1n 2adj 3adj
An incident refers to a particular happening, sometimes criminal but always noteworthy. If there was a food fight in the cafeteria, an e-mail might be sent to the parents of all students telling of the incident at school.
The word incident is quite vague. It can refer to a humorous occurrence or a violent one, something that disturbed one's routine or something unusual that happened. If a child screams in a library, it's not that unusual, but if an adult does, that's an incident! As an adjective, incident is used in the field of physics to describe particles or radiation that fall on a surface. The incident light showed how dirty the windows were.
WORD FAMILY
incident: incidence, incidental, incidently, incidents+/ incidence: incidences/ incidental: incidentally, incidentals
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We’ve experienced only a small number of minor incidents, in numbers less than typical,” Boasberg said in response to questions from The Washington Post.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It was the sixth such incident recorded of this dangerous pest in the last six weeks at Port of Savannah.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Police say the nature of what happened is unclear and the incident remains under investigation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 事件，事变; 小插曲; 敌对行动; 骚乱
adj. [法]附带的; [光]入射的; 易有的，附随的
分布：事件(87%)，事变(5%)，插曲(5%)，附带的(2%)，难免的(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-cid,掉落，落下，词源同accident,occasion.引申词义偶发事件，摩擦，冲突等。
偶然事件[cad,cas,cid=fall,表示"落下,降临"]
n.事件,事变I'm confident that the dentist will deny the confidential accidental incident.我确信牙医会否认那个机密的意外事件.
noun
 IMPROVER countable
■an event which is either unpleasant or unusual （不愉快或不寻常的）事件
• an isolated/serious/unfortunate incident 独立／严重／不幸的事件
• A youth was seriously injured in a shooting incident on Saturday night. 一名年轻人在星期六晚上发生的枪击事件中受重伤。
without incident
■with nothing unpleasant or unusual happening 平安无事
• Despite fears of violence, the demonstration passed off without incident. 尽管担心发生暴力事件，示威活动还是平静地结束了。
inference, issue, impact, incident
inference: 推断，结论
issue: 问题，争议点
impact: 影响，冲击
incident: 事件
accident, happening, event, occurrence, incident
这组词都有“事故、事件”的意思，其区别是：
accident: 强调偶然或意外发生的不幸事情。
happening: 和occurrence这两个词多指日常生活中发生的一般事件，有时也指偶然发生的事。
event: 可指任何大小事件，但尤指历史上的重大事件。
occurrence: 和happening这两个词多指日常生活中发生的一般事件，有时也指偶然发生的事。
incident: 既可指小事件或附带事件，又可指政治上具有影响的事件或事变。
n. 事件，事变；插曲
 - event, circumstance, occurrence, scene, happening
adj. [光] 入射的；附带的；易发生的，伴随而来的
 - incoming

Word: faction
Front: faction
[ˈfækʃn] (六托宝 5641/4622 -3)
Vocabulary: faction
(once / 474 pages)
n
Fractions are smaller parts of whole numbers: one-quarter, one-tenth, one-half, and a faction is a smaller portion of a larger group that breaks away from it. A faction might take a fraction of the people from a large group and start a new group.
The Latin source of the word faction means to "do" or "make," though a faction can seem to be a taking away or un-doing. Politics is one area where faction gets a lot of use, because a political party often starts with a large group but has some members who disagree with a belief or direction. These members separate from the larger party and become a faction of their own, with many of the same beliefs as the original group but with a few new differences, too.
WORD FAMILY
faction: factions, factious +/ factious: factiously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Other factions call clean coal a fig leaf to keep coal, with all of its environmental baggage, in the energy mix.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As with previous agreements, the current cease-fire excludes both the al-Qaida-affiliated Fatah al-Sham Front, which fights alongside other rebel factions, and the Islamic State group.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The Syrian army said the truce does not include al-Qaida’s branch in Syria and the Islamic State group, two of the most powerful armed factions.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 派系; 派系斗争; 内讧; 纪实与虚构相结合的电影
分布：内讧(49%)，小集团(36%)，派系斗争(15%)
→来自词根fact, 做，词源同fact,face. 即做事情的不同人或派别，词义贬义化，指派系等。
宗派,小集团(fact+ion→[一帮人]做→小集团)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
['fæk.ʃən] mainly disapproving
noun countable
■a group within a larger group, especially one with slightly different ideas from the main group （大团体中的）派别，派系，小集团
• the left-wing faction of the party 党内左翼派别
n. 派别；内讧；小集团；纪实小说
 - wing, junta

Word: deflation
Front: deflation
[ˌdi:ˈfleɪʃn] (19613/22317)
Back: n. 通货紧缩; 风蚀; 降阶
分布：通货紧缩(97%)，放气(3%)
放气;通货紧缩[flat=blow,表示"吹"]
noun uncountable
MAKING SMALLER 使变小
■when something becomes smaller or weaker, or something or someone becomes less confident than before （某物或某人）缩小，变弱；泄气
• a feeling of deflation after the party 派对后的失落感
[dɪ'fleɪ.ʃən] noun uncountable
MONEY 钱
■a reduction of the supply of money in an economy, and therefore a reduction of economic activity, which is often part of an intentional government plan to reduce prices 货币紧缩，通货紧缩 Compare inflation ; reflation at reflate a reduction in value 贬值
• There has been a deflation in/of property values. 房地产一直在贬值。
n. [金融] 通货紧缩；放气
 - disinflation, blow-off

Word: frank
Front: frank
[fræŋk] (研四六托 8225/2307 -2)
Vocabulary: frank
(once / 183 pages)
1adj 2n 3v 4v
To be frank is to be honest. Also, it's a hot dog. Eating a frank at the ballpark is, to be frank, an all-American experience.
If you're open, honest, and candid, you're frank — that can mean refreshing honesty or too much information. Frank also has some lesser known uses. It can also mean to stamp with a postmark, or to pass someone through for free — like how your museum job lets you frank your friends into the planetarium. The most delicious meaning is for what you may know as a dog, frankfurter, hot dog, hotdog, weenie, wiener, or wiener-wurst.
WORD FAMILY
frank: franked, franker, frankest, franking, frankly, frankness, franks+/frankness: franknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s why he was frank with Graf about her chances from the outset.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Every year, he asked Amnesty International and other organizations to join him for a frank roundtable discussion.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He seems to treat the audience and other characters onstage with the same frank good manners.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 坦白的，直率的; 清楚表明的; 明显的
n. 弗兰克; 免费邮寄权; 免费邮戳或签名; 免费邮寄的信件
vt. 免费寄（邮件）; 盖免费邮寄公章; 盖邮戳; 便于使（人）自由地来往
时态：franked, franking, franks
分布：坦白的(38%)，直率的(33%)，免费邮寄(16%)，真诚的(10%)，使自由出入(3%)
→来自Frank, 法兰克人，部落名。在公元五世纪，整个西欧仍处在一种野蛮的部落时代，整个社会被分成自由人，俘虏，和奴隶三个等级，而Frank人做为战胜级，享受唯一的自由权。后部落名通用化，赋予诸多美好的词义，如自由的，高贵的，美丽的，优雅的，大方的，真诚的等。后主要用于坦率的，其它词义逐渐废弃。参照电影《庞贝末日》。Frank 法兰克人
a.坦白的,直率的The frank man put the first-rank blank blanket into the tan tank.直率的男子将一流空白毛毯放进黝黑的大容器
【参】blank（adj 空白的；没有表情的n 空白）都源于：ank表示“白”
adjective
■honest, sincere and telling the truth, even when this might be awkward or make other people uncomfortable 坦率的，坦诚的；直言不讳的
• a full and frank discussion 全面而坦诚的讨论
• There followed a frank exchange of views. 接下来大家坦诚地交换了意见。
• The magazine, which gives frank advice about sex and romance, is aimed at the teenage market. 这本杂志面向青少年市场，对性和恋爱问题作出坦率的忠告。
• To be perfectly frank with you, I don't think she's the woman for the job. 十分坦诚地告诉你，我认为她不适合做那份工作。
[fræŋk] verb transitive
■to print a mark on a stamp so that the stamp cannot be used again, or to print a mark on an envelope to show that the cost of sending it has been paid 在（邮票）上盖戳；在（信封）上盖戳表示邮资已付
open, frank, sincere, blunt, honest, plain, straightforward
这组词都有“坦率，诚实”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指不隐瞒自己的秘密，愿意向他人表露自己或公开暴露自己的缺点。
frank: 强调毫无保留地畅所欲言，不受任何约束。
sincere: 侧重指一个人出自内心地对某人某事表示一种诚意。
blunt: 指讲话坦白直率、不客气，但隐含不得体、不顾及他人感情等意味。
honest: 指遵守正直等道德准则。
plain: 指直言不讳，毫不做作或故弄玄虚。
straightforward: 多用于答复、叙述等场合。指直截了当，不回避，或故弄玄虚。
adj. 坦白的，直率的；老实的
 - explicit, naked, confessed

Word: broadly
Front: broadly
[ˈbrɔ:dli] (6167/4195 -K2)
Vocabulary: broadly
(once / 1198 pages)
1adv 2adv
The adverb broadly is useful for describing something that's done in a general or approximate way. If you're broadly describing your new job, you're giving just the basic idea of it and leaving out the details.
You're likely to see the word broadly within the phrase "broadly speaking." People often say this to mean "in general" or "on average." The word can also be used in a more literal way to mean "widely," as when you say, "The teacher seemed a little scary until she smiled broadly and welcomed them to class."
WORD FAMILY
broad: broaden, broader, broadest, broadly, broadness, broads+/broaden: broadened, broadening, broadens/broadening: broadenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In May Mr. Trump responded by releasing a list of jurists broadly in the Scalia tradition.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But, among conservative pundits more broadly, skepticism of Trump was so widespread that it began to threaten the business model of cable-news networks.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
More broadly, environmental groups are unsure what the president-elect’s plans are for protecting land.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 宽广地; 完全地; 大体上
分布：宽广地(34%)，概括地(18%)，大体上(18%)，明白地(12%)，广泛地(12%)，无礼貌地(6%)
ADV-GRADED
一般说来；大致上
You can use broadly to indicate that something is generally true.
例：The President broadly got what he wanted out of his meeting...总统通过这次会议基本上达到了他的目的。
例：The idea that software is capable of any task is broadly true in theory.认为软件能够处理任何任务的观念从理论上说基本是正确的。
adv. 明显地；宽广地；概括地；露骨地；粗鄙地
 - obviously, clearly, markedly, distinctly

Word: tribal
Front: tribal
[ˈtraɪbl] (托 4042/7251)
Vocabulary: tribal
(once / 1035 pages)
adj
Tribal things have something to do with a group or tribe, like Native Americans' tribal land, where certain tribes lived for thousands of years.
You might have heard the term "tribal sovereignty" before — it's basically the legal right of indigenous or native people to govern themselves under certain conditions. In the United States, for example, tribal groups are recognized as "domestic dependent nations." Sometimes the adjective tribal is slightly derogatory, but only when it's used to mean "overly loyal to a group."
WORD FAMILY
tribal: detribalise, detribalize, intertribal, tribalisation, tribalism, tribalization, tribally+/detribalise: detribalisation/detribalize: detribalization, detribalized, detribalizing/tribalism: tribalisms/ tribe: tribal, tribes
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Legislative committee in November voted to halt presentations from Native American tribal leaders and from the state’s chief justice.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The country “was riven with all kinds of ethnic and tribal divisions before we got there. It’s still there.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Among the 4,000 sites are fishing and hunting processing areas, ancestral village areas and tribal corridors.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 部落的，部族的; 种族的
分布：部落的(100%)
→tribe,部落，-al,形容词后缀。
adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to a tribe 部落的；部族的
• tribal dress/leaders 部落的服装／首领
• informal figurative The fierce tribal loyalty among soccer supporters leads to violence between opposing fans. 足球迷对自己球队强烈的忠诚感引发了对立球队球迷之间的暴力冲突。
adj. 部落的；种族的
 - ethnic, racial

Word: exit
Front: exit
[ˈeksɪt] (高研四六托 3798/4923 -K2)
Vocabulary: exit
(once / 337 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v
To exit is to go out of or leave a place. When an actor exits, he moves off the stage and out of sight of the audience.
You can literally exit a room or a building, or exit in a more figurative way: "She decided to exit politics after two terms as Senator." The door or passage through which you exit can also be called an exit, like the emergency exit on a train or airplane. The stage direction, as in "exit, stage left," is the original English use of the word, from the Latin exitus, "a leaving, a going out."
WORD FAMILY
exit: exited, exiting, exits
USAGE EXAMPLES
He will spend Monday doing the customary exit interviews with players.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As in hockey, players entered and exited in shifts.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It just don’t get any better,” the frustrated pop diva said sarcastically, exiting the stage.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 出口，通道; 退场; 退去，退出; 死亡
vi. 离开; 退出; 退场; 去世
时态：exited, exiting, exits
分布：退出(53%)，出口(37%)，退场(7%)，离去(3%)
→ex-, 向外。-it, 走，词源同ion, itinerary.
出口,出去(ex出+it→走出,出口)[it=go,表示"行走"]
n.出口,通道Where is the exit?哪儿是出口?
noun countable
DOOR 门
 ESSENTIAL
■the door through which you might leave a building or large vehicle, or the act of leaving especially a theatre stage （建筑物或大型交通工具的）出口，安全门；（尤指演员）退场
• a fire exit (= a door you can escape through if there is a fire) 消防出口
• an emergency exit 紧急出口
• He saw Emma arrive and made a quick exit. 他见到艾玛匆匆而来又匆匆离去。
• She made her exit from the stage to rapturous applause. 在观众热烈的掌声中，她退场走下舞台。
Compare entrance
['ek.sɪt] ['eg.zɪt] noun countable
ROAD 道路
■a smaller road used to leave a main road （驶出主干道的）出口，出路
• Come off the motorway at the Duxford exit. 从达克斯福德出口驶出高速公路。
['ek.sɪt] ['eg.zɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
LEAVE 离开
■to leave a building or large vehicle 离开（建筑物或大型交通工具）
• I exited quickly before anyone could see me. 趁没人看到，我赶快离开了。
• Please exit the theatre by the side doors. 请从侧门离开剧场。
['ek.sɪt] ['eg.zɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
COMPUTER 电脑
■to end a computer program that you are using 退出，终止（一个电脑程式）
• You have to exit the program before starting another. 你必须退出这个程式，才能打开另一个。
n. 出口，通道；退场
 - door, channel, route, way out
vi. [计] 退出；离去
 - to quit, back out

Word: harsh
Front: harsh
[hɑ:ʃ] (研四六托雅宝 3471/3931 -2)
Vocabulary: harsh
(once / 220 pages)
adj
Harsh means severe or strict, particularly when referring to punishment. It would be a harsh punishment if you got grounded for two weeks just for coming home a little late for dinner.
There are many shades of meaning for the word harsh depending on its context, but all imply that something is more unpleasant than it needs to be. Harsh lighting hurts your eyes. A harsh disciplinarian gives out punishments that are too severe. Whereas constructive criticism is usually helpful, a harsh critique will only make you upset. The harsh reality of the world today is that millions of people are starving while others have too much.
WORD FAMILY
harsh: harshen, harsher, harshest, harshly, harshness+/harshen: harshened/harshness: harshnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
They recommended harsher sentences for gun crimes and for the use of high-capacity magazines.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He quickly convened an inquiry into the death, which led to courts-martial, and banned the harsh techniques used at the prison.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The harsh reality in the mobile game business is that many are willing to play, but few are willing to pay.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 粗糙的; 刺耳的; 严厉的，严格的; 残酷的
级别：harsher, harshest
分布：刺耳的(47%)，粗糙的(45%)，大约的(4%)，使人不舒服的(4%)
→可能来自kars,刮，拔，梳理羊毛，词源同card,carduus(拉丁语，蓟),chard(多刺叶甜菜).原用于形容织物多毛的，粗糙的，引申词义残酷的，严厉的。
a.粗糙的;(声音)刺耳的;苛刻的,严酷的She was harsh to the servants.她待佣人苛刻.
【反】harshen（v 使变粗糙）－soften（v 软化）；encomium（n 赞美）－harsh criticism（严厉的批评）
US [hɑ:rʃ] adjective
UNKIND 令人不快的
 IMPROVER
■unpleasant, unkind, cruel or unnecessarily severe 令人不快的；严酷的；（无端地）严厉的
• harsh criticism 严厉的批评
• The children had had a harsh upbringing. 孩子们的家教很严。
• We thought the punishment was rather harsh for such a minor offence. 我们认为对这样的小错，这种惩罚太严酷了。
• "There is no alternative, " she said in a harsh voice. “没有选择的余地。”她用生硬的口气说道。
• He said some harsh words (= spoke unkindly) about his brother. 他说了他兄弟一些难听的话。
UK [hɑ:ʃ] US [hɑ:rʃ] adjective
TOO STRONG 过于强烈的
 IMPROVER
■too strong, bright, loud, etc 刺眼的；刺耳的；过于强烈的
• harsh chemicals/lighting 过于刺激的化学品／刺眼的光线
hoarse, rough, harsh
这组词都有“嘶哑的，沙哑的”的意思，其区别是：
hoarse: 指嘶哑刺耳的声音，通常因高声喊叫后嗓子失音所致。
rough: 指粗哑难听的声音。
harsh: 一般多指刺耳难听的声音。
rude, crude, harsh, rough, coarse
这组词都有“粗糙的”的意思，其区别是：
rude: 指加工粗糙、不精细。也指某人的言行举止粗鲁无礼，缺乏修养。
crude: 主要指未经加工处理尚处于自然状态的物质；也可指人的言行粗鲁。
harsh: 指外表、性质、声音的粗糙、刺耳、刺目，强调使人不愉快的粗糙感。
rough: 普通用词，指某物纹理不精细，或表面凹凸不平，不光滑。
coarse: 指某物质地粗糙低劣或编织、加工等不精细、精巧。也指人的言谈举止粗鲁，不文雅。
adj. 严厉的；严酷的； [声] 刺耳的；粗糙的；刺目的
 - severe, grinding, crude, tight, hard

Word: transparency
Front: transparency
[trænsˈpærənsi] (8532/11856 -1)
Vocabulary: transparency
(once / 1877 pages)
1n 2n
The condition of being clear or transparent is transparency. The transparency of your car's windshield might be affected by how badly your car needs to be washed.
Something has transparency if you can see through it, like the ice on the top of a frozen lake or a glass. Transparency can also refer to a figurative kind of clearness or openness, which is what people mean when they talk about "government transparency." If you can see clearly, without anything being hidden, what you're looking at (or through) has transparency. Its root is the Latin word transparentem, which means "see light through."
WORD FAMILY
transparency: transparencies+/semitransparent: semitransparency/ transparent: semitransparent, transparence, transparency, transparently, transparentness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In general, it’s our hope the new board sets policies from the start that promote public engagement and transparency in county government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Her campaign, responding with the transparency, openness and candor for which it is famous, initially downplays the incident, saying that Clinton felt “overheated.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“It’s just more transparency, full disclosure, let the parent become involved in the decision-making.”
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 透明; 透明度; 透明性; 透明的东西
分布：透明度(96%)，幻灯片(4%)
透明度[par,pear=comeinsight,表示"看见"]
US [-'sper-] noun
uncountable
■the characteristic of being easy to see through 透明性，透明
• The old-fashioned type of plastic lacked transparency. 旧式塑胶透明性不好。
countable specialized
■a photograph or picture printed on plastic which you can see on a screen by shining a light through it 幻灯片；透明正片
n. [化学] 透明， [核] 透明度；幻灯片；有图案的玻璃
 - clarity, lucency

Word: exposure
Front: exposure
[ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2229/3141 -3)
Vocabulary: exposure
(once / 446 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
If you place someone or something in an environment that causes them to experience something, you can call this exposure. Exposure to sun and rain will cause wood to turn gray. In school, you will be given exposure to the basic principles of math, science and language.
The exposure of film to light results in a photograph. Sometimes, exposure is used without explicitly saying what something or someone was exposed to. It is simply implied. When a celebrity is given lots of exposure, it is well-known that the media is involved. If you die of exposure, it's understood that the harsh elements of the weather was meant. And if your house has a southern exposure, you know that this is the side where the sun shines.
WORD FAMILY
exposure: exposures+/ expose: exposed, exposes, exposing, exposure, overexpose, underexpose/ overexpose: overexposed, overexposes, overexposing, overexposure/overexposure: overexposures/underexpose: underexposed, underexposing, underexposure
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sparks police say 43-year-old Tom Anderson complained of possible hypothermia due to exposure after he was transported to police headquarters following Monday’s arrest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"This label helps get more exposure and adoption among the big retailers in France.  "The regional governments also play their part.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think it’s very much an exposure and an exploration,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 暴露; 揭发; 公开; （商品等的）展出
分布：暴露(80%)，揭露(9%)，曝光时间(9%)，挨冻(1%)，胶片(1%)
n.暴露,揭露;方向;陈列;遗弃;照射量I have ten exposures left on this film.这卷胶卷我还有十张底片未拍.
US [-'spoʊ.ʒɚ] noun
EXPERIENCE 经受
countable or uncountable
■when someone experiences something or is affected by it because they are in a particular situation or place 接触；面临；遭受
• You should always limit your exposure to the sun. 无论甚么时候，都不要长时间晒太阳。
• Even a brief exposure to radiation is very dangerous. 即使只是短期接受辐射也是非常危险的。
UK [ɪk'spəʊ.ʒər] US [-'spoʊ.ʒɚ] noun
MADE PUBLIC 使公开
countable or uncountable
■when something bad that someone has done is made public 揭发；揭露
• The exposure of the minister's love affair forced him to resign. 部长在风流韵事曝光后，被迫辞职。
UK [ɪk'spəʊ.ʒər] US [-'spoʊ.ʒɚ] noun
ATTENTION 关注
uncountable
■when an event or information is often discussed in newspapers and on the television, etc （在报纸或电视上的）报导，宣传，曝光
• His last film got so much exposure in the press. 他最新拍摄的电影受到了新闻媒体的极大关注。
UK [ɪk'spəʊ.ʒər] US [-'spoʊ.ʒɚ] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
uncountable
■a serious medical condition that is caused by being outside in very cold weather （暴露于严寒而导致的）冻伤（病），受寒
• All the members of the expedition to the South Pole died of exposure. 南极探险队的所有队员都死于冻伤。
UK [ɪk'spəʊ.ʒər] US [-'spoʊ.ʒɚ] noun
PHOTOGRAPH 照片
countable
■a single photograph on a piece of film, or the amount of time a piece of film is open to the light when making a photograph （底片的）一张；曝光时间，曝光量
• There are twenty-four exposures on this film. 这个胶卷有24张底片。
UK [ɪk'spəʊ.ʒər] US [-'spoʊ.ʒɚ] noun
DIRECTION 方向
only singular
■the direction in which something faces 朝向；方向；位向
• Our dining room has a northern exposure (= faces north) , so it's rather cold. 我们的饭厅是向北的，所以很冷。
exposure, printing, release, publication
exposure: 暴露，揭露，一般指不好的事情
printing: 印刷，出版
release: 释放，出版，一般用来指唱片，电影的发行，强调经过努力才得以发表
publication: 发表，公之于众
n. 暴露； [摄] 曝光；揭露；陈列
 - layout, reveal, showing

Word: onto
Front: onto
[ˈɒntə] (高研四 926/1535 -K3)
Back: prep. 到…之上; 对…了解; [数]映射到…上
adj. 映射的; 自身的; 映成的
分布：到 ... 上(100%)
→来自自短语on to.
prep.在...上面;到...上面The married man carried the scarred car and carriage onto the carrier.已婚男子把有疤痕的汽车和马车带到了航母上.
US ['ɑ:n.tu] preposition
MOVEMENT 动态
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show movement into or on a particular place 到…之上；向…之上；到，朝
• I slipped as I stepped onto the platform. 我登上月台的时候，滑了一跤。
• The sheep were loaded onto trucks. 羊被装上了货车。
(also on to) UK ['ɒn.tu] US ['ɑ:n.tu] preposition
CHANGING SUBJECT 转变话题
 ESSENTIAL
■used about changing to, or starting to talk about, a different subject （用于表示开始谈论另一话题）
• How did we get onto this subject? 我们是怎么谈到这个话题的？
• Can we move onto the next item on the agenda? 我们可以进行议程的下一项内容吗？
• I'd now like to come onto my next point. 我现在想要来谈谈我的下一个观点。
(also on to) UK ['ɒn.tu] US ['ɑ:n.tu] preposition
HOLDING 抓住
hold/hang/grip, etc. onto
 ESSENTIAL
■to keep holding something 抓住
• Hold onto my hand and you'll be perfectly safe. 抓住我的手，你会十分安全的。
(also on to) UK ['ɒn.tu] US ['ɑ:n.tu] preposition
KNOWING 知道
■knowing about someone or something that can be useful to you 知道，了解，发现（能从中获益的人或事物）
• So how did you get onto this deal? 你是怎么发现这笔（好）买卖的？
• David put me onto (= told me about) a really good restaurant. 大卫给我介绍了一家非常好的餐馆。
• You're onto a good thing with this buy-one-get-one-free offer at the shop. 你碰上好事了，商店里有买一送一的活动。
■knowing about something bad someone has done 知道，发现（某人做了坏事）
• He knows we're onto him. 他知道我们盯上了他。
• Who put the police onto (= told the police about) her? 是谁向警方告发了她？
(also on to) UK ['ɒn.tu] US ['ɑ:n.tu] preposition
ASKING 要求 UK If you are onto someone, you talk to them, especially to ask them to do something or to complain 跟…说（尤指要求某人做事或向其抱怨）
• I must get onto the plumber about the shower. 我必须找水管工说说淋浴器的事。
• Dad was onto her again about doing her homework. 爸爸又催促她做功课了。
(also on to) UK ['ɒn.tu] US ['ɑ:n.tu] preposition
ADDING 加入
■used about someone or something that is added to or joins a particular thing 某人加入；某事物被添加
• Imir's been voted onto the union committee. 伊米尔被选为工会委员会的成员。
• I've been having problems loading this software onto my computer. 我一直没办法把这套软体装到我的电脑。
prep. 在…之上；对…了解；映射到…上
 - upon, up
adj. 映射的；自身的；映成的
 - inhouse

Word: forum
Front: forum
[ˈfɔ:rəm] (研六雅宝 4705/3756 -2)
Vocabulary: forum
(once / 789 pages)
n
A forum is a public discussion. It can refer to a meeting, a meeting house or any conversation that is available publicly.
There were forums — large public gathering places — in Ancient Rome; they can still be found across the globe. Traditionally, newspapers were thought of as forums for public discussions but more and more forums are virtual — discussion boards found online. Communities, however, still hold their own forums, or meetings, usually to discuss local issues. When you see the word forum, think public conversation.
WORD FAMILY
forum: fora, forums
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Internet Governance Forum, a series of events sponsored by the UN, offers a place for all “stakeholders” to pitch in.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Earlier this month, 425 officers from 160 police agencies convened in New Orleans for the debut of training developed by the Police Executive Research Forum.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Threshold Editions was founded in 2006 “to provide a forum for … innovative ideas of contemporary conservativism”.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 论坛，讨论会，专题讨论节目; 集会的公共场所; 提供公开讨论的媒体; 法庭
分布：论坛(95%)，讨论会(5%)
→来自dhwer, 门，词源同door, foreign. 原指古罗马时期的门外广场，用于市场，集会，审判，公共演讲等多种用途。
n.论坛,讨论会The letters page of this newspaper is a forum for public argument.这份报纸的读者来信栏是公众意见的论坛.
【参】forensic（adj 辩论的，法庭的）：佛和人中死了一个
US ['fɔ:r.əm] noun countable
MEETING 会议
■a situation or meeting in which people can talk about a problem or matter especially of public interest （尤指讨论与公共利益相关的问题的）论坛，讨论会
• a forum for debate/discussion 进行辩论／讨论的论坛
UK ['fɔ:.rəm] US ['fɔ:r.əm] noun countable
INTERNET 网际网路
■a place on the Internet where people can leave messages or discuss particular subjects with other people at the same time （网际网路上的）论坛
• Discussion forums are a way of contacting people with similar interests from all over the world. 各种交流讨论的论坛可以把世界各地兴趣相同的人联系起来。
UK ['fɔ:.rəm] US ['fɔ:r.əm] noun countable
ANCIENT ROME 古罗马
■in ancient Rome, the area in the middle of the town used for public business （古罗马）公共集会广场，市场
n. 论坛，讨论会；法庭；公开讨论的广场
 - consultation, seminar

Word: dare
Front: dare
[deə(r)] (中高研四六 3348/3210 -K3)
Vocabulary: dare
(once / 51 pages)
nv
When you challenge or provoke someone to try something risky, it's a dare. If you accept a dare, you're probably trying to prove how brave you are.
When you challenge your friend to a dare, you dare him. You might, for example, dare your brother to jump off the garage into a pile of leaves. Another way to dare is to actually be brave: "I admire her so much, because she dares to stand up to bullies." The Old English root of dare is durran, "to brave danger, venture, or presume." If you say, "How dare you?" you're expressing outrage or indignation.
WORD FAMILY
dare: dared, dares, daring +/ daring: daringest, daringly, darings
USAGE EXAMPLES
His Achilles heel was confrontation, but all his aggression appears now to be channelled towards simply outmuscling those who dare to mark him.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
“They’re into craft beers, and natural wines; dare I say it, slightly hipster in a good way.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Mr. Flores, an arborist, longs for the open air, but does not dare set foot outside.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 敢; 敢做; 激（某人做某事）; 问（某人）有没有胆量（做某事）
vi. 敢; 敢于; 大胆; 无畏于
aux. 敢，竟敢
n. 激将，挑战
时态：dared, daring, dares
分布：敢(87%)，挑战(7%)，胆敢(3%)，勇于(1%)，胆量(1%)，冒...的风险(1%)
→来自dhers, 勇敢的，有勇气的，词源同endure, firm.
v.敢,胆敢How dare you ask me such a question?你怎敢问我这样的问题?
US [der] verb
BE BRAVE/RUDE 勇敢／鲁莽
 IMPROVER intransitive not continuous
■to be brave enough to do something difficult or dangerous, or to be rude or silly enough to do something that you have no right to do 敢于；胆敢，竟敢
• I was going to ask if his dog was any better, but I didn't dare in case it had died. 我本想问问他的狗好些没有，可是又怕那狗已经死掉了，所以不敢问。
• [+ (to) infinitive] Everyone in the office complains that he smells awful, but nobody dares (to) mention it to him. 办公室里人人都在抱怨，说他身上有股难闻的气味，可是又没有人敢跟他说。
• Do you dare (to) tell him the news? 你敢告诉他这个消息吗？
• [+ infinitive without to] I wouldn't dare have a party in my flat in case the neighbours complained. 我可不敢在公寓里举行派对，以免邻居们不满。
• Dare you tell him the news? 你敢告诉他这个消息吗？
• I daren't/don't dare think how much it's going to cost. 我不敢想像那要花多少钱。
• I'd never dare (to) talk to my mother the way Ben talks to his. 我永远也不敢像宾对他母亲讲话那样跟我母亲说话。
• [+ to infinitive] He was under attack for daring to criticize the Prime Minister. 他因为敢于批评首相而受到攻击。
⇒ See also daresay
UK [deər] US [der] verb
ASK 请求
transitive
■to ask someone to do something which involves risk 向…挑战；问…有没有胆量（做）；（用激将法）激
• Wear the low-cut blouse with your pink shorts - go on, I dare you! 穿上那件低胸衬衫，再配上粉红色短裤——就照这样打扮，你有胆量就穿上试试！
• [+ to infinitive] I dare you to ask him to dance. 我谅你也不敢请他跳舞。
UK [deər] US [der] verb
don't you dare mainly humorous
■used to tell someone angrily not to do something （表示生气）你试试看，看我怎么收拾你
• "I think I'll just walk my dirty shoes over your nice clean floor." "Don't you dare!" “我要穿着脏鞋子从你那洁净的地板上走过去。”“你试试看！”
• Don't you dare go without me! 你试试留下我自己去，看我怎么收拾你！
UK [deər] US [der] verb
How dare she / you , etc.!
■used to express anger about something someone has done （表示气愤）她／你竟敢这样（做）！
• How dare you use my car without asking! 你竟敢问也不问，就用我的车！
• How dare he tell me what to do! 他竟敢对我指手画脚！
UK [deər] US [der] noun countable
■something you do because someone dares you to 在激将法做出的事，应他人挑战而做出的事
• He jumped in the river at twelve o'clock last night UK as/for / US on a dare. 昨晚12点他应别人的挑战，跳进河里去。
risk, hazard, venture, chance, dare
这组词都有“敢于冒险”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指不顾个人安危去干某事，侧重主动承担风险。
hazard: 主要指冒险作出某个选择，隐含碰运气意味。
venture: 指冒风险试一试，或指有礼貌的反抗或反对。
chance: 指碰运气、冒风险试试。
dare: 可与venture换用，但语气较强，着重挑战或违抗。
n. 挑战；挑动
 - challenge, defi
vi. 敢；胆敢
 - make bold to

Word: dump
Front: dump
[dʌmp] (研四六托雅 3636/4144 -K3)
Vocabulary: dump
(once / 606 pages)
1nv 2v 3n 4n
A dump is a place where trash is stored in piles and often buried underground. If you have an old bike that can't be repaired, you might take it to the dump.
Some towns have dumps where residents can freely dispose of garbage, while others require people to pay for the rubbish they bring. You can also call a dump a "landfill," but dump makes sense — it comes from the verb dump, "to toss, drop, or throw away." A figurative meaning of the word is to abruptly and unkindly break off a romantic relationship with someone: "It would be so mean to dump him on his birthday."
WORD FAMILY
dump: dumped, dumper, dumping, dumps, dumpy+/dumper: dumpers/dumping: dumpings/dumpy: dumpier, dumpiest, dumpily, dumpiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Chanel has already fought off plans for a dump not far from the fields where the Mul family grow the flowers.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
They want him to persuade their husbands to dump their mistresses.
Economist(Nov 30, 2016)
The fine is the largest criminal penalty ever paid involving a deliberate dumping by a cruise ship, according to the U.S.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 倾倒; 丢下，卸下; 摆脱，扔弃; 倾销
vi. 突然跌倒或落下; 卸货; 转嫁（责任等）
n. 垃圾场; 仓库; 无秩序地累积
时态：dumped, dumping, dumps
分布：垃圾场(31%)，倾倒(27%)，抛售(12%)，倾销(11%)，抛弃(11%)，倾卸(6%)，突然落下(1%)，军需供应站(1%)
→拟声词。用于经济学术语倾销。比较bump,jump, pump.
v.倾倒,倾卸n.垃圾场The lump jumped off the pump and bumped on the trumpet in the dump.傻大个跳下水泵撞到垃圾堆里的喇叭上.
verb transitive
PUT DOWN 放下
 IMPROVER
■to put down or drop something in a careless way 扔下，丢下
• He came in with four shopping bags and dumped them on the table. 他进门后将手里提着的四个购物袋往桌上一扔。
[dʌmp] verb transitive
GET RID OF 丢弃
 IMPROVER
■to get rid of something unwanted, especially by leaving it in a place where it is not allowed to be 抛弃；乱扔，乱丢
• The tax was so unpopular that the government decided to dump it. 这项税款非常不得人心，于是政府决定将其取消。
• Several old cars had been dumped near the beach. 几辆旧汽车被丢弃在海滩附近。
• Toxic chemicals continue to be dumped in the North Sea. 有毒化工品还在继续被倾倒进北海。
■to sell unwanted goods very cheaply, usually in other countries （常指向另一国家）倾销，甩卖
• They accused the West of dumping out-of-date medicines on Third World countries. 他们指责西方国家向第三世界国家倾销过期药品。
■specialized
■to move information from a computer's memory to a storage device （将记忆体资讯）转存
[dʌmp] verb transitive
END RELATIONSHIP 结束关系 informal
■to suddenly end a romantic relationship you have been having with someone 甩掉，抛弃（恋人）
• If he's so awful, why don't you just dump him? 如果他这么糟糕，你为甚么不把他给甩了？
[dʌmp] noun countable (UK also rubbish dump)
■a place where people are allowed to leave their rubbish 垃圾场，垃圾堆
• I need to clear out the shed and take everything I don't want to the dump. 我要清理一下这个棚子，把不要的东西都扔进垃圾堆。
■informal
■a very unpleasant and untidy place 凌乱的地方，令人厌恶的地方
• His room is an absolute dump! 他的房间就像个垃圾堆！
■a place where things of a particular type are stored, especially by an army 专用仓库；（尤指）军需品存放处
• an ammunition/arms/weapons/food dump 弹药／武器／军械／食品库
[dʌmp] noun countable
(down) in the dumps
■unhappy 情绪低落，不高兴
• She's a bit down in the dumps because she's got to take her exams again. 因为还得重考，她有点情绪低落。
[dʌmp] noun countable
have/take a dump offensive
■to pass the contents of the bowels out of the body 排便；排泄
vt. 倾倒；倾卸
 - pour in
vi. 倒垃圾
 - empty the trash

Word: judicial
Front: judicial
[dʒuˈdɪʃl] (研雅宝 3930/3083 -2)
Vocabulary: judicial
(once / 312 pages)
adj
If your situation has anything to do with the administration of justice or involves a judge, then it's officially judicial. And you should probably get a lawyer.
Judicial comes to us all the way from the Latin word judex, which means — you guessed it — "judge." But while judicial is most often used when describing legal proceedings, it can also be used to describe anyone who has to judge something in a fair way. Film critics are expected to give judicial reviews, just as the Miss America pageant judges must be judicial when assessing the swimsuit competition.
WORD FAMILY
judicial: judicially, judiciary +/ judiciary: judiciaries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Whether that would pass judicial review is less clear.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In early November, nearly 20 protesters who sat, chanted, sang and refused orders to leave were arrested in the building’s judicial wing.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
By contrast, when Democrats controlled the Senate in the last two years of George W. Bush’s presidency, 68 of his judicial nominees were confirmed.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 司法的; 法庭的; 明断的; 公正的
分布：公正的(39%)，司法的(30%)，法庭的(25%)，审判上的(6%)
→来自拉丁语iudicare,审判，判决，词源同judge.即与审判相关的，引申词义司法的。
司法的;法官的(judic判断→法官→司法的)[judg,judic=judge,表示"判断"]
法庭的(judic司法+ial)[-ial表形容词"有…的"]
a.司法的,法庭的,审判的;明断的,公正的
adjective
■involving a court of law 司法的；审判（上）的
• the judicial system 司法制度
• a judicial enquiry/review 司法质询／审查
judicial, judicious
这是一组形近易混词。
judicial: a.司法的，法律的，法庭的。
 • The judicial system settles arguments between people.   司法系统解决人与人之间的争端。
judicious: a.果断的，明智的，是个正式用语。
 • He made a judicious decision to save money for his old age.   他做了一个明智的决定，要为他的晚年攒钱。
adj. 公正的，明断的； [法] 法庭的；审判上的
 - just, candid

Word: virtual
Front: virtual
[ˈvɜ:tʃuəl] (研四六托雅宝 3675/6101 -2)
Vocabulary: virtual
(once / 306 pages)
adj
The adjective virtual is used to describe something that exists in essence but not in actuality. You may have made a virtual friend on an online gaming site, but don't expect that person to meet you for coffee.
Although virtual can be used to describe anything that exists in effect, but not in fact, it is often used to describe things created in a computer or online world. "She enjoyed playing the virtual role-playing game with her online friends." Virtual can also be used to mean "almost" — as in, "The blizzard brought the city to a virtual standstill, with subway and bus passengers stranded on the sidewalks."
WORD FAMILY
virtual: virtually
USAGE EXAMPLES
The virtual and real worlds are not entirely separate.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
“Back in 2014 when everybody was just talking about automotive, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, they were very busy reshaping their product areas.”
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
First there were touchscreens, then there were voice-controlled virtual assistants.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 实质上的，事实上的; （计算机）虚拟的; <物>有效的，虚像的; （粒子）实际存在的
分布：实质的(100%)
→来自virtue,男人的品行，品质，原义为男人的，男人应有的品行和美德，后引申词义看不见但却实质存在的品行，类似于汉语“气场”，后用于计算机术语虚拟的。
a.实际上的,事实上的He was the virtual leader of the movement.他是该运动实际上的领袖.
US ['vɝ:-] adjective
ALMOST 几乎
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■almost a particular thing or quality 几乎…的；实质上的
• Ten years of incompetent government had brought about the virtual collapse of the country's economy. 无能政府十年的执政已经把这个国家带到了崩溃的边缘。
UK ['vɜ:.tju.əl] US ['vɝ:-] adjective
COMPUTER 电脑
■describes something that can be done or seen using a computer and therefore without going anywhere or talking to anyone （透过电脑）虚拟的
• virtual shopping 虚拟购物
adj. [计] [物] 虚拟的；有效的；实质上的，事实上的
 - valid, available, effective, telling, significant

Word: reliable
Front: reliable
[rɪˈlaɪəbl] (高研四六托雅 3504/3271 -3)
Vocabulary: reliable
(once / 544 pages)
adj
Calling something reliable means you can count on it to come through when you need it; it's dependable. If you're headed out for an around-the-world sailing trip, hopefully your lifejacket is reliable.
You can certainly rely on something reliable because it's trustworthy and responsible. Reliable people usually show up on time, never flake out, and always tell the truth. A reliable car isn't likely to break down and will get you from place to place safely. And if you happen to lose your trusty sidekick, good luck looking for a reliable replacement.
WORD FAMILY
reliable: reliability, reliableness, reliably, unreliable +/ reliance: reliances, self-reliance/ reliant: reliantly, self-reliant/ rely: reliable, reliance, reliant, relied, relies, relying/unreliability: unreliabilities/ unreliable: unreliability, unreliableness, unreliably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Avoiding computers may indeed be a relatively reliable, if productivity-limiting, strategy for guarding sensitive material.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
If the data is not current and completely reliable, we will fail.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Try to find a more reliable source to back up the story.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 可靠的; 可信赖的; 真实可信的
n. 可靠的人
分布：可靠的(96%)，可信的(4%)
→来自 rely,依靠，信赖。
a.可靠的,可信赖的,确实的I'm liable to give reliable reply to the application for supply of apples.我有责任对申请供应苹果给予可靠答复.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■Something or someone that is reliable can be trusted or believed because they work or behave well in the way you expect 可信赖的；可靠的；真实可信的
• Is your watch reliable? 你的表准吗？
• reliable information 可靠资讯
• Gideon is very reliable - if he says he'll do something, he'll do it. 吉迪恩为人很可靠——他说到做到。
Opposite unreliable
reliable, suitable, available, identifiable
reliable: 可依靠的
suitable: 适合的
available: 可用的，可看见的
identifiable: 可识别的
adj. 可靠的；可信赖的
 - responsible, tried, honest, safe, sure
n. 可靠的人
 - true-blue

Word: extract
Front: extract
[ˈekstrækt] (研六托雅宝 4971/3787 -2)
Vocabulary: extract
(once / 178 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
When you extract something, you remove it from a larger whole. You can extract a passage from a book, or a liquid essence from a vanilla bean—vanilla extract.
Ex- means out of, and when you extract, you draw something out of something else. When listening to a complicated and long-winded story, it can be difficult to extract the truly meaningful details.
WORD FAMILY
extract: extractable, extracted, extractible, extracting, extraction, extractor, extracts+/ extraction: extractions/extractor: extractors
USAGE EXAMPLES
From one of the embryos, the researchers extracted a tiny jawline with several teeth.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
James would prove the last worker to die during the Post Office’s construction, but the building was not done extracting its blood toll.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Yet the president’s order allows locals who currently use the area to graze their livestock or extract minerals to keep their resource privileges.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 提取; （费力地）拔出; 选取; 获得
时态：extracted, extracting, extracts
分布：提取(84%)，摘录(7%)，榨出(3%)，拔出(2%)，精华(2%)，选取(1%)，榨出物(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-tract, 拉，词源同drag, contract. 即抽出来的一块，摘录。
抽出,拔出(ex+tract拉→拉出→拔出)[ex-①表示"出,出去"②表示"前面的,前任的"]
抽出;提炼出(ex出+tract→拉出来→提炼出)[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
v./n.拔出,抽出;摘录n.抽取物;精华;选集The distracted reader can't be absorbed in the abstract extract.心神纷乱的读者无法专心于抽象的节录.
【记】ex出，tract拉－拔出
【反】embed（vt 使插入；使嵌入）变成in bed
verb transitive /ɪkˈstrækt/
 ADVANCED
■to remove or take out something 取出；拔出；提取
• They used to extract iron ore from this site. 他们曾经在这个地方开采铁矿。
• The oil which is extracted from olives is used for cooking. 这种橄揽油是用于烹饪的。
• The tooth was eventually extracted. 那只牙终于拔掉了。
■to make someone give you something when they do not want to 强索；设法获取
• After much persuasion they managed to extract the information from him. 花了好一阵力气说服之后，他们终于从他那里得到了情报。
noun]ˈek.strækt/
PLANT 植物
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a substance taken from a plant, flower, etc. and used especially in food or medicine （尤指食物或药物的）提出物，精华，汁
• malt/yeast extract 麦芽精／酵母膏
• The cream contained extracts of/from several plants. 这种护肤霜中含有几种植物萃取精华。
noun]ˈek.strækt/
WRITING 文章
 ADVANCED countable
■a particular part of a book, poem, etc. that is chosen so that it can be used in a discussion, article, etc 摘录；选段；引文
• They published an extract from his autobiography. 他们刊登了他自传的一段节录。
quotation, extract
这组词都有“引文、引语”的意思，其区别是：
quotation: 常指篇幅较短的引语。
extract: 指选录或摘录，一般较长。
vt. 提取；取出； [图情] 摘录；榨取
 - abstract, milk, pop
n. 汁； [图情] 摘录； [化学] [药] [化工] 榨出物；选粹
 - juice, succus

Word: policeman
Front: policeman
[pəˈli:smən] (中高 4754/2490 -3)
Back: n. （男）警察，警员; 看守矿井的人; [化] 淀帚
分布：名词(100%)
n.警察A policeman is at the corner of the street.一个警察在街道的拐角处.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a male member of a police force 男员警
policeman, police
policeman: 指某个具体的警察
police: 警察的总称,后接复数谓语动词, The police are questioning everyone in the house.
n. 警察，警员； [分化] 淀帚（橡皮头玻璃搅棒）
 - pig, copper, bobby, finest

Word: accelerate
Front: accelerate
[əkˈseləreɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 4925/5328 -2)
Vocabulary: accelerate
(once / 648 pages)
v
Accelerate means to speed up. A car accelerates when you step on the gas. You can accelerate the process of getting a visa if you happen to know someone who works in the consulate.
The fastest Amtrak trains are called the Acela line, a made-up word intended to suggest accelerate and therefore communicate that these trains are fast. If you are standing close to one when it zooms by, you may find yourself having an accelerated heart rate—they move pretty fast!
WORD FAMILY
accelerate: accelerated, accelerates, accelerating, acceleration, accelerative, accelerator, acceleratory+/ acceleration: accelerations/accelerative: acceleratively/ accelerator: accelerators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say Robert Stevens didn’t appear to be impaired by alcohol or drugs, and it wasn’t immediately clear what caused the car to accelerate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As travelers stay closer to home, that trend should continue to accelerate.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The oddity is allowing this nifty little rebuilding project to accelerate and grow in stature.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. （使）加快，（使）增速; 加速，催促; 促进; 速度增加
vi. 加快，加速
时态：accelerated, accelerating, accelerates
分布：加速(97%)，提前(2%)，跳级(1%)
→前缀ac-同ad-.词根celer,加速，见celerity,迅速。
陪伴(ac+company伙伴→陪伴)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
加速器[celer=quick,speed,表示"快,速"]
v.使加速,使增速,促进vi.加快,增加He decided to accelerate his output.他决定增加产量.
【记】来自拉丁语accelerare，ac＝ad到+celerare加急（celer快，迅速）
【参】celerity（n 速度，迅速），decelerate（v 减速）
【反】retard（v 减速）
US [-ɚ.eɪt] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive
■When a vehicle or its driver accelerates, the speed of the vehicle increases （车辆或驾驶者）加速
• I accelerated to overtake the bus. 我加速超过了公车。
Compare decelerate
 ADVANCED intransitive
■If a person or object accelerates, it goes faster. （人或物的行动）加快
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to happen or make something happen sooner or faster （使）加快，（使）增速；促进；提前，（促使）早日发生
• Inflation is likely to accelerate this year, adding further upward pressure on interest rates. 今年通货膨胀可能会加剧，迫使利率持续上升。
• They use special chemicals to accelerate the growth of crops. 他们使用特殊的化学品来刺激农作物生长。
accelerate, hasten, rush, hurry, speed, quicken
这组词都有“加快，使加快”的意思，其区别是：
accelerate: 着重指频率或速率运转加快。
hasten: 指由于事的紧迫性或突然性而加速。
rush: 含义与hurry相近，但显得更仓促更慌乱。
hurry: 指赶紧或匆忙地做某事或催促别人做某事，隐含草率或混乱意味。
speed: 侧重实际的快速行动。
quicken: 普通用词，指增加速度、速率。
vi. 加速；促进；增加
 - improve, increase speed

Word: alive
Front: alive
[əˈlaɪv] (中高研四六 1532/2080 -K3)
Vocabulary: alive
(once / 99 pages)
adj
If you're alive, you're living — in other words, you're not dead. If your apple tree blooms in the spring, you'll know it's still alive after the long, cold winter.
Living things are alive — people, animals, plants — but things can be alive figuratively as well. You might, for example, talk about keeping optimism alive or keeping the school music program alive. The word is often used to mean "spirited" or "full of energy," too, as when a birthday party comes alive just as the magician and the pony arrive. Alive comes from the Old English phrase on life, "in living" or "in life."
WORD FAMILY
alive: aliveness, aliver, alivest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Polly Sheppard said Roof told her he wanted to leave her alive to tell the world why he attacked a historic African-American church.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Wildcats did keep alive their 132-week streak of being ranked.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said they’ll keep all the traditions created throughout the years alive in Beckley.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 活着的; 活泼的; 有生气的; 敏感的
分布：活着的(72%)，注意到的(12%)，有活力的(10%)，热闹的(6%)
活的(a+live活)[a-①加在单词或词根前面,表示"不,无,非"②加在单词前,表示"在…,...的"]
a.活着的;存在的;活跃的;(to)敏感的The living olive keeps the deliverer's liver alive.活橄榄使发货人的肝脏继续存活.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL [after verb]
■living; having life; not dead 活（着）的；在世的
• He must be ninety if he's still alive. 如果他还在世的话，他肯定有90岁了。
• Doctors kept him alive on a life-support machine. 医生使用维生系统来维持他的生命。
• She's alive and well and living in New Zealand. 她生活得很好，目前住在纽西兰。
■If something is alive, it continues to exist 仍然存在的
• Relatives of the missing sailors are struggling to keep their hopes alive. 失踪水手的亲人仍然苦守着他们能生还的希望。
[ə'laɪv] adjective
alive to sth UK
■If you are alive to something, you are thinking about it or familiar with it 意识到，认识到；注意到
• I ski for the excitement, but I'm also always alive to the risks. 我滑雪是为了追求刺激，但是我也从没有忘记这项运动的风险。
[ə'laɪv] adjective
alive with sth
■If something is alive with something else, it is so covered with or full of them that it appears to be living and moving 充满，满是，到处都是（有生命的或活动的东西）
• The pond was alive with frogs. 池塘里到处都是青蛙。
[ə'laɪv] adjective
be alive and well/kicking
■to continue to live or exist and be full of energy 好端端活着／活蹦乱跳
• She said she'd seen him last week and he was alive and kicking. 她说上周见过他，他还生龙活虎的。
■to continue to be popular or successful 继续流行；长盛不衰
• Despite rumours to the contrary, feminism is alive and well. 尽管听到的都是女权主义已经江河日下，但实际上它却依然盛行不衰。
• Traditional jazz is still alive and kicking in New Orleans. 传统爵士乐在纽奥良仍然非常流行。
[ə'laɪv] adjective
come alive
■If a place comes alive, it becomes filled with activity （地方）变得繁忙，热闹起来，活跃起来
• The city centre really comes alive at the weekend. 到了周末，市中心就变得十分热闹。
■If you make something come alive, you make it seem real and interesting 显得逼真；变得有趣；鲜活起来
• She's a writer who really knows how to make her characters come alive. 她是一位真正懂得如何把人物塑造得栩栩如生的作家。
diverse, vivid, alive, mobile
diverse: 多种多样的，不同的
vivid: （记忆，描述）清晰的， 逼真的，（光，颜色）鲜艳的，耀眼的
alive: 活着的，有活力的，继续存在的
mobile: 易于快速移动的，易变的，流动的
lively, alive, living, live
lively: 意为活波的
alive: 活着的,定表均可,定语后置, all the people alive
living: 活着的,定表均可, all the living people
live: 活着的,只能做定语,
adj. 活着的；活泼的；有生气的
 - lively, activated

Word: aspect
Front: aspect
[ˈæspekt] (高研四六托宝 1357/862 -K4)
Vocabulary: aspect
(once / 148 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Aspect means a part or feature of something. If you are going to vote for a candidate, you should first learn about the various aspects of her political agenda.
At the heart of the word aspect is the Latin specere "look" (think spectacles). Later, the word became connected to the idea of what can be seen from a particular position. Whether that means you can see all of something (all aspects) or only part (one aspect) depends on where you are standing and how hard you are looking.
WORD FAMILY
aspect: aspects, aspectual
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the founders also consciously rejected some of the less appealing aspects of life at Apple, like its legendary secrecy and top-down management style.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Those columns were prompted by the ongoing Black Lives Matter movement, the presidential campaign and disparities along racial lines in every aspect of American life.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And those meetings were preceded by meetings of specially designated committees designed to analyze policies and proposals pertaining to certain aspects of county government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 方面; 面貌; 方位，方向; 形势
分布：方面(95%)，方位(4%)，外观；外貌(1%)
→前缀a-同ad-. 词根spect, 看，见spectator, 观众。
样子,容貌;方面(a加强意义+spect→看的东西→外表,容貌)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
n.样子,外表,面貌,(问题等的)方面Two suspicious aspects are suspected respectively.两个可疑的方面分别受到怀疑.
noun
FEATURE 特点
 IMPROVER countable
■one part of a situation, problem, subject, etc. 方面；层面
• Which aspects of the job do you most enjoy? 你最喜欢这份工作的哪些方面？
• His illness affects almost every aspect of his life. 他的疾病几乎影响到他生活的各方面。
• That's the most worrying aspect of the situation. 这是局势最令人担心的一面。
• Lighting is a vitally important aspect of film-making. 灯光是电影制作中一个至关重要的方面。
• Have you thought about the problem from every aspect? 你是不是已经全面地考虑过这个问题？
['æs.pekt] noun
DIRECTION 方向
countable
■the direction in which a building, window, room or sloping field faces, or the view which can be seen because of this direction 朝向；方位；朝着某个方向的一面
• The dining room has a southern aspect which allows us to make the most of the sun. 餐室是向南的，这就使我们能够最有效地利用太阳能光照明。
['æs.pekt] noun
APPEARANCE 外表
only singular formal
■the appearance or visual effect of a place, or the expression on a person's face 外表，外观；样子，神态
• The glasses and the beard lend him a rather scholarly aspect. 他戴着眼镜，蓄着胡子，颇有一副学者的样子。
['æs.pekt] noun
GRAMMAR 文法
countable or uncountable specialized
■the form of a verb which shows how the meaning of a verb is considered in relation to time, typically expressing whether an action is complete, repeated or continuous （动词的）体
aspect, side, phase, angle
这组词都有“方面”的意思，其区别是：
aspect: 着重以特定观点对事物进行观察或考虑。
side: 可与aspect和phase换用，但更着重构成事物全貌的一个或多个方面。
phase: 指可以对事物进行观察或描述或考虑的任何方面。
angle: 专指从某一角度去观察、考虑事物的某个方面。
look, face, aspect, appearance
这组词都有“外表，容貌”的意思，其区别是：
look: 普通用词，多用复数，可与appearance换用，但较口语化。
face: 侧重指容貌。
aspect: 书面用词，突出人或事物在某特定时间或地点时的外貌。
appearance: 普通用词，着重由总体产生的印象。
n. 方面； [建] 方向；形势；外貌
 - direction, orientation, situation, side, respect

Word: severe
Front: severe
[sɪˈvɪə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 2330/1923 -K4)
Vocabulary: severe
(once / 78 pages)
adj
Whether you're talking about a punishment, the weather, or how bad your flu is, severe indicates that it's at the limit of the spectrum.
The austerity of a word like severe serves many purposes. The common usage is to describe tough or painful stuff, like icy snowstorms, merciless punishments, or grim conditions (i.e., a severe depression). If things are severe, they're serious. Severe could also describe a person's haircut if it's brutally short and angular, or their wardrobe if it tends to be all black with no flourishes.
WORD FAMILY
severe: severely, severeness, severer, severest, severity +/ severity: severities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Parts of the South are bracing for more rain Tuesday, a day after severe storms killed four people in Alabama.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The doctor may prescribe a steroid cream or, in severe cases, an oral immunosuppressant for the itch.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
His seizures became more severe, and he underwent a tracheotomy to help him breathe.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 严峻的; 严厉的; 剧烈的; 苛刻的
级别：severer, severest
分布：严重的(61%)，严厉的(19%)，严格的(7%)，严峻的(7%)，剧烈的(6%)
→来自拉丁语 severus,严重的，严厉的，困难的，可能异化自拉丁语 serius,重的，词源同 serious. 引申诸相关词义。
严肃的;严厉的[sever=earnest,表示"诚恳"]
a.严厉的;剧烈的,严重的,严峻的,艰难的Several severe federal generals drank the mineral water on the miner's funeral.好几个严厉的联邦将军在矿工的葬礼上喝了矿泉水.
【记】severe的人总是sever
US [-'vɪr] adjective
VERY SERIOUS 非常严重的
 ESSENTIAL
■causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc; very serious 非常严重的；剧烈的；惨重的
• a severe chest infection/leg injury/toothache 十分严重的胸腔感染／腿伤／牙痛
• This is a school for children with severe learning difficulties. 这是一所为有严重学习障碍的孩子设立的学校。
• In parts of Africa there is a severe food/water shortage. 非洲的一些地方存在严重的粮食／水资源短缺问题。
• There is expected to be a severe frost tonight. 今晚预计会出现严重的霜冻。
• Severe cutbacks in public spending have been announced. 已经宣布对公共支出进行大幅度缩减。
■extreme or very difficult 极度的；非常困难的
• This will be a severe test of our strength. 这将是对我们实力的严峻考验。
UK [sɪ'vɪər] US [-'vɪr] adjective
NOT KIND 不和善的
■not kind or sympathetic; not willing to accept other people's mistakes or failures 不和善的；冷酷的；严厉的；苛刻的
• The headteacher spoke in a severe voice. 校长说话的口吻很严厉。
• The government is currently facing severe criticism. 政府目前正遭到严厉的批评。
• There are severe penalties for failing to declare all your income to the tax authorities. 未向税务机关申报个人全部收入会受到严厉的处罚。
UK [sɪ'vɪər] US [-'vɪr] adjective
PLAIN 朴素的 often disapproving
■completely plain and without decoration 不加装饰的，朴素的，简朴的
• She wore a severe black dress, and plain black shoes. 她穿了一件朴素的黑色连身裙和一双普通的黑鞋子。
• I don't like these severe modern buildings. 我不喜欢这些没有任何装饰的现代建筑。
solemn, sober, earnest, grave, severe, serious
这组词都有“严肃的”的意思，其区别是：
solemn: 指人表情或场景气氛严肃，侧重威严名印象深刻。
sober: 侧重因控制或抑制自己的感情而表现出的庄重。
earnest: 指严肃，认真，含诚恳和热情意味。
grave: 侧重严肃和尊严，需要认真思考，含令人担忧意味。
severe: 指面孔的严肃，法律的严厉，伤病的严重。着重严厉性，无丝毫温情。
serious: 指具有关键、严肃或严重意义的事情。
adj. 严峻的；严厉的；剧烈的；苛刻的
 - tight, hard, smart, harsh, rigorous

Word: deem
Front: deem
[di:m] (研六托雅 4554/4164 -2)
Vocabulary: deem
(once / 121 pages)
v
To deem is a verb that means to view as or judge. Your parents or boss may deem something necessary that you don't, like coming home by midnight or working late.
Deem comes from the Old English word, deman — meaning "act as a judge." If you deem something, you essentially become the judge of whether it has a characteristic. For example, if you deem your little sister's jokes to be too ridiculous to listen to, you will probably just walk away.
WORD FAMILY
deem: deemed, deeming, deems, redeem +/ irredeemable: irredeemably/ redeem: redeemable, redeemed, redeemer, redeeming, redeems, redemption, redemptive, redemptory/redeemable: irredeemable, unredeemable/redeemed: unredeemed/redeemer: redeemers/ redeeming: redeemingly/ redemption: redemptional, redemptions/ redemptive: redemptively/unredeemable: unredeemably/unredeemed: unredeemedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The driver wasn’t hurt, but the truck and trailer were deemed a total loss.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At least one woman was fined by police for not wearing an outfit deemed to respect “good morals and secularism”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Additionally, a person wearing a Bluetooth headset on the street was deemed more impressive than someone wearing headphones.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 认为，视为; 主张，断定
vi. 认为，视为，以为; 作某种评价
时态：deemed, deeming, deems
分布：认为(92%)，视作(8%)
→词源同doom，裁定，判决，后词义弱化为认为，视为。
v.认为,相信I seem to deem his foreseeing of that the man will seek seeds in the weed.我似乎相信他的预见,他预见那个人将在杂草中寻找种子.
[di:m] formal
verb transitive not continuous
 ADVANCED
■to consider or judge something in a particular way 认为，视为；觉得
• [+ obj + noun/adj] The area has now been deemed safe. 该地区现在被认为很安全。
• [+ noun/adj] We will provide help whenever you deem it appropriate. 无论何时只要你认为合适，我们就会提供协助。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] Anyone not paying the registration fee by 31 March will be deemed to have withdrawn from the scheme. 凡未在3月31日前缴交注册费者，将被视为退出该项计划。
discern, deem, regard
discern: 发现，看清，辨认
deem: 以为，相信，较正式，常用于法律、文学作品中，强调判断而非思考；
regard: 以为，认为，侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断，多强调观点
reckon, think, count, consider, deem, regard, believe
这组词都有“认为”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 指对人或事作全面“权衡”，把各方面意见考虑进去后得出结论。
think: 普通用词，指按照自己的意见提出看法。
count: 指作出判断后而得出的看法等。
consider: 指经过考虑和观察后得出的结论。
deem: 正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考。
regard: 侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断。多强调观点。
believe: 通常指根据一定的证据，经思考后而认为属实。
vt. 认为，视作；相信
 - count, feel, find, guess, rate
vi. 认为，持某种看法；作某种评价
 - consider, take for

Word: pound
Front: pound
[paʊnd] (中高研四六托 1306/546 -K5)
Back: n. 英镑; 磅; 兽栏; 重击声
vt. & vi. 连续重击; 咚咚地走
vi. （持续地）苦干; （驾舟时）拍打（水面）; （心脏）狂跳; 脚步沉重地走（或跑）
vt. 连续重击; 捣碎，碾碎; 强迫吸收; 猛烈袭击
时态：pounded, pounding, pounds
分布：英镑(53%)，磅(38%)，敲打(4%)，捣碎(3%)，咚咚地走(1%)，连续猛击(1%)
→来自古英语pund,磅，英磅，来自Proto-Germanic*punda,磅，借自拉丁语pondo,重量，来自pendere,悬挂，称量，词源同pendulum,ponder.pound 砰，捣碎，狂轰滥炸
n.磅;英镑v.(连续)猛击,(猛烈)敲打,捣碎The wounded founder bought a pound of compound.受伤的奠基人买了一磅化合物.
noun countable
MONEY 金钱
 ESSENTIAL (symbol £)
■the standard unit of money in the UK and some other countries 镑（英国等国家的货币单位）
• a one-pound/two-pound coin 一英镑／两英镑的硬币
• There are one hundred pence in a pound. 1英镑等于100便士。
• They stole jewellery valued at £50 000 (= 50 000 pounds). 他们偷了价值五万英镑的珠宝。
• "Have you got any change?" "Sorry, I've only got a five-pound note. “你有零钱吗？”“抱歉，我只有一张五英镑的纸钞。”
the pound
 ADVANCED (symbol £)
■the type of money used in Britain 英镑（英国货币单位）
• The devaluation of the pound will make British goods more competitive abroad. 英镑贬值会使英国商品在海外更具竞争力。
• On the foreign exchanges the pound rose two cents against the dollar to $1.52. 外汇市场上英镑对美元比价上涨了两美分，达到1.52美元。
[paʊnd] noun countable
WEIGHT 重量
 ESSENTIAL (written abbreviation lb)
■a unit for measuring weight 磅（重量单位）
• One pound is approximately equal to 454 grams. 1磅约等于454克。
• One kilogram is roughly the same as 2.2 lbs. 1千克大约相当于2.2磅。
• There are 16 ounces in one pound. 1磅等于16盎司。
• Ann's baby weighed eight and a half pounds at birth. 安的小孩出生时重8.5磅。
[paʊnd] noun countable
match sth pound for pound
■to give one pound for every pound given by someone else 付出的金钱与另一人所付的一一对应
• The government has promised to match the money raised by the charity pound for pound. 政府承诺过，无论慈善机构筹集到多少金钱，都会额外投入同等金额。
[paʊnd] noun countable
pound of flesh disapproving
■something which you have the right to receive but which is unreasonable to demand from someone 合法但不合理的要求
[paʊnd] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to hit or beat repeatedly with a lot of force, or to crush something by hitting it repeatedly 连续重击；捣碎；猛烈袭击
• I could feel my heart pounding as I went on stage to collect the prize. 上台领奖时我感到心怦怦直跳。
• Nearly 50 people are still missing after the storm pounded the coast. 风暴袭击海岸之后，目前仍有约50人失踪。
• The city was pounded to rubble during the war. 战争中这座城市被炸成一片废墟。
• He pounded on the door demanding to be let in. 他不停地大力敲门要进去。
• She was pounding away on her typewriter until four in the morning. 她在打字机上敲字直到凌晨四点。
[paʊnd] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  pound away at sth/sb
■to criticize something or try to get someone to do something 指责，批评；劝说；对…施加压力
• The campaigners have promised to keep pounding away at the council until the decision to build the road is reversed. 运动发起人保证将不断向市议会施加压力，直到他们取消筑路的决定。
n. 英镑；重击，重击声；兽栏；拘留所
 - prison, devel
vt. 捣烂；敲打；监禁，拘留
 - hold, prison
vi. 连续重击，猛击
 - drive, belt

Word: extremist
Front: extremist
[ɪkˈstri:mɪst] (宝 7916/12649 -2)
Vocabulary: extremist
(once / 1993 pages)
nadj
Nowadays, we tend to associate the word extremist with "terrorist," and use the two words almost interchangeably to define someone who holds radical political or religious views.
An extremist can hold views on any subject: if you believe all little brothers should be banned from their siblings' rooms, or that anyone who roots for a different baseball team should be quarantined, then you, my friend, are an extremist. What tends to unite all extremists is their willingness to act, often violently, to realize their beliefs. Little brothers, watch out.
WORD FAMILY
extremist: extremists+/ extreme: extremely, extremeness, extremes, extremest, extremism, extremity /extremeness: extremenesses/ extremism: extremisms, extremist / extremity: extremities
USAGE EXAMPLES
In his telling, Trump is a political centrist who is misconstrued as an extremist.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
A statement reminded U.S. citizens that extremists “are continuing aggressive efforts to conduct attacks in areas where U.S. citizens and expatriates reside or frequent.”
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Previously, the extremist organization struck Istanbul’s biggest airport, killing more than 40 people in June during an attack waged with bombs and firearms.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 极端主义者，偏激的人
adj. 极端主义的，过激论的
分布：极端主义者(46%)，极端的(28%)，过激分子(26%)
→来自extreme, 极度的，极端的。
noun countable
■someone who has beliefs which most people think are unreasonable and unacceptable 偏激者；极端主义者
• a group of extremists (= people with extreme opinions) 一群极端分子
n. 极端主义者，过激分子
 - ultra

Word: slide
Front: slide
[slaɪd] (高研四六托雅 2174/2704 -K3)
Back: vi. 滑落; 下跌; 打滑; [棒球]滑垒
vt. 衰落（成）; 逐渐降低; 使悄悄转动; （使）快捷而悄声地移动
n. 幻灯片; 降低
时态：slid, sliding, slides
分布：幻灯片(53%)，滑动(24%)，下滑(13%)，滑坡(5%)，雪崩(2%)，使滑动(1%)，滑入(1%)，悄悄地溜走(1%)
→来自古英语 slidan,滑行，滑动，来自 Proto-Germanic*slidan,滑行，滑动，来自 sleidh,滑 行，滑动，来自 slei,滑的，词源同 slime,slip.引申比喻义下滑，崩塌等。
v.(使)滑动n.滑坡,滑道;滑,滑动;幻灯片The tides slide on the tidy wide beach and collide each other.海潮在整洁宽阔的海滩上滑行并相互碰撞.
verb (slid, slid)
MOVE 移动
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) move easily and without interruption over a surface （使）滑动，（使）滑行
• When I was little I used to like sliding on the polished floor in my socks. 小时候我喜欢穿着短袜在光亮的地板上滑行。
• We've got one of those doors in the kitchen that slides open. 我们厨房的门中有一扇装的是那种滑动开关的。
• He slid the letter into his pocket while no one was looking. 趁没人看见，他把信塞进了口袋。
• sliding doors 推拉门，滑门
[slaɪd] verb (slid, slid)
GET WORSE 变糟
intransitive
■to go into a worse state, often through lack of control or care 下滑；衰落；逐渐陷入
• The dollar slid against other major currencies. 美元对其他主要货币的比值有所下滑。
• Car exports slid by 40% this year. 今年汽车的出口下滑了40%。
• He was improving for a while, but I fear he's sliding back into his old habits. 他有一段时间确实在进步，可我担心他又会故态复萌。
• I was doing really well with my diet, but I'm afraid I've let it slide (= not tried as hard) recently. 以前我在节食方面做得的确不错，但最近恐怕有些松懈。
⇒ See also backslide
[slaɪd] noun
MOVEMENT 运动
countable
■a sudden movement of a large mass of mud (= wet earth) or rock down a hill 山崩，落石坍方；崩塌
• a mud/rock slide 土泥流／坍方
⇒ See also landslide
countable
■a structure for children to play on which has a slope for them to slide down and usually a set of steps leading up to the slope 滑梯
countable
■a part that moves easily backwards and forwards on an instrument or machine （乐器或机器上的）滑动物件
• the slide on a trombone 长号上的 U 型伸缩拉管
[slaɪd] noun
WORSE STATE 衰退状态
countable usually singular
■when something moves into a worse state, often through lack of control or care 不知不觉陷入（恶劣的状态，通常因为缺乏管理或关注）
• The government must take measures, he said, to halt the country's slide into recession. 他说，政府必须采取措施阻止国家陷入经济衰退。
[slaɪd] noun
PHOTOGRAPHY 摄影
countable (specialized transparency)
■a small piece of photographic film in a frame which, when light is passed through it, shows a larger image on a screen or plain surface 幻灯片
• colour slides 彩色幻灯片
[slaɪd] noun
GLASS 玻璃
countable
■a small piece of glass on which you put something in order to look at it through a microscope （显微镜的）载玻片
[slaɪd] noun
HAIR 头发
countable UK short form of
■ hair slide
skid, glide, slip, slide
这组词都有“滑动”的意思，其区别是：
skid: 着重指不自主地或失去控制地滑动，特指车轮在结冰或潮湿路面上的滑动，常暗含有危险存在的意味。
glide: 指自由、顺畅地流动，也指不费力、无声响地滑动。
slip: 指不自觉地、偶然地滑动。
slide: 通常多指与光滑表面保持接触并且迅速地连续滑动。
n. 滑动； [电影] 幻灯片；滑梯；雪崩
 - transparency, slipping
vi. 滑动；滑落；不知不觉陷入
 - bowl, creep down
vt. 滑动；使滑动；悄悄地迅速放置
 - slip

Word: atmosphere
Front: atmosphere
[ˈætməsfɪə(r)] (高研四六托 2217/1855 -K3)
Vocabulary: atmosphere
(once / 140 pages)
n
An atmosphere is a surrounding environment or influence. If you and your coworkers talk behind each other's backs, you will create a nasty atmosphere at work.
Atmosphere was invented by seventeenth century Scientists from Greek words for vapor, atmos, and sphere sphaira. The earth's atmosphere is the air and gas surrounding our planet. Atmosphere also describes the feeling of a place. A coffee shop might have a cool, artsy atmosphere. Some plants grow best in a damp atmosphere. Police presence creates a paranoid atmosphere among protesters. In physics, atmosphere is a unit of pressure equal to the air pressure at sea level.
WORD FAMILY
atmosphere: atmospheres, atmospheric, atmospherical+/ atmospheric: atmospherically
USAGE EXAMPLES
But while there I sunk into the atmosphere, tone, reality of the place.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The change in atmosphere — from boos earlier in the month to serenades — happened suddenly, but the reason is simple.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
It was a businesslike atmosphere in the locker room afterward, also.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 大气，空气; 大气层; 风格，基调; 气氛
分布：气氛(50%)，大气(38%)，空气(11%)，气压(1%)
→词根atmo, 大气，蒸气。sphere, 球体。
大气层[atmo=vapor(蒸汽)]
n.大气(层);空气;气氛,环境;大气压Therefore, the atmosphere is merely a sphere.因此大气层只不过是一个球体.
US [-sfɪr] noun
AIR 空气
the atmosphere
 IMPROVER only singular
■the mixture of gases around the Earth （包围地球的）大气，大气层，大气圈
• These factories are releasing toxic gases into the atmosphere. 这些工厂向大气中排放有毒气体。
 IMPROVER only singular
■the air that you breathe in a place （特定场所的）空气
• The atmosphere in the room was so stuffy I could hardly breathe. 房间里空气污浊，我都快喘不过气来了。
• A few plants in an office will improve the atmosphere. 在办公室里摆些植物可以改善空气。
countable
■the mixture of gases that surrounds some planets, such as the Earth; the air （包围天体的）气体
UK ['æt.mə.sfɪər] US [-sfɪr] noun
MOOD 气氛
 IMPROVER only singular
■the character, feeling or mood of a place or situation 气氛；环境
• There's a very relaxed atmosphere in our office. 我们办公室的气氛非常轻松。
• There has been an atmosphere of gloom in the factory since it was announced that it would be closing. 自从宣布工厂要关闭的消息后，工厂里就笼罩着一片沮丧的气氛中。
 ADVANCED uncountable approving
■a feeling that a place has of being pleasant and interesting or exciting 氛围；情调，情趣
• You want a restaurant that serves good food but has a bit of atmosphere too. 谁都想去间饭菜可口又有点情调的餐厅吃饭。
• He put on some soft music and turned the lights down in order to give the room a bit more atmosphere. 为了使房间更富情调，他播放轻柔的音乐，调暗了灯光。
atmosphere, air, gas
这些名词均与空气有关。
atmosphere: 指围绕有的星球，特别是围绕地球的空气，即大气层。也可指环境气氛。
air: 指空气，也泛指一般气体。
gas: 指气态物，尤指供燃烧取暖或照明的气体，其中一部分称作瓦斯。
surroundings, environment, circumstance, context, atmosphere, climate
surroundings: 特指自然环境（地理概念）
environment: 指对人的感情、品德、思想等或动植物生存产生影响的环境
circumstance: 特指经济状况，表示环境，状况时常用复数
context: 上下文
atmosphere: 气氛，氛围
climate: 气候，风气，思潮
n. [心理] 气氛； [气象] [地物] 大气；空气
 - mood, ambience

Word: quietly
Front: quietly
['kwaɪətlɪ] (2553/2171 -K)
Back: adv. 平静地; 静止地; 轻声地; 在暗中
分布：安静地(47%)，悄悄地(30%)，平静地(23%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■without making much noise 安静地，静悄悄地
• I slipped quietly out of the back door. 我悄悄地从后门溜了出去。
• He is a quietly spoken, thoughtful man. 他是个说话轻柔、体贴周到的人。
■in a way that is not obvious to other people because you do not say much 不声张地
• He is quietly confident that there will be no problems this time. 他心里暗暗相信这次必定没有问题。
adv. 安静地；秘密地；平稳地
 - smoothly, underground, privately, secretly

Word: painful
Front: painful
[ˈpeɪnfl] (高研四六 3034/3638 -K3)
Vocabulary: painful
(once / 139 pages)
adj
Anything painful hurts a lot — either physically or emotionally. Your sprained ankle may be painful, but so is your broken heart.
When something is physically painful, it hurts your body in some way, like a painful burn or a painful paper cut. Other things hurt just as much, but in an emotional way, like a painful separation from your cat when you go to summer camp. You can also use this adjective informally to mean really bad: "The wedding band's attempt at 'Stairway to Heaven' was just painful."
WORD FAMILY
painful: painfuler, painfulest, painfully, painfulness, unpainful+/ pain: pained, painful, paining, painless, pains/ pained: painedly/ painless: painlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The former is prescribed for the painful muscle spasms that occur in multiple sclerosis, while the latter is aimed at childhood seizures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But the medical profession increasingly understands that painful as it is, the revolution is necessary and unstoppable.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Alexander Payne’s About Schmidt is a relentlessly dark film on the painful theme of family dysfunction.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 痛苦的; （肉体）疼的; 费力的，（工作）困难的; 讨厌的，使人厌烦的
分布：痛苦的(86%)，疼痛的(8%)，费力的(6%)
a.疼痛的,使痛苦的,费力[心]的,棘手的His wife's death left a painful void in his life.他妻子的死给他的人生留下了痛苦的空虚感.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■causing emotional or physical pain 令人痛苦的，引起痛苦的
• The old photograph brought back painful memories. 这张老照片唤起了痛苦的回忆。
• A painful injury forced her to withdraw from the game. 伤痛迫使她退出了比赛。
■If something is painful to watch or listen to, it is so bad that it makes you feel embarrassed 令人难堪的；讨厌的
• It was painful to listen to his pathetic excuses. 听他那些牵强的借口实在让人觉得难受。
adj. 痛苦的；疼痛的；令人不快的
 - hurt, bitter, miserable

Word: potentially
Front: potentially
[pə'tenʃəlɪ] (2831/3126 -K)
Vocabulary: potentially
(once / 916 pages)
adv
Use the adverb potentially to describe something that could happen or might be true. Your backyard leaf burning project, for example, is potentially dangerous.
When there's a possibility of something occurring or becoming reality, use the word potentially. All babies are potentially geniuses, and you might optimistically watch new TV comedies every fall in the belief that they're potentially funny. In other words, babies might turn out to be brilliant, and TV shows have the possibility of making you laugh out loud. The root word here is potential, from the Latin potentia, "power, might or force."
WORD FAMILY
potential: potentiality, potentially, potentials+/ impotence: impotences/impotency: impotencies/ impotent: impotence, impotency, impotenter, impotently/ potency: potencies, potential, prepotency/ potent: impotent, potency, potenter, potentest, potently/potentiality: potentialities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pneumonia is a serious and potentially fatal disease.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“Potentially, this is worse than anything he did in Watergate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All of Mr. Cohen’s proposals would cost a great deal of money — and, potentially, human lives.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 潜在地; 可能地; <古>强有力地; 权威地
分布：潜在地(100%)
US [poʊ-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■possibly 潜在地；可能地
• Hepatitis is a potentially fatal disease. 肝炎是可能致命的疾病。
• This crisis is potentially the most serious in the organization's history. 这场危机可能是该组织历史上最严重的一次。
adv. 可能地，潜在地
 - possibly

Word: heading
Front: heading
[ˈhedɪŋ] (研四六雅 9765/3662 -1)
Vocabulary: heading
(once / 493 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A heading is a word, phrase, or sentence at the beginning of a written passage that explains what it's about. A heading is very similar to a title.
A heading is similar to a caption, a line below a photograph that briefly explains it. Headings show up at the top of paragraphs, chapters, or pages, and they give you an idea of what the subject is. You might write a heading for each chapter of your novel, or on each page of your French club newsletter. The 1300's meaning of heading was "beheading," and it wasn't until the late 1800's that it came to mean "title."
WORD FAMILY
heading: headings, subheading+/ forehead: foreheads/ head: forehead, headed, header, headful, heading, headless, headlike, heads, headship, heady, overhead, subhead/headed: headeder, headedest, headedly, unheaded/ header: headers/headship: headships/ heady: headier, headiest, headily/ overhead: overheads/subhead: subheads/subheading: subheadings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nelson Coates, a production designer, recalls heading there after watching Sept. 11 footage on the news.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The team was heading to play in the first of two matches in the final of the Copa Sudamerica, South America’s No. 2 club tournament.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Despite these storms, Mr Temer has kept Brazil heading in the right direction.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 标题，题名; 信头; [航]航向; 斩首
v. 用头顶(head的现在分词)
分布：标题(67%)，航向(24%)，题目(8%)，动词head的现在分词.(1%)
标题[head=head,表示"头"]
n.标题The heading is "Headline of Headlong Pleadings".标题为"仓促答辩状的摘要".
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■words written or printed at the top of a text as a title 标题
n. [计] [图情] 标题；（足球）头球； [通信] 信头
 - title, titel

Word: ideal
Front: ideal
[aɪˈdi:əl] (研四六托雅 2815/1917 -K4)
Vocabulary: ideal
(once / 109 pages)
nadj
An ideal is a model of something perfect or without equal. As an adjective, ideal describes this ultimate standard for excellence, or something that exists only as an idea.
When we talk about what's ideal, we often refer to a best-case scenario (it would be ideal if you were well-rested before your exam); what we're striving for (it would be ideal for all children to receive an education); or some idea of perfection (the ideal date would be dinner with your favorite movie star). If you have high ideals, you have very strong beliefs about what is good and right, and maybe even how best to save the world.
WORD FAMILY
ideal: idealise, idealism, ideality, idealize, ideally, ideals+/ idea: ideal, ideas, ideate/idealisation: idealisations/idealise: idealisation, idealised, idealises, idealising/ idealism: idealisms, idealist, idealistic / idealist: idealists/ idealistic: idealistically/ideality: idealities/idealization: idealizations/ idealize: idealization, idealized, idealizes, idealizing/ideate: ideated, ideating, ideation / ideation: ideational, ideations/ideational: ideationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
These awkward exchanges usually stem from ignorance rather than anti-Semitism or neo-Nazi ideals, academic experts and others say.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The report mentions the church as an ideal spot for weddings and other gatherings, as well as small to mid-size musical performances.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Purchase vacations now — do not wait until 2017. This is an ideal time to book an upgraded experience at a better price.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 理想的，完美的; 被认为是最好的; 完全或相当令人满意的; 想象的，假设的
n. 理想; 典范，典型; 目标，高尚的、有价值的原则或目标
分布：理想(67%)，理想的(28%)，目标(2%)，完美的(1%)，典范(1%)，观念的(1%)
→来自idea,想象，想法。引申词义想象中的，理想的，完美的。
理想(idea+al)[idea,ideo=idea,表示"思想,观点"]
a.理想的;空想的;理想主义的;唯心的n.理想The zealous dealer has an ideal idea of dealing with the meal.热心的商人有一个处理膳食的理想主意.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■without fault; perfect, or the best possible 完美的；理想的
• the ideal employer 无可挑剔的老板
• She's the ideal person (= exactly the right type of person) for the job. 她是这项工作的理想人选。
• The television also comes in a compact 36 cm screen size, ideal for bedroom or kitchen use. 这款电视机也有萤幕大小为36厘米的袖珍型，非常适合在睡房和厨房使用。
• It's the ideal opportunity to meet people. 这是结识朋友的绝好机会。
• In an ideal world no one would go hungry. 理想的世界里没有人忍饥挨饿。
[aɪ'dɪəl] noun
PRINCIPLE 原则
countable
■a principle or a way of behaving that is of a very high standard 理想；标准极高的原则（或行为准则）
• democratic ideals 民主理想
• We are committed to the ideal of equality. 我们奉行平等原则。
• They share the same high ideals. 他们有着同样高标准的行为准则。
[aɪ'dɪəl] noun
PERFECT 完美的
only singular
■a perfect thing or situation 理想的事物（或情形）
• The ideal would be to have a place in the town and one in the country. 理想的情形应该是在城里和乡下都有住处。
ideal, perfect
这组词都有“完美的，极好的”的意思，其区别是：
ideal: 语气较强，指完美到使人称心如意的地步。
perfect: 用于褒义指某人或某物等达到理想中的完美无缺；用于贬义，则相反，指十足的坏。
adj. [数] 理想的；完美的；想象的；不切实际的
 - perfect, full, unreasonable, dream
n. [数] 理想；典范
 - pink, quintessence

Word: retreat
Front: retreat
[rɪˈtri:t] (研四六托雅宝 4787/5347 -3)
Vocabulary: retreat
(once / 145 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
The noun retreat means a place you can go to be alone, to get away from it all. A spot under a shady tree might be your favorite retreat from the sun, or your bedroom in the basement may serve as a retreat from your siblings.
In the military sense, the noun retreat means the withdrawal of troops. The British retreat after the Battles of Lexington and Concord gave the American colonists an early taste of victory during the American Revolution. As a verb, retreat means to back out of something — like a lawyer who is forced to retreat from his argument when the opposing evidence is too convincing.
WORD FAMILY
retreat: retreating, retreats
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The results are there: Daesh is in retreat and the battle of Mosul is engaged.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
“The loser in this game is Camp David,” said Brinkley, referring to the longtime presidential retreat in Maryland.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“The loser in this game is Camp David,” said Mr. Brinkley, referring to the longtime presidential retreat in Maryland.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 撤退，后退; 撤销，作罢; （眼睛等）凹进; [航]向后倾斜
n. 撤回; 静居处; 引退期间; 静思，静修
时态：retreated, retreating, retreats
分布：撤退(81%)，退避(9%)，改变(6%)，隐居处(3%)，缩回象棋的棋子(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，treat,拉，处理，词源同 tract.即回拉，引申词义撤退，退离。
后退,撤退(re+treat拉→拉回来→撤退)[re-①表示"向后,相反,不"②表示"一再,重新"]
退却;隐退(re回+treat→处理回去→退回去→隐退)[treat=handle,表示"处理"]
v.撤退,退却In the theater I threatened to treat the treaty with retreat.在剧院里,我威胁要以退却来对待条约.
【记】re反，treat＝tract拉－拉回－撤退
【反】incursion（n 袭击；侵入）
verb
POSITION 位置
 ADVANCED intransitive often + adverb or preposition
■to go away from a place or person in order to escape from fighting or danger 退却；撤退；后退
• Attacks by enemy aircraft forced the tanks to retreat (from the city). 敌机的轰炸迫使坦克（从这座城市）撤离。
• When she came towards me shouting, I retreated (behind my desk). 她大叫着冲向我时，我就后退（到了桌子后面）。
intransitive
■to go to a quiet safe place in order to avoid a difficult situation 退却；躲避；隐退
• When he's done something wrong, he retreats to his bedroom. 他要是做了甚么错事，就会躲到自己睡房里去。
[rɪ'tri:t] verb
DECISION 决定
intransitive often + adverb or preposition
■to decide not to do something, or to stop believing something, because it causes too many problems 改变主意；退缩；放弃信仰
• The government is retreating from its promises. 政府要收回其承诺。
[rɪ'tri:t] noun
POSITION 位置
countable usually singular uncountable
■a move back by soldiers or an army, either because they have been defeated or in order to avoid fighting （士兵或军队的）撤退，退却，后退
• the retreat from Dunkirk 敦刻尔克大撤退
• Enemy soldiers are now in (full) retreat. 敌军正在（全面）撤退
countable
■a private and safe place 退隐处；静居处；僻静处
• a country/mountain/lakeside retreat 乡间／山区／湖畔的幽静的住所
countable or uncountable
■a period of time used to pray and study quietly, or to think carefully, away from normal activities and duties 静修，静思（时间）
• We went on (a) retreat at/to a monastery in Wales. 我们去威尔士的一间修道院静修。
[rɪ'tri:t] noun
DECISION 决定
countable
■a change from previous beliefs or behaviour （信仰的）改变；退缩；放弃
• The professor's speech marked/signalled a retreat from his usual extreme views. 教授的演讲标志着／表明他已经放弃了他一贯的极端观点。
retreat, withdraw, retire
这组词都有“退下、退却”的意思，其区别是：
retreat: 含消极意味，多指被迫采取退下或退却的行动。
withdraw: 侧重因某种原因而有意离开，常含礼貌、谦恭等理由。也指军队的撤退。
retire: 指从公开或公共场合退下到私下场所，也指被免除职务或自动辞职、退役等。
n. 撤退；休息寓所；撤退
 - withdrawal, pullback
vi. 撤退；退避；向后倾
 - withdraw, bug out

Word: sugar
Front: sugar
[ˈʃʊgə(r)] (中高托雅 1591/2294 -K3)
Vocabulary: sugar
(once / 136 pages)
nv
Sugar is the sweet stuff that makes candy and other treats extra delicious, but eating too much of it is bad for you. Sugar isn’t only a food, it’s also an essential part of living cells and a source of energy for all animals.
There are two main senses of sugar. First is refined sugar — the crystals that sweeten and preserve many foods. This yummy stuff comes from the sugarcane and sugar beet plants, and really hit the scene in the 18th and 19th centuries when sugar plantations spread and more people could get sugar. The other kind of sugar refers to biochemistry, and these sugars are an important part of the cells of all living things.
WORD FAMILY
sugar: sugared, sugaring, sugarless, sugars+/sugared: unsugared
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officials are encouraging parents to use an app that reveals the sugar content of food and drink.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
He’s almost 67 years old, looks 22, and hasn’t eaten refined sugar in what appears to be a decade.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“But I discovered the human palate is amazingly adaptable, and after two weeks without salt or sugar, I no longer craved them.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 食糖; 一匙糖; 宝贝儿，亲爱的
vt. 在…加糖; 给…裹上（糖衣或类糖物）
vi. 形成糖
int. （做了蠢事或出现差错时表示懊恼，用作 shit 的委婉语）哎呀，真是的
时态：sugared, sugaring, sugars
分布：使甜(45%)，糖缸(33%)，在...上撒糖(22%)
→来自古法语 sucre,来自拉丁语 succarum,来自阿拉伯语 sukkar,来自波斯语 shakar,来自梵语 sharkara,糖，糖粒，字面意思为小石料，小沙粒，词源同 saccharin,sucrose.最终来自 korkeh, 小石子，碎石，并由该词根衍生希腊语 kroke,鹅卵石，和 krokodilos,在鹅卵石上晒太阳的虫， 即 crocodile,鳄鱼。
n.糖,食糖vt.加糖于The sugared vinegar is refined from the sugarcane and pine.加糖的醋是从甘蔗和松木中精炼出来的.
US [-ɚ] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a sweet substance especially from the plants sugar cane and sugar beet, used to make food and drinks sweet 糖；（尤指）蔗糖
• I don't take sugar in my coffee, thanks. 我的咖啡不加糖，谢谢。
• How many sugars (= spoonfuls or lumps of sugar) do you take in your tea? 你的茶要加几匙糖？
countable specialized
■any of several types of simple carbohydrate that dissolves in water 糖（总称，指溶于水的碳水化合物）
• Glucose and lactose are sugars. 葡萄糖和乳糖都是糖类。
[as form of address] mainly US
■a friendly way of talking to someone that you know 宝贝，亲爱的
• Hi, sugar, did you have a good day at school? 嗨，宝贝，你今天在学校过得好吗？
UK ['ʃʊg.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
sugar and spice
■If you describe someone, especially a woman or a girl, as being sugar and spice, you mean that they are behaving in a kind and friendly way （尤指女子）友好和善的
• She could be all sugar and spice when she wanted to be. 如果她愿意的话，她会非常和善可人。
UK ['ʃʊg.ər] US [-ɚ] exclamation polite word for
■ shit , used when something annoying happens （代替 shit，用于表示懊恼）糟糕，哎呀
• Oh sugar, I've just spilt coffee all down my jacket! 噢，真讨厌，我把咖啡溅得外套上到处都是。
UK ['ʃʊg.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive
■to put sugar in something 给…加糖
• Oh, I forgot to sugar your coffee. 噢，我忘了给你的咖啡放糖。
sweets, candy, sugar
这组词都有“糖”的意思，其区别是：
sweets: 表糖果时，为英国用词
candy: 表糖果时，为美国英语
sugar: 侧重指用甘蔗或甜菜制成的糖。
n. [食品] 糖；食糖；甜言蜜语
 - saccharide, sweet talk
vt. 加糖于；粉饰
 - colour, prettify

Word: select
Front: select
[sɪˈlekt] (高研四六托 1733/1614 -K3)
Vocabulary: select
(once / 73 pages)
vadj
To select something means to choose it from among others. If you select the most expensive phone, it doesn’t necessarily mean you will be happy with what you get.
You can use select as an adjective as well as a verb. It means "specially chosen" or "of superior quality." For instance, you might be one of the select few who know how to really appreciate a game of Tetris, or you might want to choose a wine from a select list of Spanish reds. All of this assumes that if you select one thing, you feel that it's better than all the other choices.
WORD FAMILY
select: selected, selectest, selecting, selection, selective, selectly, selector, selects+/ selected: unselected/ selection: selections/ selective: selectively, selectivity, unselective/selector: selectors/unselective: unselectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was selected in the first round, sixth overall by the New York Rangers at the 2004 draft.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Expect individual panels to investigate, but not a special, high-profile select committee.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Saints drafted Bush with the No. 2 overall pick, and he remains the last running back to be selected so high.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 选择; 挑选; 选拔
adj. 精选的; 挑选出来的; 苛择的; 〈口〉爱挑三拣四的，挑剔的
时态：selected, selecting, selects
分布：选择(93%)，挑选(5%)，精选的(1%)，优等的(1%)
→se-,分开，-lect,拿，收集，词源同 collect,elect.即拿出来，分开，引申词义选择。
选出(se+lect选→选出分开)[se-表示"分开,离开,区别开"]
选择(se分开+lect→选出来→选择)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
v.选择,挑选a.精选的,选择的In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to choose a small number of things, or to choose by making careful decisions 选择；挑选
• There was a choice of four prizes, and the winner could select one of them. 有四种奖品可供选择，获胜者可以从中挑选一个。
• A mouse is a device which makes it easier to select different options from computer menus. 滑鼠这种工具能够使人更方便快捷地从电脑功能表中选择不同的选项。
• How do you select people for promotion? 你如何选拔晋升者?
• [+ obj + to infinitive] He was selected to play for Australia at the age of only 18. 他才18岁就被选进了澳大利亚队。
• formal The supermarket's policy is to select out (= choose) the best fruit and discard the rest. 这家超市的原则就是挑选最好的水果，其余的就丢掉。
[sɪ'lekt] adjective
■of only the best type or highest quality, and usually small in size or amount 精选的；最优秀的
• It's a very select club - I've been trying unsuccessfully to join it for years. 这是个高级俱乐部——我多年来一直想加入都未能成功。
• These activities should be available to all pupils, not just a select few. 这样的活动应该让所有学生都参加，而不只是特定少数。
• Hamilton lives in a very select part of London. 汉密尔顿住在伦敦的高级社区。
prime, first-rate, choice, select, splendid, excellent
这组词都有“极好的”的意思，其区别是：
prime: 常指最重要、价值最高的东西，也可以表示最佳、最典型或最高的人或物。
first-rate: 多用于指对抽象事物的主观评估，有时含夸大、自负的意味。
choice: 指通过精心挑选达到水平，尤指罕见或品质精良的商品。
select: 指精挑细选出来作为范例的物或人。
splendid: 口语常用词，指非常令人满意，显得完美无缺。
excellent: 通常指事物在等级品位以及职位级别等方面的最优或接近最优。
elect, select, pick, prefer, choose, opt
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
elect: 指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。
select: 书面用词，具有庄严、正式的感情色彩。强调精选。
pick: 口语用词，多指从个人角度仔细挑选，也含任意挑选之意。
prefer: 强调个人偏爱，不一定有选择的行动。
choose: 普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，着重被选者的优点。
opt: 多指在几种可能性之间进行选择。
vt. 挑选；选拔
 - pack, choose from
adj. 精选的；挑选出来的；极好的
 - wonderful, excellent, famous, chosen, choice
vi. 挑选
 - choose from, pick on

Word: truck
Front: truck
[trʌk] (中高研四六 1237/3631 -K3)
Back: n. 货车; （铁路的）无盖货车; （行李）搬运车
vt. 用卡车装运
vi. 驾驶卡车; 以物易物
时态：trucked, trucking, trucks
分布：卡车(90%)，手推车(3%)，交易(2%)，打交道(2%)，交往(1%)，敞篷货车(1%)，实物工资(1%)
→来自希腊语 trokhos,轮子，来自 trekhein,滚动，跑，来自 dhregh,跑，可能变形自 dhragh, 推，拉，词源同 drag,tractor.引申词义手推车，后用于指卡车。
n.卡车,载重汽车The lucky duck tucked in truck suddenly sucked the gas from the bucket.塞在卡车里的幸运鸭子突然从桶里吸汽油.
noun
VEHICLE 车辆
 ESSENTIAL countable (UK also lorry)
■a large road vehicle which is used for transporting large amounts of goods 货车，载重汽车
• The road was completely blocked by an overturned truck. 道路完全被翻倒的货车堵住了。
• a truck driver 货车司机
⇒ See also dumper truck
countable UK (US car)
■a part of a train that is used for carrying goods or animals 货运车厢，运货车皮
• Hundreds of refugees were herded into cattle trucks for the gruelling ten-hour journey. 成百上千的难民被赶进运牛的货车里，开始了十小时令人筋疲力尽的行程。
[trʌk] noun
INVOLVEMENT 交往
have no truck with sth/sb informal
■to refuse to become involved with something or someone because you do not approve of them 拒绝与（某人）交往；不与…打交道
[trʌk] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition mainly US
■to transport something somewhere in a truck 用货车装运
• Most of the aid is being trucked into the city, although some is arriving by boat. 大部分援助物资用货车运到这座城市，有一小部分是用船运送的。
[trʌk] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition mainly US
keep on trucking informal
■to continue to do something that that is ordinary and boring 例行公事；尽职而已
• "How's work going?" "Oh, okay. I just keep on trucking." “工作怎么样？”“噢，还行吧，我只是做一天和尚撞一天钟而已。”
car, bus, truck, lorry, coach, automobile, jeep, carriage, waggon
这些名词都与“车”有关。
car: 多指乘坐人的小汽车或轿车。
bus: 一般指公共汽车或大型客车。
truck: 与lorry同义，都指卡车或货车，前者为美国用词，后者用于英国。
coach: 原义指四轮马车，现指轿式汽车，长途公共汽车，还可指火车设有卧铺的车厢。
automobile: 是汽车的总称。
jeep: 吉普车，指一种小型轻便、适合在崎岖路面或野外使用的车子。
carriage: 指马车，两匹或两匹以上马拉的四轮马。
waggon: 指四轮运货马车或牛车，也指铁路的无盖货车。
n. 卡车；交易；手推车
 - trade, lorry
vi. 驾驶卡车；以物易物
 - trade
vt. 交易；以卡车运输
 - exchange

Word: satisfy
Front: satisfy
[ˈsætɪsfaɪ] (中高研四六托 3001/2775 -K2)
Vocabulary: satisfy
(once / 34 pages)
v
To satisfy is to fulfill or meet a want, need, requirement, or expectation. A brilliant paper on Edgar Allan Poe might satisfy a literature class requirement, and a candy bar might satisfy a craving for chocolate.
Since there are so many things we need and want, there are lots of ways to satisfy us. Eating a sandwich will satisfy your hunger. Overhearing a conversation could satisfy your curiosity. Going to school should satisfy your desire for knowledge. In college, you'll have to take certain classes to satisfy requirements of your degree. The word comes from the Latin satisfacere, which basically means “do enough.”
WORD FAMILY
satisfy: dissatisfy, satisfaction, satisfactory, satisfiable, satisfied, satisfier, satisfies, satisfying+/ dissatisfaction: dissatisfactions/dissatisfactory: dissatisfactorily/ dissatisfied: dissatisfiedly/ dissatisfy: dissatisfaction, dissatisfactory, dissatisfied, dissatisfies, dissatisfying/ satisfaction: satisfactions, self-satisfaction/ satisfactory: satisfactorily, satisfactoriness, unsatisfactory/satisfiable: unsatisfiable/ satisfied: satisfiedest, satisfiedly, self-satisfied, unsatisfied/satisfier: satisfiers/satisfying: satisfyingly, unsatisfying/unsatisfactory: unsatisfactorily, unsatisfactoriness/unsatisfiable: unsatisfiably/unsatisfying: unsatisfyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Time is ticking for Minnesota to upgrade its driver’s licenses to satisfy looming federal requirements to board domestic flights.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Although satisfied with the ruling, Chen vowed to continue legal challenges to force an apology.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
At this time of year, many mathematically curious folk spend time looking for satisfying number patterns like this one involving the new date.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 使满意，满足
vt. 使确信; 符合，达到（要求、规定、标准等）; 消除; 履行
vi. 使满足或足够; 使满意
时态：satisfied, satisfying, satisfies
分布：满足(95%)，使满意(4%)，清偿(1%)
→来自拉丁语 satisfacere,使满意，使足够，来自 satis,足够的，词源同 satiate,facere,做，制造， 词源同 fact,factory.
使满足(satis+fy化→使...满足)[sati,satis,satur=enough,fulloffood,表示"足够,饱足"]
v.满意,使满意,使相信,说服They were satisfied with the new house.他们对新房子十分满意.
US ['sætˌ-] verb transitive
WANTING 想要
 IMPROVER
■to please someone by giving them what they want or need 使满足，使满意
• They have 31 flavours of ice-cream - enough to satisfy everyone! 他们有31种口味的霜淇淋——足以满足所有人！
• Come on, satisfy my curiosity (= tell me what I want to know) , what happened last night? 来，满足一下我的好奇心，昨天晚上发生了甚么事？
satisfy conditions/needs/requirements
■to have or provide something that is needed or wanted 达到条件／满足需要／符合要求
• She satisfies all the requirements for the job. 她符合这项工作的所有要求。
• There are three main conditions you must satisfy if you wish to be a member of the club. 要想成为俱乐部成员，必须符合三个主要条件。
UK ['sæt.ɪs.faɪ] US ['sætˌ-] verb transitive
BELIEVING 相信
■to make someone believe that something is true 使确信；使相信
• His explanation satisfied the court. 法庭接受了他的解释。
• [R + (that)] I satisfied myself (that) I had locked the door. 我确定自己已经锁门了。
• formal The authorities were satisfied of (= they accepted) the seriousness of his situation. 当局相信他的处境很危急。
satisfy, meet, fulfil
这组词都有“满足”的意思，其区别是：
satisfy: 指完全达到预定的条件、要求、标准或期望、心愿等。
meet: 指最低限度地达到预期的标准，或强调要达到这个标准的困难。
fulfil: 与satisfy基本同义，但侧重指实现的情况好于一般标准。
vi. 令人满意；令人满足
 - turn up trumps
vt. 满足；说服，使相信；使满意，使高兴
 - meet, fulfill, fill, please, reason

Word: hollywood

Word: sleep
Front: sleep
[sli:p] (中高雅 1172/1408 -K4)
Vocabulary: sleep
(once / 28 pages)
nv
If you're tired, you probably need to sleep so lie down and close your eyes. When you wake up, you'll feel much better.
Everyone needs sleep and most of us get some at least once a day. Maybe that's why sleep is used in so many expressions. If you “sleep on it” you'll wait to make a decision until tomorrow. If you “sleep over,” you stay at someone's place for the night. A person who “lets sleeping dogs lie” knows when not to stir up trouble. If you slip into eternal sleep, you won't be needing any more naps.
WORD FAMILY
sleep: oversleep, sleeper, sleeping, sleepless, sleeps, sleepy, slept+/ oversleep: oversleeping, oversleeps, overslept/ sleeper: sleepers/sleepiness: sleepinesses/sleeping: sleepingly, sleepings, unsleeping/sleepless: sleeplessly, sleeplessness/sleepy: sleepier, sleepiest, sleepily, sleepiness/unsleeping: unsleepingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In one case, he was chided for spending $127,000 in public funds for a special sleeping cabin on a flight to London.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
The text message arrived on Koa Farmer’s phone as Penn State ’s third-year sophomore slept the morning after Christmas.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Two occupants in the first house who were sleeping at the time were awakened by the loud crash, but weren’t hurt.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. & link-v. 睡，睡觉
vi. 睡，睡觉; 睡眠状态
vt. 为…提供床位; 提供住宿; 以睡觉打发日子
n. 睡眠
时态：slept, sleeping, sleeps
分布：睡觉(52%)，睡眠(48%)
→来自古英语 slaepan,睡觉，来自 Proto-Germanic*slepana,睡觉，可能来自 sleu,无精神的， 虚弱的，疲倦的，词源同 slumber,slow,slack.
v.(slept,slept)睡n.睡眠Step by step, the sleepy creeper crawled into my sleeve to sleep.昏昏欲睡的爬虫一步一步爬进我的袖子里睡觉.
noun
NOT AWAKE 睡觉
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the resting state in which the body is not active and the mind is unconscious 睡觉，睡眠
• I must get some sleep - I'm exhausted. 我必须睡一会儿——我太累了。
⇒ See also sleepwalker
get/go to sleep
 IMPROVER
■to succeed in sleeping 睡着
• I couldn't get to sleep at all last night for worrying. 昨晚我担心得无法入睡。
• You'll find that your baby usually goes to sleep after a feed. 你会发现你的孩子通常吃饱后就睡了。
 IMPROVER countable
■a period of sleeping 一段时间的睡眠
• You must be tired after all that driving - why don't you have a little sleep? 开了那么长时间的车你一定累了——为甚么不小睡一会儿？
• He fell into a deep sleep. 他睡得很沉了。
[sli:p] noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
uncountable informal
■a yellowish substance sometimes found in the corners of the eyes after sleeping 眼屎
[sli:p] noun
could do sth in their sleep
■If someone could do something in their sleep, they can do it very easily, usually because they have done it so often 梦里也能做（如果某人可在梦里做某事，表示他可非常容易地做此事，通常是因为他常常做此事）
• I've done this recipe so many times I could do it in my sleep now. 我做这个食谱很多次了，现在我在梦里也能做它。
[sli:p] noun
Go back to sleep! informal
■used to tell someone off for not paying attention （用于批评注意力不集中的人）回去睡觉去吧！
• "Sorry, what did you say?" "Oh, go back to sleep!" “对不起，你刚才说甚么？” “噢，你回去睡觉算了！”
[sli:p] noun
go to sleep informal
■If your arm or leg has gone to sleep, you cannot feel or control it, often because you have been sitting or lying for too long in a strange position. （手臂或腿）麻木，发麻
[sli:p] noun
put sth to sleep
■to kill an animal that is very ill or very old so that it does not suffer any more 让（生病或很老的动物）无痛苦地死去
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to be in the state of rest when your eyes are closed, your body is not active, and your mind is unconscious 睡，睡觉；入睡
• I couldn't sleep because of all the noise next door. 由于隔壁的噪音我无法入睡。
• I slept late on Sunday morning. 我星期天早上睡过头了。
• How can Jayne sleep at night with all those worries on her mind! 心里有那么多担心的事，杰恩晚上怎么能睡得着？
• We had dinner with Ann and Charles and slept the night (with them) (= at their home). 我们与安和查尔斯共进晚餐并在他们家过夜。
⇒ See also oversleep;sleepout
transitive
■If a vehicle, tent, etc. sleeps a particular number of people, it provides enough space or beds for that number of people to be able to sleep in it （车辆、帐篷等）躺得下，可供…睡觉
• The caravan sleeps four comfortably. 旅行车足以容纳四个人舒服地睡觉。
sleep like a log informal
■to sleep very well 睡得很香
• I went to bed early and slept like a log. 我早早上了床，睡得很香。
sleep on sth
■to delay making a decision about something important until the next day so that you have time to consider it carefully 把…留到第二天再作决定，延迟对…作出决定
• "Can I sleep on it, and tell you my decision tomorrow?" “我能不能延迟一下作决定，明天再告诉你?”
sleep rough UK
■to sleep outside because you have no home and no money 餐风露宿
• Hundreds of kids are sleeping rough on the streets of London. 伦敦有成百上千的孩子露宿街头。
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  sleep around informal disapproving
■to have sex with a lot of different people without having a close or long relationship with any of them 到处乱搞男女关系，随便跟人上床
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  sleep in informal
■to sleep until later in the morning than you usually do 睡过头；睡懒觉
• I usually sleep in at the weekends. 我周末通常睡到很晚才起床。
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sleep sth off
■If you sleep off something, especially a hangover , you go to sleep so that you will feel better when you wake up. 靠睡觉消除（尤指饮酒后的不适）
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  sleep over informal
■to sleep in someone else's home for a night 在别人家过夜，留宿
• If you don't want to catch a train home at that time of night, you're welcome to sleep over. 如果你不想那么晚赶火车回家，欢迎你在这里过夜。
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  sleep through sth
■If you sleep through a lot of noise or an activity, it does not wake you or keep you awake 不被（噪音等）吵醒；在…过程中睡着
• I never heard the storm last night - I must have slept through it. 昨晚我没有听到暴风雨声——我肯定睡得死死的。
• I was so bored that I slept through the second half of the film. 我觉得电影很乏味，看到一半就睡着了。
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  sleep together informal
■If two people sleep together, they have sex （两人）睡在一起，发生性关系
• I don't think they sleep together any more. 我认为他们俩不再住在一起了。
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  sleep with sb informal
■to have sex with someone 和（某人）发生性关系，和（某人）上床
• He found out that his wife had been sleeping with his best friend. 他发现妻子和他最好的朋友上了床。
nap, slumber, doze, sleep
这组词都有“睡”的意思，其区别是：
nap: 指白天的小睡。
slumber: 多指人安详地或长时间地睡。
doze: 多用于口语中，指轻微的小睡或处于半睡状态。
sleep: 普通用词，指一般的睡眠。可用作引申指长眠或静止不动。
vi. 睡，睡觉
 - sack out, to go to bed
n. [生理] 睡眠
 - morpheus, shut-eye

