Title: TheEconomist_2K-4K (part 3)

Word: heritage
Front: heritage
[ˈherɪtɪdʒ] (研六托雅 3175/3573 -2)
Vocabulary: heritage
(once / 743 pages)
n
Heritage can refer to practices or characteristics that are passed down through the years, from one generation to the next. Researching your family tree would help you gain a sense of your personal heritage.
Heritage is often used to discuss a cultural aspect or tradition that has been passed down through generations. For example, one might speak of an area’s "rich musical heritage.” Heritage can also refer to a person's ethnic or cultural background. In a legal sense, heritage is property that you inherit, like a silver teapot your great aunt Sally left to you.
WORD FAMILY
heritage: heritages
USAGE EXAMPLES
Partners for Sacred Places hosted the event and created the report through a grant secured by the Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The speakers at Heritage that day differed in the degree of optimism they allowed themselves.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
This finding — that people are reflexively prone to “intergroup bias” in punishment — is consistent with what many scientists believe about humans’ evolutionary heritage.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: n. 遗产; 继承物; 传统; 文化遗产
分布：遗产(95%)，继承物(5%)
→词源同heredity,遗产。
遗产(herit继承)[-age名词反缀1.表示"状态,总称"2.表示"场所,物品"3.表示"费用"]
n.遗产,继承物;传统Chinese have a great cultural heritage.中国人有伟大的文化遗产.
US [-tˌɪdʒ] noun uncountable
■features belonging to the culture of a particular society, such as traditions, languages or buildings, which still exist from the past and which have a historical importance 遗产（指过去流传下来的具有历史意义的传统、语言、建筑等）
• These monuments are a vital part of the cultural heritage of South America. 这些纪念碑是南美文化遗产的重要部分。
structure, system, heritage
structure: 结构
system: 系统
heritage: 遗产
n. 遗产；传统；继承物；继承权
 - tradition, succession, inheritance, legacy

Word: detention
Front: detention
[dɪˈtenʃn] (6676/6134 -2)
Vocabulary: detention
(once / 1413 pages)
n
Detention is a word for confinement or imprisonment, usually for a short time. It's also a punishment where children must stay after school.
If you're in detention, you probably did something wrong: you're being confined against your will. The police hold people in detention, and so do military forces. Usually, detention is a short period of confinement, like if someone is arrested and then released. Also, the word is commonly used for an after-school punishment for children who have to stay in detention instead of going home. One thing is true of both kinds of detention: no one wants to be there.
WORD FAMILY
detention: detentions+/ detain: detained, detainee, detaining, detainment, detains, detention /detainee: detainees/detainment: detainments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials from the Donald W. Wyatt Detention Facility, which was holding Morales, did not respond to requests for comment.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Army Reserve Center and escaped from a Rhode Island detention center.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 拘留，扣押; 阻留; 放学后留校; （非法）占有
分布：拘留(93%)，滞留(7%)
→词源同detain, 扣押。
noun]dɪˈten.tʃən/
uncountable
■when someone is officially detained 拘留，关押
• Concern has been expressed about the death in detention of a number of political prisoners. 人们对一些政治犯在关押期间死去表示关注。
countable or uncountable
■a form of punishment in which school children are made to stay at school for a short time after classes have ended （作为惩罚）放学后留堂
• She's had four detentions this term. 这学期她4次被罚留堂。
n. [法] 拘留；延迟；挽留
 - custody, internment

Word: builder
Front: builder
[ˈbɪldə(r)] (4549/3657 -2)
Back: n. 建设者，建筑者; 创建者; 经营建筑业者; 增洁剂，促净剂
分布：建设者(48%)，建筑工人(39%)，增洁剂(11%)，促进剂(2%)
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person whose job it is to make buildings 建筑工人
n. 建筑者；建立者
 - founder, erector