Word: fade
Front: fade
[feɪd] (高研四六托雅宝 2882/3506 -3)
Vocabulary: fade
(once / 179 pages)
1vn 2v 3n
When things fade, they gradually become less clear or more faint. When you wake up after having a strange dream, its details quickly begin to fade unless you write them down right away.
Dreams usually fade once you wake up, and sunlight begins to fade toward the end of the day. Sounds can fade too, as when the music you can hear from a passing car begins to fade as it moves down the road. Disappointments in life can make your hopes and dreams fade, and the smell of cut flowers will eventually fade as well. The Old French root word, fader, means "weaken, wilt, or wither."
WORD FAMILY
fade: faded, fades, fading+/ faded: fadedly, prefaded/fading: fadings, unfading/unfading: unfadingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Problem is, his poems fade in the fifth stanza.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“These internet celebrities quickly fade from view. They’re kind of left alone, wondering what just happened.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The promise quickly faded when Penn State offered a scholarship two years later.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 褪去，失去光泽; 逐渐消逝; 凋谢，衰老
vt. 使褪色
adj. 乏味的，平淡的
时态：faded, fading, fades
分布：褪色(42%)，淡出(21%)，逐渐消失(15%)，凋谢(12%)，淡入(10%)
→可能来自拉丁语fatuus, 无味的，愚笨的，词源同fatuous. 原用于食物清淡无味，后用于光线逐渐变暗。
v.褪色;衰减,消失n.淡入(出)n.乏味(平淡)的The invader saw the shadow of the lampshade fade away.入侵者看见灯罩的影子渐渐消失.
【反】unflagging（adj 不屈不挠的）－faded（adj 已褪色的；已凋谢的）
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to (cause to) lose colour, brightness or strength gradually （使）褪色；（使）变暗；（使）衰弱
• If you hang your clothes out in the bright sun, they will fade. 衣服挂在光线强的地方晾晒会褪色。
• My suntan is already fading. 我晒黑的肤色已经开始变浅了。
• They arrived home just as the light was fading (= as it was going dark). 夕阳西下时，他们到家了。
• The sun had faded the blue walls. 太阳把蓝色的墙晒得褪色了。
[feɪd] verb intransitive or transitive
be fading away/fast
■to be growing weaker and thinner and to be likely to die soon 变得虚弱；奄奄一息
[feɪd] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  fade away
■to slowly disappear, lose importance or become weaker 逐渐消失；变得无足轻重；变弱
• The voices became louder and closer and then faded away again. 人声越来越嘈杂，越来越近，接着又逐渐消失了。
• As the years passed, the memories faded away. 岁月流逝，那些记忆都淡忘了。
[feɪd] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [I or M] fade (sth) in
■If the picture or sound of a film or recording fades in, or someone fades it in, it becomes gradually stronger. （使）（画面）渐显；（使）（声音）渐强
[feɪd] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [I or M] fade (sth) out
■If the picture or sound of a film or recording fades out or someone fades it out, it becomes gradually weaker. （使）（画面）渐隐；（使）（声音）渐弱
fade, wither
这组词都有“凋谢”的意思，其区别是：
fade: 侧重指渐渐失去色彩和光泽。
wither: 指因无活力而丧失生命力。
fade, evaporate, disappear, vanish
这组词都有“消失”的意思，其区别是：
fade: 侧重逐渐消失。
evaporate: 指像水蒸发时那样悄然逝去，也指某人悄悄地、突然退出或离去。
disappear: 普通用词，强调从视线或脑海中消失。这消失可能是暂时的、突然的或永久的，视上下文而定。
vanish: 语气强，指完全、往往是神秘而突然的消失，不留任何蛛丝马迹。
die away, fade, disappear, vanish
die away: 听不见了，侧重于变弱，逐渐止息
fade: 退色，凋谢
disappear: a. 看不见了 b.消失，一般用语
vanish: 侧重于突然不见或消失
vi. 褪色；凋谢；逐渐消失
 - peter, color fading
vt. 使褪色
 - discolor
adj. 平淡的；乏味的
 - stupid, literal-minded

Word: indicate
Front: indicate
[ˈɪndɪkeɪt] (高研四六托宝 785/812 -K4)
Vocabulary: indicate
(once / 69 pages)
1v 2v
To indicate means to point something out or to present evidence. If you feel sick during a car trip, you can indicate this to the driver by groaning loudly or announcing "I'm going to be sick!"
Scientists rely on data from experiments to indicate whether their theories are correct. Indicate can also describe a symptom or signal of something else. For example, a stock market recovery could indicate growing public confidence — or foolishness, depending on which expert you ask. The verb indicate comes from the noun indication, which in turn comes from the Latin word indicare, meaning "something that points out or shows."
WORD FAMILY
indicate: indicated, indicates, indicating, indication, indicative, indicator, indicatory+/ indication: indications, preindication/ indicative: indicatively, indicatives/ indicator: indicators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Study results also indicate that by raising cardiac output back to normal resting levels, RMR returns to normal levels while individuals are sitting quietly.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“Those numbers definitely indicate automakers are trying to stimulate demand that might be waning a little bit,” Acevedo said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Taylor said it’s “fair to say” the decision indicates a loss of confidence in him.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 表明，标示，指示; 象征，暗示，预示; [医]显示需要做…的治疗
时态：indicated, indicating, indicates
分布：表明(47%)，指示(30%)，显示(15%)，指明(5%)，象征(3%)
→来自拉丁语indicare,指出，说明，来自in-,进入，使，-dic,指出，说，词源同digit,index.引申词义指示，暗示。
指示;表示(in进入+dicate→说进去→指示,指明)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
v.指出,指示;表明,暗示The sloped envelope indicates the development velocity of printing.那个倾斜的信封显示了印刷的发展速度.
verb
SHOW 表明
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to show, point or make clear in another way 标示；表明；显示
• Exploratory investigations have indicated large amounts of oil below the sea bed. 勘测调查显示海床下有大量的石油。
• [+ question word] Please indicate wh ich free gift you would like to receive. 请标出你想要哪种免费礼物。
• [+ (that)] She indicated to me (that) she didn't want me to say anything. 她向我表示希望我甚么都不要说。
['ɪn.dɪ.keɪt] verb
SIGNAL 发讯号
intransitive or transitive UK
■to show other road users that you intend to turn left or right when you are driving a vehicle 打方向灯指示（车行方向）
transitive
■When a device indicates a value or change, it signals it 标示，显示
• The gauge indicates a temperature below freezing point. 测量器显示温度在冰点以下。
['ɪn.dɪ.keɪt] verb
SUGGEST 暗示
transitive
■to suggest something as being suitable 建议；显示；暗示
• specialized Antihistamine is indicated for this patient as a treatment for her allergies. 该病人患过敏症，建议用抗组织胺来治疗。
• humorous I'm so hot and tired - I think a long cool drink is indicated! 我又热又累——需要来一大杯冷饮！
manifest, indicate, illustrate
manifest: 表明、透露、清楚表示（show plainly）,显露（性质、感情） [反身用法]显示，出现（reveal）
indicate: 显示，
illustrate: 图例说明
denote, indicate, imply, mean, suggest, signify, represent
这组词都有“表示……的意思”的意思，其区别是：
denote: 指某一词字面或狭义的意思，或指某些符号或迹象的特指含义。
indicate: 指明显的表示。
imply: 侧重用文字或符号表示的联想，暗示。
mean: 最普通用词。指文字或符号等所表示的各种明确的或含蓄的意义。
suggest: 通常指暗含地、隐晦地表达意思。
signify: 指用文字、说话或表情等表示单纯的意思。
represent: 指体现或代表。
event, occasion, indicate, case
event: 重大事件
occasion: 场合，时刻，机关
indicate: 小事件
case: 事实，情况，实例
vt. 表明；指出；预示；象征
 - forecast, index, image, shadow, figure

Word: combat
Front: combat
[ˈkɒmbæt] (研六雅宝 3412/5622 -3)
Vocabulary: combat
(once / 198 pages)
nv
Combat is fighting between two groups of armed forces. When you engage in combat, typically this means you engage in fighting that involves weapons.
Combat comes from the Latin com- meaning "together with" and battere meaning "to fight." Combat can be used as a modifier; for example, a combat zone is an area where fighting is taking place. The word combat can also be used to refer to the action of fighting against something to prevent it. An after-school program for kids is working to combat the issue of street violence by creating a safe space where kids can go as an alternative.
WORD FAMILY
combat: combatant, combated, combating, combative, combats, combatted, combatting+/combatant: combatants, noncombatant/ combative: combatively, combativeness/noncombatant: noncombatants
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tucker teaches seven forms of lightsaber combat, which he said he developed using historical combat forms and skills that he thought to be somewhat similar.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Energy-efficiency rules are desperately needed to improve air quality, combat global warming and to enable America to meet its domestic and international goals.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
For every hit like “Mortal Combat” or “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider,” there are a slew of duds such as “Warcraft” and “Prince of Persia.”
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 格斗，搏斗，战斗; 〈美〉竞赛，比赛; 论战
vt. 与…战斗; 与…斗争; 防止; 减轻
时态：combated, combatted, combating, combats
分布：战斗(95%)，战斗的(3%)，试图解决(1%)，与 ... 斗争(1%)
→com-, 强调。-bat, 击，打，词源同beat, batter.
战斗(com共同+bal→共同→共同打→战斗)[bat=beat,表示"打,击"]
v./n.战斗,搏斗,格斗We combated for our rights.我们为了自己的权利而争斗.
【记】com共同，bat打，击－共同打－战斗com bat：共同生活的bat蝙蝠，免不了要combat
【参】combatant（n 战士）；combative（adj 好战的）
US [ˈkɑːm-]
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a fight, especially during a war （尤指战争中的）战斗，搏斗
• There was fierce combat between the two sides. 双方展开了激烈的战斗。
• No one knew how many troops had died in combat. 没有人知道在战斗中死了多少士兵。
• The soldiers were engaged in hand-to-hand combat. 士兵展开了肉搏战。
• armed combat (= fighting with weapons) 武装斗争
• unarmed combat (= fighting without weapons) 非武装斗争
 ADVANCED countable
■a fight between two people or things 打斗；斗争；格斗
• The film explores the combat between good and evil. 影片探讨了善恶之间的较量。
verb transitive UK [kəmˈbæt] US [ˈkɑːm.bæt]
(-tt- or -t-)
 ADVANCED
■to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing 与…战斗；与…作斗争；打击；制止
• to combat crime/terrorism/inflation/disease 打击犯罪／打击恐怖主义／抑制通货膨胀／与疾病搏斗
• The government is spending millions of dollars in its attempt to combat drug abuse. 政府正斥资数百万美元打击滥用毒品的行为。
• I have to combat this constant desire to eat chocolate. 我不得不克制自己老想吃巧克力的欲望。
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
vt. 反对；与…战斗
 - sit down on, to oppose
vi. 战斗；搏斗
 - fight, conflict
n. 战斗；争论
 - action, fight, controversy
adj. 战斗的；为…斗争的
 - fighting

Word: absence
Front: absence
[ˈæbsəns] (高研四六托 2524/1585 -K3)
Vocabulary: absence
(once / 116 pages)
1n 2n
Absence is the state of not being someplace, like school. It can also refer to the amount of time something has been, or plans to be gone.
We most commonly think of absence as the opposite of present in places school, but really it can refer to anything that's missing or something that's lacking. Darkness is an absence of light, and cold is an absence of heat. The figure of speech "absence makes the heart grow fonder" means "when my beloved isn't here, my feelings for them get even stronger" or "when something's gone, you want it even more."
WORD FAMILY
absence: absences+/ absent: absence, absented, absentee, absenting, absently, absents/ absentee: absenteeism, absentees
USAGE EXAMPLES
They found enough reasons to play their best, despite the absence of any postseason implications.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
This was not what the Rams — or most fans — were expecting when the franchise returned from St. Louis after a more than two-decade absence.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In their absence, the Jags turned to second-year player Corey Grant, and he did not disappoint.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 缺席，缺勤; 缺乏，缺少，无; 心不在焉，不注意
分布：缺席(71%)，缺乏(29%)
→前缀ab-,离开。-sence为essence缩写，指存在，词根esse的名称形式, 词源同is ,am .
n.缺乏,不存在;缺席,不在;缺席的时间He was always absence in his mind.他总是心不在焉.
noun
NOT PRESENT 不在场的
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when someone is not where they are usually expected to be 缺席；缺勤；不在
• A new manager was appointed during/in her absence. 她不在的时候任命了一位新经理。
• She has had repeated absences from work this year. 今年她屡次旷工。
['æb.sənts] noun
NOT EXISTING 不存在
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when something does not exist 不存在；缺乏
• He drew attention to the absence of concrete evidence against the defendant. 他使大家注意到，并不存在可以证明被告有罪的确凿证据。
• In the absence of (= because there were not) more suitable candidates, we decided to offer the job to Mr Conway. 由于没有更为合适的人选，我们决定把这个工作机会给康韦先生。
['æb.sənts] noun
Absence makes the heart grow fonder. saying
■This means that when people we love are not with us, we love them even more. 人远心更近。／不相见，倍思念。
shortage, absence, scarcity, lack, want
这组词都有“缺乏，不足”的意思，其区别是：
shortage: 指不足，但侧重达不到规定的，需要的或已知应有的数量。
absence: 指某物根本不存在或完全短缺，或某人虽存在，但未到现场。
scarcity: 指产量不足或缺乏某物难以应付或满足需要。
lack: 普通用词，指部分或完全的不足。
want: 指完全或短缺某物，侧重缺少之物是必需的东西。使用范围比lack窄些。
n. 没有；缺乏； [法] 缺席；不注意
 - shortage, deficiency, need, short of, drought

Word: chapter
Front: chapter
[ˈtʃæptə(r)] (高研四六雅 2976/593 -K4)
Vocabulary: chapter
(once / 52 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A chapter is a section of a book. Some long novels might be divided into twenty or thirty chapters.
The noun chapter is good for talking about a subset or small section of some larger thing. Book chapters are one example, and so is a chapter in a person's life or a chapter of an organization or club. When you mention the "mopey teenage chapter" of your life, you mean one small portion of the years you've lived. And the Montana chapter of a national fan club is made up of only members who live in one state.
WORD FAMILY
chapter: chapters
USAGE EXAMPLES
"This was another chapter in the silent and ruthless war of drug trafficking," state public security secretary, Sergio Fontes, told journalists.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
His chapters are organized with the pleasing precision of a bento box.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"This was another chapter in the silent and ruthless war of drug trafficking," he said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 章，回; （俱乐部、协会等的）分会; 人生或历史上的重要时期
vt. 把…分成章节
分布：章(91%)，篇(5%)，回(4%)
→来自词根cap, 头，词源同captain,capitulation.
n.章;回,篇In this chapter, the capture characterized the characteristics of the characters.俘虏在本章描述了字符的特性.
US [-tɚ] noun countable
BOOK 书
 IMPROVER (written abbreviation chap.)
■any of the separate parts into which a book or other piece of text is divided, usually given a number or title 章，回，篇
• Read Chapter 10 before class tomorrow. 明天上课前阅读第十章。
UK ['tʃæp.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
PERIOD 时期
■a period which is part of a larger amount of time during which something happens 一段时期，阶段
• The period before the revolution is an interesting chapter in British history. 革命前的那段时期是英国历史上一段有趣的时期。
• That chapter of my life closed when I had a serious riding accident. 骑马出了一次严重的意外后，我生命中的那一篇章就结束了。
UK ['tʃæp.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
SOCIETY 社团 US or formal
■a local division of a larger organization （机构组织的）地方分会，地方支部
• The local chapter of the League of Women Voters meets at the library. 女选民联合会的地方分会在图书馆集会。
UK ['tʃæp.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
be a chapter of accidents UK
■to be a series of unpleasant events 灾祸接踵而来
• The whole trip was a chapter of accidents. 整个旅程事故不断。
UK ['tʃæp.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
give / quote sth/sb chapter and verse
■to give exact information about something, especially something in a book 给出…的准确出处／向（某人）提供（资讯的）准确出处
• I can't quote you chapter and verse but I think it's a line from 'Macbeth'. 我说不出它的具体出处，可我觉得它是《马克白》里的一句台词。
n. [语] 章，回；（俱乐部、协会等的）分会；人生或历史上的重要时期
 - Zhang, volte

Word: reassure
Front: reassure
[ˌri:əˈʃʊə(r)] (研六托雅 5411/4529 -2)
Vocabulary: reassure
(once / 415 pages)
v
When we reassure other people, we pat them on the head, give them a hug, or say soothing words to convince them that everything is going to be OK.
When someone thinks they aren't smart enough, strong enough, or good enough for something, you reassure them to build their confidence up. Folks who worry a lot need to be reassured all the time, though they might not really believe your reassurances. People can also be reassured by things that happen too: an A on a paper could reassure a student that he's a good writer.
WORD FAMILY
reassure: reassurance, reassured, reassures, reassuring +/ assurance: assurances, self-assurance/ assure: assurance, assured, assures, assuring, reassure / assured: assuredest, assuredly, assuredness, self-assured, unassured/ assuring: assuringly/reassurance: reassurances/ reassured: reassuredly/ reassuring: reassuringly, unreassuring/unreassuring: unreassuringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“As physicians, our main job is to reassure patients.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Obviously, this reassuring vision no longer describes the real world, if it ever did.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But one expert says if the sector is achieve its potential, consumers need to be reassured that the risks do not outweigh the benefits.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使安心，使消除疑虑; 再对…进行保险; 再保证
时态：reassured, reassuring, reassures
分布：再保证(75%)，使…安心(25%)
→re-,再，重新，assure,确信。
消除某人疑虑(re+assure放心)[re-①表示"向后,相反,不"②表示"一再,重新"]
使确信,使放心(re再+assure确信→再次使人确信)[sur=sure表示"肯定"]
v.使安心,使放心;使消除疑虑People are reassured.人心安定了.
US [-'ʃʊr] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to comfort someone and stop them from worrying 使安心；使打消疑虑；安慰
• [+ to infinitive] I was nervous on my first day at college, but I was reassured to see some friendly faces. 踏进大学的第一天我很紧张，但是当我看到那么多友善的脸孔，心里感到踏实多了。
• [+ (that)] He reassured me (that) my cheque would arrive soon. 他安慰我说我的支票很快就会到了。

Word: grade
Front: grade
[greɪd] (中高雅 1426/2822 -K3)
Vocabulary: grade
(once / 73 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Grade means "to evaluate or rank," like teachers who grade their students or a food inspector who grades a crop, determining whether it is "food-grade."
Grade can be both a noun and a verb. The verb form is used when you grade something, meaning you assign it a value. The actual mark assigned is the noun version of the word grade, such as an A or B. The noun grade can be used to indicate the rank or quality of other items as well, like professional-grade cookware. Grade can also describe the slope of a mountain or road, like a steep grade that is dangerous in bad weather.
WORD FAMILY
grade: gradable, graded, grader, grades, grading, gradual +/ graded: ungraded/grader: graders/ grading: gradings/ gradual: graduality, gradually, gradualness, graduals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Over the next two years, he was hospitalized about 50 times, and he missed much of fourth and fifth grade.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“They want to at least get you up to passing grades,” Sabado says.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Players in elementary grades at Jewish schools now set their sights on yeshivas with the most powerful hockey programs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 等级; 职别; 成绩等级; 年级
vt. 安排; 依序排列，依等级排列; 评估; 评分
vi. 属于…等级; 缓缓地变化或发展
时态：graded, grading, grades
分布：年级(43%)，成绩(21%)，等级(18%)，评分(9%)，分级(6%)，斜坡(2%)，渐次变化(1%)
→来自ghredh, 走，台阶，层级，词源同ingress, aggressive.后词义通用化，年级。
等级,阶级[grad=step,grade,表示"步,级"]
n.等级,级别;年级;分数v.分等,分级I'm in Grade One.我是一年级生.
noun countable
LEVEL 等级
 ADVANCED
■a level of quality, size, importance, etc 等级；品级；级别
• He's suffering from some kind of low -grade (= slight) infection, which he can't seem to get rid of. 他感染程度较轻，但好像就是无法痊愈。
• There's some really high -grade (= high quality) musicianship on this recording. 这张唱片表现出高超的音乐技能。
• Bill has been UK on / US at the same grade (= his job has been of the same level of importance, or he has had the same level of pay) for several years now. 比尔那个职位已经做了好几年了。
 ADVANCED
■a number or letter that shows how good someone's work or performance is 成绩等级；评分等级；分数
• Steve never studies, but he always gets good grades. 史蒂夫从来不学习，可成绩总是很不错。
• UK Carla got a grade A in German. 卡拉在德语考试夺得 A 级成绩。
[greɪd] noun countable
SCHOOL 学校
 ADVANCED US
■a school class or group of classes in which all the children are of a similar age or ability 年级
• Jackie is in the sixth grade. 杰克上六年级。
[greɪd] noun countable
SLOPE 斜坡 US for gradient
• The next hill has a real steep grade. 下一座小山有一个很陡峭的斜坡。
[greɪd] noun countable
make the grade
■to perform well enough to succeed in something 做得足够好；达到标准；成功
• Ian wanted to be an actor, but he didn't make the grade. 伊恩想做个演员，但是他不够资格。
[greɪd] verb transitive
■to separate people or things into different levels of quality, size, importance etc 把…分级；把…分等；把…分类
• The fruit is washed and then graded by size. 水果洗净后按大小分等级。
• The books are graded according to the difficulty of the language. 这些书按照语言难易程度分级。
■US (UK mark)
■to give a score to a student's piece of work 给…评分；给…打分数
• to grade work/papers 批改作业／试卷
rank, degree, grade, class
这组词都有“级，等级”的意思，其区别是：
rank: 指人在社会中的地位或等级，尤指军队中的军衔。
degree: 指程度、范围不同，社会地位的高低。也可指形容词或副词的级。
grade: 指按地位或优劣划分的等级，既可指人又可指物。
class: 含义广泛，指人或物按优劣划分的等级，也指学校中的年级或班级。
n. 年级；等级；成绩；级别；阶段
 - degree, classes, stage, phase, rate
vt. 评分；把…分等级
 - class

Word: uranium
Front: uranium
[juˈreɪniəm] (六 7797/9327 -2)
Back: n. [化学]铀
分布：铀(100%)
→来自1789年，其发现者德国化学家和矿物学家Martin Heinrich Klaproth以当时新发现的行星Uranus为这种金属元素命名。比较cerium, 来自谷物女神Ceres.
noun uncountable
■a heavy metal which is radioactive and is used in the production of nuclear power and in some types of nuclear weapon 铀

Word: loyalty
Front: loyalty
[ˈlɔɪəlti] (研四六 4077/3559 -2)
Vocabulary: loyalty
(once / 318 pages)
n
A person who feels loyalty to a nation, cause, or person feels a sense of allegiance, commitment, dedication toward them.
Loyalty is — you guessed it! — the quality of being loyal. People demonstrate their loyalty to a sports team by cheering for it, win or lose. People demonstrate their loyalty to a political party by voting only for the people of that party. Brand loyalty is the notion (or hope) that once consumers identify strongly with a particular brand or product, like a car or computer, they'll stick with that brand or maker when it comes time to buy new products.
WORD FAMILY
loyalty: disloyalty, loyalties+/disloyalty: disloyalties
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a clergy person I’m inclined to see more than just team loyalty.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The president enjoys considerable influence over prosecutors, tax collectors and state security agents, whose careers are largely determined by political loyalty rather than merit.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Thank you for your loyalty, friendship and memories,” she said in a final message to customers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 忠诚，忠实; 忠心; 忠于…感情
分布：忠诚(85%)，忠心(11%)，忠贞(4%)
→来自loyal,忠诚的。
n.忠诚,忠心He is satisfied with his disciples' loyalty.他对门徒的忠诚感到满意.
【记】源于：loyal（adj 忠诚的）
【反】perfidy（n 不诚实；背信）
US [-tˌi] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the quality of being loyal 忠诚，忠实
• His loyalty was never in question. 他的忠诚从未受到怀疑。
• Her loyalty to the cause is impressive. 她对事业的忠诚给人留下了深刻印象。
loyalties [plural]
■your feelings of support or duty towards someone or something 忠于…的感情，忠诚
• My loyalties to my family come before anything else. 对家庭尽责对我来说是第一位的。
• divided loyalties (= feelings of support for two different and opposing people or things) 分裂的忠诚
n. 忠诚；忠心；忠实
 - faith, devotion

Word: haven
Front: haven
[ˈheɪvn] (托雅宝 5699/6866 -2)
Vocabulary: haven
(once / 567 pages)
n
Need to find shelter, from the weather or from other troubles? Then you need a haven.
Haven looks a lot like heaven, and the words have quite a bit in common. A haven isn't necessarily as wonderful as heaven is supposed to be, but it is a good place to find when you're in trouble or someone is after you. This word often appears in the phrase "safe haven," which is a good reminder of its meaning. A haven is a safe place, and people who are in trouble tend to seek havens.
WORD FAMILY
haven: havens
USAGE EXAMPLES
And reach for each other they did, in their favorite places, their havens, their cherished institutions.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Is family the one haven in a heartless world?
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
I do that once a week, and I get facials every other week at Haven.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 港口，安全地方; 避难所，安息所
vt. 把（船）开进港; 为…提供避难场所; 掩护
分布：避难所(46%)，庇护(31%)，港口(22%)，安置 ... 于港中(1%)
→来自古英语haefen,Proto-Germanic*hafno,港口，词源同Copenhagen,hafnium.可能来自kap,抓住，握住，词源同capable,have.引申词义保护，港口。
避难所(hav+en表示场所→有[全部]的场所)[hav=possess表示"拥有"]
【记】源于heaven（n 天空；天堂）是神仙的避难所have，n：有一个n（山洞）当作避难所
【反】unsafe/dangerous place（危险的地方）
noun countable
■a safe or peaceful place 安全的地方；和平之地
• The garden was a haven from the noise and bustle of the city. 这个花园是块远离喧嚣都市的静地。
• They wanted to provide safe havens for the refugees. 他们想为难民们提供安全的避难场所。
n. 港口；避难所，安息所
 - port, home, harbor

Word: dig
Front: dig
[dɪg] (中高 2460/2810 -K3)
Vocabulary: dig
(once / 218 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
When you dig, you scoop or shovel up dirt, sand, or some other material. Your dog might whine to go outside so she can dig a hole in your dad's garden.
You can dig with your hands, a shovel, or even a tractor or backhoe. City crews dig up roads to repair water pipes, and gardeners dig small for planting bulbs. You can even say you dig your brother in the side when you jab him there. If someone says, "I dig you," they mean, "I understand," and if they say, "I dig your outfit," they like it. Both slang usages come from 1930s African American English.
WORD FAMILY
dig: digger, digging, digs+/digger: diggers/digging: diggings
USAGE EXAMPLES
More than two thousand people worked on the extension, tunnelling through granite and digging through sand and mud.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
As reported in this space for years, I totally dig the Seattle Boat Show.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Weirdly enough, it never occurred to me that smashing busts of Thatcher might be considered a little dig.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. （如用铲、锨或推土机等）挖掘; 探究，发掘; 刺，戳; 喜欢，欣赏
vi. 挖掘，松土; 整理; 〈俚〉已理解
n. 一拳，一推; 挖苦，讽刺; 考古发掘
时态：dug, digging, digs
分布：挖(52%)，掘(20%)，挖掘(16%)，挖苦(4%)，戳(4%)，探究(2%)，推(1%)，捅(1%)
→来自dhigw, 刺，挖，词源同dike, ditch.
v.挖,掘The pig is obliged to dig a big pit for the pigeon.猪被迫为鸽子掘一个大坑.
verb (digging, dug, dug)
MOVE soil 移土
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to break up and move soil using a tool, a machine or your hands 挖，挖掘（土）
• Digging (in) the garden is good exercise. 在花园里挖土是一种很好的锻炼。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to form a hole by moving soil 凿出，打（洞）
• The tunnel was dug with the aid of heavy machinery. 在重型机械的帮助下，隧道挖通了。
• The dog was digging a hole to hide its bone in. 狗正在刨坑以便把骨头藏起来。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
SEARCH 寻找
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to search for an object or information or to find it after looking 寻找，搜寻，找到
• He dug into his pocket and took out a few coins. 他把手伸进口袋里摸索一番后掏出了几枚硬币。
• As I dug deeper into his past (= found out more about it) , I realized that there was a lot about this man that I didn't know. 随着我对他过去的深入了解，我意识到自己对这个人知道得还太少。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
PRESS 按
dig sb in the ribs
■to push the side of someone's body quickly with your elbow (= the middle part of the arm where it bends) often as a way of sharing a private joke with them or to get their attention 用肘部碰（某人）的肋部（常用来分享私密笑话或引起对方注意）
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
APPROVE 赞同
transitive old-fashioned slang
■to like or understand something 喜爱；理解，懂得
• Hey, I really dig those shoes! 嘿，我真的非常喜欢那双鞋！
• You dig my meaning, man? 伙计，你懂我的意思吗？
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
dig your heels in
■to refuse to change your plans or ideas, especially when someone is trying to persuade you to do so （尤指不顾他人劝说）坚持己见，一意孤行
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
dig (deep) into your pocket(s)/resources/savings
■to give away money 掏腰包
• Richer countries must dig deeper into their pockets if global problems, such as pollution, are to be solved. 在解决如污染等的全球问题时，富国必须掏更多的钱。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
dig yourself into a hole informal
■to get yourself into a difficult situation 使自己陷入困境，把自己推入困境
• The government has really dug itself into a hole with its economic policies. 政府的经济政策的确使自己陷入了困境。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
dig your own grave
■to do something which causes you harm, sometimes serious harm 自掘坟墓
• She dug her own grave when she made fun of the boss. 她取笑老板时是在自找倒楣。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] dig (yourself) in
■to make arrangements to protect yourself from an attack by the enemy in a war situation, for example by digging trenches (= long, narrow holes) （挖壕沟等）掩蔽，防御
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
  Phrasal Verbs  dig in informal
■to start eating 开始吃
• The food's going cold - dig in! 东西快凉了——开始吃吧！
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
  Phrasal Verbs  dig (sth) into sb/sth
■to press or push, or to press or push an object, hard into someone or something 压，推，（把…）压入（或推入）
• A stone was digging into my heel. 一块石头嵌进了我的鞋后跟。
• She dug her fingernails into my wrist. 她的指甲嵌入了我的手腕。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dig sb/sth out
■to get someone or something out of somewhere by digging 把…弄出；把…扒出来；把…挖出来
• Firefighters helped to dig out the people trapped in the snowdrift. 消防队员帮忙把被困在雪堆里的人救了出来。
• The doctor used a sharp instrument to dig a piece of glass out of my finger. 医生用尖头工具把我手指里的一块玻璃碎剔了出来。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dig sth out informal
■to find something that you have not seen or used for a long time 找出（很久不见或未用的东西）
• Mum dug out some old family photos to show me. 妈妈翻出一些家里的老照片给我看。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dig sth up
MOVE SOIL
■to take something out of the ground by digging 挖出，掘出
• It's time we dug up those potatoes. 现在我们该挖那些马铃薯了。
■to break the ground or to make a hole in it with a tool, machine, etc. 破土
• They're digging up the road outside to repair the electricity cables. 为了维修电缆他们在挖外面的路。
INFORMATION
■to discover secret or forgotten facts by searching very carefully 挖掘，搜寻（秘密或被遗忘的事）
• I've been doing some research on our family history and I've dug up some interesting information. 我一直在研究我的家史，并且挖掘出了一些有趣的资讯。
• She's one of those journalists who's always trying to dig up dirt on (= unpleasant private details about) celebrities. 她是一贯热衷于挖掘名人隐私的记者之一。
[dɪg] noun countable
REMARK 评论
■a remark which is intended to criticize, embarrass or make a joke about someone 奚落，取笑，嘲笑
• He's always having/taking/making digs at me. 他总是奚落我。
[dɪg] noun countable
REMOVE SOIL 移动泥土
■the careful removal of soil and objects from an area of historical interest （考古）挖掘
• an archaeological dig 考古挖掘
[dɪg] noun countable
ACCOMMODATION 住所
digs [plural] mainly UK informal for
■ lodgings
• Many students in London have to live in digs. 很多在伦敦的学生不得不寄宿在别人家中。
vt. 挖，掘；探究
 - tunnel, pick
vi. 挖掘
 - tap into
n. 戳，刺；挖苦
 - spine, thrust

Word: publication
Front: publication
[ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn] (研四六托雅 2459/1656 -K3)
Vocabulary: publication
(once / 189 pages)
n
A publication is something made to communicate with the public. Publications are usually printed on paper (like magazines and books), but online publications are delivered via the Internet.
The noun publication comes from the Latin word publicare, meaning “make public.” Publication usually means something is written and made available publicly, but a company or government can submit publications of things like earnings or unemployment indexes that are communicated differently. If you are an aspiring author, publication of your work is, most likely, the Holy Grail you seek.
WORD FAMILY
publication: publications+/ publish: publication, publishable, published, publisher, publishes, publishing, republish/publishable: unpublishable/ published: unpublished / publisher: publishers/publishing: publishings/republication: republications/republish: republication, republished, republishes, republishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
So it was something of a surprise when, this past February, an academically inclined online publication appeared, full of erudite arguments in favor of Trump.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
As a longtime state politician, Bill agrees to a lengthy sit-down interview with me for another story for this publication, which is forthcoming.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Write down the name of that publication and avoid them in the future.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 出版; 出版物; 公布; 发表
分布：出版(52%)，出版物(28%)，发表(10%)，公布(5%)，发行(5%)
→来自拉丁语publicare,使公开化，使公众化，词源同public.引申词义出版，发行。
出版(public公众的+ation)[Popul,publ=people,表示"人民"]
n.出版物;出版,发行;公布,发表Congress has approved a new publication law.国会已通过一项新的出版法.
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the act of making information or stories available to people in a printed form 发表；公布；出版
• The brochure will be ready for publication in September. 这本小册子将在九月份出版。
• Will you arrange the publication of the names of the winners? 你能安排公布优胜者的姓名吗？
• When is the publication date (= When will the book be available to buy) ? （书）哪天出版？
 IMPROVER countable
■a book, magazine, newspaper or document in which information or stories are published 出版物
• Our latest publication is a magazine for health enthusiasts. 我们最近的出版物是一本为热爱健康人士办的杂志。
exposure, printing, release, publication
exposure: 暴露，揭露，一般指不好的事情
printing: 印刷，出版
release: 释放，出版，一般用来指唱片，电影的发行，强调经过努力才得以发表
publication: 发表，公之于众
journal, magazine, press, periodical, review, newspaper, publication
这组词都有“出版物或定期刊物”的意思，其区别是：
journal: 本义为“日报”，现在可指定期发生的周刊、月刊、季刊等或指学术团体出版的刊物、杂志或学报。
magazine: 指刊登各种文章、小说、诗歌、评议的杂志。
press: 系报刊总称，也指报界或报业。
periodical: 通常指除日报以外的定期出版刊物。
review: 多指登载评论性文章或讨论重大事件的文章的刊物。
newspaper: 一般指每日出版的报纸。
publication: 指出版物，发行物。
n. 出版；出版物；发表
 - announcement

Word: officially
Front: officially
[əˈfɪʃəli] (4075/3779 -K)
Vocabulary: officially
(once / 670 pages)
adv
If something's done officially, it's done formally, often with the backing of some kind of authority, like a government. You might be elected president in November, but you won't officially take office until January of the following year.
The adverb officially can describe something that's done publicly in an official and formal way. A company's CEO may officially resign after speculation about money laundering became public. An advertising campaign might officially launch with a Super Bowl ad. Officially can also describe something authorized by a government or other organization with authority. The government may officially announce that unemployment has decreased in the last six months.
WORD FAMILY
official: officialdom, officialise, officialize, officially, officials, semiofficial, unofficial+/ office: officer, offices, official, officiate / officer: officered, officering, officers/officialdom: officialdoms/officialise: officialised/officialize: officialized/ officiate: officiated, officiates, officiating, officiation/semiofficial: semiofficially/unofficial: unofficially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Baldwin Street in the city of Dunedin on New Zealand's South Island is officially the world's steepest residential road.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s very hard for us ever to get the satisfaction of MacArthur and the emperor meeting, and a war being officially over,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
You’re officially on to the second phase, which is about refining the roster and looking like a true perennial division title contender.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 官方地; 正式地; 公务上
分布：官方地(37%)，正式地(35%)，职务上(17%)，公务上(11%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■formally and in a way agreed to or arranged by people in positions of authority 官方地（经官方同意的；由官方组织的）
• The royal engagement was announced officially this morning. 今天上午官方正式宣布了皇室订婚一事。
■as stated or accepted by people publicly but not privately or in reality 已被公开宣称且获人们在大众面前接受地（而并非私下地或事实上被宣称，或获得接纳）
• Well, officially I am on holiday this week but I'm just catching up on some paperwork. 这周名义上我是应该休假的，但事实上我还在赶文书工作。
■in or relating to a position of responsibility that you hold 以担任某职务的身份…；和所担任的职务相关地
• He has not visited the country officially since his election, only in a private capacity. 自从当选之后，他还没有以官方身分访问过该国，只进行了私人访问。
adv. 正式地；官方地；作为公务员
 - formally, in state

Word: congressman
Front: congressman
[ˈkɒŋɡresmən] (托 5390/16954 -2)
Back: n. <美>国会议员（尤指众议员）
分布：国会议员(100%)
US ['kɑ:ŋ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a man who belongs to a congress , especially a member of the US House of Representatives 国会议员；（尤指美国）众议院议员
n. 国会议员；众议院议员
 - member of congress, member of parliament

Word: sue
Front: sue
[su:] (研六托雅 3137/4092 -2)
Vocabulary: sue
(once / 592 pages)
v
If you sue someone, you're accusing them (in court) of doing something wrong or illegal and demanding that they pay for it. Almost every time someone sues, they're looking for money.
One of the last things you want to hear is "I'll sue you!" People sue for a lot of reasons. If you slipped on the ice, you could sue the sidewalk owner for not putting salt down. If you were in a car accident, you could sue the other driver. Years ago, someone sued McDonald's for scalding themselves on a cup of coffee they said was too hot. Sometimes it seems like people will find any reason to sue.
WORD FAMILY
sue: sued, suer, sues, suing+/ suer: suers
USAGE EXAMPLES
In September a university student sued the education ministry over homophobic textbooks.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
His group is suing the state over the unwieldy shape of six state Senate and five state House of Delegates districts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Shumlin wants to appoint a successor before he leaves office Thursday, but Republicans sued.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 控告，控诉，和…打官司; 请求; 起诉; 提起（诉讼）要求判决
时态：sued, suing, sues
分布：起诉(55%)，控告(31%)，请求(14%)
→来自古法语 suir,追踪，跟随，起诉，来自通俗拉丁语*sequere,跟随，来自拉丁语 sequi,跟随， 词源同 suit,sequence,pursue.后词义限定为控告，起诉。
控告;向...求婚[secut,sequ=follow表示"跟随"]
v.控告,对...提出诉讼,起诉She sued her husband for a divorce.她为求离婚而控告丈夫; 她控告丈夫要求离婚.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to take legal action against a person or organization, especially by making a legal claim for money because of some harm that they have caused you 控告，对…提起诉讼（尤指要求赔偿）
• He was so furious about the accusations in the letter that he threatened to sue. 他对信里的指控愤怒至极，扬言要控告对方。
• She sued the paper for (= in order to get) damages after they wrongly described her as a prostitute. 因为该报纸诽谤她是妓女，她提起诉讼要求赔偿损失。
• She is suing her husband for (= in order to get a) divorce. 她正在和丈夫打官司要求离婚。
sue, accuse, charge
sue: 常与for 搭配。如：Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.
accuse: 指责，指控，常与of 搭配。如：His boss accused him of carelessness.
charge: 常与with搭配。如：The police charged the driver with reckless driving.
vt. 控告；请求
 - law, accuse sb. of sth.
vi. 控告；提出请求
 - law, bring charge against

Word: denounce
Front: denounce
[dɪˈnaʊns] (研六托雅宝 5987/6102 -2)
Vocabulary: denounce
(once / 386 pages)
1v 2v
To denounce is to tattle, rat out, or speak out against something. When you stand on your desk and tell the class that your partner is cheating, you denounce him or her.
The prefix de- means "down," as in destroy or demolish (tear down). Add that to the Latin root nuntiare, meaning "announce," and destroy plus announce equals denounce. It's a word that shows up in the headlines often, as a country might denounce a corrupt election. Politicians love to denounce each other's shady doings, or denounce some underhanded activities of people in their party in order to separate themselves. Denounce can also mean the official end of something, like a treaty.
WORD FAMILY
denounce: denounced, denouncement, denounces, denouncing, denunciative+/denouncement: denouncements
USAGE EXAMPLES
A little later, he wrote that Nixon wanted Senator Everett Dirksen, a Republican from Illinois, to call the president and denounce the planned bombing pause.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
She denounced the attack as an act of “inhuman savagery.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 公开指责; 正式指控; 告发; 通告废除
时态：denounced, denouncing, denounces
分布：谴责(77%)，告发(14%)，通告废除(9%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-nounce, 通知，呼喊，词源同announce, pronounce. 即向下喊，引申词义谴责。
评击,指责(de坏+nounce→讲坏话→评击)[nounce,nunci=speak,表示"讲话,说出"]
vt.公开指责,公然抨击;谴责The counselor bounced up to denounce discount.顾问上升蹦跳指责折扣.
【记】de坏，nounce声明一坏声明一公开指责
【参】renounce（v 断绝关系）
【反】advocate（vt 提倡, 鼓吹）；tout（v 吹捧）；condone（vt 宽恕；赦免）；brace（v 支持）
verb transitive
CRITICIZE 批评
■to criticize something or someone strongly and publicly （公开）谴责，痛斥
• The government's economic policy has been denounced on all sides. 政府的经济政策受到了各方面的谴责。
• We must denounce injustice and oppression. 我们必须对不公和压迫现象予以谴责。
[dɪ'naʊnts] verb transitive
ACCUSE 指控
■to accuse someone publicly of being something bad; to give information against 检举；告发
• His former colleagues have denounced him as a spy. 他以前的同事告发他是间谍。
reproach, accuse, charge, rebuke, denounce, scold, condemn, blame
reproach: 侧重指因他人粗心、自私等引起不满而去指责、找岔。
accuse: 正式或非正式场合，私人或法律上均可用，被指控的情节可轻可重，常与of连用
charge: 常与accuse换用，但charge多指较严重的错误或罪行，而且往往向法庭提出正式起诉。与with连用
rebuke: 多指上级对下级进行的公开、强烈、严正而不宽容的责备。隐含一定权威的意味。
denounce: 与condemn同义，但着重公开性。
scold: 普通用词，多指上级对下级、长辈对后辈或雇主对雇员的态度粗暴、言词激烈的数落。
condemn: 正式用词，表示谴责，有较强的司法意味，侧重从道义或原则上的谴责。
blame: 普通用词，语气较弱，仅是一般的责难、归咎于，不含用语言责骂之意。
vt. 谴责；告发；公然抨击；通告废除
 - condemn, denunciate

Word: pride
Front: pride
[praɪd] (中高研四六托 2801/2878 -K3)
Vocabulary: pride
(once / 82 pages)
1nv 2n
The noun pride describes a feeling of happiness that comes from achieving something. When you do a good job or finish a difficult task, you feel pride. Pride can also have a negative meaning and refer to exceedingly high self-regard.
If you know someone with the negative kind of pride, you might notice that his pride makes it hard for people to like him. Pride can also refer to the standards you have for yourself — your dignity. For example, you might have too much pride to ask for help when you need it. Pride also acts as a verb meaning "be proud of." You might pride yourself on being punctual, or pride yourself on always having a daring, trendsetting haircut.
WORD FAMILY
pride: prided, prideful, prides, priding, self-pride+/ prideful: pridefully, pridefulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When we win, there is shared pride and a communal awareness that we are part of a unique fellowship.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s no secret that our culture today prides itself on the amount of work we put into our jobs.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Déon prided himself, he once said, on preserving “a certain anarchism of the right and a pessimism that strives for lucidity.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 自尊; 骄傲; 自满; （狮）群
vt. 以…而自豪， 得意于…
vi. 自豪，骄傲，得意
时态：prided, priding, prides
分布：骄傲(46%)，自豪(38%)，自尊心(15%)，以 ... 自豪(1%)
→来自proud的名词形式。比较同源词prude.
n.自豪;自满;引以自豪的东西v.使自豪He prides himself on his tailoring.他对自己的裁缝手艺而感到得意.
noun
SATISFACTION 满意
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction that you get because you or people connected with you have done or got something good 自豪，得意
• She felt a great sense of pride as she watched him accept the award. 看着他接过那个奖她感到非常自豪。
• He felt such pride walking his little daughter down the street. 他陪着小女儿在街上走，感到非常自豪。
⇒ See also proud
take pride in sth/sb
■to feel very pleased about something or someone you are closely connected with 为…自豪，为…骄傲
• If you don't take professional pride in your work, you're probably in the wrong job. 如果你对自己的工作没有职业自豪感，那可能是入错了行。
[praɪd] noun
RESPECT FOR YOURSELF 自尊
 IMPROVER uncountable
■your feelings of your own worth and respect for yourself 自尊（心）
• She has too much pride to accept any help. 她自尊心太强，不肯接受任何帮助。
• The country's national pride has been dented (= damaged) by its sporting failures. 体育运动方面的失利使这个国家的民族自尊心受到了伤害。
[praɪd] noun
FEELING OF IMPORTANCE 感觉重要
uncountable disapproving
■the belief that you are better or more important than other people 自负，骄傲
• Pride was his downfall. 骄傲是他失败的原因。
⇒ See also proud
[praɪd] noun
LIONS 狮子
countable
■a group of lions 狮群
[praɪd] noun
be your pride and joy
■to be something or someone that is very important to you and that gives you a lot of pleasure 是（某人）的快乐和骄傲
• He spends hours cleaning that motorcycle - it's his pride and joy. 他会花上好几个小时擦洗那辆摩托车——那是他的快乐和骄傲。
[praɪd] noun
be the pride of somewhere/sth
■to be something or someone that a particular place or group of people is very proud of 是…的骄傲
• This village is the pride of East Sussex. 这个村庄是东苏塞克斯的骄傲。
[praɪd] noun
have / take pride of place
■to have the most important position in a group of things 占据最重要的地位
• A portrait of the earl takes pride of place in the entrance hall. 一幅伯爵的肖像挂在门厅最突出的位置上。
[praɪd] noun
Pride comes / goes before a fall. saying
■said to emphasize that if you are too confident about your abilities, something bad will happen which shows that you are not as good as you think 骄兵必败。
[praɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] pride yourself on sth
■to value a skill or good quality that you have 为…而自豪；对…引以为荣
• He prides himself on his loyalty to his friends. 他以自己对朋友的忠诚而自豪。
pride, boast, brag, crow
这组词都有“自夸，吹嘘”的意思，其区别是：
pride: 与boast的意义较接近，指炫耀、夸口，自鸣得意，常与反身代词连用。
boast: 普通用词，指对自己所做的事，自己的长处、财富以及家庭等的夸耀，常含言过其实的意味。
brag: 非正式用词，其夸耀和吹嘘意味强于boast，到了过分夸大，有时令人讨厌的地步。
crow: 多指大声吵嚷地吹嘘，夸耀自己做某事比他人做得好。
n. 自豪；骄傲；自尊心
 - selfrespect, pretension
vt. 使得意，以…自豪
 - exalt
vi. 自豪
 - glory, be proud of

Word: hub
Front: hub
[hʌb] (托宝 6564/9909 -1)
Vocabulary: hub
(once / 1384 pages)
n
A hub is the center of a wheel or the center of some kind of activity. If all of an airline's flights go through Atlanta, you'd say the southern city is their hub.
You know how a lot of activity is called a hubbub? That makes sense when you consider that a hub, in a wheel or otherwise, is the center of whatever's going on. Southern California has long been a hub of the computer industry, and Detroit used to be the hub of the auto industry. Busy airports like the ones in Chicago and Atlanta are called hubs. Any hub is important, because it's right in the middle of all the action.
WORD FAMILY
hub: hubs
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Philadelphia, it is one of the anchors of a technology hub in the city’s Navy Yard, opening its third biomanufacturing facility there this fall.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Occupied as an artists squat starting in the 1980s, Les Frigos is today an emblematic artistic hub with coveted studios and exhibition space.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
And they remind me that the local travel scene isn’t some big, unfolded map with rail lines and interstates and multi-modal transportation hubs.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 轮轴; 中心，焦点; （电器面板上的）电线插孔; [计]集线器
分布：中心(83%)，轮毂(15%)，轮轴(2%)
→车轮工匠行话，可能来自hubbe,大块，来自kap,抓住，持，握，词源同capable,heave,hob.引申词义轮轴，中心。
noun countable
CENTRAL PART 中心部分
■the central or main part of something where there is most activity 中心；枢纽
• The City of London is the hub of Britain's financial world. 伦敦城是英国金融业的中心。
• The computer department is at the hub of the company's operations. 电脑部是这家公司运作的枢纽。
[hʌb] noun countable
WHEEL 轮
■the central part of a wheel into which the spokes (= bars connecting the central part to the outer edge of the wheel) are fixed 轮毂 ； 轮轴
n. 中心；毂；木片
 - center, focus

Word: pollution
Front: pollution
[pəˈlu:ʃn] (高研四六托雅 2913/2147 -K3)
Vocabulary: pollution
(once / 818 pages)
n
Pollution is unwanted, harmful stuff contaminating an environment. The race to develop clean energy is motivated by high levels of pollution that people fear are permanently damaging the earth's environment.
When you hear about pollution, you’re most likely hearing about chemical emissions into air or water that come from industrial processing. But pollution isn’t just environmental. Anything we think of as pure can be contaminated by pollution polluted, whether that's a lake or an idea. If your mother finds you reading trashy magazines instead of doing your homework, she might worry about the pollution of your mind.
WORD FAMILY
pollution: antipollution, pollutions+/pollutant: pollutants/ pollute: pollutant, polluted, polluter, pollutes, polluting, pollution / polluted: unpolluted/polluter: polluters
USAGE EXAMPLES
A total of 24 cities are under a pollution “red alert,” the highest warning level in China’s four-tiered system.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But the country is now facing the limits of that model amid slowing growth, toxic pollution and the shift of manufacturing work to less-developed nations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 污染（作用）; 腐败; 堕落; 沾污
分布：污染(96%)，污染物(4%)
→来自pollute,浸染，弄脏。
n.污染The contribution distributor thinks the microcomputer pollution is absolutely beyond dispute.捐款分配者认为微机污染是绝对不容置疑的.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or waste 污染
• air/water pollution 空气／水污染
• The manifesto includes tough measures to tackle road congestion and environmental pollution. 宣言包括了解决道路堵塞和环境污染的强硬措施。
n. [环境] 污染
 - contamination, impureness

Word: vow
Front: vow
[vaʊ] (六雅 5464/7697 -2)
Vocabulary: vow
(once / 205 pages)
nv
To vow is to make an earnest promise or pledge. People getting married often vow to stick together “till death do us part,” while a presidential candidate might vow to lower taxes.
You can use vow as both a noun and a verb: A vow is a solemn declaration; to vow is the act of making that promise. Vows are meant to be serious, sacred things, even vows made with the best intentions can be broken. Wrote American short-story writer and poet Dorothy Parker, “By the time you swear you are his, shivering and sighing, And he vows his passion is infinite and undying—Lady, make a note of this: One of you is lying.”
WORD FAMILY
vow: vowed, vower, vowing, vows+/vower: vowers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rather than vague vows to get in shape, resolve to walk half an hour every day after dinner.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Although satisfied with the ruling, Chen vowed to continue legal challenges to force an apology.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
He vowed to return better, an approach teammates echoed after seeing their title hopes slip away.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 誓言; 郑重宣布
vt. & vi. 起誓，发誓; 郑重宣告
时态：vowed, vowing, vows
分布：发誓(85%)，誓约(15%)
→来自拉丁语votum,承诺，对神发誓，来自wegwh,庄严的说，词源同voice,vote.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make a determined decision or promise to do something 发誓，立誓
• [+ (that)] The guerillas vowed (that) they would overthrow the government. 游击队发誓要推翻政府。
• [+ to infinitive] After the awful meals we had last Christmas, I vowed to do more of the cooking myself. 自从去年圣诞节我们吃过几顿糟糕的饭之后，我就发誓要自己常做饭。
[vaʊ] noun countable
■a serious promise or decision 誓言；誓约
• [+ to infinitive] She took/made a vow never to lend money to anyone again. 她发誓再也不借钱给别人了。
pledge, oath, vow
这组词都有“誓言”的意思，其区别是：
pledge: 普通用词，指保证去做或不做某事的郑重许诺。
oath: 指对上帝或神发出的庄严、正式的誓言以示自己话语的真实性。现多用于法庭上。
vow: 指庄严的许诺或誓约。
n. 发誓；誓言；许愿
 - oath, pledge
vt. 发誓；郑重宣告
 - plight one's troth, cross my heart
vi. 发誓；郑重宣告
 - plight one's troth, cross my heart

Word: wire
Front: wire
[ˈwaɪə(r)] (高研四六 2370/2748 -K3)
Back: n. 金属丝; 电线; 电报; （木偶的）牵线，操纵绳，背后操纵的势力，秘密引线，秘密策略
vi. 拍电报
vt. 拍电报; 给…装电线
时态：wired, wiring, wires
分布：电线(66%)，金属丝(16%)，电报(11%)，电汇(4%)，装电线(1%)，用金属丝把...连一起(1%)，发电报(1%)
→来自wei,弯，转，缠绕，词源同wind,vine。引申词义金属丝。
n.金属线,电线;电报,电信v.发电报(给)The hired admirer inspired his desire for the wire.雇佣钦佩者激发了他对铁丝的渴望.
US [waɪr] noun
METAL THREAD 金属线
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a piece of thin metal thread which can be bent, used for fastening things and for making particular types of objects that are strong but can bend 金属丝；金属线
• a wire fence 金属线栅栏
 IMPROVER countable
■(a piece of) thin metal thread with a layer of plastic around it, used for carrying electric current 电线；导线
• Someone had cut the telephone wires. 有人切断了电话线。
• Don't touch those wires whatever you do. 无论如何都别碰那些导线。
the wire
■the wire fence round a prison or prison camp （监狱等处的）铁丝网
• During the war he spent three years behind the wire (= in prison). 战争期间他蹲了三年监狱。
UK [waɪər] US [waɪr] noun
MESSAGE 消息
countable US informal
■a telegram 电报
UK [waɪər] US [waɪr] noun
down to the wire
■until the last moment that it is possible to do something 直到最后一刻
• I think the election will go right down to the wire (= be won at the last moment). 我认为选举结果要到最后一刻才会见分晓。
UK [waɪər] US [waɪr] noun
get your wires crossed
■When people get their wires crossed, they have a different understanding of the same situation 发生误会；误解
• Somehow we got our wires crossed because I'd got the 23rd written down in my diary and Jen had the 16th. 我们误会了，因为我在日记中写的是23号，而简写的是16号。
UK [waɪər] US [waɪr] noun
under the wire US
■If someone does something under the wire, they do it at the last possible moment 在最后关头
• They got in under the wire just before the entry requirements for the training program changed. 他们在招生要求变更前的最后时刻加入了这个培训计划。
UK [waɪər] US [waɪr] verb transitive
SEND MESSAGE 发送消息 mainly US to send a message using an electrical communication system, especially to send an amount of money to someone in this way 用电报传送；（尤指）电汇
• The insurance company wired millions of dollars to its accounts to cover the payments. 保险公司向其帐户里电汇了几百万美元以支付该款项。
• [+ two objects] Luckily my father wired me two hundred bucks. 幸运的是，爸爸电汇给我200美元。
■mainly US
■in the past, to send someone a telegram （过去）给…发电报
• Janet wired me to say she'd be here a day later than planned. 珍妮特发电报给我，说她要比计划晚一天到这里。
UK [waɪər] US [waɪr] verb transitive
METAL THREAD 金属线
■to fasten two things together using wire 用金属丝捆扎
• She had her jaws wired together so that she wouldn't be able to eat. 她把上下颌用金属丝捆在一起，这样就不能吃东西了。
■(also wire up)
■to connect a piece of electrical equipment with wires so that it will work 为（电子设备）接上电线（或导线）
• The stereo wasn't working because it hadn't been wired up properly. 立体声音响不响了，因为电线没有接好。
• Nearly one home in ten across the country is wired up to receive TV via cable. 该国有近十分之一的家庭透过电缆接收电视讯号。
rope, wire, thread, string, line, cord
这组词都有“线”的意思，其区别是：
rope: 指用于捆绑大物件的粗壮而坚固的绳子，一般用绵、毛、麻、金属或其它材料制成。
wire: 专指用金属制成的线。
thread: 普通用词，指用棉、毛、丝或纤维等纹成的很细的线，通常用于缝纫、纺织等。
string: 普通用词，指捆绑小件物品的细绳或细带子。
line: 普通用词，含义广泛，指任何一种线，常作引申用。
cord: 指比string粗，比rope细，较牢固，通常用于捆扎较小物品的线或绳。用作引申当约束讲。
n. [电] 电线；金属丝；电报
 - electric cord, electrical wiring
vi. 打电报
 - telegraph

Word: quit
Front: quit
[kwɪt] (高研四六雅 2522/5298 -K2)
Vocabulary: quit
(once / 148 pages)
v
To quit means to stop doing something. You might quit a lousy job or quit eating dessert.
The verb quit can also mean to leave a place or depart from a location. This meaning isn't used as frequently in conversation now as it used to be, but you can still use it to mean leaving somewhere. For example, if you choose to move from sunny California to Maine because you think you'll like the seasons better, you could say you plan to quit California for a colder climate.
WORD FAMILY
quit: quits, quitted, quitter, quitting+/quitter: quitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
So after calling lawyers and the police, he quit Twitter, at least temporarily, until there is some sort of resolution to Cernovich’s attacks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Besides, whatever happened to “finish what you start” and “winners never quit and quitters never win”?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
After his father’s death, he quit ad work.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 离开; 放弃，抛弃; 停止，中断; 偿清
vi. 停止; 放弃斗争; 辞职
adj. 自由的; 摆脱了责任或义务的
时态：quit, quitting, quits
分布：辞职(44%)，离开(21%)，退出(19%)，停止(16%)
→来自拉丁语quietus,安静的，平和的，词源同quite.引申词义免于干扰，免于麻烦，后用于指 自由的，释放的，结清债务的。并引申动词词义离开，离职等。比较acquit,requite.
停止,放弃(放弃[追求],获得自由)[Quit=free,表示"自由"]
v.离开,退出;停止,放弃,辞职The biscuit compels the mosquitoes quit the equipment.这种饼干迫使蚊子离开设备.
[kwɪt] (quitting, quit, quit)
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to stop doing something or leave a job or a place 停止；离开；辞职；放弃
• Would you quit your job if you inherited lots of money? 假如继承了一大笔钱，你会辞掉工作吗？
• [+ -ing verb] I'm going to quit smoking. 我准备戒烟了。
• Quit wasting my time! 别浪费我的时间！
• Press Q to quit the program. 请按Q结束程式。
pause, stop, cease, halt, quit
这组词都有“停止”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指暂时的、瞬间的停顿，隐含有再进行之意。
stop: 指动作、运行、进展等被停下来，含突然、断然的意味。
cease: 指逐渐、徐徐中止某种状态的存在。书面用词。
halt: 侧重突然地、决定性地终止、停止某一活动。
quit: 指最终彻底停止某事，有时暗示遭到失败或面临挫折。
leave, start, depart, quit, set out, go
这组词都有“离开某处”的意思，其区别是：
leave: 侧重出发地而不是目的地。
start: 可与leave换用，强调目的地，但不及leave普通。
depart: 较正式用词，指经过周密考虑或郑重地离开，强调离开的起点。
quit: 侧重指离开令人烦恼的地方，或摆脱使人不快的人或事。
set out: 书面用词。
go: 一般用词，指从所在地到其它地方去，着重目的地而非出发地。
vt. 离开；放弃；停止；使…解除
 - yield, desert, split, get out
vi. 离开； [劳经] 辞职；停止
 - split, get out
n. 离开； [计] 退出
 - leaving, Gone away

Word: library
Front: library
[ˈlaɪbrəri] (中高雅 2129/967 -K3)
Vocabulary: library
(once / 99 pages)
n
A library is a place where collections of books are kept. If you ever want a reminder of how very much there is to learn in this world, pay a visit to your local library.
The noun library, meaning, “a room or building where books are housed,” comes from the Latin librarium “chest for books.” That, in turn, evolved from the Latin liber, a word meaning “book, paper, parchment,” and, more literally, “the inner bark of trees.” The writer Jorge Luis Borges said, “I have always imagined that Paradise will be a kind of library.” What would your vision of paradise look like?
WORD FAMILY
library: librarian, libraries+/ librarian: librarians, librarianship/librarianship: librarianships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ted Turner bought the film library, which left the studio grounds and all its holdings, including props, costumes, scripts and ephemera.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
One of the most common, especially in rural areas, is as a lending library or book exchange.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The fictional character was concocted by two employees at the library, complete with a false address and driver’s license number.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 图书馆，藏书楼; 藏书; 书屋，书斋; 图书出租处
分布：图书馆(93%)，藏书(6%)，书房(1%)
→来自拉丁语liber,树皮，纸张，书，来自leub,剥皮，撕开，词源同leaf,-ary,地点后缀。由树皮引申词义书写材料，纸张，书。词义演变比较book,paper.
图书馆(libr+ary表地方,如sanctuary圣堂,避难所)[lidr=book,表示"书"]
图书馆(libr书+ary)[-ary 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,场所,物"]
n.图书馆;藏书室;藏书,丛书,文库In the library, arbitrary the librarian wrote the auxiliary diary about military literature.在图书馆,武断的图书管理员写下了有关军事文学的辅助日记.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a building, room or organization which has a collection, especially of books, for people to read or borrow usually without payment 图书馆；阅览室
• a public/university library 公共／大学图书馆
• a record library 唱片出借处
• a library book 图书馆藏书
■a collection or set of books, records or other things, all produced in the same style or about the same subject 文库；丛书；唱片集
• the Penguin Shakespeare Library 企鹅莎士比亚文库
n. 图书馆， [图情] 藏书室；文库
 - athenaeum, bibliotheca

Word: location
Front: location
[ləʊˈkeɪʃn] (研四六托雅 1433/1705 -K3)
Vocabulary: location
(once / 318 pages)
n
A location is a fixed place or position in space. If you are lost, you don't know your location. You can try to figure out your location by consulting a map or asking a friendly local who has a better sense of direction than you do.
The noun location means the determination of something's position. If you are on a scavenger hunt, you have to determine the location of various random objects. So on your hunt, finding birthday candles may be easy, but good luck finding the location of a ferrule, unless you happen to know it is the metal band on a pencil that holds the eraser in place.
WORD FAMILY
location: bilocation, locations+/bilocation: bilocations/ dislocate: dislocated, dislocates, dislocating, dislocation/dislocation: dislocations/ locate: dislocate, located, locater, locates, locating, location, locator, relocate /located: unlocated/locater: locaters/locator: locators/ relocate: relocated, relocates, relocating, relocation / relocation: relocations
USAGE EXAMPLES
It features a man in an undisclosed location handing over documents to an official.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Her body was found at the central Melbourne location about 11:50 local time, Victoria Police said.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Among her most damaging acts, she passed information on the location of U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 位置，场所; 定位; 外景（拍摄地）
分布：位置(78%)，地点(14%)，定位(6%)，外景拍摄地(2%)
→来自locate,定位，定位的地点。
场所,位置(locate+ion)[loc=place,表示"地方"]
n.位置,场所,定位,测位The educator located the local location allocated to him.教育家定出了分配给他的局部的位置.
US [loʊ-] noun
POSITION 位置
 IMPROVER countable slightly formal
■a place or position 地点，位置
• The hotel is in a lovely location overlooking the lake. 该饭店的位置极佳，可以俯瞰整个湖面。
• A map showing the location of the property will be sent to you. 我们会把标有此处房产位置的地图邮寄给你。
UK [ləʊ'keɪ.ʃən] US [loʊ-] noun
FILM 电影
countable or uncountable
■a place away from a studio where all or part of a film or a television show is recorded （电影、电视等的）外景地，拍摄地
• The documentary was made on location in the Gobi desert. 这部纪录片是在戈壁沙漠现场拍摄的。
UK [ləʊ'keɪ.ʃən] US [loʊ-] noun
FINDING 发现
uncountable slightly formal
■the act of finding the exact position of something 确定…的位置，发现…的位置
• The latest navigational aids make the location of the airfield quite easy. 使用最新的导航设备可以很容易地确定机场的方位。
setting, site, position, location, scene, locality, place, situation, spot
这组词都有“地点、位置、场所”的意思，其区别是：
setting: 一般特指戏剧或小说所写的环境或场所。
site: 指或大或小的地方，既可指供专门用途或特定活动的地点，又可指某一事件的地址。
position: 多指物体相对于其他物体所处的位置或状态。
location: 指某物设置的方向或地点。
scene: 常指真实事件或虚构故事发生的地点。
locality: 指某物所处的客观位置和周围地区。
place: 含义广泛，最普通用词，既可指很小的地点，又可指很大很远的地方或场所。
situation: 指物体在其周围环境中所处的位置或状态，侧重地点或场所的环境特征。
spot: 指相对较小的特定地点或事物所在地。
n. 位置（形容词locational）；地点；外景拍摄场地
 - site, situation, spot, lie, where

Word: levy
Front: levy
[ˈlevi] (研托雅宝 13303/7232 -2)
Vocabulary: levy
(once / 459 pages)
1vn 2vn
Use the word levy as you would use the word tax: “When the state government imposed a levy on soft drinks, thousands of citizens took to the streets in protest.”
The word levy can act as either a verb or a noun in a sentence. The noun levy refers to a charge, such as a tax, fine, or other fee, that is imposed on something. The verb levy is used to describe the act of imposing or collecting the charge. If you need to raise money, for example, you may decide to levy a fine on your family every time you have to make the coffee in the morning. (Be careful though: your family may also take to the streets in protest.)
WORD FAMILY
levy: levied, levies, levying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Obamacare raises revenue through tax penalties tied to its insurance mandates, fees on insurers and levies on high earners and some investment income.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Nejedly, reached by telephone, railed briefly about the court fine levied against Lukoil Aviation Czech, before asking to see any questions in writing.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The report says lawmakers should refrain from levying the fees until more people are driving electric vehicles.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 征兵; 征税
v. 征收，索取; 征税，征集
时态：levied, levying, levies
分布：征收(64%)，征税(29%)，发动(4%)，召集(2%)，强收(1%)
→来自古法语lever,举起，词源同levitate,light.引申词义征收或收集，其原义可能是减轻别人的负担，后该词用于指征税或征兵。
征税(lev+y→提高［收入］→征税)[lev,live=raise,lighten,表示"提高,举起,变轻"]
n.征收,征税,征兵v.征收,征集,征用The police levied a fine on me.我被警察罚款.
【记】lev升起，y－把税收起来－征税
【反】rescind（v 废除）
noun countable
■an amount of money, such as a tax, that you have to pay to a government or organization 征收额；税款
• They imposed a 5% levy on alcohol. 他们对酒品征收5%的税。
n. [税收] 征收；征兵，征税
 - collection, taxation, expropriation
vt. [税收] 征收（税等）；征集（兵等）
 - toll
vi. 征税；征兵
 - tax collection, toll

Word: obtain
Front: obtain
[əbˈteɪn] (高研四六托 1595/793 -K3)
Vocabulary: obtain
(once / 48 pages)
1v 2v
Obtain means to get something that is not so easy to come by such as knowledge, rights, or a large amount of money. You wouldn't say you obtained a pair of pants, unless they were one of a kind.
At times in its history, obtain has meant to be victorious or to succeed. Today, it mostly means to acquire, but keeping its prior meanings in mind helps you to use it in the right way. College degrees are something that you obtain as is permission from your parents to go to a party. When you obtain something, you have worked hard to get it, so you are pretty happy to have it.
WORD FAMILY
obtain: obtainable, obtained, obtaining, obtainment, obtains, obtention+/ obtainable: unobtainable
USAGE EXAMPLES
A comparable replacement would be difficult to find and costly to obtain.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Overall, researchers found that half of guns transferred privately in all states within the past two years were obtained without a background check.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Police obtained a warrant for the driver, who is at large.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 获得，得到; 流行; 买到，达到（目的）
vi. 通行，通用; 流行; 存在
时态：obtained, obtaining, obtains
分布：获得(68%)，得到(23%)，流行(4%)，存在(3%)，通用(2%)
→ob-,向前，朝向，-tain,伸，抓，词源同contain,tenure.引申词义得到，获得。
获得,达到(ob加强动作+tain→拿到→获得)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
v.获得,得到After the entertainment the captain obtained an entrance fee.娱乐表演之后,船长获得了一笔入场费.
[əb'teɪn] formal
verb
GET 得到
 IMPROVER transitive
■to get something, especially by asking for it, buying it, working for it or producing it from something else 得到，获得
• to obtain permission 获得许可
• First editions of these books are now almost impossible to obtain. 这些书的第一版现在已几乎弄不到了。
• In the second experiment they obtained a very clear result. 第二次试验他们获得了明确的结果。
• Sugar is obtained by crushing and processing sugar cane. 蔗糖是透过对甘蔗进行压榨和加工获得的。
[əb'teɪn] formal
verb
EXIST 存在
intransitive not continuous
■(especially of a situation) to exist （尤指情况）存在
• Conditions of extreme poverty now obtain in many parts of the country. 目前该国的许多地方都极度贫困。
acquire, obtain, get, secure, win, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得、取得、得到”的意思，其区别是：
acquire: 强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
obtain: 较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
get: 普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
secure: 强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。
win: 主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
earn: 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
gain: 侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
attain, acquire, obtain, secure, achieve, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得，取得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。
 • The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.   这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
acquire: v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调"一经获得就会长期持有"的含义。
 • It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.   正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
obtain: v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。
 • He obtained the property with a bank loan.   他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
secure: v.得到；把……拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为"安全的"。
 • A million signatures have been secured.   已征集到了100万人的签名。
 • He secured the office before leaving it for the night.   他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。
achieve: v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
 • The movie star achieved success and wealth.   这个影星取得了成功和财富。
earn: v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
 • How much do you earn a week?   你一星期挣多少钱？
gain: v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
 • An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.   投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。
attain, acquire, obtain, get, achieve, gain
这组词都有“获得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: 为正式用词，多用于庄重场合，主要指通过努力达到重要目的或得到珍贵的东西。如：The scientist attained great fame by a new discovery.(那科学家由于一次新发现而出了名。)
acquire: 指通过本身的努力逐渐获得知识、能力和荣誉等。如：acquire knowledge(获得知识)。
obtain: 多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。如：Howard had failed to obtain a scholarship.(霍华德没能得到奖学金。)
get: 用得最广，可指以各种方式获得各种东西。如：Where can I get enough information?(我从哪儿能得到足够的资料？)
achieve: 多指克服困难后取得胜利，成功，强调“得到”这一结果。如：He achieved his ambition in the end.(他最终实现了他的抱负。)
gain: 多指付出极大努力后获得或赢得给自己带来优势的东西。如：They gained the victory after a bloody battle.(浴血奋战后他们赢得了胜利。)
acquire, procure, obtain
acquire: 努力获得，更强调在原来基础上的自然增加
procure: 为获得某物而“小心、仔细，想出计策或施展手腕”的意思
obtain: 获得，得到
vi. 获得；流行
 - pick up, get access to
vt. 获得
 - acquire, earn, score, buy, find

Word: credibility
Front: credibility
[ˌkredəˈbɪləti] (4048/5675)
Vocabulary: credibility
(once / 1843 pages)
n
You have credibility when you seem totally trustworthy or believable. You lose it when you start lying, cheating and acting rather shady.
Credibility is a noun that speaks to plausibility or believableness, so the star witness at your trial or the person writing your recommendation letter should certainly have it. Be careful though, because someone with credibility isn't necessarily telling the truth. As any con man or politician can tell you, credibility can easily come from nothing more than a confident smile.
WORD FAMILY
credibility: credibilities+/ credible: credibility, credibleness, crediblest, credibly, incredible /incredibility: incredibilities/ incredible: incredibility, incredibleness, incredibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then larger news organisations report what is happening on social media and add credibility to the story without fact-checking.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Rare is the Marine who does not wish to shoot better; a culture that celebrates riflery bestows credibility and respect on those who shoot best.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
This access would let attackers steal personal information, divert frequent flyer benefits or use the data to lend credibility to phishing attacks.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 可靠性，可信性; 确实性
分布：可信(78%)，可靠(19%)，确实性(3%)
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone can be believed or trusted 可信性；可靠性
• His arrest for lewd behaviour seriously damaged his credibility as a religious leader. 他因猥亵行为被捕，这严重地损害了他作为宗教领袖的信誉。
• He complained that we had tried to undermine his credibility within the company. 他抱怨说我们企图损害他在公司的威信。
n. 可信性；确实性
 - authenticity, trustworthiness

Word: dislike
Front: dislike
[dɪsˈlaɪk] (高研四六 6813/4949 -K2)
Vocabulary: dislike
(once / 248 pages)
nv
Put simply, to dislike can be used as a transitive verb that means to "not like." Maybe you dislike spinach. But it can also be a noun, as in "You seem to have developed quite a dislike for spinach."
English being a language of trial-and-error, the word dislike came about in the mid-16th Century, as modern English was still in its infancy. At that time, some words were tried and discarded, to be replaced with others that stuck. That was the case with dislike, which developed after the word "mislike" was dropped as the opposite of "like." Speaking of prefixes, don't confuse the word dislike with "unlike," which means that something is different from something else.
WORD FAMILY
dislike: dislikable, disliked, dislikes, disliking+/ likable: likably/ like: dislike, likable, likeable, liked, likely, likeness, likes, likest, liking, unlike/likeable: likeably/ likelihood: likelihoods, unlikelihood/ likely: likelihood, likeliness, likelys, unlikely/ likeness: likenesses/liking: likings/unlike: unlikable, unlikeable, unlikeness/unlikelihood: unlikelihoods/unlikeliness: unlikelinesses/unlikely: unlikeliness/unlikeness: unlikenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
As for why he is widely disliked, Kiffin offered a theory involving his age and ex-wife.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The governor hasn’t kept his dislike of Clinton - and her husband Bill - a secret.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
When I met him, he was very immature and generally a jerk to almost everyone, including my friends, who all still dislike him.
Washington Post(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: vt. 不喜欢; 厌恶
n. 厌憎; 讨厌
时态：disliked, disliking, dislikes
分布：不喜欢(82%)，厌恶(10%)，反感(5%)，不喜爱(3%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。like, 喜欢。
不喜欢(dis+like喜爱→不喜爱)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
n./v.不喜欢,厌恶Wherever I go, nowhere I like; I dislike everywhere.无论我到哪里,没有哪里为我喜欢,我讨厌每一个地方.
【反】penchant（n 强烈的倾向）；predilection（n 爱好；偏袒）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to not like someone or something 不喜欢，讨厌
• Why do you dislike her so much? 你为甚么这么不喜欢她？
• [+ -ing verb] I dislike walking and I hate the countryside. 我不喜欢走路，而且讨厌乡村。
[dɪ'slaɪk] noun
[S or U]
■a feeling of not liking something or someone 不喜欢，厌恶
• She has a dislike of cold weather. 她不喜欢寒冷的天气。
• I'm afraid Dad took an instant dislike to (= decided he does not like) this new boyfriend of yours. 依我看，爸爸恐怕不喜欢你的这个新男友。
countable usually plural
■something that you do not like 不喜欢的东西，讨厌的东西
• His main dislikes about work are the noise and dust in the factory. 他不喜欢工作的主要原因是工厂里噪音和粉尘太大。
disgust, hate, dislike
这组词都有“不喜欢”的意思，其区别是：
disgust: 指对令人不快、生厌或坏的东西或行为怀有强烈的憎恶。
hate: 指因对某人或某事强烈不满或反感，或因利害关系等而产生憎恨。
dislike: 普通用词，指任何程度的憎恶，但永远指正面的憎恶和反对。
vt. 不喜欢，厌恶
 - hate, have no relish for
n. 嫌恶，反感，不喜爱
 - hate, detestation

Word: panic
Front: panic
[ˈpænɪk] (高研六托雅宝 4310/3777 -3)
Vocabulary: panic
(once / 413 pages)
nv
To panic is to become filled with fear and anxiety. Someone in a panic is totally freaking out.
Have you ever heard someone say "Don't panic"? That's easier said than done. People panic when they lose control over themselves because of fear, stress, or danger. A pilot who runs into turbulence and then flees from the cockpit has panicked. A surgeon who makes a mistake might panic for a second, before chilling out and helping the patient. It's hard to do a good job when you panic. Panicking is pretty much the opposite of relaxing.
WORD FAMILY
panic: panicked, panicking, panicky, panics
USAGE EXAMPLES
Andy Carroll entered finally to test that rejigged back line and immediately drew a little barging panic from Jones.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He remembers panicking about the loss because the wallet contained his driving instructional permit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This caused an internal system to "panic" the firm wrote, causing the server errors.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 恐慌，惊慌; （金融方面）大恐慌; 成功; 〈俚〉非常滑稽的人
vt. 使恐慌
vi. 十分惊慌
adj. 恐慌的，惊慌失措的
时态：panicked, panicking, panics
分布：恐慌(63%)，惊慌(24%)，恐慌的(6%)，感到恐慌(4%)，惊慌的(2%)，使…惊慌(1%)
→来自Pan,潘神，牧羊神，-ic,形容词后缀。因传说中潘神样貌无比丑陋或因潘神可以发出一种无比恐怖的声音而引申词义恐慌，吓人。
n./a.恐慌(的),惊慌(的)vt.使惊慌,使害怕The fanciful panda fan panics over the span of the pan-like panel.爱幻想的熊猫迷对盆状仪表板的全长感到恐慌.
【记】pa怕，ni你，c：害怕你－恐慌
noun countable usually singular uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a sudden strong feeling of fear that prevents reasonable thought and action 恐慌，惊慌
• a state of panic 恐慌状态
• Panic spread through the crowd as the bullets started to fly. 子弹开始满天飞，人群惊慌起来。
• Carmel was in a panic about her exam. 卡梅尔很害怕考试。
• He got in(to)a panic that he would forget his lines on stage. 他慌张起来，怕自己在台上会忘记台词。
['pæn.ɪk] verb intransitive or transitive (panicking, panicked, panicked)
 IMPROVER
■to suddenly feel so worried or frightened that you cannot think or behave calmly or reasonably （使）恐慌，（使）惊慌失措
• Don't panic! Everything will be okay. 别惊慌，一切都会没事的！
• The sound of gunfire panicked the crowd. 枪声使人群惊慌失措。
• The boss always panics over/about the budget every month. 老板每月总会对预算惊恐不安。
alarm, fear, fright, horror, panic, terror, dread
这些名词均含“恐惧、惧怕、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 强调突然意识到有危险而产生的恐惧心理。
fear: 普通用词，侧重指面临危险或灾祸时内心所引起的恐惧心情。
fright: 通常指一阵突然的、令人震惊的短暂恐惧，有时含夸张意味。
horror: 侧重指因看到令人讨厌或危险的东西或情景而引起的厌恶情绪、极度恐惧心情或战栗的动作。
panic: 常指因突如其来的外界威胁使人群出现惊慌、恐惧或混乱。
terror: 指极大的恐惧和惊骇，语气最强。
dread: 可与fear换用，着重害怕的心理，但dread常指胆怯和丧失勇气。
n. 恐慌，惊慌； [金融] 大恐慌
 - alarm
adj. 恐慌的；没有理由的
 - unfounded
vt. 使恐慌
 - flurry

Word: cry
Front: cry
[kraɪ] (中高 1351/1518 -K4)
Back: vt. & vi. 哭; 喊，叫
vt. 哭着说; 叫卖; 大声报道
n. 哭; 叫喊; 要求; 大喊
vi. 鸣; 啼叫; 嗥叫; 吠
时态：cried, crying, cries
分布：哭(76%)，喊(18%)，叫声(6%)
→拟声词。
n. & v.叫,喊,哭;(鸟兽)叫,啼,鸣,嗥The crying boy tries to fry the dry crystal.哭喊的男孩试图用油炸干晶体.
verb intransitive or transitive
PRODUCE TEARS 流泪
 ESSENTIAL
■to produce tears as the result of a strong emotion, such as unhappiness or pain 哭，哭泣；流泪
• I could hear someone crying in the next room. 我能听见隔壁房间有人在哭。
• "There, there, don't cry," she said. “好啦，好啦，别哭了，”她说道。
• We all laughed until we cried. 我们都大笑起来，直到笑出了眼泪。
• She cried bitter tears when she got the letter. 收到来信，她流下了痛苦的泪水。
• He cried for joy when he heard that his son had been found alive and well. 得知儿子安然无恙，他喜极而泣。
cry yourself to sleep
■to cry for a long time until you start to sleep 一直哭到睡着
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
SHOUT 喊叫
 ADVANCED
■to call out loudly 叫；喊；大声说
• [+ speech] "Look out!" she cried. “当心！”她叫道。
  Common Learner Errors  cry, scream or shout? When cry is used to mean 'to call out loudly', it is usually only used with speech. 'Get me out of here!' she cried. The most common words used to mean 'to call out loudly' are scream or shout. Scream is usually something you do when you are frightened or being attacked and is often just sounds not words. As he grabbed her arm, she screamed and tried to get away.
✗ As he grabbed her arm, she cried and tried to get away. Shout is a more general word for 'to call out loudly'. Alex shouted something to me across the street.
✗ Alex cried something to me across the street.
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
cry your eyes out
■to cry a lot 哭得死去活来，痛哭，号啕大哭
• I was so upset that day, I cried my eyes out. 那天我很难过，所以痛哭了一场。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
cry foul
■to say that something which has happened is unfair or illegal 埋怨，抱怨；叫屈
• The opposition parties have cried foul at the president's act, seeing it as a violation of democracy. 反对党强烈抗议总统采取的行动，认为它有违民主。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
cry wolf disapproving
■to ask for help when you do not need it 喊“狼来了”；发假警报
• If you cry wolf too often, people will stop believing that you need help. 如果你常喊“狼来了”，人们便不会再相信你需要帮助。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
For crying out loud! informal
■said when you are annoyed, and to emphasize what you are saying （表示恼怒和强调）哎呀，天哪，真是岂有此理
• Oh, for crying out loud, why won't you listen to me! 噢，真是岂有此理，你们为甚么不肯听我说！
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
It's no use crying over spilt milk. saying
■said to emphasize that it is not useful feeling sorry about something which has already happened 牛奶泼了，哭也无益；已成定局的事后悔也无用
• It's no use crying over spilt milk - he's spent all the money, and there's nothing you can do about it. 事已至此，伤心也没用——他把钱都花光了，对此你也毫无办法。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cry off informal
■to decide not to do something that you have arranged to do 食言；毁约；打退堂鼓
• She usually says she'll be there and then cries off at the last minute. 她通常都说会去，而最后关头又改变主意。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cry out
■to shout or make a loud noise because you are frightened, hurt, etc. （由于惊恐或受伤等）大叫，大喊，喊叫
• She cried out in pain as the bullet grazed her shoulder. 子弹擦过她的肩头时，她痛得叫出声来。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cry out against sth
■to complain loudly about something that you do not approve of 大声反对；谴责
• Women's rights groups have cried out against the proposed cut in benefit paid to single mothers. 妇女权益团体对减少单身母亲的救济金的提议表示强烈反对。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cry out for sth
■to need a particular thing very much 迫切需要
• The country is crying out for a change in leadership. 国家迫切需要更换领导层。
[kraɪ] noun
SHOUT 喊叫
 ADVANCED countable
■a loud high sound that expresses an emotion （表达某种情感的）叫喊，呼喊
• a cry of despair 绝望的叫喊声
 ADVANCED countable
■a shout made to attract people's attention （吸引别人注意的）喊叫声
• They were wakened by cries of 'Fire!' from the next room. 他们被隔壁房间里传来的“着火了”的叫声惊醒了。
countable
■the noise that a bird or animal makes （鸟或动物的）叫声
[kraɪ] noun
TEARS 哭泣
only singular
■a period of crying 一阵哭泣
• "Go on, have a good cry," he said, stroking her hair. “哭吧，好好哭一场吧。”他抚摸着她的头发说道。
[kraɪ] noun
a cry for help
■a way of saying that you need help 求助的表示
• Most suicide attempts are really a cry for help. 大多数企图自杀的行为实际上是一种迫切需要帮助的表现。
[kraɪ] noun
in full cry
■talking continuously about something in a noisy or eager way 激烈议论；激情呐喊
• The opposition was in full cry in Parliament last night over the proposed changes to the education bill. 昨晚议会中反对党针对修改教育法案的提议展开了激烈讨论。
call, scream, yell, roar, shriek, exclaim, shout, cry
这组词都有“喊”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指大声说话或喊叫，以引起某人的注意。
scream: 指因恐具、快乐或痛苦而发出的尖叫声。
yell: 多指求援、鼓励时的呼叫。也可指因外界因素刺激而发出尖厉声音。
roar: 指发出大而深沉的声音、吼叫或咆哮。
shriek: 指因惊恐、痛苦等或其它感情而发出比scream更为尖锐、刺耳的叫声。
exclaim: 多指因高兴、愤怒、痛苦、惊讶等突发感情而高声喊叫。
shout: 指有意识地高声喊叫，常用于提出警告、发命令或唤起注意等。
cry: 一般指因恐惧、痛苦、惊奇等而喊叫。
weep, cry, sob
weep: 哭泣，书面语，常指小声或无声地哭泣，有时可与cry通用。如：She wept at the sad news.(听到这不幸的消息，她哭了。)
cry: 哭，普通用语，常指出声地哭。如：The little girl cried herself to sleep.(小女孩哭着睡着了。)
sob: 抽泣，呜咽：She sobbed herself to sleep.(她啜泣着入睡了。)
vt. 叫喊；哭出；大声说
 - Say It Loud, bawl out
n. 叫喊；叫声；口号；呼叫
 - call, wow
vi. 哭；叫；喊
 - blub, stare after

Word: fruit
Front: fruit
[fru:t] (中高雅 1662/1809 -K4)
Vocabulary: fruit
(once / 65 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
The fruit of something is what it produces, like the apples on apples trees, the grapes on grapevines, or the fruit of your labor, like the cake you baked.
Fruit comes from the Latin fructus, whose root is frui, "to enjoy." The fruit of a plant, like an orange or banana, is the product of the plant that we enjoy. (You wouldn't munch on the orange tree's branch, would you?) But fruit is also the product of any work. A woven rug is the fruit of the loom, while an infant, figuratively, is called the fruit of the womb.
WORD FAMILY
fruit: fruitage, fruited, fruiterer, fruitful, fruiting, fruitless, fruitlet, fruits, fruity+/fruitage: fruitages/fruiterer: fruiterers/ fruitful: fruitfuler, fruitfulest, fruitfully, fruitfulness, unfruitful/ fruitless: fruitlessly, fruitlessness/fruitlet: fruitlets/fruity: fruitier, fruitiest, fruitily/unfruitful: unfruitfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Karen objects to fruit juice in grade-school lunches; however, like most of us, she resorts to sugary bribes when necessary.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Yes, this is still a nation of purple mountain majesties and fruited plains.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The president-elect did not respond to a question from the Guardian about whether Ferguson would be performing Strange Fruit at the inauguration.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 成果; 水果; 果实; （大地的）产物
vi. 树或花草结果
vt. 使…结果实
时态：fruited, fruiting, fruits
分布：水果(77%)，果实(17%)，成果(4%)，结果实(2%)
→来自fructus, 果实，来自bhrug, 农业收成，收获，进一步来自bher, 裂开，词源同bore, break. 即果实成熟裂开之意。原指土地上的各种收成，后固定指水果。
n.水果,果实;成果,效果The judge has prejudice to the juicy fruit.法官对这种多汁水果怀有偏见.
noun
PLANT PART 植物的部分
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the usually sweet-tasting part of a tree or bush which holds seeds and which can be eaten 水果
• Apricots are the one fruit I don't like. 水果中只有杏子是我不爱吃的。
• Oranges, apples, pears and bananas are all types of fruit. 柳橙、苹果、梨和香蕉都是水果。
• Would you like some fruit for dessert? 餐后甜点你想要些水果吗？
• The cherry tree in our garden is in fruit (= it has fruit growing on it). 我们花园里的樱桃树结果了。
• I like exotic fruit, like mangoes and papayas. 我喜欢外来水果，比如芒果和木瓜。
• How many pieces of fresh fruit do you eat in a day? 每天你吃多少新鲜水果？
• fruit trees 果树
• He runs a fruit and vegetable stall in the market. 他在市场里摆了一个水果蔬菜摊。
Compare vegetable
countable specialized
■the part of any plant which holds the seeds 果实
[fru:t] noun
RESULT 结果
the fruit/fruits of sth
■the pleasant or successful result of work or actions …的成果；…的结果
• This book is the fruit of 15 years' research. 这本书是15年研究的成果。
• It's been hard work, but now the business is running smoothly you can sit back and enjoy the fruits of your labours. 曾经很难，但现在公司业务运转顺利了，你可以闲坐下来享受你的劳动果实了。
[fru:t] noun
PERSON 人
countable US slang
■a male homosexual. Many people consider this word offensive. 男同性恋者（很多人认为该词具冒犯意）
[fru:t] noun
fruits of the earth literary
■types of food which have come from plants, such as vegetables or wheat 大地的产物；农产品
[fru:t] verb intransitive specialized
■When a plant fruits, it produces fruit 结果
• Over the last few years, our apple trees have been fruiting much earlier than usual. 近几年来，我们的苹果树结果要比往常早很多。
n. [食品] 水果；产物
 - child, creation
vi. [植] 结果实
 - bear

Word: obligation
Front: obligation
[ˌɒblɪˈgeɪʃn] (研四六托雅宝 2988/2182 -2)
Vocabulary: obligation
(once / 226 pages)
n
An obligation is a duty. It's your obligation or responsibility to call your mom on Mother's Day. Sending flowers would be even better.
When you are morally or legally bound to a particular commitment, it's your obligation to follow through on it. If you see a crime taking place, for example, it's your obligation to notify the police. If an elderly person comes onto a full bus, it's your obligation to give up your seat for him. Sometimes when you enter a formal agreement with someone involving money, you might have to sign an obligation that states you are committed to paying back what you've borrowed.
WORD FAMILY
obligation: obligational, obligations+/ obligate: obligated, obligates, obligating, obligation / obligated: unobligated
USAGE EXAMPLES
Our greatest obligation will be to defend democracy itself, along with republican norms for governing and the openness that free societies require.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The Houston Chronicle reports that Mayor Sylvester Turner attributes the $95 million deficit to the continued growth of the city’s pension obligations.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The United States, in other words, ranks with countries that conspicuously are not in full compliance with their international obligations.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 义务，责任; 证券，契约; 债务; 恩惠
分布：义务(72%)，责任(28%)
→来自oblige,强迫，迫使，责任。
责任(oblige承担)[-ation表名词"行为,过程,结果"]
责任;债务(oblige对...负责任,ob[=to]+lig捆→捆起来)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
n.义务,责任You are under no obligation to answer our questions.你没有回答我们问题的义务.
US [ˌɑ:.blə-] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when you are obliged to do something 义务；责任；职责
• [+ to infinitive] If you have not signed a contract, you are under no obligation to (= it is not necessary to) pay them any money. 如果你没有签合同，你就没有义务付给他们钱。
• You have a legal obligation to (= The law says you must) ensure your child receives a proper education. 法律规定你有义务确保自己的孩子接受合理的教育。
 ADVANCED countable
■something that you must do 必须要做的事情
• I haven't got time to do his work for him - I've got too many obligations as it is. 我没有时间帮他干活儿——我自己的事还多得做不完呢。
obligation, duty, function, responsibility
这组词都有“义务”的意思，其区别是：
obligation: 指道义上或法律上对他人的义务，强调强制性。也指因作出承诺而被迫履行的某种义务。
duty: 指按道德和法律的标准，一个人永远要尽的义务，强调自觉性。
function: 指因职务或职业关系去履行某种职责。
responsibility: 指任何义务、职责、责任或职务上所尽的本分，强调对他人的责任。
n. [法] 义务；职责；债务
 - debt, liability

Word: appetite
Front: appetite
[ˈæpɪtaɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 5205/5325 -2)
Vocabulary: appetite
(once / 241 pages)
n
If you've filled your plate three times, you must have a strong appetite. I hope you still have room for dessert.
The Latin word appetitus, meaning "desire for," is the root for appetite. If you have worked up an appetite, you have a desire for food. If you've lost your appetite, you're not hungry at all (maybe because something upset you). You can have an appetite for things other than food. Perhaps you have an appetite for power, or funny movies, or for little silver shoes with buttons on them.
WORD FAMILY
appetite: appetiser, appetising, appetites, appetitive, appetizer, appetizing +/appetiser: appetisers/appetising: appetisingly, appetisingness, unappetising/ appetizer: appetizers/ appetizing: appetizingly, appetizingness, unappetizing/unappetising: unappetisingness/unappetizing: unappetizingly, unappetizingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
With only themselves and their appetites as a guide, they bypass any information that doesn’t suit their predisposition and worldview.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
But is there an appetite among viewers for the drama of process as opposed to that of a plane crash?
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As European stocks climbed, a rally in risk appetite also pushed down the yields on lower-rated government bonds in the euro zone to multi-week lows.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 欲望; 胃口，食欲; 嗜好，爱好
分布：食欲(78%)，欲望(18%)，嗜好(4%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. 词根pet, 追求，见compete, 竞争。此处指渴望美食。
欲望;胃口(ap加强动作+pet+ite→一再追求→有胃口)[pet=seek,表示"追寻,寻求"]
n.食欲,胃口;欲望,性欲;爱好,趣味I had appetite for inviting the man who bit me despite I had spite against him.我有意邀请咬我的人,尽管我怨恨他.
【反】voracity（n 贪食）－lack of appetite（没有食欲）
noun
FOOD 食物
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you want to eat food 食欲，胃口
• All that walking has given me an appetite. 走了那么远的路，我胃口大开。
• I won't have any chocolate, thanks. It will spoil (= reduce) my appetite. 谢谢，我不吃巧克力，吃了会影响食欲。
• I haven't got much of an appetite (= I am not hungry). 我没甚么胃口。
• The children all have healthy/good appetites (= they eat a lot). 孩子胃口都很好。
• Both viruses cause fever and loss of appetite. 两种病毒都会引起发烧以及食欲不振。
['æp.ɪ.taɪt] noun
NEED 需要
countable
■when you feel you want or need something 欲望；渴求
• her appetite for adventure 她对冒险的渴望
• his insatiable sexual appetite 他的性欲无度
• I've read an excerpt of the book on the Web and it's whetted my appetite (= increased my interest in it). 我在网上读了这本书的一个摘录，结果就把我的胃口吊起来了。
n. [生理] 食欲；嗜好
 - weakness, habit, hobby

Word: insurgency
Front: insurgency
[ɪnˈsɜ:dʒənsi] (8546/28068 -1)
Vocabulary: insurgency
(once / 2966 pages)
n
An insurgency is a movement within a country dedicated to overthrowing the government. An insurgency is a rebellion.
Insurgencies are movements to overthrow governments. The United States was founded by an insurgency, when the colonies fought England for independence. In the Star Wars movies, the rebel forces stage an insurgency. Around the world, many insurgencies exist, using violent and other means. Insurgency is also used for less serious situations: for example, a rebellious group within a company, political party, or school could be called an insurgency. All insurgencies are made up of rebels.
WORD FAMILY
insurgency: insurgencies+/counterinsurgency: counterinsurgencies/counterinsurgent: counterinsurgency/ insurgent: counterinsurgent, insurgency, insurgently, insurgents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Around 29% of India's coal deposits are situated in Jharkand, one of the country's poorest areas and the site of a Maoist insurgency.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Turkey sees the main Syrian Kurdish faction as an extension of the Kurdish insurgency raging in its southwest.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Weeks later, a Russia-backed separatist insurgency flared up in eastern Ukraine.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 起义; 暴动; 叛变
分布：叛乱(84%)，暴动(12%)，起义(4%)
→来自insurgent,起义，叛乱。
US [-'sɝ:-] noun uncountable
■when a group of people attempt to take control of their country by force 叛乱，造反，暴动
• The government is reported to be concerned about the growing insurgency in the South. 据报道，政府对于南方日益扩大的叛乱局势深感焦虑。
Compare counterinsurgency
n. 叛乱；暴动；叛乱状态
 - rebellion, intifada

Word: trap
Front: trap
[træp] (高研四六托雅 3538/3373 -K3)
Back: vt. 诱骗; 使受限制; 困住; 使（水与气体等）分离
n. 圈套; （对付人的）计谋; （练习射击用的）抛靶器; （捕捉动物的）夹子
vi. 设陷阱; 装捕捉机; 设圈套
时态：trapped, trapping, traps
分布：陷阱(70%)，圈套(22%)，困境(4%)，设圈套(3%)，双轮轻便马车(1%)
→来自古英语 traeppe,陷阱，罗网，来自 Proto-Germanic*trep,踩踏，来自 der,走，跑，步 行，词源同 trip,tramp,tread.词义通俗化为圈套。
n.陷阱,圈套vt.诱捕;使中圈套vi.设圈套The mapper trapped in the gap tapped the tap wrapper with strap.陷在缝中的制图者用皮带轻击塞子套.
noun
STH THAT PREVENTS ESCAPE 防止逃走的物件
 IMPROVER countable
■a device or hole for catching animals or people and preventing their escape 陷阱；夹子；捕捉器
• The fox got its foot caught in a trap. 狐狸的一只脚被夹子夹住了。
 IMPROVER only singular
■a dangerous or unpleasant situation which you have got into and from which it is difficult or impossible to escape 圈套；诡计
• The undercover agents went to the rendezvous knowing that it might be a trap. 尽管知道这可能是个圈套，这些秘密特工还是去了会面地点。
• She's too clever to fall into the trap of doing any unpaid work. 她这人很聪明，决不会上当去做任何没有报酬的工作。
[træp] noun
MOUTH 嘴
countable slang
■a mouth 嘴
• Oh, shut your trap (= stop talking) - I'm bored of listening to you! 哦，闭嘴——我讨厌听你说话！
• I've told him it's a secret and he's to keep his trap shut (= not say anything about it). 我告诉过他这是个秘密，他得守口如瓶。
[træp] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
countable
■a light carriage with two wheels pulled by a horse, used especially in the past （尤指旧时使用的）双轮轻便马车
[træp] verb transitive (-pp-)
 IMPROVER
■to catch an animal in a trap 设陷阱（或夹子、捕捉器）捕捉
• She survived in the forest by eating berries and trapping small animals and birds. 她靠着吃浆果和设陷阱捕捉小动物和飞鸟，在森林活下来了。
 IMPROVER
■to keep something such as heat or water in one place, especially because it is useful （尤指为利用而）收集，存住，保存（热量、水等）
• A greenhouse stays warm because the glass traps the heat of the sun. 温室保持温暖，因为玻璃吸收了太阳的热量。
be trapped
 IMPROVER
■If someone or something is trapped, they are unable to move or escape from a place or situation 被困住；陷入困境
• The two men died when they were trapped in a burning building. 这两名男子因被困在燃烧的大楼里而丧生。
• Fire officers used cutting equipment to free his legs, which were trapped under a steel beam. 消防队员们用切割设备松开他被压在一根钢梁下的双腿。
• figurative Jack left the job after ten years because he was beginning to feel trapped. 杰克十年后辞掉这份工作，因为他开始感到被束缚住了。
be trapped into (doing) sth
■to be forced or tricked into doing something that you do not want to do 被迫做；被诱骗做
• In his book, Holden speculates that Shakespeare was an unfaithful husband who was trapped into marriage. 霍尔登在其书中推测莎士比亚是个被迫结婚而对妻子不忠的丈夫。
• She had been trapped into saying something she did not mean. 她被迫说了违心的话。
arrest, seize, catch, capture, trap
这组词都有“抓住，捕捉”的意思，其区别是：
arrest: 指根据法律或命令进行逮捕并予以监禁或拘留。
seize: 侧重指以突然、有力地动作迅速抓住或捉住。
catch: 普通用词，指捉住跑动或隐藏中的人或动物，一般指活捉。
capture: 指通过武力或计谋等，战胜抵抗而捉住敌人或动物。
trap: 多指诱捕。
vt. 诱捕；使…受限制；使…陷入困境
 - ensnare
n. [计] 陷阱；圈套； [建] 存水弯
 - web, mesh, pit

Word: sample
Front: sample
[ˈsɑ:mpl] (研四六托雅 1311/1349 -K3)
Vocabulary: sample
(once / 280 pages)
nv
A sample is a small part of something that either represents a bigger whole or is designed to let you try something out. You might ask to try a sample of an exotic ice cream flavor before committing to buying a whole cone.
Sample comes from the Old French essample, meaning "example." In social science experiments, researchers try to find a sample of people to study that is representative of the intended population as a whole. At the grocery store, you might be given a sample of peanut butter on a little cracker to entice you to buy it. In that case, you are given the chance to sample, or taste, the product.
WORD FAMILY
sample: sampled, sampler, samples, sampling+/sampler: samplers/sampling: samplings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A sampling of what was said Monday, and what was left unsaid:
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ask a random sampling of Washingtonians and you’ll find that many want to be closer to nature.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But another reader, Daniel Orkwis, more or less counseled diners not to be cavalier about sending back wine once it’s been sampled and approved.
Washington Post(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: n. 样品，华样; 标本，榜样; （化验的）取样; [信]信号瞬时值
vt. 取…的样品，尤指用样品来检验; 品尝; 抽样调查
adj. 作为代表或范例的
时态：sampled, sampling, samples
分布：样品(55%)，样本(33%)，取样(8%)，采样(4%)
→来自盎格鲁法语 saumple,缩写自古法语 essample,异化自拉丁语 exemplum,样本，词源同 example.引申词义抽样，取样等。
样品,标本(s[=se分开]+ample→分开拿出→标本)[em,empt,ampl=take,procure,表示"拿,获得"]
n.样品,实例,标本,抽样检查v.取样,采样For example, this simple sample similar to his can be exemplified.例如,这件与他的相似的简单样品可以作为例证.
US ['sæm-] noun countable
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
 IMPROVER
■a small amount of something that shows you what the rest is or should be like 样品
• a free sample of shampoo 免费的洗发精试用包
• samples of carpet/curtain material 地毯／窗帘材料的样品
• Please bring some samples of your work to the interview. 请带一些你的作品范本去面试。
 IMPROVER
■a small amount of a substance that a doctor or scientist collects in order to examine it （医生或科学家检测用的）样本，试样
• a blood /urine sample 血液／尿液样本
 IMPROVER
■a group of people or things that is chosen out of a larger number and is asked questions or tested in order to get information about the larger group （调查用的）样本
• a random sample of voters 选民随机抽样
• a nationally representative sample of 200 schools 具有全国代表性的200个学校样本
UK ['sɑ:m.pl] US ['sæm-] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐
■a small part of a song which has been recorded and used to make a new piece of music （用于新乐曲中的）选录的歌曲片段
UK ['sɑ:m.pl] US ['sæm-] verb transitive
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
■to taste a small amount of food or drink to decide whether you like it 尝，品尝
• As the food looked so good, he decided to sample a little from each dish. 这些食物看起来很诱人，于是他决定每样菜都尝一点。
■to experience a place or an activity, often for the first time （常指初次）体验，尝试
• So you're going to sample the delights/pleasures of the new restaurant? 那么你要去体验一下在那家新餐厅用餐的乐趣了？
UK ['sɑ:m.pl] US ['sæm-] verb transitive
MUSIC 音乐 specialized
■to record part of a song and use the recording to make a new piece of music 节录，选录（歌曲片段，用于新的乐曲中）
• This song has been heavily sampled. 这首歌的片段频繁地出现在新曲中。
specimen, illustration, case, example, instance, sample
这组词都有“例子、事例”的意思，其区别是：
specimen: 可与sample换用，但常指人或物中选出的有代表性部分，或指供科研、化验或检验用的标本。
illustration: 指用来说明、解释某种理论或看法而引用的例证。
case: 多指需要加以认真研究的实例，如病例，案例等。
example: 普通用词，指能代表同类事物性质或一般规律的典型例子。
instance: 多指用于说明、支持或反证一般事实或理论的事例。
sample: 通常指样品。
vt. 取样；尝试；抽样检查
 - essay, have a try
n. 样品； [图情] 样本；例子
 - example, pattern

Word: leap
Front: leap
[li:p] (研四六托雅 3621/3425 -3)
Vocabulary: leap
(once / 104 pages)
vn
The word leap is another word for "jump," but it gives a slightly different image — one of lightness and quickness, perhaps a movement with a little more spring in it than a regular jump.
Leap comes from the Old English hlēapan, "to leap or run." The word can convey a happy feeling, as when William Wordsworth writes, "My heart leaps up when I behold a rainbow in the sky." As a side note, the game of leap-frog appears to have had its beginnings in the 1590s.
WORD FAMILY
leap: leaped, leaper, leaping, leaps, leapt, overleap+/leaper: leapers/leaping: leapings/overleap: overleaped, overleaping, overleaps
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was definitely a leap of faith,” Robinson said after a recent game at Michigan’s Crisler Arena.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
From this fictional warning, it is not such a great leap to Trump’s Oceania and Putin’s Eurasia.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
While cheese may be, as the legendary editor Clifton Fadiman called it, “milk’s leap toward immortality,” here it is death on a plate.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. 跳; 冲动的行动
vt. 跳过，跃过; 使跳跃
n. 跳跃，飞跃; 跳跃的距离
时态：leapt, leaping, leaps
分布：跃(76%)，跳跃(20%)，跃过(4%)
→来自古英语lepen,跳，词源同elope,gallop.可能进一步来自klei,弯，转，倾斜，词源同lean,incline.引申词义弹跳的姿势，跳跃。
v.跳,跳跃n.跳跃,飞跃The reaper leaped over a heap of cheap weapons.收割者跃过一堆廉价的武器.
verb (leapt or leaped, leapt or leaped)
MOVE SUDDENLY 突然移动
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to make a large jump or sudden movement, usually from one place to another 跳，跳跃
• He leapt out of his car and ran towards the house. 他跳下车朝那所房子跑去。
• I leaped up to answer the phone 我跳起来去接电话。
• The dog leapt over the gate into the field. 狗越过大门朝田野跑去。
[li:p] verb (leapt or leaped, leapt or leaped)
HAPPEN SUDDENLY 突然发生
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to provide help, protection etc. very quickly 快速提供（帮助、保护等）
• He leapt to his friend's defence. 他立即为他的朋友进行辩护。
• Scott leapt to the rescue when he spotted the youngster in difficulty. 斯科特一发现那孩子处境艰难就立即出手帮忙。
• Mr Davies leapt in to explain. 戴维斯先生赶忙出来解释。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to achieve something, usually fame, power or importance, suddenly 一举获得（常指名望或权势）
• Rufus Sewell leapt to fame after his lead performance as Will Ladislaw in the BBC's production of Middlemarch. 鲁弗斯‧休厄尔因主演英国广播公司出品的《米德镇的春天》中的威尔‧拉迪斯劳而一炮走红。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to increase, improve or grow very quickly 激增；猛涨；快速提高
• Shares in the company leapt 250%. 公司的股票大涨250%。
[li:p] verb (leapt or leaped, leapt or leaped)
  Phrasal Verbs  leap at sth
■to eagerly accept the chance to do or have something 赶紧抓住，迫不及待地接受
• When I offered her the job, she leapt at it. 我刚一提出要给她这份工作，她立即就接受了。
[li:p] verb (leapt or leaped, leapt or leaped)
  Phrasal Verbs  leap out at sb
■If something leaps out at you, you notice it immediately 立即进入（某人）的视线
• As I turned the page his picture leapt out at me. 我刚翻过那一页，他的照片立即映入我的眼帘。
[li:p] noun countable
SUDDEN CHANGE 突然改变
■a big change, increase or improvement 巨变；激增；提高
• a leap in profits 利润激增
• It takes quite a leap of the imagination to believe that it's the same person. 让人相信这是同一个人着实要费一番脑筋。
[li:p] noun countable
MOVEMENT 运动
■a large jump or sudden movement 跳，跳跃；突然的动作
• With one leap he crossed the stream. 他一跃，跳过了小溪。
[li:p] noun countable
by/in leaps and bounds
■If someone or something gets better by/in leaps and bounds, they improve very quickly 非常迅速地
• Her Spanish has come on (= improved) in leaps and bounds this year. 今年她的西班牙语水准提高得很快。
[li:p] noun countable
a leap in the dark
■something you do without being certain what will happen as a result 轻举妄动，莽撞举动
• I had very little information about the company, so writing to them was a bit of a leap in the dark. 我对该公司了解得很少，所以给他们写信有些莽撞。
skip, hop, spring, bound, leap, jump
这组词都有“跳，跳跃”的意思，其区别是：
skip: 指两脚交替轻地跳或跨的动作。
hop: 指单脚短跳或双足猛力的动作。也指小鸟、青蛙等的跳。
spring: 更强调有力和弹跳的运动。
bound: 多指向前向上或向下跳跃、奔跳。
leap: 常可与jump换用，但侧重身体猛力向上升起并朝前急冲的动作，有时含突然的意味。
jump: 是普通用词，指用双脚向上跳，向下跳，或在同一平面上跳到有一定距离的某一点上，或跳过。
vi. 跳，跳跃
 - jump, dance
n. 飞跃；跳跃
 - jump, spring, bound
vt. 跳跃，跳过；使跃过
 - jump, clear

Word: technological
Front: technological
[ˌteknə'lɒdʒɪkl] (3771/4223 -2)
Vocabulary: technological
(once / 1972 pages)
adj
The adjective technological describes something that’s based in science and applied to everyday life to solve problems. If you network your computers at home to make it easier to share files, you’re using your technological skills.
The root of technological comes from the Greek word tekhnologia, meaning “systematic treatment,” and a systematic, scientific approach is still behind modern technological developments. What makes something technological — rather than scientific — is the practical application of the science. The technological advances of the last decades have touched nearly every aspect of life, including how you stay in touch with friends, how you gather and analyze information, how your food is produced, and even how you listen to your music.
WORD FAMILY
technological: technologically+/technologist: technologists/ technology: technological, technologies, technologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
NBC News reports that the “technological disruption” started at 5 p.m.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
Samsung, the icon of South Korean technological prowess, suffered global humiliation with its recent recall of exploding Galaxy Note 7 smartphones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The first thing about futurism that surprised me is that practitioners don’t think much about technological change.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 技术上的; 工艺（学）的; 因技术革新而造成的
分布：工艺的(55%)，科技的(45%)
US [-'lɑ:.dʒɪ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to, or involving, technology 技术的，关于或涉及技术的
• Technological advances in computing and telecommunications will reduce the need for many people to travel to work. 随着电脑及通讯技术的进步，许多人将不必再出门上班了。
technological, technical
这是一组形近易混词。
technological: a.技术上的。
 • a major technological breakthrough   主要技术性突破
technical: a.技术的，工艺(学)的；专门的，深奥的。
 • The banker made some technical points about the economy in his speech.   银行家在他的关于经济的演说中提出了几个很专业的论点。

Word: practical
Front: practical
[ˈpræktɪkl] (高研四六托雅 2281/1259 -K3)
Vocabulary: practical
(once / 73 pages)
adj
A stapler is a practical object––it has a use. A hand-crocheted stapler cozy designed to keep a stapler warm at night? Not practical at all.
The word practice, in the sense of "doing," is embedded in the word practical, which is all about "doing." "Is it practical?" means, is it good to do this? Does it have a use? Will it work? Silk shoes in a rainstorm? They're just not practical. A London Fog raincoat? Definitely practical.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
practical / practicable
Choosing between practical ("sensible") and practicable ("possible") often depends on context.
Quiz time! Choose your words:
Luxury gifts are out this Christmas – with practical/practicable presents now topping most people's wish lists.
Health Amendment Act 2007 required councils to take all practical/practicable steps to ensure drinking water complied with drinking water standards.
The Torah contains 613 commandments, many of which we call ritual because they don't fulfill a practical/practicable or moral purpose.
In the first sentence, the presents on people's wish lists are sensible or reasonable. They're practical. Here's another example:
The problem with personal budgets is practical, not ideological.
The second sentence refers to steps that can actually be put into practice, steps that are achievable. They're practicable:
He failed to take all practicable steps to ensure his actions did not cause harm to any other persons.
‎The third quiz sentence talks about three types of commandments: those concerned with religious ceremonies (ritual), those concerned with a sense of right and wrong (moral), and those concerned with things able to be put to use. That last group was labeled practical in the original sentence. But if those commandments, such as returning lost objects, are ones that we can put into use, aren't they also practicable, commandments that are feasible? In a word: sometimes. Context can be everything.
When faced with a choice between practical and practicable, look at the context around the word. Do you mean to say that a thing is sensible? Choose practical. Do you want to say it is possible? Choose practicable. Out of context, sometimes either word will do.
WORD FAMILY
practical: impractical, practicality, practically +/impracticability: impracticabilities/impracticable: impracticability, impracticableness, impracticably/ impractical: impracticality, impractically/impracticality: impracticalities/practicability: practicabilities/ practicable: impracticable, practicability, practicableness, practicably/ practicality: practicalities/ practice: practicable, practical, practiced, practices, practicing/practiced: unpracticed
USAGE EXAMPLES
These may not be the most practical or, to many, desirable suggestions.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The Americans were practical. They were looking after their own self-interest,” she said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Gary Eaker, who worked as a practical nurse in the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 实践的，实际的; 可实现的，实用的; 注重实际的; 可用的
分布：实际的(53%)，实用的(42%)，实践考试(3%)，明智的(1%)，事实上的(1%)
→来自practice,实践。
a.实际的,实用的The exact contact with practice has practical impact on me.同实践的密切接触对我有实际的影响.
adjective
EXPERIENCE 经验
 IMPROVER
■relating to experience, real situations or actions rather than ideas or imagination 实际的；实做的；有实际经验的
• Qualifications are important but practical experience is always an advantage. 资历固然重要，但实际经验总是个优势。
• The service offers young people practical advice on finding a job. 这项服务为年轻人提供就业方面的实用建议。
• What's the use of theoretical knowledge that has no practical application ? 理论知识如果没有实际应用又有甚么用呢？
for all practical purposes
■in reality 实际上
• Dr Frampton is in charge, but for all practical purposes, her assistant runs the office. 理论上是弗兰普顿博士负责，但实际上是她的助手在管理办公室。
['præk.tɪ.kəl] adjective
SUITABLE 适合的
■suitable for the situation in which something is used 适合的，实用的
• I tend to wear clothes that are practical rather than fashionable. 我喜欢穿实用而非时髦的衣服。
• Heavy boots aren't very practical for running. 厚重的靴子不太适合跑步。
Opposite impractical
['præk.tɪ.kəl] adjective
EFFECTIVE 有效的 approving
■able to provide effective solutions to problems 实用的，有效的；能解决问题的
• She has a lot of interesting ideas, but they're not very practical. 她有很多有意思的想法，但都不太实用。
• We need someone practical who can cope with a crisis. 我们需要一个能够切实应付危机的人。
Opposite impractical
['præk.tɪ.kəl] adjective
POSSIBLE 可能的
■able to be done or put into action 可实施的，切实可行的；切合实际的
• [+ to infinitive] It's simply not practical to divide the work between so many people. 把这份工作分给这么多人是完全不切实际的。
Opposite impractical
['præk.tɪ.kəl] noun countable
■a class or examination in a scientific or technical subject in which students do things rather than just write or talk about them 实践课，实验课；实验考核
• We had to dissect a worm and a frog in our biology practical today. 今天的生物实验课上，我们得解剖一条蚯蚓和一只青蛙。
practical, feasible, practicable, pragmatic
practical: a.实践的，实用的，实际的，指未经过实践检验的事物，如计划、项目等。
 • She felt that most of what she learned in the course was of no practical use.   她感到在课上学到的大部分知识都没有实际用途。
feasible: a.可行的，行得通的，用来表示实施后可以成功的。
 • Your work plan is feasible, so we can build the bridge immediately.   你的工作计划是可行的，所以我们可以马上修建那座桥。
practicable: a.能实施的，可行的，只表示一种可能性，但是实施后的效果不一定理想。
 • Their marriage was so bad that divorce seemed the only practicable solution.   他们的婚姻是如此的糟糕以至于离婚似乎是唯一可行的解决办法。
pragmatic: a.讲究实际的，实用的，务实的，强调用常识解决实际问题，不追求不切实际的目标。
 • He would like to be a doctor, but he has a pragmatic attitude and realizes that he cannot afford medical school.   他想成为一名医生，但是他很实际，知道自己上不起医学院。
realistic, practical, feasible, reasonable
realistic: 符合实际的，现实的
practical: 实际的，现实的，实用性的
feasible: 可行的，适当的
reasonable: 合理的，有道理的，适当的
adj. 实际的；实用性的
 - actual, effective, real, pragmatic, positive

Word: queen
Front: queen
[kwi:n] (中高研四六 43081/1223 -K4)
Vocabulary: queen
(once / 46 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5n
In a monarchy, a queen is the female ruler of the country. Whether you are the Queen of England or the queen of a honey bee colony, you are the female in charge.
A queen inherits the title and the job, either from her father (the king) or her mother (the queen). Sometimes the term "queen consort" is used for a king's wife — in this case, the queen isn't the ruler, but merely married to the guy in charge. Many fairs, festivals, and other events crown an honorary queen, so you might be crowned the butter queen at the state fair. There's a queen in chess, the most powerful piece on the board, and a deck of cards has four queens. The most important bee in a colony is also a queen.
WORD FAMILY
queen: queened, queening, queenlike, queenly +/ queenly: queenlier, queenliest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Unlike most homes in the area, the Queen Anne-style home still has most of its original layout, with 12-foot ceilings and grand parlors.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
That coup de grace contained something that is akin to the holy grail in chess – a queen sacrifice.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Harry is on a two-week tour of the Caribbean that is also a celebration of the queen’s Queen 90th birthday.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 女王; 王后; 杰出女性; （纸牌中的）王后， （国际象棋中的）后
vt. 立…为王后（或女王）; 使…成为国王的妻子; [国际象棋]使（兵）成为后
时态：queened, queening, queens
分布：女王(66%)，王后(34%)
→来自古英语cwen,女人，妻子，王后，女王，来自gwen,女人，通常指比较高贵出身的 女人，词源同gynecology,gynarch.
n.女王,皇后,王后The teenagers in the canteen are keen to see the queen sitting between the green screens in the greenhouse.食堂里的少年们巴望见到坐在温室里的绿色屏风间的女王.
noun countable
WOMAN 女人
 ESSENTIAL
■a woman who rules a country because she has been born into a royal family, or a woman who is married to a king 女王；王后
• How long did Queen Victoria reign ? 维多利亚女王在位多久？
• The Queen is meeting the Prime Minister today. 今天女王要接见首相。
■any woman who is considered to be the best at what she does 杰出的女性，女杰
• She's the reigning queen of crime writers. 她是当今首屈一指的犯罪小说作家。
■the most powerful piece on the board in the game of chess （国际象棋中的）后
■in a group of insects, a single large female that produces eggs （一群昆虫中产卵的）后，王
• a queen bee 蜂王
• a queen ant 蚁后
• a queen wasp 黄蜂王
■in a set of playing cards, a card with a picture of a queen on it. It is usually worth less than a king. （纸牌中的）皇后
[kwi:n] noun countable
HOMOSEXUAL 同性恋者 slang offensive
■a homosexual man, especially an older man, whose way of behaving is noticeable and artificial （举止明显像女人的）同性恋男子；（尤指）老同性恋男子
• James is such an old queen. 詹姆斯是一个老同性恋者。
n. 女王，王后；（纸牌中的）皇后；（蜜蜂等的）蜂王
 - Regina, lady in waiting

Word: intervene
Front: intervene
[ˌɪntəˈvi:n] (研六托雅宝 5091/3956 -2)
Vocabulary: intervene
(once / 266 pages)
1v 2v
From the Latin "intervenire," meaning “to come between,” the verb intervene means just that: to get involved, to jump in the middle of something, to interfere.
The verb intervene was first recorded around 1600. Since then there haven't been many interventions in its meaning or usage. You should probably intervene in a heated verbal fight between two of your friends before it escalates and gets physical. Especially if they're debating the United States’ habit of intervening in international conflicts.
WORD FAMILY
intervene: intervened, intervenes, intervening, intervenor, intervention +/intervenor: intervenors/ intervention: interventions, nonintervention
USAGE EXAMPLES
By intervening, however, the central government would risk reigniting the passions that flared in 2014 when demonstrators paralysed business districts with sit-ins for several weeks.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
In an interview, a journalist asked Mr Sitthisat whether the military might intervene after the election.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
And that created what was a momentarily awkward and uncomfortable scene as Reed pushed Clark and then Clark pushed back before teammates intervened.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 阻碍; 出面; 插嘴; 介于…之间
时态：intervened, intervening, intervenes
分布：干预(60%)，介入(17%)，干涉(15%)，调停(5%)，插入(2%)，阻挠(1%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-ven,来到，词源同venal,advent.即来到中间的，引申词义干扰，干预。
干涉(inter+vene走→走在二者之间→干涉)[inter-表示"在…之间,相互"]
干涉,介入(inter中间+ven+e→走到中间来→干涉)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
v.(in)干涉,干预;插入,介入The man with mittens intermittently intervened the remittance.戴连指手套的人间歇地介入汇款.
【记】inter中间，vene来到－来到中间－干涉
【参】interference（n 冲突；干涉）；interlace（vt 使交织；使交错）
US [-tˌɚ-] verb intransitive
GET INVOLVED 卷入
 ADVANCED
■to intentionally become involved in a difficult situation in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse 干涉，干预；调停
• The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today to try to stabilize the exchange rate. 中央银行今天对货币市场进行了干预，试图稳定汇率。
• [+ to infinitive] The Minister intervened personally to stop the museum being closed. 部长亲自干预以阻止博物馆的关闭。
UK [ˌɪn.tə'vi:n] US [-tˌɚ-] verb intransitive
COME BETWEEN 发生于其间
■to happen between two times or between other events or activities 发生于其间
• Two decades intervened between the completion of the design and the opening of the theatre. 从设计完成到剧场投入使用相隔20年。
intervene, disturb, interrupt, interfere
这组词都有“干扰”的意思，其区别是：
intervene: v.干涉，干预，较为正式，常指带有行动的干预；此外，还有"调停"的意思。
 • Would you intervene if you saw a parent hit a child?   要是你看到家长打孩子你会干预吗？
disturb: v.打扰，妨碍。常指失去了正常的状态或导致困难产生。
 • Bad dreams disturbed her sleep.   噩梦妨碍她的睡眠。
interrupt: v.打扰，打断，阻碍。常有"使……停止(中断)"的意思。
 • His speech was constantly interrupted by applause.   他的讲话频频被掌声所打断。
interfere: v.干涉，妨碍。常指干涉或妨碍他人(的事)，着重指有影响，当"干涉"讲时，后多接in，当"妨碍，打扰"时后多接with。
 • It's unwise to interfere between husband and wife.   干涉别人夫妇间的事是不明智的
meddle, intervene, interfere
这组词都有“干涉，干预”的意思，其区别是：
meddle: 指干预与自己毫不相关的事或不属于自己职责范围的事，隐含未经许可或授权。可与interfere换用。
intervene: 书面用词，指介入争端，进行调停，也指干涉他人之事。
interfere: 侧重指无权或未获允许而妨碍、阻扰、干涉他人之事。
vi. 干涉；调停；插入
 - influence in, meddle in

Word: bureaucrat
Front: bureaucrat
[ˈbjʊərəkræt] (6933/7948 -2)
Vocabulary: bureaucrat
(once / 971 pages)
n
A bureaucrat is an administrative official who works for the government. You brought the budget office bureaucrat a book about literacy, hoping to convince him you need more funding for the library.
The word bureaucrat comes from bureaucracy, which means a system of government where state officials make decisions instead of elected ones. In America, bureaucrat often has a negative ring to it because some people think they make procedures too complicated and time-consuming — driving people crazy but ensuring they, the bureaucrats, stay busy processing it.
WORD FAMILY
bureaucrat: bureaucracy, bureaucrats+/ bureaucracy: bureaucracies, bureaucratic / bureaucratic: bureaucratically
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was not a youthful horse thief, though he once spent two days in jail for being rude to a local bureaucrat.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Both traded on voters’ frustration with what they perceived as pointy-headed bureaucrats telling them how to live their lives.
The New Yorker(Dec 28, 2016)
Moreover, even as the department’s bureaucracy grew and its budget ballooned, none of those bureaucrats taught any students anything.
Washington Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 官僚; 官僚主义，官僚主义者
分布：官僚(94%)，官僚作风的人(6%)
官僚(bureau+crat)[cracy=rule,表示"统治或政体";crat=ruler,表示"统治者"]
US ['bjʊr.ə-] noun countable
■someone working in a bureaucracy 官僚
• It turned out she was one of those faceless bureaucrats who control our lives. 后来发现她就是那些控制我们生活的冷酷的官僚中的一个。

Word: earthquake
Front: earthquake
[ˈɜ:θkweɪk] (高研四六托 4261/6891 -2)
Vocabulary: earthquake
(once / 406 pages)
n
If you're visiting your friend in California and her house starts to shake, you might be experiencing an earthquake, which is the shaking of the surface of the earth that happens when there's movement deep underground.
Earthquake is one of those words that means exactly what it sounds like: the earth is quaking. Earthquakes happen along "fault lines," the places where the big plates of the earth meet and rub up against each other during volcanic activities. We also use earthquake metaphorically, to talk about something that causes a violent upheaval.
WORD FAMILY
earthquake: earthquakes
USAGE EXAMPLES
And earthquake monitors said there was no temblor.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Geological Survey says the back-to-back earthquakes hit Monday morning near Pawnee, about 75 miles northeast of Oklahoma City.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s always reason to be concerned for a bigger earthquake,” Hauksson said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地震; 大变动; 动乱
分布：地震(100%)
→earth, 地球。-quake, 震动。
n.地震Early I searched through the earth for earthware so as to research in earthquake.早先我在泥土中搜寻陶器以研究地震.
US ['ɝ:θ-] noun countable
■a sudden violent movement of the Earth's surface, sometimes causing great damage 地震
• In 1906 an earthquake destroyed much of San Francisco. 1906年的大地震给旧金山大部分市区带来毁灭性的灾难。
n. [地震] 地震；大动荡
 - temblor, seismic event

Word: ball
Front: ball
[bɔ:l] (中高 912/1121 -K4)
Vocabulary: ball
(once / 129 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
Always round, often bouncy, a ball is a vital part of many games and sports, from soccer to four square to ping pong.
The most common ball is the kind you hit, kick, bat, or duck and avoid on a playground, court, or field. In fact, most sports involve a ball in one way or another. Another fun kind of ball is a grand party that usually includes dancing, food, live music, and guests dressed up in glamorous clothing. These two meanings have different origins — the "fancy dance" kind of ball comes from a Greek root, ballizein, "to dance or jump about."
WORD FAMILY
ball: balled, balling, balls
USAGE EXAMPLES
The highly sought recruit has committed to play college ball for the hometown Toledo Rockets.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He has produced eight runs of 20-plus yards and some big passing plays, though he hasn’t been particularly consistent with the deep ball.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Leigh will try her hand at some lost tricks from the past, like the Okito floating ball, in which a ball hovers about the stage.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 球; 棒球（投手投出的）坏球; 拇指球; 舞会
vt. 做成球状，使成团块; （指男性）和（女性）交媾（美式英语）
vi. 呈球形，成团块; [美国俚语、口语]狂欢作乐，消遣; 尽情作乐，尽情地玩
时态：balled, balling, balls
分布：球(87%)，舞会(10%)，球状物(1%)，炮弹(1%)，呈球状(1%)
→1.球，来自PIE *bhel(2), 膨胀，鼓，词源同bawl, 碗。
n.球(状物);(正式的)舞会vt.把...捏成球状That guy is really on the ball.那个人的确很在行.
US [bɑ:l] noun countable
ROUND OBJECT 圆物
 ESSENTIAL
■any object in the shape of a sphere, especially one used as a toy by children or in various sports such as tennis and football 球；球状物
• a beach/golf/tennis ball 沙滩球／高尔夫球／网球
• Just try to concentrate on hitting the ball. 尽量集中精神，只想着击球。
• The kitten curled itself into a ball (= the shape of a ball). 小猫蜷缩成一团。
■a long piece of thread that has been rolled into a ball 线团
• a ball of string/wool 线团／毛线球
■The ball of your foot or thumb is the rounded part where the toes join the foot and the thumb joins the hand. 拇指球；大脚趾球
UK [bɔ:l] US [bɑ:l] noun countable
DANCE 跳舞
■a large formal occasion where people dance 舞会
• Did you go to the Summer Ball last year? 去年你有参加夏日舞会吗？
UK [bɔ:l] US [bɑ:l] noun countable
the ball is in sb's court
■If the ball is in someone's court, they have to do something before any progress can be made in a situation 轮到（某人）作出反应（或采取行动）
• It's up to you what to do - the ball is in your court now. 要做甚么取决于你——现在就看你的了。
UK [bɔ:l] US [bɑ:l] noun countable
be on the ball
■to be quick to understand and react to things 机灵，灵敏
• I didn't sleep well last night and I'm not really on the ball today. 我昨晚没有睡好，所以今天反应迟钝。
UK [bɔ:l] US [bɑ:l] noun countable
have a ball informal
■to enjoy yourself very much 尽情狂欢
• "So how was the party last night?" "Oh, it was brilliant, - we had a ball!" “昨晚的舞会怎么样？”“啊，很棒，我们玩得很高兴！”
UK [bɔ:l] US [bɑ:l] noun countable
start / set / get the ball rolling
■to do something which starts an activity, or to start doing something in order to encourage other people to do the same 着手做，开始做；带头做
• I decided to set the ball rolling and got up to dance. 我决定带头，就站了起来跳舞。
UK [bɔ:l] US [bɑ:l] noun countable
a whole new ball game
■a completely different situation, often one which is difficult or which you know little about 完全不同的情况，完全是另一回事（尤指难事或自己不甚了解的事情）
• We'd done a lot of climbing in Scotland but the Himalayas were a whole new ball game. 我们之前在苏格兰登过不少山，但攀登喜马拉雅山则完全是另一回事。
ball, dance
这组词都有“舞会”的意思，其区别是：
ball: 多指社交性的舞会，场面较为隆重和正式。
dance: 指一般性的非正式舞会。
n. 球；舞会
 - dance, globus

Word: tea
Front: tea
[ti:] (中高雅 2164/1140 -K4)
Back: n. 茶水; 茶; 茶树; 午后小吃
vt. 给…沏茶
vi. 喝茶
分布：茶(85%)，茶叶(8%)，茶树(5%)，茶点(2%)
→来自马来语 teh,据说是来自厦门闽南语 t'e,原先拼做 chaa,最终来自汉语茶。
n.茶(叶);午后茶点I nearly fear to tear the tearful girl's test paper.我几乎害怕撕那个泪流满面的女孩的试卷.
noun
DRINK 饮料
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■(a drink made by pouring hot water onto) dried and cut leaves and sometimes flowers, especially the leaves of the tea plant 茶；茶叶
• China/Indian tea 中国／印度茶
• iced/lemon tea 冰茶／柠檬茶
• a selection of herbal teas 多种花草茶
• I'd love a cup of tea, please. 请给我来一杯茶。
• "Shall I pour the tea?" "No, let it brew (= get stronger) a while." “要我把茶倒上吗？”“不用，再泡一会儿。”
• Tea and biscuits will be provided at 11 o'clock. 11点会提供茶点。
• How do you like your tea - strong or weak ? 你喜欢喝甚么样的茶——浓的还是淡的？
• We sat in the shade of a tree, sipping tea and eating scones. 我们坐在树阴下，边品茶边吃烤饼。
• I'm not much of a tea drinker. 我不怎么喝茶。
• UK informal How about a nice cup of tea? That'll make you feel better. 来杯好茶怎么样？喝完了你会感觉好些的。
countable
■a cup of tea 一杯茶
• Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
[ti:] noun
MEAL 餐
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a meal that is eaten in the early evening and is usually cooked 午后餐
uncountable
■a small meal eaten in the late afternoon, usually including cake and a cup of tea 午后茶点
[ti:] noun
tea and sympathy old-fashioned
■kindness and sympathy that you show to someone who is upset 安慰和同情
• It's time for action, not just tea and sympathy. 是采取行动的时候了，光有安慰和同情是不够的。
[ti:] noun
would not do sth for all the tea in China old-fashioned
■used to say that nothing could persuade you to do something 绝对不做，无论如何都不做
• I wouldn't take that job for all the tea in China. 我决不会去做那个工作。
n. 茶叶；茶树；茶点
 - tealeaf, refreshments

Word: publisher
Front: publisher
[ˈpʌblɪʃə(r)] (3072/2711 -3)
Vocabulary: publisher
(once / 254 pages)
n
A builder builds. A dancer dances. A publisher publishes — which is to say, oversees the printing, editing and, most importantly, the selling of books, magazines, websites, and even music.
It's a matter of debate who is more important at a magazine, the editor or the publisher, but I'm sure you could get convincing arguments for either. The editor is in charge of content, while the publisher runs the business side of things and often owns the operation, too. The publisher of a newspaper is often also the owner. When a writer wants to get their book published — printed and sold — they send it to a publishing house, which may become the book's publisher.
WORD FAMILY
publisher: publishers+/ publication: publications/ publish: publication, publishable, published, publisher, publishes, publishing, republish/publishable: unpublishable/ published: unpublished /publishing: publishings/republication: republications/republish: republication, republished, republishes, republishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Berger’s publisher, Verso Books, also tweeted in reaction to his death:
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Taiwan’s Education Ministry says high schools teach World War II history, with specific knowledge depending on which publisher’s textbooks a school picks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Much of the publishers’ unease is rooted in Google’s presentation of AMP stories, which appear as if they are Google articles.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 出版者，出版商，出版社; 公布者，发表者; 〈美〉办报者
分布：出版社(58%)，出版者(25%)，发行人(17%)
US [-ʃɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an organization which prints text or music 出版商，出版社；发行机构
■an employee of a publishing company who has responsibility for deciding what is published 出版者
n. [图情] 出版者，出版商；发行人
 - issuer, bookmaker

Word: scrutiny
Front: scrutiny
[ˈskru:təni] (研六托雅 4964/5038 -2)
Vocabulary: scrutiny
(once / 447 pages)
n
Scrutiny is when you look at something really closely, like when you are checking a test for mistakes. Scrutiny can also be an intense look, like when your mother looks at you — trying to tell if you might be lying.
Scrutiny comes from the Latin scrutari, which means “to search,” but which originally meant, “to sort trash.” The most common usage of scrutiny is in the phrase “under scrutiny." When your work is under scrutiny, it’s like your teacher is looking for any trash that can be edited out. If your outfit is under scrutiny, your mom is checking to see if your skirt is long enough for school; she’s making sure you don’t look trashy.
WORD FAMILY
scrutiny: scrutineer, scrutinies, scrutinise, scrutinize +/scrutineer: scrutineers/scrutinise: scrutinised, scrutiniser, scrutinises, scrutinising/scrutiniser: scrutinisers/ scrutinize: scrutinized, scrutinizer, scrutinizes, scrutinizing/scrutinizer: scrutinizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Andrew Puzder, a restaurant executive set to serve as labor secretary, will face scrutiny for past comments on the minimum wage, among other policies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But, like any invisible authority, such systems should be open to scrutiny.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But how the reprieve became public Thursday drew scrutiny from open-government advocates and others.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 细看，细阅; 仔细的观察; 监督
分布：监视(55%)，细看(39%)，周密的调查(6%)
→来自拉丁语 scrutinium,检查，搜查，查问，来自 scrutari,检查，搜查，来自 scruta,碎片，垃 圾，来自 skreu,扩大形式于 sker,砍，切，词源同 shear,shred,scrap.比喻用法，原义 为从垃圾堆里搜寻有用之物，引申诸相关词义。
n.周密的调查;仔细看;监视;选票复查Every product under goes a close scrutiny.每件产品都经过仔细的检查.
【反】casual glance（偶然一瞥）
US [-tˌən.i] noun uncountable
■the careful and detailed examination of something in order to get information about it 细看，仔细审查
• The Government's record will be subjected to/come under (close) scrutiny in the weeks before the election. 政府的作为将在选前几个星期接受审查。
n. 详细审查；监视；细看；选票复查
 - observation, monitoring, surveillance, watch

Word: reinforce
Front: reinforce
[ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:s] (研四六托雅宝 3329/2839 -2)
Vocabulary: reinforce
(once / 391 pages)
v
To reinforce means to make stronger. You can reinforce your roof by putting some extra supports under it.
Besides a physical structure, there are many things you can reinforce. If you want to reinforce a message, you can say it louder, rephrase and repeat it or give examples of what you expect. You use dog biscuits to reinforce certain behaviors in your dog. Bad experiences will reinforce your fears, good ones your hopes. And when military leaders reinforce their troops, they send additional soldiers to the front.
TASTY MORSELS
Joseph Gordon-Levitt "Reinforces" Word Meaning
When he's not singing "High Hopes" with Daniel Radcliffe at the Oscars, you can find Joseph Gordon-Levitt exploring the meaning of reinforce with the muppet Murray Monster on "Sesame Street."
Have fun watching. And remember: thinking about a word's meaning, or creating a visual like this one, is a great word-learning technique. That's why we've created explanatory "word blurbs" for the words you're learning on Vocabulary.com.
Sometimes our blurbs will give you a visual image, like Gordon-Levitt does when he reinforces the padding around his watch with bubble wrap. Other times our blurbs will introduce a memory trick, or give you an etymological insight, or break the word into parts that reveal meaning. The blurbs are written to sound like a friend or your favorite English teacher is speaking to you, but if it helps to imagine Gordon-Levitt in the room with you instead, go for it!
(You can also check out Casey Affleck on careful, Colin Farrell on investigate, Jerry O'Connell on observe, and Mark Ruffalo on empathy.)
WORD FAMILY
reinforce: reinforced, reinforcement, reinforcer, reinforces, reinforcing+/ reinforcement: reinforcements/reinforcer: reinforcers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Williams said Pickens’ comments about the fired employees “not fitting in” reinforces a long history of African-Americans not being allowed into elite, private-club settings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The temptation will be, once again, to defend liberal values by reinforcing the institutions of liberalism.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
First, these policies are aimed at creating reinforcing feedback loops that will further empower progressive policymaking.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 加固; 强化; 增援
vi. 求援; 得到增援; 给予更多的支持
n. 加强; 加固物; 加固材料
时态：reinforced, reinforcing, reinforces
分布：加强(64%)，加固(21%)，增强(13%)，使更具说服力(1%)，得到加强(1%)
→re-,再，重新，in-,进入，使，force,力量。
加强,巩固(re再次＋in＋force→再次增加力量)[fore,fort=storng,表示"强大,力量"]
v.增援,加强The enforced law reinforced that forced divorce is forbidden.实施的法律强化了禁止强迫离婚.
【记】re再，in进入，force（n 力量）
【反】undermine（v 暗中破坏）；subvert（v 暗中破坏）
US [-'fɔ:rs] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make something stronger 加固；使更结实
• The pockets on my jeans are reinforced with double stitching. 我牛仔裤的裤兜缝了两道线，很结实。
 ADVANCED
■If something reinforces an idea or opinion, it provides more proof or support for it and makes it seem true 强化，加深，进一步证实（观点、看法等）
• The final technical report into the accident reinforces the findings of initial investigations. 对事故作出的最终的技术性报告进一步证实了最初的调查结果。
• His behaviour merely reinforced my dislike of him. 他的行为只能使我更讨厌他。
■to provide an army with more soldiers or weapons to make it stronger 增援；加强…的力量；给…增强装备
• The garrison is to be reinforced with/by another two battalions of soldiers. 守备部队将得到另外两个营的增援。
increase, reinforce, intensify, strengthen, aggravate
这组词都有“加强”的意思，其区别是：
increase: v.指数量上的增加。
 • The number of people has been increased.   人数增加了。
reinforce: v.增援，一般用于军队或警察的行动；(以添加材料等)加固。
 • A police officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed to reinforce him.   一位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银行，用无线电话要求增援。
intensify: v.使变得更强烈、剧烈，加剧，相当于to become more intense or intensive。
 • intensify colors   加深色彩intensify hatred加深仇恨
strengthen: v.加强，巩固，增强，相当于to become stronger。
 • Exercising every day strengthens the heart.   每天锻炼可以提高心脏的功能。
 • Competition, they believe, strengthens the national character rather than corrupt it.   人们认为竞争加强了民族性而不是破坏了它。
aggravate: v.加重(负担、罪行、病情等)，使之恶化。
 • I hurt my foot, then aggravated it by trying to walk too soon.   我的脚受伤了，而过早的下地走路又加重了伤情。
enlarge, stretch, expand, reinforce, magnify, amplify
enlarge: v.扩大，多指具体物品如相片的放大。
 • enlarge photograph   放大照片enlarge a house扩建房屋
stretch: v. (有弹性地)伸展，延伸，并有可能超过限度；伸长、伸出(身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)。
 • The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.   这件套头毛衣我穿了几次之后就撑大了。
 • Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, stretching themselves.   完成了早间工作之后，职员们站到桌子后面伸伸懒腰。
expand: v.指范围、体积的扩大、增大，也可以指内容或细节的充实。
 • The balloon expanded, then exploded.   气球先是膨胀，然后就爆破了。
reinforce: v.增援，加固。
magnify: v.放大，指用透镜或显微镜使物体看上去大一些。
 • His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.   他借助眼睛把字放大以便能够阅读。
amplify: v.扩大，增加，尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声音扩大；补充叙述(故事、事件等)。
 • We must ask you to amplify your statement.   我们得请你对你的说法作进一步的说明。
vt. 加强，加固；强化；补充
 - enhance, cement, muscle, supply, build up
n. 加强；加固物；加固材料
 - strengthening, armoure

Word: capitalist
Front: capitalist
[ˈkæpɪtəlɪst] (7856/3472 -2)
Vocabulary: capitalist
(once / 731 pages)
1adjn 2n
Someone who hopes to profit by investing money or financing business ventures is a capitalist. A nation's economy is described as capitalist if it's based on private ownership and profit.
The word capitalist appeared in 1791, taken from the French word capitaliste. A capitalist is someone who believes in the economic philosophy of Capitalism, a system of privately-owned, for-profit businesses. A capitalist might believe in free enterprise and the individual’s ability to gain wealth through intelligence and hard work. Capitalist can also be used to describe a self-interested, every-man-for-himself approach to the world.
WORD FAMILY
capitalist: capitalists+/ capital: capitalise, capitalism, capitalize, capitally, capitals/capitalisation: capitalisations, overcapitalisation/capitalise: capitalisation, capitalised, capitalising, overcapitalise/ capitalism: capitalist, capitalistic/capitalistic: capitalistically/ capitalization: capitalizations/ capitalize: capitalization, capitalized, capitalizes, capitalizing, overcapitalize/overcapitalise: overcapitalising/overcapitalize: overcapitalization, overcapitalized
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Venture capitalists say, ‘Hey, it’s great, but I only do biotech.’
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The valuations created a chasm between what venture capitalists bet a company would be worth and what IPO investors are willing to pay.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
BERKELEY, Calif. — A decade ago, a group of biologists, venture capitalists and computer whizzes gathered under the name “clean tech.”
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 资本家; 资本主义者; <口>有钱人，财主
adj. 资本主义的; 有资本的; 资本家的
分布：资本家(55%)，资本主义的(34%)，资本主义者(8%)，有资本的(3%)
资本家(的)(capital资本)[-ist表名词"表示信仰,专家或从事某活动的人"以-ist结尾的单词,不少同时可作形容词用]
US [-tˌəl-] noun countable
■someone who supports capitalism 资本主义者
■someone who has a large amount of money invested (= given hoping to get more back) in a business 资本家
UK ['kæp.ɪ.təl.ɪst] US [-tˌəl-] adjective (also capitalistic)
■based on the system of capitalism 资本主义的
• a capitalist economy/country 资本主义经济／国家
n. 资本家；资本主义者
 - bourgeois

Word: outrage
Front: outrage
[ˈaʊtreɪdʒ] (研六托宝 5684/6948 -2)
Vocabulary: outrage
(once / 250 pages)
nv
If you consider how people are treated in airports an outrage, you get really angry over airport security or the price of airport food. Six dollars for a piece of pizza? What an outrage!
Something is an outrage when it is shocking and makes you angry. Stealing from an orphanage? That's an outrage. Sometimes outrage leads to action. Public outrage over the latest political scandal often makes the news.
WORD FAMILY
outrage: outraged, outrageous, outrages, outraging+/ outrageous: outrageousest, outrageously, outrageousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The man who sparked outrage last year by hiking the price of a life-saving drug may have met his match in some Australian schoolboys.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
While Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton’s management of her State Department emails triggered massive GOP outrage, Russia’s interventions in our election trigger random statements.
Washington Post(Nov 30, 2016)
Instead, it has fueled outrage and brought the country’s culture of official impunity into glaring focus.
Time(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 义愤; 愤慨; 暴行; 骇人听闻的事件
vt. 引起…的义愤，激怒; 凌辱，强奸; 虐待，迫害; 违反
时态：outraged, outraging, outrages
分布：愤怒(67%)，暴行(14%)，义愤(11%)，激怒(5%)，凌辱(3%)
→来自古法语outrage,伤害，损害，过度，无礼，来自拉丁语ultra,超过，词源同ultrasonic,ulterior.引申词义愤怒，愤慨等。
粗暴,暴行(out+rage怒气→怒气外露→粗暴)[out-①表示"超过,过度"②表示"出去,过时"]
暴行,残暴(out出+rage→作出疯狂的事→残暴)[roge=mad,表示"疯狂"]
n.暴行,侮辱,愤怒v.凌辱,引起...义愤,强奸I was outraged by the whole proceeding.整个事件使我感到愤慨.
noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a feeling of anger and shock 愤慨，义愤
• These murders have provoked outrage across the country. 这些谋杀事件激起了全国公众的愤慨。
• Many politicians and members of the public expressed outrage at the verdict. 许多政治家和公众人物表达了对这判决的愤慨。
 ADVANCED countable
■a shocking, morally unacceptable and usually violent action 暴行；（道义上）难以接受的事情；骇人听闻的行为
• The bomb, which killed 15 people, was the worst of a series of terrorist outrages. 炸弹炸死了15人，这是恐怖主义者一系列暴行中最严重的一次。
• [+ that] It's an outrage (= it is shocking and morally unacceptable) that so much public money should have been wasted in this way. 这么多公款竟然被如此挥霍，真是岂有此理。
['aʊt.reɪdʒ] verb transitive
■(especially of an unfair action or statement) to cause someone to feel very angry, shocked or upset （尤指不公平的行为或言论）使感到义愤，使愤慨，激怒
• Local people were outraged at the bombing. 当地人对轰炸感到非常愤怒。
• A proposed 5% pay cut has outraged staff at the warehouse. 减薪5%的提议激怒了仓库的员工。
n. 愤怒，愤慨；暴行；侮辱
 - anger, despite, wrath
vt. 凌辱，强奸；对…施暴行；激起愤怒
 - ravish

Word: photograph
Front: photograph
[ˈfəʊtəgrɑ:f] (中高四六托雅 1481/1611 -K4)
Vocabulary: photograph
(once / 116 pages)
nv
When you take a picture with a camera, the result is a photograph, a picture of your subject created by a special medium’s exposure to light. The first photographs were created on metal plates coated with a special chemical.
Although photography as we know it did not emerge until the 19th century, the word photograph evolved from the ancient Greek words phot-, "light," and graph-, "writing," which were combined to create the word for taking pictures — "light writing." Nowadays we take our photographs with electronic cameras, recording, transferring, and storing the pictures digitally. Times change, and while many people still enjoy using film cameras, they are becoming increasingly rare, and certain types of films are no longer produced.
WORD FAMILY
photograph: photographed, photographing, photographs, photography+/photographer: photographers/photographic: photographically/photography: photographer, photographic, photographies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still another tabloid doctored photographs to suggest Mr. Gülen is a Roman Catholic prelate.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The photographer began travelling the world armed with different-sized tents in which to photograph smaller animals like birds and lizards.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The charming canine stories and photographs guided me through those dark years, to a happier job and happier days.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 照片，相片
vt. & vi. 为…拍照; 拍照，摄影; 成为拍照对象，在照片上显得
时态：photographed, photographing, photographs
分布：相片(92%)，给 ... 照相(4%)，被照相(4%)
→phot-,光，-graph,写，记录。即把光记录下来，引申词义照相，相片。
相片(photo光+graph→用光写→相片)[graph,gram=write,表示"写,图"]
【记】photo光，graph写－把光写在纸上－照片
【参】photosynthesis（n 光合作用）photo＋synthesis；photics（n 光学）
US ['foʊ.tˌoʊ.græf] noun countable (informal photo)
 ESSENTIAL
■a picture produced using a camera 照片，相片
• a colour/black-and-white photograph 彩色／黑白照片
• aerial photographs 空中照片
• nude photographs 裸体照片
• My parents took a lot of photographs of us when we were small. 我们小的时候，父母拍了很多我们的照片。
UK ['fəʊ.tə.grɑ:f] US ['foʊ.tˌoʊ.græf] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to take a picture using a camera 摄影，照相
• I prefer photographing people rather than places. 与拍风景相比，我更喜欢拍人物照。
• [+ obj + -ing verb] MacKay was photographed leaving the building. 麦凯离开大楼时被拍了下来。
photograph well/badly
■to appear attractive/unattractive in photographs 上镜／不上镜
vi. 拍照；在照片上显得
 - take a photo, to take a picture
n. 照片， [摄] 相片
 - picture, pix

Word: sceptical
Front: sceptical
[ˈskeptɪkl] (高研六雅宝 37694/6418 -2)
Back: adj. 怀疑的; 怀疑论者的
分布：怀疑的(100%)
UK (ALSO US skeptical) ['skep.tɪ.kəl] adjective
 ADVANCED
■doubting that something is true or useful 怀疑的，持怀疑态度的
• Many experts remain sceptical about/of his claims. 很多专家对他的主张仍然持怀疑态度。
adj. 怀疑的；怀疑论的；习惯怀疑的
 - skeptical, suspicious

Word: cup
Front: cup
[kʌp] (中高雅 780/749 -K5)
Vocabulary: cup
(once / 65 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A cup is a vessel used for drinking. Your grandmother might make it a habit never to go to bed without a cup of warm milk.
A cup is like a small bowl with a handle. It's also a unit of measurement in cooking — if a recipe calls for a cup of water, it's the same as eight ounces. If you cup your hands, you form them into a cup shape, which you do when you hold a baby bird or cup your hand to whisper to your friend. If you say, "Polka music's not my cup of tea," it means you don't love it.
WORD FAMILY
cup: cupful, cuplike, cupped, cupping, cups+/cupful: cupfuls/cupping: cuppings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He started concentrating on that fix at the World Cup in Australia, where he teamed with Rickie Fowler to finish tied for second.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Day previously worked with the U.S. men’s ski team, coaching Ted Ligety to four world titles and two World Cup giant slalom globes.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
United States national men’s soccer team wins, 1-0, on dramatic goal in Trinidad and qualifies for World Cup on final day.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 杯子; 一杯（的量）; （胸罩的）罩杯; 优胜杯
vt. 使（手）窝成杯状; 使（双手）成圆状托起; 为…拔火罐
时态：cupped, cupping, cups
分布：杯子(76%)，奖杯(17%)，罩杯(4%)，把某物放入杯中(1%)，使成杯形(1%)，一杯之量(1%)
→来自keup,鼓起，膨胀，词源同cooper.
n.杯子;奖杯,优胜杯;(一)杯,一杯的容量The cube in the tubular cup occupies one cubic meter.筒状杯中的立方体占有一个立方米(的体积).
noun
DRINKING CONTAINER 饮料容器
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a small round container, often with a handle, used for drinking tea, coffee, etc. 杯子（常带有柄）
• a cup and saucer 一套杯碟
• a plastic/paper cup 塑胶／纸杯
• a coffee cup/teacup 咖啡杯／茶杯
countable US
■a container which holds nearly a quarter of a litre of liquid, used for measuring when cooking （容量约为升的）量杯
[kʌp] noun
SPORT 体育运动
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a specially designed cup, usually with two handles and often made of silver, which is given as a prize in a sports competition, or a game or match in which the winner receives such a cup 奖杯；杯赛
• Sheila won this cup in the school squash championship. 这奖杯是希拉参加学校的壁球锦标赛获得的。
• The Davis Cup is an important championship. 戴维斯杯是一项重大的网球锦标赛。
[kʌp] noun
CONTAINER 容器
countable
■a bowl-shaped container 碗状容器
• an egg cup 盛蛋杯
countable
■the size of the two parts that support the breasts in a woman's bra (= piece of underwear) （乳罩的）罩杯
• "What size bra do you wear?" "A 'C' cup." “你戴多大尺寸的胸罩？”“C罩杯。”
countable US (UK box)
■a curved piece of hard plastic which is worn by men while playing sports to protect their outer sex organs （男子运动时穿的）塑胶护罩，下体护身
[kʌp] noun
DRINK 饮品
countable or uncountable
■a mixture of several types of drink, often including one which is alcoholic, which is often drunk at parties and usually served from a bowl （常含酒精的）混合饮品
• a strawberry/cider cup 草莓／苹果酒
[kʌp] noun
not be sb's cup of tea
■If something or someone is not your cup of tea, they are not the type of thing or person that you like 非（某人）所好；不合（某人）心意
• Thanks for inviting me, but ballet isn't really my cup of tea. 谢谢你邀请我，不过我不大喜欢看芭蕾。
[kʌp] verb transitive (-pp-)
■to hold your hands in the shape of a cup, often around something （用手）做成杯状
• She gently cupped the small injured bird in her hands. 她双手合起轻轻捧着受伤的小鸟。
mug, cup, glass
这组词都有“杯，杯子”的意思，其区别是：
mug: 通常指周边垂直，不用茶托的有柄大瓷杯或大金属杯。
cup: 指有柄，用来饮茶或咖啡等的瓷杯。
glass: 指玻璃制的杯子，用来盛酒和牛奶等东西。
n. 杯子；奖杯；酒杯
 - aleyard, tumblerful

Word: dictator
Front: dictator
[dɪkˈteɪtə(r)] (六宝 6740/11395 -2)
Vocabulary: dictator
(once / 518 pages)
1n 2n
A dictator is someone who has absolute power — or who at least behaves as if they do by bossing others around.
In government, a dictator is a ruler who has total control over a country, with no checks or balances to prevent abuse of power. Dictator can also describe someone who acts like that on a smaller scale. When your sister is getting married and your mom makes her order roses instead lilies for the table arrangements and yells at you for addressing the invitations too slowly and insists that all of her coworkers be invited, she’s acting like a dictator.
WORD FAMILY
dictator: dictatorial, dictators, dictatorship +/ dictate: dictated, dictates, dictating, dictation, dictator / dictation: dictations/dictatorial: dictatorially/ dictatorship: dictatorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The deaths of boxer Muhammad Ali and Cuban dictator Fidel Castro transcended race in their impact.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
In exchange, the U.S. offered Iran antitank missiles to aid in its war against Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
In Egypt it fretted over the toppling of Hosni Mubarak and welcomed his eventual replacement by another pro-American military dictator.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 独裁者; 专制者; 发号施令者; 专横的人
分布：独裁者(100%)
→来自词根dict, 说，命令，词源同dictionary.
发命令者;独裁者(dictate+or→发命令者)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
独裁者(dict命令+ator)[-ator表名词,通常由ate结尾的动词而来,"做事的人或物]
US ['dɪk.teɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable mainly disapproving
■a leader who has complete power in a country and has not been elected by the people 独裁者，暴君
■humorous or disapproving
■a person who gives orders and behaves as if they have complete power 独断专行者；专权者
• My boss is a bit of a dictator. 我的老板是个有点独断专行的人。
n. 独裁者；命令者
 - autarch, Big Brother

Word: invent
Front: invent
[ɪnˈvent] (中高研四六 3398/3639 -K2)
Vocabulary: invent
(once / 99 pages)
v
To invent is to create for the first time or make up. If you tell your friends that you invented the electric guitar, you are inventing a pretty unbelievable story about your past.
When you think of the word invent, think of Thomas Alva Edison who invented the long-lasting light bulb, the motion picture camera, the phonograph, and the stock ticker. That's a lot of inventions! You couldn't invent a better story of American ingenuity, could you?
WORD FAMILY
invent: invented, inventing, invention, inventive, inventor, invents, reinvent +/ invention: inventions/ inventive: inventively, inventiveness, inventivest, uninventive/ inventor: inventors/ reinvent: reinvented, reinventing, reinvents/uninventive: uninventively
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story begins a long, long time ago, so long ago, the internet wasn’t really invented.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Robert Alvarez said the proposal invented a problem that did not exist.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Vatican spokesman Greg Burke tells The Associated Press the quotes are “invented.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 发明，创造; 虚构
时态：invented, inventing, invents
分布：发明(94%)，捏造(6%)
→in-,进入，使，-vent,来，来到，词源同advent,venture.即来到，到达，引申词义找到，发现，后来进一步指发明，创造。
发明,创造(in进+vent→走进来→发明出)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
v.发明,创造;捏造,虚构Watt invented the steam engine.瓦特发明了蒸汽机.
verb transitive
NEW DESIGN 创造
 IMPROVER
■to design and/or create something which has never been made before 发明，创造
• The first safety razor was invented by company founder King C. Gillette in 1903. 第一把安全剃刀由公司创办人金恩‧坎普‧吉列于1903年发明。
[ɪn'vent] verb transitive
NOT TRUE 虚构
 IMPROVER
■to create a reason, excuse, story etc. which is not true, usually to deceive someone 捏造，编造，虚构
• But I didn't invent the story - everything I told you is true. 但我没有胡编——我告诉你的都是真的。
invent, compose, make, create, design, produce
这组词都有“创造”的意思，其区别是：
invent: 主要用于科技领域，指通过思考、研究或实验制造出新的前所未有、极为有用的东西。
compose: 多指音乐或诗歌、画的创作。
make: 最普通用词，指任何东西的创作或制造。
create: 侧重创造出来的东西以前并不存在，或者指独具特色的创作。
design: 主要指在艺术或技术领域的创作设计，强调构思多于实际制造。
produce: 指产品的生产，或作品创作的完成。
invent, discover, find out
invent: 发明本来不存在的物体,
discover: 发现本来存在但不为人所知的东西,
find out: 发现,查明 At last he found out the truth.
vt. 发明；创造；虚构
 - father, coin

Word: tom

Word: carolina
Front: carolina
[ˌkærə'laɪnə] (-/12408)
Back: n. 卡罗莱纳州，（美国）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: bitter
Front: bitter
[ˈbɪtə(r)] (中高研四托雅 3580/3095 -K3)
Vocabulary: bitter
(once / 67 pages)
1adjnv 2adj 3adjadv 4n
If you usually drink your coffee with lots of cream and sugar in it, you might be surprised at how bitter plain black coffee can taste. Bitter means "having a sharp or harsh flavor."
Bitter describes a particular pungent taste, like the sharpness of very dark chocolate (which is sometimes called bittersweet for its mixture of the two flavors). If you imagine taking that bitter taste on your tongue and turning it into an emotion, you've got another meaning of bitter: a resentful, angry feeling. And if you turn that bitter flavor into a physical feeling, you've got an adjective that describes a sharp, unpleasant sensation, like a cold, bitter wind.
WORD FAMILY
bitter: bittered, bitterer, bitterest, bittering, bitterish, bitterly, bitterness, bitters, unbitter+/bitterness: bitternesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
He replaced Commissioner Susan Bitter Smith, who stepped down as the state Supreme Court was considering removing her because of a conflict of interest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most were still bitter over Boudin’s release and felt that Clark deserved to remain in prison.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
It was less than a year ago that it emerged from bankruptcy under new management after a bitter court fight and began staging operas again.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 苦的; 尖锐的; 严寒的; 怀恨的，愤愤不平的
n. 苦; 苦味物; 苦啤酒; [航]系缆柱上的一圈缆索
adv. 激烈地; 痛苦地; 严厉地
vt. 使变苦
时态：bittered, bittering, bitters
分布：苦的(34%)，苦涩(20%)，痛苦的(15%)，激烈的(14%)，激烈地(4%)，辛酸的(4%)，使变苦(3%)，苦酒(2%)，苦的东西(2%)，极其(2%)
→词源同bite, 咬，撕裂。后指酸，苦。
a.(有)苦(味)的;痛苦的,厉害的This orange tastes bitter.这个桔子有点苦.
US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] adjective
ANGRY 愩怒，怒气
 IMPROVER
■describes a person who is angry and unhappy because they cannot forget bad things which happened in the past 充满仇恨的；极为不满的
• I feel very bitter about my childhood and all that was denied me. 我对童年和曾被剥削的一切感到怨恨。
• She'd suffered terribly over the years but it hadn't made her bitter. 多年来她受尽了苦，但她并不怨恨。
 IMPROVER
■describes an experience that causes deep pain or anger 使人痛苦的；令人愤怒的
• Failing the final exams was a bitter disappointment for me. 期末考试不及格令我非常痛苦。
• She learnt through bitter experience that he was not to be trusted. 她从痛苦的经历中意识到他不可信。
 IMPROVER
■expressing a lot of hate and anger 充满仇恨和愤怒的；激烈的
• a bitter fight/row 激烈的战斗／争吵
• bitter recriminations 激烈的反诉
• He gave me a bitter look. 他狠狠地瞪了我一眼。
UK ['bɪt.ər] US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] adjective
TASTE 味道
 ADVANCED
■with an unpleasantly sharp taste 苦的，有苦味的
• a bitter flavour/taste/liquid 苦味／苦味液体
UK ['bɪt.ər] US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] adjective
COLD 寒冷的
■describes weather that is extremely cold, especially in a way that causes physical pain （天气）严寒的，（尤指）刺骨的
• a bitter wind 刺骨的寒风
• Wrap up warmly - it 's bitter outside. 穿暖和些——外面特别冷。
UK ['bɪt.ər] US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] adjective
the bitter fruits of sth
■the unpleasant result of something 恶果；不好的结局
• The unemployed are tasting the bitter fruits of the market economy. 失业人士正承受市场经济的苦果。
UK ['bɪt.ər] US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] adjective
a bitter pill (to swallow)
■something that is very unpleasant but which must be accepted 不得不吞的苦果；必须接受的残酷事实
• Losing to a younger player was a bitter pill to swallow. 输给了更为年轻的对手是残酷的事实。
UK ['bɪt.ər] US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] adjective
to the bitter end
■until something is finished 坚持到底；拼到底
UK ['bɪt.ər] US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] noun uncountable UK a type of dark brown beer with a bitter taste 苦啤酒
• a pint of bitter 一品脱苦啤酒
Compare mild
bitters
■a strong bitter alcoholic drink made from spices and plant products that is mixed with other alcoholic drinks 苦味酒
adj. [食品] 苦的；痛苦的；尖刻的；充满仇恨的
 - painful, hurt
n. [食品] 苦味；苦啤酒
 - gall
adv. 激烈地；严寒刺骨地
 - strongly, hotly

Word: marine
Front: marine
[məˈri:n] (研四六托雅宝 4916/3580 -3)
Vocabulary: marine
(once / 295 pages)
adjn
If it has to do with the ocean or sea, you can call it marine. Your friend in US Armed Services who is a Marine probably spends a lot of time near the ocean.
Marine life is everything that lives in the water: plants, fish, sharks, algae, crabs, seahorses, giant squid, and the list goes on and on. When you study things that live in or near the sea, you are either a marine biologist or just really excited about ocean life. If you work in a field that deals with the ocean, boats, sailors or the navy you could be, for instance, a marine meteorologist.
WORD FAMILY
marine: marineer, submarine +/ antisubmarine: antisubmariner/ submarine: antisubmarine, submarined, submariner, submarines, submarining/submariner: submariners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two years ago, Sieswerda discussed with the Guardian increased sightings around New York City of whales and other large marine creatures, including great white sharks.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Last session, he submitted a draft on combating Maine’s marine debris that eventually became law, and he plans to submit another draft on the issue.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Preserving the largest protected marine park in South Puget Sound for salmon, wildlife and public access on Anderson Island.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 海的; 海产的; 海军的; 海事的
n. 水兵; 海军陆战队士兵; 海事，海运业
分布：船舶(47%)，海的(13%)，海运业(9%)，海生的(9%)，海事的(8%)，航海的(8%)，水兵(6%)
→来自mare,海，-ine,形容词后缀。
海的(marin+e)[Marin=sea,表示"海洋"]
海的(mar海+ine)[-ine 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或女人"3.表名词"状态,药物等"]
a.海的,海生的;船舶的,航海的Seals and whales are marine animals.海豹和鲸鱼是海中的动物.
【记】submarine（n 潜水艇）sub下面，marine海
【参】maritime（adj 海上的；海员的）
adjective [before noun]
■related to the sea or sea transport 海（洋）的；航海的；海运的
• The oil slick seriously threatens marine life around the islands. 浮油严重威胁着岛屿周围的海洋生物。
• Marine biologists are concerned about the effects of untreated sewage that is flowing into coastal waters. 污水未经处理就排到近海海域，海洋生物学家对其后果十分担心。
• One plane, a marine F18, was lost in the raid. 突袭行动中损失了一架F18舰载战斗机。
• The Central harbour area will be closed to all marine traffic from 3.45 pm to 4.30 pm. 中央海港区将于下午3时45分至4时30分关闭，严禁所有海上船只进出停留。
⇒ See also maritime
[mə'ri:n] noun countable
■a soldier who works closely with the navy and is trained especially for military operations on land which begin from the sea 海军陆战队士兵
adj. 船舶的； [海洋] 海生的；海产的；航海的，海运的
 - nautical, sea-born
n. 海运业；舰队；水兵；（海军）士兵或军官
 - shipping industry, bluejacket

Word: gradually
Front: gradually
[ˈgrædʒuəli] (高四六 2961/2325 -K)
Back: adv. 逐步地，渐渐地; 按部就班地; 日趋; 冉冉
分布：逐渐地(100%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■slowly over a period of time or a distance 逐步地，逐渐地；平缓地
• Gradually, she realized that he wasn't telling her the truth. 她渐渐地意识到他不跟她说实话。
• The bank slopes gradually down to the river. 河岸平缓地向下一直延伸到水边。
adv. 逐步地；渐渐地
 - stage by stage, step by step

Word: overcome
Front: overcome
[ˌəʊvəˈkʌm] (高研四六托雅 2707/2462 -K3)
Vocabulary: overcome
(once / 166 pages)
v
Use the verb overcome when you talk about someone who has triumphed over adversity. It's great to see a friend who's always struggled in school overcome his learning disabilities and make the honor roll.
You can also be overcome with emotions, or overwhelmed by your feelings. Many people feel so overcome with sadness at a movie — or happiness at a wedding — that they regret not bringing a pile of tissues with them. The verb overcome also means to win or surpass. If you are going to win the marathon, you are going to have to overcome the five runners still ahead of you.
WORD FAMILY
overcome: overcame, overcomer, overcomes, overcoming+/overcomer: overcomers
USAGE EXAMPLES
That won’t be enough for them to overcome their quarterback issues later in the playoffs.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“I’m interested in military topics, masculine hobbies, hard, tough, extreme things, things that require you to overcome physical discomfort,” he said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
To overcome those challenges, the new community plan focuses on the trolley line, particularly the Beyer Boulevard Station one stop north of the border.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 战胜，克服; 压倒，制服，…不堪
vt. 被（烟、感情等）熏[压]倒，使受不了
vi. 受到…的极大影响
时态：overcame, overcome, overcoming, overcomes
分布：克服(85%)，战胜(11%)，获胜(2%)，使受不了(1%)，赢(1%)
→over-,在上，超过，come,来到。原义为赶上，超过，引申词义克服，战胜。
战胜,克服(over+come来→来到上面→战胜)[over-①表示"过度,过分"②表示"在……之上"③表示"翻转"]
v.战胜,克服The firm fireman first overcame thirst desire.坚定的消防员首先克服口渴欲望.
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] (overcame, overcome)
verb
DEAL WITH 对付
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with something 克服；战胜；攻克；解决
• Juventus overcame Ajax in a thrilling match. 尤文图斯队在这场扣人心弦的比赛中，战胜了阿贾克斯队。
• to overcome difficulties/obstacles/problems/resistance 克服困难／障碍／难题／阻力
• Eventually she managed to overcome her shyness in class. 她终于克服了上课时的羞怯。
• Twenty thousand demonstrators sang "We shall overcome" as they marched through Washington today. 今天，两万名示威者高唱著「我们会胜利”在华盛顿街头游行。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'kʌm] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] (overcame, overcome)
verb
UNABLE TO ACT 不能行动
   transitive usually passive
■to prevent someone from being able to act or think in the usual way 使受不了；使无法行动（或思考）
• They were overcome by fumes from the fire and had to be carried out of their houses. 他们被大火的浓烟熏倒，不得不被抬出家门。
• Overcome with/by emotion, she found herself unable to speak for a few minutes. 她激动得难以自持，有好几分钟说不出话来。
undergo, overcome, overthrow, withhold
undergo: 经受、经历、遭受
overcome: 克服、战胜；
overthrow: 推翻、颠覆；
withhold: 压住、制住、抑制；
defeat, beat, overcome, conquer, subdue, overthrow
这组词都有“征服，战胜”的意思，其区别是：
defeat: 普通用词，多指在战争、比赛、竞选或辩论中战胜对手，侧重胜利的暂时性。
beat: 口笔语均可用，可与defeat换用。
overcome: 多指战胜或克服非物质的东西，如困难和不良习惯等。语气较弱也可指在斗争或竞争中战胜或压倒对方。
conquer: 侧重战胜和控制。书面用词。
subdue: 正式用词，与conquer同义，但强调失败后的臣服状态；也可用作借喻，表克制、压抑感情、欲望等。
overthrow: 指彻底击败对手，使其丧失力量和地位。
vt. 克服；胜过
 - exceed, cap, surmount
vi. 克服；得胜
 - rise above, get over sth

Word: prosecution
Front: prosecution
[ˌprɒsɪˈkju:ʃn] (宝 3605/2989)
Vocabulary: prosecution
(once / 563 pages)
n
You know the lawyers who try to make the jury believe the guy on trial for stealing the bananas actually stole the bananas? That team of lawyers is known as the prosecution.
The entire process of trying to convict someone of a crime is known as the prosecution, and if convicted, you may face prosecution. Any words with the root prosecute are connected to trying to prove someone’s guilt. You might often hear about "the prosecution's case" — that's their evidence. Or you might hear about a "prosecution witness" — someone who is supposed to tell jury members something that will convince them of the defendant's guilt.
WORD FAMILY
prosecution: prosecutions+/ prosecute: prosecuted, prosecutes, prosecuting, prosecution, prosecutor / prosecutor: prosecutors
USAGE EXAMPLES
“People are looking for a visible clampdown in China and results in terms of arrests and prosecutions.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That case is part of an overall increase in prosecutions of officers in fatal shootings in the two years since Ferguson.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“If this were a criminal case, ‘The Case Against Sugar’ would be the argument for the prosecution,” Taubes writes.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 控告，起诉，检举; 原告及其律师的总称; 实施，实行，执行，贯彻，营业; 从事
分布：起诉(84%)，原告(11%)，实行(5%)
→来自prosecute,检举，起诉，控告。
【记】pro前，secu跟随，tion：跟随你，发现你的罪行－检举
【参】persecute（v 迫害）
US [ˌprɑ:.sɪ-] noun
LEGAL 法律
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when someone is prosecuted （被）起诉；（被）检举；诉讼
• A number of the cases have resulted in successful prosecution. 这些案件中有数宗是最后成功提起诉讼的。
• Doctors guilty of neglect are liable to prosecution. 怠忽职守的医生很可能会被起诉。
the prosecution only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
 ADVANCED
■the lawyers in a trial who try to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime 控方律师，原告律师
• His plea of guilty to manslaughter was not accepted by the prosecution. 他关于过失杀人罪的抗辩没有被原告律师接受。
• The prosecution alleged that he lured the officer to his death by making an emergency call. 原告律师宣称他拨打报警电话，将那个警官诱入死地。
UK [ˌprɒs.ɪ'kju:.ʃən] US [ˌprɑ:.sɪ-] noun
CONTINUE 继续
uncountable formal
■When a person or group continues to take part in a planned set of activities, especially a war 把…进行到底，继续参与（尤指战争）
n. 起诉，检举；进行；经营
 - going on, operation, litigation, process, conduct

Word: recommend
Front: recommend
[ˌrekəˈmend] (高研四六托 1688/1578 -K4)
Vocabulary: recommend
(once / 117 pages)
v
If you recommend a person or thing is to vouch for them. Recommend can also be to advise. If your doctor recommended an exercise program to you that's changed your life, you might recommend your doctor to your friends.
Recommend is connected to the verb commend "to praise." They are both spelled with one c and two m's, reflecting the prefixes re- and com-. These verbs overlap in some uses: you can recommend or commend an applicant for employment. But commend is used for special or public praise: "He was commended for bravery."
WORD FAMILY
recommend: recommendation, recommended, recommending, recommends+/ commend: commendable, commendation, commended, commending, commends, recommend / commendable: commendably/ commendation: commendations/ recommendation: recommendations
USAGE EXAMPLES
As part of its advice, National Debtline recommends that consumers:
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
To reduce the risk of pneumonia, two vaccines are recommended for people age 65 and older: Prevnar 13 first, followed by Pneumovax a year later.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
While not a candidate for surgery, he was recommended for chemotherapy in conjunction with radiation therapy.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 推荐; 劝告; 使显得吸引人; 托付
vi. 推荐; 建议
时态：recommended, recommending, recommends
分布：推荐(54%)，建议(39%)，劝告(4%)，使受欢迎(2%)，使可取(1%)
→re-,表强调，commend,推荐。
赞扬;推荐(re+commend赞扬→一再赞扬)[re-①表示"向后,相反,不"②表示"一再,重新"]
v.推荐,介绍;劝告,建议The mender recommends me to amend the legend agenda.修理工建议劝告我修改传奇议程.
【记】源于：commend（v 称赞；推荐）
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to suggest that someone or something would be good or suitable for a particular job or purpose, or to suggest that a particular action should be done 推荐，介绍；建议
• I can recommend the chicken in mushroom sauce - it's delicious. 我可以向您推荐蘑菇汁鸡肉——这道菜非常可口。
• She has been recommended for promotion. 已经有人推荐给她升职。
• The headmistress agreed to recommend the teachers' proposals to the school governors. 女校长同意把这位老师的建议提请学校董事们考虑。
• [+ (that)] The doctor recommended (that) I take more exercise. 医生建议我多做运动。
• [+ -ing verb] I recommend writing your feelings down on paper. 我建议你把自己的感受写下来。
• The city has much/little to recommend it (= It has a lot of/few pleasant qualities). 这个城市可圈可点的地方很多／几乎没有。
[ˌrek.ə'mend] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  recommendWarning: Check your spelling! Recommend is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'c' and 'mm'.
[ˌrek.ə'mend] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  recommend When recommend is followed directly by another verb, that verb cannot be in the infinitive with 'to'. Do not say 'recommend to do something', say recommend doing something :
✗ I recommend to take an umbrella in case it rains. I recommend taking an umbrella in case it rains. You can also say recommend someone does something I recommend you take an umbrella in case it rains.
propose, prescribe, suggest, advocate, recommend
这组词都有“劝告、主张、建议”的意思，其区别是：
propose: 多指较正式地提出建议。
prescribe: 多指医生对病人在用药或饮食等方面的建议。
suggest: 语气较委婉，指提出不成熟的建议或参见意见。
advocate: 指公开表明对某事或某行为的完全赞同，语气强于recommend。
recommend: 指向对方提出公开的建议或规劝。
vt. 推荐，介绍；劝告；使受欢迎；托付
 - present, put in a good word
vi. 推荐；建议
 - put in a good word, advise

Word: external
Front: external
[ɪkˈstɜ:nl] (研四六托雅 2864/1870 -2)
Vocabulary: external
(once / 211 pages)
1adjn 2adj
If, as a kid, you didn’t get what you wanted on your birthday, you were probably told that external, or outward, things can’t bring happiness. (It’s a noble idea, but it’s still up for debate, at least in some circles.)
External contains the prefix ex- meaning “out of.” It shares this prefix with a number of other words including extraterrestrial (meaning “outside of Earth’s limits") and exclude (meaning “keep someone out”). The opposite of external is internal; again, as you’ve probably been told, it’s the internal things that really matter. What we’re wondering is: Does that include the leather interior in our dream convertible?
WORD FAMILY
external: externalise, externality, externalize, externally, externals+/externalise: externalisation, externalised, externalises, externalising/ externality: externalities/externalization: externalizations/ externalize: externalization, externalized, externalizes, externalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
People perceived the utterances of the right hemisphere as being external to them and attributed them to gods.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Political investment by major external powers is clearly critical for any ceasefire deal to succeed.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Along with software, you need a place to put those backed-up files, typically an external hard drive or network server.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 外面的，外部的; 表面上的; 外用的; 外国的
n. 外部，外面; 外观; 外部情况
分布：外部(81%)，外部的(10%)，外面的(3%)，外观(2%)，外来的(2%)，表面的(1%)，外界事物(1%)
→词源同exterior, 外在的。
外部的(exiern+al)[extr(e),exter=out表示"出去"]
a.外部的;客观的;外国的;表面的;[医]外用的The external and internal interference interrupts my interpretation at short intervals.内部和外部干涉以很短的间隔打扰我翻译.
US [-'stɝ:-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■of, on, for or coming from the outside 外面的；外表的；来自外部的
• the external walls of the house 房屋的外墙
• Female kangaroos carry their young in pouches that are external to their bodies. 雌袋鼠把幼鼠放在体外的育儿袋中。
• This cream is for external use only (= it must not be put inside the body). 这种药膏仅限外用。
• In later years, his paintings began to show a number of external influences (= influences coming from other people). 他晚年的画作开始表现出很多受其他画家影响的痕迹。
• Most news magazines have a section devoted to external affairs (= foreign news). 大多数新闻杂志都设有外国新闻专栏。
• You shouldn't judge people by their external appearances (= what they appear to be like). 不应该以貌取人。
⇒ See also exterior
outward, outer, exterior, external, outside
这组词都有“外部的”的意思，其区别是：
outward: 多指空间关系或方向上向外的。
outer: 主要提离开中心或内部较远的，或指比较在外的。
exterior: 强调位于事物的外表以上，但仍是该事物的一部分，较正式。
external: 指与其他物体分离或没有关系的外部，不涉及内容，只说明全然是外部的。
outside: 指超出某种界限之外的。
adj. [药] [动] 外部的；表面的；外用的；外国的；外面的
 - foreign, outer, outside, surface, out
n. 外部；外观；外面
 - outside, without, surface, face, garment

Word: collective
Front: collective
[kəˈlektɪv] (研四六托 3342/3132 -3)
Vocabulary: collective
(once / 536 pages)
1adjn 2adj
Collective is a word that describes a group of people acting together. A prom might turn into a smashing success through the collective efforts of the student body.
The word collective indicates a group, and is often used in opposition to the efforts or will of an individual. Your neighbor who is the only one on the block who refuses to mow her law? She's going against the collective. A commune is a type of collective living situation, in which several families might live together and contribute for the benefit of the whole. If you work well with others, then you appreciate how collective efforts can often result in better results.
WORD FAMILY
collective: collectively, collectives, collectivise, collectivism, collectivize+/ collect: collectable, collected, collectible, collecting, collection, collective, collector, collects, recollect / collected: collectedly, self-collected, uncollected/collectible: collectibles, uncollectible/collecting: collectings/ collection: collections/collectivise: collectivisation, collectivised/ collectivism: collectivisms, collectivist, collectivistic/collectivist: collectivists/collectivistic: collectivistically/collectivization: collectivizations/collectivize: collectivization, collectivized, collectivizing/collector: collectors/ recollect: recollected, recollecting, recollection, recollective, recollects/ recollection: recollections
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s not so much frustration,” Heat forward Justise Winslow said, talking about the team’s collective mood.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Women’s national soccer team finally agrees to new collective bargaining agreement when U.S.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite reeling from a collective gut punch, women who were opposed to President-elect Donald Trump channeled their sadness and rage into activism and organization.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 集体的; 共同的; 集合的; 集体主义的
n. [统]集体; [语]集合名词; 集团
分布：集体(85%)，集体的(11%)，共同的(4%)
集体的(collect+ive→集中到一起→集体的)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
n.集体a.集体的,共同的The invention is a collective effort.那项发明是集体努力的成果.
adjective [before noun]
■of or shared by every member of a group of people 集体的；共同的
• a collective decision/effort 共同的决定／努力
• collective responsibility/leadership 共同责任／集体领导
[kə'lek.tɪv] noun countable
■an organization or business which is owned and controlled by the people who work in it 联合组织；企业集团；集体企业
adj. 集体的；共同的；集合的；集体主义的
 - mutual, corporate, common, joint
n. 集团；集合体；集合名词
 - bloc, clan

Word: dance
Front: dance
[dɑ:ns] (中高 1671/2345 -K4)
Vocabulary: dance
(once / 51 pages)
nv
A dance is a series of movements — sometimes choreographed, but sometimes not — where the person moves in time to music. Rumba, tango, disco, swing, and ballet are all examples of types of dances.
If you move in a rhythmic manner — especially to music — you can use the verb dance to explain your actions. As a noun, a dance can be a social occasion, held by a school or by some other organization, where music is played and people gather to dance or just hang out. In fact, sometimes there is no actual dancing at a dance — especially when young teenagers feel awkward around one another.
WORD FAMILY
dance: danceable, danced, dancer, dances, dancing+/ dancer: dancers/dancing: dancings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Around us a ballroom of people were laughing and eating and dancing.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Her breakthrough video, Station, was shot, without permission, at a local railway station, with Nadia dancing nonchalantly on the tracks as a train pulled in.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Lily danced in the leaves while I spoke to a hippy from Turkey.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 跳舞; 舞会; 舞蹈艺术; 舞曲
vi. 跳舞; 手舞足蹈; 摇晃; 跳跃
vt. 使跳舞
时态：danced, dancing, dances
分布：跳舞(51%)，舞蹈(27%)，舞会(16%)，舞步(3%)，手舞足蹈(2%)，使跳跃(1%)
→来自tens, 展开，伸展，词源同tend, thin. 用来指舞蹈。
n.舞(蹈);舞曲,舞会v.跳舞;跳动I glimpsed the dancer balancing herself on the ambulance by chance.我碰巧瞥见舞蹈者在救护车上使自己保持平衡.
US [dænts] verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move the body and feet to music 跳（舞），舞蹈
• We danced all night. 我们跳了一夜的舞。
• We went dancing at a nightclub. 我们去夜总会跳舞。
• What sort of music do you like dancing to ? 你喜欢伴着哪种歌曲跳舞？
• Who was she dancing with at the party last night? 昨晚她在派对上跟谁跳舞？
• Can you dance the tango? 你会跳探戈吗？
intransitive literary
■to move quickly and lightly （轻快地）舞动；摇曳；跳动
• The daffodils were dancing in the breeze. 黄色水仙在微风中轻轻舞动。
• She watched the sunlight dancing on the water. 她注视着水面上的粼粼波光。
UK [dɑ:nts] US [dænts] verb
be dancing in the streets informal
■to be extremely happy about something that has happened 欣喜若狂，大喜；高兴得手舞足蹈
• Few people will be dancing in the streets about a two per cent pay rise. 很少有人会因薪水增了2%而欣喜若狂。
UK [dɑ:nts] US [dænts] verb
dance attendance on sb UK
■to do everything that someone asks you to and treat them as if they are special 讨好，迎合（某人）
• I can't stand the way she has to have someone dancing attendance on her the whole time. 我受不了她那种老要有人跑前跑后逢迎着她的作风。
UK [dɑ:nts] US [dænts] verb
dance to sb's tune
■to do what someone wants 顺从，服从（某人）；对（某人）唯命是从
UK [dɑ:nts] US [dænts] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when you move your feet and body to music 舞，跳舞
• We had a dance. 我们跳了一支舞。
• a dance class 舞蹈课
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a particular series of movements which you perform to music or the type of music which is connected with it 舞蹈，舞步；舞曲
• The band played a slow dance. 乐队演奏了一首舒缓的舞曲。
 ADVANCED countable
■a social occasion at which people dance, especially a formal occasion in a large room （尤指正式的）舞会
• They're having an end-of-term dinner-dance. 他们要举办一场期末餐舞会。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the art of performing dances, especially as a form of entertainment 舞蹈表演；舞蹈艺术
• The performers tell the story through song and dance. 演员们载歌载舞演绎了那个故事。
ball, dance
这组词都有“舞会”的意思，其区别是：
ball: 多指社交性的舞会，场面较为隆重和正式。
dance: 指一般性的非正式舞会。
n. 舞蹈；舞会；舞曲
 - ball, nautch
vi. 跳舞；跳跃；飘扬
 - flow, foot, jump, stream
vt. 跳舞；使跳跃
 - jump, bound
adj. 舞蹈的；用于跳舞的
 - orchestic, terpsichorean

Word: false
Front: false
[fɔ:ls] (高研四六 2516/2370 -K3)
Vocabulary: false
(once / 79 pages)
1adjadv 2adj 3adj
Something that's false is wrong or untrue. If you spread false rumors about a friend, you're telling lies.
When you read a fact in a textbook that you know is mistaken, you can describe it as false. Giving someone a false impression about your family's pizza place — implying that it's a fancy restaurant when it's really a take-out counter and a pizza oven — means you're giving the wrong idea. False can also mean "fake," as in false eyelashes or a false smile. It comes from the Old French fals, which is faux in Modern French: "false,fake, incorrect, or mistaken."
WORD FAMILY
false: falsehood, falsely, falseness, falser, falses, falsest, falsity +/ falsehood: falsehoods/falseness: falsenesses/ falsity: falsities
USAGE EXAMPLES
A widely shared story that claimed Pope Francis called for merging Islam and Christianity is false.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Airport officials said on Twitter that the false alarm was triggered by a bag in a screening device.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In some cases, the lies he told were so utterly, demonstrably false that they were almost funny.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 虚伪的; 不正的，非法的; 假造的，摹造的; 临时的
adv. 欺诈地; 叛卖地
分布：错误的(42%)，假的(37%)，虚伪的(9%)，不真实的(8%)，欺骗地(2%)，人造的(2%)
→来自拉丁语falsus,虚假，欺骗，词源同fail, fault.
US [fɑ:ls] adjective
NOT REAL 非真的
 ESSENTIAL
■not real, but made to look or seem real 假的；人工的
• false eyelashes/teeth 假睫毛／假牙
• Modern office buildings have false floors, under which computer and telephone wires can be laid. 现代办公楼都设有假地板，下面铺设电脑和电话线路。
UK [fɒls] US [fɑ:ls] adjective
NOT TRUE 不真实的
 ESSENTIAL disapproving
■not true, but made to seem true in order to deceive people 虚假的；伪造的
• She was charged with giving false evidence in court. 她被控在法庭上作伪证。
• When she was stopped by the police for speeding, she gave them a false name and address. 因超速驾驶被员警截停时，她报上假的姓名和地址。
• He assumed a false identity (= pretended he was someone else) in order to escape from the police. 为了逃避警方的追捕，他用了假身分。
under false pretences disapproving
■If you do something under false pretences, you lie about who you are, what you are doing, or what you intend to do, in order to get something 靠欺诈手段；以虚假的借口
• He was deported for entering the country under false pretences. 他因以虚假身分入境而被驱逐出境。
• If you're not going to offer me a job, then you've brought me here under false pretences (= you have deceived me in order to make me come here). 如果你不打算给我一份工作，那么你就是把我骗到这里来的。
UK [fɒls] US [fɑ:ls] adjective
NOT CORRECT 不正确的
 ESSENTIAL
■not correct 错误的
• "Three plus three is seven. True or false?" "False." “三加三等于七。对还是错？”“错。”
• The news report about the explosion turned out to be false. 有关爆炸的新闻报道后来发现有误。
• You'll get a false impression/idea of the town if you only visit the university. 如果你只参观大学，就会对这个镇产生错误的印象。
UK [fɒls] US [fɑ:ls] adjective
NOT SINCERE 不真诚的 disapproving
■not sincere or expressing real emotions 不真诚的；虚情假意的
• a false smile/laugh 虚情假意的微笑／大笑
• I didn't like her - she seemed a bit false. 我不喜欢她——她有点虚伪做作。
UK [fɒls] US [fɑ:ls] adjective
NOT LOYAL 不忠实的 literary disapproving
■A false friend is not loyal or cannot be trusted. 不忠诚的；不可靠的
false, fake
这组词都有“假的”的意思，其区别是：
false: 指说明某物与真的相像，强调看上去像真的，不一定用作冒充、谎骗。
fake: 指某物不是真的。
synthetic, false, artificial, man-made
这组词都有“人造的，非自然的”的意思，其区别是：
synthetic: 与artificial近义，但前者强调通过化学作用或化学处理把几种物质复制成与原材料截然不同的新产品。
false: 指因缺失而补上的替代物，有时也指伪装的。
artificial: 指模仿天然材料由人工制造的东西，侧重真伪对比。
man-made: 指完全用人工制造，不含仿造和真伪对比的意味。
adj. 错误的；虚伪的；伪造的
 - artificial, wrong, incorrect, improper, inaccurate
adv. 欺诈地
 - trickily

Word: deter
Front: deter
[dɪˈtɜ:(r)] (托雅宝 6645/5976 -2)
Vocabulary: deter
(once / 783 pages)
v
Deter means to discourage. Many believe that the use of capital punishment deters people from committing murder. Others think that is hogwash.
From the Latin de meaning "away" and terrere meaning "frighten," deter means to frighten away. "Hopefully the idea of being expelled will deter kids from cheating in school." Teddy Roosevelt's foreign policy dictum "walk softly but carry a big stick" was meant to deter other countries from messing with the United States.
WORD FAMILY
deter: determent, deterred, deterrent, deterring, deters+/determent: determents/deterred: undeterred/ deterrent: deterrence, deterrently, deterrents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Trump said in May that he would enter direct talks with Mr. Kim as a way to try to deter its nuclear-weapon development.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Mr. Obama also hinted at additional retaliation, possibly unannounced, and we believe it would be justified to deter future mischief.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Such actions should deter other leaders from letting bad behavior fester, lest they face the same fate in a culture like Japan's that abhors shame.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 阻止，制止; 使不敢; 使踌躇
vi. 阻止，威慑
时态：deterred, deterring, deters
分布：阻止(80%)，威慑(18%)，威吓(2%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-ter, 恐惧，词源同terrible,terrorist. 即使恐惧，威慑，震慑。
吓住,威慑(de不动+ter[=terr]→下得不动了→吓住)[terr=frighten表示"恐,怕"]
【记】读：低头－只有低着头才能产生威慑
【参】terror（n 恐惧）；determent（n 制止；威慑）
【反】spur（v 刺激）
US [-'tɝ:] (-rr-)
verb transitive
■to prevent from doing something or to make someone less enthusiastic about doing something by making it difficult for them to do it or by threatening bad results if they do it 阻挠，阻止；威慑；使不敢
• These measures are designed to deter an enemy attack. 这些措施旨在阻止敌人的进攻。
• High prices are deterring many young people from buying houses. 高昂的价格让很多年轻人对于买房屋望而却步。
vt. 制止，阻止；使打消念头
 - dispute, block, restrain

Word: spell
Front: spell
[spel] (中高研四六宝 4299/3382 -K3)
Vocabulary: spell
(once / 164 pages)
1v 2nv 3nv
A spell is a series of words that has magical powers. If you’re under a spell, then what you do is out of your control — your thoughts and actions are dictated by the spell.
Spell can refer to the magic words you say, or it can describe being under the influence of those words. You probably don’t encounter many magic spells in real life, but the word is often used figuratively to describe those times when you feel like a magical power controls your action. Of course, this word can also mean the verb "to spell" which refers to reciting the letters in a word, like the competitive spellers in a spelling bee.
WORD FAMILY
spell: misspell, spelled, speller, spelling, spells, unspell+/ misspell: misspelled, misspelling, misspells, misspelt/misspelling: misspellings/speller: spellers/spelling: spellings/unspell: unspelled
USAGE EXAMPLES
During a spell living in London during the 1960s, he met Mr Major, who became a lifelong friend.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The deadlock was broken in the 41st minute and sparked a short spell of footballing fancy dress.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
“I call it ‘truck-itis,’” said Mr. Spell, the former automotive editor for The Houston Chronicle.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 拼写; 导致，意味着; 组成（一个词）的字母是…
vi. 轮替
n. 符咒，咒语; 魅力; 一段时间; 轮班
时态：spelt, spelling, spells
分布：拼写(47%)，咒语(28%)，一段时间(7%)，魔力(6%)，导致(5%)，拼成(3%)，一阵发作(2%)，轮班(1%)，暂时代替(1%)
→来自古英语 spell,故事，叙述，寓言，来自 Proto-Germanic*spellam,说，告知，来自 spel, 说，念，吟诵，背诵。引申词义符咒，咒语，魔力等。词义拼写来自古法语同源词 espelir, 拼写，拼读，发音。
v.拼写Please tell me how to spell the word.请告诉我怎样拼这个字.
verb
FORM WORDS 构成单词
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive (spelled or UK AND Australian ENGLISH ALSO spelt, spelled or UK AND Australian ENGLISH ALSO spelt)
■to form a word or words with the letters in the correct order 用字母拼；拼写
• "How do you spell 'receive'?" "R E C E I V E". “receive 怎么拼？”“R-E-C-E-I-V-E。”
• Shakespeare did not always spell his own name the same way. 莎士比亚并非总是用同样的拼法拼写自己的名字。
• Our address is 1520 Main Street, Albuquerque - shall I spell that (out) (= say in the correct order the letters that form the word) for you? 我们的地址是阿尔布开克大街1520号——要我把它拼出来吗？
• I think it's important that children should be taught to spell (= how to form words with the letters in the correct order). 我认为教孩子们正确地拼写非常重要。
[spel] verb
RESULT 结果
spell disaster/trouble, etc.
■to cause something bad to happen in the future 意味着灾难／会招致麻烦等
• The new regulations could spell disaster for small businesses. 新规定对小企业来说可能意味着灾难。
• This cold weather could spell trouble for gardeners. 这种寒冷的天气可能会为菜农带来灾难。
[spel] verb
DO INSTEAD 代替做
transitive (spelled, spelled) mainly US to do something which someone else would usually be doing, especially in order to allow them to rest （尤指为让某人休息）代替做，替换，轮换
• You've been driving for a while - do you want me to spell you? 你开车开了一阵子了——需要我替你一会儿吗？
[spel] verb
N O spells no. saying
■used as a reply to a request, to emphasize that when you said no previously you really meant it （强调之前给出的否定回答）我说不行就不行。
[spel] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] spell sth out
■to explain something in a very clear way with details 解释清楚；详细地说明
• The government has so far refused to spell out its plans/policies. 政府至今拒绝透露详细的计划／政策。
• informal What do you mean you don't understand - do I have to spell it out for you? 你说你不明白是甚么意思——需要我详细地向你解释一下吗？
[spel] noun countable
PERIOD 时期
 IMPROVER
■a period of time for which an activity or condition lasts continuously （持续的）一段时间
• I lived in London for a spell. 我在伦敦住过一阵子。
• She had a brief spell as captain of the team. 她曾当过很短一段时间的球队队长。
• I keep having/getting dizzy spells (= periods of feeling as if I'm turning around). 我一阵一阵地头晕。
 IMPROVER
■a short period of a particular type of weather （特定天气的）一段短暂持续时间
• a spell of dry weather 一段天气干燥的日子
• The weather forecast is for dry, sunny spells. 天气预报说接下来是持续干燥的晴天。
[spel] noun countable
DO INSTEAD 替代 US a period when you do something that someone else would usually be doing, especially in order to allow them to rest 轮班（这段时间你做的事情是其他人通常要做的事情，特别是要让他们休息）
• If we take spells (with) doing the painting, it won't seem like such hard work. 如果我们轮换着刷油漆，也许做起来不会这么累。
[spel] noun countable
MAGIC 魔法
■spoken words which are thought to have magical power, or (the condition of being under) the influence or control of such words 咒语，符咒；魔法；着魔
• The witch cast/put a spell on the prince and he turned into a frog. 女巫对王子施了魔法，把他变成了青蛙。
• A beautiful girl would have to kiss him to break (= stop) the spell. 要想解除魔法，必须要有一个美丽的女孩亲吻他。
• Sleeping Beauty lay under the wicked fairy's spell until the prince woke her with a kiss. 睡美人在邪恶仙子的符咒中倒下沉睡，直到王子吻了她一下才醒来。
[spel] noun countable
be under sb 's spell
■to be strongly attracted to someone and influenced by them 被（某人）迷住，为（某人）着迷
vt. 拼，拼写；意味着；招致；拼成；迷住；轮值
 - possess, invite, court, secure
n. 符咒；一段时间；魅力
 - cycle, grace, while, charm, period of time
vi. 拼字；轮替
 - turn taking

Word: breach
Front: breach
[bri:tʃ] (研托雅宝 7862/2451 -2)
Vocabulary: breach
(once / 376 pages)
1nv 2nv
A breach is a violation of a law, duty, or promise. If you'd contracted to mow your neighbor's lawn and don't do it, he can sue you for breach of contract. Or he can mow the lawn himself.
Breach traces back to the Old English verb: brecan "to break," which is what breach really means––"a breaking of something." Breach of contract is a legal way of saying you broke a promise. If your great aunt Edna is a stickler for propriety, she may be horrified when you eat your meat with the salad fork, considering it a breach of good manners.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
breach / breech
If you break a contract, it's a breach. If you're talking about pantaloons, guns, or feet-first babies, use breech with a double "e."
A breach is a break — whether it's a breach in contract or a breach in a dam. Lawyers like it because they can help if there's a breach of the law. Whales break free from the water when they breach, but no one wants them to breach the side of their boat because that boat would sink. Just ask the Pequod. Other examples:
"It is impossible to tell if there is a specific breach of any conflict of interest laws." (New York Times)
"All 68 passengers and crew are safe, authorities said, and the vessel itself incurred only a small breach in its hull." (Time)
A breech, double "e," is an opening at back of the gun. It's also the word for hindquarters. The breech is on the butt of a gun, but it's also sometimes the buttocks of a human. Seriously. Breeches is an old word for pants, or britches, the kind George Washington rocked. You can still get breeches, though, for horseback riding. If a baby is born feet- or bottom-first, that's a breech birth. Examples:
"A 'magazine' is a chamber for holding a supply of cartridges to be fed automatically to the breech of a gun, according to Merriam-Webster's dictionary." (Forbes)
"Goforth said the first baby came out and then the second baby came out breech birth, meaning the baby was delivered feet first." (Washington Times)
Use breach is there's a break, but save breech for guns, pants, and babies.
WORD FAMILY
breach: breached, breaches, breaching
USAGE EXAMPLES
Netanyahu was investigated during his first term as Israeli prime minister in the late 1990s on allegations of fraud and breach of public trust.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A federal judge urged officials to consider breaching four of those dams on the Snake River.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
So, resolved for 2017: Let us somehow find the determination of whales to breach it and rise above.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 破坏; 破裂; 缺口; 违背
vt. 攻破; 破坏，违反
时态：breached, breaching, breaches
分布：违反(50%)，破坏(18%)，突破(15%)，违背(11%)，裂口(4%)，决裂(1%)，在 ... 上打开缺口(1%)
→词源同break.
n.违反,不履行;破裂vt.冲破,攻破Your company is in breach of the contract.你们公司违反了合同.
【记】breach＝break（n 破裂；v 打破，违犯）
【反】solder（v 焊接）
noun countable
BROKEN PROMISE/RULE 违背承诺／违反规定
■an act of breaking a law, promise, agreement or relationship 破坏，违犯；违反，不履行
• They felt that our discussions with other companies constituted a breach of/in our agreement. 他们认为我们与别的公司谈判违反了我们之间的协定。
• He was sued for breach of contract. 他因为违约而被起诉。
• There have been serious security breaches (= breaks in our security system). 保安系统出了大问题。
(a) breach of the peace legal
■(an example of) illegal noisy or violent behaviour in a public place 扰乱治安（行为）
be in breach of sth formal
■to be breaking a particular law or rule 违反（法律或规章）
• The cinema was in breach of the Health and Safety Act for having no fire doors. 由于没有消防门这家影院违反了《健康与安全法》。
[bri:tʃ] noun countable
OPENING 开缝 formal
■a hole that is made in a wall or another structure used for protection during an attack （墙或防御工事上的）缺口
• A cannon ball had made a breach in their castle walls. 一颗炮弹把他们的城墙打出了一个缺口。
[bri:tʃ] verb transitive formal
BREAK PROMISE/RULE 违反
■to break a law, promise, agreement or relationship 破坏，违犯；违反
• They breached the agreement they had made with their employer. 他们违反了曾与雇主达成的协议。
[bri:tʃ] verb transitive formal
MAKE OPENING 开口
■to make an opening in a wall or fence, especially in order to attack someone or something behind it （尤指为从背后突袭）在…上打开缺口
• Their defences were easily breached. 他们的防线轻而易举就被突破了。
n. 违背，违反；缺口
 - separation, gap, violation, infringement
vt. 违反，破坏；打破
 - destroy, violate

Word: repeatedly
Front: repeatedly
[rɪ'pi:tɪdlɪ] (研四六 3245/4718 -K)
Vocabulary: repeatedly
(once / 413 pages)
adv
To do something repeatedly means to do it over and over again. If you text your friend repeatedly during her geometry test, she'll probably get annoyed and turn her phone off.
If a teacher tells a student, "I've told you repeatedly that you need to raise your hand before you speak," it means that the teacher has said this many times. This adverb implies an ongoing or even constant kind of activity. At the heart of repeatedly is the verb repeat, which has the Latin root repetere, "do or say again," or "attack again."
WORD FAMILY
repeated: repeatedly +/ repeat: repeatable, repeated, repeater, repeating, repeats, repetition, repetitive /repeatable: unrepeatable/repeater: repeaters/repeating: repeatings/ repetition: repetitions, repetitious / repetitious: repetitiously, repetitiousness/ repetitive: nonrepetitive, repetitively, repetitiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
They repeatedly tried to work in evidence about Roof’s mental state, but U.S.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The group repeatedly struck at Turkish cities in 2016 in retaliation for Ankara’s support for international efforts to suppress its activities in Syria and Iraq.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Police say he was then stabbed with a box cutter and repeatedly kicked.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 反复地，重复地; 再三地; 屡次地; 不停地
分布：重复地(58%)，再三地(42%)
ad.重复地,再三地He repeatedly repeats, "Eat meat."他再三重复说:"吃肉."
US [-tˌɪd-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■many times 一再；再三；多次地
• He telephoned repeatedly, begging her to return. 他一次又一次地打电话求她回来。
regularly, often, usually, repeatedly, always, frequently
这些副词均表示频度。
regularly: 用于修饰经常而有规律性的动作。
often: 经常，语气弱于always,侧重动作发生的次数具有经常性，具体时间意味不强。
usually: 通常，通例地，指习惯性动作，频度仅次于always，较often大，偶尔有间隔。
repeatedly: 屡次，强调次数多，但反复的频率不一定均匀。
always: 总是，永远。语气最强，指在一切时候，没有例外。
frequently: 时常，经常，与often同义，可通用，但较正式，强调次数频繁。
adv. 反复地；再三地；屡次地
 - again and again, iteratively

Word: extremely
Front: extremely
[ɪkˈstri:mli] (高四六 1756/1388 -K4)
Vocabulary: extremely
(once / 143 pages)
adv
Extremely is a word that emphasizes the intensity of whatever it is you're talking about. If you say you're extremely angry, that word alone tells me I better not mess with you.
Extremely comes from the word extreme, which means great, severe, or exceptional. If you climb to extreme heights on a mountain, you've climbed extremely high. Use extremely to let people know that what you're talking about exceeds or goes beyond the norm. A joke that's not just funny, but extremely funny, is one that might have you gasping to catch your breath from laughing so hard.
WORD FAMILY
extreme: extremely, extremeness, extremes, extremest, extremism, extremity +/extremeness: extremenesses/ extremism: extremisms, extremist / extremist: extremists/ extremity: extremities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Because the sign is 45 feet high, it’s extremely easy to slip and fall,” he said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials say Morales may be armed and is considered extremely dangerous.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"There was then a robust discussion. I felt scared. The situation was extremely unpleasant."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 极端地; 非常，很; 去; 绝
分布：非常(53%)，极其(47%)
过分地(extreme极端的)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■very 非常；极端；极其
• They played extremely well. 他们演奏得非常精彩。
• She's extremely beautiful. 她非常美丽。
adv. 非常，极其；极端地
 - badly, highly, greatly, too, rare

Word: echo
Front: echo
[ˈekəʊ] (研四六托雅 3424/3517 -3)
Vocabulary: echo
(once / 174 pages)
1nv 2nv
An echo is a repetition or imitation of sound. When sound waves hit a hard surface they might reflect, making the sound bounce and repeat. If you agree with someone, you might echo his or her statement.
Poet Don Marquis said, “Writing a book of poetry is like dropping a rose petal down the Grand Canyon and waiting for the echo.” The word echo came from the Greek word for "sound." In Greek mythology, Echo was a nymph who could only repeat the last words of others. You were frightened when you thought someone was following you, until you realized you were only hearing the echo of your own footsteps.
WORD FAMILY
echo: echoed, echoes, echoing, echoless, echolike, echos, re-echo, reecho+/ echoing: echoingly/reecho: reechoed, reechoing
USAGE EXAMPLES
If there is any echo of Sun’s idealism, it is in the student “Sunflower Movement”, which wants to keep China at bay.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Some companies continue to promise returns echoing those common before the financial crisis.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He vowed to return better, an approach teammates echoed after seeing their title hopes slip away.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 回声，共鸣; （言语、作风、思想等的）重复; 重复者; [无线电]回波
vt. 重复，效仿; 随声附和; 类似; 发射（声音等）
vi. 被重复; 产生回响; 充满回声
时态：echoed, echoing, echoes
分布：回声(53%)，回响(13%)，重复(10%)，共鸣(8%)，附和(6%)，模仿(5%)，发出回声(4%)，其哀声留于山间成为回声）(1%)
→来自wagh, 回声，回响，词源同catechism, 教义问答。
v./n.回声,反响,共鸣The mechanical mechanic knows the technique and technology of the echo mechanism.呆板的机修工知道共鸣装置的技术和工艺.
US [-oʊ] noun countable (plural echoes)
SOUND 声音
 ADVANCED
■a sound that is heard after it has been reflected off a surface such as a wall or a cliff 回声，回音，回响
• The echoes of his scream sounded in the cave for several seconds. 他的尖叫声在洞中回荡了好几秒钟。
• Thick carpet would reduce the echo in this hallway. 厚地毯会减弱走廊中的回音。
UK ['ek.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun countable (plural echoes)
SIMILAR DETAIL 相似的东西
■a detail that is similar to and makes you remember something else 十分相似的东西；如出一辙的事物；仿效
• There are echoes of Mozart in her first piano compositions. 她最早创作的钢琴曲有些地方模仿了莫劄特。
UK ['ek.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb
SOUND 声音
 ADVANCED intransitive
■If a sound echoes or a place echoes with a sound, you hear the sound again because you are in a large, empty space 回响；发出回声；响起回声
• The sound of footsteps echoed round the hall. 脚步声在大厅里回荡。
• Suddenly, the building echoed with the sound of gunfire. 突然，大楼里响起一阵枪响。
UK ['ek.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb
SIMILAR DETAILS 相似的东西
transitive
■to repeat details that are similar to, and make you think of, something else 重复，附和；使产生似曾相识的感觉
• The design of the church echoes that of St. Paul's Cathedral. 这座教堂的设计模仿了圣保罗大教堂。
• I've heard the Prime Minister's view echoed throughout the party. 我听说党内普遍都附和首相的观点。
UK ['ek.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb
echo down/through the ages
■to continue to have a particular effect for a long time 影响后世；留传
• The ideas of Plato have echoed through the ages. 柏拉图的思想已经流传了千百年。
vt. 反射；重复
 - reflect, mirror, repeat
n. 回音；效仿
 - aftersound, bounceback

Word: behave
Front: behave
[bɪˈheɪv] (高研四六托雅 3660/2463 -K3)
Vocabulary: behave
(once / 149 pages)
v
The way you act or conduct yourself is how you behave. Teachers and parents often tell kids Behave!
If you follow rules and get along with others, you behave well, while if you are nasty and rude, you behave badly. Behave can suggest acting in a polite manner, as when you tell a child (or an adult) to behave in public. We usually behave differently in different situations — like when no one is watching. If you tell someone "practice what you preach" you are pointing out that the way they behave doesn't quite match up to their words.
WORD FAMILY
behave: behaved, behaves, behaving, behavior, misbehave +/ behavior: behaviorism, behaviors/behaviorism: behaviorisms, behaviorist, behavioristic/behaviorist: behaviorists/ misbehave: misbehaved, misbehaves, misbehaving, misbehavior/misbehavior: misbehaviors
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m sorry for it. When you are full of adrenaline, things happen that you don’t perceive. I will try to behave differently in the future.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
To be fair, the bloodhound was much more badly behaved than the babies.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In 2017, people will behave quite differently to one another.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 表现; 举止端正; 自然反应
vt. 使守规矩
时态：behaved, behaving, behaves
分布：行为(41%)，表现(38%)，举止(21%)
→前缀be-, 强调。have, 持有，举止。
举动,举止(be表示动作+have→[一个人]拥有的动作→举动)[hav=possess表示"拥有"]
v.举止,举动,表现;运转,开动Parents always ask children to behave themselves at dinner.吃饭时父母总要求孩子规矩点.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to act in a particular way, or to be good by acting in a way which has society's approval （以某种方式）表现；（使）守规矩；（使）举止…
• She always behaves well/badly when her aunts come to visit. 每当她姨妈来作客时，她总是表现很好／很差。
• Whenever there was a full moon he would start behaving strangely. 每当月圆之时他就怪怪的。
• [R] Did the children behave (them selves)? 孩子们守规矩吗？
vi. 表现；（机器等）运转；举止端正；（事物）起某种作用
 - conduct oneself, bear oneself, run, go