Word: cement
Front: cement
[sɪˈment] (研四六雅宝 6395/6895 -2)
Vocabulary: cement
(once / 633 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
Cement is a material that's used to build very strong, hard surfaces and structures. Cement is an ingredient in both mortar, which holds bricks together, and concrete, with which dams and roads and buildings are constructed.
Cement begins as a powder made of clay and limestone, and after it's mixed with water and, often, sand, it's used to strengthen and bind things — as the mixture dries, it becomes hard and solid. A version of cement has been around since the third century BCE, in Mesopotamia. The word comes from the Latin root cæmenta, "stone chips for making mortar," from caedere, "to cut or chop."
WORD FAMILY
cement: cemented, cementing, cements
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I was actually in charge of the cement block,” Ms. Saxon said, still in awe at her construction skills.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I really believe in pedicures because I bounce around on cement floors for hours a week.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The victory cemented his reputation as highly dangerous if not a bit erratic.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 水泥; 胶合剂; 胶接剂; 粘固粉
vt. 粘牢; 巩固; （用水泥、胶等）粘结; 在…上抹水泥
时态：cemented, cementing, cements
分布：水泥(93%)，巩固(3%)，用水泥涂(1%)，纽带(1%)，接合剂(1%)，基石(1%)
→来自skei, 砍，劈，词源同excise, scissor . -ment, 名词后缀。原指劈下的小石块，后指水泥。
n.水泥;胶泥,胶接剂v.胶合;巩固,加强The mental patient thinks the cement is the elementary element of the ornament.精神病人认为水泥是装饰品的基本成分.
【记】sement读：死闷他：要想闷死他，可以把他的嘴和鼻子用水泥封起来。水泥过去被称为音译为水门汀
【反】fracture（n /v 破裂）
noun uncountable
BUILDING MATERIAL 建筑材料
■a grey powder which is mixed with water and sand to make mortar or with water, sand and small stones to make concrete 水泥
• a bag of cement 一袋水泥
• a cement factory 水泥厂
[sɪ'ment] noun uncountable
GLUE 胶
■a substance which sticks things together 胶合剂；黏固剂
• Dentists use cement to hold crowns and bridges in place. 牙医用黏固剂固定住齿冠和齿桥。
[sɪ'ment] verb transitive
STICK TOGETHER 黏合
■to put cement on a surface or stick things together using cement （在表面上）涂上水泥，（用水泥）黏合
[sɪ'ment] verb transitive
MAKE STRONGER 巩固
■to make something such as an agreement or friendship stronger 加强，巩固（协议或友谊）
• The university's exchange scheme has cemented its links with many other academic institutions. 这所大学的交流计划加强了它与许多其他学术机构的联系。
enhance, cement, strengthen
enhance: 使…看起来更好；提高；美化
cement: （比喻）将…结合在一起；加强；巩固。如cement a friendship表示“加强友谊”
strengthen: 使…更强
vt. 巩固，加强；用水泥涂；接合
 - enhance, muscle, piece, consolidate, joint
n. [建] 水泥； [胶粘] 接合剂
 - jointing compound