Word: discourage
Front: discourage
[dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ] (高研四六托 4211/5260 -2)
Vocabulary: discourage
(once / 314 pages)
v
If your friend is thinking about quitting her job and moving to the Peruvian Andes to raise llamas, you might discourage her by pointing out that she’s allergic to llamas and also afraid of heights.
When you discourage someone, you try to talk them out of doing something, by pointing out reasons why their planned action would be unwise. The verb discourage has roots in the French word descouragier, which comes from des-, meaning “away,” and corage, or “courage.” So when you discourage someone, you can think of it as taking his courage — or enthusiasm — away.
WORD FAMILY
discourage: discouraged, discouragement, discourages, discouraging+/ discouraged: discouragedly, undiscouraged/discouragement: discouragements/discouraging: discouragingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Often mere notification of a review by the panel discourages deals.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
And like all Apple employees, he was discouraged from talking about his job with co-workers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His choice of the wildly unqualified Ben Carson to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is a discouraging early sign.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 使气馁; 使沮丧; 阻碍; 劝阻
时态：discouraged, discouraging, discourages
分布：阻碍(80%)，使气馁(20%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。courage, 鼓励。
使失去勇气(dis+courage勇气)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
v.使泄气,使失去信心Of course the man's courage encouraged the discouraged tourists in the courtyard.自然那个勇敢男子的勇气鼓舞了院子里泄气的游客们.
US [-'skɝ:-] verb transitive
MAKE LESS CONFIDENT 使信心不足
 ADVANCED
■to make someone feel less confident, enthusiastic and positive about something, or less willing to do something 使泄气，给（某人）泼冷水，使心灰意冷
• The thought of how much work she had to do discouraged her. 一想到还有那么多工作得做她就泄了气。
Opposite encourage
UK [dɪ'skʌr.ɪdʒ] US [-'skɝ:-] verb transitive
PREVENT 防止
■to prevent or try to prevent something happening or someone doing something, by making things difficult or unpleasant, or by showing disapproval （试图）阻挠，为…设置障碍，阻止
• a campaign to discourage people from smoking 阻止人们吸烟的运动
• The authorities have put tanks on the streets to discourage any protest. 当局调动坦克上街去阻止抗议活动。
Opposite encourage
vt. 阻止；使气馁
 - stem, block, dispute, prohibit

Word: super
Front: super
[ˈsu:pə(r)] (高研四六 2651/4154 -3)
Vocabulary: super
(once / 657 pages)
nadjadv
When something is extraordinary, it’s super, like a movie that couldn't possibly be better or the super grade you got on your test: A+.
The adjective super is an abbreviated use of the prefix super-, which comes from the Latin super-, meaning “above,” “over,” or “beyond.” Super is another way to say "the best" — you are above the rest. Super can also describe something that's really big: the supermarket came along after little neighborhood shops; supermarkets are huge in comparison.
WORD FAMILY
super: superest, supers
USAGE EXAMPLES
OVERREACTION: The Packers are ready to duplicate 2010, win three playoff games and the Super Bowl.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
There’s only been one rematch in Super Bowl history.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Kubiak’s farewell: No one should be particularly surprised by Kubiak’s decision to leave the Broncos, even after last season’s Super Bowl title.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 超级的，极度的，过分的，超等的，极好的; 面积的，平方的
n. 特级品，特大号商品
adv. 非常，过分地
v. 用上浆纱布装（书脊）; 担任跑龙套角色
分布：极好的(72%)，超级的(28%)
→来自拉丁语 super,在上面，上方。引申诸相关词义。
a.极好的,超级的It's a super truck.这是辆特大号的卡车.
US [-pɚ] adjective slightly old-fashioned informal
■excellent; extremely good 出色的，极好的
• The Natural History Museum is a super place for kids. 自然历史博物馆是孩子们的超级好去处。
• "Did you enjoy the film?" "Yes, I thought it was super." “你喜欢这部电影吗？”“喜欢，我觉得它棒极了。”
UK ['su:.pər] US [-pɚ] noun countable UK informal for
■ superintendent
adj. 特级的；极好的
 - wonderful, excellent, famous, great, class
n. 特级品，特大号；临时雇员
 - temporary, speciality product

Word: influential
Front: influential
[ˌɪnfluˈenʃl] (研四六托 4289/3871 -2)
Vocabulary: influential
(once / 625 pages)
adj
If your grandfather worked his whole life in a circus and inspired you to wear clown shoes, you could describe your grandfather as very influential in your life. Something that exerts influence or power can be called influential.
You could read a deeply meaningful book that becomes influential to you, or there might be an important person in your life who is strongly influential over various decisions you make. The Latin word influentem, "flowing in," is the root of the Old French influence, which described the power was believed to flow from the stars.
WORD FAMILY
influential: influentially, uninfluential+/ influence: influenced, influences, influencing, influential
USAGE EXAMPLES
Piers Handling says Marshall helped build the festival into one of “the most influential public cultural festivals today.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“A right-wing demagogue in charge of the world’s most influential repository of democratic values,” wrote Financial Times columnist Martin Wolf, “is a devastating fact.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Jaynes’s book was hugely influential in its day, one of those rare specialist works whose ideas enter the culture at large.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有影响的; 有权势的
n. 有影响力的人物
分布：有影响的(74%)，有权势的(16%)，有影响力的人物(10%)
a.有影响的;有权势的The flu influenced the influential speaker's fluency of speech.流感影响了那个有影响的讲话者讲话的流畅.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■having a lot of influence on someone or something 更有影响的
• She wanted to work for a bigger and more influential (= powerful) newspaper. 她希望为一家规模和影响力更大的报纸工作。
• Johnson was influential (= important) in persuading the producers to put money into the film. 詹森在说服制作人投资拍摄此片方面起了重要作用。
adj. 有影响的；有势力的
 - mighty, predominant

Word: tribe
Front: tribe
[traɪb] (研四六托雅 2948/4602 -2)
Vocabulary: tribe
(once / 97 pages)
1n 2n
A tribe is a traditional social group of people. Most tribes have existed much longer than existing states and countries.
Tribes follow rules and traditions that aren't connected to modern-day governments or mainstream societies. Indigenous people of North America lived (and many continue to live) in tribes, although the word itself is controversial — many of their members prefer the terms nation or ethnic group instead. Sometimes tribe is used to simply mean "family" or "clan," or even a large group: "A tribe of college students roamed the streets."
WORD FAMILY
tribe: tribal, tribes+/detribalise: detribalisation/detribalize: detribalization, detribalized, detribalizing/ tribal: detribalise, detribalize, intertribal, tribalisation, tribalism, tribalization, tribally/tribalism: tribalisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
The bear-claw shaped ring of mountain peaks that form the caldera also is culturally significant to neighboring Native American tribes.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This year’s event attracted about 3,000 dancers from hundreds of tribes in the United States, Canada and Mexico.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But the move was commended by many, including environmental groups and Native American tribes whose ancestors lived in the region.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 部落，部族; [生]族; 一帮，一伙; 大群
分布：部落(59%)，族(40%)，一伙人(1%)
→来自拉丁语 tribus,部落，宗族，地区，特指古罗马城邦三个宗族集团，即现在为人们熟知的 Latins,Sabines,Etruscans.可能来自 tri-,三，-be,存在，词源同 be,phylum.或来自 treb,居住， 聚居，词源同 thorp,troop.
n.种族,部落;(植物,动物)族,类Those innocent adolescents ascending the hill are the tribe's descendants of decent descent.这些爬山的天真青少年是这个部落具有正派血统的后代.
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 IMPROVER
■a group of people, often of related families, who live together, sharing the same language, culture and history, especially those who do not live in towns or cities 部落；部族
• a tribe of Amazonian Indians 亚马孙河流域印第安人的一个部落
• the Masai tribe 马萨伊人部落
■informal
■a large family or other group that someone belongs to 家族；集团
• We've invited Carol's sisters and brothers and their spouses and children - the whole Cassidy tribe. 我们邀请了卡罗尔的兄弟姐妹及其配偶、子女——整个凯西迪家族。
n. 部落； [生物] 族；宗族；一伙
 - nationality, clan

Word: joke
Front: joke
[dʒəʊk] (中高研四 2246/2533 -K3)
Vocabulary: joke
(once / 145 pages)
nv
A joke is a funny story or line that's meant to make people laugh. When you're good at telling jokes, you're the life of the party (and you're probably not telling knock-knock jokes).
Many jokes have a "punch line," the part that either makes your listeners guffaw or groan, depending on how funny it is. The rest of the joke leads up to this climax. Another kind of joke is the "practical" sort, a prank, gag, or trick you play on someone. In the 1660s the word was spelled joque and was considered slang. It comes from the Latin root iocus, "joke, sport, or pastime."
WORD FAMILY
joke: joked, joker, jokes, jokester, joking +/ joker: jokers/ jokester: jokesters/ joking: jokingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Let’s not joke over such a serious matter.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
There’s a chance she’s just in it for the dolphin jokes, though: “I dolphin-itely want to see you inside.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
“He be using them S.A.T. words, talking about Sophocles,” a third joked.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 笑话，玩笑; 笑柄，笑料
vt. & vi. 开玩笑; 戏弄; 闹着玩; 说着玩
时态：joked, joking, jokes
分布：笑话(48%)，玩笑(34%)，开玩笑(16%)，说笑话(2%)
→来自拉丁语iocus,玩乐，玩耍，词源同jeopardy,jocular.来自yek,说。引申词义开玩笑，逗乐。
n.笑话,玩笑v.说笑话,开玩笑The smoke choked the joking stroker at one stroke.烟一下呛住了开玩笑的抚摩者.
US [dʒoʊk] noun
FUNNY 有趣的
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something, such as a funny story or trick, that is said or done in order to make people laugh 笑话；玩笑
• Did I tell you the joke about the chicken crossing the road? 我跟你讲过小鸡过马路的笑话吗？
• She spent the evening cracking (= telling) jokes and telling funny stories. 她整个晚上都在说笑话，讲有趣的故事。
• She tied his shoelaces together for a joke. 她跟他开玩笑，把他的鞋带系在一起。
• I hope Rob doesn't tell any of his dirty jokes (= jokes about sex) when my mother's here. 我希望我母亲在场时罗布不要讲黄色笑话。
• He tried to do a comedy routine, but all his jokes fell flat (= no one laughed at them). 他试着演一个搞笑戏码，但他的笑话都不好笑。
• Don't you get (= understand) the joke? 你听不懂这个笑话吗？
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
BAD/SILLY 坏／愚蠢
only singular informal
■a person or thing that is so bad or silly that they do not deserve respect 荒唐可笑的人（或事物）
• Our new teacher's a bit of a joke - he can't even control the class. 我们的新老师有点荒唐可笑——他连课堂都控制不了。
• The new software is a complete joke - it keeps going wrong. 这个新软体真让人笑掉大牙——总是不断地出毛病。
• The exam was a joke (= was very easy) - everyone finished in less than an hour. 考试容易极了——大家不用一个小时就做完了。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
be no joke informal
■to be serious or difficult 不是闹着玩的；不是轻而易举的事
• It's no joke driving on icy roads. 在结冰的路面上开车不是件轻松的事。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
get/go beyond a joke
■to start to become annoying or worrying 超出开玩笑的限度，开始令人恼怒
• I don't mind helping her out occasionally, but this is getting beyond a joke. 我不介意偶尔帮她一下，但现在开始变得有些烦人了。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
the joke is on sb informal
■If you say that the joke is on a particular person, you mean that they have tried to make someone else look silly but have made themselves look silly instead. 开玩笑反而开到（某人）自己头上
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
make a joke of sth
■to laugh at something although it is serious or important 对…付诸一笑：一笑置之
• He tried to make a joke of the fact that he hadn't passed the exam. 他没有通过考试，他试图对此一笑置之。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
take a joke
■to laugh when someone says something funny about you and not be offended 经得起玩笑话，开得起玩笑
• What's the matter? Can't you take a joke or something? 怎么了？难道你连个玩笑都开不起？
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to say funny things 说笑话
• They joked and laughed as they looked at the photos. 他们看着照片，边开玩笑边大笑。
• It's more serious than you think, so please don't joke about it. 这比你想像的严重，请不要再对此开玩笑了。
• [+ speech] "I didn't expect to be out so soon", he joked, after spending nine months in hospital. “我没想到能这么快出院，”他九个月后出院时开玩笑地说道。
 ADVANCED
■If you think that someone is joking when they say something, you think that they do not really mean it 开玩笑
• I thought he was joking when he said Helen was pregnant, but she really is. 他说海伦怀孕时我以为他在开玩笑，但她确实怀孕了。
• She wasn't joking (= She was serious) when she said she was going to move out of the house by the end of the week. 她说本周末将搬出这幢房子是认真的。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
joking apart/aside
■said when you want to start speaking seriously about something after making jokes and laughing about it 言归正传，说正经的
• Joking apart, will you be able to manage on your own? 言归正传，你自己应付得了吗？
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
Only joking!
■said when you mean that something you said was not intended to be serious 只是在开玩笑！
• Think I'll leave you with the kids while I go for a beer - only joking! 想想我去喝啤酒而留下你和孩子在一起——开个玩笑而已！
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
you must be joking (also you've got to be joking)
■said in answer to something that someone has said, meaning that you do not believe they said it seriously, or you think it is a stupid thing to say （表示不相信或觉得荒谬）你一定是在开玩笑吧
• You've got to be joking if you think I'm going to stand in the rain watching you play rugby! 你以为我会站在雨中看你打橄榄球，你一定是在开玩笑吧！
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
You're joking!
■something you say to show that you are surprised by what someone has said, or do not believe it is true （表示吃惊或不相信）你是在开玩笑吧！
• "Hey, Maria's leaving." "You're joking!" “嘿，玛丽亚要走了。”“你在开玩笑吧！”
n. 玩笑，笑话；笑柄
 - fun, sport
vt. 开…的玩笑
 - make sport of, play trick on
vi. 开玩笑
 - fool, kid around

Word: christmas

Word: withdrawal
Front: withdrawal
[wɪðˈdrɔ:əl] (托 4130/3213 -3)
Vocabulary: withdrawal
(once / 735 pages)
n
Withdrawal is when you take something out, like making a withdrawal from your bank account.
When you announced you were no longer running for president, your withdrawal from the race disappointed your many supporters. Withdrawal is also used to describe the painful experience that results when you stop taking an addictive drug (when you "take it out" of your system). The state of being emotionally detached is called withdrawal. If a country terminates an agreement like a treaty, that's a withdrawal too. Remember that withdrawal ends in "wal" and not just "wl."
WORD FAMILY
withdrawal: withdrawals+/ withdraw: withdrawal, withdrawer, withdrawing, withdraws, withdrew/withdrawer: withdrawers
USAGE EXAMPLES
I’ve singed my eyelashes and eyebrows, fallen asleep while smoking, and dreamt of cigarettes—of relapses and flames and bitter withdrawal.
The New Yorker(Dec 01, 2016)
The carefully calculated transfers of $500 a month to make the money last longer turned into $1,200 to $1,500 monthly withdrawals.
Washington Post(Nov 30, 2016)
What if someday both your mother and your father, unbeknownst to one another, made significant withdrawals from your account right before rent was due?
Slate(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 移开; 撤回，撤退，撤开; 收回，取回，撤回
分布：撤退(68%)，取消(29%)，退回(3%)
撤退;撤消(with相反+draw拉+al)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
【反】press（n 推进）
US [-'drɑ:-] noun
TAKING OUT 提出
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when you take money out of a bank account 提款，取钱
• The bank became suspicious after several large withdrawals were made from his account in a single week. 他的帐户仅在一周之内就有数笔大额提款，这让银行产生了怀疑。
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when a military force moves out of an area 撤军
• The commander-in-chief was given 36 hours to secure a withdrawal of his troops from the combat zone. 要求总司令在36小时内将其军队撤出交战区。
UK [wɪð'drɔ:.əl] US [-'drɑ:-] noun
NOT AVAILABLE 不存在
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when something is taken away so that it is no longer available, or when someone stops being involved in an activity 收回；退出
• Doctors demanded the withdrawal of the drug (from the market) after several cases of dangerous side-effects were reported. 报道了几宗出现严重副作用的病例之后，医生们要求（从市场上）收回这种药物。
• Her sudden withdrawal from the championship caused a lot of press speculation about her health. 她突然退出锦标赛，引发媒体关于她健康状况的各种猜测。
UK [wɪð'drɔ:.əl] US [-'drɑ:-] noun
NO CONTACT 不交流
uncountable
■when someone prefers to be alone and does not want to talk to other people 沉默寡言；孤僻
• Withdrawal is a classic symptom of depression. 沉默寡言是忧郁症的一种典型症状。
n. [军] 撤退，收回； [金融] 提款；取消；退股
 - cancellation, pullback

Word: neglect
Front: neglect
[nɪˈglekt] (研四六托雅 5063/4477 -2)
Vocabulary: neglect
(once / 133 pages)
vn
Neglect is worse than ignoring something. It's ignoring it, failing to care for it, and probably harming it in the process.
The word neglect comes from the Latin verb neglegere, which means "disregarded." You can neglect to do your chores, meaning fail to do them, but this word is usually reserved for cases when you willingly refuse to care for something appropriately. Child neglect is what parents get charged with when they fail to provide for their child's basic needs. If you go on vacation and neglect your plants, they may wither and die due to your lack of attention.
WORD FAMILY
neglect: neglected, neglecter, neglectful, neglecting, neglects+/ neglected: neglectedly/neglecter: neglecters/ neglectful: neglectfully, neglectfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
His broken-down teeth seemed to bear testimony to years of neglect.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The demands for bribes delay shipments, and state officials sometimes neglect to distribute what they import.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
When we neglect to decentralize it, it will be automatically centered.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 疏忽; 忽略; 遗漏; 疏于照顾
n. 玩忽; 被忽略的状态; 怠慢
时态：neglected, neglecting, neglects
分布：忽视(50%)，忽略(29%)，疏忽(21%)
→neg-,否定，没有，-lect,选择，词源同collect,elect.即没有选出来，忽视。
疏忽,轻视(neg没有+lect→没有选→疏忽)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
忽视,不顾(neg+lect选择→不选择→忽视)[neg=deny,表示"否认"]
v./n.忽视;疏忽,漏做,忽略In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to give not enough care or attention to people or things that are your responsibility 疏忽照顾；忽视，疏忽
• to neglect your appearance/the garden 不修边幅／疏于整理花园
• He neglects that poor dog - he never takes him for walks or gives him any attention. 他对那只可怜的狗漠不关心——从不带它散步，也从不关心它。
• I'm afraid I've rather neglected my studies this week. 恐怕这个星期我忽略了自己的功课。
neglect to do sth
■to not do something, often because you forget 疏忽，疏漏，忘记做
• I'd neglected to give him the name of the hotel where I'd be staying. 我忘记告诉他我住的宾馆的名字。
• He neglected to mention the fact that we could lose money on the deal. 他忘记提及我们做这笔交易可能会亏本。
[nɪ'glekt] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you do not give enough care or attention to someone or something, or the state of not receiving enough care or attention 疏忽，忽视；疏忽照顾
• Both parents were found guilty of neglect and their child was taken away from them. 父母双方均被判定对其子女未尽照顾义务，于是他们的孩子被带走了。
• Over the years the church has fallen into a state of neglect. 多年来，这座教堂已沦落到无人理会的地步。
overlook, disregard, omit, neglect, forget, ignore
这组词都有“疏忽，忽略”的意思，其区别是：
overlook: 指因匆忙而疏忽或视而不见。
disregard: 多指有意或自觉地不顾某事。
omit: 指有意或无意地忘记做某事，也指删去被视作不重要、不合意的东西。
neglect: 侧重指有意的忽略或忽视，也可指粗心与疏忽。
forget: 普通用词，侧重某事不重要或太复杂而未能记住，也指有意疏忽或忘掉。
ignore: 通常指有意不顾，或不理显而易见的事物。
vt. 疏忽，忽视；忽略
 - ignore, be forgetful of
n. 疏忽，忽视；怠慢
 - omission, oversight

Word: rid
Front: rid
[rɪd] (高研四六托 3041/2872 -K3)
Vocabulary: rid
(once / 214 pages)
v
When you clear out or eliminate something you don't want, you rid yourself of it. If even one child is allergic to peanuts, a school will often rid the cafeteria of all food made with peanuts.
For years, activists have worked to rid the world of nuclear weapons, while a dieter's priority might be to rid himself of ten extra pounds. Freeing someone from something unwanted is to rid them of it, whether it's ants in their kitchen or stress about their job. In the thirteenth century, rid meant "clear a space, set free, or save," from a Scandinavian root that's related to the Old Norse ryðja, "to clear land of obstructions."
WORD FAMILY
rid: riddance, ridded, ridding, rids+/ riddance: riddances
USAGE EXAMPLES
That is why the government wanted to get rid of malaria completely.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
I started doing yoga twice a week to get rid of headaches.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Anthony said she was “relieved” to get rid of her list.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 使摆脱，解除，免除
时态：rid, ridding, rids
分布：摆脱(81%)，除去(19%)
→来自古诺斯语 rhthja,清理土地，清理垃圾，来自 Proto-Germanic*reudijan,清理土地，来自 reudh,清理土地。后词义通用化，用以指摆脱，清除。
v.(of)使摆脱,使去掉The vice-adviser advised the reviser to devise a device for getting rid of vice.代理顾问建议校订者想出一个根除恶习的计策.
adjective
be rid of sth/sb
 ESSENTIAL
■to not now have an unwanted or unpleasant task, object or person 摆脱掉…；免去…的负担
• I didn't enjoy marking those papers and I was glad to be rid of them. 我不喜欢批改那些卷子，所以我很高兴能免去这一麻烦。
get rid of sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to remove or throw away something unwanted 清除；除去；丢弃
• That cream got rid of my skin rash. 那种药膏治好了我身上的皮疹。
• I used weedkiller to get rid of the weeds in the garden. 我用了除草剂来除去花园里的杂草。
 ESSENTIAL
■to sell an old or unwanted possession 处理掉；卖掉
• Have you managed to get rid of your old Volvo yet? 你处理掉你的旧富豪车了吗？
get rid of sb
■to send away someone annoying or to persuade them to leave 赶走，打发走，摆脱（某人）
• We got rid of our unwelcome guests by saying we had to go to bed. 我们说必须要上床睡觉了，这才把那一帮不受欢迎的客人打发走。
[rɪd] verb (ridding, rid or ridded, rid or ridded)
  Phrasal Verbs  rid sb/sth of sth/sb
■to cause someone or something to be free of an unpleasant or harmful thing or person 使…摆脱；从…清除；使…去除
• Our aim is to rid this government of corruption. 我们的目的就是要消除这届政府中的腐败现象。
vt. 使摆脱；使去掉
 - free from, debarrass

Word: embarrass
Front: embarrass
[ɪmˈbærəs] (高研四六托雅宝 7138/9521 -K2)
Vocabulary: embarrass
(once / 176 pages)
v
If you embarrass someone, you make them feel self-conscious, awkward, or even stupid. Your mom might embarrass you by inviting your date to check out your childhood photos.
Embarrass actually has another meaning, but it's very rarely used: to blockade, hinder, obstruct, or stymie. Nowadays, we tend to embarrass one another (and ourselves) by pretty much sticking to the basics: making fun of our friends when they blunder, accidentally revealing secrets in public, confessing our undying love to people who don't even know we exist, and all the millions of creative and frustrating ways we have of making mistakes.
WORD FAMILY
embarrass: disembarrass, embarrassed, embarrasses, embarrassing, embarrassment +/disembarrass: disembarrassed, disembarrasses, disembarrassing, disembarrassment/ embarrassed: embarrassedly, unembarrassed/ embarrassing: embarrassingly/ embarrassment: embarrassments/unembarrassed: unembarrassedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“First time I’ve ever been so embarrassed by you guys.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
It started with an embarrassing blowout loss against an NFC West opponent.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
I was too embarrassed to tell them the truth: Being thin was more important than breathing.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）窘迫，（使）局促不安; （使）困难
时态：embarrassed, embarrassing, embarrasses
分布：使尴尬(37%)，窘迫(28%)，使窘迫(21%)，使为难(14%)
→em-, 进入，使。bar, 阻止。-ass, 大词后缀，见largess.
使难堪(em+barrass套子→进入套子→难堪)[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
使发育,使难堪(em进入+barr+ass表名词→被拦住→使难堪)[barr=stick表示,"捧,栏"]
vt.使困窘,使局促不安;阻碍,麻烦It was not the aluminum but the massive brass and bronze on the grass that embarrassed me.让我为难的不是铝而是草地上厚重的黄铜和青铜.
【记】em进入，barrass＝barrel（n 桶）－使你进入桶里－使难堪
US [-'ber-] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to cause someone to feel nervous, worried or uncomfortable 使尴尬，使窘迫；使为难
• You're embarrassing him with your compliments! 你的赞美之词使他很不好意思。
• I didn't want to embarrass her in front of her friends. 我并不想在她朋友面前让她感到难堪。
puzzle, confound, bewilder, perplex, confuse, distract, embarrass, baffle
这组词都有“使困惑、迷惑、糊涂、伤脑筋”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 侧重使人难于理解、困惑、伤脑筋。
confound: 常指人惊慌失措和狼狈不堪。
bewilder: 语气强烈，指因迷不解或惊愕而慌乱，不知所措，无法清醒地思考。
perplex: 除困惑外，还含焦虑或缺乏把握之意，因而难于作出决定，无从下手处理。
confuse: 语气较弱，指由于混淆、混乱而糊涂。
distract: 主要用于注意力分散、思想矛盾或过分激动时产生的昏乱。
embarrass: 常指因处境或困难问题而感到窘迫、局促不安或焦急而不知所措。
baffle: 语气最强，多指遇见奇怪情景或复杂困难情况时所产生的惶恐困惑心理。
vt. 使局促不安；使困窘；阻碍
 - slow, abash

Word: evolution
Front: evolution
[ˌi:vəˈlu:ʃn] (高研四六托雅 2946/3069 -2)
Vocabulary: evolution
(once / 276 pages)
n
How did an ape turn into a man? Evolution! Evolution means the process of developing by gradual changes. Same way you went from eating with your fingers at age three to using a knife and fork by thirteen.
Evolution usually refers to a process that produces a better or more complex form. In biology, it is the natural process by which animals and plants develop from their original or primitive state to their modern or specialized state. This noun is from Latin evolutio "an unrolling or opening," from evolvere "to roll out or forth," from the prefix e- "out" plus volvere "to roll."
WORD FAMILY
evolution: evolutionary, evolutionism, evolutions, microevolution+/ evolutionary: evolutionarily/evolutionism: evolutionist / evolutionist: evolutionists/ evolve: evolution, evolved, evolves, evolving
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite his liberal views, Professor Smith argued that science might not totally explain natural phenomena like evolution.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The play that validated Okwara’s evolution occurred against Wake Forest.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He described the company’s change as an “evolution,” not an abrupt shift.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 演变; 进化; 发展
分布：进化(64%)，演变(18%)，发展(18%)
→来自evolve，进化。
进化,发育(e+volut+ion)[vol,volv,volt=roll,turn,表示"卷,转"]
n.进化,演变,发展,进展He is absorbed in the evolution of the story.他被故事情节的发展吸引了.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the way in which living things change and develop over millions of years 发展；演变；演化；进化
• Darwin's theory of evolution 达尔文的进化论
■a gradual process of change and development 发展；演变；演化；进化
• the evolution of language 语言的发展
development, evolution
这组词都有“发展”的意思，其区别是：
development: 强调通过一系列自然过程或人工方法使某物潜在或隐藏的可能性显露出来，得以实现。
evolution: 侧重指事物由简到繁，由低级到高级的连续发展，强调变化或演变。
n. 演变； [进化] 进化论；进展
 - unfolding, Monkey to Man

Word: speculation
Front: speculation
[ˌspekjuˈleɪʃn] (托 4431/3649)
Vocabulary: speculation
(once / 278 pages)
n
When you guess about how something is going to come out (or how it happened), that's speculation. You're making an educated guess.
When people predict who will win a football game, an Oscar, or an election, it's speculation: people are looking at the facts and making their best guess. Just about anything you say about the future is speculation, because no one knows what will happen. The word is used in the stock market for such financial dealings as "buying on spec," a risky way to make money. Sometimes, this word means something close to meditation — pondering something deeply.
WORD FAMILY
speculation: speculations+/ speculate: speculated, speculates, speculating, speculation, speculative, speculator / speculative: speculatively, speculativeness/ speculator: speculators
USAGE EXAMPLES
There will continue to be speculation about Elway rolling the dice on another seasoned star, the way he did so successfully with Peyton Manning.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Before the game, there was speculation Kubiak will step down after the season.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But after some time off, he will return to South Korea amid widespread speculation he will be a candidate to replace the country’s impeached president.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 投机买卖; 思考; 投机活动; 推断
分布：投机(69%)，推测(30%)，沉思(1%)
→speculate,推测，猜测，投机，炒股，-ion,名词后缀。
思索;投机(spec+ulate→看准了→思考,投机)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
【反】conjecture（n /v 猜想）－restrain from the speculation（不思考）
noun countable or uncountable
GUESS 猜测
 ADVANCED
■when you guess possible answers to a question without having enough information to be certain 猜测；推测，推断
• Rumours that they are about to marry have been dismissed as pure speculation. 他们打算结婚的传言已证实只不过是猜测。
• Speculation about his future plans is rife. 对他未来的计划臆测很多，众说纷纭。
• [+ that] The Prime Minister's speech fuelled/prompted speculation that an election will be held later in the year. 首相的谈话引起了人们的猜测，认为在今年稍晚会举行一次选举。
[ˌspek.jʊ'leɪ.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
TRADING 交易的
■when people speculate in order to make a profit 投机，投机买卖
n. 投机；推测；思索；投机买卖
 - theory, guess, projection

Word: tone
Front: tone
[təʊn] (研四六 1995/1813 -K3)
Vocabulary: tone
(once / 45 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4nv
A tone is the kind of sound you hear in a musical note, or in a person's voice live or in writing. A newspaper article should be objective, but a poem can bring up all kinds of emotions, depending on the tone.
The word tone often refers to sound, as in music, or the feeling conveyed by the way someone speaks: "His tone of voice told me I was in trouble." It can also be used to describe the atmosphere of a place — its flavor or spirit — or the shades of meaning in a work that might reveal the larger intentions of an author. If your body has tone, its muscular structure is strong and appears well defined.
WORD FAMILY
tone: intonate, overtone, semitone, tonal, toned, toneless, toner, tones, tonic, toning, undertone+/ atonal: atonalism, atonality, atonally/atonalism: atonalistic/atonality: atonalities/ intonate: intonated/overtone: overtones/semitone: semitones/supertonic: supertonics/tonal: atonal, tonality, tonally/tonality: tonalities/toned: toneder, tonedest/toneless: tonelessly/toner: toners/ tonic: supertonic, tonically, tonicity, tonics/tonicity: hypertonicity/undertone: undertones
USAGE EXAMPLES
The episode would set the tone for the administration that would follow.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But while there I sunk into the atmosphere, tone, reality of the place.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Looking at my toned muscles after work is a reward in itself.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: n. [语]声调，语调; [画]色调，色泽，明暗; [乐]乐音，全音，全音程; [医]（正常的）健康状态
vt. 使更健壮; 定调; 使变调子; [摄影术]给…上色
vi. 带有某种腔调; 呈现某种色彩; （颜色）调和（与 with 连用）
时态：toned, toning, tones
分布：语气(41%)，音调(20%)，色调(19%)，调子(7%)，定调(3%)，使更健壮(3%)，风气(3%)，调色(2%)，装腔作势地说(2%)
→来自拉丁语 tonus,声音，单调，来自希腊语 teinein,延伸，延展，来自 ten,延伸，延展， 词源同 tenure,extend,tune.引申诸相关词义，并用于指皮肤柔韧性等。
n.音调,音色;风气,气氛;腔调,语气;色调I tuned the tone of the stone phone with a bone.我用骨头调整了石质耳机的音调.
US [toʊn] noun
VOICE EXPRESSION 话语表达
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a quality in the voice which expresses the speaker's feelings or thoughts, often towards the person being spoken to （常指对听话人的）语气，腔调，口吻
• I tried to use a sympathetic tone of voice. 我试着用一种同情的语气说话。
• Don't speak to me in that tone of voice (= angrily) , young lady! 小姐，别用那种语气跟我说话！
• It wasn't so much what she said that annoyed me - it was her tone. 令我生气的不是她所说的话，而是她说话的语气。
tones [plural] literary
■the quality of someone's voice 语气；语调
• She recounted the story to me in shocked tones (= in a shocked voice). 她用震惊的语气向我叙述这个故事。
• For more than half a century, the reassuring tones of BBC newscasters have informed British television viewers about world events. 半个多世纪以来，英国广播公司的播音员用沉稳的语调向英国电视观众报道世界大事。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] noun
GENERAL MOOD 总体气氛
 ADVANCED only singular
■the general mood or main qualities of something 风格；基调，格调；气氛
• I didn't like the jokey tone of the article - I thought it inappropriate. 我不喜欢这篇文章的搞笑风格——我觉得这不恰当。
• Trust you to lower the tone of the evening by telling vulgar jokes, Martin! 马丁，你讲粗俗的笑话肯定会把晚会的格调降下去！
• Well, I thought it might raise the moral tone of the evening if I invited a vicar to the party. 哦，我以为如果邀请牧师参加晚会，可能会提高晚会的道德品位。
• He was in a very bad mood when he arrived, and that set the tone for the whole meeting. 他到的时候情绪很不好，这就决定了整个会议的气氛。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] noun
COLOUR 色彩
countable
■a form or degree of a colour 色调
• warm tones of brown and yellow 棕色和黄色这种暖色调
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] noun
TIGHTNESS 紧张性
uncountable
■the healthy tightness of the body, especially the muscles （尤指肌肉的）坚实，结实
• After you've had a baby you lose the muscle tone in your stomach. 你生完孩子后，腹部的肌肉就失去了弹性。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] noun
DIFFERENCE IN SOUND 声音的差异
countable (US also step)
■the largest difference in sound between two notes which are next to each other in the western musical scale 全音（指西洋音阶中相邻两音符之间最大的音差）
• The interval from G to A is a whole tone. 从 G 到 A 的音程是一个全音。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] noun
MUSICAL QUALITY 音质
countable or uncountable
■the quality of sound of a musical instrument or singing voice 音色；音质
• the beautiful rich tones of his tenor voice 他那美妙浑厚的男高音
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] noun
TELEPHONE NOISE 电话音
countable
■one of the sounds that you hear on a telephone line when you pick up the receiver 电话音
• I've called him several times but I keep getting the engaged tone. 我已经给他打了几次电话，但每次听到的都是忙线中。
• Please wait until you hear the UKdialling / USdial tone (= the sound that a telephone makes when it is ready to be used) before inserting your money. 请听到拨号音后再投币。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] verb transitive (also tone up)
■If you tone a part of the body, you make it firmer and stronger, usually by taking physical exercise （通常透过锻炼）使（身体部位）更强健
• This is a good exercise for toning up the thighs. 这种锻炼对增强大腿肌肉有好处。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] verb transitive (also tone up)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tone sth down
■to make something less forceful or offensive, usually a piece of writing or a speech 使（通常指文章或讲话）缓和；使温和
• Some of the language in the original play has been toned down for the television version. 这部戏被拍成电视后，原剧中的一些语言已经被改得不那么激烈了。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] verb transitive (also tone up)
  Phrasal Verbs  tone in
■When colours tone in, they match and look pleasant together （颜色）相配
• The green of your scarf tones in with your shoes. 你的绿围巾与鞋子正好相配。
tone, dialect, accent
这三个名词意思相近，容易混淆。
tone: n.语气，音调，指说话人的口气或声音的高低、轻重等。
 • He speaks to his baby in soft tones.   他用柔和的语调和他的婴儿说话。
dialect: n.方言，土语，地方话，指一个地区人们所使用的语言。
 • the Yorkshire dialect   约克郡方言the Sichuan dialect四川方言
accent: n.口音，指某一地区语言的发音特征；重音。
 • He speaks English with a Spanish accent.   他讲英语带有西班牙口音。
n. 语气； [光] 色调； [声] 音调；音色
 - mood, hues
vt. 增强；用某种调子说
 - enchance, to increase

Word: crush
Front: crush
[krʌʃ] (研四六托雅 4311/4964 -K2)
Vocabulary: crush
(once / 161 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4n 5n
When you crush something, you break it into tiny pieces or crumple it. If you crush the cans in your recycling bin, you'll make more room for more.
A train can crush a car that's stalled on the tracks, and a person can crush an insect between her fingers. A figurative meaning of crush is to subdue or stop, like when a military dictator's forces crush a rebel uprising. You can also use crush as a noun to mean "an overwhelming number," like a crush of bodies on a packed subway car, or to describe infatuation, like your crush on your attractive neighbor, who also can be called your crush.
WORD FAMILY
crush: crushed, crusher, crushes, crushing +/crusher: crushers/ crushing: crushingly, crushings
USAGE EXAMPLES
I was quite star-struck at the time because I grew up with Wham and their music; he was one of my first teenage crushes.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In December, Roraima’s governor declared a state of emergency and appealed for federal assistance to cope with the crush of border-crossers.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
St. Thomas crushed their next four opponents: 42–8, 42–7, 49–0, 45–19.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 压破，压碎; 镇压; 弄皱; 挤榨，榨出
vi. 挤; 被压碎，被起皱
n. 粉碎，被压碎的状态; （特指女子对男性的）迷恋; 拥挤的人群; 果汁饮料
时态：crushed, crushing, crushes
分布：压碎(55%)，压榨(26%)，击败(8%)，极度拥挤(7%)，使...失望(2%)，折皱(2%)
→拟声词。
n./v.压碎,压坏v.压服,压垮I pushed aside the crushed cushion in a rush and saw a bushy brush.我急忙推开压皱的软垫子,看见一把浓密的刷子.
verb
PRESS 挤压
 IMPROVER transitive
■to press something very hard so that it is broken or its shape is destroyed 压扁；压坏；压碎
• The package had been badly crushed in the post. 包裹在邮寄过程中被压而严重受损。
• Add three cloves of crushed garlic. 加入三瓣捣碎的大蒜。
• His arm was badly crushed in the car accident. 他的手臂在车祸中被压成重伤。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to press paper or cloth so that it becomes full of folds and is no longer flat 弄皱（纸或布）
• My dress got all crushed in my suitcase. 我的衣服在手提箱里全给弄皱了。
 ADVANCED transitive
■If people are crushed against other people or things, they are pressed against them 挤压；拥挤
• Tragedy struck when several people were crushed to death in the crowd. 悲剧发生了，人群中有好几个人被挤死。
[krʌʃ] verb
SHOCK 震惊
transitive usually passive
■to upset or shock someone badly 使极度伤心；使震惊
• He was crushed by the news of the accident. 发生事故的消息让他很震惊。
[krʌʃ] verb
BEAT 击败
transitive
■to defeat someone completely 彻底击败；彻底击垮
• The president called upon the army to help crush the rebellion. 总统号召军队协助粉碎叛乱。
• France crushed Wales by 36 to 3 in last Saturday's match in Paris. 上周六在巴黎的比赛中法国队以36比3大胜威尔士队。
[krʌʃ] noun
LIKING 爱慕
countable informal
■a strong but temporary feeling of liking someone （短暂的）迷恋，热恋，爱慕
• She has a crush on one of her teachers at school. 她迷恋上了学校里的一位老师。
[krʌʃ] noun
PRESS 挤压
only singular
■a crowd of people forced to stand close together 拥挤的人群
• I had to struggle through the crush to get to the door. 我不得不奋力挤出拥挤的人群来到门口。
• You can come in our car, but it'll be a bit of a crush (= there will be a lot of people in it). 你可以上我们的车，不过要受点挤。
grind, crush, crack, smash, clash, crash
grind: 磨碎
crush: 压碎，压坏；
crack: 破裂；
smash: 打碎；
clash: 着重声音；
crash: 着重破坏
break, crush, crack, shatter, smash, burst, fracture
这组词都有“打破、弄碎”的意思，其区别是：
break: 常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。
crush: 指用力把东西压破或变形。
crack: 多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表现呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
shatter: 指破裂为许多支离破碎的碎片，多用指易碎事物。
smash: 指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。
burst: 指某物因内部外部压力过大而出现严重破裂、爆开或账破。
fracture: 比crack的破裂程度更深更严重，常指断裂，医学上指骨折。
vt. 压碎；弄皱，变形；使…挤入
 - crunch, become deformed
vi. 挤；被压碎
 - pile, crowd, pack
n. 粉碎；迷恋；压榨；拥挤的人群
 - compression, comminution

Word: wary
Front: wary
[ˈweəri] (托雅宝 6004/6338 -2)
Vocabulary: wary
(once / 603 pages)
adj
Describe yourself as wary if you don't quite trust someone or something and want to proceed with caution. Be wary of risky things like wild mushrooms and Internet deals!
You can trace wary through Old English back to Old High German giwar "aware, attentive." If you keep a wary eye on something, you are attentive for signs that it is becoming dangerous. Likewise, if you give someone a wary glance, your face conveys the suspicion and caution you feel. When you are wary of driving alone at night or making promises, you fear something bad might happen if you do these things.
WORD FAMILY
wary: unwary, warier, wariest, warily, wariness +/unwariness: unwarinesses/ unwary: unwarily, unwariness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yes, lawmakers should move carefully and be wary of overburdening alcohol establishments and offenders.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It said travelers should be wary of New Year’s celebrations especially in places packed with tourists such as beach parties and markets.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
While he’s wary of the government, “No matter what, they are still better than Daesh,” he said.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 谨慎的，小心翼翼的; 警戒的，警惕的
级别：warier, wariest
分布：机警的(69%)，小心的(31%)
→来自wer,覆盖，保护，看管，看护，词源同ward,ware。引申词义谨慎的。
警惕的;谨慎的[ware=watch,表示"注视"]
【记】war，y：在战斗中要小心翼翼的，不然就歇菜了。
【反】remiss（adj 玩忽职守的）
US ['wer.i] adjective
 ADVANCED
■not completely trusting or certain about something or someone 谨慎的；小心翼翼的
• I'm a bit wary of/about giving people my address when I don't know them very well. 如果不是太熟的话，我不会轻易告诉别人我的地址。
adj. 谨慎的；机警的；惟恐的；考虑周到的
 - cautious, prudent

Word: lady
Front: lady
[ˈleɪdi] (中高研四 1517/774 -K4)
Vocabulary: lady
(once / 40 pages)
n
An old-fashioned or extremely polite word for "woman" is lady. A waiter who's trying to be charming might say, "Can I get anything else for you ladies?"
There are instances when lady is the right word to use, but woman almost always sounds more modern and appropriate. Public speakers and announcers commonly use the phrase "ladies and gentlemen" to address a group of men and women, and if you're meeting a noblewoman, she may very well expect to be called "Lady Gertrude." Sometimes, ironically, lady is used in a rough, rude way: "Hey lady, out of my way!"
WORD FAMILY
lady: forelady, ladies, ladylike +/forelady: foreladies/ ladylike: ladylikeness, ladylikest, unladylike
USAGE EXAMPLES
An ambulance arrives, but, as it rushes to the hospital, it runs over an old lady, so it stops and picks her up, too.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
They function as franchisees in an “Avon lady”-style business.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“The lady in the back started getting really upset,” he recalls.
Time(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （指成年女子，有些人尤其是长者认为这样说比较礼貌）女士; （不尊重的非正式称呼）女人; （在英国对女贵族或贵族成员的妻子女儿或爵士妻子的称呼）夫人; 举止文雅且有教养的女子
分布：女士(78%)，夫人(22%)
→来自古英语hlaefdige,准备面包的人，女主人，hlaef,面包，词源同loaf,-dige,揉捏，词源同dough,dairy.后用于尊称夫人，女士。比较lord.
n.女士,夫人The lady is glad to give the salad to the sad lad on the ladder.女士乐意把色拉送给梯子上的那位悲哀的小伙子.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a polite or old fashioned way of referring to or talking to a woman 女士
• There's a young lady here to see you. 这里有位年轻的女士要见你。
• Mind your language - there are ladies present! 你说话注意点——有女士在场！
• Say "thank you" to the lady, children. 孩子们，对这位女士说“谢谢。”
• old-fashioned Is the lady of the house (= the most important or only woman who lives in the house) at home? 女主人在家吗？
countable old-fashioned
■a woman who behaves in a way that is traditionally considered to be suitable for a woman 淑女
• Of course I remember Mrs Connor - she was a real lady. 我当然记得康纳太太—— 她是个真正的淑女。
countable old-fashioned
■sometimes used before the name of a job done by a woman （用于女性的职业名字前）
• a lady doctor 女医生
[as form of address] US
■used to talk to a woman in a way that is not polite and is considered offensive by many women （用作不礼貌的称呼）女士，女人
• Hey, lady, what's the rush? 嘿，女士，忙甚么呢？
ladies UK (US ladies' room) only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■a women's toilet in a public place or building such as a hotel or restaurant 女洗手间，女厕所
• I'm just going to the ladies. 我正要去女洗手间。
• Is there a ladies on this floor? 这层楼上有女厕所吗？
ladies and gentlemen
■used to talk to the members of the audience when you are making a speech （讲话时对听众的称呼）女士们先生们
• Good evening, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the Theatre Royal. 女士们先生们，晚上好，欢迎大家来到皇家剧院。
female, woman, lady
这组词都有“女性”的意思，其区别是：
female: 与male“男(性)的，公的，雄的”相对，强调性别，可指人或动物，但除用于科学和统计上外，大多含贬义。
woman: 与man相对，侧重成年妇女的特点，系成年妇女的通称。
lady: 与gentleman相对，强调所谓高贵的气质、品德和教养等。也指对女性的礼貌称呼。
madam, lady, mrs, miss
这些名词均表示对女性的尊称。
madam: 夫人、太太，女士，小姐。与尊称男人的用词sir相对，多用于对已婚或未婚妇女的礼貌称呼，如店员对女顾客的称呼，后面不加姓名。如果已知对方的身份或姓名可在此词后面加上姓名职位。
lady: 女士，夫人，与gentleman相对，是对女性的礼貌称呼，多用于演讲或祝酒时称呼在场的女性。
mrs: 太太，夫人，是mistress的缩略形式，对已婚妇女的称呼。
miss: 小姐，是对未婚或不知婚姻状况的女性的称呼，与姓氏连用时应大写。
n. 女士，夫人；小姐；妻子
 - Miss, Mrs, wife, madam

Word: reasonable
Front: reasonable
[ˈri:znəbl] (高研四六雅 2510/1549 -K3)
Vocabulary: reasonable
(once / 157 pages)
adj
Reasonable describes someone or something that's sensible and fair, like your teacher who gives reasonable homework assignments — they don't take you forever to do and they relate to what you are studying.
If you're reasonable, you have good sense and judgment. A reasonable decision is rational and thought out, like your mom's reasonable rule about not eating crumbly foods in her car. When you describe a store's prices as reasonable, you mean they're fair — not too high. And if you are given a reasonable amount of time to do a project for school, you have no excuse for it being late.
WORD FAMILY
reasonable: reasonableness, reasonabler, reasonablest, reasonably+/ reason: reasonable, reasoned, reasoner, reasoning, reasonless, reasons, unreason/reasoner: reasoners/ reasoning: reasoningly, reasonings, unreasoning/unreason: unreasonable, unreasons/unreasonable: unreasonably/unreasoning: unreasoningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The law mandates that only “reasonable” fees be charged for public records.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Also, the MDX is a reasonable size, adding to its nimbleness, especially in parking lots.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Buyers based in other European capital cities will likely note how reasonable these prices are by comparison.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 合理的，公道的; 明白道理的; 适当的; 有理性的
分布：合理的(93%)，通情达理的(6%)，公平适度的(1%)
→来自 reason,理由，-able,形容词后缀。
a.合理的,有道理的;通情达理的;适度的It's a treason terror of the seasonal oversea seafood is reasonable.认为季节性的海外海鲜的价格是合理的就是背叛.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■based on or using good judgment and therefore fair and practical 合情理的；讲道理的；公平的
• If you tell him what happened, I'm sure he'll understand - he's a reasonable man. 如果你把发生的事情说给他听，我相信他肯定会理解的——他是个通情达理的人。
• He went free because the jury decided there was a reasonable doubt about his guilt. 他没有被判罪，因为陪审团认定指控他犯罪的证据不足。
 ADVANCED
■acceptable 可以接受的；合意的；尚好的
• We had a reasonable journey. 我们去了一次不错的旅行。
• We have a strong team and a reasonable chance of winning the game. 我们队很有实力，相当有把握赢出比赛。
 ADVANCED
■not too expensive （价钱）公道的，不太贵的
• Tomatoes are very reasonable at this time of year. 每年这个季节番茄的价格很划算。
sensible, rational, reasonable
这组词都有“明智的，合情合理的”的意思，其区别是：
sensible: 一般指合乎常情、切合实际的行为与思想，侧重明白事理。
rational: 指有理性的，有思维推理能力，而不是凭感觉冲动从事。
reasonable: 一般不十分着重推理的能力，而往往用来表示合乎情理、公正或务实。
realistic, practical, feasible, reasonable
realistic: 符合实际的，现实的
practical: 实际的，现实的，实用性的
feasible: 可行的，适当的
reasonable: 合理的，有道理的，适当的
adj. 合理的，公道的；通情达理的
 - rational, logical, possible, just, legitimate

Word: merit
Front: merit
[ˈmerɪt] (研四六托雅宝 4501/3641 -2)
Vocabulary: merit
(once / 123 pages)
nv
Merit is another way of saying "deserve." The National Merit Scholarship program is based on merit––students whose SAT scores are high enough deserve to be in the program. If kids seems to be getting in who hadn't even taken the SATs––that would merit an investigation.
You will often hear the phrases merit-based promotion and merit-based pay, which come up when employees are pushing against a system in which time on the job––and not job performance––determines when workers are promoted and how much they are paid. Using the word merit suggests impartiality and objectivity––such as when you swear off a prejudiced approach to something and vow to "judge it on its merits."
WORD FAMILY
merit: demerit, meritable, merited, meriting, meritless, meritorious, merits+/ demerit: demerits/meritable: meritably/merited: unmerited/meritless: meritlessly/ meritorious: meritoriously, meritoriousness, unmeritorious/unmerited: unmeritedly/unmeritorious: unmeritoriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
The president enjoys considerable influence over prosecutors, tax collectors and state security agents, whose careers are largely determined by political loyalty rather than merit.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lillian’s signing skills are also helping her earn a “speaking in sign” merit badge from the Girl Scouts of the Chesapeake bay.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“Statistical differences in outcomes among population groups might suggest potential fair lending concerns that merit further examination.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 价值，优点; [宗教]（行善得到的）功德; 功绩，功勋; 荣誉
vt. 值得，应获得; [宗教]（因行善而）应得（善报）
vi. 值得，应得; [宗教]积德
时态：merited, meriting, merits
分布：优点(36%)，价值(29%)，值得(23%)，功绩(10%)，应得(2%)
→来自古法语merite,工资，奖励，神的赐予，来自拉丁语merere,挣得，赚取，应得，来自smer,分配，划分，部分，词源同polymer,emeritus.字面意思即赚取自己应得的部分，引申词义奖品，精神奖励，神的礼物，并抽象化为功绩，才能，优点等。
n.优点,价值,功绩v.值得,应得On the orbit, the rabbits habitually inherited the merits of the inhabitants.在轨道上,兔子习惯性地继承了居民们的优点.
noun countable or uncountable formal
■the quality of being good and deserving praise 优点；价值；功绩
• an entertaining film with little artistic merit 一部有趣但艺术价值不高的电影
• Her ideas have merit. 她的想法很有价值。
• Brierley's book has the merit of being both informative and readable. 布赖尔利的书兼具内容丰富和可读性强的优点。
the merits of sth
■the advantages something has compared to something else （相比之下…的）优点，好处
• We discussed the merits of herbal tea. 我们讨论了药草茶的好处。
on your (own) merits
■according to the qualities you have or have shown, without considering any other information or comparing you to someone else 根据本身的特点
• The committee say they will consider / judge each applicant on his or her own merits. 委员会表示他们会根据每位申请者自身的条件斟酌考虑／作出判断。
['mer.ɪt] verb transitive formal
■If something merits a particular treatment, it deserves or is considered important enough to be treated in that way （…）值得，应受
• This plan merits careful attention. 这项计划值得仔细考虑。
• The accident merited only a small paragraph in the local paper. 这次意外在当地报纸上只有小篇幅报道。
merit, pefection, virtue
这组词都有“优点，长处”的意思，其区别是：
merit: 指有值得赞扬的优点，但不一定是出类拔萃。
pefection: 指达到了理想或完美的程度。
virtue: 指人或物的优点长处，指人的美德。
n. 优点，价值；功绩；功过
 - asset, importance, virtue, price, value
vt. 值得
 - to be worth, be deserving of

Word: lucky
Front: lucky
[ˈlʌki] (中高研四 2126/2137 -K3)
Vocabulary: lucky
(once / 154 pages)
adj
When you're lucky, things work out well for you — you experience good fortune. If you're feeling lucky, it might be a good day to buy a lottery ticket or guess the number of jelly beans in a jar.
Lucky people seem to have everything going for them, and your lucky charm (like a rabbit's foot or a four-leaf clover) seems to bring that kind of success in your direction. Some lucky things are happy coincidences: "How lucky that I ran into you this morning!" When you're envious of someone else's big break, you can say, "You lucky devil." Lucky and luck come from the Middle Dutch gheluc, "good fortune."
WORD FAMILY
lucky: luckier, luckiest, luckily, luckiness, unlucky+/ luck: luckless, lucks, lucky /luckless: lucklessly/unlucky: unluckily
USAGE EXAMPLES
How long until Islamic State gets lucky in Asia?
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Michael absorbed the key lesson: The happiest people are the ones who believe they are lucky, rather than entitled or owed their success.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
All this amounts to billions of pounds available to claim - and claim legitimately - without the need for a lucky lottery win.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 运气好的，侥幸的; 兆头好的，吉祥的; 〈俚〉难得; 很恰当的
级别：luckier, luckiest
分布：幸运的(98%)，带来好运的(2%)
a.幸运的,侥幸的The lucky duck tucked in truck suddenly sucked the gas from the bucket.塞在卡车里的幸运鸭子突然从桶里吸汽油.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■having good things happen to you by chance 幸运的，走运的，运气好的
• "I'm going on holiday." "Lucky you!" “我要去渡假了。”“你运气真好！”
• The lucky winner will be able to choose from three different holidays. 幸运的获胜者可以从三种不同的假日方案中选择一种。
• [+ to infinitive] They're lucky to have such a nice office to work in. 他们能在这么好的办公室里工作真走运。
• He's lucky that he wasn't fired. 他很幸运，没有被解雇。
• It sounds as if you had a lucky escape (= by good chance you were able to avoid something dangerous or unpleasant). 听起来好像你是侥幸逃脱啊。
• We'll be lucky if we get there by midnight at this rate (= We might get there by midnight or it might be later). 按照这样的速度，我们能在午夜前到达就算幸运了。
['lʌk.i] adjective
get lucky informal
■to meet someone you can have a sexual or romantic relationship with 遇到意中人，交桃花运
• Why don't you come to the party? You never know, you might get lucky. 你为甚么不来参加派对？你怎知你不会交桃花运呢。
['lʌk.i] adjective
You 'll be lucky! (also You should be so lucky!) UK informal
■said in order to tell someone that it is very unlikely that they will get what they want （用于告诉某人其几乎不可能如愿）但愿你走运！
• "She's going to ask for a salary increase." "She'll be lucky!" “她打算要求加薪。”“但愿她走运吧！”
favourable, lucky, happy, fortunate
这组词都有“有利的，好运的，顺利的”的意思，其区别是：
favourable: 普通用词，指预示从良好的结果中能得到明显好处，有利于达到目的。
lucky: 多指偶然机遇中的有利或幸运情况。
happy: 侧重指不是通过某种机会，而是凭借鉴另和选择手段而得到利益与好处。有时也指偶然得到的好处，但强调的是有利的结果。
fortunate: 指目前已存在的成功或有利情况，或指因好运或机会带来的成功和喜悦。
adj. 幸运的；侥幸的
 - fortunate, providential

Word: react
Front: react
[riˈækt] (高研四六托 2666/2923 -K3)
Vocabulary: react
(once / 182 pages)
v
When you react to something, you respond to it. If someone pokes you in class, you might react by sticking out your tongue at them. The teacher might then react by giving you both detention.
If someone says to you, "act, don't react," they are telling you not to automatically respond to something that someone does. Instead, you should think about it first and then decide what you want to do. In science, the word react is used to describe what happens when two substances combine and cause a chemical change in each other. When you add baking soda to vinegar, the chemicals in each react and create a foamy lava like substance.
WORD FAMILY
react: overreact, reactant, reacted, reacting, reaction, reactive, reacts+/ overreact: overreacted, overreacting, overreaction, overreacts/overreaction: overreactions/ reaction: reactionary, reactionism, reactions/ reactionary: reactionaries, reactionarily/reactionism: reactionist/ reactive: reactively, reactivity, unreactive
USAGE EXAMPLES
China will react as China always does to perceived – or real – slights.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“I don’t like the variety of the way it reacts with some people and how it’s minimal with others,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The goal is to be able to listen without reacting.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 反应，作出反应; 影响; 起反作用
vt. 使发生相互作用; 使起化学反应; 反抗; 再演，重演
时态：reacted, reacting, reacts
分布：反应(99%)，反攻(1%)
→re-,相反，act,行动，表现。引申词义反应，反抗。
反应;反抗(re反＋act→反动;反应)[act=to do,to drive表示"行动,做"]
v.反应,起作用;(against)反对,起反作用In the reaction, the fraction acts as an agent.在反应中,这些碎片起一种媒剂的作用.
verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to act in a particular way as a direct result of something else 反应；作出回应；（对药物等）有不良反应；产生（化学）反应
• She slapped him and called him names, but he didn't react. 她打他并辱骂他，但他不予回应。
• The judge reacted angrily to the suggestion that it hadn't been a fair trial. 有人说审判不公正，法官对此很愤怒。
• Many people react (badly) to (= are made ill by) penicillin. 有些人对青霉素（严重）过敏。
• specialized Potassium reacts (= changes when mixed) with water. 钾和水会发生化学反应。
[ri'ækt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  react against sth
■to intentionally do the opposite of what someone wants you to do because you do not like their rules or ideas 抗拒；反抗；反对
• He reacted against everything he had been taught. 教他甚么他都会唱对台戏。
vi. 反应；影响；反抗；起反作用
 - impact of, impact on, work on

Word: calculation
Front: calculation
[ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn] (四托 4642/3209 -K)
Vocabulary: calculation
(once / 459 pages)
n
Calculation is the act of calculating, which is using math or logic to figure out a problem. If your calculation is correct, then you can wear you sister’s favorite dress and put it back before she gets home.
A calculation is a careful, thought-out activity. The first kind of calculation involves figuring out the answer to a problem in math — the kind you might use a calculator for. Calculation also refers to using logic to figure out a non-numerical problem. If you have a difficult decision to make — like deciding what college to attend — calculation is your friend. That kind of calculation is to thoroughly think something through and make plans.
WORD FAMILY
calculation: calculations+/calculable: calculably, incalculable / calculate: calculable, calculated, calculates, calculating, calculation, calculative, calculator, miscalculate, recalculate / calculated: calculatedly/calculating: calculatingly/calculative: calculatively/calculator: calculators/ incalculable: incalculably/ miscalculate: miscalculated, miscalculates, miscalculating, miscalculation/miscalculation: miscalculations/ recalculate: recalculated, recalculates, recalculating, recalculation/recalculation: recalculations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Additionally, this somewhat unscientific calculation is assuming white parents solely buy white dolls for their children.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
This is because sitting alongside the agency’s official line on the carbon emissions was a new calculation, hiding in plain sight in their report.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It's ultimate cynicism, but it's probably in their calculations.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 计算，盘算; 估计; 计算的结果; 深思熟虑，慎重的计划
分布：计算(96%)，估计(3%)，深思熟虑(1%)
noun
NUMBERS 数字
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the process of using information you already have and adding, multiplying, subtracting or dividing numbers to judge the number or amount of something 算，计算
• The calculations that you did/made contained a few inaccuracies. 你的计算有几处不准确。
[ˌkæl.kjʊ'leɪ.ʃən] noun
PERSON 人
uncountable
■careful planning to control a situation for your own advantage in a way that is slightly unpleasant and causes people not to trust you 算计
• There's an element of calculation in his behaviour that makes me distrust him. 他的行为透着些许算计，让我不信任他。
n. [数] 计算；估计；计算的结果；深思熟虑
 - computation, estimation, appraisal, valuation, count

Word: loose
Front: loose
[lu:s] (高研四六托 2851/2925 -K3)
Vocabulary: loose
(once / 90 pages)
1adjvadv 2adjv 3adj 4adj 5adj 6adj
If something is loose, it's not attached very securely to anything. Be sure the horse trailer attached to your truck isn't loose, or it might just roll away on its own while you're on the highway.
Loose means "not fixed." We can use it for things that you physically attach, like doorknobs or buttons, or for ideas that aren't rigid. If someone has loose morals, they don't have a strong moral code. A floppy dancer has loose limbs, and a loose ball is one that no one's holding. It's also a verb. To loose something is to set it free, which is different from losing it. You loose the wild squirrel you nursed back to health.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
lose / loose
Lose sounds like snooze. If you lose something, you don’t have it anymore. Add an "o," and loose rhymes with goose and describes something that’s not attached.
The word lose has been through some changes since it hit the scene in the year 900. Now you can lose a game, lose your mind, lose control, lose your temper, lose your… train of thought, but you can also lose your car keys or ten pounds. Here are some current examples (because Old English would be confusing):
"If you know you eat all the time because you need something, but you aren’t sure what you need, diets won’t help you lose weight.” (US News)
"Sometimes I have trouble staying focused and I lose my train of thought,” Ford said. (Washington Times)
Loose is also an old word. Its meaning overlapped with lose's at some point, but now they’re separate. Loose got loose! It means not attached well, like a loose tooth, or free like a loose dog that’s off the leash. Lips come in pairs, like the "o’s" in loose, and loose lips sink ships. Here are more examples:
“State police say they're not sure how many chickens are on the loose." (US News)
"And sheepskin coats flowed loose and luxuriously around the body." (Washington Post.)
If you get them mixed up, don’t feel bad: lose and loose do have a shared history. To remember the difference, think of how a goose can get loose. But when loose loses an “o,” it’s gone forever. If you snooze, you lose.
WORD FAMILY
loose: loosed, loosely, loosen, looseness, looser, looses, loosest, loosing, unloose+/ loosen: loosened, loosening, loosens, unloosen/looseness: loosenesses/loosening: loosenings/unloose: unloosed, unlooses, unloosing/unloosen: unloosened, unloosening, unloosens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lava deltas are formed when lava enters the ocean and builds new land on loose and unstable substrate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Traditionally a grave disappointment, New Year’s Eve is at least a time to cut loose and escape the suffocating, sprout-scented stranglehold of the family Christmas.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
“The soldiers,” The Toronto World reported, “were a little loose around their own goal.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 松的，宽的; 模糊的; 散漫的; 自由的
vt. 释放; 不受约束地表达; 松开; 射出（子弹、箭等）
vi. 变得松散; 发射导弹; 开火
adv. 散漫地
n. 解放; 放任; 发射
时态：loosed, loosing, looses
分布：松的(36%)，宽松的(19%)，释放(7%)，放任(7%)，不确切的(5%)，不牢固的(5%)，解放(5%)，放枪(5%)，松散地(4%)，放纵(4%)，弄松(3%)
→来自lose的形容词，松开的，松的。
a.(宽)松的;不精确的;自由的,散漫的The screw has come loose.螺丝松掉了.
【反】taut（adj 拉紧的；紧张的）
adjective
NOT FIXED 未固定的
 ESSENTIAL
■not firmly fixed in place 松的，松动的
• There were some loose wires hanging out of the wall. 墙上搭着几根没有接好的电线。
• The nails in the bridge had worked them selves loose. 桥上的钉子已经松动了。
• The prisoners were so thin that their skin hung loose. 囚犯们瘦得很厉害，身上的皮肤都松垮垮地垂着。
 IMPROVER
■describes hair that is not tied back （头发）松散的，披着的，散开的
• Her hair was hanging loose about her shoulders. 她长发垂肩。
 IMPROVER
■describes things which are not fixed or held together or to anything else 松散的，散开的
• A few loose sheets of paper were lying around. 几张纸散落在地板上。
[lu:s] adjective
NOT TIGHT 不紧的
 ADVANCED
■(of clothes) not fitting closely to the body （衣服）宽松的，肥大的
• Wear comfortable, loose clothing to your exercise class. 上体育课的时候，要穿些舒适宽松的衣服。
[lu:s] adjective
NOT EXACT 不确切的
 ADVANCED
■not tightly controlled or not exact 未严加控制的；不严谨的，不精确的
• It's a fairly loose adaptation of the novel. 它是根据小说的大致内容改编而成的。
• It's only a loose translation of the poem. 这只是那首诗的不准确的译文。
[lu:s] adjective
IMMORAL 不道德的 old-fashioned disapproving
■having low morals; sexually free 不道德的；淫荡的
• a loose woman 荡妇
[lu:s] adjective
be at a loose end informal
■to have nothing to do 无所事事，闲着没事
• If you find yourself at a loose end, you could always clean the bathroom. 如果闲着没事，你总还可以去打扫一下浴室嘛。
[lu:s] adjective
hang/stay loose US informal
■to be calm and relaxed 镇定自若，不慌不忙
[lu:s] adjective
let sb loose
■to allow someone to do what they want in a place 任（某人）自由行动，放任（某人）
• You don't want to let Oliver loose in the kitchen. 你不想让奥利弗在厨房里到处乱跑吧。
[lu:s] adjective
let loose sth
■If you let loose something such as bullets or bombs, you release a lot of them all together 猛烈开（火），密集发射（子弹、炸弹等）
• The allies let loose an intensive artillery bombardment over the border. 联军对边境地区进行了一阵猛烈的炮击。
■to suddenly make a sound or speak in an uncontrolled way （突然失控地）发出，喊出，说出
• He turned round and let loose a torrent of abuse. 他转过身来破口大骂。
[lu:s] adjective
let/set sth loose
■to allow an animal to run around freely after it has been tied up 放开（拴住的动物）
• She let her horse loose in the field. 她把马放到田野上去了。
[lu:s] noun
on the loose
■If a dangerous person is on the loose, they are free to move around a place and harm people （危险分子）在逃，未受管制
• Brewer escaped from prison last year and has been on the loose ever since. 布鲁尔自去年越狱后一直在逃。
[lu:s] verb transitive
■to speak or express emotions very freely, especially in an uncontrolled way 敞开了说，放开了说，自由表达
• The minister loosed an angry tirade against the leader of the opposition. 部长发表了一篇长篇演说，愤怒地对反对党领袖进行了猛烈抨击。
[lu:s] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  loose or lose? Warning: these two verbs look and sound similar but have very different meanings. To talk about no longer possessing something or having less of it, don't say 'loose', say lose :
✗ If we are not careful we will loose some of our best clients.
loose, slack
这组词都有“松驰的”的意思，其区别是：
loose: 常用，通俗。指人的精神或东西的松驰。
slack: 强调缺乏牢固性或稳固性，不坚定。
adj. 宽松的；散漫的；不牢固的；不精确的
 - weak, discursive
vt. 释放；开船；放枪
 - deliver, free, fire
vi. 变松；开火
 - fluff
n. 放纵；放任；发射
 - emission, sending, shot, launch, projection

Word: shortly
Front: shortly
[ˈʃɔ:tli] (高研四六 2853/2278 -K3)
Back: adv. 立刻，马上; 简单地，扼要地; 唐突地，简慢地; 在即
分布：立刻(56%)，马上(44%)
ad.立刻,不久;不耐烦地,简慢地He will arrive shortly.他很快会到达.
US [ʃɔ:rt-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■soon 不久，很快
• We will shortly be arriving in King's Cross Station. 我们马上就要到国王十字车站了。
shortly after/before sth
 IMPROVER
■a short time after or before something …之后／之前不久
• Shortly after you left, a man came into the office looking for you. 你离开后不久就有一名男子来到办公室找你。
initially, afterward, subsequently, ultimately, lately, previously, eventually, shortly, presently
initially: 最初，开头
afterward: 以后，后来
subsequently: 随后，后来
ultimately: 最后，终于
lately: 最近，不久前
previously: 以前，先前
eventually: 终于，后来
shortly: 立刻，马上
presently: 马上，一会儿，很快
instantly, right away, directly, soon, at once, shortly, presently, immediately
这组词都有“立刻，马上”的意思，其区别是：
instantly: 指恰恰就在此刻，一秒钟也没耽误。
right away: 主要用于美国英语，语气稍弱于at once，强调动作迅速。
directly: 和immediately同义，指毫无迟疑。
soon: 常用词，指行动快，完成速度快。
at once: 口语中常用，语气强烈，指时间紧迫，一刻也不能耽误。
shortly: 和soon同义，指动作发生或完成的速度之快。
presently: 指不久、即将。
immediately: 指做完一件事后，立即就做另一件事，中间一般没有明显的时间间隔。
adv. 立刻；简短地；唐突地
 - soon, immediately, now

Word: translate
Front: translate
[trænsˈleɪt] (中高研四六 2729/3281 -K2)
Vocabulary: translate
(once / 96 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
To translate is to put into a different language or interpret. If your brother says, "Gee, Mom, all of my friends have really cool pets, like snakes and stuff," you can translate that statement to mean "I want a snake."
Translate comes from the Latin translates, which means "carry across." The word isn't limited to talking about language. You can translate sales into dollars, or a play into a movie. When used that way, translate means changing something from one form to another.
WORD FAMILY
translate: mistranslate, retranslate, translatable, translated, translates, translating, translation, translator +/ mistranslate: mistranslated, mistranslates, mistranslating, mistranslation/mistranslation: mistranslations/retranslate: retranslated, retranslates, retranslating/translatable: untranslatable/ translation: translational, translations/translational: nontranslational/ translator: translators/untranslatable: untranslatably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Achilles’ defining attribute—it’s the first word of the Iliad—is mēnin, usually translated as “wrath” or “rage.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But when he turned it into a potential job, it was overlooked because it didn’t translate to the employer.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
More education translates into higher incomes, more tax revenue and a lower likelihood of reliance on government welfare or other payments.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 翻译; 解释; 转化; 被翻译
时态：translated, translating, translates
分布：翻译(89%)，解释(7%)，转移(2%)，调动(2%)
→来自拉丁语 translatus,转变的，转移的，来自 trans-,转移，转变，latus,携带的，承担的，来 自*tlatus,来自 tel,支撑，承载，词源同 relate,extol,tolerate.该拉丁词 latus 用作另一个拉丁 词 ferre 的过去分词形式，因而词根-lat 为-fer 过去分词形式。引申词义翻译，转变等。
翻译;转化(trans交换+late→交换拿出→翻译)[lat=bring,out,表示"拿出,带出"]
v.翻译,解释;转化,One of my relatives, a late translator, translated a book relating to public relations.我的一位亲戚,一个已故翻译,翻译了一本有关公共关系的书.
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to change words into a different language 译，翻译
• We were asked to translate a list of sentences. 我们被要求翻译一组句子。
• She works for the EU, translating from English into French. 她在欧盟工作，担任英译法翻译。
Compare interpret to change something into a new form, especially to turn a plan into reality 转化（尤指将计划变为现实）
• So how does this theory translate into practical policy? 那么如何将这个理论应用于制定现实可行的政策呢？
• The ways of working that he had learnt at college did not translate well (= were not suitable) to the world of business. 他在大学里学到的工作方式并不适合商业世界。
translate sth as sth
■to decide that words, behaviour or actions mean a particular thing 认为…意味着…
• He mumbled something which I translated as agreement. 他嘴里咕哝了句甚么，我想是表示同意。
transmit, transfer, transcend, transport, translate
transmit: 发射，播送；传播，传染；留传，遗传；
transfer: 转移，迁移；
transcend: 超过，翻越；
transport: 运输，运送，输送；
translate: 翻译；说明，使变成
vt. 翻译；转化；解释；转变为；调动
 - remove, expound
vi. 翻译
 - interpret

Word: involvement
Front: involvement
[ɪnˈvɒlvmənt] (2311/2139 -K3)
Vocabulary: involvement
(once / 1441 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Involvement is the act of participating in something. Even if you do nothing but drive the getaway car, you will be held to account for your involvement in a crime.
Involvement is useful because it is not specific. If, over the course of many years, you play and then coach football, you might refer to the time of your involvement in the sport. If you are engaged in a love affair, you might say, without going into too much detail, that you and your lover are involved and refer to the affair as your involvement.
WORD FAMILY
involvement: involvements, non-involvement+/disinvolve: disinvolved, disinvolving/involution: involutions/ involve: disinvolve, involution, involved, involvement, involves, involving/ involved: involvedly, self-involved, uninvolved
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ross said he’s “extremely grateful for the parents for their involvement and the fact that this ended without any loss of life”.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Germany and France have raised questions about that involvement.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
The funders have no involvement in or influence over the articles produced by project fellows in collaboration with The Guardian.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 牵连，参与; 加入; 财政困难; 牵连的事务，复杂的情况
分布：参与(70%)，卷入(17%)，牵连(9%)，兴趣(3%)，性关系(1%)
→来自involve,卷入，参与。
US [-'vɑ:lv-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the act or process of taking part in something 参与
• The team's continued involvement in the competition is uncertain. 该队能否继续参加比赛还未确定。
• Being on the committee is one involvement I could do without. 在委员会任职对我来说是一件不做也行的事。
■a romantic or sexual relationship 风流韵事或性关系
• She spoke openly about her involvement with the former Prime Minister. 她公开谈论和前总理的风流韵事。
n. [法] 牵连；包含；混乱；财政困难
 - containing, chaos, disorder, confusion, involved in

Word: tape
Front: tape
[teɪp] (中高研四六托雅 1490/1561 -K4)
Back: n. 带子; 胶带，磁带; 卷尺
vt. 用带子捆起来; 录音
vt. & vi. 录音
时态：taped, taping, tapes
分布：磁带(50%)，录音(36%)，录像(7%)，胶布(4%)，终点(1%)，用卷尺测量(1%)，用胶布粘(1%)
→来自古英语 taeppe,小布条，布带，可能来自拉丁语 tapete,布料，毯子，来自希腊语 tapes,纺 织品，布料，毯子，来自 temp,拉，伸，来自 ten,拉，伸，词源同 extend,tense.引申 诸相关词义。
n.带(子);录音带,磁带v.录音;系,捆Can I borrow your tape?能借你的磁带听吗?
noun countable or uncountable
RECORDING 录音
 IMPROVER
■thin plastic in a long narrow strip with a magnetic covering which allows sounds or sounds and pictures to be recorded and played again, or a cassette , especially one on which sound is (to be) recorded 磁带，录音带，录像带
• magnetic tape 磁带
• I've got that film on tape (= recorded) if you want to borrow it. 我已经把那部电影录了下来，你可以借去看。
• If you give me a blank tape (= one with nothing on it) I'll record it for you. 如果你给我一张空白带，我就帮你录。
[teɪp] noun countable or uncountable
STRIP 条带
■a long narrow strip of material which is sometimes sticky on one side 带子，胶带
• UK sticky tape 胶带
the (finishing) tape
■a tape stretched across the finishing line of a race which the winner breaks as they finish 终点线
[teɪp] verb transitive
RECORD 唱片
■to record something on tape 把…录在录音带（或录像带）上
[teɪp] verb transitive
USE STICKY STRIPS 使用胶布
■to use strips of sticky material, especially to fix two things together or to fasten a parcel 用胶布固定；用胶布封住；用带子捆扎
• She taped a note to the door. 她把一张字条贴在门上。
[teɪp] verb transitive
have sb taped (also have sb on tape) UK informal
■to know about and be able to deal with a person or situation 摸清（某人）的底细
n. 胶带； [计] 磁带；带子；卷尺
 - magnetictape, mylar
vt. 录音；用带子捆扎；用胶布把…封住
 - sound recording, make a record

Word: rape
Front: rape
[reɪp] (研 3416/3510 -3)
Vocabulary: rape
(once / 843 pages)
1nv 2n
Rape is a word for sexual assault — usually a man rapes a woman. This is one of the worst crimes there is. Rape can also mean to plunder or strip something of resources.
There are few words more powerful than rape, which is a horrifying crime most often done by a man to a woman. To rape someone is to force them to have sex with you. This word isn't an obscenity, but its meaning is. There are also some metaphorical meanings, like if a country is said to rape the land of a resource, like oil. Some countries might rape their rain forests by cutting them down. However it's used, rape is a violent and ugly word.
WORD FAMILY
rape: raped, rapeed, raper, rapes, raping, rapist+/raper: rapers/rapist: rapists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It says it has observed starvation, the burning of villages and rape being used as weapons of war across the country.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
In 1971, Whitsell was convicted of aggravated rape in two separate cases in Louisiana, according to the district attorney’s office.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Satoe still faces trial in February on two counts of rape and a count of aiding and abetting attempted rape.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 掠夺，强夺; 强奸
n. 掠夺，强夺; [法]强奸; [植]油菜; 葡萄渣
时态：raped, raping, rapes
分布：强奸(92%)，掠夺(4%)，蹂躏(3%)，破坏(1%)
→来自拉丁语 rapere,抓住，抓取，来自 rep,reup,抓走，抢夺，词源同 rob,rip,rapid.引申词 义掠夺，强夺，后用于指强奸，强暴。
强奸;洗劫[Rap,rapt,rav=snatch,表示"捕,夺"]
n./vt.掠夺,蹂躏,强奸
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to force someone to have sex when they are unwilling, using violence or threatening behaviour 强奸；强暴
• She was pulled from the car and raped. 她被拉出车外，遭到强奸。
• It's difficult to understand what causes a man to rape. 很难理解是甚么原因导致一个男人犯下强奸罪行。
[reɪp] noun
SEX CRIME 性犯罪
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(an example of) the crime of forcefully having sex with someone against their wish 强奸（罪）
• He had committed several rapes. 他多次犯下强奸罪。
• He was convicted of rape. 他被判犯有强奸罪。
[reɪp] noun
DESTRUCTION 破坏
uncountable
■destruction of the natural world, often for profit （为谋利而对自然环境的）破坏，损害，糟蹋
• The road builders were accused of the rape of the countryside. 道路建筑商被指责肆意破坏乡村环境。
[reɪp] noun
PLANT 植物
uncountable (also oilseed rape, rapeseed)
■a plant with yellow flowers from which oil and animal food are produced 油菜
n. 强奸，掠夺； [园艺] 油菜；葡萄渣
 - violation, cole
vt. 强奸；掠夺，抢夺
 - harry, despoil

Word: weigh
Front: weigh
[weɪ] (中高研四六 2504/3088 -K3)
Vocabulary: weigh
(once / 161 pages)
v
To weigh is all about judging; you could be seeing how heavy something is or if it is a good choice. You could weigh the tomatoes you're buying or weigh your options when applying to college.
To weigh something can mean to physically assess its weight — is it 3 pounds? 40 kilos? 22 grams? But it's no accident that the symbol for justice is often a scale. That's because all of the facts of a case need to be weighed or evaluated for justice to be served. And hopefully the decision will be balanced and fair.
WORD FAMILY
weigh: overweight, weighed, weigher, weighing, weighs+/overweight: overweights/weigher: weighers/weighing: weighings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those with a fruit bowl weighed 13 pounds less.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Australian authorities relaxed drone regulations in September, allowing anyone to fly drones weighing up to 2kg without training, insurance, registration or certification.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
She is currently weighing whether to run again and meanwhile is running Emerge Colorado, a branch of Emerge America.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 称…的重量; 权衡，考虑; 用手掂估; 使吃重
vi. 具有重要性; 重量为; 起锚; 成为…的重荷
n. 权衡; 称重量
时态：weighed, weighing, weighs
分布：衡量(94%)，重达 ...(6%)
→来自wegh,承载，运输，词源同way,vehicle,wagon.引申义承载，重量。
v.称...重量,称;重达;考虑,权衡This box weighs five kilogrammes.这只箱子重五公斤.
verb
HEAVINESS 重量
 IMPROVER [L only + noun] transitive
■to have a heaviness of a stated amount, or to measure the heaviness of an object 有…重；称…的重量
• Yesterday a satellite weighing 15 tonnes was successfully placed in orbit. 昨天一颗重15公吨的卫星被成功送入了轨道。
• [R] She weighs herself every week on the scales in the bathroom. 她每周都用浴室里的秤称体重。
• Your luggage must be weighed before it is put on the aircraft. 你的行李在送上飞机之前必须要称重。
[weɪ] verb
INFLUENCE 影响
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■(of something such as a fact or an event) to have an influence or be important （事实或事件）有影响，很重要
• Easy access to a railway network weighed heavily with us when we chose a site for the new factory. 我们选择新工厂的厂址时，能否离铁路网比较近，对我们非常重要。
[weɪ] verb
CONSIDER 考虑
transitive
■to carefully consider, especially by comparing facts or possibilities, in order to make a decision 仔细考虑；权衡
• Only when we have weighed all the factors involved can we decide when would be the best time to start. 我们只有权衡了所有相关因素后，才能决定何时开始最好。
• Economic benefits must be carefully weighed against the possible dangers of handling radioactive waste. 在衡量处理放射性核废料可能出现的危险时，必须认真考虑其经济收益问题。
Compare outweigh
[weɪ] verb
SHIP 船
weigh anchor
■to lift the anchor (= a heavy metal object) of a ship from under the water so that it can move freely 起锚，启航
[weɪ] verb
weigh your words (also weigh each word)
■to carefully think about everything you are going to say before you say it 推敲；斟酌字句
• He gave evidence to the court, weighing each word as he spoke. 他字斟句酌地向法庭提供了证词。
[weɪ] verb
weigh a ton informal
■to be very heavy 非常重，特别沉
• What on Earth have you got in this bag, Elaine? It weighs a ton! 伊莱恩，你这个袋子里装的到底是甚么？重死了！
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M usually passive] weigh sb/sth down
■If someone or something is weighed down with something, they are carrying a lot of or too much of it 压倒；压弯
• Weighed down with supplies, they found the steep path difficult to climb. 由于背着沉重的补给品，他们觉得陡峭的小路很难攀爬。
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M usually passive] weigh sb down
■to make a person feel worried and unhappy because of problems, responsibilities and duties 使（某人）焦虑；使（某人）沮丧
• I thought she looked somehow older, weighed down by all her new responsibilities. 我觉得她被那些新职责弄得心力交瘁，看上去都老了些。
• Too much responsibility when too young can weigh down on a child. 年幼时背负过多的责任会使孩子不堪重负。
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  weigh in
SPORT
■to be officially weighed before competing in a sport, especially boxing or horse racing （尤指拳击或赛马比赛之前）量体重
• Tyson weighed in at 245 lbs for the fight. 泰森打这场比赛时体重为245磅。
DISCUSSION informal
■to become involved in an argument or discussion in a forceful way 积极参与（辩论或讨论）
• Several leading architects weighed in with criticisms regarding the design of the new museum. 几位著名的建筑师加入讨论，对新博物馆的设计方案提出了批评意见。
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  weigh on sb/sth
■If a problem or responsibility weighs on you, it makes you worried or unhappy （问题、责任等）使（某人）焦虑不安，使（某人）担忧
• He's under huge pressure at work and it's really weighing on him. 他工作压力很大，内心负担很重。
• She knew she had treated him badly and it weighed heavily on her mind for a long time. 她知道自己以前对他很差，这件事压在她心头已经很长时间了。
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] weigh sth out
■to measure an amount of something 称出（一定重量的某物）
• Will you weigh out two kilograms of flour for me please? 请给我称两公斤面粉好吗？
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] weigh sth up
■to think carefully about the advantages or disadvantages of a situation before making a decision 就…仔细考虑（利弊）；就…权衡
• I'm weighing up my options before I decide to apply for the job. 我在权衡自己的选择，然后再决定是否要申请那份工作。
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] weigh sb up
■to form an opinion about a situation or someone's abilities and character by thinking about them carefully 估计（形势）；评估（某人的能力、品质）
• I weighed up my chances of escape, and decided to wait for a better moment. 估量了一下逃跑的胜算有多大后，我决定等待一个更好的时机。
• When you're a detective you learn to weigh people up quickly. 如果你是个侦探，就要学会快速判断一个人。
weigh, consider, study, contemplate, ponder
这组词都有“考虑、思考、估量”的意思，其区别是：
weigh: 指作出决策前把问题的各个方面进行比较，权衡利害得失，取有利的方面。
consider: 既指一时的对某事的考虑，也指长时间的深入的思考。
study: 普通用词，指对各方面考虑，在制订出计划或采取具体动作之前作认真检查。
contemplate: 通常指长时间思考某事，有时含无确定的实际目的。
ponder: 侧重仔细、深入、连续地考虑问题，以作出认真的估计和正确的抉择。
vt. 权衡；考虑；称…重量
 - view, measure, study, regard, think of
vi. 重量为…；具有重要性；成为…的重荷；起锚
 - break ground
n. 权衡； [计量] 称重量
 - trade-off

Word: oust
Front: oust
[aʊst] (托雅宝 9709/9965 -2)
Vocabulary: oust
(once / 1181 pages)
v
A teacher may oust you from class if you are being disruptive, or you might oust your class president from her position if you beat her in the election. To oust is to “expel,” “kick out,” or “remove and replace.”
When you oust someone, you are “giving them the boot.” A sports team is ousted from a tournament if they lose an elimination round. Oust often implies both removal and replacement. The automobile, for instance, ousted the horse as the preferred means of travel. Likewise, when a politician ousts someone from office they are taking that person’s place in office. And if you beat the all-time record in a hot-dog eating tournament, then you oust the previous record holder from their position.
WORD FAMILY
oust: ousted, ouster, ousting, ousts+/ ouster: ousters/ousting: oustings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Saudi-led coalition intervened in Yemen’s war after the rebels ousted the government last year.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But he also said that Moscow would not be ousting American diplomats.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Creutzig sees other subtler food security impacts at play as well—like the ousting of millions of smallscale farmers, as cities expand.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 驱逐，罢黜; 取代; 剥夺
时态：ousted, ousting, ousts
分布：取代(50%)，逐出(30%)，夺取(20%)
→来自古法语oster,驱逐，赶走，来自拉丁语obstare,站在对面，阻止，阻碍，来自ob-,相对，对着的，-st,站，站立，词源同stand.引申词义剥夺，罢免。词义演变比较obviate.
【记】源于：out出去！
【反】instate（v 任命）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to force someone to leave a position of power, job, place or competition 将…赶下台；罢免；废黜；赶走；淘汰
• The president was ousted (from power)in a military coup in January 1987. 总统在1987年1月的一次军事政变中被赶下台。
• Police are trying to oust drug dealers from the city centre. 警方正试图将毒品贩子们从市中心撵走。
• The champions were defeated by Arsenal and ousted from the League Cup. 冠军们被阿森纳队打败，并被淘汰出联赛杯。
vt. 驱逐；剥夺；取代
 - shear, expel

Word: dirty
Front: dirty
[ˈdɜ:ti] (中高 2869/2873 -K3)
Vocabulary: dirty
(once / 232 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3adj
Things that aren't clean are dirty. The greasy pans in your sink, your muddy shoes, your smelly dog, your strange uncle's jokes — all of these things are dirty.
When your car is dirty, you should to take it to the car wash, and when your hands are dirty, you need to be sure to wash them with soap and warm water. Some jobs are dirty, like mining, farming, and ditch digging, and the adjective dirty is sometimes used to mean "contaminating" or "poisonous," as with "dirty bombs." If you call your friend a "dirty rat," you mean to let him know you're disgusted with him.
WORD FAMILY
dirty: dirtied, dirtier, dirties, dirtiest, dirtily, dirtiness, dirtying+/ dirt: dirts, dirty
USAGE EXAMPLES
He means Dirty Mind, from 1980, on which Prince wears black bikini briefs and a flasher’s mac.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Grey’s track on “Narrative of a City” isn’t nearly as dirty sounding as the new stuff, but that’s because he was working minus outside interference.
Los Angeles Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Doing the laundry meant lugging the dirty clothes to a laundromat two blocks away with the children in tow.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 恶劣的; 肮脏的; 卑劣的; 下流的
vt. 弄脏，污染; 使名声受玷污
vi. 变脏，污染
时态：dirtied, dirtying, dirties
分布：脏的(37%)，肮脏的(27%)，弄脏(15%)，卑鄙的(8%)，下流的(7%)，玷污(3%)，不正当的(2%)，腐败的(1%)
a.弄脏的;下流的v.弄脏,玷污The virtueless girl's duty is to wash the dirty shirts and skirts in the outskirts.无美德女孩的职责就是在郊区洗脏衬衣和裙子.
US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adjective
NOT CLEAN 肮脏
 ESSENTIAL
■not clean 尘土，泥土，灰尘
• Her face was dirty and tear-stained. 她的脸很脏，还留有泪痕。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adjective
NOT HONEST 不诚实的 informal
■unfair, dishonest or unkind 不公平的；欺骗的；卑鄙的
• She played a dirty trick on me by telling me Diane was having a party when she wasn't. 她捉弄我说戴安娜要开一个派对，而实际上并没有这回事。
• The airline admitted being involved in a dirty tricks campaign to win customers from their rival. 那家航空公司承认参与了从竞争对手那里抢夺客户的不光彩行为。
• That's a dirty lie! 那是卑鄙的谎言！
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adjective
NOT POLITE 不礼貌的 informal
■describes something that is connected with sex, in a way that many people think is offensive 黄色的，色情的，下流的
• a dirty magazine/film/joke 色情杂志／电影／笑话
• You've got a really dirty mind ! 你的想法太下流了！
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adjective
do sb's dirty work
■to do something unpleasant or difficult for someone else because they do not want to do it themselves 替（某人）干烂工作，为（某人）做烂事儿
• Tell her yourself - I'm not going to do your dirty work for you. 你自己去告诉她——我才不会替你干这种烂事儿。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adjective
do the dirty on sb UK informal
■to behave unfairly towards someone, usually without their knowledge 给（某人）背地里使坏，对（某人）偷偷使坏
• He can't forgive her for doing the dirty on him and having an affair with his best friend. 他无法原谅她瞒着自己去跟他最要好的朋友私通。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adjective
give sb a dirty look
■to look at someone in a disapproving way 怒视（某人），瞪（某人）一眼
• He gave me a really dirty look. 他恶狠狠地瞪了我一眼。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adverb
dirty great/big
■very great/big 非常大
• The power station's nothing but a dirty great blot on the landscape. 那座电站很是杀风景。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adverb
play dirty informal
■to behave dishonestly, especially by cheating in a game 欺骗，耍猫腻，耍花招
• Dez likes football but he plays dirty. 德兹喜欢足球但常玩猫腻。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] verb transitive
■to make something dirty 弄脏
• Don't sit on the floor - you might dirty your dress. 别坐在地板上——会弄脏你的裙子的。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] verb transitive
dirty your hands
■to become involved in something unfair or dishonest 同流合污
• He refused to dirty his hands by lying about what had happened. 他没有同流合污，拒绝谎报实情。
nasty, dirty, foul
这组词都有“脏的，污秽的”的意思，其区别是：
nasty: 主要指特别讲究清洁的人感到讨厌的东西。
dirty: 普通用词，泛指被玷污或弄脏。
foul: 指由于腐烂、恶臭等造成的不干净，令人恶心。
adj. 下流的，卑鄙的；污秽的；恶劣的；暗淡的
 - poor, mean, blue, base, gross
vi. 变脏
 - soil
vt. 弄脏
 - soil, mud, spot

Word: assumption
Front: assumption
[əˈsʌmpʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 2606/1693 -3)
Vocabulary: assumption
(once / 594 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An assumption is something that you assume to be the case, even without proof. For example, people might make the assumption that you're a nerd if you wear glasses, even though that's not true. Or very nice.
From the Latin assumptionem, meaning “a taking or receiving,” assumption was recorded circa 1300 as a noun describing “the reception of the Virgin Mary into heaven.” The word later shook its religious roots and developed into the noun we hear more often today, usually when a person takes something for granted or literally takes possession of something.
WORD FAMILY
assumption: assumptions+/ assume: assumed, assumes, assuming, assumption, assumptive, re-assume/ assumed: assumedly/ assuming: assumingly, unassuming /re-assume: re-assuming/ unassuming: unassumingly, unassumingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The finding re-shapes one of the most prominent assumptions of the US gun control debate.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
"I would say this is too optimistic an assumption and I think we will see more volatility this year."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Another surprise: Futurists are relentlessly critical of their own assumptions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 假定，假设; 承担; 想当然; 采取
分布：假定(69%)，设想(28%)，假装(3%)
假设,承担(as+sumpt+ion)[sum,sumpt=take表示"拿,取"]
n.假定,设想;采取;承担;推测;假装It is very likely that your assumption is wrong.很有可能,你的假定是错的.
noun
 IMPROVER countable
■something that you accept as true without question or proof 假定；假设；臆断
• People tend to make assumptions about you when you have a disability. 如果你有残疾，人们往往就会对你妄加假设。
• These calculations are based on the assumption that prices will continue to rise. 这些计算是基于价格会继续上升这一假定之上的。
[ə'sʌmp.ʃən] noun
assumption of power/responsibility, etc.
uncountable
■when someone takes a position of power/responsibility, etc. 夺取，获得（权力等）；承担（责任等）
• The revolutionaries' assumption of power took the army by surprise. 革命者突然夺取政权，使军队措手不及。
supposition, assumption, hypothesis, presumption
这组词都有“假设，假想”的意思，其区别是：
supposition: 可与assumption换用，还可表某种试探性的主观看法或建议。
assumption: 侧重主观推测或主观设想。
hypothesis: 书面用词，指有待作进一步检验或证实的假设。
presumption: 着重指以可能性为依据的假设。
n. 假定；设想；担任；采取
 - conception, perhaps, if

Word: latter
Front: latter
[ˈlætə(r)] (高研四六托 2725/1251 -K3)
Vocabulary: latter
(once / 47 pages)
nadj
When you are comparing two things, the first one is known as the former and the second as the latter. For example, George Bush and George W. Bush were both U. S. presidents. The latter was the son of the former.
The word latter is really a form of later meaning "more recent" or "that which came after." The latter recording of a band refers to the one made more recently. It also can refer to a later time, near the end. If someone is in the latter stages of a disease, the disease has just about run its course and the person is about to die.
WORD FAMILY
latter: latterly, latters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The former is prescribed for the painful muscle spasms that occur in multiple sclerosis, while the latter is aimed at childhood seizures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The reality is closer to the latter: The Baltimore artist depicts discarded plants, left to wither.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The latter poll, which suggested Clinton was ahead by six points — outside the margin of error — also surmised a seven-point Democratic registration advantage.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 后者的; 末了的; 较后的
分布：后者的(71%)，后面的(29%)
→来自late的比较级形式。
a.后者的;后一半的,接近终了的n.后者One of my relatives, a late translator, translated a book relating to public relations.我的一位亲戚,一个已故翻译,翻译了一本有关公共关系的书.
US ['lætˌ.ɚ] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■near or towards the end of something 后半程的，靠后的，末尾的
• Building of the new library should begin in the latter part of next year. 新图书馆的建设应该在明年下半年开工。
• In the latter stages of the fight he began to tire. 到那场拳击赛的后半段他开始支援不住了。
UK ['læt.ər] US ['lætˌ.ɚ] noun only singular
the latter
■the second of two people, things or groups previously mentioned （提及的两者中的）后者
• She offered me more money or a car and I chose the latter. 她提出给我更多的钱或者一辆汽车，我选择了后者。
Compare the former not standard
■the last of more than two people, things or groups previously mentioned （已提及的两个以上的人、事物或群体中的）最后一个
adj. 后者的；近来的；后面的；较后的
 - back, rear

Word: repair
Front: repair
[rɪˈpeə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 3874/2940 -K3)
Vocabulary: repair
(once / 142 pages)
1vn 2vn
To repair means to fix or mend something so that it is in good working order again. If you forget to put oil in your car and you blow the engine, it's going to cost you an awful lot to repair it.
Not only does repair describe the act of fixing something, it can also be used as a noun for the fixing itself, as in “Who did the repair on this house? It looks terrible!” In a totally different meaning, if you repair somewhere, you return back to or go to a place for rest or shelter. If you're outside and it begins to rain, you might want to repair to the house where it's dry.
WORD FAMILY
repair: disrepair, repaired, repairer, repairing, repairs, reparable, reparation +/ disrepair: disrepairs/ irreparable: irreparably/repaired: unrepaired/repairer: repairers/ reparable: irreparable / reparation: reparations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The long slog to fund road and bridge repairs continues in 2017.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Emergency bridge repairs on the northbound side in December 2014 and January 2015 sometimes caused traffic to back up for 6 miles.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To top it off, she also broke her right femur, which was repaired by surgery.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 修理; 纠正; 恢复; 弥补
n. 修理; 修理工作; 维修状态; 经修理的东西
时态：repaired, repairing, repairs
分布：修理(69%)，修补(16%)，去(9%)，补救(3%)，维修工作(1%)，维修状态(1%)，赴(1%)
→来自拉丁语 reparare,修复，复原，来自 re-,再，重新，parare,准备，词源同 prepare.
修理(re再+pair→重新准备好→修理)[par=get ready表示"准备"]
n.修理,修补v.补救,纠正;修理You ought to get your watch repaired.你该把表送去修理了.
US [-'per] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to put something that is damaged, broken or not working correctly, back into good condition or make it work again 修理；修补；修复；整修
• to repair (the surface of) the road 修路（面）
• to repair a roof after a storm 暴风雨后修理房顶
• The garage said the car was so old it wasn't worth repairing. 修车厂的人说这辆车太旧，不值得修了。
• I really must get my bike repai red this weekend. 这个周末我真得修修脚踏车了。
■If you repair something wrong or harmful that has been done, you do something to make it right 补救；纠正；弥补
• to repair a broken friendship 修复破裂的友情
• Is it too late to repair the damage we have done to our planet? 现在采取措施挽回我们对地球所造成的破坏已为时太晚了吗？
UK [rɪ'peər] US [-'per] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  repair to somewhere formal
■to go to another place, usually in a group of people （通常指一群人）去某处，赴某地
• After dinner, we repaired to the lounge for coffee. 晚餐后，我们一起去了酒吧雅间喝咖啡。
UK [rɪ'peər] US [-'per] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when something is done to fix something that is broken or damaged 修理；修补；修缮
• My car is in the garage for repairs. 我的车正放在修车厂里维修。
• The repairs to the roof will be expensive. 修理房顶将会花很多钱。
• The mechanic pointed out the repair (= repaired place) on the front of my car. 修车工人给我指出车前部修过的地方。
UK [rɪ'peər] US [-'per] noun countable or uncountable
in good/bad repair (also in a good/bad, etc. state of repair)
■in good/bad, etc. condition 状况良好／不佳等
• The house is in very good repair. 这座房子状况很好。
UK [rɪ'peər] US [-'per] noun countable or uncountable
under repair
■being repaired 在修理；正在维修中
• This section of motorway will be under repair until January. 这段高速公路正在维修中，要到一月份才开放。
fix, mend, repair, patch
这组词都有“修理，修复”的意思，其区别是：
fix: 多用于美语，仅用于指带有安装固定性质的修理。
mend: 通常指较简单的修复过程，一般不需要专门技术或特殊工具。
repair: 可与mend换用，但一般指需要较高的职业技能和使用较复杂的工具进行修理。
patch: 通常指用类似材料修补破洞、裂缝或磨损的地方。
vi. 修理；修复
 - perform maintenance, fix up
vt. 修理；恢复；补救，纠正
 - restore, doctor, help
n. 修理，修补；修补部位
 - renovation, fixing

Word: spur
Front: spur
[spɜ:(r)] (研四六托雅宝 6458/5066 -3)
Vocabulary: spur
(once / 250 pages)
1nv 2vn
To spur something on is to get it going, to encourage it, to hasten it or stimulate. Cowboys wear spiky metal tools called spurs on their boots to kick their horses and spur them to greater speed.
Economists talk of lowering interest rates to spur spending. A new source of funding for research will hopefully spur new proposals for research from scientists. An earthquake in China might spur cities in California to a higher standard of earthquake preparedness. You might spur your team on to victory by cheering from the sidelines.
WORD FAMILY
spur: spurred, spurring, spurs+/spurring: spurrings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A year later, the Spurs were in total control and won in five games.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Russian oil firm paid a large court fine owed by one of his aides, spurring accusations that Moscow was buying influence.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In October of 1992, heavily armed military police stormed the penitentiary to quell a riot, spurring charges of indiscriminate killing by authorities.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 马刺; 激励因素; 支柱; （公路或铁路的）支线
vt. 策（马）前进; （尤指用马刺）策（马）加速; 鞭策
vi. 策马飞奔; 急速前进
时态：spurred, spurring, spurs
分布：刺激(68%)，促进(12%)，鞭策(10%)，马刺(8%)，支脉(2%)
→来自古英语 spura,马刺，靴刺，来自 Proto-Germanic*spuron,靴刺，来自 spere,脚踝，踢， 词源同 spoor,spurn.引申词义刺激，鼓舞。
n.靴刺,马刺;刺激,刺激物v.刺激,激励The current occurrence of torrent spurs him to buy fur and sulfur.现行的倾泻事件驱使他买毛皮衣服和硫磺.
【参】spurn（v 弃绝）有反义关系
【反】deter（v 阻止）
US [spɝ:] verb transitive (-rr-)
ENCOURAGE 鼓励
■to encourage an activity or development or make it happen faster 激励，鞭策；促进，加速
• Rising consumer sales have the effect of spurring the economy to faster growth. 消费的成长有刺激经济加速发展的作用。
• Spurred (on) by her early success, she went on to write four more novels in rapid succession. 受到之前成功的鼓励，她紧接着又连续写了四部小说。
UK [spɜ:r] US [spɝ:] verb transitive (-rr-)
SHARP OBJECT 尖物
■to push spurs into the side of a horse to make it go faster （用马刺）策（马）前行
• He spurred his horse on and shouted "Faster! Faster!" 他用马刺策马向前，嘴里喊著「驾！驾！”
UK [spɜ:r] US [spɝ:] noun countable
SHARP OBJECT 尖物
■a sharp, metal, wheel-shaped object which is fixed to the heel of boots worn by people riding horses and is used to encourage the horse to go faster 马刺，靴刺
UK [spɜ:r] US [spɝ:] noun countable
MOUNTAIN 山
■a high piece of land which sticks out from a mountain or a group of mountains 山嘴，尖坡
UK [spɜ:r] US [spɝ:] noun countable
ENCOURAGEMENT 鼓励
■something that acts as an encouragement for an activity or development 刺激；激励
• The manager said that the team's win on Saturday would be a spur to even greater effort this season. 主教练说球队周六的胜利将会激励全队在本赛季中有更好的表现。
UK [spɜ:r] US [spɝ:] noun countable
spur-of-the-moment informal
■describes a decision, action, etc. that is sudden and done without any planning （决定、行动等）一时冲动的，心血来潮的
• We hadn't planned to go away - it was one of those spur-of-the-moment decisions. 我们本来没打算走的——这是一时冲动作出的决定。
• We just jumped in a car on the spur of the moment and drove to the seaside. 我们一时心血来潮，立刻跳上汽车向海边开去。
UK [spɜ:r] US [spɝ:] noun countable
win/gain your spurs
■to achieve something which proves that you are skilled in a particular type of activity and to therefore win the respect of other people 赢得荣誉；获得声望
• He won his political spurs fighting hospital closures during his time as a local councillor in Bristol. 担任布里斯托尔市议员期间他因为反对关闭医院而赢得了政治声誉。
n. 鼓舞，刺激；马刺；山坡
 - stimulus, inspiration, incentive, excitement, needle
vt. 激励，鞭策；给…装踢马刺
 - stimulate, power

Word: robust
Front: robust
[rəʊˈbʌst] (研六托雅宝 6419/6874 -2)
Vocabulary: robust
(once / 807 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
Use robust to describe a person or thing that is healthy and strong, or strongly built. This adjective also commonly describes food or drink: a robust wine has a rich, strong flavor.
If your school has a robust sports program, it means they offer lots of different kinds of sports and that a lot of kids participate. If you have a robust speaking voice, it means you have a voice that's deep and loud and strong. Robust is from Latin robustus "of oak, hard, strong," from robur "oak tree, strength."
WORD FAMILY
robust: robuster, robustly, robustness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Republicans emerged from the November election adding to their already robust supermajorities in the North Dakota House and Senate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"There was then a robust discussion. I felt scared. The situation was extremely unpleasant."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
There is robust scientific evidence demonstrating the value of the method in coping with O.C.D., phobias, and other anxiety disorders.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 精力充沛的; 坚定的; 粗野的，粗鲁的; 需要体力的
分布：强健的(49%)，粗野的(21%)，耐用的(17%)，浓的(9%)，稳固的(4%)
→来自拉丁语 robustus,强健的，强壮的，来自 robus,硬木材，特指橡木，来自 ruber,红色的， 词源同 ruby,red.因橡木红色的树心而得名，即像橡木一样结实的。
强壮的(rob[=robor]+ust表形容词)[rabor=strength,表示"力量"]
a.强健的,雄壮的,精力充沛的,坚固的,浓的His robust strength made him survive the disaster.强壮的身体使他在灾难中幸存.
【记】喝了robust（乐百氏）就会robustro肉，bus，t他：他吃了一车的肉－健壮的
【反】sickly（adj 有病的）；decrepit（adj 衰老的）
US [roʊ-] adjective
■(of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail （人或动物）强壮的，茁壮的；（东西或系统）坚固的，耐用的，结实的
• He looks robust and healthy enough. 他看起来非常强壮健康。
• a robust pair of walking boots 一双耐穿的远足鞋
• a robust economy 蓬勃发展的经济
wholesome, fit, robust, strong, sound, tough, healthy, sturdy, vigorous, well
这组词都有“健康的，强健的”的意思，其区别是：
wholesome: 多指能给人留下身体健康、思想健全或品德良好等印象。
fit: 既可指健壮又可指健全无病。
robust: 强调身体强健。
strong: 既指体格健壮，又指体力或精神上的力量。
sound: 侧重身体各部分或器官没有病，无任何缺陷，即健康。
tough: 着重指人的体格健壮。
healthy: 指身体无病，也可指身心健全、正常的。
sturdy: 侧重于结实的体格。
vigorous: 指人强健有力，精力充沛。
well: 仅指没有疾病，但不一定很健康。
adj. 强健的；健康的； [生物] 粗野的；粗鲁的
 - healthy, crude, gross, fine, rough

Word: lure
Front: lure
[lʊə(r)] (研托雅宝 5288/8556 -2)
Vocabulary: lure
(once / 535 pages)
vn
To lure is to entice or bait someone. A lure is used to bait or entice fish to attach themselves to your hook. "He had a new shiny lure, which was enough to lure me into going on the fishing trip."
The verb lure is related to words that mean “bait,” “deceit,” and “invite.” Often, when lure is used, there is a nefarious implication, as in: “He was able to lure her into the alley, but her friends soon came looking for her.” The noun lure is the thing that draws in the person or animal, which can be either a physical object or a concept. "The lure of his great wealth kept her in the relationship despite his infidelity."
WORD FAMILY
lure: lured, lures, luring
USAGE EXAMPLES
Just a year ago, the militants were luring foreign fighters with promises of generous paychecks, but today “that is not happening,” he said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It was quite feasible for Yusupov to lure Rasputin by promising a meeting with allies of the empress.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
In Davao City, he helped lure investors, dramatically cut red tape and fired inept officials.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 吸引力，魅力; 诱惑物; 诱饵
vt. 吸引，引诱; 用引诱物召回（猎鹰）
时态：lured, luring, lures
分布：吸引(48%)，诱惑(32%)，饵(14%)，吸引力(6%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*lothran,呼叫，召唤，原义为召唤猎鹰的饵食，引申词义诱饵，引诱，魅力等，词源同allure.
n.吸引力,魅力,诱惑物vt.引诱,吸引Money lured him on.金钱引诱了他.
【记】源于：allure（v 引诱）
US [lʊr] noun
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■the quality or power that something or someone has that makes them attractive 诱惑力，诱惑
• the lure of fame/power/money 名誉／权力／金钱的诱惑
countable
■an artificial insect or other small animal which is put on the end of a fishing line to attract fish 鱼饵，诱饵
UK [ljʊər] US [lʊr] verb transitive
■to persuade someone to do something or go somewhere by offering them something exciting 引诱，诱惑，诱导
• She was lured into the job by the offer of a high salary. 她受高薪诱惑接受了那份工作。
• He had lured his victim to a deserted house. 他将受害者引诱到一座废弃的房子。
• Supermarket chains try to lure customers with price discounts. 连锁超级市场试图用折扣来吸引顾客。
n. 诱惑；饵；诱惑物
 - temptation, gentle
vt. 诱惑；引诱
 - induce, tempt

Word: crude
Front: crude
[kru:d] (研四六托雅 5015/4502 -2)
Vocabulary: crude
(once / 364 pages)
1adj 2n
Is it gross? Unsophisticated? Totally tasteless and positively offensive? Then you can describe it as crude.
Crude is not rude when it’s used to describe unprocessed oil, which it first was associated with in 1865. From the Latin crudo, meaning "rough, raw," crude today can be used to describe anything or anyone that's unrefined and rough around the edges. So don’t be too insulted by the large-nosed portrait that cartoonist made for you. It’s just a quick, crude drawing meant to be funny.
WORD FAMILY
crude: crudely, crudeness, cruder, crudes, crudest, crudity+/crudeness: crudenesses/crudity: crudities
USAGE EXAMPLES
International Brent crude oil LCOc1 was yet to trade after closing up 68 cents at $56.82 per barrel on Friday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Trading in several commodities, including crude oil, was closed on Monday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This format imposes a crude narrative structure on the day’s events, with peril ultimately usurped by a happy, or at least whimsical, conclusion.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 粗糙的，粗杂的; 粗鲁的; 天然的，未加工的; 简陋的
n. 原[生]材料，天然物质; 原油
级别：cruder, crudest
分布：原油(90%)，粗糙的(3%)，天然的(2%)，简陋的(2%)，粗鲁的(1%)，未加工的(1%)，天然的物质(1%)
→来自kreue, 生肉，带血肉，词源同raw。可能进一下来自sker, 砍，切，词源同shear,carnal.
粗糙的;原始的[crud=raw(生的)]
a.天然的,未加工的;未熟的;粗鲁的,粗野的This measure may preclude the exclusive agency from selling crucial crude oil.这个措施可以使专有的代理不能出售决定性的原油.
【记】crud粗糙－未提炼的
adjective
SIMPLE 简单的
 ADVANCED
■simple and not skilfully done or made 粗糙的；简陋的；粗制的；未加修饰的
• a crude device/weapon 简陋的装置／粗制的武器
[kru:d] adjective
RUDE 粗鲁的
■rude and offensive 粗俗的；粗野的；无礼的
• a crude remark/comment 粗俗的话／评论
[kru:d] noun uncountable (also crude oil)
■oil in a natural state that has not yet been treated 原油
gross, crude, coarse, vulgar
这组词都有“粗鲁的，粗俗的”的意思，其区别是：
gross: 语气强烈，指粗鲁、无礼貌，令人讨厌。
crude: 与vulgar同义，也指言谈举止粗俗，不文雅，缺乏教养。
coarse: 指缺乏教养，言谈粗俗，举止粗野，可与vulgar换用。
vulgar: 侧重指对听者的冒犯，往往强调粗野，言行、趣味不高，缺乏教养。
rude, crude, harsh, rough, coarse
这组词都有“粗糙的”的意思，其区别是：
rude: 指加工粗糙、不精细。也指某人的言行举止粗鲁无礼，缺乏修养。
crude: 主要指未经加工处理尚处于自然状态的物质；也可指人的言行粗鲁。
harsh: 指外表、性质、声音的粗糙、刺耳、刺目，强调使人不愉快的粗糙感。
rough: 普通用词，指某物纹理不精细，或表面凹凸不平，不光滑。
coarse: 指某物质地粗糙低劣或编织、加工等不精细、精巧。也指人的言谈举止粗鲁，不文雅。
adj. 粗糙的；天然的，未加工的；粗鲁的
 - rough, native, robust, raw, coarse

Word: fragile
Front: fragile
[ˈfrædʒaɪl] (高研六托雅宝 4733/5941 -2)
Vocabulary: fragile
(once / 899 pages)
adj
If it's delicate and easily broken, like a rare glass vase or the feelings of an overly emotional friend, it's certainly fragile.
Back in the 1500s, fragile implied moral weakness. Then around 1600, its definition broadened to mean “liable to break.” It wasn’t until the 19th century that the word started to mean “frail” and was used to describe people. Today we use it to describe things like spider webs, unstable political systems, and insecure egos. Synonyms include flimsy, vulnerable, and brittle.
WORD FAMILY
fragile: fragilely, fragiler, fragilest, fragility +/ fragility: fragilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wrap fragile ornaments in leftover tissue paper or newspaper, or invest in storage containers like archival ornament boxes from the Container Store.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Their chemistry was on display against fragile Watford on New Year’s Day.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But underlying Hamilton’s aggressive campaign for Jefferson was a fear that America’s democracy was too fragile to survive Burr’s ambition.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 易碎的，脆的; 虚弱的
分布：易碎的(56%)，虚弱的(20%)，精细的(12%)，脆的(12%)
→来自fragment, 碎片。
易碎的(frang+ile能...的→能碎的)[fract,frang=break,表示"打碎"]
a.易碎的,脆的,易损坏的;虚弱的,脆弱的The reconciled reptiles rest on a fragile tile.和解的爬行动物歇在易碎的瓷砖上.
【记】flag＝fract 断裂，ile易…的－易碎的
【参】fragility（n 脆弱；虚弱）；agile（adj 敏捷的；灵活的）做到我乐
US ['frædʒ.əl] adjective
■easily damaged, broken or harmed 易损坏的；易碎的；脆弱的
• Be careful with that vase - it's very fragile. 拿那个花瓶要小心——它很容易碎。
• The assassination could do serious damage to the fragile peace agreement that was signed last month. 这宗行刺事件可能会对上月签署的脆弱的和平协定造成严重损害。
• I felt rather fragile (= weak) for a few days after the operation. 手术后几天内我感觉自己非常虚弱。
• humorous No breakfast for me, thanks - I'm feeling rather fragile (= ill, upset or tired) after last night's party. 我不吃早餐了，谢谢——昨晚派对后到现在我还觉得很不舒服。
fragile, weak, frail, feeble
这组词都有“虚弱的，乏力的”的意思，其区别是：
fragile: 可与frail换用，但语气强，侧重脆弱，指人容易生病，指物容易破碎。
weak: 普通用词，指缺乏应有的力量，可用于身体、意志或精神。
frail: 多指因经常生病而身体纤弱。
feeble: 指身体衰弱无力，精力几乎耗尽，含令人怜悯的意味。
invalid, crisp, fragile, brittle, frail
这组词都有“弱”的意思，其区别是：
invalid: a.不正确的，缺乏证据的；无效的，作废的。作名词时，表示病弱者，伤残者，久病者。
 • Your ideas about the first humans are interesting but invalid.   你关于最早的人类的观点很有意思，但是缺乏证据。
 • A bad car accident made him an invalid.   一次严重的车祸使他变成了残疾。
crisp: a.指食品的松脆；清新的，爽快的；活跃的，有生气的，干净利落的。
 • crisp biscuit   松脆的饼干
 • The student gave a clear, crisp answer to the teacher's question.   学生干净利落地回答了老师的问题。
fragile: a.常常修饰使用时必须小心才不会破碎的东西，也引申为体弱的，虚弱的。
 • He 's feeling a bit fragile after last night's party.   他参加了昨晚的聚会以后，现在感觉有些虚弱。
brittle: a.易碎的，易损坏的，通常是指坚硬的东西。
 • The bones of elderly people become brittle and easily broken.   老年人的骨头变得脆弱，很容易骨折。
frail: a. (指人)体弱的，虚弱的，也可以指东西易碎的。
 • His mother has grown old and frail.   他母亲已经年老体弱。
faint, fragile, weak, feeble
faint: a.虚弱的，眩晕的，指人在特定场合感觉到的虚弱，通常不是天生体质上的虚弱而是由于某种原因造成的暂时的情况。
 • The summer sun was so strong that she felt faint.   夏天的阳光太强烈了，她感觉到眩晕。
fragile: a.脆弱的，易碎的，指物体容易打碎，或人体质虚弱、容易受伤害。
 • That dish is fragile, so be careful.   那个盘子容易碎，所以千万小心。
weak: a.这组词中应用范围最广的一个，既可以指身体虚弱的，无力的，也可引申为在力量、权力、技能、影响等方面有欠缺或软弱。
 • The patient is losing blood and becoming weak.   病人在失血，身体开始虚弱下去。
feeble: a.虚弱的，无力的，常用来形容人的声音或行为。
 • The elderly lady has become feeble and unable to care herself.   这个老太太已经很虚弱了，无法照顾她自己。
adj. 脆的；易碎的
 - delicate, crumbly

Word: sudden
Front: sudden
[ˈsʌdn] (中高研四六 2868/2250 -K3)
Back: adj. 突然的，未预见到的; 急躁的，仓促的; 快的，迅速的; 急剧
分布：突然的(96%)，出乎意料的(2%)，突发之事(2%)
→来自盎格鲁诺曼法语 sudein,改写自拉丁语 subitaneus,来自 subitus,突然的，来自 sub,在下， 向上，-it,走，词源同 exit,itinerary.即向上走来的，引申词义突然走来的，突然的。
a.出乎意料的,突然的The lucky duck tucked in truck suddenly sucked the gas from the bucket.塞在卡车里的幸运鸭子突然从桶里吸汽油.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■happening or done quickly and without warning 突然的，忽然的；意外的
• Drop the gun, put your hands in the air, and don't make any sudden movements. 把枪放下，手举起来，别轻举妄动。
• He had a sudden heart attack while he was on holiday. 他度假时心脏病突然发作。
• First they announce their engagement and then they tell me Angie's pregnant - it's all a bit sudden really. 他们先是宣布订婚，接着告诉我安吉怀孕了——一切都有点太突然。
['sʌd.ən] adjective
all of a sudden informal ADVANCED
■very quickly 一下子；突然间
• It seemed to happen all of a sudden - I felt dizzy and I just collapsed. 一切似乎都发生得很突然——我觉得头晕，然后就晕倒了。
adj. 突然的，意外的；快速的
 - unexpected, fast

Word: recognition
Front: recognition
[ˌrekəgˈnɪʃn] (研四六托 2441/1628 -K3)
Vocabulary: recognition
(once / 259 pages)
1n 2n
Recognition is when you remember something or someone you're familiar with — like the flash of recognition you experience at your high school reunion.
Recognition isn't just about remembering what something looks like — it's also used to describe when you remember that someone has done something special, and decide to recognize their efforts with an award or speech. This type of recognition is a form of acknowledgment, a way to say "we approve" or "good work!"
WORD FAMILY
recognition: recognitions+/derecognize: derecognized/ recognizable: recognizably, unrecognizable/ recognize: derecognize, recognition, recognizable, recognized, recognizes, recognizing/recognized: recognizedly, unrecognized/unrecognizable: unrecognizably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Because of the nature of the job, Dowdy said, agents receive little public recognition.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Some fans thought Western’s record deserved even more recognition than a top 15 spot and a Cotton Bowl berth.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Twenty bodies that were found inside the vessel were burned beyond recognition and were transferred to a police hospital for identification, said Col.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 认识，识别; 承认，认可; 褒奖; 酬劳
分布：承认(58%)，认出(27%)，赏识(15%)
→来自 recognize,认识，认出。
n.认出,辨认;承认He has changed beyond recognition.他变得使人认不出来.
noun
ACCEPTING 接受
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■agreement that something is true or legal 承认；认可；接受
• It's a new country, hoping for diplomatic recognition from the international community. 这是个新国家，它希望在外交上得到国际社会的承认。
• [+ that] There's a growing recognition that this country can no longer afford to be a nuclear power. 越来越多的人认识到，这个国家再也无力充当一个核大国了。
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■If you are given recognition, people show admiration and respect for your achievements 赏识，赞赏；表彰
• Ella complained that the company never gave her any recognition for her work. 艾拉抱怨说公司从未认可过她的工作。
• He was presented with a gold watch in recognition of (= to show respect for) his years as club secretary. 俱乐部赠予他一只金表，以感谢他多年作为俱乐部干事所付出的心血。
[ˌrek.əg'nɪʃ.ən] noun
KNOWING 认出
uncountable
■when you know someone or something because you have seen, heard or experienced them before 认出，认识；识别
• When he returned to his home town after the war, he found it had changed out of all/beyond all recognition (= it had changed so much that he no longer recognized it). 战后他回到家乡时，发现一切已经面目全非了。
n. [计] [免疫] 识别；承认，认出；重视；赞誉；公认
 - identification, discernment

Word: anniversary
Front: anniversary
[ˌænɪˈvɜ:səri] (高研六雅 3374/3440 -K3)
Vocabulary: anniversary
(once / 601 pages)
n
An anniversary marks the date on which an event happened — a five-year wedding anniversary occurs exactly five years after a wedding.
When someone refers to "our anniversary," they are typically talking about the day they were married. News organizations regularly recognize the anniversaries of important people's births and deaths, plus anniversaries of significant news events and national tragedies, like Sept. 11 2001 or Dec. 7, 1941. This word comes from Latin; remember that annus means year and you can relate the word to annual. Sometimes the world is used more loosely, like when new couples celebrate their one-month anniversary.
WORD FAMILY
anniversary: anniversaries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The giant CES tech show marks its 50th anniversary this week.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Correction: A previous version of this post misstated CES's anniversary.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
But there should be no formalities in this town, which is hurtling toward the 25th anniversary of its last title in a major pro sport.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 周年纪念日
adj. 周年的; 周年纪念的; 年年的; 每年的
分布：周年纪念(62%)，周年纪念日(38%)
→词根ann, 年。词根verse,转。
周年纪念(anni+vers转＋ary→一年转到一次→周年纪念日)[ann,enn=year,表示"年,一年"]
周年纪念日(fanni年+vers+ary→一年转一次→纪念日)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.周年,周年纪念日On the anniversary the versatile poet wrote an adverse verse Virtue versus Evil.在周年纪念日上,多用途诗人写信告诉不利的句美德对邪恶.
US [-'vɝ:.sɚ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the day on which an important event happened in a previous year 周年纪念；周年纪念日
• We always celebrate our wedding anniversary with dinner in an expensive restaurant. 我们总是去豪华饭店就餐来庆祝我们的结婚纪念日。
• Tomorrow is the thirtieth anniversary of the revolution. 明天是革命30周年纪念日。

Word: foster
Front: foster
[ˈfɒstə(r)] (研六托雅宝 4359/5618 -2)
Vocabulary: foster
(once / 651 pages)
adjv
To foster is to nurture something for a little while. She fosters creativity by providing crayons to every student. You can also foster a child, which means she lives in your home for a time.
You may have seen photos of a cat taking care of a baby rabbit, or a pig nursing a litter of puppies: those are little foster families. Foster can be a verb (to foster someone or something) or an adjective used to describe a foster family, child, or parent. The word is from the Old English fostrian meaning "to supply with food, nourish, support," which sounds like what those mama hogs were doing. Unlike adopt, foster has a time limit.
WORD FAMILY
foster: fosterage, fostered, fosterer, fostering, fosters+/fostering: fosterings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most involved state wards in foster homes, adoptive homes, state-licensed residential care facilities and the juvenile probation system.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Phifer grew up in a home that offered foster care.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They were kids who repeatedly cycled through the foster care system.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 培养; 抚育; 促进; 代养
adj. 寄养的; 代养的
时态：fostered, fostering, fosters
分布：培养(57%)，促进(26%)，鼓励(8%)，领养(5%)，收养的(4%)
→来自food,喂养，食物。
vt.养育;收养;怀抱;鼓励a.收养的n.养育者We fostered the young girl while her mother was away.小女孩的母亲不在的时候我们照料她.
【记】经过foster的人跑得faster
【反】stymie（v 从中作梗；妨碍）；repress（v 压制）；retract（v 缩回；撤消）；thwart（vt 反对；阻碍）；stifle（vt 抑制）
US ['fɑ:.stɚ] verb
TAKE CARE OF 照顾
intransitive or transitive
■to take care of a child, usually for a limited time, without being the child's legal parent 代养，抚育，照料（他人子女，通常指有限的一段时间）
• Would you consider fostering (a child) ? 你会考虑代养一个孩子吗？
Compare adopt
UK ['fɒs.tər] US ['fɑ:.stɚ] verb
ENCOURAGE 鼓励
transitive
■to encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings 鼓励；促进；培养
• I'm trying to foster an interest in classical music in my children. 我正努力培养我的孩子们对古典音乐的兴趣。
• They were discussing the best way to foster democracy and prosperity in the former communist countries. 他们正在讨论促进前共产主义国家民主和繁荣的最佳办法。
UK ['fɒs.tər] US ['fɑ:.stɚ] adjective [before noun]
■describes someone or something connected with the care of children, usually for a limited time, by someone who is not the child's legal parent 代养，抚育，照料（他人子女，通常指有限的一段时间）
• a foster care/home/child/mother 非亲代养／寄养家庭／代养的孩子／养母
• She was taken into care by the local council and placed with a foster family. 她由当地市政厅监护并被送到了一个寄养家庭。
• As a child, he had lived with a succession of foster parents. 他小时候和好几任养父母一起生活过。
cherish, nurse, cultivate, foster, tend
这组词都有“照料、培育”的意思，其区别是：
cherish: 强调抚育或爱抚。
nurse: 通常指对无力自顾的婴儿、病人等进行照料或护理。
cultivate: 具体意义指耕耘、培育植物；抽象意义指培养兴趣或向往的理想事物。
foster: 指对孩子的关心、鼓励、供养及抚养其成长；也指鼓励、促进事物的增长与发展。
tend: 指出于责任心、博爱心而不是私人感情去对人或物进行照顾。
vt. 培养；养育，抚育；抱（希望等）
 - cultivate, rear, raise, plant, mother

Word: wise
Front: wise
[waɪz] (中高研四六雅 3234/3087 -K3)
Vocabulary: wise
(once / 52 pages)
1adj 2n
The adjective wise describes someone who has experience and a deep understanding. Your wise older sister always gives the best advice.
When you make a decision based on careful thought and good judgment, you've made a wise choice. If someone calls you a wise guy, though, it's not a compliment: it's likely to be a criticism of your joke at someone else's expense or your rudeness. To wise off (or sometimes, to be wise), has a similar meaning: to talk back or be disrespectful.
WORD FAMILY
wise: unwise, wisdom, wisely, wiseness, wiser, wises, wisest+/unwise: unwisely, unwiseness, unwiser, unwisest/ wisdom: wisdoms
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s enough positive to believe the franchise would be wise to value continuity.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Burr is “more cunning than wise . . . inferior in real ability to Jefferson,” Hamilton wrote.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Her high-pitched, schoolgirl’s voice belies a rush of reflections that sound wise beyond her years.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: adj. 聪明的，有智慧的; 博学的，博识的; 明白的; 像智者的
vt. 使知道，使懂得; 教导; 指点
vi. 了解，知道
级别：wiser, wisest
分布：明智的(64%)，聪明的(27%)，有智慧的(8%)，有见识的(1%)
→来自weid,看，知道，词源同visit,video,引申词义智慧。
a.有智慧的,聪明的The wise man used his wisdom in the vertical advertisement device.聪明人把智慧用在垂直的广告装置上.
adjective
 IMPROVER approving
■having or showing the ability to make good judgments, based on a deep understanding and experience of life 明智的；英明的；聪明的
• I think you made a wise choice. 我认为你作了一个明智的选择。
• "I never drink more than three glasses of wine." "How wise." “我喝葡萄酒从未超过三杯。”“你真明智。”
• Looking at the weather, I think we made a wise decision not to go to the coast this weekend. 看看天气，我觉得我们决定本周末不去海滨是很明智的。
• I think it would be wiser to wait and see how much money you've got left before you make any decisions. 我认为弄清楚自己还剩多少钱再作决定比较明智。
• I never used to save money but now I'm a little older and wiser I can see the sense in it. 我以前从不存钱，可现在年纪大了些，也更明智了，于是就能看出其中的意义。
• Was it Thomas More who said that the wise man learns from the experience of others? 是托马斯‧莫尔说过聪明人会吸取别人的经验教训吗？
wise to sth informal
■understanding a dishonest situation or way of doing something 学会钻空子；懂得奥妙
• I used to be scrupulously honest then I got wise to the system. 过去我非常诚实，可后来就学会钻这个系统的漏洞了。
[waɪz] adjective
be none the wiser
■to still be confused about something even after it has been explained to you （解释后）依然不明白
• I've read the instructions twice and I'm still none the wiser. 我已经读过两遍说明书，可还是不明白。
[waɪz] adjective
It's easy to be wise after the event. mainly UK saying
■used to mean that it is easy to understand what you could have done to prevent something bad from happening after it has happened 事后聪明很容易；放马后炮很容易
• In retrospect, we should have insisted on checking his calculations, but it's easy to be wise after the event. 回想起来，我们本该坚持检查他的计算结果，不过事后聪明倒是容易。
[waɪz] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  wise up mainly US informal
■to start to understand a situation or fact and believe what you hear about it, even if it is difficult or unpleasant 想通；看透；醒悟
• Those who think this is a harmless recreational drug should wise up. 那些认为这是一种无害休闲毒品的人应该醒醒了。
• It's about time employers wised up to the fact that staff who are happy work more efficiently. 雇主们该看清这一点，即快乐的员工工作起来效率会更高。
intelligent, bright, wise, ingenious, brilliant, clever, smart, shrewd
这组词都有“聪明的”的意思，其区别是：
intelligent: 正式用词，指在理解新的、抽象东西或处理解决问题时，智力超过一般常人。
bright: 口语常用词，多指年轻人，尤指小孩思路敏捷，理解力强，机灵等。
wise: 侧重不是一般的聪明伶俐，而是有远见，有智慧，能明智地处理问题。
ingenious: 指思路敏捷，并暗示有创造与发明的才能和技巧。
brilliant: 指人的才华出众，思路敏捷，常令人赞叹不已。
clever: 强调头脑灵活，接受新事物快，有智有谋，但不一定暗示全面妥当地考虑问题。
smart: 普通用词，与bright和clever的意思很相近，但更强调机灵。
shrewd: 指精明老练，有头脑，善于判断，把握有利机会。
adj. 明智的；聪明的；博学的
 - intelligent, learned, knowing, bright, clever
vt. 使知道；教导
 - enlighten, indoctrinate
vi. 了解
 - know about, learn about, get to know, make sth of

Word: virtue
Front: virtue
[ˈvɜ:tʃu:] (高研四六托 3362/2960 -2)
Vocabulary: virtue
(once / 67 pages)
n
Virtue is the quality of being morally good. If you're writing a screenplay and you want it to be a real tearjerker, make sure your hero is full of virtue.
The word virtue comes from the Latin root vir, for man. At first virtue meant manliness or valor, but over time it settled into the sense of moral excellence. Virtue can also mean excellence in general. One of your virtues might be your generous willingness to help out your friends. The phrase by virtue of means "as a result of" or "by authority of." You will achieve success by virtue of hard work (or by virtue of inside connections).
WORD FAMILY
virtue: virtues, virtuous +/ virtuosity: virtuosities/ virtuous: virtuosity, virtuousest, virtuously, virtuousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sir Keir’s greatest virtue is that he seems to understand this.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
“It’s a fight for what is right and what is wrong. We should never be afraid to stand up for our virtues.”
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Despite their enthusiasm for the sport, the debate over the virtues of tackle football is far from settled, whatever the longstanding tradition has been.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 美德; 德行; 价值; 长处
分布：美德(75%)，优点(11%)，德行(10%)，贞操(4%)
→来自拉丁语vir,男人，词源同virile,引申词义男人应有的品行和美德，具体为7种基本品行：justice,prudence,temperance,fortitude,hope,faith,charity,后来词义通用化也用来指女人的美德，贞洁等。
美德(有男子气概→美德)[vir=man,表示"男人"]
n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力On the anniversary the versatile poet wrote an adverse verse Virtue versus Evil.在周年纪念日上,多用途诗人写信告诉不利的句美德对邪恶.
【记】源于：virtues（n 美德天使：九级天使中的第五级）
US ['vɝ:-] noun
GOOD MORALS 美德
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a good moral quality in a person, or the general quality of goodness in people 美德；高尚品德
• Patience is a virtue. 耐心是一种美德。
Compare vice
UK ['vɜ:.tju:] US ['vɝ:-] noun
ADVANTAGE 优势
countable or uncountable
■(an) advantage or good thing 优点；好处
• It always looks odd to see an actress on TV extolling (= praising) the virtues of washing-up liquid. 看见女演员在电视上吹捧洗涤剂的种种优点总是让人感觉怪怪的。
• Would there be any virtue in taking an earlier train? 乘坐早一班的火车有甚么好处呢？
UK ['vɜ:.tju:] US ['vɝ:-] noun
BECAUSE OF 因为
by virtue of formal
■because of; as a result of 因为；由于；凭借
• She succeeded by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent. 她成功靠的是坚韧不拔，而不是天赋。
UK ['vɜ:.tju:] US ['vɝ:-] noun
make a virtue (out) of sth
■to use something, especially a bad situation, to your advantage 将（尤指坏事）变好事；对…因势利导
• I had a couple of months to spare between jobs so I thought I'd make a virtue of necessity by acquiring a few new skills. 我换工作期间有几个月空闲时间，因此不如趁此机会学一些新技能。
goodness, purity, integrity, morality, virtue
这组词都有“美德”的意思，其区别是：
goodness: 含义最广，侧重固有的仁爱，慷慨等高尚的美德。
purity: 侧重于道德上无缺点。
integrity: 指品格的纯正，有高度是非感的美德。
morality: 强调符合道德标准的行为或用道德准则衡量某事，尤注重男女间的道德品行。
virtue: 一般用词，指符合道德准则的隐恶扬善行为或品行或指一种有意识去做善事的高尚道德。
merit, pefection, virtue
这组词都有“优点，长处”的意思，其区别是：
merit: 指有值得赞扬的优点，但不一定是出类拔萃。
pefection: 指达到了理想或完美的程度。
virtue: 指人或物的优点长处，指人的美德。
n. 美德；优点；贞操；功效
 - asset, excellence, efficiency, morality

Word: cluster
Front: cluster
[ˈklʌstə(r)] (研六托雅宝 3200/4369 -2)
Vocabulary: cluster
(once / 347 pages)
nv
A cluster is a small group of people or things. When you and your friends huddle awkwardly around the snack table at a party, whispering and trying to muster enough nerve to hit the dance floor, you’ve formed a cluster.
Cluster comes to us from the Old English word clyster, meaning bunch. Nowadays, you can use cluster as either a noun or a verb. When we were kids, we would stand in a cluster (noun) on the street corner, eagerly awaiting the appearance of the Good Humor truck every afternoon. Then we would cluster (verb) eagerly around the driver, demanding ice cream. Virtually anything can form a cluster — flowers, cells, stars, human beings, and even events.
WORD FAMILY
cluster: clustered, clustering, clusters+/clustering: clusterings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then the class breaks into groups: Newcomers in a small cluster, returning fighters in a larger circle, brandishing their weapons.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rubin’s thesis in 1954 showed that galaxies are not distributed uniformly throughout the universe, but tend to cluster and rotate around one another.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The sewing companies cluster in several dilapidated neighborhoods around downtown Los Angeles.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 丛; 簇，串; 群; [语言]辅音群
vi. 丛生; 群聚
vt. 使密集，使聚集
时态：clustered, clustering, clusters
分布：群(60%)，群集(27%)，簇(6%)，丛(2%)，串(2%)，丛生(2%)，使成群(1%)
→词源同clod,clot.即大块形状。
n.丛,群,串v.群集,丛生The freezing children were clustered together.快冻僵的小孩子们缩在一块.
【记】源于clot（v 凝成块）
US [-tɚ] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of similar things that are close together, sometimes surrounding something （同类物聚集的）串，丛，束，群
• Have a look at the cluster of galaxies in this photograph. 看看这张照片上的星系群。
• There was a cluster of fans around him, asking for autographs. 一大群仰慕者围着他，找他签名。
n. 群； [植] 簇；丛；串
 - gang, bunch, qun
vi. 群聚；丛生
 - bush
vt. 使聚集；聚集在某人的周围
 - converge

Word: fiat
Front: fiat
[ˈfi:æt] (宝 13898/16033)
Vocabulary: fiat
(once / 2546 pages)
n
You might think a fiat is just an Italian car, but it actually means a legal, authoritative decision that has absolute sanction.
From the Latin for "let it be done," the word fiat is a binding edict issued by a person in command. It can gain an almost Biblical aura of authority, like a movie Pharaoh saying, "So let it be written, so let it be done." So let it be a fiat.
WORD FAMILY
fiat: fiats
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hundreds of the multinational corporations rushed to channel international profits through subsidiaries in the country, among them McDonald’s, Fiat, Amazon, Shire Pharmaceuticals and Skype.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But we should not allow them to be decided by cultural fiat.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Mr. Maduro was forced to modify his fiat, extending the currency’s validity to Jan. 2 and reopening the borders.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 命令，许可; 菲亚特汽车（意大利品牌）
分布：命令(62%)，法令(38%)
→来自拉丁语facere的被动语态，词源同fact, feat, 即谕令，使做，使完成。
【记】fi＝fire，at－对…开火－命令发布fiat的人一般都很fat，比如boss的肚子就非常emboss
noun countable or uncountable formal
■an order given by a person in authority （当权者的）法令，命令；谕
• No company can set industry standards by fiat. 任何公司都不能透过法令来制定行业标准。
n. 命令；许可；政法
 - instruction, order, bidding, telling, permission
vt. 批准；颁布
 - confirm, authorize

Word: judgment
Front: judgment
['dʒʌdʒmənt] (1900/2317 -3)
Vocabulary: judgment
(once / 83 pages)
n
Judgment is the mental ability to understand something, form an opinion and reach a decision. You have great judgment of character, which is why your friends ask you to meet their significant others when things get serious.
A decision is a judgment, unless you let a coin toss decide for you. Use your judgment to determine how much salt to add, or the safest way home. In court, the judge's official decision is called the judgment, and if you condemn someone, even if you're not a judge, we say you've "passed judgment." If you need to explain many parts of the story before your innocence will be clear, ask your listener not to rush to judgment.
WORD FAMILY
judgment: judgmental, judgments+/ judge: judged, judges, judgeship, judging, judgment, misjudge, prejudge /judged: ill-judged/judgeship: judgeships/judging: judgings/ judgmental: nonjudgmental / misjudge: misjudged, misjudges, misjudging/ nonjudgmental: nonjudgmentally/ prejudge: prejudged, prejudges, prejudging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Why are we supposed to believe, as ironclad certainties, the judgment of intelligence officials who recently failed to anticipate the rise of Islamic State?
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Use your judgment and gut to see if your emotions and behaviors are getting stronger.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
And we voters did our part, passing judgment on the candidates, thinning the herd, rejecting them one by one.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 判断，鉴定; 辨别力，判断力; 意见，看法; 判决书
分布：判断(78%)，判断力(15%)，意见(4%)，裁判(2%)，判决书(1%)
判断,判断力(judg+ment)[judg,judic=judge,表示"判断"]
(also judgement) ['dʒʌdʒ.mənt] noun
DECIDE 判断
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the ability to form valuable opinions and make good decisions 判断力；识别力
• to show good/sound/poor judgment 表现出良好／出色／不良的判断力
• I don't think you have the right to pass judgment (on others) (= to say whether you think other people are good or bad). 我认为你没有权利（对别人）加以评判。
• I'm going to reserve judgment (on the decision) (= not say whether I think it is good or bad) for the time being. 我将暂时（对这项决定）保留看法。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a decision or opinion about someone or something that you form after thinking carefully 判断
• It proved difficult to come to/form/make a judgment about how well the school was performing. 事实证明要判断这所学校的运作情形是很难的。
in sb's judgment
 ESSENTIAL
■according to someone's opinion 在（某人）看来
• In my judgment, we should let the solicitor deal with this. 在我看来，我们该让律师处理此事。
(also judgement) ['dʒʌdʒ.mənt] noun
LEGAL 法定
countable or uncountable
■an official legal decision 审判；裁判；判决
• It is the judgment of this court that you are guilty of murder. 本法庭宣判你犯有谋杀罪。
• We are still waiting for the court to pass/pronounce judgment (= give a decision) on the case. 我们还在等待法院对此案的裁决。
n. 判断；裁判；判决书；辨别力
 - estimate, refree

Word: liquid
Front: liquid
[ˈlɪkwɪd] (高研四六托宝 4360/4339 -K2)
Vocabulary: liquid
(once / 306 pages)
1nadj 2adjn 3adj
In everyday use, liquid is the opposite of solid––water at room temperature is a liquid: Heat it to boiling, it turns to a gas. Chill it below freezing, it turns to ice.
Liquid describes a state in which a compound such as water flows. Juice is a liquid. Milk is a liquid. Your swimming pool is full of liquid. When assets are liquid, that means they can be liquidated easily, i.e., sold for cash. Stocks and bonds are liquid assets. Real estate, which can take a long time to sell, is considered illiquid.
WORD FAMILY
liquid: liquidise, liquidity, liquidize, liquidly, liquidness, liquids, liquify, semiliquid+/liquidise: liquidiser, liquidizer/liquidize: liquidized, liquidizing/liquify: liquifiable, liquified, liquifies, liquifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
The tank buckled, the company said, and supercooled liquid oxygen pooled in the lining.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The company says its investigation of the Sept. 1 explosion found that a tank failed within the larger, second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The investigation narrowed in on three helium containers within the second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 液体; 流音
adj. 液体的; 清澈的; （声音）流畅的; 易转换成现款的
分布：液体(83%)，液体的(8%)，液态的(4%)，清澈的(3%)，清脆的(2%)
→来自拉丁语liqui,融化，流动。
流体的,液态的(liqu+id表形容词,如：stupid笨的)[liqu=wet,表示"湿"]
n.液体a.液体的,液态的The guide disguised his guilty of mixing the liquor with a liter of liquid.导游把酒与一公升液体混合的罪过掩饰起来.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a substance, such as water, that is not solid or a gas and that can be poured easily 液体
• Mercury is a liquid at room temperature. 水银在室温下为液体。
['lɪk.wɪd] adjective
MONEY 金钱
■in the form of money, rather than investments or property, or able to be changed into money easily 现金的；易变现的，流动的
• She has very few liquid assets as most of her wealth is tied up in stocks and shares. 她的流动资金很少，大部分财产都投到了证券和股票上。
['lɪk.wɪd] adjective
SUBSTANCE 物质
■in the form of a liquid 液态的
• liquid hydrogen 液态氢
adj. [物] 液体的；清澈的；明亮的；易变的
 - mobile, bright, variable, clear, crystal
n. [物] 液体，流体；流音
 - fluid

Word: egg
Front: egg
[eg] (中高 1376/1532 -K4)
Vocabulary: egg
(once / 100 pages)
1nv 2n
An egg is the shell-covered, roundish object that's laid by birds and reptiles, which usually has an embryo inside. When an egg hatches, a baby chick, snake, or lizard comes out.
Fertile eggs are the ones that become animals, while those laid by infertile birds are the kind you eat, scrambled or fried, for breakfast. The ovum, a reproductive cell in female animals, including humans, is also an egg. Colloquially, if you "lay an egg," you make a total mess of something, and if you "have egg on your face," you look foolish. If, however, you're considered a "good egg," you're a pal or a nice person.
WORD FAMILY
egg: egged, egging, eggs
USAGE EXAMPLES
No problem: you read somewhere that eggs are pretty much the world’s most perfect food.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
IN THE past decade British chickens have laid about 100bn eggs, with most of them coming from caged hens.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
You’ve heard the horror stories about many Americans retiring with puny nest eggs and little income to live on.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 鸡蛋，蛋; 卵; <俚>家伙
vt. 煽动，怂恿; 用蛋烹调; <俚>向人扔鸡蛋
时态：egged, egging, eggs
分布：蛋(78%)，卵(18%)，怂恿(2%)，煽动(1%)，用蛋覆盖(1%)
→来自owyo, 蛋，词源同ovum,ovular.
n.蛋;卵;卵形物The one-legged beggar begins to beg eggs illegally.独腿乞丐开始非法讨蛋.
noun
FOOD 食物
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the oval object with a hard shell which is produced by female birds, especially chickens, and which is eaten as food （食用的）蛋，尤指鸡蛋
• a hard-boiled/soft-boiled egg 煮得老的／嫩的鸡蛋
• How do you like your eggs - fried or boiled? 鸡蛋你想怎样吃？是吃煎的还是煮的？
countable
■an object which is made in the shape of a bird's egg 蛋状物
• a chocolate/marble egg 巧克力蛋／大理石球
[eg] noun
REPRODUCTION 繁殖
 ADVANCED countable
■an oval object, often with a hard shell, which is produced by female birds and particular reptiles and insects, and contains a baby animal which comes out when it is developed （鸟类的）卵，蛋
• The cuckoo lays her egg in another bird's nest. 杜鹃将卵产在其他鸟的巢里。
• After fourteen days the eggs hatch. 14天后，卵孵化了。
 ADVANCED countable
■a cell produced by a woman or female animal from which a baby might develop if it combines with sperm from a male 卵，卵子；卵细胞
• Identical twins develop from a single fertilized egg which then splits into two. 同卵双胞胎是由一个受精卵分裂发育而来的。
[eg] noun
egg on sb's face informal
■If someone has or gets egg on their face, they look stupid because of something that they have done （某人）丢脸，（某人）出丑
• This latest scandal has left the government with egg on its face. 最近的这次丑闻让政府丢尽了颜面。
[eg] noun
put all your eggs in one basket informal
■to depend for your success on a single person or plan of action 孤注一掷；把鸡蛋放在同一个篮子里
• I'm applying for several jobs because I don't really want to put all my eggs in one basket. 我申请了好几份工作，因为我可不想把鸡蛋都放在同一个篮子里。
[eg] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] egg sb on
■to strongly encourage someone to do something which might not be a very good idea 怂恿，鼓动，煽动（某人）
• Don't egg him on! He gets himself into enough trouble without your encouragement. 别再给他煽风点火了，不用你怂恿他，他自己都一身麻烦了。
n. [禽] 蛋；卵子；家伙
 - apple, customer, fellow, guy, bird
vt. 煽动；怂恿
 - encourage, fan

Word: nowhere
Front: nowhere
[ˈnəʊweə(r)] (高研四六雅 2924/3107 -K3)
Vocabulary: nowhere
(once / 312 pages)
advn
If you're going nowhere, you have no particular destination — nowhere isn't any place at at all.
If you're invited nowhere on New Year's Eve, you'll probably stay home — there's not anywhere to go. And if your dog is nowhere to be seen, he's not in your yard, the neighbor's yard, or anyplace else visible. Sometimes the word is also used to mean "a particularly boring or remote place," like when your car breaks down in the middle of nowhere, or your parents warn that if you don't do well in school, you'll go nowhere in life.
WORD FAMILY
nowhere: nowheres
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nowhere were the challenges starker than in Chicago, where the rates of murders and shootings skyrocketed.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Its visible geothermal features are nowhere near as striking as Yellowstone’s geysers and consist mainly of above-ground, pungent smelling sulphur springs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s splitting hairs, but Howard was working in an offense that was nowhere near that of the Cowboys.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 任何地方都不，无处; 毫无结果
n. 无处; 任何地方; 无名之地
adj. 不存在的; 毫无结果的; 不知名的
分布：无处(64%)，任何地方都不(29%)，不知道的地方(7%)
ad.任何地方都不,没有地方Wherever I go, nowhere I like; I dislike everywhere.无论我到哪里,没有哪里为我喜欢,我讨厌每一个地方.
US ['noʊ.wer] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in, at or to no place; not anywhere 任何地方都不；无处
• These young people have nowhere (else) to go. 这些年轻人无处可去。
• Nowhere does the article mention the names of the people involved. 这篇文章中并未提及相关人员的名字。
■not in a successful or a winning position 不成功；名落孙山
• The horse I bet on finished nowhere. 我下注的那匹马没有获胜。
UK ['nəʊ.weər] US ['noʊ.wer] adverb
from/out of nowhere
■very suddenly and unexpectedly 突然；出人意料地
• She said her attacker seemed to come out of nowhere. 她说袭击她的人不知是从哪里冒出来的。
• figurative The team has come from nowhere (= from a very bad position) to win football's biggest prize. 这支队伍排名靠后，却出乎意料地赢得了足球冠军。
UK ['nəʊ.weər] US ['noʊ.wer] adverb
go/get/head nowhere
■to not have any success or achieve anything 没有成功；一无所成
• I'm trying to persuade her to come, but I'm getting nowhere. 我试着劝说她过来，但没有成功。
• Bad manners will get you nowhere (= will not help you to succeed). 不讲礼貌会令你到处碰钉的。
UK ['nəʊ.weər] US ['noʊ.wer] adverb
nowhere to be found
■impossible to see or find 不可能看见（或找到）的
• We looked for her everywhere, but she was nowhere to be found. 我们到处找她，但哪里也找不到。
adv. 无处；任何地方都不；毫无结果
 - noplace
n. 无处；任何地方；无名之地
 - anywhere
adj. 不存在的；毫无结果的；不知名的
 - inexistent, non-existent

Word: contemporary
Front: contemporary
[kənˈtemprəri] (高研四六托雅 1947/2068 -K3)
Vocabulary: contemporary
(once / 244 pages)
adjn
Things that are contemporary are either happening at the same time or happening now. Contemporary art is recent art.
In history class, if you hear that one famous person was a contemporary of another, that means they lived at the same time. Contemporaries are people and things from the same time period. Contemporary can also describe things happening now or recently. It's common to speak of contemporary music or contemporary furniture, for example. Those things are new, not old. Anything characteristic of the present day can be called contemporary.
WORD FAMILY
contemporary: contemporaries, contemporarily, contemporise, contemporize+/contemporise: contemporised, contemporising/contemporize: contemporized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Susan Sontag once wrote that “in contemporary English letters he seems to me peerless.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Cohen is well aware of the contemporary arguments arrayed against America’s interest, or competence, in waging war, which he addresses in Chapter 1.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Stefan Kalmár is a veteran art industry and gallery insider and the new director of the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 当代的，现代的; 同时代的，同属一个时期的
n. 同代人; 同辈人; 同龄人; 当代人
分布：当代的(42%)，同时代的(30%)，同时代的人(18%)，同龄人(10%)
→con-, 强调。-temp, 时间，词源同temporary.
同时代的(con+tempor时间+ary→同时间的)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
当代的;同代的(con共同+tempor+ary→时间相同→同代的)[temper,tempor=time,表示"时间"或时间引起的现象]
a.现代的,当代的;同时代的Because of the temperature tempo, I temporarily lost temper to my contemporary in the temple.由于温度进度的原因,我在庙里一时地同代人发了脾气.
US [-pə.rer-] adjective
EXISTING NOW 存在于现在的
 IMPROVER
■existing or happening now 当代的；现代的
• contemporary music/literature/art/fashion 当代音乐／文学／艺术／时尚
• Although it was written hundreds of years ago, it still has a contemporary (= modern) feel to it. 尽管它写于几百年前，但读来仍具现代感。
UK [kən'tem.pər.ər.i] US [-pə.rer-] adjective
OF SAME PERIOD 同时期的
■belonging to the same or a stated period in the past 同时期的，同时代的
• Almost all of the contemporary accounts of the event have been lost. 几乎所有关于这一事件的同时期的记载都遗失了。
• Most of the writers he was contemporary with were interested in the same subjects. 和他同时代的大多数作家都对同样的题材感兴趣。
UK [kən'tem.pər.ər.i] US [-pə.rer-] noun countable
■someone living during the same period as someone else 同时代的人
• Was he a contemporary of Shakespeare's? 他和莎士比亚是同时代的人吗？
■a person who is of the same age as you 同龄人，同辈
• She didn't mix with her contemporaries, preferring the company of older people. 她不和同龄人混在一起，而是喜欢和年长的人相处。
modern, present, up-to-date, contemporary, current, recent
这组词都有“现代的，当代的”的意思，其区别是：
modern: 指现代或近代，时期可长可短。也可指新颖、时髦的。
present: 是这些词中语气最强的一个。指现在正发生、起作用的。
up-to-date: 一般用于非正式场合，指很时新、能反映当前的最新发展。
contemporary: 仅指当今这个时代，不涉及任何过去的时代。但可表示不同的人或物存在于同一时代。
current: 指目前存在和发生的。
recent: 表示新近的，最近的，时间的长短依据所修饰的人或物而定。
n. 同时代的人；同时期的东西
 - coeval
adj. 当代的；同时代的；属于同一时期的
 - modern-day, cotemporary

Word: amendment
Front: amendment
[əˈmendmənt] (托宝 3667/2864 -3)
Vocabulary: amendment
(once / 295 pages)
n
An amendment is a change made to an original (usually a document or statement). It's meant to improve the original, but one could say the 21st Amendment (prohibition) did more to make Al Capone rich than to make Americans teetotalers.
Can you spot the word amend, meaning "to make better" or "to cure of faults and errors" hidden in amendment? If so, you'll grasp the notion that an amendment is something intended to improve whatever preceded it. It pops up most often in formal legal contexts, where it refers to a written change to a bill, law, contract, or the U.S. Constitution.
WORD FAMILY
amendment: amendments+/ amend: amendable, amendatory, amended, amending, amendment, amends / amended: unamended
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. LaPierre said Mr. Trump’s nominee will be “a generational victory for Second Amendment freedom.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The title of the first, by Ava DuVernay, refers to the 13th amendment to the constitution, which outlaws slavery in the US.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But in the 41 years since the Supreme Court recognized a Sixth Amendment right of self-representation for criminal defendants, in Faretta v.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 修正案; 修改，修订
分布：修正(55%)，修正案(43%)，改进(2%)
改正,(宪法)修正[mend=free from fault表示"改错"]
【记】ment补，修－修改
【参】amends（n 赔偿，补偿）；emend（vt 校订，改正）
noun
countable or uncountable
■a change made to the words of a text 修改，修订，修正
• He insisted that the book did not need amendment. 他坚持认为这本书无需修改。
• I've made a few last-minute amendments to the article. 我对文章做了一些最后的修改。
• Presidential power was reduced by a constitutional amendment in 1991. 1991年的宪法修正案削弱了总统的权力。
countable
■a change to a law that is not yet in operation and is still being discussed 修正案，修正条款
• An amendment to the bill was agreed without a vote. 议案修正条款没有进行表决就通过了。
n. 修正案；改善；改正
 - improvement, correction, reformation

Word: evil
Front: evil
[ˈi:vl] (研四六 3447/4107 -K3)
Vocabulary: evil
(once / 53 pages)
adjn
Evil is the opposite of good. We usually think of villains as evil — wrong, immoral and nasty on many levels — and heroes as good.
This word is often reserved for our most terrible crimes and criminals: Adolf Hitler is usually the face of evil in history, while Voldemort is that face in recent literature. Evil can be less extreme, meaning simply anything that brings harm; we can talk about the evils of alcohol or the evils of power. When both major candidates for President seem lame, people often say they're choosing between the lesser of two evils. Not all evils are equally evil.
WORD FAMILY
evil: eviler, evilest, evilly, evilness, evils
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Nothing in the nature around us is evil,” he wrote.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These include such evils as copyright infringement, cybercrime, the invasion of privacy, hate speech, espionage—and perhaps cyberwar.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
We grew up hoping that good prevails over evil.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 邪恶的，罪恶的; 有害的; 不幸的，不吉的; 品行坏的
n. 邪恶，罪恶; 坏事，恶行; 邪恶的力量、势力或化身; 灾祸
分布：邪恶(52%)，邪恶的(29%)，罪恶(14%)，有害的(3%)，灾祸(1%)，讨厌的(1%)
→来自upelo, 来自*upo的扩大形式，词源同sub-, 在下面。其本义为过度，后词义进一步恶化，并最终由过度到邪恶的。
a.邪恶的,罪恶的n.邪恶,罪恶It's evident that the evil devil inevitably goes to ruin.很明显,邪恶的魔鬼必然灭亡.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■morally bad, cruel, or very unpleasant 道德败坏的；邪恶的，恶毒的；讨厌的
• an evil dictator 邪恶的独裁者
• These people are just evil. 这些人太恶毒了。
■If the weather or a smell is evil, it is very unpleasant. 天气或气味讨厌的；令人不舒服的；令人作呕的
['i:.vəl] adjective
the evil eye
■a magical power to injure or harm people by looking at them （能伤人的）恶毒眼光
['i:.vəl] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■something that is very bad and harmful 邪恶（之事）；罪恶（行为）；祸害；灾祸
• Each new leader would blame his predecessor for all the evils of the past. 每个新上任的领导人都会把过去所有弊病全部归咎于前任。
• Drug-addiction is one of today's great social evils. 吸毒成瘾是现今社会的一大罪恶。
• For the sake of long-term peace, the military option is the lesser evil/the lesser of two evils (= the less unpleasant of two bad choices). 为了长期的和平，采取军事行动是两害相权取其轻的选择。
• the battle between good and evil 善与恶的较量
ill, poor, bad, evil, wicked
这组词都有“坏的”的意思，其区别是：
ill: 与evil意义接近，但语气弱一些，常指道德或性质方面的不良。
poor: 普通用词，侧重指事物的质量或数量低于标准或不合要求。用于指天气与食品时可与bad通用。
bad: 含义广泛，指任何不好的或不合需要的品质。
evil: 语气比bad强，强调道德上的邪恶不良，含狡猾凶险或危害他人的意味。
wicked: 语气比evil强，指居心叵测，任意违反道德标准，有意作恶。
adj. 邪恶的；不幸的；有害的；讨厌的
 - harmful, ill, black, ugly, wicked
n. 罪恶，邪恶；不幸
 - sin, disaster, crime, grief

Word: multiple
Front: multiple
[ˈmʌltɪpl] (研四六托宝 1948/3293 -2)
Vocabulary: multiple
(once / 230 pages)
1adj 2n
When you're talking about more than one, you're talking about multiple things. A machine with many fixtures has multiple parts. A person that seems like two totally different people on different days might have multiple personalities.
The word multiple comes from the Latin multiplus meaning "manifold." When something exists in multiple forms, it's manifold, or has many kinds. Think of a multiplex theater that can show multiple movies at once. Walk through a garden full of flowers and you'll see multiple kinds of blooms. A multiple is also a number that can be divided into another number without a remainder. Multiples of five, for example are ten, fifteen, twenty... — you get the picture.
WORD FAMILY
multiple: multiples, multiplicity, multiply +/ multiplication: multiplications/multiplicative: multiplicatively/ multiplicity: multiplicities/multiplier: multipliers/ multiply: multiplication, multiplicative, multiplied, multiplier, multiplies, multiplying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Customs line at Atlanta airport snaking around multiple wings of building.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
This is partly because it stimulates multiple biochemical pathways, which may account for its wide range of effects.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
D.C. police are investigating an abandoned U-Haul truck that was found Monday in Southeast Washington with “multiple” ATMs inside, a police spokesman said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 多重的; 多个的; 复杂的; 多功能的
n. <数>倍数; [电工学]并联; 连锁商店; 下有多个分社的旅行社
分布：倍数(65%)，并联(15%)，多种多样的(10%)，许多的(10%)
→multi-,许多，多个，-ple,倍数，词源同imply,comply.
多样的;多功能的(multi+pile→多的→多功能的)[multi-表示"很多,很多"]
a.多样的,多重的n.倍数v.成倍增加You should use dialogues for multiple purposes.你应使用多种目的的对话.
US [-tˌɪ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■very many of the same type, or of different types 多个的；多种的
• The youth died of multiple burns. 那个年轻人因多处烧伤死亡。
• We made multiple copies of the report. 我们把报告影印了多份。
• These children have multiple (= many different) handicaps. 这些孩子身患多种残疾。
UK ['mʌl.tɪ.pl] US [-tˌɪ-] noun countable
NUMBER 数字
■a number that can be divided by a smaller number an exact number of times 倍数
• 18 is a multiple of 3, because 18 = 3 x 6. 18是3的倍数，因为3乘以6等于18。
UK ['mʌl.tɪ.pl] US [-tˌɪ-] noun countable
LARGE COMPANY 大公司
■a large company which has shops in many towns 连锁店
gigantic, maximum, excess, excessive, multiple, surplus
gigantic: 巨大的，庞大的
maximum: 最大的，最高的
excess: （作定语） 过度的，额外的，超过了正常限度或标准
excessive: 过度的，过分的
multiple: 多样的，多重的，多倍的
surplus: 过剩的，多余的，剩余的
adj. 多重的；多样的；许多的
 - numerous, many, hundred
n. [数] 倍数； [电] 并联
 - time, paralleling

Word: carmaker
Front: carmaker
['kɑ:meɪkə(r)] (17148/-)
Back: n. 汽车制造商
分布：汽车制造商(100%)
n. 汽车制造商
 - automaker

Word: bend
Front: bend
[bend] (高研四六托雅宝 2194/2445 -K3)
Vocabulary: bend
(once / 168 pages)
1vn 2n
To bend is to curve. You can bend physically, as when you practice yoga, and also figuratively, the way you do when you "bend over backwards," working hard to make something happen, especially on behalf of another person.
Tree trunks and branches are able to bend when they're whipped by strong wind — this way, they're usually able to avoid breaking. A bend in the road is a curve, and to bend the rules is to change them slightly in a specific instance. If you try to do a backbend, you have to arch or bend your spine and lean back until her head hangs down and your hands touch the floor. It's a move for the young and flexible. The Old English root, bendan, specifically referred to bending or stretching a bow.
WORD FAMILY
bend: bendable, bended, bender, bending, bends, unbend+/bendable: bendability/bender: benders/bending: bendings/unbend: unbendable, unbended, unbending, unbends/unbending: unbendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m bending over backward, and nobody’s not even doing anything,” he said.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
So apparently it is only when his bending over backward results in a broken back does he stray from his false-balance goal.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Without mentioning Clinton, he described the damage done when Democrats were perceived to be bending policy to curry donations from big banks and corporate interests.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. （使）弯曲，屈身; 拉弯; 使成形，强行; 集中全力于
vi. 偏向; 使变曲，成角度; 弯身，弯腰; 专心
n. 弯曲（处）; （尤指道路或河流的）拐弯; 弯道; （潜水员过快浮出水面造成的）减压病
时态：bent, bending, bends
分布：弯曲(74%)，屈服(11%)，弯道(7%)，屈从(6%)，使弯曲(1%)，集中于(1%)
→词源同band, 绑。因制弓箭而具弯的词义。
v.(使)弯曲;屈从,屈服n.弯曲(处),曲折处I send him the blend calendar and the splendid bent lens he lent to me.我把他借给我的混合日历和绝妙的弯曲透镜送给他.
verb (bent, bent)
CURVE 弯曲
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) curve （使）弯曲
• I bent down and picked up the coins lying on the road. 我弯腰捡起路上的硬币。
• Now, bend forward/over and touch your toes! 现在，向前弯腰触摸脚趾。
• Make sure you bend your knees when you're picking up heavy objects. 提重物时一定要屈膝。
• The road bends to the left after the first set of traffic lights. 过了第一个交通灯号后，道路弯向左侧。
• After her fall she complained that she couldn't bend her leg properly. 她摔了一跤之后，说她的腿不能正常弯曲了。
on bended knee
■in a position in which the knee of one leg is touching the floor 单脚跪地
• He went down on bended knee to ask her to marry him. 他单脚跪地向她求婚。
[bend] verb (bent, bent)
ACCEPT 接受
intransitive
■to unwillingly accept the opinions or decisions of other people 屈服
• The local council was forced to bend to public pressure. 地方政务委员会被迫屈服于公众的压力。
[bend] verb (bent, bent)
bend sb's ear informal
■to talk too much, especially about a problem 对（某人）唠叨诉苦
[bend] verb (bent, bent)
bend the law/rules
■to change the rules in a way that is considered to be not important or not harmful 改变无关重要的规则，变通，通融
• Can't you bend the rules a little? I was only a few minutes late. 你就不能稍微变通一下吗？我只不过迟到了几分钟而已。
[bend] noun
CURVE 弯曲
 IMPROVER countable
■a curved part of something 弯曲处
• There's a bend in the pipe so you can't see from one end to the other. 管子是弯的，所以你无法从一端看到另一端。
• The car came round the bend on the wrong side of the road. 汽车在拐弯时驶错了方向。
[bend] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
the bends [plural]
■a serious medical condition that divers (= swimmers under water) get when they come up to the surface of the sea too quickly 潜函病，减压病
[bend] noun
drive/send sb round the bend UK informal
■to make someone very bored or very angry 使（某人）烦厌（或生气）
• My mother's been driving me round the bend. 我妈妈一直让我感到烦厌。
• Staying at home all day was driving her round the bend. 整天呆在家里，快把她闷疯了。
[bend] noun
round the bend UK informal
■To be/go round the bend is to be/become mentally confused or unable to act in a reasonable way 发疯，神志不清
• If I'd stayed there any longer I'd have gone round the bend. 如果还要我留在那鬼地方，我一定会发疯。
bend, stoop
这组词都有“弯腰，弯曲”的意思，其区别是：
bend: 指人指物皆可，含义广，指任何弯曲的动作。可引申作屈从解。
stoop: 通常用于人，指屈膝降低身体高度或低头弯腰。常引申作屈从或不顾尊严。
curve, crook, twist, bend, bow
这组词都有“弯、弯曲”的意思，其区别是：
curve: 指变成曲线或弧线状的动作或状态。
crook: 指不规则的弯曲，也指按照规则或模型弯曲某物。
twist: 指通过转动、拧或扭使某物成弯曲状。
bend: 普通用词，指把某物变成曲线或角形。用于人时，指头部或身躯弯下。
bow: 指把头部或上身弯向前方的动作，也指社交中的礼节性动作。
vt. 使弯曲；使屈服；使致力；使朝向
 - wind, curve
vi. 弯曲，转弯；屈服；倾向；专心于
 - tend, affect
n. 弯曲
 - curve, give, winding, inflection

Word: bomber
Front: bomber
[ˈbɒmə(r)] (4954/5456 -2)
Back: n. 轰炸机; 投弹手
分布：轰炸机(92%)，投弹手(8%)
US ['bɑ:.mɚ] noun countable
PERSON 人
 ADVANCED
■a person who uses bombs 投弹手；投掷炸弹者
• Rajiv Gandhi is believed to have been killed by a suicide bomber (= a person who carries a bomb on their body). 拉吉夫·甘地据信是被一名人体炸弹袭击者炸死的。
UK ['bɒm.ər] US ['bɑ:.mɚ] noun countable
AIRCRAFT 飞机
■an aircraft that drops bombs 轰炸机
• The invasion on land was supported by bombers in the air. 陆上入侵得到了空中轰炸机的支援。

Word: shooting
Front: shooting
[ˈʃu:tɪŋ] (高 2822/4728 -K2)
Back: n. 射击，发出; 投篮; 摄影; 射杀，枪杀
v. shoot的现在分词
分布：射击(89%)，发射(9%)，猎场(1%)，动词shoot的现在分词.(1%)
US [-tˌɪŋ] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when bullets are shot from guns or other weapons 发射；射击；开枪；开火
• We heard some shooting in the night. 夜里我们听到了一些枪声。
 ADVANCED countable
■when someone is injured or killed by a bullet shot from a gun 枪杀事件，枪击事件
• There have been a number of shootings in the capital this week. 本周首都发生了几次枪击事件。
uncountable
■the sport of shooting animals or birds 狩猎，打猎
• pheasant/grouse shooting 打野鸡／松鸡
• He goes shooting most weekends. 大多数周末他都去打猎。
n. 射击；打猎；摄影；射门
 - photography, hunting
v. 射击（shoot的ing形式）
 - shotting

Word: departure
Front: departure
[dɪˈpɑ:tʃə(r)] (高研四六托 3867/2903 -K)
Vocabulary: departure
(once / 149 pages)
n
A departure is the act of leaving somewhere. Think about an airport that has departure gates for outgoing passengers and an arrival area for people flying in.
Since departing means to leave, a departure is an act of leaving. There are many type of departures, such as when you go to the store or take a flight. A departure can be a metaphor too, as in a departure from the norm, like if a TV cop show suddenly turns into a vampire show. If a comedian starts being serious, that's a departure too. This word is also a euphemism for death, as in "a departure from life."
WORD FAMILY
departure: departures+/ depart: departed, departer, departing, departs, departure /departer: departers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Through a spokeswoman, Mr. Prendergast declined a request to discuss his departure.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Though Obama remains president until Jan. 20, the White House can’t process the departure of all its staffers on a single day.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fans in Denver, anticipating his departure, chanted “Kooooobes” with less than a minute left in the game.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 离开，离去; 起程; 背离; 东西距离
分布：离开(62%)，出发(36%)，分歧(1%)，新的尝试(1%)
n.离开,起程In the compartment, the impartial participant told me his counterpart's departure.在隔间里,公正的参与者把其对等人物的离世告诉了我.
US [-'pɑ:r.tʃɚ] noun countable or uncountable
LEAVING 离开
 ESSENTIAL
■when a person or vehicle, etc. leaves somewhere （人、交通工具等）离开；启程；出发
• There are several departures (= buses, trains, ships or aircraft leaving) for Paris every day. 每天都有几班次去巴黎。
• Our departure was delayed because of bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们的出发时间延后了。
• departure time 发车／起飞／开船时间
■when someone leaves a job 离职，辞职
• Everyone in the office was surprised by Graham's sudden departure. 格雷厄姆的突然离职让办公室里的每个人都感到非常意外。
UK [dɪ'pɑ:.tʃər] US [-'pɑ:r.tʃɚ] noun countable or uncountable
CHANGE 改变
■a change from what is expected, or from what has happened before 偏离，背离，脱离
• There can be no departure from the rules. 不得违反规则。
• Selling men's clothing is a new departure (= type of activity) for the shop. 经营男装是该店的一项新业务。
n. 离开；出发；违背
 - leaving, starting, violation, breach, quit

Word: attorney
Front: attorney
[əˈtɜ:ni] (研六托雅宝 1069/7239 -K3)
Vocabulary: attorney
(once / 210 pages)
n
An attorney is a lawyer. Attorneys sue people, defend people, and serve as experts on the law.
When there's any kind of legal issue, attorneys will be involved. They're the legal experts with law degrees who are also known as "lawyers." You'll often find them in court, defending clients or trying to put criminals in jail. Attorneys work for businesses, schools, the government, and individuals. So if you get arrested, need to write a will, or have to hash out a binding contract, an attorney is the person to call.
WORD FAMILY
attorney: attorneys, attorneyship+/attorneyship: attorneyships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The attorney general’s office did not say what those might be, only that its preliminary inquiry determined that more investigation was needed.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All three served within the Department of Justice while Cooper was attorney general.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His attorney argued there was insufficient evidence to convict Kelly on several charges, including theft and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 代理人; 律师
分布：名词(100%)
→前缀at-同ad-. -torn同turn, 转。转向顾客的，代表当事人利益的人。
律师(at+torn+er→玩的转的人→律师)[tour,torn,tourn=turn,表示"转,环绕"]
n.(业务或法律事务上的)代理人,辩护律师The attorney's horn lies horizontally in the thorns.代理律师的号角水平地躺在荆棘中.
【记】at在，torn转，ney读：你－在转你。律师可牛了，要多少钱，你就的交多少钱，叫你作伪证，你就得作伪证，把你弄得团团转的，还不一定解决问题。参：tornado（n 龙卷风）att＝at在，orn装饰，ney读：你。在装饰你：律师就是把你装饰成不是罪犯的样子的人。
US [-'tɝ:-] noun countable
 IMPROVER US for
■lawyer
• a defense attorney 辩护律师
• an attorney for the plaintiff 原告律师
• a civil/criminal attorney 民事／刑事律师　
advocate, attorney, counsel, lawyer
这组词都有“律师”的意思，其区别是：
advocate: 专指以罗马法律的基本法制的一些国家的(如苏格兰等)和一些特别法庭的律师；也可指出庭辩护的律师。
attorney: 主要用于美国，指代理当事人处理遗嘱检验等法律事务的律师，有时可与lawyer通用，泛指辩护律师。
counsel: 指单独或集体为当事人提供咨询或出庭处理案件的法律顾问或律师。
lawyer: 普通用词，指精通法律规则并有权以法律代理人或顾问身份在法庭上执行法律或为委托人服务的人。
n. 律师； [法] 代理人
 - lawyer, deputy, agent, factor, secondary

Word: pole
Vocabulary: pole
(once / 270 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A pole is a rounded stick or rod, usually made of wood, plastic, or metal. You need a pole for hanging a flag, catching fish, or setting up a tent.
There are many kinds of poles, from the poles skiers use to balance and push themselves forward to the long, flexible pole a pole vaulter uses to help her jump over a high bar. When someone mentions the North or South Pole, they mean the points on either side of the Earth that mark the ends of its axis of rotation. This kind of pole comes from the Latin polus, "end of an axis" or "the heavens."
WORD FAMILY
pole: polar, poled, poles, poling+/depolarise: depolarised, depolarising/depolarization: depolarizations/depolarize: depolarization, depolarized, depolarizes, depolarizing/ polar: bipolar, circumpolar, nonpolar, polarise, polarity, polarize, polarly, transpolar/polarisation: depolarisation/polarise: depolarise, polarisation, polarised, polarises, polarising/ polarity: polarities/ polarization: polarizations/ polarize: depolarize, polarization, polarized, polarizes, polarizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
She leaned against a pole, feeding a piece of bread to the baby.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The railroad pole that holds critical signal lights was also damaged.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
These opposite poles of life are dressed in identical trappings, and we’re invited to react to them with a single, limited set of coded responses.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)

Word: distant
Front: distant
[ˈdɪstənt] (高研四六托雅宝 2630/2745 -2)
Vocabulary: distant
(once / 30 pages)
adj
Distant describes something that's far away, like another planet, a ship far out at sea, or the cousin who never calls or shows up for family events.
Time, like miles, can make something distant. People get excited during awards season, but most have at best a distant recollection of who won Oscars two years ago — meaning the memory is remote. If you've ever been accused of seeming distant, how were you acting at the time? Distracted, not showing much interest or patience, bored? Too many experiences like that and once-close friends will become distant, meaning they'll drift apart.
WORD FAMILY
distant: distance, distanter, distantest, distantly+/ distance: distanced, distances, distancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
In other images, the distant mountains are wrapped in haze.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Today, however, scientists keep track of it by aiming a network of radio telescopes at a distant quasar.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Los Angeles County, with more than three times the population, was a distant second with 43.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 遥远的; 冷漠的，冷淡的; 远离的，远隔的; 不太清晰的
分布：遥远的(81%)，疏远的(9%)，远房的(6%)，陌生的(3%)，远行的(1%)
→来自distance, 距离。
有距离的(dis分开+stant→分开站→有距离的)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
a.远的;遥远的;疏远的;不亲近的There was a distant resemblance between them.他俩有隐约相似的地方.
adjective
NOT CLOSE 遥远的
 IMPROVER
■far away 遥远的，远方的
• a distant country 遥远的国家
• She could hear the distant sound of fireworks exploding. 她能听到远处放烟花的声音。
■part of your family but not closely related 远房的，远亲的
• a distant relative/cousin 远房亲戚／表弟
in the distant past/future
■far away in the past or future 在遥远的过去／将来
• At some point in the distant future I would like to have my own house. 将来我要拥有自己的房子。
in the not-too-distant future
■quite soon 在不久的将来
• They plan to have children in the not-too-distant future. 他们打算在不远的将来要孩子。
['dɪs.tənt] adjective
NOT FRIENDLY 冷漠的
■describes someone who does not show much emotion and is not friendly 拒人千里的，不亲近的，冷漠的
• She seemed cold and distant. 她似乎很冷漠，不容易接近。
distant, far, remote
这组词都有“远的”的意思，其区别是：
distant: 语意最强，强调距离。
far: 除特殊情况外，侧重长距离。也可用作引申意义。
remote: 侧重指离中心地有利的地方很远。
adj. 遥远的；冷漠的；远隔的
 - remote, faraway

Word: existence
Front: existence
[ɪgˈzɪstəns] (高研四六雅 2213/1454 -K)
Vocabulary: existence
(once / 75 pages)
n
Existence is the state of being alive or being real. For example, you and your best friend disagree about the existence of Bigfoot if you think it's real and your friend doesn't.
The noun existence can be used many different ways, but it always has to do with being alive or with simply "being". You can talk about the survival of something as its existence, like your yo-yo club having lost so many members that its existence is in danger. The particular way you live is another meaning of existence; if you live a quiet, lonely life in the country, you could describe it as a solitary existence.
WORD FAMILY
existence: existences, existential +/ coexist: coexisted, coexistent, coexisting, coexists/coexistence: coexistences/coexistent: coexistence, coexistently/ exist: coexist, existed, existent, existing, exists, preexist/existent: existence, existently, nonexistent, pre-existent/ existential: existentialism, existentially/ existentialism: existentialist/existentialist: existentialists/ existing: pre-existing/nonexistence: nonexistences/ nonexistent: nonexistence/preexist: preexisted, preexistence, preexistent, preexisting, preexists/preexistence: preexistences
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It was suddenly back in existence, but what should I do?
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Perhaps keeping our profile in existence is providing a much-needed outlet for others?
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 存在，实在; 生活，生活方式; 实体，存在物
分布：存在(84%)，生存(16%)
→来自exist, 存在。
存在,生存(exist+ence)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
n.存在,实在;生存,生活(方式)The elephant is the largest land animal in existence.大象是现有的最大的陆上动物.
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when something or someone exists 存在；实有
• Many people question the existence of God. 很多人怀疑上帝是否真的存在。
• Modern cosmology believes the Universe to have come into existence about fifteen billion years ago. 现代宇宙论认为，宇宙大约在150亿年前就已经形成了。
• The theatre company that they started is still in existence today. 他们创办的剧团直到今日仍在演出。
countable usually singular
■a particular way of life 生活；生活方式
• She has a miserable existence living with him. 和他生活在一起，她的日子苦不堪言。
life, creature, maintenance, survival, existence
life: 生命，生活
creature: 生物，动物，人
maintenance: 保持，保养，维修，一般不指人；
survival: 在困难中的生存、幸存；
existence: 艰难或无聊的生活方式
n. [计] 存在，实在；生存，生活；存在物，实在物
 - presence, being, entity, life, is

Word: lucrative
Front: lucrative
[ˈlu:krətɪv] (托雅宝 6660/8433 -2)
Vocabulary: lucrative
(once / 1338 pages)
adj
Use lucrative to refer to a business or investment that makes money. The drug trade has proved very lucrative, if dangerous, for people willing to risk their lives to take part in it.
This adjective is from Latin lucrātīvus, from lucrātus, from lucrārī "to profit," from lucrum "profit." In Latin, lucrum also meant "greed," a negative sense preserved in the English phrase filthy lucre "shameful profit or gain." But there is no shame in the sense of lucrative––if you're lawn mowing job proves lucrative over the summer, you might be able to buy yourself an old car.
WORD FAMILY
lucrative: lucratively, lucrativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The latest letter of credit also raises concerns about the holiday season, the most lucrative time of year for retailers, Hebert said.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
There, he built the third most lucrative disability firm in the nation.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
They were also supposed to encourage farmers to abandon the cultivation of opium poppy, the region’s most lucrative cash crop.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 获利多的，赚钱的; 合算的
分布：获利的(50%)，合算的(50%)
→来自lucre,钱财。
有利可图的(lucr钱+ative)[-arive表形容词."有…倾向(性质)的"]
有利可图的(lucr钱)[-ive 1.表形容词2.表名词后缀,"人或物"]
【记】lucre（n 钱，利益），ative－赚钱的luc＝luck，rat，ive：特别有运气的老鼠，因为是有利可图的。
US [-tˌɪv] adjective
 ADVANCED
■(especially of a business, job or activity) producing a lot of money （尤指生意、职位或活动）赚钱的，盈利的
• The merger proved to be very lucrative for both companies. 事实证明，这次兼并使两间公司都获利丰厚。
adj. [金融] 有利可图的，赚钱的；合算的
 - economical, profitable, paying

Word: garden
Front: garden
[ˈgɑ:dn] (中高雅 1043/700 -K4)
Vocabulary: garden
(once / 44 pages)
nv
A garden is a piece of land that's used to grow flowers, vegetables, or other plants. Your grandmother might be so proud of her rose garden that she gives every visitor a tour of it.
A vegetable garden is often planted in straight rows, sometimes within a raised bed. Flower gardens can take all sorts of shapes, from tidy to meandering. When you work in your garden, pulling weeds or planting seedlings, you garden. In the UK, a garden is what's called a yard in the US — any bit of land just outside of a house. The phrase "garden variety" means "ordinary:" "Oh he's just a garden variety mixed-breed dog, nothing fancy."
WORD FAMILY
garden: gardened, gardener, gardening, gardens+/ gardener: gardeners/gardening: gardenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Apple, Facebook, Google and other tech giants try to keep users in their own “walled gardens”.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Phil Jackson walks away from Knicks job after Madison Square Garden fails to build him an unmodified, triangular corner office.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There won’t be long-term residents in the garden, but Hunt is hopeful some will show up in their travels.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 花园，菜园; 公园; 供应点心的露天设施; 大型公共礼堂
vt. 造园，开辟（一小片土地）作为花园; 以花园装饰
vi. 从事园艺
adj. 花园的，园艺的; 普通的，平凡的
时态：gardened, gardening, gardens
分布：从事园艺活动(100%)
→gher, 围，绕，词源同yard, court. 指围起来的一个庭院。
n.(菜,花)园;公园The guard guards the guarantee in the garden regardless of the hazard.卫兵不顾危险看守着花园里的抵押品.
US ['gɑ:r-] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable (US usually yard)
■a piece of land next to and belonging to a house, where flowers and other plants are grown, and often containing an area of grass （住宅旁的）花园，菜园，园子
• garden tools/furniture 园艺工具／家俱
• a garden shed 花园中的棚屋
• mainly UK The house has a large back garden, and a small front garden. 这座房子后面有个大花园，前面还有个小花园。
 ADVANCED countable usually plural
■a public park with flowers, plants and places to sit 公园
• the Botanical Gardens 植物园
n. [建] 花园；菜园
 - taman, bagh

Word: loyal
Front: loyal
[ˈlɔɪəl] (研四六托雅宝 4770/4461 -K2)
Vocabulary: loyal
(once / 227 pages)
adj
If you are faithful and devoted to someone or something, you're loyal. If you refuse to buy milk from anyone other than Farmer Jones, then you're a very loyal customer.
Someone who is loyal is reliable and always true, like your trusty dog. Loyal comes from the Old French word loial which means something like "legal," but if someone is only loyal to you because the law requires him to be, that's not true loyalty, which should come from the heart, not a contract. A loyal friend supports you all the time, no matter what. You can also be loyal to an idea, like the People's Revolution, or girl-power.
WORD FAMILY
loyal: disloyal, loyaler, loyalest, loyalist, loyally+/disloyal: disloyally/loyalist: loyalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
They control northwest Yemen, while Hadi and forces nominally loyal to him oversee portions of the south and east.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Will Congress play its role in checking raw executive power, or will Republican majorities be loyal to party first?
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Perhaps more impressive was the proximity she kept to the line honours winner Loyal.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 忠诚的，忠心的; 忠贞的
n. 效忠的臣民; 忠实信徒
分布：忠诚的(80%)，忠心的(20%)
→来自拉丁语legis,法律，法规，词源同legal.引申词义合法的，守法的，履行法定义务的，后在16世纪引申词义臣民对君主的效忠。
a.(to)忠诚的,忠贞的The royal destroyer employs lots of loyal employees.皇家驱逐舰雇佣了很多忠心的雇员.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■firm and not changing in your friendship with or support for a person or an organization, or in your belief in your principles 忠实的，忠诚的
• Jack has been a loyal worker in this company for almost 50 years. 杰克是这间公司忠诚的员工，已经工作了快50年了。
• When all her other friends deserted her, Steve remained loyal. 当其他朋友都离她而去的时候，史蒂芬依然对她不离不弃。
• She's very loyal to her friends. 她对朋友非常忠诚。
Opposite disloyal
loyal, constant, faithful, true
这组词都有“忠实的”的意思，其区别是：
loyal: 一般指对祖国、领袖的忠诚或对事业、原则、誓言的忠实，不动摇。
constant: 侧重指思想状态的稳定或信念的坚定，也指爱情或感情等的忠贞不渝。
faithful: 多指对人对事或对诺言、誓言的始终不渝，侧重在任何情况下都绝不改变。
true: 侧重个人感情上的忠实和不动摇。
adj. 忠诚的，忠心的；忠贞的
 - loving, devoted, faithful

Word: click
Front: click
[klɪk] (高研雅 3794/6659 -K2)
Vocabulary: click
(once / 388 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5v
A click is a sound like a sharp tap. Your dog might start barking excitedly every evening when he hears the click of your key turning in the lock. And you might click your computer mouse when you are excited about getting to another page on the web.
Click is also a verb, meaning to make the sound of a click: "Don't click your tongue at me — I can have ice cream for dinner if I want to!" You can use the word in a figurative way as well, to mean "fall suddenly into place," as when a confusing math problem finally clicks for you. Increasingly, to click is to tap on a computer icon with a mouse: "Click through to my new website!"
WORD FAMILY
click: clicked, clicking, clicks
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Let’s face it, we’re in the click age,” he said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think he’s learning each and every day just as much as we are and it’s starting to click now,” Burke said.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Of all the instruction pieces we've published this year, the following are the five that you, our readers, clicked on the most in 2016.
Golf Digest(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 喀哒声; 爪，掣子; [计]（鼠标）点击; [语言学]吸气音
vt. 使发出喀哒声
vi. 发出喀哒声; 极成功; 合得来，一见如; [计]鼠击
时态：clicked, clicking, clicks
分布：点击(99%)，咔嗒声(1%)
→拟声词。
n.滴答声;vi.发出滴答声The door suddenly clicked shut.门忽然卡嗒一声关上.
verb
OPERATE COMPUTER 电脑操作
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive specialized
■to (cause a computer instruction to) operate by pressing a button on the mouse (= small control device) of a computer 点击（滑鼠）
• If you want to open a file, click twice on the icon for it. 如果你想开启一个档案，按两下该档案图示。
• When you have selected the file you want, click the 'Open' box. 选中了你想要的档案，用滑鼠点击“开启”方框。
[klɪk] verb
MAKE SOUND 发声
intransitive or transitive
■to make a short, sharp sound, or to make something do this （使）发出短而尖的声音；（使）发出哢嗒声
• The door clicked shut behind her. 门在她身后哢嗒一声关上了。
• Can you hear that strange clicking noise? 你听到哢嗒哢嗒的怪声吗？
• Paul clicked his fingers (= moved his thumb against his middle finger to make a short sharp sound) to attract the waiter's attention. 保罗打了个响指叫侍者。
• Soldiers click their heels (= bring them sharply together) when they stand to attention. 士兵立正时脚后跟哢嚓相碰。
[klɪk] verb
BECOME FRIENDLY 变得友好
intransitive informal
■to become friendly or popular 成为朋友；受欢迎
• Liz and I really clicked the first time we met. 莉兹和我一见如故。
• The new daytime soap opera has yet to show signs that it's clicking with the television audience. 尚无迹象显示新日间肥皂剧受到观众的欢迎。
[klɪk] verb
BECOME CLEAR 变得清楚
intransitive informal
■to be understood, or become clear suddenly （被）突然明白；恍然大悟
• Suddenly everything clicked and I realized where I'd met him. 突然一切都清楚了，我想起自己在哪里见过他了。
• [+ question word] As he talked about his schooldays, it suddenly clicked wh ere I had met him before. 当他谈起自己的学校生活时，我突然想起我曾经在哪里见过他了。
• [+ that] So it's finally clicked that you're going to have to get yourself a job, has it? 所以，你最后终于明白你必须给自己找份工作，是吗？
• In the last act of the play, everything clicks into place. 在戏的最后一幕，一切都真相大白了。
[klɪk] noun countable
SOUND 声音
■a short, sharp sound 短而尖的声音
• The soldier gave a click of his heels as he saluted. 士兵敬礼的时候脚后跟哢嚓一声并拢。
[klɪk] noun countable
COMPUTER OPERATION 电脑操作
■when you press a button on the mouse (= small control device) of a computer to operate it （在滑鼠按钮上所作的）点击
[klɪk] noun countable
clicks and mortar (also clicks and bricks) (or bricks and clicks)
■used for talking about businesses that involve selling things in stores as well as on the Internet 结合传统零售管道和线上电子商务的营运方式
• Retailing is set to be very much clicks and mortar. 可以预料，零售业会向传统零售和电子商务相结合的营运方式发展。
• the development of a clicks-and-mortar strategy 电子商务策略的开发
n. 单击；滴答声
 - ticktack, tictac

Word: rain
Front: rain
[reɪn] (中高 1550/1491 -K4)
Vocabulary: rain
(once / 65 pages)
nv
Rain is what makes you go running for your umbrella. It's that water that comes down from sky when the dark clouds roll in.
You can also use rain as a verb — as in the expression "Don't rain on my parade," which means don't ruin my good time by giving me bad news. You can also describe anything that comes down quickly and in quantity as something that rains down. On New Year's Eve, confetti rains down in Times Square. If you're unfortunate enough to find yourself in a war zone, you might hear bombs raining down around you.
WORD FAMILY
rain: rained, raining, rainless, rains, rainy +/ rainy: rainier, rainiest, rainily, raininess
USAGE EXAMPLES
More rain fell in October than in three decades, raising the state’s major reservoirs in Northern California and hopes that the drought will soon end.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Parts of the South are bracing for more rain Tuesday, a day after severe storms killed four people in Alabama.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In Georgia, some of the heaviest rains were expected late Monday night and into the overnight hours of early Tuesday morning, forecasters said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 雨; （热带地区的）雨季，雨天; 雨点般降落的东西; <俚>电子流
vt. & vi. （雨）降下，（使）降落; 大量地给，（使）大量落下
时态：rained, raining, rains
分布：雨(70%)，下雨(26%)，雨水(4%)
→来自古英语 regn,雨，来自 Proto-Germanic*regna,雨，来自 reg,水气，湿的，词源同 irrigate. 拼写比较 main,might.
n.雨;雨天;下雨vi.下雨vt.使大量落下The gained grain drained away with the rain, all the pains were in vain again.收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■drops of water from clouds 雨；雨水
• Rain is forecast for tomorrow. 预报明天会下雨。
• Come inside out of the rain. 进屋来，别在雨里淋着。
• We had heavy/light rain all day. 我们这里倾盆大雨／毛毛细雨整整下了一天。
• We got caught in pouring/torrential (= a lot of) rain without either raincoats or umbrellas. 我们既没带雨衣也没带伞，正赶上大雨滂沱，淋成了落汤鸡。
• There will be showers of rain/rain showers (= short periods of rain) in the east. 东部地区将有阵雨。
• It looks like rain (= as if rain is going to fall). 天看起来好像要下雨。
the rains [plural]
■the season of the year in tropical countries when there is a lot of rain （热带地区的）雨季
• Villagers are now waiting for the rains to come so that the rice will grow. 村民们正在等待雨季的到来，那时稻子才能生长。
• This is the third year in a row that the rains have failed. 这是连续第三个年头雨季没有下雨了。
[reɪn] noun uncountable
come rain or shine
■whatever happens 风雨无阻；无论如何；不管发生甚么
• Come rain or shine, I'll see you on Thursday. 无论如何我都要在星期四见到你。
[reɪn] verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■If it rains, water falls from the sky in small drops 下雨；降雨
• I think it 's starting to rain. 我觉得要下雨了。
• It 's raining hard/heavily (= a large amount of rain is falling). 正下着倾盆大雨。
[reɪn] verb intransitive
It never rains but it pours. UK (US When it rains, it pours.) saying
■said when one bad thing happens, followed by a lot of other bad things, which make a bad situation worse 不雨则已，一雨倾盆；祸不单行
[reɪn] verb intransitive
It's raining cats and dogs ! old-fashioned
■something that you say when it is raining heavily 滂沱大雨，倾盆大雨
[reɪn] verb intransitive
rain on sb's parade
■to do something that spoils someone's plans 泼冷水，煞风景
• I'm sorry to rain on your parade but you're not allowed to have alcohol on the premises. 很抱歉要给你们泼冷水，但这个场所是严禁喝酒的。
[reɪn] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  rain (sth) down
■to fall in large amounts, or to direct something in large amounts, usually forcefully or violently （通常指猛烈地）使大量降下，雨点般落下；（把…）密集地投下
• Bombs rained down on the besieged city. 炸弹雨点般投放到被围困的城市里。
• Her attacker rained down blows on her. 袭击她的人对她一通狂殴。
[reɪn] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  rain sth off UK (US rain sth out)
■If an event is rained off, it cannot start or continue because it is raining 因下雨而停止；因雨取消（或中断）
• His hockey match was rained off. 他参加的曲棍球比赛因雨取消。
n. [气象] 雨；下雨；雨天；雨季
 - wet, monsoon
vi. 下雨；降雨
 - Make it Rain

Word: privately
Front: privately
['praɪvətlɪ] (4718/4920 -K1)
Back: adv. 私下地，不公开地; 私自; 背地里
分布：私下地(67%)，秘密地(33%)
adverb
PERSONAL 私下
 ADVANCED
■in secret, or with only one or two other people present 私下地，秘密地
• She spoke privately with the manager. 她私下与经理面谈。
• Despite his public support, privately (= secretly) he was worried. 尽管他公开支持，但私底下还是焦虑不安。
['praɪ.vət.li] adverb
NOT OFFICIAL 非官方
■by a person or company and not by the government 私立地；私营地；民间地
• a privately-owned business 民营企业
adv. 私下地；秘密地
 - quietly, underground, secretly

Word: originally
Front: originally
[əˈrɪdʒənəli] (托 2854/1995 -K3)
Back: adv. 起初，原来; 独创地，独出心裁地; 自来; 本
分布：起初(48%)，独创地(35%)，原本(17%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■first of all 原本；起初；原先
• Originally it was a bedroom, but we turned it into a study. 这原本是间睡房，但我们把它改成了书房。
initially, firstly, originally
initially: 最初，开头
firstly: 首先，第一，用于列举事项
originally: 独创地， 独特地，本来
adv. 最初，起初；本来
 - initially, essentially

Word: drone
Front: drone
[drəʊn] (宝 11442/16178 -1)
Vocabulary: drone
(once / 1075 pages)
1vn 2n 3n 4n
To drone is to make a low, continuous noise that sounds like humming or buzzing. On summer nights, you might hear cicadas drone, and on snowy winter mornings, hear your neighbor's snow blower drone.
Like animals and machines, people drone too, their voices sounding dull and tedious: "When my history teacher drones on, it's hard to stay awake." Drone is also a noun, meaning the monotonous sound itself, like the drone of a boring lecture; or a male worker bee; or a person who's as unambitious as a worker bee. Finally, there are the drones that fly by remote control, doing surveillance, gathering weather information, and occasionally firing missiles for the military.
WORD FAMILY
drone: droned, drones, droning+/droning: dronings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The arms race is fed in part by the slow pace of government regulation for drones.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Visitors should allow for extra time getting to their destination. Also banned: No drones.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Meanwhile, she authorised the transfer to Estonia of high-precision long-range missiles to be deployed alongside drones, tanks and RAF jets.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 雄蜂; 嗡嗡声; 持续低音; 无人驾驶飞机
v. 嗡嗡叫; 嗡嗡响; 絮絮叨叨地说
时态：droned, droning, drones
分布：无人驾驶飞机(50%)，雄蜂(22%)，嗡嗡声(14%)，混日子(5%)，单调的声音(3%)，单调低沉地说(2%)，游手好闲者(2%)，嗡嗡叫(2%)
→拟声词。
【反】speak animatedly（生动地说）
US [droʊn] noun
NOISE 杂讯
only singular
■a low continuous noise which does not change its note 轰鸣声，嗡嗡声
• the drone of an engine 引擎的轰鸣声
• Outside the tent I could hear the constant drone of insects. 我能听到帐篷外面昆虫发出的持续不断的嗡嗡声。
• The drone of his voice made me feel sleepy. 他单调低沉的语调让我昏昏欲睡。
UK [drəʊn] US [droʊn] noun
BEE 蜜蜂
countable
■a male bee 雄蜂
UK [drəʊn] US [droʊn] verb intransitive
■to make a low continuous noise which does not change its note 轰鸣声，嗡嗡声
• An airplane droned in the background. 背景响起了飞机的轰鸣声。
UK [drəʊn] US [droʊn] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  drone on disapproving
■to talk for a long time in a boring way 喋喋不休，无休止地谈论
• He was droning on (and on)about his operation. 他在喋喋不休地讲他的手术。
n. 雄蜂；嗡嗡的声音；懒惰者
 - do-nothing
vi. 嗡嗡作声；混日子
 - goof off, hell around
vt. 低沉地说
 - rumble

Word: bed
Vocabulary: bed
(once / 33 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Your bed is the piece of furniture you sleep on at night. One of a babysitter's most important tasks is telling kids when it's time to get into their beds.
The bed you get into at bedtime is different from the garden bed you dig each spring, preparing to plant seeds. Another kind of bed is the one made of straw or hay that's tucked inside a barn and intended for animals to sleep on. A truck also has a bed — the open rear part you can fill with goods. To bed, or "bed down," is to put someone to bed or climb into bed yourself.
WORD FAMILY
bed: bedded, bedding, bedless, beds+/ bedding: beddings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prosecutors say Shockley threw the baby on a bed, slapped the child and bit him on the shoulder.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Wednesday, saying his mom and younger brother were dead and his father placed a gun in his bed before leaving the house.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He decorated his apartment with a sofa bed, a chair and a coffee table.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)

Word: monthly
Front: monthly
[ˈmʌnθli] (研四 3520/3652 -3)
Vocabulary: monthly
(once / 466 pages)
adjadvn
Anything monthly happens once a month. A monthly paycheck will enable you to pay your monthly rent. Whew!
Monthly works well as both an adjective and an adverb, describing anything that occurs every month. You might get a monthly paycheck or make monthly phone calls to your grandmother. Or a freelance writer might write a couple of articles monthly and travel monthly to a nearby amusement park. A monthly can also be a magazine that's published once a month.
WORD FAMILY
monthly: bimonthly, monthlies, semimonthly+/ bimonthly: bimonthlies/ month: monthly, months
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maryland’s other five casinos submit monthly compliance reports detailing incidents such as robberies, police responses, underage drinking and the number of people evicted.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
We are now in the longest economic expansion and monthly job creation in history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the past, however, the government would raise gasoline prices gradually through the year with monthly increases.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 每月的; 每月一次的; 按月的
n. 月刊; 月经
adv. 每月; 每月一次
分布：每月(70%)，每月的(13%)，按月(10%)，月刊(6%)，一个月有效的(1%)
每月的(month月)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
a.每月的ad.每月一次,按月n.月刊We get a phone bill monthly.我们一个月都收到一张电话账单.
adjective adverb
 IMPROVER
■happening or produced once a month 每月（的）；每月一次（的）；按月（的）
• monthly payments 每月的付款
• Most of these people are paid monthly. 这些人大多数按月领薪。
['mʌnt.θli] noun countable
■a magazine which is published once a month 月刊
adj. 每月的，每月一次的；有效期为一个月的
 - menstrual
n. 月刊
 - mensual
adv. 每月，每月一次
 - mensual

Word: punishment
Front: punishment
[ˈpʌnɪʃmənt] (高四六 3110/3031 -K2)
Vocabulary: punishment
(once / 146 pages)
n
Punishment is the penalty you have to pay when you're caught doing something bad. A teenager's punishment for missing her curfew might be helping her dad clean the garage.
When someone is officially penalized for a mistake or a crime, that's punishment. Stealing a car could result in a punishment involving jail, while pinching your little sister might mean a punishment as mild as sitting in a chair and thinking about ways to be nicer next time. The Latin root of punishment and its related verb, punish, is punire, "punish, correct, take vengeance for, or cause pain for some offense."
WORD FAMILY
punishment: punishments, self-punishment+/ punish: punishable, punished, punishes, punishing, punishment /punishable: punishably/punished: unpunished/ punishing: punishingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Juries deciding sentences handed down punishments of life in prison about twice as often as the death penalty.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The running back’s early punishment sets up devastating play-action passes later.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This finding — that people are reflexively prone to “intergroup bias” in punishment — is consistent with what many scientists believe about humans’ evolutionary heritage.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: n. 刑罚，惩罚; 严厉对待; <口>给吃苦头
分布：惩罚(100%)
noun
CRIME 罪行
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when someone is punished 惩罚，处罚；受罚
• Many people think that the death penalty is too severe a punishment for any crime. 许多人认为对于无论何种罪行来说，死刑都过于严厉了。
• formal It was always our father who administered/meted out punishments. 予以／给予惩罚的人一直是我们的父亲。
• Drink-driving is one case where severe punishment seems to work as a deterrent. 酒后驾车是证明严惩似乎能起威慑作用的一个例子。
['pʌn.ɪʃ.mənt] noun
BAD TREATMENT 破坏
uncountable
■rough treatment 粗暴的对待，糟蹋，折磨
• These trucks are designed to take a lot of punishment. 这些卡车设计得很耐磨。
punishment, penalty
这组词都有“惩罚、处罚”的意思，其区别是：
punishment: 泛指各种惩罚，诸如法律、父母、老师以及神的惩罚等。
penalty: 一般指法律上的惩罚或体育运动比赛中的处罚。
n. [动] 惩罚；严厉对待，虐待
 - rod, payment, discipline, abuse

Word: outline
Front: outline
[ˈaʊtlaɪn] (高研四六托雅宝 4429/2838 -K3)
Vocabulary: outline
(once / 204 pages)
1nv 2nv
The gist, the essence, the major parts of something — that's its outline.
The origins of outline come from the artistic practice of marking a line around the outer edge of a person or shape in a picture before filling it in. Only later, in the 1800s, did it come to be applied to verbal descriptions, too. Technically an outline suggests a condensed form of something, but as any high school or college student knows, course outlines have a habit of being pretty darn long. In 1919 H.G. Wells wrote a book called An Outline of History. Its length? 1,324 pages.
WORD FAMILY
outline: outlined, outlines, outlining
USAGE EXAMPLES
Governors typically use the speech to outline their priorities and introduce new programs and initiatives, sending ripples cascading across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The Paris Agreement is really an outline; more promise than reality.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Pictorial elements may be soft or hard, recurring or singular, outlined or not.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 梗概，大纲，提纲，草稿，要点，主要原则; 外形，轮廓，轮廓线，轮廓画法，略图（画法）
vt. 概述; 略述; 画轮廓，打草图，描略图
时态：outlined, outlining, outlines
分布：轮廓(44%)，大纲(38%)，概述(17%)，画出轮廓(1%)
→out-,向外，line,线，轮廓。引申词义概述。
大纲;轮廓(out+line线条→划出线条→大纲)[out-①表示"超过,过度"②表示"出去,过时"]
轮廓;大纲(out外面+line→外面的线→轮廓)[line=line,表示"直线,线条"]
n.轮廓,略图;大纲,梗概v.概述,略述I'm inclined to underline these disciplines in the outline written on linen.我倾向于给写在亚麻布上的大纲中的这些学科划下画线.
noun countable
SHAPE 外形
 IMPROVER
■the main shape or edge of something, without any details 轮廓，略图，外形
• She drew the outline of the boat and then coloured it in. 她画了这只船的草图，然后给它着色。
in outline
■as a shape with an edge but without any details 轮廓
• The mountain was visible only in outline as the light faded. 光线暗了下来，只能看见山的轮廓。
['aʊt.laɪn] noun countable
DESCRIPTION 大纲
 IMPROVER
■a description of the main facts about something 大纲；概要；提要
• If you read the minutes of the meeting, they'll give you a broad outline of what was discussed. 如果你看了会议记录，就会知道讨论的大概内容。
• Some novelists start by writing an outline (= plan of the main points of the story). 有些小说家创作时会先写提纲。
['aʊt.laɪn] verb transitive
DRAW SHAPE 勾勒
 IMPROVER
■to draw the main shape or edge of something 勾勒，描画…的轮廓
• The area we're interested in is outlined in red on the map. 我们感兴趣的地区已经用红笔在地图上勾出来了。
['aʊt.laɪn] verb transitive
DESCRIBE 概括
 IMPROVER
■to give the main facts about something 略述，概括
• At the interview she outlined what I would be doing. 面试时，她简要介绍了我将要从事的工作。
abstract, summary, resume, digest, outline
这组词都有“摘要、概要、概括”的意思，其区别是：
abstract: 指论文、书籍等正文前的内容摘要，尤指学术论文或法律文件的研究提要。
summary: 普通用词，指将书籍或文章等的内容，用寥寥数语作简明扼要的说明。
resume: 源于洁语，与summary极相近，通常可互换使用。
digest: 侧重对原文融汇贯通，重新谋篇布局，以简明扼要的语言，简短篇幅成文，展现原作精华。
outline: 指配以释议文字的提纲。
figure, form, shape, outline
这组词都有“形式”的意思，其区别是：
figure: 指轮廓、外形，尤指体态，相貌或身体。
form: 最普通用词，含义广，既可指客观物体的外形，又可用于抽象概念的“形”。
shape: 通常指由线和面所围成的外观上的形，侧重立体形状。
outline: 指任何形状的轮廓线。
sketch, draft, blueprint, diagram, outline, plot
这组词都有“绘制”的意思，其区别是：
sketch: 指用图、模型或语言描述来表示某一事物的整体情况。
draft: 用作动词时指按准确比例设计或打样；作名词时专指精确的草图或草案。
blueprint: 主要指绘制蓝图或制定纲领或规划。这个词引申用来指详细而具体的行动计划。
diagram: 侧重指用图形、图表等来说明。
outline: 主要给出事物要点或轮廓，强调简化了的整体。
plot: 可与draft和diagram换用，但侧重于表示具体的点、面、部分或目标，从而使相互关系以及和整体的关系得以明确。
n. 轮廓；大纲；概要；略图
 - profile, program, brief, contour
vt. 概述；略述；描画…轮廓
 - summarize, sum up

Word: unknown
Front: unknown
[ˌʌnˈnəʊn] (高四六 2825/2087 -K3)
Back: adj. 未知的; 不出名的; 从未发生的; 从不存在的
n. 不知名或不出名的人; 未知的事物; <数>未知数; 未知数
分布：未知的(91%)，不出名的(9%)
US [-'noʊn] adjective
 IMPROVER
■not known or familiar 未知的；不知名的；不了解的；不熟悉的
• The exact number of people carrying the virus is unknown. 携带病毒的准确人数还不清楚。
• As recently as six months ago her name was almost unknown in Britain. 就在六个月前，她的名字在英国还几乎无人知晓。
• Unknown to me, she'd organized a party for my birthday. 她为我筹划了生日派对，我却还蒙在鼓里。
UK [ʌn'nəʊn] US [-'noʊn] noun
only singular
■what is not familiar or known 陌生事物；未知事物
• Racism is in some ways just a fear of the unknown. 在某些意义上，种族主义只是一种对未知事物的恐惧罢了。
countable
■a person, especially a performer or sports player, who is not famous 无名小卒，无名之辈（尤指不知名的演员或运动员）
• For her latest film she deliberately chose a cast of unknowns. 在新拍影片中，她特意挑了一批不知名的演员。
countable mainly US
■something that cannot be guessed at or calculated because so little is known about it 不明情况；未知因素
• It's the big unknowns that make insurance companies uneasy. 令保险公司担心的是无法预测的重大事件。
adj. [数] 未知的；陌生的，默默无闻的
 - strange, sealed
n. [数] 未知数；未知的事物，默默无闻的人
 - XYZ, pronumeral

Word: dominant
Front: dominant
[ˈdɒmɪnənt] (研六托雅宝 3174/2719 -3)
Vocabulary: dominant
(once / 521 pages)
1adj 2n 3nadj
Dominant means to be in control. In a wolf pack, one male wolf fights the others, wins, and is considered the dominant, or alpha male. The other wolves in the pack do what he tells them.
Dominant derives from the Latin dominus which means "lord or master." If you grew up with a Latin mass, you will recognize this as one of many words for God. If you're dominant, it means you treat others as if you're their master. You can also use dominant to describe something frequent or common. For example, when cell phones first came out, their dominant use was for making calls. Now cells phone do so much more, some people hardly make calls on them at all.
WORD FAMILY
dominant: dominance, dominantly, dominants, subdominant+/ dominance: dominances
USAGE EXAMPLES
The league continues to evolve, with the passing game becoming more dominant.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With no great, dominant team, the path is wide open.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The tip of the blade should be parallel to the dominant shoulder.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 占优势的; 统治的，支配的; [生]显性的; 高耸的
n. [生]显性性状，显性基因; 优势物种; [乐]全阶第五音; 主因，要素
分布：主要的(42%)，显性基因(21%)，显性的(21%)，占优势的(11%)，主宰者(5%)
a.支配的,统治的,占优势的The dominant candidate is nominally nominated for president.占优势的候选人名义上被任命为总统.
【反】recessive（adj [遗]隐性的）
US ['dɑ:.mə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■more important, strong or noticeable than anything else of the same type 主要的；主导的；占优势的
• a dominant military power 主要军事力量
• Unemployment will be a dominant issue at the next election. 失业将成为下届选举中的主要辩论问题。
dominant gene specialized
■a gene which always produces a particular characteristic in a person, plant or animal 显性基因
sovereign, predominant, dominant
这组词都有“占优势的，支配其它的”的意思，其区别是：
sovereign: 侧重指其他事物都从属于或低于它的。
predominant: 侧重指影响与新近的优势。
dominant: 强调权威。
adj. 显性的； [生物] 占优势的； [数] 支配的，统治的
 - ruling, predominant

Word: remind
Front: remind
[rɪˈmaɪnd] (高研四六托雅 1458/1700 -K3)
Vocabulary: remind
(once / 111 pages)
v
To remind is to cause someone to remember, as when George Orwell writes, "The aim of a joke is not to degrade the human being, but to remind him that he is already degraded."
In remind, which appears in the early 17th century, the re-, of course, means "again," so the word can be thought of as "to mind again," or "think again," meaning to put something in someone's mind, to make them remember.
WORD FAMILY
remind: reminded, reminder, remindful, reminding, reminds+/ reminder: reminders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Friends of mine throughout the country regularly remind me that there is something unique about Seahawks fans.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It reminds us that grief and loss affect us so deeply because we chose to connect with someone just as deeply,” the writer notes.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the New Jersey location, he said, “is the only one that reminds me of living in Korea.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使想起，使记起; 提醒
时态：reminded, reminding, reminds
分布：提醒(96%)，使想起(4%)
→re-,再，重新，mind,注意，留意。引申词义提醒。
提醒(re+mind[=ment]→再次思考→提醒)[ment=mind,表示"思考,神智"]
v.(of)提醒,使想起I never mind your unkind reminding that my grindstone hinders your cylinder.我决不介意你不友善的提醒说我的磨刀石妨碍了你的汽缸.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make someone think of something they have forgotten or might have forgotten 使记起；使想起；提醒
• Could you remind Paul about dinner on Saturday? 你能否提醒一下保罗周六晚宴的事？
• [+ to infinitive] Please remind me to post this letter. 请提醒我寄这封信。
• [+ (that)] I rang Jill and reminded her (that) the conference had been cancelled. 我给吉尔打电话提醒她会议已经取消了。
[rɪ'maɪnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  remind you of sth/sb
 IMPROVER
■to be similar to, and make you think of, something or someone else 类似于；使想起（类似的人或物）
• Your hair and eyes remind me of your mother. 看到你的头发和眼睛就使我想起了你妈妈。
[rɪ'maɪnd] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  remind When remind meaning 'make someone think of someone or something' is followed by an indirect object, remember to use the preposition of. Don't say 'remind somebody something', say remind someone of something :
✗ The smell of roses reminds me my grandmother. The smell of roses reminds me of my grandmother.
remember, memorize, recall, remind, recolect
这组词都有“记忆，记住，回忆”的意思，其区别是：
remember: 含义较广，多指无意识地回忆起往事，也可指通过主观努力去记忆。
memorize: 指有意识的下功夫把某事的整个细节都记在脑子里。
recall: 比remember文雅，指想方设法回忆已经遗忘之事。
remind: 指经某人或某事的提醒而回忆起某件已遗忘之事。
recolect: 指在记忆中搜索，设法想起一时想不起的事情或人，强调过程。
vt. 提醒；使想起
 - jack, put in mind

Word: scholar
Front: scholar
[ˈskɒlə(r)] (高研四六托 2101/3858 -2)
Vocabulary: scholar
(once / 143 pages)
n
Someone who learns is a scholar, though the word also means someone with a lot of knowledge in one subject. If you know a lot about books, you could be called a literary scholar.
It doesn't take a Latin scholar to understand the word scholar. It probably reminds you of school, scholastic, and scholarship. That's because they all share the Latin root schola which means school. A scholar in the academic sense usually has his or her area of specialty in the humanities as opposed to the sciences.
WORD FAMILY
scholar: scholarly, scholars, scholarship +/ scholarly: unscholarly/ scholarship: scholarships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Other Nixon scholars called Mr. Farrell’s discovery a breakthrough.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She was a major scholar of Thomas Jefferson and wrote a brief biography of him, published in 2003.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lewis said the group aims to expand to serve 100 scholars by 2018.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 奖学金获得者; 学者; 聪颖勤奋的学生; 〈俚〉有文化的人，有某种文科知识的人
分布：学者(99%)，获奖学金的学生(1%)
→来自 school,学校，-ar,人。引申词义学生，学者。
n.学者The scholar foolishly took the school cooling pool for swimming pool.学者愚蠢的把学校的冷却池当成游泳池.
US ['skɑ:.lɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who studies a subject in great detail, especially at a university （尤指大学的）学者
• a classics/history scholar 研究古典文学／历史的学者
• Dr Miles was a distinguished scholar of Russian history. 迈尔斯博士是一位研究俄国历史的著名学者。
■informal
■someone who is clever or good at learning by studying 聪颖好学者；善于学习者
• David's never been much of a scholar. 戴维从来不是一个善于学习的人。
student, learner, pupil, scholar
这组词都有“学生”的意思，其区别是：
student: 普通用词，可指中学生，但主要指高等学校或专科学校的学生。
learner: 通俗用词，指某一门学问上的初学者，尤指成年的初学者。
pupil: 特指中小学生，尤其是小学生。
scholar: 可指一切学生，尤指学识渊博的某一学科的学者。
n. 学者；奖学金获得者
 - student, academic

Word: weekly
Front: weekly
[ˈwi:kli] (高研四六雅 3220/3186 -K3)
Back: adj. 一周一次的[地]，每周的; 周刊的
n. 周刊，周报
adv. 一星期一次，每周
分布：每周(75%)，周刊(9%)，每周的(8%)，周报(6%)，周刊的(1%)，一周一次的(1%)
每周的(week周)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
a.每星期的,一周的ad.每周一次n.周刊,周报My weekly allowance is 50 yuan.我每月的津贴是50元.
adjective adverb
 IMPROVER
■happening once a week or every week 每周一次的（地）
• a weekly magazine/report 周刊／周报告
• a twice-weekly meeting 每周两次的会议
• The fire alarm has a weekly test/is tested weekly. 每周都要对火警系统进行检测。
['wi:.kli] noun countable
■a newspaper or magazine which is published once every week 周报，周刊
n. [图情] 周刊
 - newsweekly

Word: cancel
Front: cancel
[ˈkænsl] (中高研四六托雅 3915/3183 -K3)
Vocabulary: cancel
(once / 482 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
To cancel means to call off or postpone indefinitely. Which is probably what you would do if the hotel you were planning to stay in has an infestation of bedbugs.
Scrub, scratch, or strike down — those are all other ways of saying cancel. People often cancel plans, deciding not to do something they had already scheduled. In math, if the numerator and a denominator of a fraction have common factors you can cancel the factors out, which means delete them. To cancel a debt means to get rid it. A cancel on a postage stamp is the mark that shows it has been used.
WORD FAMILY
cancel: canceled, canceling, cancellated, cancellation, cancelled, cancelling, cancels+/cancellation: cancellations
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s unclear if some flights will need to be canceled.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last month, South Korean authorities said they would cancel Ms. Chung’s passport.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Heavy smog on Sunday caused hundreds of flights to be canceled and highways to shut, disrupting the first day of the New Year holiday.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 取消，注销; 抵消，偿还; 〈数〉约去
vi. 抵消，中和
n. 撤销，注销; 〈数〉（相）约
时态：cancelled, cancelling, cancels
分布：取消(89%)，抵消(7%)，删除(2%)，注销(1%)，作废(1%)
→来自拉丁词carcer拼写变体。原指监狱，围栏，后指组成围栏的斜栅，形如字母X，因而引申词义删除。见incarcerate，最终来自PIE *sker, 围，弯，词源同ring, curve.
v.取消,把...作废;删去,划掉Having canceled X-ray scan, the cancerous candidate on the canvas ate the idle candles in the candy can.取消X线扫描后,帆布上的癌症候选人吃了糖果罐里的闲置蜡烛.
['kænt.səl] (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to decide that an organized event will not happen, or to stop an order for goods or services that you no longer want 取消；终止；撤销
• They've had to cancel tomorrow's football match because of the bad weather. 因为天气太糟，他们不得不取消了明天的足球比赛。
• The 7.10 train to London has been cancelled. 7点10分开往伦敦的火车被取消了。
• to cancel a magazine subscription 停止订阅杂志
transitive
■to mark a stamp to show that it has been used and cannot be used again 盖销（邮票）
['kænt.səl] (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cancel sth out
■to remove the effect of one thing by doing another thing which has the opposite effect 抵消；对消
• This month's pay cheque will cancel out his debt, but it won't give him any extra money. 这个月的工资支票将抵消他的债务，可那样他就一点钱都不剩了。
repeal, delete, cancel, abolish
repeal: 书面用词，指撤销立法机关通过的协议、法案或法律等。
delete: vt. 删除
cancel: 用法广泛，多指取消债务、合同、证书、比赛、旅行、计划或约会等。
abolish: 正式用词，指彻底废除某种制度、规章或习俗。
extinguish, dispose, erase, exclude, cancel, eliminate, abolish
这组词都有“取消，除掉”的意思，其区别是：
extinguish: v.熄灭，扑灭(火)；使沉默，使暗淡。
 • Firefighters extinguished a big fire.   消防队员扑灭了大火。
dispose: v.处理，处置；表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。)
 • After your picnic, please dispose of the litter.   野餐后请清除掉垃圾。
erase: v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。
 • I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.   我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。
exclude: v.排斥；排除，不包括在内，与include互为反义词。
 • The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from entering.   衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。
cancel: v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消；删去(字、句)。
 • The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.   会议由于流感而取消了。
eliminate: v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。
 • The losing team was eliminated from further competition.   失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。
 • The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.   医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。
abolish: v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除；完全破坏。
 • The government abolished the tax on alcohol.   政府取消了酒税。
vt. [计] 取消；删去
 - recall, call it off
vi. [计] 取消；相互抵销
 - call it off, declare off
n. [计] 取消，撤销
 - withdrawal, revocation

Word: disagree
Front: disagree
[ˌdɪsəˈgri:] (高四六 2679/4677 -K2)
Vocabulary: disagree
(once / 557 pages)
v
When two people disagree, they have completely different opinions about something. You might disagree with your sister about whether chocolate or vanilla ice cream is the most delicious.
Use the verb disagree to talk about what happens when you have a conflict or a difference of thought about something with another person. People disagree about politics, food, sports, and movies — there is no subject that won't cause most people to find a way to disagree. The word comes from combining the Old French agreer, "to receive with favor or take pleasure in" with the Latin prefix dis, which here means "do the opposite of."
WORD FAMILY
disagree: disagreed, disagreeing, disagreement, disagrees+/ agree: agreeable, agreed, agreeed, agreeing, agreement, agrees, disagree /agreeability: agreeabilities/ agreeable: agreeability, agreeableness, agreeabler, agreeablest, agreeably, disagreeable/agreeableness: agreeablenesses/ agreement: agreements/disagreeable: disagreeableness, disagreeabler, disagreeablest, disagreeably/disagreeableness: disagreeablenesses/ disagreement: disagreements
USAGE EXAMPLES
NJ.com reports township officials say they “vehemently” disagree with the decision and will decide how to proceed after the township’s attorneys study it.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He repeated that he disagrees with the administration’s move last week to abstain from a vote in the U.N.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Other major figures in mixed martial arts disagree.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 不同意; 不一致; 不适合; 不符
时态：disagreed, disagreeing, disagrees
分布：不同意(76%)，不一致(13%)，有分歧(7%)，不适宜(3%)，不适应(1%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。agree,同意。
不一致,争执(dis不+agree同意)[grat,gree=pleasing,表示"感激,高兴"]
verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to not have the same opinion, idea, etc.; to not agree 不同意，持异议，反对
• I'm afraid I have to disagree with you (on that issue). （关于那个问题）恐怕我不能同意你的看法。
• [+ that] Few people would disagree that something should be done to reduce the level of crime in the area. 很少有人会不同意应采取行动减少该地区的犯罪。
• I profoundly/strongly disagree with (= do not accept) the decision that has been taken. 我强烈反对那个决定。
■If two or more statements, ideas, sets of numbers, etc. disagree, they are not the same. 有不同，有差别，不一致
[ˌdɪs.ə'gri:] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  disagree with sb
■If a type of food disagrees with you, it makes you feel slightly ill or uncomfortable （食物）使（某人）感到不适
• Spicy food disagrees with me. 辛辣食物我吃了不舒服。
differ, disagree, object
这组词都有“不同意，反对”的意思，其区别是：
differ: 可替换disagree，但语气较温和，是disagree的委婉说法。
disagree: 指彼此间意见或看法不同，任何言行上的不合。
object: 语气强烈，侧重对某一具体计划、行为或作法等表示反对。常跟前置词to连用。
vi. 不同意；不一致；争执；不适宜
 - conflict, to disapprove of

Word: participant
Front: participant
[pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpənt] (研六托 1103/2859 -2)
Vocabulary: participant
(once / 1017 pages)
n
A participant is a person who participates, or takes part in something. Vote on Election Day and you've just taken part in or become a participant in United States democracy.
Participants play a role in the unfolding of events. A contestant is a participant on a game show. A football player is a participant in the sport. Someone talking is a participant in a conversation. You can sometimes be a participant without taking an active role — if you watch a crime taking place and do nothing to stop it, you might be called a passive participant.
WORD FAMILY
participant: nonparticipant, participants+/nonparticipant: nonparticipants
USAGE EXAMPLES
Because the survey relied on the memories of the participants, the researchers wrote, the more recent gun acquisition data might be more accurate.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 8,000 participants will represent the various groups.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Among recent classes, 77 percent of participants earned high school or vocational credentials.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 参加者，参与者; 与会代表; 参与国; 关系者
adj. 参加的; 有关系的
分布：参与者(100%)
→来自participate,参与，-ant,人。
参与者[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
参与者(participate参加)[-ant 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"…人"3.表名词"…剂"]
n.参加者,参与者a.有份的,参与的In the compartment, the impartial participant told me his counterpart's departure.在隔间里,公正的参与者把其对等人物的离世告诉了我.
【记】parti部分，cip掉，ant－掉入一部分的－参加者
【参】partition（n 分割；v 隔开）；parturition（n 分娩）
US [pɑ:r'tɪs.ə-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who takes part in or becomes involved in a particular activity 参加者，参与者
adj. 参与的；有关系的
 - related

Word: proceed
Front: proceed
[prəˈsi:d] (研四六托雅 2697/2089 -K3)
Vocabulary: proceed
(once / 34 pages)
v
To proceed means to go or continue forward. But somehow "ready, set, proceed!" doesn't quite have the same ring to it.
From the Latin procedere, meaning “go forward, advance,” proceed is a verb that simply means to keep going, particularly after there’s been an interruption. Synonyms include progress and advance. People who constantly interrupt make it really difficult for the conversation to proceed smoothly. And proceed with caution when crossing a busy street, but if the light turns red, you better move it fast!
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
precede / proceed
Choose the correct word:
Deadly Skills Days Precede/Proceed the Deadly Days Festival
CO2 regulation to precede/proceed in U.S. without climate bill
These two words have similar sounds. They also have similar definitions, encompassing an idea of forward movement. This leads to some confusion. Precede is to go before. Proceed means to move ahead, to continue.
Our first sentence, then, calls for precede, because the skills day will come before the festival. In the second sentence, proceed is the right choice; CO2 regulation will happen even though there's no overarching climate bill.
This is one of those cases when knowing your prefixes can help you choose the right word. The two words share a root, cede, which comes from the Latin cedere, which originally meant to go. With precede, the prefix pre- means before.So precede is to go before. In proceed, the prefix pro- means forward, and therefore proceed is to go forward.
Sometimes writers will also confuse the terms by misspelling precede as preceed:
The event will preceed the men's soccer exhibition match against UNC Chapel Hill.
Preceed your website development with a proper graphics design.
Here, it's just a matter of memorizing the spellings: precede and proceed.
WORD FAMILY
proceed: procedure, proceeded, proceeding, proceedings, proceeds, procession +/ procedural: procedurally/ procedure: procedural, procedures/ procession: processional, processions/processional: processionally, processionals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even as the research proceeds, thousands of people are using CBD as medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
If he proceeds with the test, the U.S. should shoot it down.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
"This is an incredibly sensitive moment in this proceeding," Gergel said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 进行; 前进; （沿特定路线）行进; （尤指打断后）继续说
n. 收入，获利
时态：proceeded, proceeding, proceeds
分布：继续进行(54%)，开始(33%)，着手(13%)
→pro-,向前，-ceed,走，词源同accede,concede.引申诸相关词义。
继续进行,前进(pro向前＋ceed→向前走→前进)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
v.进行,继续下去;发生After stopping to rest, they proceeded up the hill.停下来休息以后,他们又继续上山.
US [proʊ-] verb intransitive
 IMPROVER slightly formal
■to continue as planned 继续进行，继续做
• His lawyers have decided not to proceed with the case. 他的律师已经决定不再继续打那场官司了。
• Preparations for the festival are now proceeding smoothly. 艺术节的准备活动正在顺利进行中。
proceed to do sth
■to do something after you have done something else （做完某事后）接着做
• She sat down and proceeded to tell me about her skiing holiday. 她坐了下来，接着告诉我有关她滑雪度假的事情。
• humorous He told me he was on a diet and then proceeded to eat a plateful of chips! 他告诉我他在节食，接着就吃了满满的一盘炸薯条！
■formal
■to move forward or travel in a particular direction （朝特定方向）前进
• Passengers for Madrid should proceed to gate 26 for boarding. 前往马德里的乘客应到26号登机门准备登机。
UK [prəʊ'si:d] US [proʊ-] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  proceed against sb legal
■to start to take legal action against someone 起诉（某人），对（某人）提起诉讼
• Lack of evidence meant that the Council could not proceed against Mr Naylor. 证据不足意味着市议会不能起诉内勒先生。
peogress, proceed, advance
这组词都有“前进”的意思，其区别是：
peogress: 多表自然过程，指生长，发展等稳定地或循环往复地前进。如：The year is progressing, it will soon be summer. (光阴似箭，很快又是夏天了。)
proceed: 强调从一处向另一处的运动，常表停顿后继续前进。如：They proceeded from London to Paris. (他们从伦敦往巴黎前进。)
advance: 表向一个特定的目的地，在一定的时间或空间内稳定地向前运动。如：Napoleon’s army advanced on Moscow. (拿破仑的军队向莫斯科挺进。)
advance, progress, proceed, move on, go
这些动词均含“前进，行进，进展”之意。
advance: 主要用于具体的人或物，也可指科学技术和运动等。
progress: 指按某一既定目标前进，取得发展，目的性很明确，强调经常和稳定地前进。
proceed: 侧重指继续前进。
move on: 非正式用语，侧重从某一停止点向某地前进，但不表示前进的目的地。
go: 最常用词，含义宽泛而不确切，依上文确定其具体意思。
vi. 开始；继续进行；发生；行进
 - occur, happen, travel, pursue

Word: revise
Front: revise
[rɪˈvaɪz] (研四六托雅宝 5829/4941 -K2)
Vocabulary: revise
(once / 311 pages)
vn
To revise means to alter or improve a preliminary draft of something, usually a text. When you want your writing to be really great, you must revise it several times until it is perfect.
The word revise sounds like the related word revisit, and revising a piece of work does in fact require revisiting it. Planning out a project includes estimating how much it will cost and when it will be done. If something unforeseen happens, you might have to revise your estimates of cost and completion date. You can also use revise as a noun. Once you finish the first draft of an essay, you can begin working on the revise.
WORD FAMILY
revise: revisal, revised, reviser, revises, revising, revision +/revisal: revisals/ revised: unrevised/reviser: revisers/revising: revisings/ revision: revisionism, revisions/revisionism: revisionist/revisionist: revisionists
USAGE EXAMPLES
As governor, he created the Alabama Constitutional Revision Commission, which worked on revising the constitution until Wallace put a stop to the effort.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The revised draft resolution circulated by Russia “endorses” the cease-fire documents.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
To revise William Gibson’s famous observation: the future is already here—you’ll just need to buy a dongle to get at it.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 修订; 改变; 修正; [主英国英语]复习
vt. & vi. 复习
vi. 修订，校订
n. 修订; 校订; [印刷]校样，清样; 修订版，修订本
时态：revised, revising, revises
分布：修正(68%)，校订(16%)，校正(13%)，再校稿(3%)
→re-,再，重新，-vis,看，词源同 visit,vision.引申词义改变，修改。
修正,改订(re再+vis+e→再看一遍→修正)[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
v.修订,校订;修正,修改The vice-adviser advised the reviser to devise a device for getting rid of vice.代理顾问建议校订者想出一个根除恶习的计策.
【记】re反复，vis看，e：反复看－修改
verb
CHANGE 更改
 ADVANCED transitive
■to look at or consider again an idea, piece of writing, etc. in order to correct or improve it 修订；修正；修改
• His helpfulness today has made me revise my original opinion /impression of him. 他今天所表现出的乐于助人的品质使我改变了对他的最初看法／印象。
• His publishers made him revise his manuscript three times. 出版公司让他把手稿修改了三次。
[rɪ'vaɪz] verb
STUDY 学习
intransitive or transitive UK (US review)
■to study again something you have already learned, in preparation for an examination 复习；温习
• We're revising (algebra) for the test tomorrow. 我们正在为明天的（代数）考试进行复习。
remedy, correct, rectify, revise, amend
这组词都有“纠正，改正”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 正式用词，通常指在局部范围内进行纠正，尤指对困难或棘手问题的解决。
correct: 指纠正或改正不正确、不真实或有缺点的东西。
rectify: 正式用词，意义较抽象，侧重指彻底改正偏离子正确标准或规则的东西。
revise: 指通过仔细阅读、反复思考后而进行改正、订正或修订，使趋于完善。
amend: 书面语用词。指进行更正或改变，使之更好，符合更高的要求。
vt. 修正；复习； [印刷] 校订
 - update, edit
vi. [图情] 修订； [印刷] 校订；复习功课
 - to amend
n. [图情] 修订； [印刷] 校订
 - recension, emendation

Word: cautious
Front: cautious
[ˈkɔ:ʃəs] (高研四六托雅 5231/5239 -3)
Vocabulary: cautious
(once / 214 pages)
adjn
Cautious, like careful, means you're on guard. You should be cautious crossing a busy street, or cautious borrowing your sister's new shoes without asking.
A fusing of caution and ous, the adjective cautiousis the opposite of hasty and rash. It actually comes from the Latin word cautus, which means "careful" or "heedful." Cautious people always take their time, always approach decisions thoughtfully, and never "throw caution to the wind." All that wariness may sound tedious, but as Confucius said, "The cautious seldom err."
WORD FAMILY
cautious: cautiously, cautiousness, incautious, overcautious+/ caution: cautionary, cautioned, cautioning, cautions, cautious, incaution, precaution / incautious: incautiously, incautiousness/overcautious: overcautiously/ precaution: precautional, precautionary, precautions
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There is a predisposition of the population to be very cautious.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Still, GOP leaders say they are cautious after the state collected about $300 million less than expected during the current budget cycle.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But as he surveyed the spectacular scenery, with Slieve League mountain in the background and the quaint little harbour, Byrne also struck a cautious note.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 小心的，谨慎的; 兢; 恮; 持重
分布：谨慎的(94%)，十分小心的(6%)
a.(of)小心的,谨慎的The applause paused because of the cause caused by a cautious plausible clause.掌声停了是因为一条谨慎的似乎有理的条款引起的原因.
US ['kɑ:-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■describes someone who avoids risks （人）谨慎的，细心的，小心翼翼的
• He's a cautious driver. 他开车很小心。
■describes something which is careful, well considered and sometimes slow or uncertain 经过仔细考虑的，斟酌过的
• a cautious approach 谨慎的方式
• cautious criticism 小心谨慎的批评
cautious optimism
■a feeling that you can be generally hopeful about a situation even though you do not expect complete success or improvement 审慎的乐观态度
cautious, considerate, alert
这组词都有“小心的，谨慎的”的意思，其区别是：
cautious: a.细心的，谨慎的。
 • He has a cautious attitude about spending money.   在花钱的问题上他态度谨慎。
considerate: a.关心他人的，体贴的。
 • He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.   他总是很体谅他人，并且慈祥而富有同情心。
alert: a.警惕的，留神的。
 • The hostess remained standing, alert to every guests' drinking need.   女主人一直站在旁边，时刻准备给大家斟酒。
careful, cautious, attentive, prudent
这些形容词均含有“小心的，谨慎的”之意。
careful: 侧重做事谨慎、留心，特别注意一些细节地方。
cautious: 着重考虑事情的后果，谨慎留意，防止出差错。
attentive: 指认真地注意地倾听别人的意见，留心别人的需要等。
prudent: 指遇事审慎，思考计划周密，不贸然行事。
adj. 谨慎的；十分小心的
 - prudent, wary

Word: fault
Front: fault
[fɔ:lt] (高研四托雅宝 2849/2076 -K3)
Vocabulary: fault
(once / 89 pages)
1n 2nv
A fault is an error caused by ignorance, bad judgment or inattention. If you're a passenger, it might be your fault that your friend missed the exit, if you were supposed to be watching for it, not sleeping.
Fault can mean "blame" — as a noun or verb. If you say, "It's my fault," you accept the blame. Well, they can't fault you for telling the truth, at least. A fault can be a shortcoming — everyone has faults because no one is perfect — or a crack in the earth's crust, like the San Andreas Fault. In sports like tennis, a fault is an illegal hit of the ball, usually when it lands outside the playing area.
WORD FAMILY
fault: faulted, faulting, faultless, faults, faulty +/faulting: faultings/faultless: faultlessly, faultlessness/ faulty: faultier, faultiest, faultily, faultiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The accident investigation team worked systematically through an extensive fault tree analysis,” SpaceX said in its statement.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The southern Brawley Seismic Zone is close in proximity to the Imperial fault.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s his fault that his team started poorly in every game during the final month.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 缺点，缺陷; 过错，责任; [电]故障; （猎狗的）失去嗅迹
vt. 挑剔，找…的缺点; 批评; 做错，在…中出错; [地质学]产生断层
vi. 找错误，挑剔; [地质学]变动从而产生断层
时态：faulted, faulting, faults
分布：故障(88%)，过错(6%)，缺点(5%)，找 ... 错误(1%)
→来自拉丁语falsus, 欺骗，伪装，词源同fail, false. 引申词义(隐瞒)缺陷，(隐瞒)过错，缺陷，过错。
过失,缺点(fault=fal错)[fall,fail,fault=err,deceive,表示"犯错误,欺骗"]
n.过失,过错;缺点,毛病Every man has his faults.人无完人,金无足赤.
US [fɑ:lt] noun
MISTAKE 错误
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a mistake, especially something for which you are to blame 过错，过失；责任
• It's not my fault she didn't come! 她没来不是我的错！
• She believes it was the doctor's fault that Peter died. 她认为彼得的死医生需要负责。
• The fault was/lay with the organizers, who failed to make the necessary arrangements for dealing with so many people. 是组织者的过错，他们没有做好必要的安排来接待这么多人。
• Through no fault of his own , he spent a week locked up in jail. 他自己并没犯甚么过错，但被关在监狱里一个星期。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a weakness in a person's character 缺点；弱点
• He has many faults, but dishonesty isn't one of them. 他有很多缺点，但人还算诚实。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a broken part or weakness in a machine or system （机器或系统的）毛病，故障，缺陷
• The car has a serious design fault. 这款汽车存在着重大的设计缺陷。
• I think it's got an electrical fault. 我认为是电路出了故障。
• For all its faults, our transport system is still better than that in many other countries. 尽管存在着种种缺陷，我们的运输系统仍然比其他许多国家的要好。
countable
■a mistake made when hitting the ball over the net, in tennis or a similar game, to begin a game （网球等的）发球失误
be at fault
■to have done something wrong 有过错；有责任
• Her doctor was at fault for/in not sending her straight to a specialist. 她的医生犯了过错，没有把她直接送到专科医生那里去治疗。
find fault with sb/sth
■to criticize someone or something, especially without good reasons 找…的错处，挑…的毛病
• He's always finding fault with my work. 他总是挑我工作上的毛病。
UK [fɒlt] US [fɑ:lt] noun
CRACK 裂缝
countable specialized
■a crack in the Earth's surface where the rock has divided into two parts which move against each other （地表的）断层
• Surveyors say the fault line is capable of generating a major earthquake once in a hundred years. 土地测量员称这个断层带能引发百年一遇的大地震。
UK [fɒlt] US [fɑ:lt] noun
be kind/generous, etc. to a fault
■to be extremely kind/generous, etc 极为仁慈／慷慨等
• She's a really sweet person and she's generous to a fault. 她是个非常善良的人，而且十分慷慨。
UK [fɒlt] US [fɑ:lt] verb
CRITICIZE 批评
transitive
■to find a reason to criticize someone or something 找…的缺点；挑剔，指责
• I can't fault the way they dealt with the complaint. 他们处理投诉的方式我无可挑剔。
• I can't fault you on your logic. 你的逻辑我挑不出毛病。
UK [fɒlt] US [fɑ:lt] verb
SPORTS 运动
intransitive
■to hit a fault in tennis and other similar games 发球失误
• That's the fourth serve he's faulted on today. 那是他今天第四次发球失误了。
mistake, flaw, shortcoming, error, defect, slip, fault, blunder
这组词都有“错误”的意思，其区别是：
mistake: 最普通用词，泛指思想上、行为上或认识上的判断或理解方面的错误。
flaw: 指结构或组织上的缺点，如破裂之处。用作比喻意义时，指品格上的缺陷。
shortcoming: 指没有达到所要求的标准、没有充分发展或没尽到职责的不足、缺点或短处。多用复数形式。
error: 指思想或行动背离正题轨道或没有得到正确指引而出现的偏差或错误。
defect: 普通用词。指表面上的缺陷，或指人或物本质上的缺点。
slip: 指因疏忽或无意而造成的差错。
fault: 一般指小并且可宽容的缺点、错误。
blunder: 通常指由于无知或情况不明造成判断或行动上的大错。
n. 故障； [地质] 断层；错误；缺点；毛病；（网球等）发球失误
 - error, deficiency, defect, mistake, trouble
vi. 弄错；产生断层
 - mistake, err in
vt. （通常用于疑问句或否定句）挑剔
 - carp at, trip up

Word: dam
Front: dam
[dæm] (高研四六托雅 4399/6532 -2)
Vocabulary: dam
(once / 486 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A barrier built to block the flow of water is called a dam. If you walk along a stream, you can see where beavers have built a dam out of mud and logs.
As a verb, dam means to obstruct or blockade as with a dam. If the kids you're babysitting dam up the bathtub drain when you're not paying attention, the water might overflow and cause a waterfall into the living room downstairs. But water isn't the only thing that can be dammed. You shouldn't dam up your emotions — go ahead and scream if you need to.
WORD FAMILY
dam: dammed, damming, dams
USAGE EXAMPLES
A bypass channel for the irrigation dam would be built near the Montana-North Dakota border to let endangered pallid sturgeon reach upstream spawning grounds.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A federal judge urged officials to consider breaching four of those dams on the Snake River.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Around 10 a.m., they parade by visitors to the dam to bathe and relax.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 水坝，堰; 水库; （牙科用的）橡皮障; 〈比喻〉障碍
vt. 用水坝阻止; 阻塞，抑制
时态：dammed, damming, dams
分布：水坝(62%)，堤(25%)，筑坝(11%)，障碍物(2%)
→词源不详，可能来自Proto-Germanic*dammaz, 缝纫，修补。
n.水坝,水闸He stamped on the stamps and slammed the lamp on the damp dam.他用脚踩邮票并将灯砰地摔在潮湿的坝上.
noun countable
■a wall built across a river which stops the river's flow and collects the water, especially to make a reservoir (= an artificial lake) which provides water for an area （尤指旨在蓄水的）水坝，水堤
• The Aswan High Dam is on the River Nile in Egypt. 阿斯旺水坝位于埃及境内的尼罗河上。
Compare dyke
[dæm] verb transitive (-mm-)
■to build a dam across a river in order to store the water 在（河上）筑坝蓄水
[dæm] verb transitive (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dam sth up
■to build a dam across a river in order to store water 在（河上）筑坝蓄水
■If you dam up your feelings, especially anger or sadness, you do not allow yourself to express or show your feelings in a healthy way. 不健康地压抑，郁积（情绪，尤其是愤怒、悲伤等）
v. 控制；筑坝
 - control over, take control of
n. [水利] 水坝；障碍
 - bar, obstacle, let, stop

Word: broadband
Front: broadband
[ˈbrɔ:dbænd] (13351/-)
Back: n. 宽带
分布：宽带(95%)，宽频带(4%)，宽频带的(1%)
US ['brɑ:d-] noun uncountable
■a system that makes it possible for many messages or large amounts of information to be sent at the same time and very quickly between computers or other electronic devices 宽频
• Internet connection via broadband offers many advantages. 宽频网路有许多优点。
• broadband services/networks/technology/transmission 宽频服务／网路／技术／传输
adj. 宽频带的；宽波段的；宽频通讯的
 - wideband

Word: node
Front: node
[nəʊd] (7937/4911 -1)
Vocabulary: node
(once / 2300 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
A node is a point of connection. Technically, a traffic intersection is a node since multiple roads connect at that point.
Another type of node is a round swelling. Some are abnormal, like a node you discover on your knee, but others, such as a lymph node, are a normal part of your immune system. You can also find a node on a plant: it’s the swelling on the stem marking the spot where leaves emerge. Computer techs know that a node can also be a piece of equipment — like your cable modem — in a computer network. In a sense, that kind of node is also a connecting point — like the traffic intersection.
WORD FAMILY
node: internode, nodes+/internode: internodes
USAGE EXAMPLES
But some nodes of the network may be more important than others.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Just one of the lymph nodes was found to be cancerous and nine days later Karrie-Ann was told scans showed she was cancer-free.
BBC(Dec 21, 2016)
The numbers at nodes indicate the number of gene families expanded and contracted at different evolutionary time points.
Nature(Dec 13, 2016)
Back: n. 节点; （计算机网络的）节点; [医]结节; 植物的节
分布：节(96%)，瘤(3%)，结节(1%)
→来自拉丁语nodus,节，结，词源同net,noose.引申词义结点。
US [noʊd] specialized
noun countable
LUMP 肿块
■a lump (= raised area) or swelling on or in a living object （生物体的）节，结，瘤
• a lymph node 淋巴结
UK [nəʊd] US [noʊd] specialized
noun countable
JOIN 接合点
■a place where things join, for example lines, or where a leaf and stem join on a plant （线等的）交点；（植物的）茎节
• a leaf node 叶节点
n. 节点；瘤； [数] 叉点
 - nodal point, tumour

Word: definition
Front: definition
[ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn] (研四六托宝 2110/1533 -K3)
Vocabulary: definition
(once / 355 pages)
n
A good definition explains concisely what something means. Dictionaries include definitions, even for the word definition!
A definition precisely explains the fundamental state or meaning of something, often given formally as by lexicographers writing a dictionary or legislators writing laws. It can also refer to a sharply detailed image or concept — like how clear the picture is on a high-definition TV or how cut a Calvin Klein model's abs are.
WORD FAMILY
definition: definitions+/ definable: definably, indefinable, undefinable/ define: definable, defined, defines, defining, definition, redefine /defined: definedly, ill-defined, undefined / defining: definings/indefinable: indefinably/ redefine: redefined, redefines, redefining, redefinition/redefinition: redefinitions/undefinable: undefinably
USAGE EXAMPLES
A spectacular effort, and a scorpion kick, true to its – blurred – definition.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But no matter how this deal is ultimately structured, there’s no way to get around that it will change the definition of American government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“That sounds, by definition, bad. No more of that, please!”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 定义; 规定，明确; [物]清晰度; 解释
分布：定义(96%)，清晰度(3%)，阐释(1%)
→来自define, 明确，界定。即明确范围，定义，解释。
定义;清晰(de+fin界限＋ition→划出界限→定义)[de-①表示"去掉,变坏,离开,变慢,向下"等②表示"使…成为,加强"等]
定义;(轮廓)清晰(define+ition)[fin=end,boundary,表示"结束,范围"]
定义;清晰(define下定义)[-iteon表名词"行为过程,状态"]
n.定义,解释;(轮廓影像等的)清晰度;阐明;Time is finite and infinite. I defy the indefinite definition.时间既是有限的又是无限的.我公然对抗这个模糊的定义.
noun
EXPLAIN 解释
 IMPROVER countable
■a statement that explains the meaning of a word or phrase 定义
• a dictionary definition 词典中的定义
• What is the definition of 'mood'? 生字 mood 的定义是甚么？
 IMPROVER countable
■a description of the features and limits of something 解释，说明
• The legal definition of what is and what is not pornography is very unsatisfactory. 法律对甚么是色情、甚么不是色情的解释很难令人满意。
by definition
■because of its own features 根据自身特点；从本质上来说
• Psychology is by definition an inexact science. 从本质上来说，心理学不是一门精确的科学。
[ˌdef.ɪ'nɪʃ.ən] noun
CLEARLY SHOW 清晰地显示
uncountable
■how clear an image or sound is （图像或声音的）清晰度，保真度
• The photograph rather lacks definition. 那张相片的清晰度很差。
exposition, definition, description, explanation, interpretation
这组词都有“解释”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 通常指对论点、假设、理论等的重点作详尽的阐述。
definition: 主要指对某一词、短语或专门术语的含义作解释、下定义。
description: 指对某一事物的重要方面进行详细叙述，常含教育与启迪意味。
explanation: 普通用词，指使人明白未知或不清楚的事。
interpretation: 多指对文字上较难的段落，或难于理解，令人迷惑的问题作出解释或说明。
n. [数] 定义； [物] 清晰度；解说
 - difinition, sharpness

Word: spoke
Front: spoke
[spəʊk] (宝 13761/14834)
Back: n. （车轮的）辐条; 轮辐; 破坏某人的计划; 阻挠某人的行动
v. 讲，谈( speak的过去式 ); 说; 演说; 从某种观点来说
分布：轮辐(75%)，为…装轮辐(17%)，动词speak的过去式.(8%)
→来自古英语 spaca,辐条，轮辐，来自 Proto-Germanic*spaikon,杆，可能来自 spei,尖刺， 词源同 spike,spire,spit.
【记】用spoke可以poke（v 戳）死李宏志
US [spoʊk] verb past simple of
■speak
UK [spəʊk] US [spoʊk] noun countable
■any of the rods that join the edge of a wheel to its centre, so giving the wheel its strength 辐条；轮辐
• a bicycle spoke 脚踏车辐条
UK [spəʊk] US [spoʊk] noun countable
put a spoke in sb's wheel , etc. informal
■to make it difficult for someone to achieve something they had planned to do 破坏（某人的）计划；阻挠（某人的）行动
• His letter really put a spoke in our plans. 他的信确实破坏了我们的计划。
n. 轮辐；刹车；扶梯棍
 - lock, brake

Word: adapt
Front: adapt
[əˈdæpt] (高研四六托雅宝 2933/2816 -K2)
Vocabulary: adapt
(once / 190 pages)
v
Say you move to a country where everyone cooks with lots of hot peppers. At first the food scalds your tongue, but over time you adapt — you change in a way that allows you to deal with the new circumstances.
Adapt comes from the ancient word ap, which means "take" or "grasp." Ap is even older than Latin — it comes from a lost language that was spoken by the common ancestors of modern-day Indians and Europeans and has since been reconstructed by linguists, who named it the Proto-Indo-European language, or PIE. So what does adapt have to do with grasp? If you adapt to, say, a new country, it's as though you're grabbing hold of its strange, slippery customs.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
adopt / adapt
"Adopt, adapt, and improve," says the thief in a Monty Python skit when he robs a lingerie shop instead of a bank. Adopt is to take something over, and to adapt is to change something to suit your needs. It's helpful advice when you ask for money and get a pair of granny panties.
The robber didn't invent the motto, it's from the Round Table Club, and it comes from a speech made by the Prince of Wales in 1927. The full quote is:
The young business and professional men of this country must get together round the table, adopt methods that have proved so sound in the past, adapt them to the changing needs of the times and wherever possible, improve them.
The prince was encouraging the new generation of businessmen to take on, or adopt, methods that had worked before. Adopt means to take on as one's own, like an idea, an attitude, or behavior, or even, of course, a creature like a baby or a dog:
All this strengthens my conviction that Europe must adopt strict and rigorous rules, including but not limited to the rating agencies," he said. (Wall Street Journal)
Two months ago, I turned down the opportunity to search for my adopted daughter's birth parents. (New York Times)
‎But the prince wanted Britain's industries to go further and adapt those methods to current conditions. Adapt means to change something to fit new situations, to modify:
One wonderful thing the English language can do is adapt. (Forbes)
"But obviously that military presence can adapt over time, taking into account the development in the overall security environment," he said. (Reuters)
Remember, if you mean to rob a bank but wind up at an underwear store: adopt, adapt, and improve!
WORD FAMILY
adapt: adaptable, adaptation, adaptative, adapted, adapter, adapting, adaption, adaptive, adaptor, adapts, readapt +/ adaptability: adaptabilities/ adaptable: adaptability, adaptably, unadaptable/ adaptation: adaptational, adaptations/adapted: unadapted/ adapter: adapters/adaption: adaptions/ adaptive: adaptively, nonadaptive/adaptor: adaptors/ readapt: readapted, readapting, readapts/unadaptable: unadaptability
USAGE EXAMPLES
Homelessness was another frequent topic, along with economic inequality, and different efforts to help former prisoners adapt to life on the outside.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ryan struggled to adapt to Shanahan’s system, reliant on zone running and bootlegs, and threw 16 interceptions in the worst season of his career.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“It shows how we adapt to each and every team.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 适应于，适应不同情况（或环境）(to)
vt. 改编，改写; 改变…以适合(for)
时态：adapted, adapting, adapts
分布：适应(89%)，改编(7%)，使适应(2%)，适合(2%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。apt, 适应的。
适应(ad+apt能力→有适应能力)[ad-加在在单词或词根前,表示"做…,加强..."]
使适应,适应(环境)(ad一再＋apt→一再适应(环境))[opt,ept=fit,ability,表示"适应,能力"]
vt.使适应,使适合;改编;改写vi.适应You should adapt yourself to the new class.你应该适应新班级.
verb
CHANGE 改变
 ADVANCED transitive
■to change something to suit different conditions or uses 使适应不同情况（或用途）；改动；改造；改装；改编
• Many software companies have adapted popular programs to the new operating system. 许多软体公司已经改编了常用的程式以适应新的作业系统。
• The recipe here is a pork roast adapted from Caroline O'Neill's book 'Louisiana Kitchen'. 这道菜是根据卡洛琳•奥尼尔《路易斯安那厨房》一书中烤猪肉的做法改进而来的。
• [+ to infinitive] We had to adapt our plans to fit Jack's timetable. 我们不得不改变我们的计划来迁就杰克的时间安排。
• The play had been adapted for (= changed to make it suitable for) children. 这个剧本已被改编成儿童剧。
• Davies is busy adapting Brinkworth's latest novel for television. 大卫斯正忙着把布林克沃斯的最新小说改编成电视剧。
[ə'dæpt] verb
BECOME FAMILIAR 变熟悉
intransitive
■to become familiar with a new situation 适应，适合
• The good thing about children is that they adapt very easily to new environments. 小孩的长处就是能够很容易地适应新环境。
• It took me a while to adapt to the new job. 我过了一段时间才适应了新工作。
fit, accommodate, conform, suit, adjust, adapt
这组词都有“使适合，适应”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 含义广，指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。
accommodate: 书面用词，指以外部条件标准改变自己或某事以求得适应，着重改变或调节的有利。
conform: 多指与某模式或规则相符，也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。
suit: 指适合要求，从而使人满意愉快。
adjust: 与adapt含义很接近，但adjust所改变的幅度要小一些，侧重过程，主要用于调整角度、高度、光点等。
adapt: 指人或物在原有情况下作某些改变以适应新的环境或不同的条件，强调改变的目的和重要性。
vt. 使适应；改编
 - condition, suit, season
vi. 适应
 - adjust, accomodate to, accommodate to

Word: seller
Front: seller
[ˈselə(r)] (四六 4908/3158 -2)
Back: n. 卖者，卖方; 销售者，销售商; 销售物
分布：卖方(96%)，售货者(2%)，畅销品(2%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who is selling something 卖方，销售者
• flower/newspaper/souvenir sellers 卖花／卖报／卖纪念品的人
• Do you think the seller will accept £300, 000 for the house? 你觉得房屋卖主会接受30万英镑的价格吗？
 ADVANCED
■a product which a lot of people buy 畅销商品
• This car is our biggest seller at the moment. 这种汽车是我们目前卖得最好的一款。
n. 卖方，售货员
 - salesman, bargainor

Word: visible
Front: visible
[ˈvɪzəbl] (研四六雅 2304/2760 -K3)
Vocabulary: visible
(once / 87 pages)
adj
If you describe something as visible, you are saying you can see it. Certain things are not visible to the naked eye, but that doesn't mean they are invisible, you may just need a microscope or telescope to see them.
The adjective visible also means obvious to the eye. You'd use this sense if you want to point out obvious flaws in an object such as a car with visible dents and scratches. A third meaning for the adjective is easily available or accessible: You may try to be a visible presence in your kids' lives — although sometimes they would prefer that you blend into the woodwork — so that they know they can count on you and come to you with any problem.
WORD FAMILY
visible: invisible, visibility, visibleness, visibler, visiblest, visibly+/ invisibility: invisibilities/ invisible: invisibility, invisibleness, invisiblest, invisibly/ visibility: visibilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“People are looking for a visible clampdown in China and results in terms of arrests and prosecutions.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its visible geothermal features are nowhere near as striking as Yellowstone’s geysers and consist mainly of above-ground, pungent smelling sulphur springs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their charred bodies were visible inside the burnt-out remains of the vehicle.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 看得见的; 明显的，显然的; 手头的，可得到的; 可察觉到的
分布：可见的(74%)，看得见的(16%)，显而易见的(10%)
→来自vis-,看，看见，词源同visit,evident.
可见的[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
a.看得见的,明显的,显著的Those stars are hardly visible to the naked eye.那些星用肉眼几乎看不见.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■able to be seen 可以看见的；可视的
• You should wear something light-coloured when you're cycling at night so that you're more visible. 夜里骑脚踏车的时候你应该穿浅色的衣服，这样就会更加显眼。
• The writing on the tombstone was barely visible. 墓碑上的文字看不大清楚了。
• There are few visible signs of the illness that kept her in hospital for so long. 她因病住院这么久，但表面上却看不出甚么症状。
• The comet should be visible to the naked eye. 肉眼应该能看见那颗彗星。
■able or likely to attract public attention and be noticed 显眼的；引人注目的
• In a very short period of time, she has become a highly visible national leader. 在很短的一段时间内，她就变成了一位非常引人注目的国家领袖。
adj. 明显的；看得见的；现有的；可得到的
 - obvious, distinct, seen, evident

Word: symbol
Front: symbol
[ˈsɪmbl] (中高研四六托 2340/2635 -K3)
Vocabulary: symbol
(once / 157 pages)
n
A symbol can be an object, shape, sign, or character used to represent something else. A flag is a symbol of a country. English teachers never tire of talking about symbols in literature.
A pink ribbon is a symbol of breast-cancer awareness, and a yellow ribbon is a symbol of support for U.S. troops. In literature, authors use many symbols. A character doing even a small thing, like eating a cheeseburger, might symbolize something larger about that character. Something you need to be rich to have — like a limousine — is called a "status symbol." Anytime one thing seems to represent a deeper meaning, it's probably a symbol.
WORD FAMILY
symbol: symbolic, symbolical, symbolise, symbolism, symbolize, symbolling, symbols+/ symbolic: symbolically, unsymbolic/symbolisation: symbolisations/symbolise: symbolisation, symbolised, symboliser, symbolises, symbolising/ symbolism: symbolisms, symbolist/symbolist: symbolists/symbolization: symbolizations/ symbolize: symbolization, symbolized, symbolizer, symbolizes, symbolizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The party now looks set for a split with both groups approaching the Election Commission to claim the SP's poll symbol, the bicycle.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Young people may simply like the look of World War II-era German uniforms or see the Nazis as a symbol of strength.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The organization said it will participate in area industry-specific trade shows and brand the region as a recognized symbol of quality workmanship and products.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 象征; 标志; 符号; 记号
vt. 用符号代表
分布：象征(47%)，符号(37%)，标志(16%)
→sym-,一起，一致，-bol,扔，投掷，词源同 ballistic,problem,parabolic.引申词义象征，符号。
符号,象征(sym共同＋bol抛→共同抛出的标志→象征)[ball,bol=throw,dance,ball,表示"抛,舞,球"]
n.符号,标志;象征In the thesis the synthetic symbol symbolizes sympathy.在论文中这个综合符号代表同情.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a sign, shape or object which is used to represent something else 标志，象征
• A heart shape is the symbol of love. 心形是爱的象征。
• The wheel in the Indian flag is a symbol of peace. 印度国旗上的轮子象征和平。
Compare emblem something that is used to represent a quality or idea （某种特性或思想的）代表，象征
• Water, a symbol of life, recurs as an image throughout her poems. 水作为生命的一种象征，在她的诗歌中反覆出现。
■a number, letter or sign used in mathematics, music, science, etc. 符号，代号，记号
• The symbol for oxygen is O 2. 氧的化学元素符号是 O2。
■An object can be described as a symbol of something else if it seems to represent it because it is connected with it in a lot of people's minds 象征
• The private jet is a symbol of wealth. 私人喷射机是财富的象征。
sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge
这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是：
sign: 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。
emblem: 指选定象征一个国家、民族或家庭等的图案或实物。
symbol: 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。
token: 语气庄重，指礼品、纪念物等作为表示友谊、爱情等的象征或标志。
attribute: 指人或物及其地位、属性的象征。
mark: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。
signal: 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
badge: 一般指金属证章或写有姓名的带状标志物。
n. 象征；符号；标志
 - significant, seal, indication, flag

Word: raw
Front: raw
[rɔ:] (高研四六托雅 2783/2999 -K3)
Vocabulary: raw
(once / 299 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj
Something that's raw is uncooked. A ripe raw tomato tastes very different from one that's slowly roasted with olive oil.
Raw food isn't heated, and while raw fruits and vegetables are usually delicious, raw eggs and meat can be dangerous. When you use the word raw to describe things that aren't edible, it generally means "in a natural, untreated state," like raw silk or raw wood. You might also have raw feelings or raw emotions — these are basic and out in the open. The Old English root is hreaw, "uncooked," from a Germanic source.
WORD FAMILY
raw: rawer, rawest, rawly, rawness, raws
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is already a global market for CO2 as a chemical raw material.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
On the contrary, it’s to suggest a strategy – or at least the raw beginnings of one – to combat it.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The newspaper reports raw turkey packed in the semitrailer was pressed against the front of the train, scattering the meat across the area.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 生的，未加工的; 无经验的; 新近完成的; 发炎的，疼痛的
vt. 擦伤; 使赤身露体
n. （身体的）擦伤部位; 红肿部位; 半成品; 原料
级别：rawer, rawest
分布：生的(51%)，原始的(17%)，未加工的(15%)，湿冷的(14%)，触到某人的痛处(3%)
→来自古英语 hreaw,未煮的，生的，来自 Proto-Germanic*khrawaz,生的，来自 kreue,带血 的肉，生肉，词源同 crude,cruel,pancreas.引申诸多相关词义。
a.未煮过的,生的;未加工过的,未经训练的The drawer put the strawberries and raw paws into a drawer in the saw-mill.绘图者把草莓和生熊掌放进锯板厂的抽屉里.
US [rɑ:] adjective
NOT COOKED 未烹调的
 ESSENTIAL
■(of food) not cooked （食物）生的，未经烹调的，没煮的
• raw fish. 生鱼
UK [rɔ:] US [rɑ:] adjective
NOT PROCESSED 未经加工的
 ADVANCED
■(of materials) not processed; in a natural state 原料未经加工的，自然状态的
• Oil is an important raw material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics. 石油是一种重要的原料，可以加工成包括塑胶在内的许多种产品。
• They claimed that raw sewage was being pumped into the sea. 他们断言，下水道的污水未经处理就被直接排入了大海。
■describes information which has been collected but has not yet been studied in detail （资讯）没有经过处理的，未经分析的，原始的
• raw data /evidence/figures 原始资料／第一手证据／初始数位
■describes a person who is not trained or is without experience （人）无经验的，未经训练的，生疏无知的
• I would prefer not to leave this job to John while he's still a raw recruit /beginner. 约翰刚被招进来／刚开始工作，还是个生手，我不想把这项工作留给他来做。
■Feelings or qualities that are raw are those which are natural and which you do not or cannot control （感情、品质）等处于自然状态的，强烈的，粗犷的
• We were struck by the raw energy/power of the dancers' performances. 舞蹈演员们那粗狂奔放、富有激情的表演给我们留下了很深的印象。
• Her emotions are still a bit raw after her painful divorce. 经历过那段痛苦的离婚后，她的情绪仍然无法平静下来。
■A piece of writing that is raw is one which does not try to hide anything about its subject （文字）不加掩饰的，如实坦陈的，反映真实情况的
• His new play is a raw drama about family life. 他的新剧本是家庭生活的真实写照。
UK [rɔ:] US [rɑ:] adjective
PAINFUL 痛苦的
■sore or painful because of being rubbed or damaged （肌肉）擦掉表皮而外露的；（伤口）露肉而刺痛的；创痛的
• The shoe had rubbed a raw place on her heel. 鞋把她的一个脚后跟磨破了。
■describes weather that is very cold （天气）严寒的；寒冷的；刺骨的
• a raw morning 一个寒冷的早晨
• a raw wind 刺骨的寒风
• The evening was cold and raw. 那个晚上寒冷刺骨。
UK [rɔ:] US [rɑ:] adjective
come the raw prawn Australian
■to try to deceive someone, especially by pretending that you have no knowledge of something （尤指佯作不知而）欺骗，瞒骗；装糊涂
• Don't come the raw prawn with me - you know very well what I'm talking about. 别跟我装蒜——你很明白我在说甚么。
UK [rɔ:] US [rɑ:] adjective
a raw deal
■bad or unfair treatment 虐待；不公正的待遇
• He said that many children in the city's schools were getting/being given a raw deal by being taught in classes that were too large. 他说，城里许多小学生在教育方面没有得到公正的待遇，因为班级人数太多了。
UK [rɔ:] US [rɑ:] noun
in the raw informal
■naked 一丝不挂；赤身裸体
• They sunbathed in the raw. 他们裸体晒日光浴。
■in a plain and honest way, with nothing hidden 赤裸裸地；不加掩饰地；坦诚直率地
• The film really showed you prison life in the raw. 这出电影真实地展现了狱中的生活。
raw, original, primitive
raw: 原始的
original: 最初的，独特的
primitive: 原始的
adj. [食品] 生的；未加工的；阴冷的；刺痛的；擦掉皮的；无经验的；（在艺术等方面）不成熟的
 - crude, fresh, unripe
vt. 擦伤
 - brush burn, abrase

Word: remark
Front: remark
[rɪˈmɑ:k] (高研四六托雅 3389/2581 -K3)
Vocabulary: remark
(once / 30 pages)
vn
"If you see something, say something" might translate into, "If you remark something, make a remark." Remark means to notice, and it also means to comment, as in, "Keep your obnoxious remarks to yourself."
While walking in the woods, you might remark the contrast between the quiet of the woods and the noises of the city. You might make a remark about how loud it is in the city. "It's loud here too," your walking companion might remark. "Listen to all the birds and squirrels."
WORD FAMILY
remark: remarkable, remarked, remarking, remarks+/ remarkable: remarkablest, remarkably, unremarkable/remarked: unremarked/unremarkable: unremarkably
USAGE EXAMPLES
There was no immediate comment from either North or South Korea on Mr. Trump’s latest remarks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Obama said in the email that he was “just beginning to write my remarks.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At worst, Pickens’ remarks “reflect a non-racial personality conflict and amount to discourtesy, rudeness or lack of sensitivity,” they wrote in recent court filings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 注意，观察; 话语; 评论，谈论，
vt. & vi. 评论; 觉察
时态：remarked, remarking, remarks
分布：评论(57%)，注意(28%)，注意到(8%)，备注(7%)
→re-,表强调，mark,作标记。引申词义评论，谈论。
评论;意见(re再+mark→再做记号→评点,评论)[mark=sign,表示"记号,符号"]
n.(about,on)评语,意见v.(on)评论;注意到The shark's remark on the marble mark in the market is remarkable.骗子关于市场上大理石标记的评论值得关注.
US [-'mɑ:rk] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give a spoken statement of an opinion or thought 说起；评论说；谈论
• [+ (that)] Dr Johnson once remarked (that) "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life." 约翰逊博士曾说道，“当一个人厌倦了伦敦时，他也就厌倦了人生。”
• [+ that] He remarked that she was looking thin. 他说她看上去很瘦。
UK [rɪ'mɑ:k] US [-'mɑ:rk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  remark on sth
■to notice something and make a remark about it 谈论，评论（觉察到的事）
• All his friends remarked on the change in him since his marriage. 他所有的朋友都说起他结婚后的变化。
UK [rɪ'mɑ:k] US [-'mɑ:rk] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■something that you say, giving your opinion about something or stating a fact 言辞；话语；谈论；评论
• Her remarks on the employment question led to a heated discussion. 她对就业问题的评论引发了热烈的讨论。
• The children made rude remarks about the old man. 孩子们粗言恶语地谈论那个老人。
attend, remark, mind, notice, note
这组词都有“注意”的意思，其区别是：
attend: 一般用词，侧重专心于某事。
remark: 一般指经过思维活动而注意到。
mind: 指用心地去观察，了解某人或某物以达到某一目的。常用于命令句中。
notice: 指对所见所闻所感的人或事作出的反应，侧重结果。
note: 语气比notice强，指不仅注意到，而且记录下来，侧重注意的认真与仔细。
n. 注意；言辞
 - regard, notice, publicity
vt. 评论；觉察
 - observe on, to comment on
vi. 谈论
 - talk of, discourse

Word: aware
Front: aware
[əˈweə(r)] (高研四托雅 1439/921 -K4)
Vocabulary: aware
(once / 86 pages)
adj
To be aware means to know about. I am aware of the dangers of smoking, yet I continue the habit. You can be environmentally aware or socially aware.
Aware is a close relative of beware, "look out for." Beware the ides of March, Julius Caesar is famously warned. Too bad he's not aware of why. Beware and aware share the root ware, from an Old English word meaning "careful, wary). Be aware of your purse at all times, and beware of the snatch-and-grab thief.
WORD FAMILY
aware: awarely, awareness, self-aware, unaware, unawares+/ awareness: awarenesses, self-awareness/ unaware: unawareness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We were well aware that from at least 2013 state security and not just police were actively monitoring us,” he says.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“That is something that General Mattis is keenly aware of,” he added.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Cohen is well aware of the contemporary arguments arrayed against America’s interest, or competence, in waging war, which he addresses in Chapter 1.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 意识到的; 知道的; 觉察到的
分布：知道的(50%)，意识到的(50%)
→前缀a-同ad-. 词根ware, 看，见ware, 留意，词源同ward, 看。
警惕的,戒备的(a+ware)[ware=watch,表示"注视"]
a.知道的,意识到的;I'm rarely aware that the square area is bare.我很少觉察到那个正方形区域是光秃秃的.
US [-'wer] adjective [after verb]
 ESSENTIAL
■knowing that something exists, or having knowledge or experience of a particular thing 意识到的；明白的；知道的
• [+ that] I wasn't even aware that he was ill. 我都不知道他生病了。
• Were you aware of the risks at the time? 你当时意识到危险了吗？
• She was well (= very) aware that he was married. 她很清楚他已结了婚。
• "Has Claude paid the phone bill?" "Not as far as I'm aware." (= I don't think so) “克劳德交电话费了吗？”“据我所知没有。”
• I suddenly became aware of (= started to notice) him looking at me. 我突然意识到他在看着我。
■having special interest in or experience of something and so knowing what is happening in that subject at the present time 有…意识的；有…觉悟的；有…知识的
• to be ecologically/politically aware 有生态保护／政治意识
• sexually aware 有性意识的
sensible, conscious, awkward, aware, clumsy
这组词都有“笨拙的”的意思，其区别是：
sensible: 侧重通过直觉或理性感觉意识到某物的存在。 awkward, clumsy
conscious: 指内心的感觉，强调深刻的心理活动。
awkward: 侧重缺乏优雅、机敏和技巧。用于物时，指使用不便。
aware: 强调通过耳闻目睹或感觉而得到的信息，也指敏税的观察和推断。侧重感知，多与of一起用。
clumsy: 指人时，侧重行动笨拙；指物时，侧重制作粗陋或体积、重量过大而呈现笨重。
adj. 意识到的；知道的；有…方面知识的；懂世故的
 - conscious, sensible

Word: rhetoric
Front: rhetoric
[ˈretərɪk] (托雅宝 3713/5706 -2)
Vocabulary: rhetoric
(once / 520 pages)
n
Rhetoric is speaking or writing that's intended to persuade. If your goal is to write editorial columns for "The New York Times," you should work on your rhetoric.
Rhetoric comes from the Greek meaning "speaker" and is used for the art of persuasive speaking or writing. When people listened eagerly to long speeches and studied them in school, rhetoric was generally used positively; now it is often a negative term, implying artfulness over real content. If someone gives a clever speech but doesn't really address the problem, you might say, "That's just a lot of rhetoric."
WORD FAMILY
rhetoric: rhetorical, rhetorician, rhetorics+/ rhetorical: rhetorically, unrhetorical/rhetorician: rhetoricians/unrhetorical: unrhetorically
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was amid that heated and ugly rhetoric that the center announced its expansion plans — and promptly ran into a wall of opposition.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Nor is the government’s own rhetoric much better.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He asked the assembled state leaders how they will positively influence Montana and whether they will be remembered for their rhetoric or results.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 修辞学; 辩论法，雄辩术; 华丽的文词; 花言巧语
分布：修辞(77%)，修辞学(22%)，华丽虚饰的语言(1%)
修辞学(rhetor修辞学大师+ic)[-ic 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或学科"3.表名词"某种病"]
【记】源于rhetor（n 修辞学教师；修辞学者）；这种长得如此难看的单词不经过修辞是不可能这样的。
US ['retˌ.ɚ-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■speech or writing which is intended to be effective and influence people 雄辩言辞；煽动性语言
• How far the president will be able to translate his campaign rhetoric into action remains to be seen. 总统在大选中作出的冠冕堂皇的承诺能够兑现多少尚待观察。
• I was swayed by her rhetoric into donating all my savings to the charity. 她巧言善辩，说得我服服帖帖，把全部储蓄都捐给了慈善机构。
■specialized
■the study of the ways of using language effectively 修辞（学）；雄辩（术）
■disapproving
■clever language which sounds good but is not sincere or has no real meaning 浮夸之词
• In reply to the question, he just produced a lot of empty (= meaningless) rhetoric. 他对这个问题的回答只是一大堆空洞的浮夸之词。
n. [语] 修辞，修辞学；华丽的词藻
 - trope, eloquence
adj. 花言巧语的
 - smooth-tongued, plausible

Word: particle
Front: particle
[ˈpɑ:tɪkl] (研四六托雅 3683/3155 -2)
Vocabulary: particle
(once / 454 pages)
1n 2n
A particle is a small piece of anything. Particle can also refer to a subatomic particle with mass and structure, but takes up hardly any space at all.
Particles are tiny. If you mean a subatomic particle, that's a body that you can't see because it is so incredibly small, though it does have a miniscule mass and internal structure. These particles are even smaller than atoms. You can also say a crumb or speck of something is a particle. Dust particles are piling up all the time, and vacuuming cleans up lots of particles. Those particles are little bits of things. In both cases, particles are very tiny.
WORD FAMILY
particle: antiparticle, particles+/antiparticle: antiparticles
USAGE EXAMPLES
Proposed sources of dark matter include burnt-out stars; clouds of dust and gas; and subatomic particles called Wimps – weakly interacting massive particles.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
On Thursday, it said the main problem involves a cylindrical vessel filled with billions of tiny sandlike particles that is heated to 1,200 degrees.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Stalling emissions should also spell better health, because coal burning in particular pollutes the air with lung-shredding particles and choking chemicals.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 微粒，颗粒; [数，物]粒子，质点; 极小量; 小品词
分布：粒子(57%)，颗粒(26%)，微粒(9%)，质点(6%)，极小量(2%)
→来自part,部分，-icle,小词后缀。即小部分，引申词义个体，颗粒，微粒。
微粒,极少量(part+icle小东西→一小部分→少量)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
n.粒子,微粒;极小量;小品词,虚词The Particle party's partner participated in the particular Parliament.粒子党的合伙人参与了特别议会.
US ['pɑ:r.tˌə-] noun
GRAMMAR 文法
 ADVANCED countable
■a word or a part of a word which has a grammatical purpose but often has little or no meaning 小品词
• In the sentence 'I tidied up the room', the adverb 'up' is a particle. 在句子 I tidied up the room 中，副词 up 是个小品词。
UK ['pɑ:.tɪ.kl] US ['pɑ:r.tˌə-] noun
SMALL PIECE 小颗粒
countable
■an extremely small piece of matter 微粒，粒子
• Dust particles must have got into the motor. 马达一定是进尘了。
• Electrons are atomic particles. 电子是原子粒子。
only singular
■a very small amount of something 极少量
• She wouldn't give me even the slightest particle of information about what she'd been doing. 她一点也不肯向我透露自己一直在忙些甚么事。
particle, atom, grain, speck, molecule
这组词都有“粒，微粒”的意思，其区别是：
particle: 指任何物质的微粒，引申指任何小的部分。
atom: 指元素的最小粒子，其体积比molecule小。
grain: 通常指能为肉眼清楚看到的颗粒，比上述几个词所表“粒”的体积大。
speck: 一般指“微点”或“微粒”，可引申指“斑点、污点”。
molecule: 指物质中保持原物质的一切化学性质，能独立存在的最小微粒，即分子。
n. 颗粒； [物] 质点；极小量；小品词
 - grain, granule

Word: sec
Front: sec
[sek] (-/25516)
Back: n. 秒
adj. <法>干的; 略具甜味的; （香槟酒）含糖量为3-5%的; 淡的
noun countable written abbreviation for
■ second (TIME)
■/sek/ informal
■a very short period of time 片刻；瞬间
• Would you mind waiting for me - I'll only be a couple of secs. 你等我一下好吗？我只要一会儿就行了。

Word: sister
Front: sister
[ˈsɪstə(r)] (中高 823/1049 -K5)
Back: n. 姐妹; （称志同道合者）姐妹; 修女; 护士
adj. 姐妹般的; 同类型的
v. 如姐妹般相待
分布：姐妹(100%)
→来自中古英语 sister,来自古英语 sweoster,姐妹，修女，来自 Proto-Germanic*swester,姐妹，来 自 swesor,姐妹，可能来自 swe,自己的，词源同 self,-sor,姐妹，来自 es-ro,血， 词源同 sanguine,sorority.拼写可能受表阴性格后缀-ster 影响俗化，如 spinster,纺纱女。
n.姐,妹;护士长;修女,女教士My sister insists consistently on persistent resistance to transistor radios.妹妹一贯坚决主张持久抵制晶体管收音机.
US [-tɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a girl or woman who has the same parents as another person 姐姐，妹妹
• Sophie and Emily are sisters. 苏菲和艾蜜莉是姐妹。
• Emily is Sophie's younger/little/older/big sister. 艾蜜莉是苏菲的妹妹／姐姐。
■a girl or woman who treats you in the kind way that a sister would 像姐妹一样的人
• Lynn's such a good friend - she's like a sister to me. 琳恩真是一个好朋友——她就像我的姐妹一样。
■a woman who shares an interest with you, especially that of improving women's rights （尤指在改善妇女权利方面）志同道合的姐妹
• [as form of address] "We must continue the fight, sisters!" “我们必须继续战斗，姐妹们！”
■US old-fashioned informal
■used to address a woman （用于称呼妇女）
• OK, sister, move it! 好了，大姐，赶紧吧！
■UK
■a nurse who is in charge of a department of a hospital 护士长
■a female member of a religious group, especially a nun 修女，尼姑
UK ['sɪs.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
sister under the skin UK
■a man who supports women's action to improve their rights 女权同胞（支持妇女进行的改善妇女权益运动的男人）
• John is a true sister under the skin. 约翰实际上是一个女权同胞。
UK ['sɪs.tər] US [-tɚ] adjective [before noun]
■belonging to a group of similar and related things, such as businesses, usually owned or operated by the same person or organization 如同姐妹的；同类型的
• our sister company in Australia 我们在澳大利亚的姊妹公司
• the US battleship Missouri and her sister ship , the Wisconsin 美国战舰密苏里号及其姊妹舰威斯康辛号
n. 姐妹；修女；护士
 - sis, tittie

Word: implication
Front: implication
[ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn] (研四六托宝 2434/1627 -K3)
Vocabulary: implication
(once / 954 pages)
n
An implication is something that is suggested, or happens, indirectly. When you left the gate open and the dog escaped, you were guilty by implication.
Implication has many different senses: Usually used in the plural, implications are effects or consequences that may happen in the future. You might ask, "What are the implications of our decision?" Implication is also the state of being implicated, or connected to something bad: "Are you surprised by their implication that you were involved in the crime?"
WORD FAMILY
implication: implicational, implications+/ imply: implication, implicative, implied, implies, implying
USAGE EXAMPLES
They found enough reasons to play their best, despite the absence of any postseason implications.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
That combination put this game, with no playoff implications, in a secondary role.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
That resolution is about to be overturned, with big implications for, well, how much rich people pay in taxes.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 含义; 含蓄，含意，言外之意; 卷入，牵连，牵涉，纠缠; [逻辑学]蕴涵，蕴含
分布：暗示(54%)，含意(22%)，牵连(16%)，卷入(8%)
→来自implicate,牵连，牵涉。
连累;含蓄(implicate+ion)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
n.含意,暗示,暗指;牵连The implicit implication about the deficit is not explicit.关于赤字的暗示的暗示不明确.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly 含意；暗指，暗示
• [+ that] From what she said, the implication was that they were splitting up. 她的话暗示他们将要分手。
• She accused the party and, by implication, its leader too. 她指责了该政党，也含蓄地指责了该党的领袖。
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■the effect that an action or decision will have on something else in the future 可能影响；可能后果
• The company is cutting back its spending and I wonder what the implications will be for our department. 公司正在削减开支，真不知道这将会对我们部门产生甚么影响。
• What are the implications of the new law? 这部新法意味着甚么呢？
uncountable
■when you suggest or show that someone is involved in a crime 牵连，涉及
• The case depended upon his implication of his co-workers in the fraud. 这个案件取决于他能否指证他的同事参与了诈骗。
implication, sense, meaning
这组词都有“含义，意义，意思”的意思，其区别是：
implication: 指暗含的意思。
sense: 特指词、短语或句子的某种特定意思。也常指多种解释的一种。
meaning: 普通用词，使用广泛。既可指语言表达的意思，又可指手势、符号、表情或艺术品或抽象概念所含的意义。
implication, suggestion, hint
这组词都有“暗示，暗指”的意思，其区别是：
implication: 指对某事不公开发表自己的意见，仅用语言动作或表情表明态度，要对方进行推断。
suggestion: 既可指比较明显的暗示，又可指客观上流露出的迹象。
hint: 最常用用词，多指无意中的，间接的暗示。
n. 含义；暗示； [法] 牵连，卷入
 - connotation, meaning, import, involvement, reminder

Word: pentagon
Front: pentagon
[ˈpentəgən] (9191/16353 -2)
Vocabulary: pentagon
(once / 34763 pages)
n
A pentagon is a five-sided polygon: it has one more side than a square.
This is a word you're most likely to learn in math class when studying geometry: a pentagon is a polygon that has five sides. There are many words for shapes that indicate their specific number of sides, such as octagon: a polygon with eight sides. The root penta means "five," which is why a pentagram has five points. You may have heard of the Pentagon, which is the center of the U.S. military in Washington D.C. It has this name because the building has five sides.
WORD FAMILY
pentagon: pentagonal, pentagons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Form a pentagon shape with your shoulders and arms, like the shape of home plate in baseball.
Golf Digest(Oct 21, 2016)
The screens are tall and wide, arranged side by side in a pentagon.
New York Times(Sep 12, 2016)
It sits atop a pentagon with the words "We Will Never Forget" and is accompanied by plaques listing donors and describing what happened that day.
Los Angeles Times(Sep 11, 2016)
Back: n. 五边形，五角形; 五角大楼（指美国国防部）
分布：五边形(100%)
→penta-,五，-gon,边，角，词源同knee,heptagon.
五角形;五角大楼(penta[penta-表示"五"]+gon角)
五角形;五角大楼(penta五+gon)[gon=angle,表示"角"]
US [-tˌə.gɑ:n] noun countable
■a shape with five sides and five angles 五边形，五角形

Word: racial
Front: racial
[ˈreɪʃl] (高研四六 2243/4592 -3)
Vocabulary: racial
(once / 629 pages)
adj
Something racial is related to the characteristics people have because of their genetic or ethnic origins. Racial differences sometimes lead to racial tension.
Members of the same racial group share a very old genetic connection — their ancestors lived in the same part of the world, and they're distantly related. When people talk about "racial diversity," they mean that many of these groups are represented, for example, in a single city. The noun race is at the heart of the adjective racial, and it comes from Old French, with an Italian root word, razza, "race, breed, lineage, or family."
WORD FAMILY
racial: biracial, interracial, multiracial, nonracial, racialism, racially+/interracial: interracially/ race: raced, racer, races, racial, racing, racism, racy/racer: racers/racialism: racialist/racialist: racialists/racing: racings/ racism: racist / racist: nonracist, racists/racy: racier, raciest, racily, raciness
USAGE EXAMPLES
This past year I wrote often about the racial inequality and bias that keep this country from being its best.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lane argued it was a complimentary reference to physical strength and “was not accompanied by any overtly racial slurs.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The prosecutors are also likely to re-emphasize the considerable evidence of Mr. Roof’s premeditation and clearly articulated racial intent.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 种族的; 人种的; 存在或发生于种族之间的
分布：种族的(73%)，人种的(27%)
→来自 race,人种，种族。
a.种的,种族的In the racial horse-race, the white racer's race-horse won.在种族赛马运动中,白人赛手的马获胜.
adjective]ˈreɪ.ʃəl/
 IMPROVER
■happening between people of different races 种族的；种族间的；种族关系的
• racial discrimination/prejudice 种族歧视／偏见
• He had a vision of a society living in racial harmony. 他梦想在一个社会中各种族能和谐共处。
 IMPROVER
■connected with someone's race 种族的；种族间的；种族关系的
• They are members of a racial minority. 他们属于一个少数民族。
adj. 种族的；人种的
 - ethnic, tribal

Word: resume
Front: resume
[rɪ'zju:m] (研四六托雅宝 3780/3836 -1)
Vocabulary: resume
(once / 131 pages)
1v 2nv
If you resume something, you start it again after stopping. You might resume singing an aria after breaking to spit out your gum.
Resume is from Latin resumere "to take up again, take back," from the prefix re- "again" plus sumere "to take up, take." The Latin verb sumere is formed from the prefix sub- "under, up" plus emere "to take." When you pause a movie or game and then you press play again, what you're really doing is resuming play.
WORD FAMILY
resume: resumed, resumes, resuming, resumption +/ resumption: resumptions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Authorities say recovery efforts are resuming in the search for a small plane carrying six people that disappeared over Lake Erie, near Cleveland.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The company said it would resume launches as early as Sunday.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
SpaceX is tentatively aiming to resume cargo flights to the space station this month.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 重新开始; 继续; 恢复职位
时态：resumed, resuming, resumes
分布：简历(73%)，履历(15%)，重新开始(9%)，摘要(2%)，再继续(1%)
→re-,再，重新，-sum,承担，拿起，词源同 assume,consume.引申词义重新开始，继续，总结， 小结等，后用于指简历，履历。
拿回;恢复(自由等)(re回+sun+e→拿回去,也可解释为重新拿起,继续)[sum,sumpt=take表示"拿,取"]
n.个人简历v.再继续,重新开始;再用;恢复The perfume consumer presumably assumes that the volume is resumed.香水消费者假定地设想音量已恢复.
US [-'zu:m] formal
verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■If an activity resumes, or if you resume it, it starts again after a pause （中断后）继续，重新开始
• Normal services will be resumed in the spring. 春天将恢复正常服务。
• [+ -ing verb] He stopped to take a sip of water and then resumed speaking. 他停下来呷了一口水，然后继续发言。
• The talks are due to resume today. 会谈预定今天继续进行。
⇒ See also resumption
transitive
■If you resume a place or position which you have left for a period of time, you return to it 恢复；重新回到，重返（某地或某位置）
• to resume your post/job 重返工作岗位
• Please resume your seats, as the performance will continue in two minutes. 请大家回到自己的座位上去，两分钟后演出继续。
abstract, summary, resume, digest, outline
这组词都有“摘要、概要、概括”的意思，其区别是：
abstract: 指论文、书籍等正文前的内容摘要，尤指学术论文或法律文件的研究提要。
summary: 普通用词，指将书籍或文章等的内容，用寥寥数语作简明扼要的说明。
resume: 源于洁语，与summary极相近，通常可互换使用。
digest: 侧重对原文融汇贯通，重新谋篇布局，以简明扼要的语言，简短篇幅成文，展现原作精华。
outline: 指配以释议文字的提纲。
resume, succeed, continue, go on
这组词都有“继续”的意思，其区别是：
resume: 指中断后的继续。
succeed: 侧重指有规律地连续。
continue: 普通用词。或指持续而不停止，或有一段中断后又继续下去。
go on: 通俗用词，多用于口语中。go on+-ing表暂停后继续做原事，即后继续的内容与原来的内容相同。go on+不定式指做完某事后，接着做不同的另一件事。
n. [管理] 履历；个人简历；摘要
 - bio, abstract, brief, summary, record
vt. 重新开始；重新获得
 - recover, start over

Word: correspondent
Front: correspondent
[ˌkɒrəˈspɒndənt] (研四六雅宝 2934/3253 -4)
Vocabulary: correspondent
(once / 288 pages)
1n 2adj 3n
A correspondent is a reporter who writes or records stories on one topic or from one region. If you're hired as a radio station's financial correspondent, you'll need to do a lot of research on the economy.
A journalist might work as a TV station's Middle East correspondent or a newspaper's education correspondent. You can also call yourself a correspondent if you're a regular letter or email writer, corresponding, or communicating, with someone. As an adjective, though, correspondent means "matching or agreeing." The word is rooted in the Medieval Latin correspondere, "to answer together."
WORD FAMILY
correspondent: correspondently, correspondents+/ correspond: corresponded, correspondence, correspondent, corresponding, corresponds/ correspondence: correspondences/ corresponding: correspondingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“So it’s rigged if Hillary wins, but it’s not rigged if Trump’s winning?” correspondent Allana Harkin asked a Trump voter.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
In England, Evelyn Waugh’s novel “Scoop” told of a hapless foreign correspondent who accidentally breaks a big story.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Discussions erupted over the clothing choices of seemingly every public woman, including candidates, candidates’ spouses and news correspondents.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 通讯员，记者; 通信者
分布：通讯记者(51%)，相应的(23%)，通信者(23%)，与 ... 一致的(3%)
→来自correspond, 对答，回复。
通信者(correspond通信)[-ent 1.表示形容词"…的"2.表名词"…药剂"3.表名词"…人"]
n.记者,通讯员;通信者In the pond the sponsor responded to the correspondent's corresponding responsibility.在池塘里主办者对通讯员的相应责任作出了回应.
【参】correspond（vi 符合；通信）；correspondingly（adv 相对地；比照地）
US [ˌkɔ:r.ɪ'spɑ:n-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person employed by a newspaper, a television station, etc. to report on a particular subject or send reports from a foreign country 通讯员，记者
• a war correspondent 战地记者
• the education correspondent for the Guardian 《卫报》的教育通讯员
■formal
■someone who writes letters 通信者，写信人
• I'm a terrible correspondent - I never seem to get the time to write. 我很少写信——我好像从来就没空写信。
n. 通讯记者；客户；通信者；代理商行
 - client server software, client server relationship

Word: anglo

Word: tribunal
Front: tribunal
[traɪˈbju:nl] (宝 7159/3467 -2)
Vocabulary: tribunal
(once / 580 pages)
n
A tribunal is like a court. If you've done something wrong and you get caught it's likely you'll be brought before a tribunal, although not all tribunals are there to determine guilt.
Say, for example, you'd like to join a secret society. That society might convene a tribunal to determine whether you're worthy of joining. One way to remember tribunal is to focus on the tri at the beginning of the word. A tribunal is there to "try" a case. A tribunal is a group of people who oversee a trial. Your mom and dad could be a tribunal. You could also think of it as the group who oversees their tribe, which is, in fact, where the word comes from.
WORD FAMILY
tribunal: tribunals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some lawyers who worked on The Hague tribunal during Republican administrations agreed.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Last week, he filed a petition with India's National Companies Law Tribunal - which deals with corporate grievances - accusing Tata of mismanagement and shareholder oppression.
BBC(Dec 27, 2016)
“This case for me is not over simply because a new president of the tribunal was appointed,” he said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 审理委员会; 特别法庭; 法官席; 裁决
分布：法庭(68%)，裁决(20%)，法院(9%)，法官席(3%)
→来自 tribune,审判台，-al,名词后缀。引申词义特别法庭，裁判所等。
【记】源于：trial（n 试验；审判）
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a special court or group of people who are officially chosen, especially by the government, to examine (legal) problems of a particular type （尤指由政府正式选定的）特别法庭，审理委员会
• a war-crimes tribunal 战争罪行特别法庭
• She took her case to an immigration appeals tribunal. 她向移民上诉法庭提出申诉。
n. 法庭；裁决；法官席
 - forum, finding

Word: layer
Front: layer
[ˈleɪə(r)] (研四六托雅 2168/2248 -K3)
Vocabulary: layer
(once / 357 pages)
1nv 2n
The noun layer describes a thin piece that's stacked on other thin pieces, like a layer of noodles in a lasagna dish. You can also apply a layer of paint to make your wall color more vivid.
Layer can also be used figuratively to describe an abstract thickness or barrier. Celebrities are known to surround themselves with managers, agents, stylists, and friends — forming a layer between them and the prying public. Layer can also be a verb. You can layer your bed with blankets on a cold night, as a layer of ice forms on the sidewalks and streets outside.
WORD FAMILY
layer: interlayer, layered, layering, layers+/interlayer: interlayers/ lay: laily, laity, layer, laying, lays, mislay, overlay, underlay /laying: layings/ mislay: mislayed, mislaying, mislays/ overlay: overlaid, overlayed, overlayer, overlaying, overlays/overlayer: overlayers/ underlay: underlaid, underlayed, underlaying, underlayment, underlays
USAGE EXAMPLES
The containers consist of an aluminum liner with an outer layer of strong carbon fibers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lacking the roots to hold his layers of skin together, AJ is at risk of his skin sloughing off from a hard bump.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The building’s ceiling allowed for grow tables to be stacked twelve layers tall, to a height of thirty-six feet, in rows eighty feet long.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 层，层次; 膜; [植]压条; 放置者，计划者
vt. 把…分层堆放; 借助压条法; 生根繁殖; 将（头发）剪成不同层次
vi. 形成或分成层次; [植]通过压条法而生根
时态：layered, layering, layers
分布：层(99%)，分层(1%)
→来自lay,放置，引申词义层次，阶层，
n.层,层次;铺设者Lay a layer of clay on the displayed layout before the relay race.接力赛之前在展示的陈设上铺一层黏土.
【记】不认识的同学回家学学Photoshop就ok了。
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a level of material, such as a type of rock or gas, which is different from the material above or below it, or a thin sheet of a substance 层；涂层
• the ozone layer 臭氧层
• A thick layer of clay lies over the sandstone. 沙岩上面有一层厚厚的黏土。
• There was a thin layer of oil on the surface of the water. 水面上有一层薄薄的油膜。
• We stripped several layers of paint off the door. 我们从门上剥落了好几层漆。
UK ['leɪ.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive
■to arrange something in layers 把…按层排列，把…分层放置
• Layer the pasta with slices of tomato. 把番茄片分层摆放在义大利粉里。
• potatoes layered with onions 马铃薯夹洋葱片
n. 层，阶层；地层
 - thickness, degree, stratum, tier

Word: drill
Front: drill
[drɪl] (高研四六托雅宝 4760/5299 -2)
Vocabulary: drill
(once / 278 pages)
1nv 2n
A drill is a power tool that's used for making narrow holes or sometimes for pushing screws into wood or other hard material. The word is also a verb to describe the action a drill performs. For example, a dentist might drill into your tooth if you have a cavity.
A carpenter's drill can be held in one hand, while an oil drill is a large rig that hollows out holes in rock through which oil can flow. To drill is to bore holes in a hard surface, and it's also to teach something by repeating facts over and over: "I hate math, because my teacher just drills multiplication tables." Drill has a Dutch root, drillen, "to bore a hole, turn around, or whirl."
WORD FAMILY
drill: drill-like, drilled, drilling, drills+/drilling: drillings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The junior confidently drilled the Rose Bowl winner, sprinting away to celebrate amid pandemonium in the packed stadium.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
First there’s stretching, warm-up drills to fast-paced music.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In one drill, a robot simulated a running back breaking into the open field.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 操练; 钻头; 军事训练; （应对紧急情况的）演习
vt. & vi. 钻（孔）; 打（眼）; 操练; 训练
vt. 作…演习，操练
时态：drilled, drilling, drills
分布：钻孔(51%)，练习(22%)，钻孔机(11%)，钻子(8%)，播种机(6%)，反复操练(2%)
→来自tere, 转，磨，词源同turn. 训练义可能来自军事操练，向前转，向后转等。
v.练习;操练;钻孔n.操练;练习;钻孔(机)The driller filled the grill with brilliant film.钻孔者在烤架上填满辉煌的胶片.
noun countable
TOOL 工具
■a tool or machine which makes holes 钻；钻床；钻机
• an electric/pneumatic drill 电／风钻
• a dentist's drill 牙钻
• a drill bit (= the sharp part of the drill which cuts the hole) 钻头
[drɪl] noun countable
REGULAR ACTIVITY 定期活动
■an activity which practises a particular skill and often involves repeating the same thing several times, especially a military exercise intended to train soldiers （尤指军事）训练，练习
• In some of these schools, army-style drills are used to instil a sense of discipline. 这些学校中有一些利用军训来培养纪律观念。
• a spelling/pronunciation drill 拼写／发音练习
[drɪl] noun countable
what's the drill for sth ? informal
■used to ask what the usual, correct way of doing or getting something is 通常都怎么办？正确的步骤是甚么？
• What's the drill for getting money after four o'clock? 四点钟以后怎么取钱？
[drɪl] verb
TOOL 工具
intransitive or transitive
■to make a hole in something using a special tool （用特殊工具）钻孔；打眼
• Drill three holes in the wall for the screws. 在墙上打三个拧螺丝钉用的小孔。
• They are going to drill for oil nearby. 他们准备在附近钻探石油。
[drɪl] verb
REGULAR ACTIVITY 经常的活动
intransitive or transitive
■to practise something, especially military exercises, or to make someone do this （尤指进行军事）训练，练习
• We watched the soldiers drilling on the parade ground. 我们观看士兵们在阅兵场上的训练。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to tell someone something repeatedly to make them remember it （为记忆而）反覆训练，重复灌输
• It was drilled into us at an early age that we should always say 'please' and 'thank you'. 我们从小就被反覆告知总要记着说“请”和“谢谢”。
• He drilled the children in what they should say. 他一遍又一遍地告诉孩子们应该说甚么话。
[drɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  drill down
■to look for something on a computer or website by moving from general information to more detailed information 深层探究（透过电脑或网路，将搜索从物件的概要资讯向具体资讯扩展）
• Many websites have some form of hyperlink navigation as you drill down. 浏览层层网页时，你会发现很多网页都有超连结导航。
drilldown
noun uncountable
■a system of moving from general information to more detailed information 概要资讯向具体资讯扩展的系统或方法
• There are several ways to view the data, including drilldown. 查看这些资料有好几种方法，包括层层剖析。
training, practice, exercise, drill, discipline
这组词都有“练习、训练、锻炼”的意思，其区别是：
training: 普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练。
practice: 指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧。
exercise: 主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧。
drill: 侧重进行有系统的，严格和重复的练习。
discipline: 既可指训练又可指为达到某种熟练程度而进行的约束。
n. 训练； [矿业] 钻孔机；钻子； [农机] 播种机
 - training, discipline
vi. 钻孔；训练
 - bore a hole, counter sunk
vt. 钻孔；训练； [农机] 条播
 - discipline, coach

Word: flourish
Front: flourish
[ˈflʌrɪʃ] (研四六托雅宝 6209/5548 -2)
Vocabulary: flourish
(once / 262 pages)
1v 2nv 3n
A flourish is an extra touch — a trumpet's "ta-ta-da!" announcing a king's entrance, a fancy carving atop an otherwise utilitarian pillar, a wave of a flag or a cheerleader's pompom.
Flourish can also mean "growth": "With the right teacher, a child will flourish." To understand how the two meanings of flourish connect, remember that the word "flower" (spelled flour-) is hiding inside it. Flowers are used for decoration and ornamentation, but they also grow. Get it? Good for you! Imagine a cheerleader shouting out your name, flourishing her pom-poms.
WORD FAMILY
flourish: flourished, flourishes, flourishing+/flourishing: flourishingest, flourishingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trained as a painter, Mr. Wong was a leading figure in the modernist movement that flourished in California between the wars.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
In the chasm between the police and the community, gangs and gun violence flourish.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Trained as a painter, Mr. Wong was a leading figure in the Modernist movement that flourished in California between the wars.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 挥舞; 茂盛，繁荣; 活跃，蓬勃
vt. 挥动，挥舞
n. 挥舞，挥动; 花样，华丽的辞藻; 夸张的行为或手势; 花式吹奏
时态：flourished, flourishing, flourishes
分布：繁荣(52%)，茂盛(17%)，挥舞(13%)，活跃(9%)，炫耀(6%)，花样(2%)，华丽词藻(1%)
→来自词根flor, 花，词源同flower. 引申义开花，繁盛。
繁荣,兴旺(flour[=flor]+ish→花一样开放→繁荣)[flor,flour=flower,表示"花"]
繁荣(flour花+ish)[-ish 1.表形容词"像…一样,有的..."通常放在一具体名词后2.表动词"造成…"3.表示"国家的或语言"]
n./v.繁荣,茂盛,兴旺The sour vapour pours into the flourishing flour factory. It's the source of resources.酸蒸汽涌进兴旺的面粉厂.这是资源的源泉.
【记】源于flower－花一样的开放－繁荣
【反】lack of embellishment（缺乏装饰）；waste away（衰退）；wither（v 使凋谢；枯萎）
US ['flɝ:-] verb
SUCCEED 成功
intransitive
■to grow or develop successfully 茁壮成长；繁荣；蓬勃发展
• My tomatoes are flourishing this summer - it must be the warm weather. 今年夏天我的番茄长势很好——这一定是天气暖和的原因。
• Watercolour painting began to flourish in Britain around 1750. 1750年左右，水彩画开始在英国兴盛起来。
UK ['flʌr.ɪʃ] US ['flɝ:-] verb
WAVE 舞动
transitive
■to move something in your hand in order to make people look at it （为引人注意）挥舞
• She came in smiling, flourishing her exam results. 她微笑着走进来，手里挥舞着她的考试成绩单。
UK ['flʌr.ɪʃ] US ['flɝ:-] noun
with a flourish
■If you do something with a flourish, you do it with one big, noticeable movement 动作夸张地
• The waiter handed me the menu with a flourish. 侍者做了个夸张动作递给我功能表。
• He took off his hat with a flourish. 他动作夸张地摘掉帽子。
succeed, prosper, thrive, flourish
这组词都有“兴旺，成功”的意思，其区别是：
succeed: 表示成功，强调完成某件想往或企图去做的事，与fail相对。
prosper: 指持续不断地成功，也指越来越成功。
thrive: 指蓬勃发展，常指显而易见的成功。
flourish: 指处于成功、繁荣、进步的顶盛阶段。
n. 兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰
 - health, display
vt. 夸耀；挥舞
 - air, sport
vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期
 - succeed, flower, thrive

Word: eager
Front: eager
[ˈi:gə(r)] (高研四六托 3123/4501 -3)
Vocabulary: eager
(once / 63 pages)
1adj 2n
With eager, think "ready," "excited," "can't wait." An eager beaver is someone who, like the hard working beaver, is up at dawn and ready to get to work.
Eager derives from old words meaning "sharp, pungent or keen," and eager carries that sense of sharpness still. In fact, being overeager is a criticism; someone overeager is likely to make a mistake because they are moving too quickly or not thinking things through before they act.
WORD FAMILY
eager: eagerer, eagerest, eagerly, eagerness, overeager, uneager+/ eagerness: eagernesses/overeager: overeagerly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Students, and one very eager principal, will be waiting.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He’d just told me how much he’d enjoyed working with her, and how eager he was to see her again.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
And between that and other post-election sadness snacks, Duke says he put on five pounds in November that he is eager to lose.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 渴望的; 热切的，热情洋溢的; 热心的; 急切
分布：热切的(53%)，渴望的(47%)
→来自词根ac, 尖，刺，词源同acid, acumen.
a.(for)渴望的,热切的The eagle is eager to anger the tiger in danger.鹰渴望激怒处在危险中的老虎.
US [-gɚ] adjective
 IMPROVER
■wanting very much to do or have something, especially something interesting or enjoyable （尤指对于有趣的或者愉快的事情）热切的，渴望的
• the children's eager faces 孩子们那一脸渴望的神情
• [+ to infinitive] She sounded very eager to meet you. 听得出来她非常渴望见到你。
• They crowded round the spokesperson, eager for any news. 他们把发言人围了个水泄不通，渴望能得到点消息。
anxious, keen, eager
这组词都有“急切的，渴望的”的意思，其区别是：
anxious: 强调因忧虑、关注或害怕而产生的急切心情。
keen: 强调因兴趣强烈或欲望而急于做某事。
eager: 侧重于急于成功的迫切心情。
adj. 渴望的；热切的；热心的
 - hungry, desired, anxious, sick, keen

Word: molecule
Front: molecule
[ˈmɒlɪkju:l] (研四六托雅宝 4785/3266 -3)
Vocabulary: molecule
(once / 964 pages)
n
A molecule, or the simplest structural unit of a substance that still keeps the properties of that substance, is a scientific word that gets used by the nonscientific, as in "Every single molecule in my body wants that chocolate cake!"
The only problem with molecules really, is that people confuse them with atoms. Here's the thing: a molecule retains the characteristic of the substance it is from, so a water molecule, which is made up of hydrogen and oxygen, is still water, while an atom — one of the tiny units that make up elements — only has the characteristics of its element, not the larger composition. Make sense? No? OK then, just remember a molecule is something really, really small, and an atom is even smaller — since a molecule is composed of atoms!
WORD FAMILY
molecule: molecular, molecules, supermolecule+/intramolecular: intramolecularly/ molecular: bimolecular, intermolecular, intramolecular, molecularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps most remarkably, the researchers also found a particular substance in the runners’ brains that fended off the action of these obstructionist molecules.
New York Times(Jun 15, 2016)
Every molecule of carbon dioxide we release stays in the air for up to 100 years, all the while trapping heat on the planet’s surface.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Here’s how Tim Hunt, who won a Nobel Prize in 2001 for his work on protein molecules, explained the problem with “girls” in his world.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 分子; 微小颗粒
分布：分子(99%)，微粒(1%)
→来自拉丁语moles,大块，防洪堤，大工程，大建筑物，-cul,小词后缀。用于化学术语分子。
分子demolish破坏,摧毁(de去掉+mol+ish,把堆起来的东西毁掉)[mol=meal(饭)]
n.分子By the ruler's schedule, the molecule capsules will play an important role in the roller.根据统治者的时间表,这种分子胶囊将在滚筒上起重要作用.
US ['mɑ:.lɪ-] noun countable specialized
■the simplest unit of a chemical substance, usually a group of two or more atoms 分子
particle, atom, grain, speck, molecule
这组词都有“粒，微粒”的意思，其区别是：
particle: 指任何物质的微粒，引申指任何小的部分。
atom: 指元素的最小粒子，其体积比molecule小。
grain: 通常指能为肉眼清楚看到的颗粒，比上述几个词所表“粒”的体积大。
speck: 一般指“微点”或“微粒”，可引申指“斑点、污点”。
molecule: 指物质中保持原物质的一切化学性质，能独立存在的最小微粒，即分子。
n. [化学] 分子；微小颗粒，微粒
 - numerator of a fraction, microne

Word: academy
Front: academy
[əˈkædəmi] (高研四六托 4895/4366 -2)
Vocabulary: academy
(once / 179 pages)
n
An academy is a fancy school, often one devoted to one subject or discipline, such as music or science. You can also use academy to describe the world of higher learning.
If you show unusual gifts as a clarinetist, you should consider attending the music academy in the next town. That's where you'll learn the most about your art. It's a private school, the Goodman Academy of Music, named after Benny Goodman, who was the greatest jazz clarinetist ever. If you want to use academy in its other sense, try "Those home experiments are cool, but without peer review, the academy will never accept them as science." Darn academy.
WORD FAMILY
academy: academic, academies, academism+/ academia: academias/ academic: academia, academically, academician, academicism, academics/academician: academicians, academicianship/academicianship: academicianships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Who is talking about this: It is shortlisted for the 2017 Royal Academy of Engineering Africa Prize.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He previously taught for three years at Integrated Arts Academy in Chaska.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Weaver graduated from the police academy last summer and was assigned to the Huntingdon barracks.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 专科学校; 学会，学院; 一般的高等教育; 私立学校，学术团体
分布：学院(84%)，学会(13%)，专科学校(3%)
→来自雅典城外一树林地名，哲学家柏拉图讲学之所，后代指学术。地名来自雅典英雄Akademos的名字,传说中他帮助海伦兄长解救了古希腊第一美女海伦而获赠此地。
n.(高等)专科院校;学术社团,协会,研究院Our professor is an academician of the Science Academy.我们的教授是科学院的院士.
noun countable
■an organization intended to protect and develop an art, science, language, etc., or a school which teaches a particular subject or trains people for a particular job 研究院；学会；专科学院
• a military/police academy 军事／员警学院
• the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art 皇家戏剧艺术学院
institute, university, school, college, academy
这组词都有“学院，大学”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指设立有专门学科的学院，如外语学院、地质学院、建筑学院等。
university: 主要指综合大学，一般由多个学院组成。当泛指大学时通常用college表示。
school: 指大学所属的学院或系。
college: 多指大学内的学院，分科学院或科目较少的高等学校。
academy: 指(高等)专科院校或研究专门学术的学校。
n. 学院；研究院；学会；专科院校
 - college, school

Word: actual
Front: actual
[ˈæktʃuəl] (高研四托 1739/1396 -K3)
Vocabulary: actual
(once / 48 pages)
adj
If you describe something as actual, it really exists or is true. You might excitedly tell your friends that you saw an actual bald eagle land on your mailbox.
Use the adjective actual when you want to emphasize that something is certain or confirmed, especially when it's different from what you expected. For example, you might say, "The actual length of my cousin's visit was three weeks, even though she said she'd stay three days." The Old French root is actuel, "now existing," from the Latin word actus, "a doing, driving, or impulse."
WORD FAMILY
actual: actualise, actuality, actualize, actually +/actualise: actualisation, actualised, actualises, actualising/actuality: actualities/actualization: actualizations/actualize: actualization, actualized, actualizes, actualizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
We’re always hearing about “firestorms of protest,” but they seldom involve actual fire.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
On all fronts, the actual future confounds the imagined future.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Milberg consulted a variety of experts, who told him it might be the actual manuscript, and worth as much as $500,000.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 真实的; 实际的; 现行的; 现在的
分布：实际的(90%)，事实上的(10%)
a.实际的;现实的,真实的,目前的I can give you the actual figures.我能举出实际数字.
adjective [before noun]
 ESSENTIAL
■real; existing in fact 现实的，实际的；真实的，真正的
• We had estimated about 300 visitors, but the actual number was much higher. 我们估计大约会有300名来宾，可实际人数要多得多。
• The exams are in July, but the actual results (= the results themselves) don't appear until September. 考试是在七月份，但是真正成绩要到九月份才公布。
in actual fact
 IMPROVER
■really 实际上，事实上
• I thought she was Portuguese, but in actual fact she's Brazilian. 我以为她是葡萄牙人，可实际上她是巴西人。
['æk.tʃu.əl] [-tju-] [-tʃʊl] adjective [before noun]
  Common Learner Errors  actual or current? Warning: choose the right adjective! To describe something that exists now, don't say 'actual', say current :
✗ I am not at all happy in my actual job. I am not at all happy in my current job.
real, authentic, genuine, true, actual, factual
这组词都有“真的，真实的，实在的”的意思，其区别是：
real: 普通用词，含义较广，有时可与actual和genuine换用。指一切真实的或 表面看不出虚假的事物。
authentic: 常可与genuine换用，指与事实完全相符，强调准确可靠。
genuine: 普通常用词，指真正的，货真价实的，强调非人为或非虚假的。
true: 指同实际情况或标准完全一致。口语中多用。
actual: 指事物的实际存在，并非出自主观臆造。
factual: 与actual同义，但更测重根据事实，不扩大或缩小，不渲染。
adj. 真实的，实际的；现行的，目前的
 - practical, sincere, real, effective, true

Word: constituency
Front: constituency
[kənˈstɪtjuənsi] (6333/2914 -2)
Vocabulary: constituency
(once / 1492 pages)
n
If you're an elected official, your constituency is the group of people whose interests you were elected to represent.
A constituency can be described in general as the population living in a district, state, or region, but it can also be any smaller section of that population, such as individuals or small groups advocating for specific issues. Your "main constituency" usually refers to the people whose needs you feel most strongly about, or the people who are most loyal to you.
WORD FAMILY
constituency: constituencies+/ constituent: constituency, constituents/ constitute: constituent, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutive, reconstitute/constituted: self-constituted/ constitution: constitutional, constitutionalize, constitutions/ constitutional: constitutionalise, constitutionalist, constitutionally, constitutionals, unconstitutional /constitutionalise: constitutionalising/constitutionalize: constitutionalized, constitutionalizing/ constitutive: constitutively/reconstitute: reconstituted, reconstitutes, reconstituting/ unconstitutional: unconstitutionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Although most MPs backed Remain, a large majority of constituencies voted to Leave.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
These new potential voters will lean left of center and would be a key progressive constituency.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
"Erdington as a constituency is rich in talent and diversity, but is one of the poorest in the country," said the local MP, Jack Dromey.
BBC(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. （选举国会议员的）选区; 选区的全体选民; （政客或政党的）支持者; 赞助者
→来自constitute, 构成。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■(the group of people who can vote belonging to) any of the official areas of a country that elect someone to represent them nationally 选区；选区的选民
• a rural/urban constituency 乡村／城市选区
n. （选区的）选民；支持者；（一批）顾客
 - customer, client, guest, advocate

Word: historic
Front: historic
[hɪˈstɒrɪk] (研六雅 2492/3232 -3)
Vocabulary: historic
(once / 403 pages)
adj
Something that's historic was important in its day and continues to be studied and remembered, like the historic integration of segregated schools and the historic March on Washington in 1963.
When you describe something that's historic, it's either the first or the only of its kind. Historic moments are so important or momentous that they'll show up in history textbooks. A building can be historic, and so can a speech or a battle or a disaster. The root word is the Greek historia, "a learning by inquiry or history," although historic specifically means "important in history."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
historic / historical
Something historic has a great importance to human history. Something historical is related to the past. People with big egos get them mixed up if they say they had a historic family background. Unless they helped win a war, it was probably just historical.
Historic describes something huge that happened in the past, something that affected human history. Historic things can be important figures, like Abraham Lincoln, or pivotal events, like the invention of the printing press. Historic lows are the lowest in history. Here are some historic examples from the news:
The last one closed in October as the museum moves historic objects out of its west wing for a major renovation beginning early next year.  (Washington Post)
A private funeral for the rap legend will be held at the historic Grace Baptist Church in Mount Vernon, just north of New York City. (Seattle Times)
Germans have little incentive to save, with interest rates at historic lows. (Business Week)
Something historical, like an event or an object, doesn't have to concern all of human history or be of worldwide importance, it's just something connected to the past, like these examples:
Other blow-by-blow historical Twitter efforts have run aground. (New York Times)
Kugel regularly furnished historical information that other Madoff employees used to fabricate trades, the government charged. (Washington Post)
Our package also included photos, video, story, historical timeline, readers' memories and polls. (Seattle Times)
The Battle for Bunker Hill was an important battle in the Revolutionary War, making it historic. While the battle for the last piece of your mom's chocolate cake might live in your family history as huge event, it's historical.
And by the way, if you pronounce the h- in either historic or historical, you should use a rather than an before it.
WORD FAMILY
history: historian, historic, historical, historicism, histories, prehistory +/ historian: historians/ historical: ahistorical, historically, historicalness, prehistorical/ prehistoric: prehistorically/ prehistory: prehistoric
USAGE EXAMPLES
Polly Sheppard said Roof told her he wanted to leave her alive to tell the world why he attacked a historic African-American church.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mascher later successfully got the building added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While it isn’t considered a historic structure, it’s more than 50 years old which means the city must approve of renovation plans.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 在历史上重要的，有历史影响的; 历史的，历史上的
分布：有历史意义的(65%)，历史的(35%)
a.有历史意义的;历史的The Chinese people have performed great historic feats.中国人民立下了伟大的历史功绩.
US [-'stɔ:r-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■important or likely to be important in history 历史上著名（或重要）的，有历史意义的
• historic buildings 有历史意义的建筑
• a historic day/moment 具有历史意义的日子／时刻
• In a historic vote, the Church of England decided to allow women to become priests. 英国圣公会在一项具有历史意义的表决中决定女性可以担任牧师。
historical, historic
这组词都有“历史的”的意思，其区别是：
historical: 指历史上的或历史的，侧重在历史上出现过或与历史有关的。
historic: 指历史上有名的，具有历史意义的或者可成为史料的。

Word: accompany
Front: accompany
[əˈkʌmpəni] (高研四六托雅宝 2438/1902 -K3)
Vocabulary: accompany
(once / 66 pages)
v
The verb accompany means to keep someone company, or to be their companion on a trip or journey. In a musical sense, accompany means to play background music for the lead singer or soloist.
If you want your friend to keep you company on your way to the store, you could ask her to accompany you on the walk. Or, if you want your friend to play piano while you sing a song, you could ask her to accompany you on piano. Just don’t ask her to do both at the same time or your friend may not want to accompany you anywhere any longer.
WORD FAMILY
accompany: accompanied, accompanies, accompaniment, accompanist, accompanying, accompanyist+/accompanied: unaccompanied / accompaniment: accompaniments/accompanist: accompanists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It included 15,000 fireworks and was accompanied by music from some of the city's most famous musical exports.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Lane argued it was a complimentary reference to physical strength and “was not accompanied by any overtly racial slurs.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their stories are accompanied by montages of period photos intended to create an air of credence.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 陪伴，陪同; 附加，补充; 与…共存; 为…伴奏
vi. 伴奏
时态：accompanied, accompanying, accompanies
分布：陪伴(67%)，伴奏(24%)，补充(7%)，伴随...发生(1%)，给 ... 伴奏(1%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. company,同伴，公司, 来自词根pan,面包，同food. 指一起吃面包的人。比较mate，词源同meat, 一起吃肉的人。
v.陪伴,陪同;伴随,和...一起发生,伴奏In the company my companion accompanied me until I accomplished polishing the shoes.在公司里同伴陪着我直到我完成檫鞋(任务).
【记】ac朝…方向，company同伴，公司
【参】accompaniment（n 伴随物；[音]伴奏）；accompanist（n 伴奏者）
verb transitive
GO WITH 和…一起去
 IMPROVER
■to go with someone or to be provided or exist at the same time as something 陪同，陪伴；伴随，和…一起提供（或存在）
• The course books are accompanied by four cassettes. 这些课本配有四盒录音带。
• Depression is almost always accompanied by insomnia. 忧郁症几乎总是和失眠分不开。
• The salmon was accompanied by (= served with) a fresh green salad. 那道鲑鱼菜佐以新鲜的蔬菜沙拉。
■slightly formal
■to show someone how to get to somewhere 陪送，陪同前往
• Would you like me to accompany you to your room? 我送你到房间去，好吗？
■formal
■to go with someone to a social event or to an entertainment 陪同，陪伴（某人参加社交或文娱活动）
• "May I accompany you to the ball?" he asked her. “我可以陪您去参加舞会吗？”他问她。
• I have two tickets for the theatre on Saturday evening - would you care to accompany me? “我有两张周六晚上的戏票，你愿意陪我一起去吗？”
[ə'kʌm.pə.ni] verb transitive
MUSIC 音乐　
■to sing or play an instrument with another musician or singer 为…伴唱（或伴奏）
• Miss Jessop accompanied Mr Bentley on the piano. 杰索普小姐为本特利先生钢琴伴奏。
conduct, attend, escort, accompany
这组词都有“陪同，伴随”的意思，其区别是：
conduct: 无论用于人或物均指引导带领。
attend: 侧重主从关系，即下级对上级，学生对老师等，或表恭、服侍。
escort: 通常指用车或人在陆上伴随、护送，其目的是保护或出于礼节。
accompany: 既可指人也可指物。用于人时，侧重关系紧密或同时发生。
vt. 陪伴，伴随；伴奏
 - attend, keep company

Word: lib

Word: session
Front: session
[ˈseʃn] (高研四六托雅 1544/1443 -K4)
Vocabulary: session
(once / 242 pages)
n
A session is a specific block of time dedicated to something. Court may be in session, or school may be in session, or you just might find yourself enjoying a massage therapy session.
The noun session also means a meeting of a board or committee to conduct business. The school board, for example, may hold a special session to discuss budget issues. Session can also refer to a gathering of spiritualists at a séance or a meeting with a psychic. You might have a session with a medium who claims she's delivering a message to you from your great-great-grandmother.
WORD FAMILY
session
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Dayton vetoed the package due to a costly wording error, and plans to revive it in special session never materialized.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Normally the House is in session only four days a week.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The first regular session of the new assembly of state lawmakers - the 30th Alaska Legislature - begins Jan. 17.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 开会，会议; （法庭的）开庭; 会期，学期; （进行某活动连续的）一段时间
分布：会议(68%)，会期(13%)，学期(9%)，一段时间(5%)，开庭期(5%)
→来自拉丁语 sedere,坐，坐下，词源同 sit.-ss,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
n.(一届)会议,一段时间In case of necessity, necessary session can be held on the vessel.必要时,必需的开庭可在船舶上进行.
noun
FORMAL MEETING 正式会议
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a formal meeting or series of meetings of an organization such as a parliament or a law court （议会等机构的）会议；（法庭的）开庭
• The parliamentary session is due to end on May 27th. 议会会议将于5月27日结束。
• The UN Security Council met in emergency session to discuss the crisis. 联合国安理会举行了紧急会议讨论该危机。
['seʃ.ən] noun
ACTIVITY 活动
 IMPROVER countable
■a period of time or meeting arranged for a particular activity （从事某项活动的）一段时间（或集会）；一场；一节
• The 21-year-old runner twisted his ankle in a training session last Friday. 这位21岁的跑者上周五在训练时扭伤了脚踝。
• As the European heads of state gathered, the press were allowed in for a photo session. 欧洲国家首脑聚集起来时，新闻记者获准进入拍照。
• informal Rob and I had a heavy session last night (= we drank a lot of alcohol). 昨晚罗布和我喝了很多酒。
['seʃ.ən] noun
COLLEGE PERIOD 大学时期
countable or uncountable US and Scottish English
■at a college, any of the periods of time that a teaching year or day is divided into, or the teaching year itself 学年；学期；上课时间
• The session begins on 1 October. 学期于10月1日开始。
• Access to these buildings is restricted when school is in session. 学校上课时间，这些大楼是不能随便进入的。
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。
n. 会议；（法庭的） [法] 开庭；（议会等的）开会；学期；讲习会
 - meeting, congress, term, sitting, semester

Word: nomination
Front: nomination
[ˌnɒmɪˈneɪʃn] (3232/6206)
Back: n. 任命; 提名; 被提名
分布：提名(90%)，任命(9%)，提名权(1%)
US [ˌnɑ:.mə-] noun countable or uncountable
SUGGESTION 建议
 ADVANCED
■an official suggestion of someone to do something 提名，推荐
• There have been two nominations for the new job. 这项新工作有两位提名人选。
UK [ˌnɒm.ɪ'neɪ.ʃən] US [ˌnɑ:.mə-] noun countable or uncountable
CHOICE 选择
■when someone is officially chosen for a job or position 任命；指定
• The nomination of Judge Watkins as head of the inquiry was a surprise. 任命沃特金斯法官为调查组组长有些出人意料。
n. 任命，提名；提名权
 - appointment, ordination

Word: dialogue
Front: dialogue
['daɪəlɒɡ] (中高托雅 2794/3654 -3)
Vocabulary: dialogue
(once / 448 pages)
n
If you land a role in a local play, you will probably have to memorize several lines of dialogue. If you disagree with how that play is being produced, you may want to open up a dialogue with the director.
Dialogue can refer to spoken lines in a dramatic performance such as a play, a film, or a television show. It is also any conversation between two or more people. On the written page, dialogue between characters is usually enclosed by quotation marks. When persons representing different political parties or different nations are said to engage in a dialogue, it means they are probably negotiating something of importance.
WORD FAMILY
dialogue: dialogues
USAGE EXAMPLES
Being prompted to enter into an inner dialogue in an fMRI machine is not the same as spontaneously debating with oneself at the kitchen table.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
At the time he was unpopular, criticised for too much compromise and too much dialogue.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“The music would add something — add some dialogue, add a level of understanding or suggestion or provocativeness — rather than amplify what was already there.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 对话; （文学、戏剧、电影等中的）对话; 对白; 意见分歧者之间的意见交换
vt. 用对话表达
vi. 对话; 进行非正式的意见交换
分布：对话(100%)
→dia-, 穿过，相互。-log, 说，词源同lecture, travelogue. 即人与人之间的对话，交流。
对话(dia+logue话→对着说话)[dia-表示"穿过,二者之间"]
对话(dia对着+logue→对着说)[log,logu=speak,表示"说话"]
US [-lɑ:g] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■(a) conversation which is written for a book, play or film 对话，对白
• The play contained some very snappy/witty dialogue. 这出戏里有一些非常俏皮／风趣的对白。
• Act Two begins with a short dialogue between father and son. 第二幕以父子间的简短对白开场。
■formal talks between opposing countries, political groups, etc. （敌对国家、政治团体间的）对话
• The rebel leaders stated that they are willing to enter into dialogue with the government. 叛军首领发表声明说他们愿意与政府进行对话。
• The two sides have at last begun to engage in a constructive dialogue. 双方终于开始进行建设性对话。
dialogue, conversation, chat, talk
这组词都有“交谈”的意思，其区别是：
dialogue: 指“对话”。
conversation: 一般用词，指两个或更多人互相交换意见的交谈。
chat: 指熟人之间非常随便的交谈，强调谈话的亲密和非正式性。
talk: 普通用词，可与conversation换用，指正式交谈。
n. 对话；意见交换
 - sesion, interlocution

Word: genuine
Front: genuine
[ˈdʒenjuɪn] (研四六托雅宝 3747/2524 -K3)
Vocabulary: genuine
(once / 190 pages)
adj
Genuine things are true or authentic. When you're talking about people, being genuine has to do with being sincere.
This word has to do with things and people that are true. A genuine blonde is a real blonde — no hair dye involved. A genuine friend is a real friend you can trust when the chips are down. Genuine feelings are real feelings — not fake feelings put on as a show. A genuine hundred dollar bill is the real McCoy, not a counterfeit bill. When something is the real thing, it's genuine.
WORD FAMILY
genuine: genuinely, genuineness
USAGE EXAMPLES
He is a genuine person who lives by a strict moral code, and he expects to be treated fairly.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But United continued to look like a team gathering some genuine momentum.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
His editor on The World at One, Dame Jenny Abramsky, remembered him as a "gifted broadcaster" with "genuine warmth".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 真正的; 坦率的，真诚的; 血统纯粹的，纯种的; [医学]真性的
分布：真正的(65%)，真实的(19%)，真诚的(15%)，地道的(1%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同generate. 即天生的。
真正的,纯正的(genu+ine→产生→来源清楚→真正的)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
a.真正的,名副其实的The generous general's genuine genius is in making generators.那位慷慨将军的真正天才在于制造发电机.
【参】ingenuous（adj 坦白的；直率的）
【反】feigned（adj 假的；做作的；捏造的）；spurious（adj 伪造的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■If something is genuine, it is real and exactly what it appears to be 真正的；非伪造的；名副其实的
• genuine leather 真皮
• If it is a genuine Michelangelo drawing, it will sell for millions. 如果这幅画是米高安哲罗（米开朗基罗）的真迹，它的售价将会达数百万。
 IMPROVER
■If people or emotions are genuine, they are honest and sincere 真诚的；诚实的；真心的
• He's a very genuine person. 他为人很真诚。
• Machiko looked at me in genuine surprise - "Are you really going?" she said. 町子真的很惊讶，她看着我问道：“你果真要走吗？”
['dʒen.ju.ɪn] adjective
the genuine article informal
■a good and real example of a particular thing （某类事物的）真品
• Those cowboy boots sure look like the genuine article. 这双牛仔靴看上去的确像是货真价实的正品。
real, authentic, genuine, true, actual, factual
这组词都有“真的，真实的，实在的”的意思，其区别是：
real: 普通用词，含义较广，有时可与actual和genuine换用。指一切真实的或 表面看不出虚假的事物。
authentic: 常可与genuine换用，指与事实完全相符，强调准确可靠。
genuine: 普通常用词，指真正的，货真价实的，强调非人为或非虚假的。
true: 指同实际情况或标准完全一致。口语中多用。
actual: 指事物的实际存在，并非出自主观臆造。
factual: 与actual同义，但更测重根据事实，不扩大或缩小，不渲染。
adj. 真实的，真正的；诚恳的
 - actual, sincere, true, real, positive

Word: depression
Front: depression
[dɪˈpreʃn] (研四六托雅宝 2095/3114 -3)
Vocabulary: depression
(once / 760 pages)
n
The act of pressing down on something is called making a depression, and when people suffer from psychological depression that is often what it feels like — the world itself is pressing down on them.
Depression can be a persistent mood (rotten), an economic situation (the worst), or just the geography (low). The Great Depression was when poor policy and economic circumstances combined to create a long period of time everyone struggled to even get food on the table.
WORD FAMILY
depression: depressions+/ antidepressant: antidepressants/ depress: depressant, depressed, depresses, depressing, depression, depressive, depressor/depressant: antidepressant, depressants/ depressed: depressedly/ depressing: depressingly/depressive: depressives/depressor: depressors
USAGE EXAMPLES
That is the substance, in many cases, of depression.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
FDR’s confidence deserted him as the economy lost a breathtaking four million jobs, leaving Roosevelt’s team to bemoan the “depression within a depression.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“For most patients,” said Dukakis’ psychiatrist, Dr. Charles Welch, “depression is a chronic and recurring illness that requires good lifetime management.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 萎靡不振，沮丧; 下陷处，坑; 衰弱; 减缓
分布：萧条(61%)，沮丧(39%)
沮丧;萧条(depress+ion)[press=press表示"挤压"]
【反】surfeit（n 过量；过度）
noun
UNHAPPINESS 不快乐
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the state of feeling very unhappy and without hope for the future 忧郁，抑郁；消沉，沮丧
• I was overwhelmed by feelings of depression. 我万念俱灰。
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a mental illness in which a person is very unhappy and anxious (= worried and nervous) for long periods and cannot have a normal life during these periods 抑郁症
• Tiredness, loss of appetite and sleeping problems are all classic symptoms of depression. 乏力、没有食欲和失眠都是抑郁症的典型症状。
• If you suffer from depression, it's best to get professional help. 如果你患有抑郁症，最好向专业人士求助。
⇒ See also clinical depression
[dɪ'preʃ.ən] noun
NO ACTIVITY 没有活动
countable
■a period in which there is very little business activity and not many jobs （经济）萧条（期），不景气（时期）
• The stock market crash marked the start of a severe depression. 股市大跌标志着大萧条的开始。
[dɪ'preʃ.ən] noun
WEATHER 天气
countable specialized
■an area where the air pressure is low 低气压区
• The deep depression over the mid-Atlantic will gradually move eastwards during the day. 今天白天大西洋中部上空的低压将逐渐向东移动。
[dɪ'preʃ.ən] noun
HOLE 洞
countable
■a part in a surface which is slightly lower than the rest 凹陷，浅坑
• There was a depression in the sand where he'd been lying. 他躺过的沙滩上留下了一个凹坑。
disappointment, despair, desperation, depression
这组词都有“绝望、沮丧”的意思，其区别是：
disappointment: 多指愿望或期望的落空。
despair: 普通用词，指因灾难等因素而丧失希望和信心，陷入沮丧，绝望的境地。
desperation: 语气强烈，指因绝望而使人采取无所顾忌的疯狂行动。
depression: 侧重指因遭受重大失利或挫折而产生的低落情绪。
n. 沮丧； [地理] 洼地； [经] 不景气；忧愁
 - recession, disappointment

Word: vaccine
Front: vaccine
[ˈvæksi:n] (托雅宝 4173/8303 -2)
Vocabulary: vaccine
(once / 820 pages)
n
To prevent you from getting sick, a doctor will give you a shot with a vaccine in it, which is a mixture that teaches your body how to fight against viruses and diseases.
It’s fascinating how vaccines work. A dead or really weak strain of a virus is injected into your body, and your system creates antibodies specifically designed to fight that particular virus. Once your body learns how to make those antibodies, you become immune to the virus, and it can’t make you sick. The word comes from the Latin vacca, meaning “cow,” because in 1796 a doctor used “cow pox” viruses to create a vaccine to prevent smallpox. Thank you, cows.
WORD FAMILY
vaccine: vaccinate, vaccines+/ vaccinate: vaccinated, vaccinates, vaccinating, vaccination, vaccinator/vaccinated: unvaccinated/ vaccination: vaccinations/vaccinator: vaccinators
USAGE EXAMPLES
To reduce the risk of pneumonia, two vaccines are recommended for people age 65 and older: Prevnar 13 first, followed by Pneumovax a year later.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
After the introduction of the measles vaccine, the rate of the disease dropped precipitously; it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It also set off a race for a vaccine, as global health officials strive to avoid a repeat.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 疫苗，痘苗
adj. 痘苗的，疫苗的
分布：疫苗(100%)
→来自拉丁语vacca,母牛，可能来自拟声词，词源同vaquero.疫苗义来自1800年，英国医生Edward Jenner发现了预防天花的技术，即通过把提取的牛痘病毒疫苗注射入健康人体内使之产生抗体，以激发人体的免疫系统，从而达到预防天花的目的。
noun countable or uncountable
■a substance which contains a form that is not harmful of a virus or bacterium (= extremely small organism) and which is given to a person or animal to prevent them from getting the disease which the virus or bacterium causes 疫苗
• This vaccine protects against some kinds of the bacteria. 这种疫苗能抵抗这些细菌中的某几种。
n. [计] [药] 疫苗；牛痘苗
 - bacterin

Word: prevail
Front: prevail
[prɪˈveɪl] (研四六托雅宝 4741/5010 -2)
Vocabulary: prevail
(once / 116 pages)
v
Prevail means to successfully persuade someone of something. If you were a Presidential advisor and you convinced him to make a National Day of Pet Appreciation, then you prevailed upon him to recognize pets.
Prevail can be used for different kinds of success. If you prevail upon someone, you have influence on them. If you prevail over someone, you win. Say you’re a big fan of a losing team. You might cheer, “Despite all odds, we will prevail!” To use prevail there has be some kind of contest. That could be internal, like when you’re on a diet and your desire to eat chocolate cake prevails over your discipline.
WORD FAMILY
prevail: prevailed, prevailing, prevails, prevalence, prevalent +/ prevailing: prevailingly/ prevalent: prevalently
USAGE EXAMPLES
At least the one the following season was closer, Dallas prevailing 30-13.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Democratic centralism still prevails—exemplified by the party’s monopoly on power, Xi Jinping’s autocratic rule and the suppression of dissent.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
We grew up hoping that good prevails over evil.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 流行，盛行; 获胜，占优势; 说服，劝说
时态：prevailed, prevailing, prevails
分布：盛行(49%)，获胜(43%)，劝说(8%)
→pre-,在前，领先，-vail,价值，.力量，词源同avail,value.即在力量上超过，胜利，引申词义盛行，流行等。
克服;流行(pre优先+vail→比...强大→克服,流行)[vail,val=strong,表示"强壮"]
v.(over,against)取胜,占优势;流行,盛行Details about the tailor's tail are available from the prevailing dailies.有关我缝在尾巴的细节可从流行的日报上得到.
【记】pre前，vail＝val力量－力量在别人前面－战胜
【反】yield（v 屈服）
[prɪ'veɪl] formal
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to get control or influence 占优势，占上风
• I am sure that common sense will prevail in the end. 我相信常识最终会获胜。
• And did reason prevail over (= become a more powerful influence than) emotion? 理智战胜了情感吗？
 ADVANCED
■to be common among a group of people or area at a particular time 流行，盛行
• This attitude still prevails among the middle classes. 这种观点在中产阶级里仍然很普遍。
[prɪ'veɪl] formal
verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [+ to infinitive] prevail on/upon sb
■to persuade someone to do something that they do not want to do 说服（某人）
• He was eventually prevailed upon to accept the appointment. 他最后被说服，接受了这项任命。
vi. 盛行，流行；战胜，获胜
 - obtain, win

Word: campaigner
Front: campaigner
[kæmˈpeɪnə(r)] (16672/6701)
Back: n. 从军者，出征者; 竞选者; 老兵
分布：从军者(45%)，出征者(37%)，社会运动人士(18%)
US [-nɚ] noun countable
■a person who takes part in organized activities which are intended to change something in society 运动参加者；运动倡导者；活动家
• an animal rights campaigner 动物权益运动的支持者
• She's a campaigner for Friends of the Earth. 她是地球之友运动的参加者。
n. 竞选者；从军者；出征者；老兵
 - veteran, warhorse

Word: clout
Front: clout
[klaʊt] (宝 8570/14147 -1)
Vocabulary: clout
(once / 2709 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
When you speak of someone having clout, it usually means that they communicate a sense of power or influence, particularly in the political sense. "You’ll wanna talk to that big guy over there if you want me to let you in. He’s got clout."
Clout can also mean to hit someone really hard — either the hit you give (“that’s a big clout he just landed”) or the act of hitting (“she clouted him with a baseball bat”). Of course, the sense of having power and the actual hitting are related, since clout is something to be wielded — either physically or figuratively. Note: it's not just tough guys who have clout. China is said to have "growing economic clout," and Oprah is known to have significant clout in the media industry.
WORD FAMILY
clout: clouted, clouting, clouts
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the university replaced senior researchers with other, younger academics, some measure of clout was lost, she said.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
The NFL understands clout like few sports organizations ever will.
The Guardian(Dec 22, 2016)
“I’d expect better behavior from a company with such clout in the transportation industry,” he said.
The Guardian(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: n. 敲打，猛打; （尤指政治上的）影响; 破布
vt. （尤指用手）猛击，重打
时态：clouted, clouting, clouts
分布：影响力(91%)，猛击(9%)
→词源同clod,clot,cloud.原指大块状的东西。
【记】clo＝close关门，out出：一脚把你踢出去，在把门关上，说明我很牛，有权威。
【反】impuissance（n 无力）；impotency（n 无力）；impotence（n 无力）
verb transitive informal
■to hit someone or something with the hand or with a heavy object （用手或重物）猛打，猛击，敲
• Quigley clouted me smartly across the side of the head. 奎格利狠狠地向我的头部一侧打了一巴掌。
[klaʊt] noun
POWER 权力
uncountable
■power and influence over other people or events 权势；影响力
• The Queen may have privilege but she has no real political clout. 女王可以享有特权，但没有真正的政治权力。
[klaʊt] noun
HIT 打击
countable informal
■when you hit someone or something with your hand or with a heavy object （用手或重物）猛打，猛击，敲
• If the photocopier stops working, just give it a clout. 要是影印机停止运转，拍它一下就好了。
n. 影响力；破布；敲打；靶心；大帽钉（等于clout nail）
 - leverage, beating
vt. 给…打补钉；猛击；用布擦
 - jab at, lash out

Word: custom
Front: custom
[ˈkʌstəm] (高研四六托雅 2993/2344 -K2)
Vocabulary: custom
(once / 75 pages)
1n 2adj 3n 4n
If something has been done a certain way for a long time and has become generally accepted, it's a custom. Asking strangers for candy on one night a year would seem strange if it weren't an established custom.
If you have been imprisoned in a far off country when you were just trying to blend in, you might have misunderstood the local customs. Custom can be traced back to the Latin verb consuescere, meaning "to accustom," in other words "to get used to." Custom can also describe something that you order made just the way you want it. Your five-seated bicycle is very original; was it custom-made?
WORD FAMILY
custom: customary, customise, customize, customs +/ customary: customarily/ customize: customized, customizes, customizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Customs and Border Patrol computer problems hit several U.S. airports on Monday, causing long lines at immigration checks, airport officials said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Immigration and Customs Enforcement said in its 2016 review released Friday.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This year, Republicans will drop that custom in their dash to scrap the Affordable Care Act.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 习惯，惯例; 海关，关税; 经常光顾; [总称]（经常性的）顾客
adj. （衣服等）定做的，定制的
分布：风俗(39%)，习惯(32%)，定制的(10%)，惯例(8%)，关税(6%)，定做的(5%)
→来自拉丁词consuetus, 来自词根su, 自己的，词源同self, idiom. 即形成自己的习惯。对进口商品惯常性的征收一定的税金或费用并最终形成专门的政府机构，词义由惯例引申为海关。
n.习惯,风俗,惯例;(pl.)海关,关税The customers are accustomed to the disgusting custom.顾客们习惯了令人讨厌的风俗.
noun
TRADITION 传统
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a way of behaving or a belief which has been established for a long time 风俗，习俗；传统
• a local/ancient custom 当地的／古老的风俗
• [+ to infinitive] In my country, it's the custom (for women) to get married in white. 在我国，女子结婚穿白衣是一种习俗。
['kʌs.təm] noun
USUAL ACTIVITY 通常的活动
only singular
■something you usually do 习惯；惯例
• He left the house at nine exactly, as is his custom. 他九点准时离开了家，这是他的习惯。
['kʌs.təm] noun
TRADE 商业
uncountable
■the support given to a business, especially a shop, by the people who buy things or services from it （尤指对商店的）光顾，惠顾
• Most of our custom comes from tourists nowadays. 如今我们大部分生意来自游客。
• If we don't give good service, people will take their custom elsewhere. 如果我们不能提供良好的服务，人们就会光顾别处。
['kʌs.təm] noun
OFFICIAL CHECK 核检
customs [plural]
■the place at a port, airport or border where travellers' bags are looked at to find out if any goods are being carried illegally 海关
• to go through customs 通过海关
habit, practice, tradition, convention, usage, manners, custom
这组词都有“习惯，风俗，传统”的意思，其区别是：
habit: 侧重于自然养成的，不易去掉的个人习惯。
practice: 常指习惯性的做法或行为。
tradition: 广义指世代相传的伦理、行为规范和生活方式，特指因长久奉行而几乎具有法律效力的习惯、习俗，侧重历史意义。
convention: 多指约定俗成的行为方式规则或公认的标准，或指艺术上公认的技巧。
usage: 指持续时间长，为很多人公认采纳的惯例、习俗。
manners: 指在某一时期或某一团体中盛行的社会礼仪或社会风俗模式。
custom: 指一个国家、一个民族、一个地区或一个社会的习惯、行为方式或风俗习惯。也可指个人的习惯。
n. 习惯；风俗；海关
 - manner, habit, way
adj. 定制的，定做的
 - made-to-order, tailored

Word: isolate
Front: isolate
[ˈaɪsəleɪt] (研四六托雅宝 3963/3830 -1)
Vocabulary: isolate
(once / 258 pages)
v
When you remove or set apart one thing from others, you isolate it. You could isolate yourself from people by living in a remote hut or, if you're a biologist, you could isolate a chromosome.
The verb isolate comes from the adjective isolated, which comes from the Latin insulatas, meaning “made into an island.” You may have heard the John Donne quote, “No man is an island.” Donne was claiming that no matter how much you might try to isolate yourself from the rest of humanity, in the end people are all connected to one another. Humanity’s need for connectedness may, in fact, be illustrated by the fact that jailers frequently isolate criminals as punishment.
WORD FAMILY
isolate: isolable, isolated, isolates, isolating, isolation +/ isolated: isolatedly/ isolation: isolationism, isolations/ isolationism: isolationist, isolationistic/isolationist: isolationists
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also said he would ratchet up pressure on China to further isolate North Korea if necessary.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
His contentious Twitter posts belie his relative calm when he is at Mar-a-Lago compared with when he is isolated inside Trump Tower.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Isolating a moment of inspiration in a film is an interesting challenge.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使隔离，使孤立; [电]使绝缘; [化]使离析; [微]使细菌分离
vi. 隔离，孤立
n. [微]分离菌; 隔离种群
adj. 隔离的，分离的; 孤立的
时态：isolated, isolating, isolates
分布：隔离(87%)，使孤立(6%)，孤立的(4%)，单独的(3%)
→来自isle,岛，引申词义使成孤岛，隔离，孤立，词源同insulate.
孤立[isol=island(岛)]
vt.隔离,孤立He relates that he is isolated from his relatives.他叙述说他与亲戚们隔离开了.
【记】源于island（n 岛）－孤立状态
【反】group（v 聚合；聚集）；amalgamate（v 合并）
verb transitive
■to separate something or someone from other things or people with which they are joined or mixed, or to keep them separate 隔离；孤立；分离
• He was isolated from all the other prisoners. 他被人从其他所有囚犯隔离开来。
• A high wall isolated the house from the rest of the village. 一堵高墙将这栋房子与村庄的其他部分隔离开来。
• They tried to isolate (= find) the cause of the problem. 他们试图找出问题的原因。
• specialized Virus particles were eventually isolated from the tissue. 终于将病毒粒子与组织分离开了。
separate, segregate, insulate, isolate
这组词都有“分开，分离，隔离”的意思，其区别是：
separate: 指一般意义上的分开或隔开。
segregate: 指把一群人或物从整体或主体中分离出来。
insulate: 指隔开、分离，尤指用某种东西阻挡从里面逃出或从外面进入的东西。作技术用词时，专指用某种绝缘体隔断通路。
isolate: 侧重指完全分离、隔开，也指人或处于完全孤立的状态。
vt. [生物] 使隔离；使孤立；使绝缘
 - segregate, seclude
vi. [生物] 隔离；孤立
 - cordon off, to stand alone
adj. [生物] 隔离的；孤立的
 - shielded, insular

Word: excite
Front: excite
[ɪkˈsaɪt] (中高研四六托 5328/7567 -K2)
Vocabulary: excite
(once / 43 pages)
1v 2v
To excite is to stimulate, animate, or energize. The return of your favorite TV show might excite you, and winning millions of dollars in the lottery will definitely excite you.
While a new book by a beloved author excites one person, and an extra scoop of ice cream excites another, it might take something like a free trip to Hawaii to excite you. In quantum mechanics, the word excite takes on a more scientific meaning: to raise something, like an atom or an electron, to a higher level of energy. The Latin root of excite is excitare, "rouse, call out, or summon forth."
WORD FAMILY
excite: excitable, excitant, excitation, excitative, excitatory, excited, excitement, excites, exciting +/excitability: excitabilities/ excitable: excitability, excitableness, excitably, unexcitable/excitant: excitants/excitation: excitations/ excited: excitedly, overexcited, unexcited/ excitement: excitements/ exciting: excitingest, excitingly, unexciting/unexcited: unexcitedly/unexciting: unexcitingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s a daunting and exciting challenge, one that will require collaboration from all types of farmers and consumers.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
STONE: That was an exciting aspect that it was our third thing together.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“Everybody was excited after the game, celebrating a bit,” Evans said.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 使兴奋; 激发; 刺激; 使紧张不安
时态：excited, exciting, excites
分布：刺激(44%)，激起(28%)，使激动(14%)，使兴奋(14%)
→ex-, 向外。-cit, 呼喊，移动，词源同cite, cinema. 后用于心理学，指唤醒，兴奋。
使兴奋,刺激(ex出＋cite→引出情绪)[cit=quote,call,表示"引用,唤起"]
v.刺激,使激动;激发,激励On the exciting kite site, the excited reciter cited my verse.在激动人心的风筝现场,激动的朗诵者应用了我的诗句.
verb transitive
MAKE HAPPY 使高兴
■to make someone have strong feelings of happiness and enthusiasm 激发（情感）；使激动；使兴奋
• Nothing about my life excites me at present. 我目前的生活就好像一潭死水。
[ɪk'saɪt] verb transitive
CAUSE REACTION 引起反应 formal
■to cause a particular reaction in someone 激发；引发；引起
• This product has excited a great deal of media interest. 这种产品引起了媒体的极大兴趣。
• The statement excited new speculation that a senior minister may be about to resign. 这项声明又引发了新一波的猜测，大家都猜想一位高级部长可能立即就要辞职。
motivate, encourage, excite, stimulate, inspire
这组词都有“鼓励、刺激”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: v.激发，促动，强调激起动机去做某事。
 • A desire to go to medical school motivates her to study hard everyday.   她希望上医学院，这成了她每天努力学习的动力。
encourage: v.鼓励，促进，含有"使增强勇气或给予希望"的意味。
 • He encouraged his son to go to good college.   他鼓励他的儿子上名牌大学。
excite: v.指使人感到激动、兴奋；煽动，鼓动。
 • The band played louder and excited the audience.   乐队演奏得更响亮了，使观众兴奋起来。
stimulate: v.刺激，激发，促进，强调刺激反应的结果。
 • Cold air stimulates me.   冷空气刺激我振作起来
inspire: v.鼓舞，激发，影响，常常带有"启迪，启发"的意思。
 • My mother inspires us with stories of her difficult childhood.   我的妈妈给我们讲童年时的艰苦生活以激励我们。
vt. 激起；刺激…，使…兴奋
 - warm, stir up
vi. 激动
 - warm, fire, to agitate

Word: mac

Word: mart
Front: mart
[mɑ:t] (24345/33925)
Back: n. 市场，贸易场所
分布：商业中心(75%)，贸易中心(25%)
→来自market的拼写变体。Mart 圣母玛丽亚
US [mɑ:rt] noun countable mainly US and Irish English
■a market or shopping centre 市场；购物中心
• Remember to get some bananas at the mart. 别忘了到市场上买些香蕉。
• discount marts 折扣商场
n. 集市； [贸易] 商业中心
 - market, bazaar

Word: hair
Front: hair
[heə(r)] (中高 602/668 -K4)
Vocabulary: hair
(once / 40 pages)
1n 2n
Hair is the strands of fiber that grow from a person's skin, especially on the scalp. Most mammals, from dogs to bears to mice, also have hair.
Your hair might be straight or curly, brown or gray or dark red. Even people with no hair on their heads have body hair, short, fine hairs that grow on arms and legs. Cats have coats that vary too, ranging from hairless to long, silky hair. Even some plants can be described as having hair. Colloquially, people "split hairs," or argue about unimportant things, or tell a "hair-raising" tale, or a spooky story that gives you chills.
WORD FAMILY
hair: hairless, hairlike, hairs, hairy +/hairless: hairlessness/ hairy: hairier, hairiest, hairily, hairiness, nonhairy
USAGE EXAMPLES
The baby was a strapping 6 pounds, 12 ounces, with thick, curly black hair like his father’s.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“I just hated to cut all that hair off,” Gates said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
It’s splitting hairs, but Howard was working in an offense that was nowhere near that of the Cowboys.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 头发，毛发; （动、植物的）毛; 一丝丝，些微; 毛发织物
分布：头发(91%)，毛发(8%)，极少量(1%)
→来自ghers,挺直，硬毛，词源同horror,hirsute.引申词义毛发，头发。hair ’s breadth 毫厘之差
n.毛发,头发;绒毛,毛状物He had his hair cut.他理了发.
US [her] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the mass of thin thread-like structures on the head of a person, or any of these structures that grow out of the skin of a person or animal （人的）头发；（人或动物的）汗毛，毛发
• He's got short dark hair. 他的头发短而黑。
• I'm going to have/get my hair cut. 我要去理发。
• She brushed her long red hair. 她梳理她那长长的红头发。
• He had lost his hair by the time he was twenty-five. 他25岁时头发就掉光了。
• He's starting to get a few grey hairs now. 他现在开始有白头发了。
• I found a hair in my soup. 我在我的汤里面发现了一根头发。
UK [heər] US [her] noun countable or uncountable
a hair's breadth
■a very small distance or amount 极短的距离，毫厘之差；细微的量
• His finger was within a hair's breadth of touching the alarm. 他的手差一点点就碰到警报器了。
• She came within a hair's breadth of losing her life (= She nearly died). 她差一点就丢了性命。
UK [heər] US [her] noun countable or uncountable
get in sb's hair informal
■to annoy someone, usually by being present all the time （因不断打搅而）使（某人）厌烦
• My flatmate has been getting in my hair a bit recently. 我的室友最近一直很烦人。
UK [heər] US [her] noun countable or uncountable
the hair of the dog (that bit you) humorous
■an alcoholic drink taken as a cure the morning after an occasion when you have drunk too much alcohol 解宿醉的酒
UK [heər] US [her] noun countable or uncountable
keep your hair on See keep your shirt on at shirt
UK [heər] US [her] noun countable or uncountable
make sb's hair stand on end informal
■to make someone very frightened 令（某人）非常害怕，使（某人）毛骨悚然
• To be honest, the thought of jumping out of a moving aeroplane makes my hair stand on end. 老实说，一想到从一架飞行中的飞机上跳下来就让我毛骨悚然。
UK [heər] US [her] noun countable or uncountable
not a hair out of place
■If someone does not have a hair out of place, their appearance is very tidy 非常整洁
• She was immaculate as ever, not a hair out of place. 她像往常一样干净整洁，从头到脚都没有丝毫凌乱。
UK [heər] US [her] noun countable or uncountable
That'll put hairs on your chest! humorous
■something that is said to someone who is going to drink something that is very strongly alcoholic or eat something satisfying that will make their stomach feel full 那会使你像个男子汉！（当某人要喝烈酒或饱餐一顿时别人说的玩笑话）
n. 头发； [解剖] 毛发；些微
 - capello, poil
adj. [解剖] 毛发的；护理毛发的；用毛发制成的
 - pilar

Word: briefly
Front: briefly
[ˈbri:fli] (3002/2529 -K2)
Back: adv. 短暂地; 简单地; 简略地; 略略
分布：简单的(50%)，简短地(50%)
adverb
SHORT TIME 短时间地
 IMPROVER
■for a short time 短暂的；简短的
• We chatted briefly about the weather. 我们聊了几句天气。
['bri:.fli] adverb
FEW WORDS 简言地
■using few words or without giving a lot of details 简言之，一言以蔽之
• Briefly, the company needs to cut its expenditure. 简言之，公司需要缩减开支。
adv. 短暂地；简略地；暂时地
 - momently, tentatively

Word: strange
Front: strange
[streɪndʒ] (中高 1580/1397 -K4)
Vocabulary: strange
(once / 33 pages)
adj
Anything that is unusual or out of the ordinary can be described as strange, like the strange sight of an ice cream truck pulling up in front of your school and your principal skipping over to it.
The adjective strange comes from Latin word extraneus, meaning “foreign” or “external.” If someone approaches you speaking with a strange accent, it means you can't identify where the person is from, not that he or she is odd or weird — the newer meaning of strange. But remember, it once was a strange sight to see a person talking on a cell phone; when the unknown becomes known, it is no longer strange.
WORD FAMILY
strange: strangely, strangeness, strangest+/strangeness: strangenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
This was unprecedented, and it held a strange appeal.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The president-elect did not respond to a question from the Guardian about whether Ferguson would be performing Strange Fruit at the inauguration.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Singer Rebecca Ferguson says she will accept Donald Trump’s invitation to sing at his inauguration under one condition: she wants to sing “Strange Fruit.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 陌生的，生疏的; 奇怪的，古怪的; 疏远的; 外国的
adv. 奇怪地; 陌生地; 冷淡地
级别：stranger, strangest
分布：奇怪的(80%)，陌生的(19%)，生疏或不自在的(1%)
→来自古法语 estrange,外来的，外部的，来自拉丁语 extraneus,外来的，外部的，来自 extra,外 面的，词源同 extra-,extraneous.引申词义奇怪的，陌生的。
a.奇怪的,奇异的;陌生的,生疏的;外地的In the exchange the oranges are arranged into strange ranges.在交易所里橙子被排成奇怪的行.
adjective
UNUSUAL 不寻常的
 ESSENTIAL
■unusual and unexpected, or difficult to understand 不寻常的；奇怪的；不可思议的
• He's got some very strange ideas about women! 他对女性有一些非常古怪的看法！
• You say the strangest things sometimes. 有时候你说的话非常奇怪。
• I had a strange feeling that we'd met before. 我有种奇怪的感觉，觉得我们以前见过面。
• It 's strange that tourists almost never visit this village. 不可思议的是，游客几乎从来不到这个村子来。
• That 's strange - I'm sure I put my glasses in my bag and yet they're not there. 太奇怪了——我确定我把眼镜放进了袋子里，但不见了。
feel strange
■to feel uncomfortable and not normal or correct 感觉不舒服；感觉不正常
• I hope that fish was all right - my stomach feels a bit strange. 我希望那条鱼没有问题——我的肚子感觉有点不舒服。
[streɪndʒ] adjective
NOT FAMILIAR 不熟悉的
 ADVANCED
■not known or familiar 陌生的，不熟悉的
• I don't usually accept lifts from strange men. 我通常不会搭陌生男人的车。
• With so many strange faces around her, the baby started to cry. 看到周围有这么多陌生面孔，婴儿开始哭起来。
• I've never been here before either, so it's all strange to me too. 我以前也没来过这里，因此对我来说这也是完全陌生的。
[streɪndʒ] adjective
stranger things have happened
■used to say that although a suggested event or idea seems very strange or surprising, it is possible 还有更离奇的事（用于说明虽然所说的事件或想法看来非常奇怪或令人吃惊，但也有可能会发生的）
• "You don't think Katie and Darryl are falling in love, do you?" "Well, stranger things have happened." “你不是认为凯蒂和达瑞尔坠入爱河了吧？是吧？”“噢！更离奇的事也会有。”
eccentric, peculiar, strange, queer, curious, crazy, funny, odd, singular, quaint
这组词都有“奇怪的，奇异的，新奇的”的意思，其区别是：
eccentric: 指偏离常规的怪异或怪癖。
peculiar: 侧重令人奇怪的或独一无二的特性，也指性格特征方面显著的与众不同之处。
strange: 普通常用词，含义广泛，指陌生新奇、奇怪、奇怪或不自然的人或物。
queer: 指一种无法解释的怪诞，强调事物的奇特和不可思议。
curious: 通常指非常特别或能引起注意、研究或探索的奇特。
crazy: 多指与众不同的行为、外表或人与物本身，含荒唐可笑或神经不正常的意味。
funny: 较通俗用词，指奇怪得滑稽可笑或反常。
odd: 通常指不规律、偶尔出现的人或事物，往往令人困惑或奇怪。
singular: 通常指异常或奇特，暗含不同于一般。
quaint: 指古色古香，会人感到既奇怪又有趣。
adj. 奇怪的；陌生的；外行的
 - unknown, lay
adv. 奇怪地；陌生地，冷淡地
 - queerly, anticly

Word: awkward
Front: awkward
[ˈɔ:kwəd] (高研四六托雅宝 4992/4097 -K2)
Vocabulary: awkward
(once / 271 pages)
adj
If you are awkward, chances are you are uncomfortable. You could feel socially awkward, like when you forget the host's name. Or, you may feel physically awkward, like when you trip on your way to the podium.
Have you ever felt clumsy and that you had two left feet? That is how it is to feel awkward — literally that you are going in the wrong direction. Awkward is an example of a word literally meaning something and then figuratively meaning something related. Its Middle English roots are awke, meaning "backhanded," and -ward, to "go in the direction of." So, if you are feeling uncomfortable, or clumsy, it's probably because your hands are connected to you the wrong way!
WORD FAMILY
awkward: awkwarder, awkwardest, awkwardly, awkwardness+/awkwardness: awkwardnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
These awkward exchanges usually stem from ignorance rather than anti-Semitism or neo-Nazi ideals, academic experts and others say.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And that created what was a momentarily awkward and uncomfortable scene as Reed pushed Clark and then Clark pushed back before teammates intervened.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Johnson injured his knee during an awkward tackle in the first quarter.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 令人尴尬的; 难对付的; 不方便的; 笨拙的
分布：尴尬的(69%)，笨拙的(31%)
→awk-,错误方向，-ward,朝向。引申词义笨拙的。
a.笨拙的,尴尬的;使用不便的,难处理的The awfully awkward warship is warned not to be awarded war reward.那艘非常拙劣的军舰受到不给予战争报酬的警告.
【反】svelte（adj 娇美的）；lithe（adj 柔软的；优雅的）；glib（adj 伶牙俐齿的）；deft（adj 灵巧的）
US ['ɑ:.kwɚd] adjective
DIFFICULT 困难的
 IMPROVER
■difficult to use, do, or deal with 难用的；棘手的；难处理的，难对付的
• It's an awkward corner to drive round, so take it slowly. 这个转弯不好过，开慢一点。
• Some of the questions were rather awkward. 有些问题是很难回答的。
• It was an awkward ascent, but we reached the top eventually. 那段上坡路很难走，但最后我们还是爬到了山顶。
• [+ to infinitive] My car's quite awkward to drive. 我的车很难开。
• He's an awkward customer (= a difficult person to deal with). 他是个很难应付的家伙。
UK ['ɔ:.kwəd] US ['ɑ:.kwɚd] adjective
EMBARRASSING 令人尴尬的
 IMPROVER
■causing problems, worry or embarrassment 令人尴尬的；使人难堪的
• an awkward position/situation 令人尴尬的位置／局面
• There followed an awkward silence while we all tried to think of something to say. 然后是一段令人尴尬的沉默，我们都绞尽脑汁地想说点甚么的。
• They'd chosen an awkward time to call as I'd just got into the bath. 他们偏偏在我刚开始洗澡的时候来电话，真不是时候。
• The police asked some awkward questions about where the money had come from. 警方围绕钱的来源问了一些让人很难回答的问题。
 IMPROVER
■embarrassed or nervous 尴尬的；局促不安的；为难的
• I always feel awkward when I'm with Chris - he's so difficult to talk to. 我跟克里斯在一起总感到为难——与他这人交谈太费劲了。
• He seemed a little awkward when I first met him. 我第一次见他时，他有点儿放不开。
UK ['ɔ:.kwəd] US ['ɑ:.kwɚd] adjective
NOT HELPFUL 没有助益的 mainly UK intentionally not helpful; uncooperative 难相处的；不合作的；故意为难的
• Just stop being so awkward and help me push the car, will you! 别再不合作了，快帮我推推车，好不好！
UK ['ɔ:.kwəd] US ['ɑ:.kwɚd] adjective
MOVEMENT 动作
■moving in a way that is not attractive 笨拙的；不灵活的；难看的
• His movements were slow and awkward. 他的动作迟缓笨拙。
UK ['ɔ:.kwəd] US ['ɑ:.kwɚd] adjective
the awkward gang informal
■in Britain, the group of MPs (= people elected to the government) in a party who often disagree with their leader 不服从党派领导的英国民选议员
sensible, conscious, awkward, aware, clumsy
这组词都有“笨拙的”的意思，其区别是：
sensible: 侧重通过直觉或理性感觉意识到某物的存在。 awkward, clumsy
conscious: 指内心的感觉，强调深刻的心理活动。
awkward: 侧重缺乏优雅、机敏和技巧。用于物时，指使用不便。
aware: 强调通过耳闻目睹或感觉而得到的信息，也指敏税的观察和推断。侧重感知，多与of一起用。
clumsy: 指人时，侧重行动笨拙；指物时，侧重制作粗陋或体积、重量过大而呈现笨重。
adj. 尴尬的；笨拙的；棘手的；不合适的
 - testing, embarrassed

Word: inform
Front: inform
[ɪnˈfɔ:m] (高研四六 2177/1726 -K3)
Vocabulary: inform
(once / 32 pages)
1v 2v
To inform is to tell someone news, pass on wisdom, leak gossip, or give instruction. You've been informed that you won the raffle at the county fair. What are you going to do with all that cheese?
The Latin verb infōrmāre means "to form or shape." The idea of passing on knowledge came about in the 14th Century, with the meaning of "teaching or instructing" coming later. Thomas Jefferson, who believed democracy to be impossible without informed citizens, said, “Educate and inform the whole mass of the people... They are the only sure reliance for the preservation of our liberty.”
WORD FAMILY
inform: informant, information, informative, informatory, informed, informer, informing, informs, misinform +/informant: informants/ information: disinformation, informational, informations/ informative: informatively, uninformative/ informed: informedly, uninformed/informer: informers/ misinform: misinformation, misinformed, misinforming, misinforms/ misinformation: misinformations/uninformative: uninformatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
If Mr. Robinson is to render an opinion, it should be informed by history.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Turkish immigration authorities informed the Brunsons that they would be detained pending deportation from the country.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Alexander says Parkes constantly yelled at her, denied her requests for training and failed to inform her of meetings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 通知; 使活跃，使充满; 预示
vi. 通知; 告发
时态：informed, informing, informs
分布：通知(74%)，告诉(21%)，告发(4%)，使熟悉(1%)
→in-,进入，使，form,形成。其原义使成形，训练，后引申词义教导，教育，说明，通知。引申演变比较instruct.
通知,告知(in进+form→进入形式→正式通知)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
v.(of,about)通知,告诉,报告;告发,告密The bookworm in uniform is informed of the storm.穿制服的书呆子得到暴风雨的消息.
US [-'fɔ:rm] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to tell someone about particular facts 通知，告知
• The name of the dead man will not be released until his relatives have been informed. 在通知死者亲属之前，不会公布死者的姓名。
• Why wasn't I informed about this earlier? 为甚么不早点将这件事通知我？
• Walters was not properly informed of the reasons for her arrest. 沃尔特斯并未按规定被告知其被捕的原因。
• [+ that] I informed my boss that I was going to be away next week. 我告诉老板下周我不在。
UK [ɪn'fɔ:m] US [-'fɔ:rm] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  inform against/on sb
■If you inform on/against someone, you give the police information, usually secretly, about that person, showing that he or she has done something wrong （向警方）告发（某人）
• The terrorists said that anyone caught informing on them would be killed. 恐怖分子说，举报他们的人一经发现将性命不保。
UK [ɪn'fɔ:m] US [-'fɔ:rm] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  informRemember: inform must have a direct object. Don't say 'inform about/of something', say inform someone about/of something :
✗ I am writing to inform that I am leaving. I am writing to inform you that I am leaving.
inform, notify, advise, acquaint
这组词都有“通知、告知”的意思，其区别是：
inform: 普通用词，指传达事实或信息，或指经过研究或调查而获得的事实或信息。
notify: 指正式通知需要注意的事情。
advise: 指正式通知某件重要事，所通知的事情与被通知的人有关。
acquaint: 指提供有关信息或情况使某人熟悉某些过程或复杂的情况。
vt. 通知；告诉；报告
 - message, bring in on
vi. 告发；告密
 - tell on, blow the whistle

Word: relax
Front: relax
[rɪˈlæks] (中高研四六托 2861/2535 -K3)
Vocabulary: relax
(once / 280 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
Relax is a verb that describes feeling less stressed out or tense. If you want to relax after a crazy day at school, you might watch TV, take a nap, or do yoga to help you unwind.
Relax can also refer to behavior that grows less formal or restrained, like a beach wedding where the bride and groom relax the usually formal ceremony by wearing casual clothing. Relax can also mean to become less tight. When you relax your grip on a pen, your hold loosens up. Relax can also refer to something that becomes less severe or strict. If your teacher would relax the attendance rules, you wouldn't keep getting in trouble for skipping class!
WORD FAMILY
relax: relaxant, relaxation, relaxed, relaxer, relaxes, relaxing +/relaxant: relaxants/ relaxation: relaxations/ relaxed: relaxedly, unrelaxed/relaxer: relaxers/ relaxing: relaxingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In contrast, there’s something soothingly achievable about “Relax into Yoga for Seniors: A Six-Week Program for Strength, Balance, Flexibility and Pain Relief.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Australian authorities relaxed drone regulations in September, allowing anyone to fly drones weighing up to 2kg without training, insurance, registration or certification.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
On the other side of the classroom, the newcomers learned basics: Arms and elbows relaxed.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）轻松; （使）松弛; 放宽; （使）放松
vt. 缓和，减轻; （使大便等）通畅
vi. 变得轻松; 变得随和; 变得和蔼; 通便
时态：relaxed, relaxing, relaxes
分布：放松(83%)，休息(10%)，放宽(6%)，使 ... 放松(1%)
→re-,向后，离开，lax,放松的。即松下来的，引申词义放松，休息等。
放松,宽心(re重新+lax→重新松开→放松)[lax=loose,表示"松"]
v.(使)松驰,放松Axe the tax on taxis. Wax may relax the body.削减出租车的税费.蜂蜡可以使身体放松.
verb
PERSON 人
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause someone to) become less active and more calm and happy, or to (cause a part of the body to) become less stiff （使）放松，（使）轻松；（使身体部位）松弛，放松
• After work she relaxed with a cup of tea and the newspaper. 下班后，她喝杯茶读着报纸放松放松。
• A good massage will relax your tired muscles. 好好按摩一下会使你疲劳的肌肉放松。
• He relaxed his grip on my arm (= He began to hold it less tightly). 他紧抓着我手臂的手不再那么用力了。
[rɪ'læks] verb
RULE 规则
transitive
■to make a rule or control less severe 放宽；放松；削弱；减轻
• Two weeks after the police relaxed security at the airports, there was a bomb attack. 警方放松了对机场采取的安全措施两周后就发生了一起炸弹袭击事件。
[rɪ'læks] verb
relax your grip/hold
■to start to control something less 放宽控制；放松约束
• The Mafia has relaxed its grip on local businesses. 黑手党放宽了对当地商家的控制。
[rɪ'læks] verb
  Common Learner Errors  relax or relaxed? Warning: do not confuse the verb relax with the adjective relaxed.
✗ The atmosphere at the wedding was very friendly and relax. The atmosphere at the wedding was very friendly and relaxed.
vi. 放松，休息；松懈，松弛；变从容；休养
 - lighten up, ease down
vt. 放松；使休息；使松弛；缓和；使松懈
 - rest, lighten up

Word: rough
Front: rough
[rʌf] (高研四六托雅 2627/2422 -K3)
Vocabulary: rough
(once / 80 pages)
1adjadv 2adjadv 3adjnv 4adj 5adj
Rough means harsh and uneven. If you want to go driving in the rough terrain of rocky dirt roads, you'll need four-wheel drive and a stomach for bouncing.
Rough means coarse or bumpy, and can be used in many different ways. A few days after you shave, your skin will be rough with stubble. Rough seas are choppy and turbulent, and might make you seasick. On a rough day, lots of things go wrong. A rough person (who could be called "a rough") tends to get into fights. Someone raised on a farm in the mountains could be described as having a rough and rugged life.
WORD FAMILY
rough: roughed, rougher, roughest, roughing, roughish, roughly, roughness, roughs+/roughness: roughnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
McGloin underwent an MRI on Monday after being roughed in the second quarter by Jared Crick.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
St. Thomas’s first regular-season game was against Booker T. Washington, a public high school in a rough neighborhood of Miami.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“His record is very mixed, particularly on protection. His tenure was a rough time for the protection of refugees,” a former senior UN official said.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 粗糙的，崎岖不平的; 粗鲁的; 狂暴的，汹涌的; 未经加工的
vt. 粗暴地对待; 使粗糙; 草拟
n. 粗糙的部分; 艰难，苦难; （高尔夫球场的）深草区
adv. 粗暴地
vi. 举止粗野
时态：roughed, roughing, roughs
分布：粗糙的(38%)，汹涌的(19%)，粗暴的(8%)，艰难的(8%)，粗暴地(7%)，草拟(5%)，粗糙地(5%)，使粗糙(4%)，暴徒(2%)，粗制品(2%)，殴打(2%)
→来自古英语 ruh,粗糙的，粗布的，多毛的，来自 Proto-Germanic*rukhaz,碎裂的，来自 reue, 粉碎，碎开，敲击，词源同 ruin,rag.引申诸相关词义。
a.粗糙的;粗略的,大致的;粗野的,粗暴的"Rough cough is tough enough," Bough said while touching the torch."剧烈咳嗽是够难以对付的,"大树枝在触摸手电筒时说道.
adjective
NOT EVEN 不平坦的
 ESSENTIAL
■not even or smooth, often because of being in bad condition 高低不平的；崎岖的；难行的
• It was a rough mountain road, full of stones and huge holes. 那是一条崎岖的山道，满是石头和巨大的坑洼。
 ESSENTIAL
■If a surface such as paper or skin is rough, it does not feel smooth when you touch it （表面）粗糙的，毛糙的，不平滑的
• My hands get very rough in the cold. 天一冷我的手就变得特别粗糙。
■Rough ground is ground that is not used for any particular purpose and is not even and full of wild plants. （土地）未开垦的，杂草丛生的，荒的
[rʌf] adjective
NOT EXACT 不精确的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■fairly correct but not exact or detailed; approximate 粗略的；大致的；近似的
• The builder did a rough sketch of how the new stairs would look. 建筑工人画了张新楼梯草图。
• This is only a rough guess. 这只是一个大致的推测。
• She made a rough estimate /calculation of the likely cost. 她粗略估算／计算了一下可能的开销。
• The tests are a rough guide to students' progress. 这些测试能够大致说明学生的进步情况。
[rʌf] adjective
POOR QUALITY 劣质的
■describes an alcoholic drink, especially wine, that tastes cheap and often strong （尤指酒类饮料）涩味的，辣嗓子的，劣质的
■not made in a careful or expensive way 粗制滥造的；简陋的；粗糙的
• I made a rough table out of some old boxes. 我用几个旧箱子造了一张简陋的餐桌。
[rʌf] adjective
SOUND 声音
■A rough voice or sound is hard and loud. 声音粗哑的，难听的
■If a machine sounds rough, it is making a noise because it is in bad condition. （机器状况不佳而）发出刺耳声音的，发出杂音的
[rʌf] adjective
VIOLENT 猛烈的
■dangerous or violent; not calm or gentle 粗暴的，粗野的；猛烈的；充斥暴力的，危险的
• a rough area of town 城内的危险区
• The other boys were rough, always looking for a fight. 其他的男孩子们非常粗野，总是寻衅打架。
• I'm always sea-sick if the water/wind/sea/weather is rough (= stormy). 在波涛汹涌时／狂风大作时／汹涌海浪中／暴风雨天气里我总会晕船。
[rʌf] adjective
DIFFICULT 艰难的
■difficult or unpleasant 艰难的；艰苦的；令人不快的
• He's had a rough time/month/year, what with the divorce and then his father dying. 他刚离了婚，父亲又去世了，那一段时间／一个月／一年对他来说是太难熬了。
• It must be rough to have two kids and nowhere to live. 带着两个孩子，又无处安身，日子肯定是很艰难。
[rʌf] adjective
ILL 生病的
[after verb] UK
■ill 不舒服的，不适的，有病的
• You look a bit rough - how much did you have to drink last night? 你看上去有点气色不好——你昨晚喝了多少酒啊？
[rʌf] adjective
rough and ready
■produced quickly, with little preparation 草草制成的，粗制滥造的
■simple but good enough 简单粗糙但尚可用的，简陋但可行的
• rough and ready accommodation 简陋但还过得去的膳宿
[rʌf] adjective
rough edges
■If a piece of work or a performance has rough edges, some parts of it are not of very good quality 瑕疵，美中不足之处
• He's a great footballer, but his game still has a few rough edges. 他是一个优秀的足球运动员，但他的技艺仍有瑕疵。
■If a person has rough edges, they do not always behave well and politely 偶尔的无礼或不良行为
• I knew him before he was successful, and he had a lot of rough edges back then. 在他还没有成功的时候我就认识他了，那时候他是一个粗野的人。
[rʌf] adjective
rough justice/luck
■something that happens to you that is severe or unfair 不公平的遭遇／残酷的命运
• It seems like rough justice that he should lose his house as well as his wife. 他老婆、房子都没了，这好像有点太残酷了。
[rʌf] verb
rough it informal
■to live temporarily in basic and uncomfortable conditions （暂时）将就度日，因陋就简地生活
• While the house was being decorated we roughed it in a tent. 在装修房子期间，我们将就着住在帐篷里。
[rʌf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rough sth in
■If you rough a drawing in, you you draw the basic lines, without the detail. 大致勾画出…的轮廓，勾勒
[rʌf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rough sth out
■If you rough out a drawing, idea or plan, you draw or write the main parts of it without giving its details. 勾勒，画出…的轮廓；拟出…的梗概，草拟
[rʌf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rough sb up informal
■to hit and kick someone, usually to frighten or threaten them （通常为恐吓或威胁而）揍（某人），殴打（某人），对（某人）动粗
[rʌf] noun
DRAWING 画图
countable
■a first quick drawing of something 草图，略图
in rough
■simple and without details 粗略地；大概地；大致上
• His first plans were drawn up in rough. 他最初的计划是草草拟就的。
[rʌf] noun
VIOLENT PERSON 暴徒
countable
■a violent person 粗人，莽汉，暴徒
• a gang of drunken young roughs 一群醉酒撒野的年轻人
[rʌf] noun
GOLF 高尔夫球
the rough
■in golf, an area of ground with long grass （高尔夫球场的）生有长草的起伏地面，深草区
• My ball landed in the rough. 我把球打进了深草区。
[rʌf] noun
rough and tumble
■fighting between children that is not serious 孩子间的小打斗
• It was just a bit of rough and tumble. 那只不过是孩子间的小打小闹。
■a busy activity which people do in a very forceful way 激烈的竞争；混战
• She enjoys the rough and tumble of politics. 她喜欢复杂的政治斗争。
[rʌf] noun
take the rough with the smooth
■to accept the unpleasant parts of a situation as well as the pleasant parts 是好是歹一起承受，好事坏事都能接受，既能享乐也能吃苦
• That's relationships for you - you have to take the rough with the smooth. 谈恋爱就是那样，你苦乐都要一起接受。
[rʌf] adverb
VIOLENTLY 粗鲁地
■forcefully or violently 粗野地；粗鲁地
• The Hull team had a bad reputation for playing rough. 赫尔队打法粗野，臭名远扬。
[rʌf] adverb
OUTSIDE 街头
live/sleep rough
■to live outside not in a house, and sleep on the ground 风餐露宿
• When we ran out of money, we slept rough for a week. 我们的钱花没了，一个星期都露宿街头。
preliminary, rough
preliminary: 初步的，预备的
rough: 粗糙的，大致的
hoarse, rough, harsh
这组词都有“嘶哑的，沙哑的”的意思，其区别是：
hoarse: 指嘶哑刺耳的声音，通常因高声喊叫后嗓子失音所致。
rough: 指粗哑难听的声音。
harsh: 一般多指刺耳难听的声音。
rude, crude, harsh, rough, coarse
这组词都有“粗糙的”的意思，其区别是：
rude: 指加工粗糙、不精细。也指某人的言行举止粗鲁无礼，缺乏修养。
crude: 主要指未经加工处理尚处于自然状态的物质；也可指人的言行粗鲁。
harsh: 指外表、性质、声音的粗糙、刺耳、刺目，强调使人不愉快的粗糙感。
rough: 普通用词，指某物纹理不精细，或表面凹凸不平，不光滑。
coarse: 指某物质地粗糙低劣或编织、加工等不精细、精巧。也指人的言谈举止粗鲁，不文雅。
adj. [机] 粗糙的；粗略的；粗野的；艰苦的；未经加工的
 - crude, robust, tough, gross, coarse
vt. [机] 使粗糙；粗暴对待；草拟
 - harshen, draw up
n. 艰苦；高低不平的地面；未经加工的材料；粗糙的部分
 - arduousness
adv. [机] 粗糙地；粗略地；粗暴地
 - coarsely, crudely

Word: pot
Front: pot
[pɒt] (高研四六托 2235/2782 -K3)
Back: n. 罐; 一罐; （某种用途的）容器; 陶盆
vt. 把…栽入盆中; 种盆栽; 台球、普尔和斯诺克击（球）入袋; 射杀
vi. 随手射击
时态：potted, potting, pots
分布：壶(55%)，罐(40%)，射猎(4%)，把 ... 装罐(1%)
→来自古法语pot,壶，罐，容器，来自Proto-Germanic*puttaz,壶，罐，来自budn,容器，可能来自beu,鼓起，膨胀，词源同ball,pouch,pocket.另一种说法是来自拉丁语potus,饮水杯，词源同potion,部分词源学家对这一猜测持否定态度。
n.罐,壶Put the spotless potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco atoms into the hot pot.把无斑点的土豆,番茄和烟草微粒放进热锅里.
【记】pot作为词根是力量的意思。
US [pɑ:t] noun
CONTAINER 容器
 IMPROVER countable
■any of various types of container, usually round, especially one used for cooking food 罐，壶
• Fill a large pot with salted water and bring it to the boil. 用一个大壶装满盐水并煮开。
• There's plenty of cupboard space in the kitchen for all your pots and pans. 厨房的碗橱有足够的空间放你的盆盆罐罐。
⇒ See also teapot
 IMPROVER countable mainly UK
■any of different types of containers, with or without a lid, especially for storing food or liquids （尤指储藏食物或液体的）罐，瓶，壶
• a pot of cream/jam/paint/ink 一罐奶油／果酱／油漆／墨水
countable
■a flowerpot 花盆
• a terracotta plant pot 赤陶植物盆
• Most lilies grow well in pots. 大多数百合花在盆中都生长良好。
countable
■the amount that is contained inside a pot 一罐（或一壶、一瓶等）的量
• I've just drunk a whole pot of tea! 我刚喝了整整一壶茶。
• She'd made a large pot of chicken soup. 她熬了一大锅鸡汤。
countable
■used in combination to refer to a container of a stated type （用作构词成分）壶，罐
• a coffee pot 咖啡壶
• a flowerpot 花盆
• a teapot 茶壶
countable
■a dish, bowl, etc. made by hand out of clay 陶碟，陶碗；陶制器皿
pots of sth
■a large amount of something 大量的…
• She's got pots of money (= She's very rich). 她很有钱。
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
TOILET 厕所
countable
■a potty (= bowl used by children as a toilet) 幼儿用便盆
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable US slang or UK old-fashioned slang
■ cannabis 大麻
• a pot smoker 吸食大麻者
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
STOMACH 胃
countable usually singular mainly humorous
■a potbelly
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
BAD STATE 糟糕的状况
go to pot informal
■to be damaged or spoiled because people are not working hard on it or caring for it 毁坏；衰落；完蛋
• I'm afraid I've let the garden go to pot this summer. 很遗憾，今年夏天我让花园荒芜了。
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
HIT BALL 击球
countable UK
■an act of hitting a ball into a hole, especially in games such as snooker （斯诺克等）击（球）落袋
• Dawson made a difficult pot look very easy. 很困难的一记击球在道森手上却显得轻而易举。
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
not have a pot to piss in very informal
■to be very poor 非常穷困的
• Any help we can offer them will be appreciated. They don't have a pot to piss in. 他们会非常感谢我们提供的任何帮助。他们穷困极了。
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
the pot calling the kettle black
■something that you say which means someone should not criticize another person for a fault that they have themselves 五十步笑百步；锅嫌壶黑
• Elliott accused me of being selfish. Talk about the pot calling the kettle black! 艾丽特竟然责备我自私，真是“五十步笑百步”。
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
SHOOT 射击
intransitive or transitive mainly UK
■to shoot birds or small animals for food, or to shoot (at) them without taking careful aim 射杀，射猎（飞禽或小动物）；随手射（中）
• He strolled through the fields, potting (at) the occasional rabbit. 他在田间散步，随手射猎了那只偶然撞见的野兔。
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
HIT BALL 击球
transitive UK
■in games such as snooker, to hit a ball so that it falls into one of the holes at the edge of the table （斯诺克等）击（球）落袋
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
PUT IN CONTAINER 栽入盆中
transitive
■to put a plant into a container to grow 把（植物）栽入盆中
• I'm just going to pot (up) these seedlings. 我正要把这些幼苗栽在花盆中。
n. [轻] 壶；盆；罐
 - basin, kettle
vt. 把…装罐；射击；节略
 - flight, take a shot at

Word: sovereignty
Front: sovereignty
[ˈsɒvrənti] (托宝 4852/5195 -2)
Vocabulary: sovereignty
(once / 508 pages)
n
Sovereignty can describe the power of one state or thing over another or the freedom a state or thing has to control itself.
Look closely at the word sovereignty, and you will see it is all about who reigns, or rules. Although sovereignty is usually used in a political sense — particularly the power of nations, it can be used to describe personal control as well: If your mother insists upon your wearing wool hats in summertime, you might declare complete sovereignty over your wardrobe. The word is also occasionally used for the power of royalty, like a queen.
WORD FAMILY
sovereignty: sovereignties
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a ubiquitous, cross-border commons, it often defies notions of state sovereignty.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
He said the omission was part of a campaign by Mr Macri's government to "place a priority on bilateral trade" over the sovereignty claim.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“Cuba will not abandon a single one of its principles ... not its independence and not its sovereignty,” she said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 国家的主权; 君权，最高统治权; 独立自主; 主权国家
分布：主权(99%)，独立国(1%)
→sovereign,最高统治权的，主权的，-ty,名词后缀。
【记】s，over，reign（v /n 统治），ty：over统治－至高无上的统治－主权，统治权。
US ['sɑ:v.rən.i] noun uncountable
■the power of a country to control its own government 主权，统治权
• Talks are being held about who should have sovereignty over the island. 关于该岛主权归属问题的会谈正在进行。
n. [法] 主权；主权国家；君主；独立国
 - emperor, dominion

Word: license
Front: license
[ˈlaɪsns] (中高研四六宝 2872/6660 -K2)
Vocabulary: license
(once / 228 pages)
nv
What does 007's license to kill have to do with that driver's license you can't wait to acquire? Both are forms of permissions conferred officially. If you’re in England, the noun ends in “c,” as in driver’s licence.
When you have a license, you have official permission to do something, like drive a car. Bars need a liquor license to serve alcohol. Doctors need a medical license to practice medicine. You can also say people have license to do something, which means they're free to do it, like if you give yourself poetic license to misspell your own name. In Britain, license is only a verb, meaning "allow," and the noun form is spelled with two cs: licence.
WORD FAMILY
license: licensed, licenser, licenses, licensing+/ licensed: unlicensed /licenser: licensers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Time is ticking for Minnesota to upgrade its driver’s licenses to satisfy looming federal requirements to board domestic flights.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Before opening for business, the hospital will be subject to inspection and licensing by the state Health Department.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Kelly recently received a Special Police Officer license that allows her to work as a security guard.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 许可证，执照; 特许
vt. 同意; 发许可证
时态：licensed, licensing, licenses
分布：许可证(53%)，执照(38%)，特许(7%)，发许可证给(2%)
→来自license拼写变体。比较advice,advise,device,devise,vice,vise.
特许,许可证[licen=allow,表示"允许"]
批准,许可[licen=allow,表示"允许"]
n.(licence)许可证,执照v.准许,认可The junior and senior of the senate all have driver's licenses.参议院的年长者和年少者都有驾驶执照.
【记】一个人的特许太多就会有行为的自由。
verb transitive
■to give someone official permission to do or have something 许可，授权，特许
• [+ to infinitive] Several companies have been licensed to sell these products. 一些公司获得了这些产品的销售许可。
certificate, license
certificate: 证书，如产品合格证明书
license: 执照，如驾照；
n. 执照， [专利] 许可证；特许
 - permit, patent
vt. [专利] 许可；特许；发许可证给
 - permit, charter

Word: occupation
Front: occupation
[ˌɒkjuˈpeɪʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 3334/2591 -3)
Vocabulary: occupation
(once / 173 pages)
1n 2n
An occupation is a physical takeover. Your student group's occupation of the college building made news when your demands became known. In exchange for leaving, you wanted the college to grant a tuition freeze.
The occupation of a building can refer to the rightful habitation by its residents or the takeover of a building, as in a protest. The occupation of a country, however, always refers to the takeover and control of one country by another, as in the German occupation of France during WWII. The noun occupation can also mean your line of work or anything that occupies your time. Some people have unusual occupations, such as alligator wrangler or golf ball retriever.
WORD FAMILY
occupation: occupational, occupations+/ occupancy: occupancies/ occupant: occupants/ occupational: occupationally/ occupied: occupiedly, unoccupied/ occupier: occupiers/ occupy: occupancy, occupant, occupation, occupied, occupier, occupies, occupying, preoccupy / preoccupation: preoccupations/ preoccupied: preoccupancy, preoccupiedly/ preoccupy: preoccupation, preoccupied, preoccupies, preoccupying
USAGE EXAMPLES
A decade later, with his country under American occupation, he performs on the street.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
First, Kerry displayed surprising knowledge of what occupation means on the ground.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But Kerry was also right when he said that “the status quo is leading towards one state and perpetual occupation.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 职业，工作; 占有，占领; （土地、房屋、建筑等的）使用
分布：职业(80%)，占有(8%)，消遣(6%)，居住(6%)
→来自occupy,占用，占据，居住。引申词义职业。
职业;占有[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
n.占领,占据;占用;职业,工作He is a writer by occupation.他的职业是作家.
US [ˌɑ:.kjə-] noun
JOB 职业
countable slightly formal
■a person's job 职业；工作
• In the space marked 'occupation' she wrote 'police officer'. 在“职业”一栏里她写了“员警”。
UK [ˌɒk.jʊ'peɪ.ʃən] US [ˌɑ:.kjə-] noun
ACTIVITY 活动
countable slightly formal
■a regular activity or hobby 日常活动；消遣
• It seems to me his favourite occupation is eating. 在我看来，他最喜爱的消遣就是吃。
UK [ˌɒk.jʊ'peɪ.ʃən] US [ˌɑ:.kjə-] noun
CONTROL 控制
uncountable
■when an army or group of people moves into and takes control of a place （军队或一伙人）占领，占据
• the Italian occupation of Ethiopia 义大利对埃塞俄比亚的侵占
work, vocation, occupation, employment, trade, profession, career, job
这组词都有“职业”的意思，其区别是：
work: 指任何种类的工作，也泛指职业。
vocation: 较正式用词，语气庄重，指长期从事，但不一定以此为主计的职业。
occupation: 泛指任何一种职业，既不分什么行业，也不管是脑力还是体力劳动。
employment: 指受雇于他人，领取工资以谋生计，有较固定工作的职业。
trade: 指需要有熟练技巧、技能和体力的职业。
profession: 以前常指要受过高等教育(尤指法律、医学和神学)才能获得的职业，现在一般指为谋生日的职业，尤指从事脑力劳动和受过专门训练，具有某种专业知识的职业。
career: 指经过专门训练，终身愿意从事的职业。
job: 通常指一切有收入，不分脑力与体力运动，不论是否有技艺的长期或临时的职业。
n. [劳经] 职业；占有；消遣；占有期
 - profession, employment, career, calling, pursuit, entertainment

Word: dress
Front: dress
[dres] (中高雅 1437/1673 -K4)
Vocabulary: dress
(once / 35 pages)
1vnadj 2v 3v 4v 5v
When you dress, you put your clothes on. A dress is also a kind of one-piece shirt and skirt combo that can be fancy or plain. You can also dress a salad with salad dressing!
When you’re putting your clothes on, it’s usually phrased “get dressed.” If you dress up, you’re putting on something special. You can also dress another person — you might dress a toddler in a snowsuit or dress your dog in a sweater. When you dress a turkey for Thanksgiving, you don't clothe it, you simply prepare it for cooking. This is the oldest meaning of dress, which comes from the Old French dresser, "prepare, arrange, set a table, serve food."
WORD FAMILY
dress: dressed, dresser, dresses, dressing, dressy, overdress, underdress, undress+/dressed: ill-dressed/ dresser: dressers/dressing: dressings/ dressy: dressier, dressiest/overdress: overdressed, overdresses, overdressing/underdress: underdressed, underdressing/undress: undressed, undresses, undressing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Thirty seconds later, a woman shows up dressed like a shark who calls herself a dolphin, which is probably a metaphor.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Cleveland dressed only 10 players thanks to a rash of recent injuries.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The man, who was dressed in a Charlotte baggage handler’s uniform, appeared unharmed and refused medical treatment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 衣服; 装饰; 连衣裙; 礼服
vt. & vi. 给…穿衣; 穿着; 打扮
adj. 连衣裙的; 须穿礼服的; 适合于正式场合的; 办公时（或半正式场合）穿戴的
vt. 给…穿衣; 给…提供衣服; 装潢，装饰或装点; 排成列
vi. 穿衣; 排列整齐
时态：dressed, dressing, dresses
分布：穿着(34%)，打扮(28%)，穿衣(19%)，服装(16%)，女装(3%)
→来自法语，词源同direct, 引导，管理。引申义装饰，穿衣，连衣裙等。
n.服装,童装,女装v.穿衣,打扮The progressive congressman dressed in black stressed his distress.穿着黑色衣服的进步国会议员强调了他的不幸.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a piece of clothing for women or girls which covers the top half of the body and hangs down over the legs 连衣裙
• a long/short dress 长／短裙
• a wedding dress 婚纱
uncountable
■used, especially in combination, to refer to clothes of a particular type, especially those worn in particular situations （尤指适用于某种场合的）服装
• The queen, in full ceremonial dress, presided over the ceremony. 女王身着礼服盛装主持仪式。
[dres] verb
PUT ON CLOTHES 穿衣服
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to put clothes on yourself or someone else, especially a child 穿衣服；给（尤指小孩）穿衣服
• My husband dresses the children while I make breakfast. 我做早饭时丈夫给孩子们穿衣服。
• He left very early and had to dress in the dark. 他很早出门，所以只好摸黑穿衣服。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to wear a particular type of clothes 穿…的服装
• I have to dress quite smartly for work. 我上班必须穿戴得光鲜整洁。
• Patricia always dresses in black (= wears black clothes). 派特里夏总穿黑色衣服。
dress for dinner
■to put on formal clothes for a meal （为赴宴而）着正装
• It's the sort of hotel where you're expected to dress for dinner. 去那家饭店赴宴要着正装。
[dres] verb
FOOD 食物
transitive
■to add a liquid, especially a mixture of oil and vinegar , to a salad for extra flavour 给（沙拉）加调料
• a dressed salad 加有调味料的沙拉
transitive
■to prepare meat, chicken, fish, and especially crab so it can be eaten 加工（肉类、鸡、鱼等，尤指螃蟹）
• a whole dressed crab 经过加工的整只螃蟹
[dres] verb
INJURY 损伤
transitive
■to treat an injury by cleaning it and putting medicine or a covering on it to protect it 包扎，处理（伤口）
• Clean and dress the wound immediately. 马上清洗包扎伤口。
[dres] verb
SHOP WINDOW 商店橱窗
transitive
■to decorate a shop window usually with an arrangement of the shop's goods 布置（橱窗）
• They're dressing Harrods' windows for Christmas. 为了迎接圣诞节，他们正在布置哈洛氏百货公司的橱窗。
[dres] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  dress down
■If you dress down for an occasion, you intentionally wear informal clothes of the type that will not attract attention 穿着低调，穿着随意
• She always made a point of dressing down on her first date with a man. 和男士第一次约会时她总是刻意穿得很低调。
[dres] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  dress up
■to put on formal clothes for a special occasion 穿正装，盛装
• You don't need to dress up to go to the pub - jeans and a T-shirt will do. 去酒吧不必穿正装——牛仔裤加短袖衫就可以了。
■to put on special clothes in order to change your appearance 改换装束，装扮
• Small children usually love dressing up in their mothers' clothes. 小孩子通常喜欢穿妈妈的衣服。
• He dressed up as a cowboy for the party. 他装扮成牛仔去参加派对。
[dres] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dress sth up
■If you dress something up, you add something to it in order to make it seem more interesting or pleasing than it really is 装饰，装点
• I thought I'd dress up the frozen pizza with a few extra tomatoes and olives. 我想我会在冷冻的薄饼上再加点番茄和橄榄作装饰。
• Politicians tried to dress up the bill as a bold new strategy for combatting poverty. 政治家们试图把这个议案美化成与贫困作战的一项大胆新策略。
[dres] adjective [before noun]
■describes men's suits, shirts or other clothes of the type that are worn at formal occasions （男装）正式的，正式场合穿的
• a white dress shirt and bow tie 白色的正装衬衫和领结
put on, dress, wear
这组词都有“穿衣，穿”的意思，其区别是：
put on: 普通用语，指把衣服、鞋袜、帽子、手套等戴上去，侧重穿戴的动作。
dress: 普通用词，指给自己或他人穿衣。既表动作又可表状态。
wear: 最常用词，指穿衣、鞋袜或戴手套等，侧重穿戴的状态。
uniform, clothing, clothes, dress, garment, suit, costume, gown, robe, coat
这组词都有“衣服、服装”的意思，其区别是：
uniform: 指某团体或组织统一做的制服，如军服、校服等。
clothing: 常用词，集合名词，是衣服的总称。
clothes: 普通用词，多指包括上衣、内衣或裤子等具体的一件件衣服。
dress: 多指正式场合或为某些特定用途而穿的服装，也指童装或女性穿的连衣裙。
garment: 语气庄重，正式用词，复数形式可与clothes换用，指身上全部穿着。单数形式指单件衣服，尤指长袍、外套等外面的衣服。
suit: 指一套服装，一般有几件配成一套的套装。
costume: 指流行某一地区或某一时代的服装，也指演员的戏装。
gown: 指女人穿的长服，尤指教士、法官、教授等的礼服或妇女的睡衣等，也指长袍。
robe: 指长袍，也指浴衣、晨衣。
coat: 指上衣、外衣、大衣、外套及女式上装。
vt. 给…穿衣
 - apparel, clothe
n. [服装] 连衣裙；女装
 - frock, suit-dress

Word: concept
Front: concept
[ˈkɒnsept] (高研四六托 1158/1101 -K3)
Vocabulary: concept
(once / 58 pages)
n
A concept is a thought or idea. If you're redecorating your bedroom, you might want to start with a concept, such as "flower garden," or, if that's too femme, "black hole in outer space."
It's a general idea about a thing or group of things, derived from specific instances or occurrences. It often applies to a theoretical idea in science: Einstein's contribution to the concept of relativity. Concept was borrowed from Late Latin conceptus, from Latin concipere "to take in, conceive, receive." A concept is an idea conceived in the mind. The original meaning of the verb conceive was to take sperm into the womb, and by a later extension of meaning, to take an idea into the mind.
WORD FAMILY
concept: conceive, conception, concepts, conceptual, conceptualize +/ conceivable: conceivability, conceivableness, conceivably, inconceivable / conceive: conceivable, conceived, conceiver, conceives, conceiving, conceptive, misconceive, preconceive/conceived: ill-conceived /conceiver: conceivers/ conception: conceptional, conceptions/ conceptual: conceptualise, conceptualism, conceptuality, conceptually/conceptualise: conceptualisation/conceptualism: conceptualistic/conceptualization: conceptualizations/ conceptualize: conceptualization, conceptualized, conceptualizes, conceptualizing/inconceivability: inconceivabilities/ inconceivable: inconceivability, inconceivableness, inconceivably/misconceive: misconceived, misconceives, misconceiving, misconception / misconception: misconceptions/preconceive: preconceived, preconceives, preconception/preconception: preconceptions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such as, to borrow your excellent concept, “What does that even mean?”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The facility’s main design feature is an open gallery concept that extends the width of the building starting at the front door.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s a really fun show to work on and it’s a great concept,” he added.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 观念，概念; 观点; 思想，设想，想法; 总的印象
分布：概念(87%)，观念(12%)，想法(1%)
→con-, 强调。-cept, 词源同cap, 抓住，理解，词源同capable. 指形成思想和概念的。
概念,设计(能共同掌握的)[cept=take拿取]
n.概念,观念,设想As an exception I accept all his concepts and conceptions except one.作为例外,我接受他所有的概念和构想,只有一个除外.
US ['kɑ:n-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a principle or idea 原则；概念；观念；想法
• The very concept of free speech is unknown to them. 他们没有言论自由的概念。
• It is very difficult to define the concept of beauty. 很难给美这个概念下一个定义。
• I failed to grasp the film's central concept. 我理解不到这部电影的中心思想。
• Kleenbrite is a whole new concept in toothpaste! Kleenbrite 是牙膏生产领域的一个全新概念！
not have any concept/have no concept of sth
■to not understand about something 对…一无所知
• I don't think you have any concept of the pain you have caused her. 我觉得你对自己给她造成的痛苦根本就一无所知。
conception, concept, idea, notion, impression, thought
这组词都有“思想、观点、观念”的意思，其区别是：
conception: 通常指个人或一些人所持有的具体概念或念头，也可指概念的形成过程，含一定的想象和感情色彩意味。
concept: 指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的概念或看法。
idea: 最普通常用词，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。
notion: 指的是一种模糊的，变化的莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，未经深思熟虑的观点。
impression: 指外部刺激在思想中所产生的印象。
thought: 指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其结果。
n. 观念，概念
 - idea, sense, notion, construct

Word: sing
Front: sing
[sɪŋ] (中高 1013/1509 -K4)
Back: vt. & vi. 唱，歌唱，吟诵
vi. （鸟）鸣; 嗡嗡叫; 呜呜作响; 发嗖嗖声
v. 耳鸣; 〈诗〉作诗; 歌颂，赞美，称赞; 唱着使…
n. 呜呜声，嗖嗖声; 〈美口〉歌唱会
时态：sang, sung, singing, sings
分布：唱(93%)，歌颂(5%)，称赞(1%)，鸣叫(1%)
→来自古英语 singan,歌唱，吟唱，来自 Proto-Germanic*sengwan,吟唱，来自 sengwh,吟唱， 念咒。后也用于指鸟的鸣叫等。
v.唱,演唱;鸡叫The sinful single singer's finger skin is singular.有罪的单身歌手的手指皮肤独特.
verb (sang, sung)
MAKE MUSIC 唱歌
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make musical sounds with the voice, usually a tune with words 唱歌；演唱
• The children sang two songs by Schubert at the school concert. 在学校音乐会上，孩子们演唱了舒伯特的两首歌曲。
• We were woken early by the sound of the birds singing. 我们很早就被鸟儿的鸣唱声吵醒。
• Your grandmother would like you to sing for/to her. 你祖母想叫你唱首歌给她听。
• [+ two objects] Will you sing us a song/sing a song to us? 你能为我们唱首歌吗?
• She sang her baby to sleep every night. 她每天晚上唱歌哄孩子入睡。
• Pavarotti is singing Rodolfo (= singing the part of Rodolfo) in 'La Boheme' at La Scala this week. 帕华洛帝本周将在拉斯卡拉剧院扮演歌剧《波希米亚人》中的鲁道夫。
• Please sing UKup / USout (= sing louder). 请你唱大声一点。
[sɪŋ] verb (sang, sung)
RING 鸣响
intransitive
■to make or be filled with a (high) ringing sound 呜呜作响，发嗡嗡声
• A bullet sang past the top of the soldier's head. 一颗子弹从士兵头顶咻的一声飞过。
[sɪŋ] verb (sang, sung)
sing for your supper old-fashioned
■to do something for someone else in order to receive something in return, especially food 为晚餐而唱（为另外的人做某事，以便取得某物作回报，特别是食物）
• Dan's upstairs fixing my computer - I'm making him sing for his supper. 丹正在楼上修理我的电脑－－修好后我请他吃饭。
[sɪŋ] verb (sang, sung)
sing the praises of sb/sth
■to praise someone or something 为…唱赞歌，表扬
• The newspapers have been singing the praises of Italy's new star player. 报纸一直在夸赞这位义大利的体育新星。
[sɪŋ] verb (sang, sung)
  Phrasal Verbs  sing along
■to sing a piece of music while someone else is singing or playing it 跟着（别人的演唱或演奏的音乐）一起唱
• The radio station played a Billy Joel song, and I found myself singing along to it. 电台正在播放一首比利‧乔的歌，我发觉自己也跟着一起唱了起来。
[sɪŋ] noun adjective abbreviation for
■singular 单数
hum, sing
这组词都有“唱”的意思，其区别是：
hum: 指闭着双唇而不唱出字来，低语般的哼唱。
sing: 普通用词，泛指一般的歌唱或发出悦耳的声音。
vi. 唱歌；歌颂；鸣叫；呼号
 - pay a tribute to, descant
vt. 唱；用诗赞颂；唱着使
 - chant
n. 演唱；鸣声；呼啸声
 - stridulation

Word: assessment
Front: assessment
[əˈsesmənt] (高六托雅宝 1552/1249)
Vocabulary: assessment
(once / 917 pages)
n
Assessment is a word you hear a lot around schools –– it means figuring out what someone knows or has learned. A test can be an assessment tool, or a term paper, or a project.
More than just students are given assessments. You might bring your dad's plastic gnome collection to an expert for an assessment and find out it's worth all of $15.35. You might make a quick assessment of a situation –– say it's you, two bullies, your lunch money and a long hallway –– and decide to run.
WORD FAMILY
assessment: assessments+/ assess: assessable, assessed, assesses, assessing, assessment, assessor, reassess / assessor: assessors/ reassess: reassessed, reassesses, reassessing, reassessment / reassessment: reassessments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet simplistic assessments of domestic violence situations which see the only problem as the woman’s unwillingness to “just leave” continue to fail victims.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But think about Oshie’s assessment, the NHL’s “responsibility” to send its players, to show off its sport in the best fashion possible.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
A full assessment of the year that ended Saturday night may demand deep thought and long reflection.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 评估; 评价; （应偿付金额的）估定; （为征税对财产所作的）估价
分布：评估(62%)，评价(34%)，评定(4%)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you judge or decide the amount, value, quality or importance of something, or the judgment or decision that is made 评估；估价；评估结果
• Would you say that is a fair assessment of the situation? 你认为那是对形势的合理评估吗？
• Both their assessments of production costs were hopelessly inaccurate. 他们两者对生产成本所作的估算都非常不准确。
n. 评定； [税收] 估价
 - appraisal, evaluation, valuation, estimate

Word: dissident
Front: dissident
[ˈdɪsɪdənt] (宝 9680/10678 -2)
Vocabulary: dissident
(once / 2519 pages)
nadj
If you are a dissident, you are a person who is rebelling against a government. Dissidents can do their work peacefully or with violence.
Dissident is closely related to the word, dissent, which means objecting. People who are dissidents show their dissent. Catholic priests who advocate allowing women into the priesthood could be called dissidents, as could the Puritans who left England to live in colonial America. As an adjective, a dissident member of a group is one who disagrees with the majority of members.
WORD FAMILY
dissident: dissidence, dissidents
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is also very popular with Chinese dissidents based in the West.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A last dissident group is currently under siege from Somali forces in the far north of Somalia, in semi-autonomous Puntland, and facing annihilation.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Both sides were accused of committing war crimes, and Rajapaksa’s administration was accused of operating paramilitary groups to kill and abduct rebel suspects and dissidents.
Seattle Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 持异议者，公开大唱反调者，持不同政见者
adj. 持不同意见的（人）
分布：持不同政见者(72%)，意见不同的人(12%)，不同意的(8%)，有异议的(8%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。-sid, 坐，词源sit,president. 即分开坐的，引申词义政见不和者。
持不同意见的(dis+sid+ent)[Sid=sit,表示"坐"]
【记】dis分开，sid坐－分开着坐的人－唱反调者dis分开，side边－分边坐的人－唱反调者
【参】preside（v 主持）；subside（v 下沉；沉淀；平息；衰减）
noun countable
■a person who publicly disagrees with and criticizes their government 批评政府者
• political dissidents 持不同政见者

Word: newsletter
Front: newsletter
[ˈnju:zletə(r)] (6145/6679 -1)
Vocabulary: newsletter
(once / 956 pages)
n
A newsletter is a regular, periodic publication that provides information to a specific group of people. You might subscribe to a newsletter that gives you shopping tips, or one that features information about caring for your pet ferret.
Belonging to a club or a church sometimes includes receiving monthly newsletters full of news and upcoming events. Schools often send newsletters home to students' parents, so they know what's happening during the semester. Many newsletters are printed on paper and sent through the mail, while others are distributed via email. The term newsletter was common in the seventeenth century, but it fell out of favor for many years until a revival in the twentieth century.
WORD FAMILY
newsletter: newsletters
USAGE EXAMPLES
This newsletter should be hitting email inboxes on the first day of a new year.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Times Arts & Entertainment Editor, and this is your New Year’s edition of our weekly newsletter Essential Arts & Culture.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The Bits newsletter will be on hiatus until Jan. 3.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （给特定读者定期寄发的）通讯; 时事通讯; 业务通讯
分布：时事通讯(94%)，新闻信札(6%)
US ['nu:zˌletˌ.ɚ] noun countable
■a printed document containing information about the recent activities of an organization, which is sent regularly to the organization's members （机构定期寄发给成员的）通讯，简报
• a monthly newsletter 每月简报

Word: ray
Front: ray
[reɪ] (高研四六托 4432/3865 -3)
Vocabulary: ray
(once / 136 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A ray is a beam of light or radiation. Even on cloudy days, you sometimes see a ray of sunlight shine through the clouds.
In physics, a ray is a line or column of light, heat, or electromagnetic radiation (like an x-ray), while in math a ray is a line that passes through a specific point. A marine biologist would define a ray as a big fish that's related to sharks and has a wide, flat body and a long tail. The root of the first two kinds of rays is the Latin word radius, "spoke" or "staff."
WORD FAMILY
ray: rayed, raying, rayless, rays
USAGE EXAMPLES
Banning Ranch Conservancy Executive Director Steve Ray said his group was always prepared for the lawsuit to reach the state's highest court.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“The major things are refilling prescriptions without doctors’ orders,” Ray said about one of the more typical mistakes by a pharmacy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For it was here, at the preserved Lorraine Motel, that Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed by James Earl Ray April 4, 1968.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （热或其他能量的）射线; 光束，光线; 微量; 伞形花序柄
vt. 放射; 照射; （思想，希望等）闪现; 发光
时态：rayed, raying, rays
分布：射线(59%)，光线(29%)，辐射(6%)，发光(3%)，用光线装饰(2%)，释放射线(1%)
→来自古法语 rai,光线，来自拉丁语 radius,光线，辐轴，词源同 radius,radio.引申词义射线。
n.光线,射线Having canceled X-ray scan, the cancerous candidate on the canvas ate the idle candles in the candy can.取消X线扫描后,帆布上的癌症候选人吃了糖果罐里的闲置蜡烛.
noun
BEAM 光束
 ADVANCED countable
■a narrow beam of light, heat, etc. travelling in a straight line from its place of origin 光线，光束；（热能等的）辐射线
• A ray of sunshine shone through a gap in the clouds. 一缕阳光透过云隙照射下来。
• Light rays bend as they pass from air to water. 光线从空气射入水中会发生折射。
[reɪ] noun
SMALL AMOUNT 一丝
 ADVANCED countable
■a small amount of a feeling that makes you feel happier or more hopeful 一线，少量的（正面情感）
• There's still a ray of hope that the missing child will be found alive. 失踪的孩子尚有一丝被活着找到的希望。
[reɪ] noun
FISH 鱼
countable
■a large flat sea fish with a long narrow tail 鳐
[reɪ] noun
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable
■another spelling of re 2 长音阶第二音；C大调第二音
[reɪ] noun
ray of sunshine
■a happy person who makes others feel happy, especially in a difficult situation （尤指在困境中）给人带来欢乐的人，给人以希望者
• We love looking after our grandchild. He's a ray of sunshine! 我们喜欢照顾孙儿，他给我们带来了快乐！
n. [物] 射线； [光] 光线
 - stream, radial
vt. 放射；显出
 - emit, bore out
vi. 放射光线；浮现
 - to emerge

Word: shore
Front: shore
[ʃɔ:(r)] (高研四六托 3244/3519 -3)
Vocabulary: shore
(once / 57 pages)
1nv 2vn
The land right at the edge of a lake, river, or ocean is called the shore. Even the bravest swimmers will head for the shore when they hear someone yell "Shark!"
The verb shore means "prop up or support," so you might shore up a house that's tilting on its foundation or shore up a failing company with an investment of money. The water's-edge shore has a Germanic root that means "cut," and experts believe that the noun shore grew either from a sense of "division between land and water," or possibly "land cut off from the mainland by marshes."
WORD FAMILY
shore: foreshore, shored, shores, shoring+/foreshore: foreshores/shoring: shorings
USAGE EXAMPLES
"I was very alarmed and sad to see such a graceful and giant rare creature lying dead on our shores," said Mr Chandran.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Five boats and a helicopter are looking for the plane that disappeared over Lake Erie near Cleveland’s shores three days ago.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Yet even here, and in Shore’s broader role creating the musical personality of the sketch-comedy giant, is evidence of the composer’s seriousness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 岸; 滨; 国家（尤指濒海国家）; 支柱
vt. 支撑; 支持
时态：shored, shoring, shores
分布：岸(94%)，滨(6%)
→可能来自中古低地德语 schor,海岸，海滨，来自 Proto-Germanic*skur,切，分开，来自 sker, 切，分开，词源同 shear,share.
n.海滨,湖滨We walked along the sea shore.我们沿着海岸走.
US [ʃɔ:r] noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the land along the edge of a sea, lake or wide river （海、湖或大河的）滨，岸
• You can walk for miles along the shore. 你可以沿着海岸走上好几哩。
• The boat was about a mile from/off (the) shore when the engine suddenly died. 船离岸边还有一哩左右时引擎突然熄火了。
⇒ See also onshore;offshore
on shore
■on the land and not in a ship 在岸上
• We waited until we were on shore before repairing the sails. 我们等到上了岸才开始修帆。
shores [plural] literary
■a country or continent with a coast 临海国家（或大陆）
• In 1992, Britain played host to the first multi-racial South African team to visit these shores. 1992年，英国作为东道主邀请第一支多种族南非球队访问该国。
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃɔ:r] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shore sth up
■to stop a wall or a building from falling down by supporting it with building materials such as wood or metal 支撑
• Boundary walls have had to be shored up. 边界墙须用支柱支撑。
■to strengthen or improve an organization, agreement or system that is not working effectively or that is likely to fail 改善，提高
• The new public relations manager has the difficult task of shoring up the company's troubled image. 新任公关经理面临了改善公司不良形象的艰钜任务。
shore, bank, seaside, beach, coast
这组词都有“岸”的意思，其区别是：
shore: 指紧靠大湖泊或海洋的陆地边缘或靠海的休养地。
bank: 多指有一定坡度的河岸、湖岸或堤岸。
seaside: 尤指疗养地、游览地区的海边。
beach: 指倾斜度小，被海、湖或河水冲刷而有沙或卵石积存的地方。
coast: 地理学上的名词，专指被视为边界的沿海陆地的尽头。
vt. 支撑，使稳住；用支柱撑住
 - support, uphold, sustain
n. 海滨；支柱
 - leg, backbone, stay

Word: thatcher
Front: thatcher
['θætʃə(r)] (-/2513)
Back: n. 茅屋匠
分布：盖屋顶者(100%)
→来自 thatch,盖茅草，-er,人。
US [-ɚ] noun countable
■a person whose job is thatching roofs 盖茅草屋顶的人

Word: length
Front: length
[leŋθ] (高研四六雅 1855/1174 -K4)
Vocabulary: length
(once / 42 pages)
n
Length is a measurement of how long something is in time or space. You can measure the length of a table or the length of a movie.
If an object has multiple distances to be measured (like a rectangle for example), then length is taken to be the longest of the measurements (as opposed to the width, in the case of the rectangle). Before babies learn to walk, they are measured for length, but once they begin to stand reliably the same measurement changes names, and become height.
WORD FAMILY
length: lengthen, lengths, lengthy +/ lengthen: lengthened, lengthening, lengthens/lengthening: lengthenings/ lengthy: lengthier, lengthiest, lengthily, lengthiness/ long: length, longed, longer, longest, longing, longingly, longish, longly, longness, longs/longest: longests/ longing: longings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The city once imagined the Second Avenue subway running nearly the length of Manhattan, and possibly even into the Bronx.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The average length of displacement is just over 10 years and for those displaced by conflict, the figure rises to 17 years.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The hikes vary in length and will be led by professional guides and outdoor educators.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 长度，长; 时间的长短; （语）音长; 一段，一节
分布：长度(91%)，一段(5%)，时间长短(2%)，距离(1%)，距离的测量单位(1%)
→来自long的名词形式。
长度(leng=long)[long,leng表示"长"]
长度(leng=long长的)[-th表名词,通常指抽象名词]
n.长,长度;一段,一节,程度,范围The length of the movie is two hours.影片长两小时.
noun
DISTANCE 距离
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the measurement of something from end to end or along its longest side 长，长度
• The boat is ten metres in length. 这条船长十米。
• The length of the bay is approximately 200 miles. 海湾的长度约为200英里。
• She planted rose bushes (along) the length of the garden (= the whole distance along it). 她把花园的四周都种上了玫瑰花丛。
 IMPROVER countable
■a piece of something such as string or pipe 条，根
• a length of rope 一条绳子
countable
■a unit used in describing the distance by which a horse or boat wins a race, which is equal to the measurement from one end of the horse or boat to the other （马的）身位；船身
• We won by two lengths. 我们领先两个身位获胜。
countable
■the distance from one end of a swimming pool to the other 游泳池的长度，泳程
• She swims forty lengths a day. 她每天在泳池里游20个来回。
[leŋkθ] noun
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the amount of time something takes 花费的时间
• the length of a film/speech/play 电影／演讲／话剧的时长
• He is unable to concentrate on his work for any length of time (= for anything more than a short time). 他根本无法集中精力工作。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the amount of writing in a book or document （书籍或文件的）篇幅
• He's written books of various lengths on the subject. 关于这个题目，他已经写了几本书，篇幅长短不一。
• All of your essays will be about the same length. 你所有的论文篇幅都应大致相同。
at length
■for a long time 长久地，长时间地
• George went on at great length about his various illnesses. 乔治滔滔不绝地讲起他身患的各种疾病。
■formal
■If something happens at length, it happens after a long period of time 终于，最终
• At length, the authorities allowed her to go home. 当局终于允许她回家了。
[leŋkθ] noun
go to great lengths (also go to any lengths)
■to try very hard to achieve something 竭尽全力，全力以赴
• Some people go to great lengths to make their homes attractive. 有些人不遗余力地装修自己的房子。
• He'll go to any lengths to get what he wants. 他会竭尽全力去争取自己想要的东西。
[leŋkθ] noun
the length and breadth of somewhere
■If you travel the length and breadth of a place, you go to every part of it 四处，到处，遍及
• She travelled the length and breadth of Ireland looking for her missing brother. 她走遍爱尔兰四处寻找失踪的弟弟。
n. [计量] 长度，长；时间的长短；（语）音长
 - extent, longness

Word: unrest
Front: unrest
[ʌnˈrest] (高雅 8995/6135 -2)
Back: n. 动荡，不安定; 骚乱; 风潮; 乱腾
分布：动乱(52%)，不安(43%)，动荡的局面(5%)
noun uncountable
■disagreements or fighting between different groups of people 动乱，动荡；骚乱
• It is feared that the civil unrest we are now witnessing in this country could lead to full-scale civil war. 我们害怕现在国内出现的骚乱会升级为全面内战。
n. 不安；动荡的局面；不安的状态
 - tension, unease

Word: depress
Front: depress
[dɪˈpres] (研四六托雅 11421/9471 -K1)
Vocabulary: depress
(once / 247 pages)
v
Depress means to lessen the activity or power of something. If you want to depress the spread of poverty, you need to find ways to slow it down, like by bringing education and skill-building resources into the poorest communities.
The word depress comes from the Old French word depresser, meaning "put down by force." Depress can be used literally to describe something you push down, like when you depress the handle on a toaster to lower the bread. It can also describe a more figurative lowering, such as the lowering of a person's emotional state. Attending a funeral is likely to depress you, and watching a sad movie afterwards will just sink your spirits even more.
WORD FAMILY
depress: depressant, depressed, depresses, depressing, depression, depressive, depressor+/ antidepressant: antidepressants/depressant: antidepressant, depressants/ depressed: depressedly/ depressing: depressingly/ depression: depressions/depressive: depressives/depressor: depressors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Friends with recent pneumonia experience confirmed this rather depressing outlook.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Suddenly Depressed: I don’t think this is silly at all, and I also believe it’s more common than you may realize.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“Then I put on their special teams, and I got more depressed.”
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 压下，压低; 使沮丧; 使萧条; 使跌价
时态：depressed, depressing, depresses
分布：降低(57%)，压抑(13%)，使萧条(11%)，压下(10%)，使沮丧(9%)
→de-, 向下。press, 压，压制。即压制，引申词义抑郁，沮丧。
压制,压抑(de+press压→向下压→压制)[de-①表示"去掉,变坏,离开,变慢,向下"等②表示"使…成为,加强"等]
压下;使沮丧(de向下+press→向下压→使情绪低下)[press=press表示"挤压"]
v.压抑,降低;使沮丧,压下The man depressed by the pressure from the press expressed the impression on him.那个受到来自新闻界压力压抑的人表达了他的印象.
【记】de向下，press压－向下压－使沮丧
【反】bulge（vt 使膨胀）
verb transitive
CAUSE SADNESS 引起忧郁
■to cause someone to feel unhappy and without hope for the future 使忧郁，使沮丧
• This weather depresses me. 这种天气让我感到心情忧郁。
• [+ -ing verb] Doesn't it depress you listening to the news these days? 最近的新闻不令你感到沮丧吗？
• [+ to infinitive] It depresses me to think that I'll probably still be doing exactly the same job in ten years' time. 想到十年后很可能还在做同样的工作，我就感到非常沮丧。
[dɪ'pres] verb transitive
REDUCE 降低
■to reduce the value of something, especially money 使贬值，使降价
• A surplus of corn has helped depress the grain market /grain prices. 玉米过剩促使粮食价格下降。
• The rise in the value of the dollar has depressed the company's earnings/profits this year. 今年美元升值导致该公司营业额／利润降低。
■to reduce the amount of activity in something, especially a business operation 使萧条，使不景气
• High interest rates are continuing to depress the economy. 高利率使经济持续萧条。
■to lower the level or amount of something 使降低，使减少
• This drug helps depress high hormone levels. 这种药物有助于降低荷尔蒙水准。
[dɪ'pres] verb transitive
PRESS DOWN 压下 slightly formal
■to press down or lower 按下，压下
• Slowly depress the accelerator/brake pedal. 慢慢踩下油门／刹车踏板。
vt. 压低；使沮丧；使萧条
 - drive down, weigh down

Word: abolish
Front: abolish
[əˈbɒlɪʃ] (高研六托雅宝 7490/3736 -2)
Vocabulary: abolish
(once / 245 pages)
v
To abolish is to get rid of or annul. So when the principal yells at you for the 100th time for not having your shirt tucked in, it's safe to wish they'd just abolish the silly dress code.
The word abolish might stir up some historical connotations, since in the U.S. it's commonly associated with bringing an end to slavery. In fact, those who opposed slavery were called "abolitionists." Coming to us from the Latin word abolere, meaning to "destroy, cause to die out, or retard the growth of," these days abolish is used bring a final and official-sounding end to laws, codes and other non-crowd pleasing practices.
WORD FAMILY
abolish: abolishable, abolished, abolishes, abolishing, abolishment, abolition +/ abolition: abolitionism, abolitions/abolitionism: abolitionist / abolitionist: abolitionists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kangas said the scheme's idea is to abolish the “disincentive problem” among the unemployed.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dionne Jr. said that the electoral college must be abolished.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In frustration, Senate Democrats in 2013 used their majority to change the rules and abolish the filibuster option for lower-court judges.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 废除，废止; 取消，革除; 消灭; 撤销
时态：abolished, abolishing, abolishes
分布：废除(83%)，消灭(13%)，革除(4%)
→前缀ab-, 离开，非。词根ol,生长，滋养，同old, adult.
废除[abol=do away with(消除)]
vt.废除(法律,习惯等);取消Bad customs should be abolished.我们应当废除坏的风俗.
US [-'bɑ:.lɪʃ] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to end an activity or custom officially 废除，废止
• I think bullfighting should be abolished. 我认为应该废止斗牛。
• National Service was abolished in Britain in 1962. 英国的国民兵役制度于1962年废止。
repeal, delete, cancel, abolish
repeal: 书面用词，指撤销立法机关通过的协议、法案或法律等。
delete: vt. 删除
cancel: 用法广泛，多指取消债务、合同、证书、比赛、旅行、计划或约会等。
abolish: 正式用词，指彻底废除某种制度、规章或习俗。
extinguish, dispose, erase, exclude, cancel, eliminate, abolish
这组词都有“取消，除掉”的意思，其区别是：
extinguish: v.熄灭，扑灭(火)；使沉默，使暗淡。
 • Firefighters extinguished a big fire.   消防队员扑灭了大火。
dispose: v.处理，处置；表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。)
 • After your picnic, please dispose of the litter.   野餐后请清除掉垃圾。
erase: v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。
 • I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.   我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。
exclude: v.排斥；排除，不包括在内，与include互为反义词。
 • The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from entering.   衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。
cancel: v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消；删去(字、句)。
 • The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.   会议由于流感而取消了。
eliminate: v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。
 • The losing team was eliminated from further competition.   失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。
 • The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.   医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。
abolish: v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除；完全破坏。
 • The government abolished the tax on alcohol.   政府取消了酒税。
preclude, discard, abandon, eliminate, abolish, dismiss
preclude: 排除
discard: 丢弃，抛弃（可指人也可指物）
abandon: 放弃（某物）
eliminate: 消除，淘汰
abolish: （依法）废除
dismiss: 解雇
vt. 废除，废止；取消，革除
 - recall, suppress

Word: snap
Front: snap
[snæp] (研四六托 2597/2843 -3)
Back: vt. & vi. 猛地咬住; 呵斥; 折断
vt. 拍照; 用子母扣扣; [棒球]快速传（球）; 拍…的快照
n. （树枝等的）突然折断; 严厉的话; 突然的撕咬; 尤指关上或断裂的声音)啪嗒声
vi. 啪啪作响; （目光）闪耀; （牙齿等）咯咯作响; （精神）突然崩溃
adj. 容易的; 喀嗒一声扣下的; 仓促的
adv. 噼啪作响地; 啪嗒一声; 猛然
时态：snapped, snapping, snaps
分布：猛咬(25%)，拍摄(20%)，突然的(17%)，快照(16%)，劈啪作响地(5%)，匆忙的(5%)，崩塌(4%)，劈啪作响(2%)，啪嗒声(2%)，砰然关上(2%)，谩骂(2%)
→来自荷兰语或低地德语 snappen,咬，抓住，来自 West-Germanic*snu-,鼻子发出的呼哧声，用 力抓或咬时的喘气声，词源同 snack,snatch.引申诸相关词义。
v.猛咬,突然折断n.快照,劈啪声a.仓促的,突然的He snapped the stick in two.他喀嚓一声将棍子折成两半.
verb (-pp-)
BREAK 折断
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to cause something which is thin to break suddenly and quickly with a cracking sound 突然折断，哢嚓一声折断
• You'll snap that ruler if you bend it too far. 如果你把那把尺子弯得太厉害，它就会哢嚓一下折断。
• Some vandal's gone and snapped off my car aerial again. 某个蓄意作恶的家伙又把我的汽车天线折断了。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to suddenly become unable to control a strong feeling, especially anger 突然无法控制情感，突然发作（尤指动怒）
• When she asked me to postpone my trip to help her move house, I just snapped (= got angry). 她叫我把旅行延期去帮她搬家时，我一下子就恼火了。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to move into a position quickly, producing a short noise as if breaking （使）啪地突然移动（到某位置）
• Tendons store elastic energy by stretching and then snapping back into shape like rubber bands. 肌腱透过橡皮筋似的拉伸和迅速缩回贮存了弹力。
• Simply snap the pieces into place. 把这些小碎片啪啪放到适当位置就行。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to quickly return to a previous place or condition 迅速恢复
• After substantial losses last year, the company has snapped back to profitability (= started making profits again). 去年出现钜额亏损之后，这家公司的经济状况又迅速好转，开始盈利了。
snap shut
■If something snaps shut or is snapped shut, it closes quickly with a sudden sharp sound 啪地关上；啪地阖上
• She snapped her book shut and got up to leave. 她啪地阖上书，起身离开了。
• Her mouth snapped shut when she realized he'd heard everything she'd said about him. 意识到他听到了自己所说的一切关于他的话时，她立刻闭上了嘴。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
ANIMAL 动物
intransitive
■If an animal snaps, it tries to bite someone 咬，咬人
• The guard dog was snarling and snapping behind the fence. 那条看门狗正在篱笆后面吠咬。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
SPEAK 说话
intransitive or transitive
■to say something suddenly in an angry way 厉声说，恶声恶气地说
• There's no need to snap at me - it's not my fault that you lost your wallet. 何必对我这样口气这么差——你丢了钱包又不是我的错。
• [+ speech] "Well, I hate you too!" she snapped. “哼，我也恨你！”她厉声说。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
PHOTOGRAPH 摄影
intransitive or transitive
■to take a lot of photographs quickly 拍快照
• He was arrested for snapping photos of a military parade. 他因拍摄了阅兵的快照而被逮捕。
• She's very pleased with her new camera and was snapping away the whole time we were abroad. 她对自己的新相机十分满意，我们在国外时，她一直不停地拍照。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
snap your fingers
■to a make a noise by pushing your second finger hard against your thumb and then releasing it suddenly so that it hits the base of your thumb 打榧子，打响指
• He was snapping his fingers in time with the music. 他和着音乐节拍打着响指。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
snap sb's head off
■to answer someone in an unreasonably angry way 呵斥（某人），怒气冲冲地抢答（某人）
• There's no point trying to discuss anything with him if all he's going to do is snap your head off. 如果他只会怒气冲冲地喝斥你，就没必要和他讨论任何事情。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
snap at sb's heels
■If an animal is snapping at your heels, it is running behind you and trying to bite you. 追着咬（某人）
■to compete strongly with someone and have a chance of soon defeating or replacing them 与（某人）一决高下，对（某人）紧追不舍
• With so many younger women snapping at her heels, this year may be her last chance to win the championship. 今年也许是她夺冠的最后机会，因为许多更年轻的女选手都大有后来居上之势。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
snap to it UK (US snap it up) informal
■used to tell someone to do something more quickly 赶快，快做
• We're leaving in five minutes so you'd better snap to it and finish your breakfast. 我们五分钟以后就走，所以你最好快点吃完早饭。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  snap out of sth informal
■to force yourself to stop feeling sad and upset 摆脱（忧伤烦恼的情绪）
• He just can't snap out of the depression he's had since his wife died. 自从他妻子去世以后，他一直无法摆脱忧伤。
• Now come on, snap out of it. Losing that money isn't the end of the world. 好了，振作起来，丢了那些钱并不意味着世界末日。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] snap sth up informal
■to buy or get something quickly and enthusiastically because it is cheap or exactly what you want 抢购
• The tickets for the concert were snapped up within three hours of going on sale. 音乐会的票开始出售后，三小时内就被抢购一空。
• The fall in property prices means that there are a lot of bargains waiting to be snapped up. 房地产价格下跌意味着会有许多廉价的房屋可供抢购。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] snap sb up informal
■to immediately accept someone's offer to join your company or team because you want them very much 马上录用（某人），立即聘用（某人）
• She was snapped up by a large law firm. 她很快被一家大律师事务所录用。
[snæp] noun
BREAKING NOISE 折断的声音
countable usually singular
■a sudden loud sound like something breaking or closing 喀嚓声，突然折断（或阖上）的声音
• She broke the stick over her knee with a loud snap. 她哢嚓一声用膝盖折断了棍子。
countable US for * press stud
[snæp] noun
PHOTOGRAPH 摄影
countable UK informal
■an informal photograph which is not very skilful or artistic 快照，快相
• holiday snaps 假期拍的快照
• Did you take many snaps while you were away? 你出游的时候拍了很多照片吗？
[snæp] noun
GAME 游戏
uncountable
■a card game in which the players compete to call out the word 'snap' when they see two cards that have the same value 呼“同”牌游戏（一种纸牌游戏，玩家抢先看到有两张相同的牌时呼“同”）
• a game of snap 呼“同”牌游戏
[snæp] noun
SOMETHING EASY 容易的事
only singular US informal
■something that can be done without any difficulty 容易的事，好办的事
• "Will you finish on time?" "Sure thing. It's a snap." “你能按时完成吗？”“当然，太容易了。”
• Talking to girls is a snap for him. 和女孩子交谈对他来说十分容易。
[snæp] adjective [before noun]
■done suddenly without allowing time for careful thought or preparation 匆忙的，不加思索的，不做准备的
• He always makes snap decisions and never thinks about their consequences. 他总是匆忙作决定，从不考虑后果。
[snæp] exclamation
■'Snap!' is what you say in the game of snap when two cards of the same value have been played. （呼“同”牌游戏中的）“同！”
■UK informal
■something that you say when you notice that two things are the same （发现两件事物相同时所说）太巧了！
• Snap! We're wearing the same shirts! 太巧了！我们穿了同样的衬衫！
bite, snap, gnaw, chew
这组词都有“咬、啃”的意思，其区别是：
bite: 指用牙齿钳住或切断，或咬一口。
snap: 指突然猛咬。
gnaw: 指连续不断用齿咬。
chew: 指用牙磨碎。
vt. 突然折断，拉断；猛咬；啪地关上
 - pull cut
vi. 咬；厉声说；咯嗒一声关上
 - bite, gnaw at
n. 猛咬；劈啪声；突然折断
 - splutter
adj. 突然的
 - sudden, unannounced

Word: dramatically
Front: dramatically
[drə'mætɪklɪ] (托 3364/4280 -K)
Back: adv. 戏剧性地，引人注目地
分布：引人注目地(60%)，戏剧地(40%)
戏剧性地(drama戏剧)[-ally表副词,由al+ly构成,"…地"]
US [-'mætˌ-] adverb
A LOT 很大的
 ADVANCED
■suddenly or obviously 突然地；明显地
• Your life changes dramatically when you have a baby. 有了孩子以后你的生活会骤然发生巨大的变化。
UK [drə'mæt.ɪ.kli] US [-'mætˌ-] adverb
THEATRE 戏剧的
■(as if) acting in a play 戏剧性地；夸张地
• She swept her hair back dramatically. 她夸张地把头发向后一梳。
adv. 戏剧地；引人注目地
 - remarkably, markedly

Word: optimism
Front: optimism
[ˈɒptɪmɪzəm] (六雅宝 5401/6494 -2)
Vocabulary: optimism
(once / 503 pages)
n
Optimism is all about seeing the bright side of things. If you think it’s going to be a great day, even though the bills are due, you lost your wallet, and you forgot your lunch, then you're full of optimism.
Optimism is expecting that the best will happen. It comes from the Latin word optimus, which means "best." Even if you don’t think the very best thing will always happen, if you're generally given to optimism, you think things will get better instead of worse. The opposite of optimism is pessimism, which is the expectation that everything will go wrong, or is wrong.
WORD FAMILY
optimism: optimisms, optimist, optimistic +/ optimist: optimists/ optimistic: optimistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The speakers at Heritage that day differed in the degree of optimism they allowed themselves.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Besides the optimism, the poll also found a lack of perceived catastrophe.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
The newcomers shared their adopted homeland's optimism about the journey ahead.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 乐观; 乐观主义
分布：乐观(88%)，乐观主义(12%)
→来自optimum,最优，最佳，-ism,主义，思想。比喻用法。
乐观主义(aptim最好)[-ism名词1.表示"主义,宗教"2.表示"学术,流派"3.表示"行为,现象,状态"4.表示"疾病"5.表示"具备某种牲质"]
US ['ɑ:p.tə-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■being hopeful and emphasizing the good part of a situation rather than the bad part; the belief that good things will happen in the future 乐观；乐观主义
• There was a note of optimism in his voice as he spoke about the company's future. 谈到公司的未来，他语气里带着乐观情绪。
• Judging from your examination results, I think you have cause/grounds/reason for cautious optimism about getting a university place. 从你的考试成绩来看，我认为你有理由对在大学得到一席位持谨慎的乐观态度。
Opposite pessimism

Word: nervous
Front: nervous
[ˈnɜ:vəs] (中高研四六托雅 2393/2632 -K3)
Vocabulary: nervous
(once / 124 pages)
1adj 2adj
You know that queasy, uneasy feeling you get before a test? That's a nervous feeling. Everyone gets nervous sometimes.
Being nervous is a major part of life that everyone has to deal with at times. Some people are more nervous than others, but we all get nervous about certain things — for example, having to perform in front of a crowd makes most people nervous. Getting interviewed for a job is a nervous experience. When the stock market keeps going up or down, you could say it's a nervous stock market. Nervous also applies to the body's nervous system, which includes your brain, spinal cord, and the nerves throughout your body. If you think you injured your nervous system, that's a good reason to be nervous.
WORD FAMILY
nervous: nervouser, nervously, nervousness+/ nerve: nerved, nerveless, nerves, nerving, nervous, nervy, unnerve/nerveless: nervelessly, nervelessness/nervousness: nervousnesses/ nervy: nervier, nerviest, nervily/unnerve: unnerved, unnerves, unnerving / unnerving: unnervingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
First-time parents are often nervous about exposing their baby to the world.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Driving away from the scene, the men say little about the ordeal aside from nervous small talk.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
The Boston Globe called “Beginners” “the passive work of a man nervous to touch the third rail of his parents’ discontent.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 焦虑的; 紧张不安的; 神经质的
分布：焦虑的(67%)，易兴奋的(33%)
→来自nerve,神经，神经质。引申词义紧张的。
a.神经的;神经过敏的,紧张不安的The desert deserves the nervous servants to observe.那个沙漠值得神经紧张的公务员们去观察.
US ['nɝ:-] adjective
WORRIED 担心的
 ESSENTIAL
■worried and anxious 担心的；紧张不安的
• Do you feel/get nervous during exams? 考试时，你感到紧张吗？
• I was too nervous to speak. 我紧张得说不出话来。
• She's always been nervous around dogs. 她一直很怕狗。
• I was very nervous about driving again after the accident. 那次事故之后，我很怕再开车。
• He had/was of a nervous disposition. 他是个神经质的人。
  Common Learner Errors  nervousWarning: check the meaning! To talk about someone often becoming annoyed, don't say 'nervous', say irritable or bad-tempered :
✗ The noise of the traffic makes him tired and nervous. The noise of the traffic makes him tired and irritable.
UK ['nɜ:.vəs] US ['nɝ:-] adjective
BODY 身体
■relating to the nerves 神经的；神经系统的
• He suffers from a nervous disorder. 他患有神经紊乱症。
uneasy, impatient, nervous, restless
这组词都有“焦躁的，紧张的”的意思，其区别是：
uneasy: 通常指因焦虑、疑惑或危险而产生的不安。
impatient: 指在心情或情绪上不能克制某种刺激或不适，或缺乏某种容忍与谅解而表现出焦急不安。
nervous: 普通用词，常指内心的紧张心态或生来就容易激动的性格。
restless: 多指经常的、毫无目的行动或活动，也常指思想上的焦躁不安。
adj. [解剖] 神经的；紧张不安的；强健有力的
 - neural, jittery

Word: bag
Front: bag
[bæg] (中高 1008/1292 -K4)
Vocabulary: bag
(once / 132 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5n 6n
A bag is a lightweight, flexible container meant for carrying things. A grocery bag is one you bring home from the supermarket full of food.
In some places the word sack is more common, but the handled container you get at the store when you buy something is usually called a bag. You can also refer to a suitcase, handbag, or purse as a bag. When the word is used as a verb, it can mean "to put in a bag," but also "to catch something." Figuratively, you can "be left holding the bag," which means to be swindled or cheated.
WORD FAMILY
bag: bagful, bagged, bagger, bagging, bags+/bagful: bagfuls/bagger: baggers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“So remove dry cleaning bags and hang only one item per hanger.”
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Police used a bean bag gun and stun gun on the animal before catching it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly every business in town — from the beauty salon to the local tourism agency — decorates its storefront with big bags of rice and sugar.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 袋，囊，枕套; 钱包，手提皮包，财富; 〈英俚〉大量，很多
vt. 把。。装入袋中，猎获; 捕获; 得分; 抢占
vi. 松散地垂挂; 鼓胀
时态：bagged, bagging, bags
分布：包(50%)，袋(48%)，袋状物(1%)，把 ... 装进袋子(1%)
→词源不详。
n.袋,提包v.把...装入袋中;猎杀;占有The lagging man tagged the bags among the luggage with small flags.落伍者给行李中的袋子加上小旗标签.
noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
 ESSENTIAL
■a soft container made out of paper or thin plastic, or a stronger container made of leather, plastic or other material, usually with a handle, in which you carry personal things or clothes or other things that you need for travelling 袋子
• a paper/plastic bag 纸／塑胶袋
• a shopping bag (= a bag in which shopping is carried) 购物袋
• a bag of apples/nuts 一袋苹果／果仁
• Don't eat that whole bag of (= the amount the bag contains) sweets at once. 不要一次就把整袋糖吃完。
• I hadn't even packed my bags (= put the things I own in cases/bags). 我甚至还没有把东西装好呢。
bags under your eyes
■dark, loose or swollen skin under your eyes because of tiredness or old age 眼袋
[bæg] noun countable
WOMAN 女人 slang
■a rude and insulting name for a woman, especially an older one （尤指年纪大的）丑妇
• Silly old bag! 又蠢又丑 的老太婆！
[bæg] noun countable
TROUSERS 裤
bags UK old-fashioned
■trousers with a wide and loose style 宽松的裤子
• Oxford bags 灯笼裤
[bæg] noun countable
bags of sth mainly UK informal
■a lot of something 很多，大量
• Come and stay with us - we've got bags of room. 来跟我们一起住吧——我们那边地方很大。
• Don't panic, there's bags of time yet. 不要慌，还有很多时间。
[bæg] noun countable
be your bag old-fashioned slang
■to be something that you are interested in 感兴趣的东西
• Tennis isn't really my bag, I'm afraid. 恐怕我对网球不是很感兴趣。
[bæg] noun countable
be in the bag informal
■If something is in the bag, you are certain to get it or to achieve it 囊中之物，十拿九稳
• Once we'd scored the third goal, the match was pretty much in the bag. 一旦我们进了第三球，要在比赛中取胜已经是十拿九稳的了。
[bæg] verb (-gg-)
GET 占据
transitive informal
■to get something before other people have a chance to take it 占据；抢占
• [+ two objects] Bag us some decent seats/Bag some decent seats for us if you get there first, won't you? 如果你先到，就帮我们占几个好位子，可以吗？
⇒ See also bags
[bæg] verb (-gg-)
KILL 杀死
transitive
■to hunt and kill an animal or bird 捕获，杀（动物或鸟）
[bæg] verb (-gg-)
CRITICIZE 批评
transitive Australian informal
■to criticize or laugh at someone or something in an unkind way 批评；嘲笑
• Stop bagging her (out) - she's doing her best. 别再批评她了——她正尽力而为。
[bæg] verb (-gg-)
CONTAINER 容器
transitive
■to put something in a bag 把…装进袋子里
• Shall I bag (up) those tomatoes for you? 要我帮你把番茄装进袋子里吗？
[bæg] verb (-gg-)
CLOTHES 衣服
intransitive
■to hang loosely like a bag 如布袋状松垂
• I hate these trousers - they bag (out) at the back. 我讨厌这条裤子，后面松松垮垮的。
sack, handbag, purse, bag
这组词都有“袋”的意思，其区别是：
sack: 应用较窄，指较大的袋子，如麻袋等。
handbag: 指手提包，尤指女人用的手提包。
purse: 指钱包或小钱袋，在美国相当于bandbag。
bag: 普通用词，指一般的口袋，有时也指手提包。
n. 袋；钱包，旅行袋；袋状物；猎获物
 - killing, wallet
vt. 占据，私吞；猎获；把…装入袋中；使膨大
 - occupy

Word: turmoil
Front: turmoil
[ˈtɜ:mɔɪl] (六托雅宝 6502/7668 -2)
Vocabulary: turmoil
(once / 967 pages)
n
Mashed potatoes flew in one direction, peas in another. Kids were standing on chairs. The principal was shouting, but no one listened. "Food fight!" the seniors cried. The cafeteria was in a state of turmoil.
Turmoil rhymes with boil––think of the way that boiling water moves, and you'll understand what turmoil looks like. It refers to confusion, chaos, violent disturbance. The economy can be in turmoil––the markets behaving erratically, people losing their jobs, and no one understanding why.
WORD FAMILY
turmoil: turmoils
USAGE EXAMPLES
Qaddafi was toppled and then little was done to save Libya from a descent into turmoil.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Celebrations will culminate on Dec. 6, the day Finnish Parliament declared independence in 1917 amid the turmoil of the Russian Revolution.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
The internal turmoil also raised doubts about how well Turkey would be able to participate in international counterterrorism efforts, especially against the Islamic State.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 混乱; 焦虑
分布：混乱(81%)，骚动(19%)
→词源不详，可能改写自中古法语 tremouille,磨坊漏斗，可能来自 turn,转动，mill,石磨。
混乱(tur[=turb]+moil翻腾→搅动翻腾→混乱)[turb=stir"表示"搅动"]
【记】tur＝turbulent（adj 骚乱的），moil（n 骚动）源于：tumult（n 吵闹；骚动）
【反】tranquility（n 宁静）
US ['tɝ:-] noun [S or U]
■a state of confusion, uncertainty or disorder 混乱，骚乱，动乱
• The whole region is in turmoil. 整个地区一片混乱。
• The country is in a state of political turmoil. 该国正处于政治动荡。
• The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling. 经历了一场抛售狂潮后，股市正处于动荡之中。
n. 混乱，骚动
 - combustion, disorder, chaos, confusion, involvement

Word: offence
Front: offence
[əˈfens] (高研六雅 22003/1550 -K3)
Vocabulary: offence
(once / 258 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Offence is the British spelling of offense, meaning "a punishable act." If you break a law for the first time, it’s your first offence.
The noun offence comes from the Latin word offendere, which means “strike against.” Any time you break a law or a rule it is an offence against that law or rule. Also meaning "rudeness" — or the anger caused by it. In countries like the United States, the preferred spelling is offense, so don't take offense if someone corrects you.
WORD FAMILY
offence: offenceless, offences
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Signal jumping is the biggest offence at this junction,” he says.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
While violent crime ticked up in the UK in 2016, the overall level of offences continued its long-term decline to the lowest level since 1981.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Elements within the military want the term of the military courts extended, believing the government is not up to dealing with terrorism-related offences.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 犯罪，违反; 冒犯，触怒; 攻击
分布：犯罪(88%)，过错(11%)，令人讨厌的事物(1%)
→来自offense的美式拼写。
(US usually offense) [ə'fents] noun
CRIME 罪行
 IMPROVER countable
■an illegal act; a crime 犯罪行为；罪行
• a serious/minor offence 重／轻罪
• a criminal/drink-driving offence 刑事／酒后驾车罪
• Driving without a licence is an offence. 无照驾驶是违法行为。
• He committed several serious offences. 他犯了好几项重罪。
• It's the third time that he's been convicted of a drug offence. 这是他第三次因毒品犯罪被判刑。
(US usually offense) [ə'fents] noun
UPSET FEELINGS 生气
 IMPROVER uncountable
■upset and hurt or annoyed feelings, often because someone has been rude or shown no respect 冒犯；触犯；得罪
• I really didn't mean (to cause/give)any offence (= did not intend to upset anyone) - I was just stating my opinion. 我真的不想冒犯任何人——我只是在陈述自己的意见。
• Do you think he took offence (= was upset) at what I said about his hair? 你觉得我对他头发的评论得罪他了吗？
• informal If you don't mind, I'd rather go on my own - no offence (intended), but I think it would be better. 如果你不介意，我宁愿自己去——没有恶意，不过我觉得那样会更好。
violation, sin, crime, offence, guilt
这组词都有“犯法，犯罪，罪恶”的意思，其区别是：
violation: 指违背誓言、条约、规则以及良心等，也指侵犯权利。
sin: 主要指违反道德原则或违反宗教戒律的过失或罪过行为。
crime: 指严重的违法行为或罪行。
offence: 使用广，可泛指对任何规则、道德标准、法律、纪律等的违反与触犯，其罪行可重可轻。
guilt: 多用于指违反道德或社会标准的不法行为，含应予惩办之意。这种惩办是以证据为根据的。
n. 犯罪；违反；过错；攻击
 - crime, attempt, attack, violation, guilt

Word: constant
Front: constant
[ˈkɒnstənt] (高研四六托雅宝 2386/1915 -K4)
Vocabulary: constant
(once / 63 pages)
adjn
Think of something or someone that does not change as constant. A classmate's constant drumming on the table with his fingers could be a constant source of annoyance.
Constant derives from Latin verb meaning "to stand with," so something constant is continually standing with you and not wavering. You may be thankful for the constant companionship of your dog but not necessarily for your teacher's constant homework assignments. In math and science, a constant is a number that is fixed and known, unlike a variable which changes with the context. That idea crosses over to real life. If a friend is a constant in your life, that means they have always been with you and there for you.
WORD FAMILY
constant: constancy, constantly, constants, inconstant +/ constancy: constancies/ inconstancy: inconstancies/ inconstant: inconstancy, inconstanter, inconstantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Being in constant pain is no way to run a re-election campaign,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It seemed his first duty was keeping a constant smile, even as he battled through what is now his third bout with cancer, Long said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Healthy living is a lifestyle change that requires constant effort.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: adj. 不断的，持续的; 永恒的，始终如一的; 坚定; 忠实的
n. [数]常数，常量; 不变的事物; 永恒值
分布：常数(68%)，不变的(22%)，恒量(6%)，经常的(4%)
→con-, 强调。-st, 站，词源同stand.
不变的;稳定的(con始终+stant→始终站着→不变的)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
a.固定的,持续的,忠实的n.常数,恒量For instance, I can instantly know the constant distance.例如,我可以即刻知道该恒定距离.
【记】con全部，stant站－我们在痛苦的军训过程中站军姿的时候－不变的
【参】constantly（adv 不变地；经常地；坚持不懈地＝frequently）
【反】mercurial（adj 水星的；活泼善变的；水银的）；intermittent（adj 间歇的；断断续续的）
US ['kɑ:nt-] adjective
FREQUENT 频繁的
 IMPROVER
■happening a lot or all the time 经常发生的；连续发生的；连续不断的
• He's in constant trouble with the police. 他与警方麻烦不断。
• machines that are in constant use 经常使用的机器
UK ['kɒnt.stənt] US ['kɑ:nt-] adjective
STAYING SAME 保持不变的
■staying the same, or not getting less or more 恒久不变的；稳定的
• We've kept up a fairly constant speed. 我们保持了比较平稳的速度。
• The fridge keeps food at a constant temperature. 冰箱在恒温下保存食物。
UK ['kɒnt.stənt] US ['kɑ:nt-] adjective
LOYAL 忠实的
■describes a companion or friend who is loyal to you （伴侣或朋友）忠实的，忠贞不渝的，始终如一的
UK ['kɒnt.stənt] US ['kɑ:nt-] noun countable specialized
■a particular number or amount that never changes 常数；常量，恒量
continuous, continual, constant, consistent
continuous: 不断延伸的，连续不断的，强调中间无间断。如：Everything in the universe undergoes continuous development and change.
continual: 频频的，不停的，时断时续，中间可有间歇。如：Continual smoking is bad for health.
constant: 不断的，表示持续和惯常的重现，往往没有变化。如：He attributes his health to his constant exercise.
consistent: 一致的，符合的。如：His action is always consistent with his words.
continuous, constant, continual, incessant
这组词都有“不断的，不停的”的意思，其区别是：
continuous: a.不停的，连续不断的，强调中间不停顿。
 • Our homes and offices need a continuous supply of electricity.   我们的家庭以及办公室需要不间断的供电。
constant: a.不断的，经常的，强调始终如一地经常出现。
 • Everything in the universe is in constant motion.   宇宙中的万物都在不断地运动。
continual: a.连续不断的；频繁的。表示时断时续的发生。
 • That dog's barking is a continual annoyance.   那条狗不停地叫，真是烦死人了。
incessant: a.不停的，持续不断的，强调令人厌烦地重复出现，中间有可能有停顿。
 • Incessant noise makes me appreciate silence.   持续不断的噪声骚扰使我喜欢安静的环境。
loyal, constant, faithful, true
这组词都有“忠实的”的意思，其区别是：
loyal: 一般指对祖国、领袖的忠诚或对事业、原则、誓言的忠实，不动摇。
constant: 侧重指思想状态的稳定或信念的坚定，也指爱情或感情等的忠贞不渝。
faithful: 多指对人对事或对诺言、誓言的始终不渝，侧重在任何情况下都绝不改变。
true: 侧重个人感情上的忠实和不动摇。
constant, continual, consist, frequent
constant: 恒久不变的
continual: 多次重复的，不间断的
consist: 由…组成
frequent: 日常的，频繁的
continuous, constant, continual, persistent, successive
这组词都有“连续的”的意思，其区别是：
continuous: 语意最强，强调在时间和空间上没有间断。
constant: 多指习惯性的重复和不变的持续。
continual: 强调重复或持续发生，但连续之间允许有间断。
persistent: 普通用词，可指不懈的努力，也可指任何连续不断或重复出现的事物。
successive: 强调事物一个接一个地发生，无间断。
adj. 不变的；恒定的；经常的
 - permanent, steady
n. [数] 常数；恒量
 - invariable

Word: skin
Front: skin
[skɪn] (高研四六雅 1019/1289 -K4)
Back: n. 皮，皮肤; （蔬菜，水果等）外皮; 毛皮
vt. 剥皮，削皮; 擦破皮，擦伤; 欺骗
vi. 使愈合，长皮
adj. <俚>色情的
时态：skinned, skinning, skins
分布：皮肤(91%)，外皮(3%)，剥皮(3%)，削皮(1%)，皮囊(1%)，生气(1%)
→来自古诺斯语 skinn,兽皮，毛皮，来自 Proto-Germanic*skintha,分开，剥皮，来自 sken, 砍，切，来自 sek,砍，切，词源同 segment,shear.后词义通用化为皮肤。
n.皮,皮肤;兽皮,皮毛;外皮,外壳v.剥皮The sinful single singer's finger skin is singular.有罪的单身歌手的手指皮肤独特.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the natural outer layer which covers a person, animal, fruit, etc. 皮肤；皮
• dark/fair/pale/tanned skin 暗黑／白晰／苍白／棕褐色的皮肤
• skin cancer 皮肤癌
• Babies have soft skins. 婴儿皮肤柔嫩。
• Native Americans used to trade skins (= the skins of animals that have been removed from the body, with or without the hair). 印第安人过去曾买卖兽皮。
• a banana/potato skin 香蕉／马铃薯皮
countable or uncountable
■any outer covering 外壳
• The bullet pierced the skin of the aircraft. 子弹击穿了飞机的外壳。
only singular
■a thin solid surface which forms on some liquids, such as paint, when they are left in the air, or others, such as heated milk, when they are left to cool （某些液体置于空气中或冷却后形成的）膜，薄层
countable specialized
■the part of a computer program that you can change in order to make pictures, designs, colours, etc. look different on a screen 面板（电脑程式的一部分，你可以改变它，以便使萤幕上显示不同的图片、图案、颜色等）
• Many electronic devices let you create your own skins. 许多电子设备都允许使用者创造个性化的外观介面。
drenched/soaked/wet to the skin
■extremely wet 湿透的
• We had no umbrellas so we got soaked to the skin in the pouring rain. 我们没带伞，所以在倾盆大雨中被淋湿透了。
thin/thick skin
■easily/not easily upset by criticism 脸皮薄／厚
• I don't worry about what he says - I have a very thick skin. 我不在意他说的话——我脸皮非常厚。
⇒ See also thick-skinned;thin-skinned
[skɪn] noun
be no skin off sb's nose (US also be no skin off sb's back/teeth)
■used when you want to say that it makes no difference to you what someone else does or thinks 与（某人）毫不相干；（某人）毫不在乎
• It's no skin off my nose if you don't take my advice. 你就算不听我的建议，我也一点不在乎。
[skɪn] noun
be skin and bone(s)
■to be extremely thin 瘦得皮包骨
• She was (just) skin and bone(s). 她骨瘦如柴。
[skɪn] noun
by the skin of your teeth
■If you do something by the skin of your teeth, you only just succeed in doing it 侥幸成功，勉强完成
• He escaped from the secret police by the skin of his teeth. 他从秘密员警手里侥幸逃脱。
[skɪn] noun
get under sb's skin
■to annoy someone 激怒某人，惹（某人）生气
• Jack really gets under my skin - he never buys anyone a drink. 杰克真的让我生气——他从来不请人喝东西。
[skɪn] noun
jump/leap out of your skin
■to be extremely surprised by something 大吃一惊
• The loud noise made me jump out of my skin. 巨大的声响吓了我一大跳。
[skɪn] noun
make sb's skin crawl
■If someone or something makes your skin crawl, you think they are very unpleasant or frightening 使某人起鸡皮疙瘩（如果某人或某物使你起鸡皮疙瘩，则你认为该人或该物非常令人不快或令人恐惧）
• Just thinking about the way he had touched her made her skin crawl. 只要一想到他触摸她的方式，就让我浑身起鸡皮疙瘩。
[skɪn] verb transitive (-nn-)
■to remove the skin of something 剥掉…的皮，去掉…的皮
• The hunters skinned the deer they had killed. 猎人们将他们猎杀的鹿剥了皮。
• I skinned my knee (= hurt my knee by rubbing skin off it) when I fell down the steps. 我从台阶上摔下来时磨破了膝盖。
[skɪn] verb transitive (-nn-)
skin sb alive informal humorous
■to punish or tell someone off severely 活剥（某人）的皮，狠狠责罚（某人）
• My mother will skin me alive for being so late home. 这么晚回家，我妈妈会活活剥了我的皮。
hide, fur, peel, leather, skin
这组词都有“皮，皮肤”的意思，其区别是：
hide: 多指大型动物的厚皮，也指没有鞣的牛、马等皮革。
fur: 现多指猫、兔等动物软毛皮，也指其它动物的毛皮。
peel: 指剩下的或可以剥去的果皮或蔬菜皮。
leather: 通常指经过加工的熟皮，可用于制作各种皮革制品。
skin: 最常用词，指人的皮肤或动物的皮，也可指水果、植物和种子等的外皮。
n. [解剖] 皮肤；外皮
 - dermis, cutis
vt. 剥皮
 - shell, decorticate
vi. 愈合；长皮
 - heal over, close up

Word: autonomy
Front: autonomy
[ɔ:ˈtɒnəmi] (研托雅宝 4712/3908)
Vocabulary: autonomy
(once / 1471 pages)
n
When a group wants to govern itself or a person wants to make independent decisions, they are looking for autonomy.
Autonomy comes from the Greek roots auto meaning "self" and nomos meaning "custom" or "law." This reflects the political sense of the word — a group's right to self-government or self-rule. When a person seeks autonomy, he or she would like to be able to make decisions independently from an authority figure. Can you relate?
WORD FAMILY
autonomy: autonomies, autonomous +/ autonomous: autonomously, nonautonomous
USAGE EXAMPLES
Universities and regulators sacrifice full autonomy by signing confidentiality agreements.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“We will try to ensure autonomy and diversity,” Education Minister Lee Joon-sik said at a televised news conference.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
They are presences at odds with the world, which partly accounts for their proud, deliberate autonomy.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 自治，自治权; 自主权; 自治国，社区，或集团等; 人身自由
分布：自治(51%)，自主(37%)，自治权(12%)
→前缀auto-, 自己的。词根nomy, 管理。
自治,独立(auto自己+nomy系统,统治→自己统治)[nom(y)=a field of knowledge表示"某一领域的知识"]
n.自治,自治权;The diplomatic diplomas are made in automation in the autonomy.外交证书在自治区是自动化生产的.
【记】auto自己，nomy统治－自治。参：autonomous（adj 自治的）只有autonomy才能振兴economy
【反】dependence（n 依靠，依赖）
US [ɑ:'tɑ:.nə-] noun uncountable
■the right of a group of people to govern itself, or to organize its own activities 自治，自治权；自主，自主权
• Demonstrators demanded immediate autonomy for their region. 游行示威者要求立即实现该地区的自治。
• The universities are anxious to preserve their autonomy from central government. 大学都迫切希望维护其自主办学权，不受中央政府的控制。
n. 自治，自治权
 - self-rule, swaraj

Word: parallel
Front: parallel
[ˈpærəlel] (高研四六托雅宝 5840/3869 -K2)
Vocabulary: parallel
(once / 227 pages)
1adjnv 2nadjv
In math, parallel means two lines that never intersect––think of an equal sign. Figuratively, parallel means similar, or happening at the same time. A story might describe the parallel lives of three close friends.
Parallel is from Greek parallēlos, from the prefix para- "beside" plus allēlōn "of one another," from allos "other." As a noun, a parallel is a way in which things resemble each other––you might draw parallels between the Vietnam War and the US invasion of Iraq. In specialized use, a parallel can mean one of the imaginary circles on the surface of the Earth that are parallel to the equator––the 49th parallel divides the US and Canada.
WORD FAMILY
parallel: nonparallel, paralleled, paralleling, parallelism, parallelize, parallelled, parallelling, parallels, unparallel+/paralleled: unparalleled / parallelism: parallelisms/parallelize: parallelizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Peter Schweizer, the author of “Clinton Cash,” also recently warned that he sees parallels between the Clinton Foundation and the Trump Organization.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He found that, with varied groups working on such efforts, “often they’re parallel, often they overlap, sometimes they may conflict.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We recently watched the excellent documentary “Minimalism,” which is either the obverse of Hallmark’s conservative messaging or runs parallel to it.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 平行的; 相同的，类似的; [电]并联的; [计]并行的
adv. 平行地，并列地
n. 平行线（面）; 相似物; 类比; 纬线
vt. 使平行; 与…媲美; 与…相比; 与…相似
时态：parallelled, paralleling, parallels
分布：平行的(46%)，类似的(12%)，相同的(11%)，并联的(9%)，对比(5%)，相应(5%)，双杠(5%)，相似物(3%)，相比(3%)，与 ... 平行(1%)
→来自希腊语parallelos,并列，平行，para-,在旁，在周围，-allel,改变，另外的，词源同else,alternate.即在旁边的另外一条，引申词义平行的，并列的。
a.平行的,相同的,类似的n.平行线,类似,对比I prepare to compare the two comparable parallel companies.我准备比较那两个可比较的类似的公司.
【记】para旁边，llel中有三条平行线－平行的
【参】paralyze（v 使瘫痪）使旁边没有知觉
US ['per-] adjective
POSITION 位置
 ADVANCED
■If two or more lines, streets, etc. are parallel, the distance between them is the same all along their length 平行的
• Draw a pair of parallel lines. 画两条平行线。
• Hills Road is parallel to Mill Road. 希尔斯路和米尔路平行。
UK ['pær.ə.lel] US ['per-] adjective
SIMILAR 类似的
■describes an event or situation that happens at the same time as and/or is similar to another one 同时发生的；相同的，类似的
• a parallel example 类似的例子
• Parallel experiments are being conducted in Rome, Paris and London. 类似的实验正在罗马、巴黎和伦敦同时进行。
UK ['pær.ə.lel] US ['per-] noun
SIMILARITY 相似
 ADVANCED countable
■something very similar to something else, or a similarity between two things 可相比拟的事物；相似之处
• I'm trying to see if there are any obvious parallels between the two cases. 我正试图探查这两个案件中有没有明显的相似之处。
• It would be easy to draw (= make) a parallel between the town's history and that of its football club. 将该城的历史与其足球俱乐部的历史作个比较，很容易就会发现两者的相似之处。
have no parallel (also be without parallel)
■If something has no parallel or is without parallel, there is nothing similar to it or of the same high quality as it 无可匹敌
• These beautiful African churches have no parallel in Europe. 欧洲没有哪座教堂能与这些漂亮的非洲教堂相比。
UK ['pær.ə.lel] US ['per-] noun
POSITION 位置
parallel (line)
■a line that is always at the same distance from another line 平行线
■one of a number of imaginary lines around the Earth always at the same distance from the equator 纬线
• Cambridge lies near the 52nd parallel. 剑桥位于52度纬线附近。
in parallel specialized
■If two or more parts of an electrical system are in parallel, they are arranged in a way that means they both receive the same amount of electricity. （电路）并联的
UK ['pær.ə.lel] US ['per-] verb transitive
■to happen at the same time as something else, or be similar or equal to something else 与…同时发生；与…相似；与…相当，比得上
• The events of the last ten days in some ways parallel those before the 1978 election. 过去十天里发生的事件和1978年大选前发生的那些事件，在某些方面颇为相似。
Compare unparalleled
UK ['pær.ə.lel] US ['per-] adverb
■in a position which is always the same distance from something else 平行的
• It's a quiet street running (= positioned) parallel to the main road. 这是一条和大路平行的宁静小路。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。
n. [天] [数] 平行线；对比
 - contrast
adj. [天] [数] 平行的；类似的，相同的
 - same, uniform

Word: frequently
Front: frequently
[ˈfri:kwəntli] (四六 1810/1626 -K)
Vocabulary: frequently
(once / 93 pages)
adv
If you do something frequently, you do it repeatedly, again and again. If you frequently visit the cookie jar, you might gain some unwanted pounds.
Doctors and nurses have to wash their hands frequently, many times each day, since they touch various patients and don't want to spread germs. When you're driving in rush hour traffic, you usually find yourself stopping frequently. Things that occur over and over, especially in a relatively short time frame, happen frequently. The adverb frequently comes from the adjective frequent, which originally meant "profuse or ample," from the Latin root frequentem, "crowded or repeated."
WORD FAMILY
frequent: frequence, frequency, frequentative, frequented, frequenter, frequenting, frequently, frequents, infrequent +/frequence: frequences/ frequency: frequencies/frequentative: frequentatives/frequented: unfrequented/frequenter: frequenters/ infrequent: infrequency, infrequenter, infrequently/unfrequented: unfrequentedest, unfrequentedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wrangle said they’re frequently crestfallen when the possibility of a cure fails.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The setup allows the company to frequently update the software to fix bugs and add new features.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It would soon become apparent that he was, and as the campaign unfolded, Priebus began talking to Trump far more frequently than the other contenders.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 频繁地，屡次地; 往往; 动; 动辄
分布：频繁地(60%)，经常地(40%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■often 频繁地，经常地
• frequently asked questions 经常问到的问题
• I see him quite frequently. 我和他见面非常频繁。
• The buses run less frequently on Sundays. 周日公车班次间隔时间较长。
regularly, often, usually, repeatedly, always, frequently
这些副词均表示频度。
regularly: 用于修饰经常而有规律性的动作。
often: 经常，语气弱于always,侧重动作发生的次数具有经常性，具体时间意味不强。
usually: 通常，通例地，指习惯性动作，频度仅次于always，较often大，偶尔有间隔。
repeatedly: 屡次，强调次数多，但反复的频率不一定均匀。
always: 总是，永远。语气最强，指在一切时候，没有例外。
frequently: 时常，经常，与often同义，可通用，但较正式，强调次数频繁。
adv. 频繁地，经常地；时常，屡次
 - continually, regular

Word: suggestion
Front: suggestion
[səˈdʒestʃən] (中高雅 2507/1775 -K3)
Vocabulary: suggestion
(once / 135 pages)
n
A suggestion is an idea someone proposes. You can accept or reject a suggestion.
When someone gives an order — like in the military — it has to be carried out. On the other hand, a suggestion is an idea that's optional. At a restaurant, a waiter may make a suggestion of a good soup. A friend could make a suggestion of a fun movie. If you're new in town, you might ask for suggestions of good neighborhoods. Suggestions are ideas that can be taken or rejected; it’s up to the person who receives the suggestion.
WORD FAMILY
suggestion: self-suggestion, suggestions+/ suggest: suggested, suggester, suggestible, suggesting, suggestion, suggestive, suggests/suggester: suggesters/suggestible: suggestibility/ suggestive: suggestively
USAGE EXAMPLES
These may not be the most practical or, to many, desirable suggestions.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But his campaign suggestions - more deep space exploration, less Earth science - seem to bode well for Alabama and for Marshall Space Flight Center.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hey kids, good suggestions for a near 80 year old too!
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: n. 建议，意见，暗示; 联想，启发; 微量
分布：建议(91%)，意见(6%)，联想(2%)，有...迹象(1%)
→suggest,提议，建议，-ion,名词后缀。
建议;暗示(suggest+ion)[gest,gister=carry,bring,表示"带来,产生"]
n.建议,意见;细微的迹象;暗示,联想He made the suggestion that we go by train.他建议我们坐火车去.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■an idea, plan or action that is suggested or the act of suggesting it 提议；建议
• I don't know what to wear tonight - do you have any suggestions? 我不知道今晚该穿甚么——你有甚么建议吗？
• She made some very helpful suggestions but her boss rejected them all. 她提了些很有帮助的建议，但被她的老板全部否定了。
• [+ that] They didn't like my suggestion that we should all share the cost. 他们不喜欢我所提出费用分摊的建议。
• I have a few favourite restaurants that I tend to go back to, but I'm always open to new suggestions (= willing to try new ones that people suggest). 我有几家很喜欢的餐馆，常常会去光顾，但有新提议的话，我也很乐意换换口味。
• I went to the Park Street dentist's at Ann's suggestion (= as a result of Ann suggesting it) and I was really impressed. 我听从安的建议去了派克街的牙医诊所，结果发现真的很不错。
■communication of an idea without stating it directly 暗示
• the suggestion of his guilt 暗示他的罪行
■a slight amount or trace of something 微量；细微迹象
• a suggestion of an Irish accent 微微有些爱尔兰人的口音
[sə'dʒes.tʃən] noun countable or uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  suggestionWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'do a suggestion' or 'give a suggestion', say make/put forward/offer a suggestion :
✗ He did some suggestions about how to improve our service. He made some suggestions about how to improve our service.
advice, opinion, progposal, suggestion, recommendation, view
这些名词均含“意见、建议”之意。
advice: 普通用词，侧重依据个人经验、学识和正确判断而提出的忠言。
opinion: 日常用词，泛指对某事物的想法和意见。
progposal: 指正式提出来供研究、采纳或实行的建议。
suggestion: 普通用词，语气比advice婉转客气，也不如proposal正式。着重为改进工作、解决困难等提出的建议，有时含所提建议不一定正确，仅供参考的意味。
recommendation: 指在自己经历的基础上而提出的有益建议、意见或忠告。
view: 侧重指对重大的或引起公众关注的问题所持的看法和态度。
implication, suggestion, hint
这组词都有“暗示，暗指”的意思，其区别是：
implication: 指对某事不公开发表自己的意见，仅用语言动作或表情表明态度，要对方进行推断。
suggestion: 既可指比较明显的暗示，又可指客观上流露出的迹象。
hint: 最常用用词，多指无意中的，间接的暗示。
n. 建议；示意；微量，细微的迹象
 - advice, proposal, instance, recommendation, trace

Word: herself
Front: herself
[hɜ:ˈself] (中高 792/582 -K5)
Back: pron. （反身代词）她自己; （用以加强语气）她亲自，她本人
分布：她自己(78%)，她亲自(22%)
→her,她，self,自己。构成her的反身代词。
pron.[反身代词]她自己;她亲自,她本人I glimpsed the dancer balancing herself on the ambulance by chance.我碰巧瞥见舞蹈者在救护车上使自己保持平衡.
US [hɝ:-] pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to a female object of a verb, that is the same person as the subject of the verb 她自己
• She kept telling herself that nothing was wrong. 她不断告诉自己一切都没有问题。
• My mother would worry herself to death if she knew what I was doing. 如果我母亲知道我在做甚么，她一定会担心死的。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to give special attention to a female noun or to make clear which female person or animal is being referred to 她亲自
• She decorated the cake herself. 她亲自装饰蛋糕。
• She herself admitted that it was wrong. 她自己承认那是不对的。
(all) by herself
 ESSENTIAL
■If a woman or girl does something by herself, she does it alone or without help from anyone else 她独自；她独立地
• She lives by herself in an enormous house. 她独自一人住在一栋巨大的房子里。
• Holly's only three but she wrote her name all by herself. 荷莉只有三岁，但她完全能自己写自己的名字。
(all) to herself
■for her use only 她独自占用
• Mum's got the house to herself this weekend. 这个周末妈妈一人住在那栋房子里。
not be/seem herself
■If a woman or girl is not/does not seem herself, she does not seem as happy as usual 情绪反常
• Is Michelle all right? She doesn't seem quite herself at the moment. 蜜雪儿没事吧？她现在看起来很反常。
in herself UK informal
■used when describing or asking about a woman's state of mind, when she is physically ill （用于描述或询问女性生病后的精神状况）
• I know she's got back trouble but how is she in herself? 我知道她又生病了，那她现在怎么样？

Word: creative
Front: creative
[kriˈeɪtɪv] (研四六 2050/3029 -3)
Vocabulary: creative
(once / 400 pages)
adj
Do you like to make art? Do you like to write? Would you like to design clothes or buildings? Then you are a creative person.
Creative has to do with new things coming into being: creative is the opposite of destructive. Art class and art schools are good places to be creative. All the artists in a place are known as the "creative community." But being creative isn't just about art — to make anything new or come up with any kind of an idea takes creativity and is therefore creative. Whenever you're making something worthwhile, you're being creative.
WORD FAMILY
creative: creatively, creativeness, creativity, uncreative+/ create: created, creates, creating, creation, creative, creator, creature, miscreate, re-create, recreate /created: re-created/ creation: creationism, creations, re-creation/ creator: creators/ creature: creatures/miscreate: miscreated, miscreating, miscreation/miscreation: miscreations/re-create: re-creating/ recreate: recreated, recreates, recreating, recreation / recreation: recreational, recreations/ recreational: nonrecreational, recreationally/uncreative: uncreatively, uncreativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Reynolds and the Deadpool creative team are hard at work on the upcoming sequel, with John Wick’s David Leitch on board to direct.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
“We need to be as creative as the inventors of the internet,” says Paul Fehlinger of Internet & Jurisdiction, which is organising the Paris conference.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Producing a game involves software development, creative and artistic skills, project management and marketing, to name a few.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 创造性的，有创造力的; 有创意的，创新的，创造的
n. （非正式）创意人士
分布：创作的(100%)
有创造性的(create+ive)[cre,creas=grow,make,表示"增长,产生"]
a.有创造力的,创造性的Human beings are creative animals.人类是有创造力的动物.
US [-tˌɪv] adjective
 IMPROVER
■producing or using original and unusual ideas 有创造力的；创造性的；有创意的
• a creative person/artist/designer/programmer 有创意的人／艺术家／设计师／程式设计员
• creative talents/powers/abilities 创造才能／能力
• creative thinking 创造性思维
UK [kri'eɪ.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] noun countable specialized
■an employee whose imagination and artistic skills are very important for a company 有创造力的员工；创意人员
• Several leading creatives are involved in the advertising campaign. 好几位顶级创意人员参与策划了这次广告宣传运动。
creative, original, imaginative
这组词都有“有创造力的”的意思，其区别是：
creative: 侧重指具有把本来不存在的事物创造出来的能力。
original: 强调具有与众不同，有独到之处的创造能力。
imaginative: 指想象大异于现实，近乎或等于虚构。强调富有幻想能力。

Word: realise
Vocabulary: realise
(once / 243 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
When you realise something, it becomes clear to you. Brits spell this word with an "s," while Americans will replace the "s" with a "z." We hope you realise this difference if you are editing a Brit's writing.
All the meanings of realise amount to making something “real” in some way. If you realise a plan, you make it happen. If you realise a fact, you see its truth. If you realise the seriousness of a situation, you become aware of its dangers. Since this word was originally borrowed from the French réaliser (meaning "make real"), we can understand why the Brits spell it r-e-a-l-i-s-e with an "s."
WORD FAMILY
realise: realisation, realised, realises, realising+/realisation: realisations, self-realisation/realised: unrealised
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was on the second day of our five-day trek that I realised it was missing.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Eventually I stopped seeing Down’s syndrome and realised that Seb was simply my son.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
"It was when I arrived here that I realised Brazil was Third World," she says.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)

Word: studio
Front: studio
[ˈstju:diəʊ] (高研六托雅宝 1515/1191 -K4)
Back: n. 工作室，画室; [影]演播室，电影制片厂
分布：工作室(63%)，画室(16%)，制片厂(14%)，播音室(6%)，摄影场(1%)
→来自意大利语 studio,学习室，词源同 study.引申诸相关词义。
n.画室;播音室;(电影)制片厂The stupid student rapidly studied the accident in the studio.愚蠢的学生在画室里快速研究了事故.
【记】stud＝study，io：学习的地方－工作室
US ['stu:.di.oʊ] (plural studios)
noun countable
RECORDING ROOM 录制室
 IMPROVER
■a room with special equipment where television or radio programmes or music recordings are made （电视或广播节目的）摄影棚，播音室；（音乐）录音室
• She spent three months in the studio working on her latest album. 她在录音室里花了3个月录制自己的最新专辑。
• a studio audience (= people who watch a programme while it is being made in the studio) 摄影棚现场的观众
■a building or place where films are made for the cinema, or a company which makes them （电影）摄影棚；电影公司，电影制片厂
• Ealing Studios made some famous British comedies in the 40s and 50s. 20世纪40至50年代伊灵制片厂出品了一些非常有名的英国喜剧片。
■a room or building where dancing is taught or practised （舞蹈）练习室
• a dance studio 舞蹈练习室
UK ['stju:.di.əʊ] US ['stu:.di.oʊ] (plural studios)
noun countable
ARTIST'S ROOM 艺术家的房间
■a room in which an artist works, especially a painter or photographer （艺术家的）工作室；（尤指）画室，摄影室
■a company making artistic or photographic products 艺术工作室；摄影工作室
• The firm grew to be one of Europe's foremost graphics studios. 这家公司逐渐发展为欧洲最重要的图形制作工作室。
UK ['stju:.di.əʊ] US ['stu:.di.oʊ] (plural studios)
noun countable
HOME 家 (UK also studio flat) (US studio apartment)
■a small apartment designed to be lived in by one or two people, usually with one large room for sleeping and living in, a bathroom and sometimes a separate kitchen 单房公寓（通常一个房间兼作睡房和起居室，有厕所，有的有厨房）
n. 工作室； [电视] [广播] 演播室；画室；电影制片厂
 - atelier, workroom

Word: height
Front: height
[haɪt] (中高研四六托雅 2040/1913 -K3)
Vocabulary: height
(once / 84 pages)
n
The noun height can mean the measurement of something from bottom to top. A pediatrician will measure the height of a child to make sure they are growing at a normal and healthy rate.
Height derives from the Old English word hehthu, meaning "top of something." To measure your height, you measure the distance from the floor to the top of your head. The height of a mountain is its elevation above sea level (the height of Mt. Everest, for instance, is 29,029 feet). Height can also mean the most extreme or intense part of something: The height of cherry blossom season in Japan is late March through early April.
WORD FAMILY
height: heights+/ high: height, higher, highest, highly, highness, highs/highness: highnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tens of thousands lost power in Louisiana and Mississippi at the height of the storm, according to utilities.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And to her secret distress, Ruby is in the 25th percentile for height and the 80th for weight.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
They’ve been working with county officials for two years now on the building’s height, lighting and parking on the parcel of land they bought.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 高度，海拔; 高地; 身高; 绝顶，顶点
分布：高度(86%)，高处(8%)，顶点(6%)
→来自high的名词形式。
n.高,高度;(常pl.)高地,高处My neighbor knows the height and weight of the highjacked freight.我邻居知道被劫持货船的高度和重量.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the distance from the top to the bottom of something, or the quality of being tall 高度；高
• The sheer height of New York's skyscrapers is so impressive. 纽约的摩天大楼光高度就气势非凡。
• She's about average height (= neither short nor tall). 她大约中等个子。
■the particular distance that something is above a surface （距离某平面的）高度
• The bullet entered the body at chest height. 子弹从胸部的高度进入身体
heights
■high places, or the top of hills 高地；山顶
• Don't go up the tower if you're afraid of heights. 如果你惧高的话，就不要到塔上去。
• Machine guns were mounted along the heights behind the town. 该城镇后面的高地上架设了机关枪。
■a high level of success （成功的）高峰，巅峰
• He reached the heights of his profession at the age of 35. 他在35岁时达到了自己职业生涯的巅峰。
• Share prices scaled new heights yesterday. 股票价格昨天又创新高。
• Her husband rose to the dizzy/lofty heights of transport minister. 她丈夫晋升到交通部长这高位。
the height of sth
■the time when a situation or event is strongest or most full of activity …的高潮（或高峰）
• August is the height of the tourist season. 八月是旅游旺季。
• At the height of the violence/crisis we were left without any help. 在暴动／危机最严重的时候，我们孤立无援。
■an extreme example of something （…的）极致（或极端）
• the height of fashion 时尚的极致
■the time when you are most successful in what you do （事业的）巅峰
• She was at the height of her career when he first met her. 他第一次见到她时，她正处于事业巅峰期。
height, altitude, elevation
这组词都有“高度”的意思，其区别是：
height: 普通用词，指任何物体可测量到的高度，不管物体本身的高低如何。
altitude: 指海拔高度，也指离开地面的高度。
elevation: 主要指山丘或耸立在地面上物体的海拔高度。
n. 高地；高度；身高；顶点
 - altitude, raise, sky, summit, peak

Word: grim
Front: grim
[grɪm] (研六托雅宝 5348/5350 -2)
Vocabulary: grim
(once / 184 pages)
adj
Things that are gloomy, stark, ghastly, and somber are grim. Sunshine, puppies, and rainbows are not grim; zombies, reapers, and mummies are grim. Less scary things like drizzly, foggy days can also be called grim.
Two famous uses of the adjective grim are the Grim Reaper and Grimm's Fairy Tales. Mr. Reaper shows up in movies and books wearing a long, hooded black cape and carrying a scythe, or long-handled blade used, in less grim circumstances, for mowing grass and reaping grain: he represents death. The real-life German brothers wrote some bone-chilling tales under their own name, Grimm, meaning "cruel, fierce," which is related to the English word grim. Modern grim things include crime-drama images of dead bodies and characters in horror movies.
WORD FAMILY
grim: grimly, grimmer, grimmest, grimness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is why the current job discrimination situation is so grim.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Yet the children’s personalities shine through these grim tasks.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the novel, a teen-ager named Theo, worn down with grim tidings, frames the problem of modern optimism in terms of scale.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 冷酷的，残忍的; 严厉的; 阴冷的; 可怕的，讨厌的
级别：grimmer, grimmest
分布：可怕的(48%)，冷酷的(36%)，严厉的(12%)，不愉快的(4%)
→来自ghrem, 生气的，拟声词，模仿咆哮的声音。
a.严酷的,令人害怕的;不愉快的,讨厌的I've had a grim day.我过了不愉快的一天.
【记】g鬼，rim（n 边）：鬼在你的旁边－冷酷无情的；狰狞可怕的
【参】brim（n 杯碗等的边缘；河边）；prim（adj 整洁的）
[grɪm] (grimmer, grimmest)
adjective
WITHOUT HOPE 没有希望的
 ADVANCED
■worrying, without hope 忧愁的；令人担忧的；令人沮丧的
• The future looks grim. 未来一片渺茫。
[grɪm] (grimmer, grimmest)
adjective
SERIOUS 严肃的
■worried and serious or sad 忧愁的；严肃的
• Her face was grim as she told them the bad news. 她满脸愁容地把这个坏消息告诉了他们。
• The expression on his face was one of grim determination. 他脸上一副破釜沉舟的神情。
• Later Mr Ashby left the court, grim-faced and silent. 后来阿什比先生离开了法庭，表情严肃，一言不发。
[grɪm] (grimmer, grimmest)
adjective
UNPLEASANT 令人不快的
   informal
■very unpleasant or ugly 令人不快的；讨厌的；丑陋的
• a grim-looking block of flats 丑陋不堪的公寓楼
[grɪm] (grimmer, grimmest)
adjective
hang / hold on like grim death UK
■to hold on very tightly to something, despite great difficulty 死死地抓住不放，紧紧抓住不松手；咬牙坚持
• Darren always drives and I sit behind him, hanging on like grim death. 总是达伦来开车，我则坐在他后面，一路壮着胆子硬撑。
adj. 冷酷的；糟糕的；残忍的
 - frozen, cruel

Word: scare
Front: scare
[skeə(r)] (高研四六托宝 3807/7593 -K2)
Vocabulary: scare
(once / 271 pages)
vn
Scare is a verb that means frighten or intimidate. You might be embarrassed to admit that you don't want to go to the beach with your friends because of how much seagulls scare you.
Questions on a test you're unprepared for might scare you, and so might a barking dog. To scare is to spook, startle, or cause fear, and what scares your best friend most (like losing his job) might not be what would scare you more than anything (like discovering a huge snake in your shower). You can also use scare as a noun, as in "It gave me such a scare when all my friends jumped out and yelled, 'Surprise!'"
WORD FAMILY
scare: scared, scarer, scares, scarey, scaring+/ scared: scareder, scaredest, scaredly/scarer: scarers
USAGE EXAMPLES
As Anderson was recounting the scary scene, linebacker Corey Nelson leaned in and told him, “I was scared for you. I was so scared, bro.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Kubiak missed a week of work in October after suffering a complex migraine, his second health scare in three years.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"There was then a robust discussion. I felt scared. The situation was extremely unpleasant."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使惊恐，惊吓; 使害怕，使恐惧; 把…吓跑
vi. 受惊吓; 感到害怕
n. 惊恐，惊吓; 恐惧; 恐慌
adj. 骇人的，令人恐惧的; 引起恐慌的; 用以吓唬人的
时态：scared, scaring, scares
分布：恐吓(34%)，惊吓(29%)，吓走(21%)，惊恐(9%)，受惊吓(7%)
n.惊恐,恐慌v.惊吓,受惊The careful man is scarcely scared by the scarce parcel.细心男子勉强被罕见的包裹吓了一下.
【记】s死，care关心，注意：注意死人－恐怖的
US [sker] verb intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) feel frightened （使）惊恐，（使）害怕；受惊吓，感到害怕
• Sudden noises scare her. 突然的响声把她吓了一跳。
• She's very brave - she doesn't scare easily. 她很勇敢——她不会那么容易害怕的。
• He scared me out of my wits (= made me extremely frightened) when he was driving so fast. 他开得那么快，把我吓得半死。
• Meeting new people scares me stiff/to death (= makes me extremely nervous and worried). 与陌生人见面我会感到很紧张，手足无措。
• She scared the hell/life/living daylights out of me (= frightened me very much) when she crept up behind me and shouted in my ear. 她蹑手蹑脚地走到我身后对着我耳朵大喊一声，把我的魂都吓飞了。
UK [skeər] US [sker] verb intransitive or transitive
scare sb shitless offensive
■to make someone extremely frightened 把（某人）吓得屁滚尿流
UK [skeər] US [sker] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scare sb/sth away/off
■to make a person or an animal so frightened that they go away 把…吓跑
• Don't make too much noise or you'll scare away the birds. 别发出那么大声音，会把鸟儿吓跑的。
• She scared off her attacker by screaming. 她大声叫喊，把袭击她的人吓跑了。
UK [skeər] US [sker] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scare sb away/off
■to make someone so worried about doing something that they decide not to do it 吓跑，吓退（某人）
• If you charge as much as that, you'll scare customers off. 如果你索价那么高，会吓跑顾客的。
UK [skeər] US [sker] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  scare sb into doing sth
■to persuade someone to do something by frightening them 胁迫（某人）做…
• The two boys scared the old man into handing over his wallet. 这两个男孩恐吓老人，逼他交出钱包。
UK [skeər] US [sker] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scare sth up US informal
■to find or get something despite difficulties or limited supplies 仓促准备，勉强凑成
• There's hardly any food in the house, but I'll scare something up from these leftovers. 家里几乎没有甚么吃的，但我会用这些剩饭菜做出一顿饭来。
UK [skeər] US [sker] noun
only singular
■a sudden feeling of fear or worry 惊恐，恐慌
• I got/had a scare (= I was very worried) when I looked at my bank statement this morning! 我今天早上看到银行账单时吓了一跳。
• You gave us a real scare (= frightened us) when you fainted, you know. 你知道吗，你晕倒的时候真把我们吓坏了。
countable
■when a subject receives a lot of public attention and worries many people, often unnecessarily （往往不必要的）担忧；人心惶惶
• a bomb/health scare 炸弹／健康恐慌
• The government are accused of employing scare tactics (= ways of frightening people in order to persuade them to do something). 政府被控使用恐吓手段。
• The press have been publishing scare stories (= newspaper reports which make people feel unnecessarily worried) about the mystery virus. 新闻界一直在发布关于神秘病毒的骇人报道。
alarm, frightem, startle, terrify, scare, intimidate
这些动词均有“惊吓、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 着重指某人意识到危险而突然产生的惊恐。
frightem: 普通用词，使用广泛，指产生突然、短暂的惊慌、恐怖感。
startle: 强调突然使人惊骇或震惊。
terrify: 语气最强，指惊骇得六神无主，魂飞魄散。
scare: 指非正式文体中可与frighten换用，但语气较重，侧重人受惊吓后立即停下正在干的事或跑掉。
intimidate: 特指恐吓某人，迫使其做某事。
uncommon, rare, scare, occasional
这组词都有“稀罕的，很少发生”的意思，其区别是：
uncommon: 指一般不发生或很少发生的事情，故显得独特、异常与例外。
rare: 指难得发生的事或难遇见的人或事，侧重特殊性。
scare: 指暂时不易发现、不存在或数量不足，供不应求的东西。
occasional: 指偶然、不时或间或发生的事，侧重无规律可循。
vt. 惊吓；把…吓跑
 - take aback
vi. 受惊
 - spook
n. 恐慌；惊吓；惊恐
 - panic, pavor
adj. （美）骇人的
 - haircurling, terrifying

Word: prediction
Front: prediction
[prɪˈdɪkʃn] (六托 3608/4167 -2)
Vocabulary: prediction
(once / 724 pages)
n
I have a prediction: You’ll know what this word means by the time you finish reading this explanation. A prediction is what someone thinks will happen.
A prediction is a forecast, but not only about the weather. Pre means “before” and “diction” has to do with talking. So a prediction is a statement about the future. It’s a guess, sometimes based on facts or evidence, but not always. A fortune teller makes a prediction using a crystal ball. A meteorologist uses maps and scientific data to tell us about the possibility of rain, snow or sunshine. And when I made the prediction that you would understand what this word meant, it was based on instinct, a gut feeling telling me what would happen next.
WORD FAMILY
prediction: predictions+/ predict: predictable, predicted, predicting, prediction, predictive, predictor, predicts/ predictability: predictabilities/ predictable: predictability, predictably, unpredictable /predicted: unpredicted/predictive: predictively, unpredictive/predictor: predictors/ unpredictability: unpredictabilities/ unpredictable: unpredictability, unpredictably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now, on to the toasts — and some predictions for the new year.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These predictions for 2017 are found to be extraordinarily accurate.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Real cute, but these predictions are supposed to be bold, right?
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [气]预测，预报; 预言; 预言的事物
分布：预报(56%)，预言(44%)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you say what will happen in the future 预计，预料，预言
• Please don't ask me to make any predictions about tomorrow's meeting. 请不要叫我对明天的会议进行预测。
• [+ that] No one believed her prediction that the world would end on November 12. 没人相信她对于世界将在11月12日毁灭的预言。
prophecy, forecast, prediction
prophecy: 根据个人感觉而作的预言
forecast: 预测，预报
prediction: 一般意义的预言，预告
n. 预报；预言
 - message, forecast

Word: subsequent
Front: subsequent
[ˈsʌbsɪkwənt] (研四六托雅宝 3267/2113 -3)
Vocabulary: subsequent
(once / 166 pages)
adj
For something that comes after something else in time or order, choose the adjective subsequent. If the entire class fails an exam, the teacher will hopefully make subsequent ones a little easier.
Subsequent comes from the Latin subsequi "to follow closely" and means just that - following or coming after. If you say, "in 1990 and subsequent years," it includes 1990, whereas "the years subsequent to 1990" do not include it. When you mention a car crash and subsequent traffic jam or a scandal and subsequent investigation, one follows the other in order but a cause and effect relationship is implied too.
WORD FAMILY
subsequent: subsequence, subsequently, subsequentness+/subsequence: subsequences
USAGE EXAMPLES
My patient completed his course of radiation and chemotherapy, and his subsequent scans showed no evidence of residual disease.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But what looked like a potentially game-winning subsequent drive for Washington ended on Cousins’s second interception, with Rodgers-Cromartie playing the villain again.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
None of these boded well for investor sentiment or subsequent returns.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 后来的; 随后的; 作为结果而发生的; 附随的
分布：随后的(66%)，后来的(34%)
→sub-,在下，在后，-seq,跟随，词源同 sequence,consequent.
a.随后的,后来的This will be discussed in subsequent chapters.这个问题将在后面几章详细讨论.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■happening after something else 随后的，接着的
• The book discusses his illness and subsequent resignation from the government. 书中讲述了他患病及随后辞去政府职务的事。
• Those explosions must have been subsequent to our departure, because we didn't hear anything. 那些爆炸一定是在我们离开后发生的，因为我们甚么也没听到。
adj. [地质] 后来的，随后的
 - succeeding, pursuant

Word: reference
Front: reference
[ˈrefrəns] (高研四六雅 1904/1016 -K3)
Vocabulary: reference
(once / 123 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4n
If you are writing a report for school, you are probably relying on a few references, or sources, for information. Or, if you are applying for a job, you may count on a reference from a previous boss to help you get the job.
Good references are sometimes necessary to either get a job or to get a job done well. A reference is someone you can rely on to put in a good word for you when applying for a job. Or, a reference might be an outside source you use in a research paper. Don't forget: if you reference outside work, be sure to mention it in your bibliography or "list of references" so you don't get accused of plagiarism. Give credit where it's due.
WORD FAMILY
reference: referenced, references, referencing, referential +/ refer: referable, referee, reference, refering, referral, referred, referring, refers/ referee: refereed, refereeing, referees/ referral: referrals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Quiet sitting at room temperature is the standard RMR reference point; this is referred to as one metabolic equivalent, or MET.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
That is a clear reference, I believe, to our response to the protests at Israel Fest last year.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Lane argued it was a complimentary reference to physical strength and “was not accompanied by any overtly racial slurs.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 参考; 参考书; 提及，涉及; 证明人，介绍人
v. 引用; 参照
时态：referenced, referencing, references
分布：参考(85%)，参照(8%)，推荐人(4%)，注明出处(1%)，出处(1%)，附参考资料(1%)
→来自 refer,查阅，参考。
参考;引证(refer+ence)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
n.提及,涉及;参考,参考书目;证明书(人)I prefer the preferable preference you referred to in the reference books.我更喜欢你在参考书中提到的那个更可取的优先权.
US [-ɚ-] noun
MENTION 论及
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a mention of something 提到；谈到；论及
• Knowing what had happened, I avoided making any reference to (= mentioning) weddings. 因为我知道发生了甚么，所以就避开不谈婚礼的事情。
• formal I am writing with/in reference to (= in connection with) your letter of 15 March. 现就3月15日贵函致覆。
UK ['ref.ər.ənts] US [-ɚ-] noun
IN A PIECE OF WRITING 引文
 IMPROVER countable
■a writer or a book, article, etc. that is mentioned in a piece of writing, showing you where the person writing found their information 引文出处；参考书目
 IMPROVER countable (abbreviation ref)
■in a business letter, a number that tells you who to speak to or where to look for more information （商务信函中为方便查询所用的）标识，编号，标记
• In all future letters on this subject, please use/quote our reference JW/155/C/1991. 今后有关此事项的所有信件都请标明我方信函编号
UK ['ref.ər.ənts] US [-ɚ-] noun
LETTER 信件
 ADVANCED countable
■a letter that is written by someone who knows you, to describe you and say if you are suitable for a job or course, etc 推荐信；介绍信
• My old headteacher said he would write/give me a glowing (= very good) reference. 我以前的中学校长说他会为我写一封很好的推荐信。
UK ['ref.ər.ənts] US [-ɚ-] noun
LOOK AT 看
uncountable
■when you look at look at a book, piece of paper, etc in order to find information and help 参考，查阅
• He made the whole speech without reference to the notes in front of him. 他整场演讲完全没有参考他面前的笔记。
citation, quotations, reference
citation: 引用某人先前的说话
quotations: 照搬原文
reference: 参考
n. 参考，参照；涉及，提及；参考书目；介绍信；证明书
 - involved in, mention
vi. 引用
 - quote
vt. 引用
 - cite

Word: delight
Front: delight
[dɪˈlaɪt] (高研四六 4890/3393 -K3)
Vocabulary: delight
(once / 43 pages)
nv
When you like someone, you might say, "She is an absolute delight." You mean you think she's great: a delight is a source of joy, and to delight is to cause pleasure. Babies are particularly good at expressing delight in new things.
Delight is often associated with an initial impression—one says, "She continues to delight us," to suggest that the first impression continues. The word delight derives from the Latin delectare "to charm," which also gives us delectable, and the same lighthearted sense of pure, uncomplicated pleasure.
WORD FAMILY
delight: delighted, delightful, delighting, delights+/ delighted: delightedest, delightedly/ delightful: delightfulest, delightfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her allies were delighted that Trump raised the precedent of Ronald Reagan’s bond with Margaret Thatcher in his first phone call with May.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
To the delight of his fans, at least judging by the comments, his daughters often respond to his goofy antics with down-to-earth eye rolls.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The parade delights spectators along downtown city streets and at home in front of their televisions broadcasting the popular festivity live.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 快乐，高兴; 使人高兴的东西或人
vt. 使高兴，使欣喜
vi. 感到高兴[快乐]
时态：delighted, delighting, delights
分布：高兴(76%)，快乐(24%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-lic, 抓住，诱惑，词源同lace, elicit, delicious. 即诱人的，使愉悦。
n.快乐,高兴v.(使)高兴,(使)欣喜I slightly delight in flight in the sunlight and lightning.我有点喜欢在阳光和闪电中飞行.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■(something or someone that gives) great pleasure, satisfaction or happiness 欣喜；满足；惬意
• My sister's little boy is a real delight. 我姐姐的小儿子很讨人喜欢。
• I read your letter with great delight. 我非常愉快地看了你的来信。
• The children squealed in delight when they saw all the presents under the Christmas tree. 孩子们看到圣诞树下的各种礼物时兴奋地叫了起来。
• He seems to take great delight in (= enjoys) teasing his sister. 他似乎觉得逗他妹妹玩很有趣。
the delights of sth
■the pleasures of something …的乐趣
• We're just discovering the delights of being retired. 我们刚刚开始体会到退休后的种种乐趣。
[dɪ'laɪt] verb transitive
■to give someone great pleasure or satisfaction 使高兴；使满足
• Peter's success at college delighted his family. 彼得在学校里的良好表现让全家人感到高兴。
[dɪ'laɪt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  delight in sth
■to get a lot of pleasure from something, especially something unpleasant 从（尤指不愉快的事）中取乐
• Some people delight in the misfortunes of others. 有些人拿别人的不幸取乐。
• My brother always delights in telling me when I make a mistake. 每当我出错时，弟弟总是幸灾乐祸地给我指出来。
n. 高兴
 - joy, cheerfulness
vi. 高兴
 - pleasure, be pleased
vt. 使高兴
 - glad, pleasure, satisfy

Word: pan
Front: pan
[pæn] (高研四六宝 2479/4319 -K3)
Vocabulary: pan
(once / 669 pages)
1nv 2v 3v
A pan can be a cooking utensil, a negative opinion, or a sweeping camera shot. You cook eggs in a pan, but as a film critic you might pan a new docudrama for poor editing and overuse of pan shots.
A pan is a shallow metal object that you use to cook food. It can also be a verb indicating you're expressing a negative view. To pan a performance, book, or movie is to say that you think it stunk. If all the critics pan something, sales usually go down, but not always. To pan a film or video camera is to move it from left to right or right to left in a smooth motion.
WORD FAMILY
pan: paned, panned, panning, pans
USAGE EXAMPLES
An online humor site panned the four options and urged its readers to vote for what it considered the worst, a boring black-and-white option.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Put a griddle pan on to a high heat and leave to warm up.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
This dish is a small miracle in a smaller skillet, an impossibly rich butter-laden cornmeal cake fired in an individual-sized cast-iron pan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 平底锅; 盘状的器皿; 淘盘子，金盘，秤盘
vt. 淘金; 在浅锅中烹调（食物）; [非正式用语]严厉的批评
vi. 淘金; 在淘洗中收获金子
时态：panned, panning, pans
分布：平底锅(67%)，盘子(19%)，严厉批评(8%)，淘盘(4%)，盘状物(2%)
→来自古英语panne,锅，盘，可能来自pete,展开，词源同feather,patella.后引申动词词义淘金，即用锅洗砂子淘金，并用于俚语严厉批评。字母t脱落，比较fain,来自古英语fagen.Pan 潘，潘神
n.平底锅,盘子,面板The fanciful panda fan panics over the span of the pan-like panel.爱幻想的熊猫迷对盆状仪表板的全长感到恐慌.
【记】拼：盘，长得象平底锅－用平底锅打你一下－严厉批评
【反】rave（v 咆哮；吹捧）；eulogize（v 称赞）
noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
 ADVANCED
■a metal container that is round and often has a long handle and a lid, used for cooking things on top of a cooker 平底锅
• Heat the milk in a small pan. 用小平底锅把牛奶煮热。
• This dishwasher even washes pots and pans (= different types of pan). 这个洗碗机还能洗各种锅罐。
 ADVANCED mainly US
■a metal container used for cooking things inside the cooker 烤盘，（炊具里的）盘状器皿
[pæn] noun countable
TOILET 厕所 UK the bowl-shaped part of a toilet 马桶
[pæn] noun countable
go down the pan slang
■to fail or to be lost or destroyed 失败；被浪费；被毁
• We don't want to see our business go down the pan. 我们不想看到自己的生意完蛋。
[pæn] verb (-nn-)
MOVE SLOWLY 缓慢移动
intransitive
■(of a film camera) to move slowly from one side to another or up and down （摄录机）追拍，摇摄
• In the first scene, the camera pans slowly across the room. 在第一个镜头里，摄录机慢慢摇摄拍出房间的全景。
[pæn] verb (-nn-)
CRITICIZE 批评
transitive informal
■to criticize something severely 严厉批评
• The critics panned the film version of the novel. 评论家严厉批评了根据这本小说改编的电影。
[pæn] verb (-nn-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pan out informal
■to develop in a particular way or in a successful way （以某种方式）发展；进展顺利
• We'll have to see how things pan out. 我们要看看事情如何发展。
• Their attempt to start a new business didn't pan out. 他们试图开展新的事业，但没有成功。
n. [轻] 平锅，盘子；摇镜头
 - holloware

Word: minor
Front: minor
[ˈmaɪnə(r)] (研四六 2610/1912 -K3)
Vocabulary: minor
(once / 130 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adjn
Something that's minor is considered of low importance — a minor injury is not very serious, and a college student's minor subject is a secondary field of study. Likewise, the star constellation Ursa Major is a larger grouping than Ursa Minor.
The word minor has retained its spelling from the Latin. There, minor means something "lesser," and is related to the Latin word minuere, which means "to diminish." It is usually used as an adjective, but as a noun it gained the meaning "underage" in the 16th Century, and is now used to refer to children and teens under the age of legal responsibility. It is also used in musical terms to refer to a key that has a flatted third in its scale.
WORD FAMILY
minor: minority, minorly, minors+/ minority: minorities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though rivers along the Gulf Coast were rising rapidly Monday, only minor flooding was predicted.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After bouncing around in the minors for most of his career, Washington rewarded Chorney with a two-year contract extension.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We’ve experienced only a small number of minor incidents, in numbers less than typical,” Boasberg said in response to questions from The Washington Post.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 较小的，少数的，小…; 未成年的; [乐]小调的，小音阶的; （两同姓男孩中）年幼的
n. 未成年人; 副修科目; 小公司; [逻辑学]小前提
vi. [主美国英语]副修，选修，兼修
分布：未成年人(32%)，次要的(20%)，较小的(17%)，轻微的(16%)，辅修(12%)，辅修科目(3%)
→来自拉丁语minor,较小的，次等的，来自mei,小的，词源同minute,minus.-or,比较级后缀。minor 较小的，较少的，次要的
较小的;较少的(min+or)[mini,min=small,表示"小"]
a.较小的,较小的n.兼修学科v.(in)兼修No minors.未成年者免入.
US [-nɚ] adjective
UNIMPORTANT 不重要的
 IMPROVER
■having little importance, influence or effect, especially when compared with other things of the same type 较不重要的；次要的；轻微的
• a minor operation 小手术
• It's only a minor problem. 那只是个小问题。
• There's been an increase in minor offences , such as traffic violations and petty theft. 轻微的违法活动有所增加，如违反交通规则、小偷小摸等。
• She suffered only minor injuries. 她只是受了轻伤。
• It requires a few minor adjustments. 需要作几处小的调整。
• a minor poet of the 16th-century 16世纪一位不太知名的诗人
Compare major
UK ['maɪ.nər] US [-nɚ] adjective
MUSIC 音乐
■belonging or relating to a type of musical scale that generally has a sad sound, typically having a half tone between the second and third and between the fifth and sixth notes, and a whole tone between each of the others 小调的；小音阶的
• The piece is written in a minor key. 这是一首用小调谱写的乐曲。
• Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor. 莫札特的第20号D小调钢琴协奏曲
Compare major
UK ['maɪ.nər] US [-nɚ] noun countable legal
■someone who is too young to have the legal responsibilities of an adult 未成年人
• He was accused of having sex with a minor. 他被指控与一名未成年人发生性关系。
minor, inferior, secondary, subordinate
这组词都有“次等”的意思，其区别是：
minor: a较少的，较小的，较次要的，常含有轻微的但并非不重要的意思。
 • We agreed on everything in the contract, even minor points.   我们对合同中的一切问题，甚至是细枝末节都达成了一致。
inferior: a.次等的，较劣的，差的，当"下级"讲时，强调职位的高低；当"次等"讲时，指素质、质量等的低劣。
 • Most wine from Switzerland is inferior to wine from France.   产于瑞士的葡萄酒多数要比法国的差。
secondary: a.第二等的，次要的，强调在重要性或顺序上处于第二位。
 • My job is of secondary importance to my health.   我的工作比起身体来说不那么重要。
subordinate: a.次要的，从属的，下级的，强调主次地位或支配和隶属的关系。
 • He was always friendly to his subordinate officers.   她对下级官员一向和蔼可亲。
minor, negligible, minimal, marginal
这组词都有“不重要的，次要的”的意思，其区别是：
minor: 多指与别的比较后显得不重要，或指较少、较小。
negligible: 指数量小，不重要，微不足道或可忽略不计。
minimal: 指最少、最低或最小。
marginal: 指处于边缘，幅度、范围小，故价值或重要性不大。
adj. 未成年的；次要的；较小的；小调的；二流的
 - secondary, supporting, peripheral, less
n. 未成年人；小调；副修科目
 - infant, pupil

Word: assess
Front: assess
[əˈses] (高研四六托雅宝 2042/1488 -4)
Vocabulary: assess
(once / 460 pages)
v
Before you try to sell your car, you should ask an expert to assess its value––once you know what it's worth, it's easier to find a fair price. When you assess a matter, you make a judgment about it.
The verb assess has the general meaning of determining the importance or value of something. It also has a few specialized uses having to do with amounts of money, such as fines, fees, and taxes. It can mean to set the value of property for purposes of taxation, or to charge a person or business a tax or fee. This verb came through French from Latin assidēre "to sit as a judge."
WORD FAMILY
assess: assessable, assessed, assesses, assessing, assessment, assessor, reassess +/ assessment: assessments/ assessor: assessors/ reassess: reassessed, reassesses, reassessing, reassessment / reassessment: reassessments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Barker believes it’s time to assess how much it would cost to engage more men.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
After assessing the damage, airport authorities announce that departing flights will be delayed an average of four months, nearly twice as long as usual.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
DeAngelo was assessed a game misconduct for abuse of officials.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 评定; 估价; 对（财产、收入等）进行估价（作为征税根据）; 确定（损害赔偿金、税款、罚款等）的金额
时态：assessed, assessing, assesses
分布：评估(90%)，评定(9%)，估算(1%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. 词根sess, 坐，词源同sit, session.
vt.(为征税)评估(财产,收入);征税;评价Small town banks have to assess the relative riskiness of their loans.小城市的银行必须预估他们贷款相当的冒险.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to judge or decide the amount, value, quality or importance of something 评价；评定；对…估价
• The insurers will need to assess the flood damage. 保险公司需要对洪水造成的损失进行评估。
• They assessed the cost of the flood damage at £1500. 他们估计洪水造成的损失为1500英镑。
• Examinations are not the only means of assessing a student's ability. 考试并不是评定学生能力的唯一手段。
• It's too early to assess the long-term consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union. 现在来估测苏联解体的远期后果还为时尚早。
• [+ question word] We need to assess whether the project is worth doing. 我们需要评估一下这个企划案是否值得去做。
evaluate, rate, value, assess, estimate, appraise
这组词都有“估价，估计”的意思，其区别是：
evaluate: 与appraise相似，指使判断绝对准确，但多用于对人物的某方面的评价，很少用于评价某物的市场价值。
rate: 专指评定价值等级的高低。
value: 侧重指一般人对某物的价值或价格所作的估计。
assess: 原义指对为确定交多少税而估计，引申指通过估价以便更好利用。
estimate: 通常指由个人作出的主观估价。
appraise: 指以专家身份作了最终精确的估价。
tax, duty, tariff, assess, dues, impose
tax: 普通用词，指用各种不同方法向个人或单位征收所得税、房地产税等各种税款。侧重实际征收金钱。
duty: 责任
tariff: 关税
assess: 指一般情况下，征收房地产税、罚款或其它费用。
dues: 会费
impose: 指在决定个别案件中的处罚或罚款，尤指政府征收某种税收的决定。
vt. 评定；估价；对…征税
 - evaluate, rate, value, prize

Word: inevitably
Front: inevitably
[ɪnˈevɪtəbli] (六托 4649/2664 -K)
Vocabulary: inevitably
(once / 536 pages)
adv
If something is totally unavoidable, it is inevitably going to happen. Inevitably, the sun will come up tomorrow.
The adverb inevitably comes from the negative of the French word for "avoid" or "shun." There are things you can put off for a while, but inevitably you're going to have to deal with them at some point, like telling your family that you crashed the car. No matter how free-spirited you imagine yourself, unless you are independently wealthy, you will inevitably have to settle down and get some sort of job, like writing and editing word definitions.
WORD FAMILY
inevitable: inevitability, inevitableness, inevitables, inevitably +/evitable: evitably, inevitable / inevitability: inevitabilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But his Presidency, especially if it is successful, will inevitably change the shape of conservatism in the United States.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The ensuing anger will inevitably be met with matching levels of violence.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The broad assumption in the “current year” argument is that time inevitably ticks toward moral betterment.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 不可避免地，自然而然地; 必然地，无疑的; 难免; 终于只好
分布：不可避免地(100%)
US [-tˌə-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a way that cannot be avoided 不可避免地
• Their arguments inevitably end in tears. 他们的争论不可避免地以眼泪告终。
adv. 不可避免地；必然地
 - necessarily, ineluctably

Word: sub
Front: sub
[sʌb] (10767/9196 -2)
Back: n. 潜水艇; 代用品，代替者，替补队员; 地铁; 审校员
vi. 做替身，做替补队员; 做替身，审校（文稿）
时态：subbed, subbing, subs
分布：潜艇(65%)，替代(23%)，转包合同(8%)，替代品(4%)
→缩写自 substitute,代替，替代。
noun countable
MONEY 钱 UK informal for
■ subscription
• Have you paid your tennis-club sub yet? 你付了网球俱乐部的会费没有？
[sʌb] noun countable
CHANGE 改变 UK and US informal for
■ substitute
• One of the players was injured during the match, so a sub was brought on. 比赛中一个队员受伤，于是一个替补队员顶上。
[sʌb] noun countable
SHIP 船 informal for
■ submarine
• a nuclear sub 核子潜艇
[sʌb] noun countable
BREAD 面包 US informal for
■ submarine sandwich
[sʌb] verb intransitive (-bb-)
■to replace someone, especially in a game of football 替换（替换某人，特别是足球比赛中）
• Travis subbed for the injured defender. 特拉维斯替换受伤的那个后卫。
n. 潜水艇；地铁；替补队员
 - metro, subway
vi. 代替
 - cover for, stand in for sb, take the place of somebody

Word: successfully
Front: successfully
[sək'sesfəlɪ] (四六 3176/2498 -K)
Vocabulary: successfully
(once / 333 pages)
adv
Use the adverb successfully to describe something that ends up having the outcome you desired. If you successfully snowboard down a mountain without falling, it means you've achieved something you set out to do.
If you attempt something and achieve it, you've done it successfully. You could successfully finish a term paper in time to have your friend proofread it, or successfully decorate your brother's birthday cake to look like the Empire State Building. When it comes out well, it's been done successfully. Spelling successfully can be tricky; it can be helpful to remember that there are two c's, two s's, and two l's.
WORD FAMILY
successful: successfulest, successfully, successfulness, unsuccessful+/ success: successes, successful /unsuccessful: unsuccessfulest, unsuccessfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
There will continue to be speculation about Elway rolling the dice on another seasoned star, the way he did so successfully with Peyton Manning.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mascher later successfully got the building added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We are working, and working successfully, and we are achieving much,” Putin said in the nationally broadcast address.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 顺利地; 成功地
分布：副词(99%)，名词(1%)
ADJ-GRADED
达到目的的;有成效的;成功的
Something that is successful achieves what it was intended to achieve. Someone who is successful achieves what they intended to achieve.
例：How successful will this new treatment be?...这一新的疗法会有多大成效？
例：I am looking forward to a long and successful partnership with him...我期盼着能与他建立长期而有成效的合作关系。
ADJ-GRADED
获得成功的;受欢迎的;获利匪浅的
Something that is successful is popular or makes a lot of money.
例：...the hugely successful movie that brought Robert Redford an Oscar for his directing...让罗伯特·雷德福拿到了奥斯卡最佳导演奖的大受欢迎的影片
例：One of the keys to successful business is careful planning.打造成功企业的关键之一就是要精心策划。
ADJ-GRADED
(人)成功的，有成就的
Someone who is successful achieves a high position in what they do, for example in business or politics.
例：Women do not necessarily have to imitate men to be successful in business...女性不见得非要模仿男性才能在商界叱咤风云。
例：She is a successful lawyer.她是个成功的律师。
adv. 成功地；顺利地
 - triumphantly, resoundingly

Word: compound
Front: compound
[ˈkɒmpaʊnd] (研四六托雅宝 3428/3595 -2)
Vocabulary: compound
(once / 297 pages)
1nadjv 2n 3v 4v
If you compound a problem you add something to it to make it worse, like say, putting water on a grease fire. Compound means to combine; a compound is a combination or mixture of two or more things.
Compound has several specialized uses. A compound is either a mixture or two or more things, or a heavily guarded residence, such as a drug lord might have. In botany, a compound leaf consists of more than one part. In linguistics, a compound is a word that consists of two or more independent words. In chemistry, a compound is a substance created when atoms from chemical elements join together.
WORD FAMILY
compound: compounded, compounding, compoundly, compounds, decompound+/compounded: uncompounded/compounding: compoundings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Compounds like nitrous oxide are powerful greenhouse gases.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Obama also shuttered two Russian compounds in Maryland and New York.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Cheese proteins contain casomorphins, chemical compounds that attach to the same opiate receptors in the brain as heroin or morphine.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 场地; 复合物; （筑有围墙的）院子; 复合词
时态：compounded, compounding, compounds
分布：化合物(58%)，复合词(10%)，复合物(8%)，混合(7%)，妥协(6%)，使严重(3%)，化合的(3%)，私了(3%)，调合(2%)
→com-, 强调。-pon, 放置，词源同opponent, position. 即放在一起的。
化合物(com全部+pound放→全部放到一起→化合物)[pon,pound=put,表示"放置"]
n.混合物,化合物a.混合的,化合的;vt.混合The wounded founder bought a pound of compound.受伤的奠基人买了一磅化合物.
【反】separate（v 分开）
US [ˈkɑːm-]
COMBINATION 组合
■a chemical that combines two or more elements 化合物
• Salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine. 盐是钠和氯的化合物。
• Many fertilizers contain nitrogen compounds. 许多化学肥料都含有含氮化合物。
■formal
■something consisting of two or more different parts 复合物；混合物
• Then there was his manner, a curious compound of humour and severity. 还有他的态度，那是一种幽默与严厉的奇异混合。
■in grammar, a word which combines two or sometimes more different words. Often, the meaning of the compound cannot be discovered by knowing the meaning of the different words that form it. Compounds can be written either as one word or as separate words （文法中的）复合词：态
• 'Bodyguard' and 'floppy disk' are two examples of compounds. bodyguard 和 floppy disk 是两个复合词。
noun countable UK [ˈkɒm.paʊnd] US [ˈkɑːm-]
AREA 区域
■an area surrounded by fences or walls which contains a group of buildings （围起来的）场地，楼群，院落
• The gates opened and the troops marched into their compound. 大门开了，军队进入他们的大院。
• The embassy compound has been closed to the public because of a bomb threat. 因受到炸弹威胁，使馆区已不再对公众开放。
verb[kəmˈpaʊnd/
WORSEN 恶化
transitive often passive
■to make a problem or difficult situation worse 使加重，使加剧，使恶化
• Her terror was compounded by the feeling that she was being watched. 她有种被人监视的感觉，这加剧了她的恐惧感。
• His financial problems were compounded when he unexpectedly lost his job. 他意外地失去了工作，这使他手头更紧了。
• Severe drought has compounded food shortages in the region. 严重的干旱加剧了该地区的食品短缺问题。
verb[kəmˈpaʊnd/
COMBINE 使混合
transitive
■to mix two things together 使混合；使复合
• Most tyres are made of rubber compounded with other chemicals and materials. 大多数轮胎都是用橡胶和其他化学制品、材料混合制成的。
adjective UK [ˈkɒm.paʊnd] US [ˈkɑːm-/
■consisting of two or more parts 复合的
■used to refer to a system of paying interest in which interest is paid both on the original amount of money invested (= given to companies hoping to get more back) or borrowed and on any interest which that original amount has collected over a period of time （利息）以复利计算的
• compound interest 复利
• The investment fund has achieved annual compound returns of 18.2%. 投资得到了18.2%的复利年回报率。
compound, blend, combination, mixture, composite
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
compound: 特指两种或多种元素构成的化合物。
blend: 侧重混合成分之间的类似和整个混合物的统一性。
combination: 指相混元素的紧密结合，但不一定的是融合。
mixture: 普通用词，指不同类种、性质不同的事物的混合。
composite: 通常可与compound换用，但倾向于指人为的或偶然的结合或凑合。
vt. 合成；混合；和解妥协；搀合
 - synthetise, mix together
vi. 和解；妥协
 - make it up, make peace with someone
n. [化学] 化合物；混合物； [生物] 复合词
 - mixture, hybrid, mix
adj. [生物] 复合的；混合的
 - mixed, hybrid

Word: await
Front: await
[əˈweɪt] (研四 3669/3388 -3)
Vocabulary: await
(once / 143 pages)
v
To await is to anticipate or look forward to something. If you're hoping to get a letter from your pen pal, you'll eagerly await the mail carrier's arrival every afternoon.
When you await a phone call, you might sit by the telephone at home or keep your cell phone in your hand. A prisoner who awaits trial is biding his time until his case comes before a judge. Sometimes await implies that some particular outcome is in store for someone: "A terrible surprise awaits her, when she gets home and sees that her dog ate the sofa."
WORD FAMILY
await: awaited, awaiting, awaits
USAGE EXAMPLES
Autopsy results are still awaited to determine the exact cause of death of Daniel R.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The man was soon able to walk back up the hill to the roadway and await medical treatment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The D.C. jail houses inmates awaiting trial or convicted of low-level offenses.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 等候; 等待; 期待
时态：awaited, awaiting, awaits
分布：等候(66%)，期待(32%)，将降临于(2%)
vt.等候,期待;(事情等)降临于I am anxiously waiting for your reply.我在急切地期待你的答复.
[ə'weɪt] formal
verb transitive
■to wait for, or be waiting for something 等待；将降临在（某人身上）
• He's anxiously awaiting his test results. 他正焦急地等待着他的测试结果。
• A marvellous reception awaited me on my first day at work. 上班的第一天，我受到了同事们极为热情的欢迎。
• The long/eagerly awaited sequel is now available on video. 大家期待已久的续集的录影带已经上市。
await, anticipate, hope
这组词都有“希望，期待”的意思，其区别是：
await: 书面用词，指对将要或预料要发生的事怍于期待状态。
anticipate: 指对未来的期望，一般是对好事的期待。
hope: 指希望得到积极、有利的结果，所期待的可能实现，也可能不会实现。
await, wait
await: 是及物动词。如：I await your further instructions.
wait: “等”、“等候”，是不及物动词，后常接介词for。如：I will wait for you at the school gate.
vt. 等候，等待；期待
 - wait for, hope for

Word: log
Front: log
[lɒg] (研四六托雅宝 3423/4322 -2)
Vocabulary: log
(once / 155 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4nv
A log is the trunk of a tree minus the branches: logging is cutting down trees. A log is also a written record of something, and logging is keeping such a record.
The first type of log is a tree that's been cut down with the branches stripped. Think of a log cabin: it's made up of logs. Logging is when trees are cut down for lumber. The other type of log is some type of written record or list of messages. A ship captain keeps a log of notes on the ship's status and progress. When you make such a record, you're logging. Logging can be written or orally recorded.
WORD FAMILY
log: logged, logger, logging, logs+/ logger: loggers/logging: loggings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But nothing was found other than inconsistent driving logs.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
As I waited to log on in my home office, I noticed a piece of paper on the printer.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The streets around St. Mary’s Park were the scene of two fatal shootings logged in the 40th Precinct this year.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 记录; 日志; 原木
v. 伐木; 把…载入正式记录; 行驶
时态：logged, logging, logs
分布：圆木(41%)，原木(33%)，伐木(26%)
→词源不详，可能来自拟声词，大块物体滚动的隆隆声。在早期航海过程中，水手会在一根打结(knot)的长绳末端寄上一块原木，并通过绳结来计算船航行的速度并进行记录，因此，引申词义航海日志，记录，计算机登录等，而节则作为航海的速度单位流传下来。
n.原木,圆木;航海日志In the log lodge he said some illogical apologies.在木屋里他说了些不合逻辑的道歉话.
US [lɑ:g] noun countable
WOOD 木材
 ADVANCED
■a thick piece of tree trunk or branch, especially one cut for burning on a fire （尤指烧火用的）圆木，木材
UK [lɒg] US [lɑ:g] noun countable
RECORD 记录
■a full written record of a journey, a period of time, or an event （旅程、某段时间或事件的）日记，日志
• the ship's log 该船的航海日志
UK [lɒg] US [lɑ:g] noun countable
NUMBER 数位 informal for
■ logarithm
UK [lɒg] US [lɑ:g] verb (-gg-)
CUT WOOD 伐木
intransitive or transitive
■to cut down trees so that you can use their wood 伐（木），砍（树）
• The forest has been so heavily logged that it is in danger of disappearing. 这片森林被过度砍伐，面临消失的危险。
UK [lɒg] US [lɑ:g] verb (-gg-)
RECORD 记录
transitive
■to officially record something 正式记录，记载
• The Police Complaints Authority has logged more than 90 complaints. 员警渎职投诉局已经记录下了90多宗投诉。
transitive (UK also log up)
■to travel and record a particular distance 行驶，记录（若干距离）
UK [lɒg] US [lɑ:g] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  log in/on
■to connect a computer to a computer system by typing your name, so that you can start working 进入，登录（电脑系统）
• Log on using your name and password. 用你的名字和密码登录。
UK [lɒg] US [lɑ:g] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  log off/out
■to stop a computer being connected to a computer system, usually when you want to stop working 退出，登出（电脑系统）
• Could you all log off for a few minutes, please? 你们都退出一会儿好吗？
timber, wood, lumber, log
这组词都有“木材”的意思，其区别是：
timber: 指经过匠人初步加要的备用木材，多用于英国英语。
wood: 最普通用词，含义广，除表示“木材，木”外，还可用复数形式表示森林。
lumber: 指伐下后未经削磨的木材，现多用于美国英语中。
log: 指原木或圆木。
vi. 伐木
 - lumber
vt. 切；伐木；航行
 - incise
n. 记录； [水运] [航] 航行日志；园木
 - page, register

Word: steadily
Front: steadily
['stedɪlɪ] (四六 4794/3991 -K)
Vocabulary: steadily
(once / 202 pages)
adv
Something that happens steadily occurs at a predictable, reliable, unchanging pace. If it keeps raining for hours, it's been raining steadily. If you stand outside without an umbrella, you will steadily get drenched.
Anything that keeps happening at a regular clip is happening steadily. A politician who campaigns every day for months has been campaigning steadily. If you write an hour a day on a novel, the novel is growing steadily. The opposite of steadily is unsteadily, which would describe something that happens in an irregular, shaky, or unpredictable way. Anything done steadily goes on and on.
WORD FAMILY
steady: steadied, steadier, steadies, steadiest, steadily, steadiness, steadying, steadyingly, steadyly, unsteady+/steadiness: steadinesses/unsteadiness: unsteadinesses/unsteady: unsteadied, unsteadily, unsteadiness, unsteadyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are currently 1,495 patients in the state registry but that number will steadily increase.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Over the years, her steadily expanding family of eight children all started their preschool years at the center, and they are thriving in school.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Scientists say that for the first time in years, more elephants are being killed than born, with the population steadily decreasing.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 稳定地; 持续地; 稳固地
分布：稳定地(51%)，稳固地(37%)，逐步地(12%)
adverb
GRADUALLY 逐渐地；稳步地
■gradually 逐渐地；稳步地
• Prices have risen steadily. 物价持续上涨。
['sted.ɪ.li] adverb
CONTROLLED 受控制的
■calmly and in a controlled way 冷静地，镇定地
• She returned his gaze steadily. 她镇定地跟他对视。
adv. 稳定地；稳固地；有规则地
 - firmly, equably

Word: frustrate
Front: frustrate
[frʌˈstreɪt] (研四六托雅宝 4856/7553 -3)
Vocabulary: frustrate
(once / 423 pages)
1v 2v
When you frustrate someone, you do your best to annoy, confuse, or even torment that poor person. Maybe you constantly change your mind — that's sure to frustrate anyone who tries to make plans with you.
If you have ever been frustrated while writing, you may have dropped your pen — or pushed away your keyboard — and stared angrily out the window, thinking, "How will I ever do this?" Well, that pent-up doubting that has made you stop is a sure sign you are frustrated. Plans, too, can be frustrated, like the snow that frustrates our efforts to run our errands.
WORD FAMILY
frustrate: frustrated, frustrates, frustrating, frustration, frustrative+/ frustrated: frustratedly/ frustrating: frustratingly/ frustration: frustrations
USAGE EXAMPLES
For people targeted by Internet “trolls,” the absence of a clear solution is often the most frustrating part.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Labor groups, frustrated by the Republican Congress, will no doubt intensify their push for city and county minimum wages instead.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
We understood his appeal to people frustrated with gridlock in Washington or convinced that a well-fed establishment is oblivious to their struggles.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 挫败; 阻挠; 使受挫折
adj. 无益的，无效的
时态：frustrated, frustrating, frustrates
分布：挫败(46%)，使灰心(10%)，挫败的(10%)，使沮丧(10%)，无益的(10%)，挫折的(8%)，击败(6%)
→来自fraud, 欺骗，伤害。即被欺骗的，被伤害的，受到挫折的。
挫败(frustr犯错误+ate)[-ate 1.表动词"做,造成"2.表形容词"具有…的"3.表名词"人或地位"]
vt.挫败,阻挠,使灰心The dust in the industrial zone frustrated the industrious man.工业区里的灰尘使勤勉的人灰心.
【反】abet（vt 教唆；支持）
verb transitive
DISCOURAGE 使气馁
■to make someone feel annoyed or less confident because they cannot achieve what they want 使灰心；使气馁
• It frustrates me that I'm not able to put any of my ideas into practice. 我的任何想法都无法付诸实践，这让我很灰心。
[frʌs'treɪt] verb transitive
PREVENT 阻止
■to prevent the plans or efforts of someone or something from being achieved 阻挠；阻止；挫败
• The continuing civil war is frustrating the efforts of relief agencies. 持续的内战使救济机构的努力受挫。
vt. 挫败；阻挠；使感到灰心
 - defeat, discomfit
vi. 失败；受挫
 - founder, come to naught
adj. 挫败的；无益的
 - thwarted, unprofitable

Word: rage
Front: rage
[reɪdʒ] (研四六托雅宝 3984/4836 -3)
Vocabulary: rage
(once / 102 pages)
1nv 2n
Rage is a really intense anger. Some frustrated drivers let their emotions boil over into road rage when another car cuts them off, for example.
If you're full of rage, you're full of anger — powerful, extreme, sometimes even violent anger. Rage can also be a verb: you might rage against something you hate or as the poet Dylan Thomas pleaded, "Rage, rage against the dying of the light." Things that rage are out of control, like a raging, roaring fire or a wild storm. Another meaning involves the latest, greatest trend — you'd say it's "all the rage."
WORD FAMILY
rage: enrage, raged, rages, raging+/ enrage: enraged, enragement, enrages, enraging/ enraged: enragedly/raging: ragingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
So the debate rages on and we continue ...
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
We are simply beneficiaries of their good graces, and prisoners of their rages.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite reeling from a collective gut punch, women who were opposed to President-elect Donald Trump channeled their sadness and rage into activism and organization.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 愤怒; 激烈，猛烈; 渴望，疯狂; 〈口〉战争狂
vi. 大发脾气，动怒; 流行，风行
时态：raged, raging, rages
分布：大怒(40%)，狂怒(17%)，狂暴(15%)，肆虐(12%)，风行(9%)，怒斥(4%)，激烈进行(3%)
→来自古法语 rage,生气的，狂怒的，来自拉丁语 rabere,发狂，发怒，来自 rebh,暴力的， 冲动的，可能来自 reb,撕开，抢，词源同 rob,rip.字母 b,g 音变，比较 ruby,red,rouge.
狂怒[roge=mad,表示"疯狂"]
n.愤怒The villagers in rage caused a tragedy on the cage-like stage.狂怒的村民在笼子形的舞台上制造了一场悲剧.
noun
ANGER 愤怒
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(a period of) extreme or violent anger （一阵）盛怒；（一阵）狂怒；（一阵）暴怒
• Her sudden towering rages were terrifying. 她突然暴跳如雷，很吓人。
• I was frightened because I had never seen him in such a rage before. 以前从未见他如此狂怒，我被吓坏了。
• He flew into a fit of rage over the smallest mistake. 微不足道的小错误就会使他大发雷霆。
[reɪdʒ] noun
EVENT 事件
countable usually singular Australian informal
■an exciting or entertaining event involving a lot of activity 热闹的活动
• The party was a rage. 派对办得热闹极了。
[reɪdʒ] noun
be (all) the rage old-fashioned
■to be very popular at a particular time 风靡一时；非常时兴；十分流行
• Long hair for men was all the rage in the seventies. 在70年代，男人留长发风靡一时。
[reɪdʒ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to speak very angrily to someone 怒斥；发怒；发脾气
• He raged at (= spoke angrily to) us for forgetting to order a replacement. 我们忘了订购替换件，他对我们大发雷霆。
■to happen in a strong or violent way 激烈进行；猛烈发作；肆虐
• The storm raged outside. 屋外暴风雨大作。
• A flu epidemic is raging in/through local schools. 一场流感在当地各学校肆虐。
• The argument rages on (= continues strongly). 正在进行激烈的争论。
fury, anger, wrath, rage, indignation
这组词都有“愤怒”的意思，其区别是：
fury: 语气最强，指极端的气愤，甚至达到发疯的程度。
anger: 普通用词，通常指因受到侮辱、损害、指责或顶撞等而引起的愤怒。
wrath: 文学用词，含义与anger相近，但语气强，含欲加惩罚或报复的意味。
rage: 侧重突然而猛列发作，难以控制的大怒。
indignation: 较正式用词，指出于正义或对不公正之事而发出的愤怒。
n. 愤怒；狂暴，肆虐；情绪激动
 - anger, wrath
vi. 大怒，发怒；流行，风行
 - obtain, anger

Word: helicopter
Front: helicopter
[ˈhelɪkɒptə(r)] (高研四六雅 3100/4159 -3)
Vocabulary: helicopter
(once / 1069 pages)
n
A helicopter is a flying vehicle with a system of rotors that lift and propel it. In some cities, police officers patrol in helicopters. In some suburbs, wealthy people even commute by helicopter.
Like airplanes, helicopters travel through the air — but unlike airplanes, they don't have wings. Most helicopters have a large rotor blade on top that creates lift by spinning rapidly. Smaller rotors help the helicopter move and steer. Hospitals use helicopters for transporting patients in crisis, for whom an ambulance might not move fast enough. The word comes from Greek roots, helix, "spiral," and pteron, "wing."
WORD FAMILY
helicopter: helicopters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Previous searches aided by a bloodhound and a helicopter didn’t turn up any clues.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Denver-area police agencies and volunteers searched for David on Saturday night and New Year’s Day with the help of a helicopter and a bloodhound.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A medical helicopter landed on the highway, but emergency workers couldn’t stabilize him.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 直升机，直升飞机
vt. 用直升飞机载送
vi. 乘直升飞机
分布：直升飞机(93%)，用直升飞机载送(4%)，乘直升机(3%)
→helico-,螺旋，-pter,翅膀，词源同feather,pterodactyl.比喻用法。
直升飞机(helic+opt选择螺旋上升→直升飞机)[helic=spiral,表示"螺旋"]
n.直升(飞)机The optional helicopter is adopted to help the optimistic helpless in the hell.可选用的直升飞机被用来帮助地狱里那些乐观的无助者.
US [-ˌkɑ:p.tɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a type of aircraft without wings, that has one or two sets of large blades which go round very fast on top. It can land and take off vertically and can stay in one place in the air 直升机
• The injured were ferried to hospital by helicopter. 伤者被直升机送往医院。
• a helicopter pilot 直升机驾驶员
aeroplane, airplane, aircraft, plane, jet, helicopter
这些名词均有“飞机”之意。
aeroplane: 和airplane专指普通飞机，不包括helicopter(直升飞机)。aeroplane为英国英语的拼法。
airplane: 为美国英语的用词。
aircraft: 常用作集体名词，也可指一架飞机，其含义包括直升飞机和飞艇等。
plane: 本义为“平面”，在航空专业里通常用aeroplane。plane较通俗用词。
jet: 指喷气式飞机，也用jet plane。
helicopter: 指直升飞机。
n. [航] 直升飞机
 - copter, whirlybird, verticraft

Word: dependent
Front: dependent
[dɪˈpendənt] (研四六托雅 3201/2356)
Vocabulary: dependent
(once / 59 pages)
nadj
Being dependent means relying on something. Many people are dependent on coffee in the morning, while a dependent is someone who relies on you for financial support. In grammar-land, a dependent clause can’t stand alone because it’s a fragment.
Dependent comes from pendant, the French word for "hanging.” If you break your leg, you will be dependent, or hanging, on crutches to get around. Kids are dependents of their parents, since they rely on them for food and shelter. A drug addict is dependent on drugs. And if a decision is dependent on your mood, that means it depends on or will be decided by how you feel.
WORD FAMILY
dependent: dependence, dependency, dependently, dependents, independent +/ depend: dependable, dependant, depended, dependent, depending, depends, interdepend/ dependable: dependability, dependableness, dependably, undependable/ dependant: dependants/ dependence: dependences/ dependency: dependencies/ independence: independences/independency: independencies/ independent: independence, independency, independently, independents/interdepend: interdependent / interdependence: interdependences/interdependency: interdependencies/ interdependent: interdependence, interdependency, interdependently/undependable: undependability, undependableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Metabolic activity is dependent on oxygen delivery to the tissues of the body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The defense is too dependent on Clay Matthews to generate a pass rush, so when he’s not 100% the drop-off is significant.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Coburn attributes that to a broken system abused by those who don’t truly deserve it, yet grow dependent on government benefits.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 依靠的; 依赖的; 取决于…的; 有瘾的
n. 受抚养人; 受赡养者; 依赖他人者; 扈从，侍从
分布：依赖的(48%)，从属的(27%)，依靠的(25%)
依赖的(de+pend+ent)[pend,pens=hang,表示"悬挂"]
a.依靠的,依赖的,从属的;随...而定的The dependent dependant can't live independently.依靠别人的被赡养者不能独立生活.
adjective
NEEDING HELP 需要协助
 ADVANCED
■needing the support of something or someone in order to continue existing or operating 需要供养的，需要照料的；依赖的
• He has three dependent children. 他有三个需要照顾的孩子。
• It's very easy to become dependent on sleeping pills. 人很容易对安眠药产生依赖性。
[dɪ'pen.dənt] adjective
DECIDED BY 取决于
dependent on/upon sth
 ADVANCED
■influenced or decided by something 取决于，由…来决定
• Whether I go to university or not is dependent on what exam grades I get. 我能不能上大学要看我能考多少分。
[dɪ'pen.dənt] adjective
GRAMMAR 文法
■describes a grammatical clause which cannot form a separate sentence but can form a sentence when it is joined to a main clause 从句
independent, dependent
independent: 不依靠的，独立的(of)。如：John was independent of his parents when he was still a child.
dependent: 依赖的，依靠的(on, upon)。如：Success is dependent on your hard work.
adj. 依靠的；从属的；取决于…的
 - under, servient