Word: dawn
Front: dawn
[dɔ:n] (高研四六托雅 4004/4374 -2)
Vocabulary: dawn
(once / 126 pages)
nv
The noun dawn refers to the first light of day, or the first time period, like the dawn of a new era, which occurs when a new president takes office.
Not just the beginning of a day, the noun dawn can refer to any beginning, like the dawn of the Internet era. As a verb, dawn can mean "become light" or "become clear," like when it dawns on you that you left an important paper at home today. In that case, you can suddenly see what you did wrong, like at the dawn of a new day, when it is no longer dark and you can see, literally.
WORD FAMILY
dawn: dawned, dawning, dawns+/dawning: dawnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
On New Year’s Eve, anything with feathers and a pulse was counted by about 200 birders from dawn until almost dusk.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Decius, the faceless blogger, is hoping instead that Trump’s Presidency will mark the dawn of a new kind of conservative movement.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
At dawn now, it will be high in the south.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 黎明，拂晓; 开端; 醒悟
vi. 破晓，（天）刚亮; 开始出现; 变得明朗
vt. （开始）被理解，被领悟; 被看清，被想到
时态：dawned, dawning, dawns
分布：黎明(61%)，破晓(18%)，曙光(12%)，开端(6%)，开始出现(2%)，逐渐明白(1%)
→来自dhegwh, 燃烧，发光，词源同day, yesterday. 引申义曙光，黎明。
n.黎明,拂晓v.破晓;开始现出At the dawn on the lawn the yawning drowned man began to frown.拂晓时在草坪上,打呵欠的溺水者开始皱眉头.
US [dɑ:n] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the period in the day when light from the sun begins to appear in the sky 拂晓，破晓，黎明
• We woke at dawn. 天一亮我们就醒了。
• We left as dawn was breaking (= starting). 我们离开时天将破晓。
• We left at the break of dawn. 我们是在天刚破晓时离开的。
• Twenty-three people were arrested and large quantities of heroin were seized in a dawn raid (= when police officers suddenly enter a building, in an attempt to catch people involved in illegal activities). 在一次清晨突袭行动中，警方逮捕了23人，并没收了大量的海洛因。
the dawn of sth literary
■the start of a period of time or the beginning of something new …的开始；…的曙光
• The fall of the Berlin Wall marked the dawn of a new era in European history. 柏林墙的倒塌标志着欧洲历史上一个新纪元的开始。
from dawn to dusk
■from early morning until night 从早到晚
• We worked from dawn to dusk, seven days a week. 我们从早到晚地工作，一周七天都是如此。
UK [dɔ:n] US [dɑ:n] verb intransitive
BEGIN 开始
■If a day or period of time dawns, it begins 破晓；开始
• He left the house just as the day was dawning. 天将破晓时他离开了那座房子。
• As 1990 dawned, few people could have predicted the dramatic changes that were to take place in eastern Europe during that year. 1990年到来之时，几乎没人能预见到在那一年里东欧将发生剧烈的变化。
UK [dɔ:n] US [dɑ:n] verb intransitive
BECOME KNOWN 为人所知
■to become known or obvious 见分晓，水落石出；变得明朗
• Gradually the truth about him dawned. 他的真实面目渐渐暴露了出来。
• [+ that] It eventually dawned that he wouldn't be coming back. 最终证明他不会回来了。
UK [dɔ:n] US [dɑ:n] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  dawn on sb
■If a fact dawns on you, you understand it after a period of not understanding it 使（某人）明白，使（某人）意识到
• [+ that] I was about to pay for the shopping when it suddenly dawned on me that I'd left my cheque book at home. 我买完东西要付钱时，才突然发现我把支票簿留在家里了。
dawn, twilight, dusk
这组词都有“黎明，黄昏”的意思，其区别是：
dawn: 指天刚亮时的黎明，可作引申用。
twilight: 指日落后或日出前的微明，但通常侧重于前者。
dusk: 指接近夜晚的黄昏时刻。
n. [天] 黎明；开端
 - morning, origin
vt. 破晓；出现；被领悟
 - come out, break of day

Word: thick
Front: thick
[θɪk] (中高研四六 1721/1806 -K3)
Vocabulary: thick
(once / 64 pages)
1adj 2adjnadv 3adj 4adj 5adj 6adj
When something's thick, it's wide from one side to the other, like a thick piece of French toast or a thick layer of snow on your car.
Thick things are broad or bulky or decidedly not thin — think of the thick slab of ice you need in order to skate safely on a lake. Thick can also mean "dense," like a thick chocolate milkshake, or your sister's thick, curly hair. If the kid who sits beside you in math class sees your test grade and calls you thick, it's not a compliment: she means you're not very smart.
WORD FAMILY
thick: thicken, thicker, thickest, thickly, thickness, thicks+/thicken: thickened, thickener, thickening, thickens/thickener: thickeners/thickening: thickenings/thickness: thicknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The baby was a strapping 6 pounds, 12 ounces, with thick, curly black hair like his father’s.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Sun spent much of his life not in the thick of action but abroad.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Now that we’re in the thick of a new awards season, revisit this critical favorite that won six Oscars.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 浓的，茂密的; 厚的，粗大的; 稠密的; 不透明的
adv. 密集地; 不清晰地; 〈口〉太过分; 频频地，时常
n. 最厚的部分; 最活跃或最激烈的部分; 〈口〉笨蛋; 〈俚〉可可粉
级别：thicker, thickest
分布：厚的(75%)，浓密的(17%)，粗的(7%)，愚笨的(1%)
→来自古英语 thicce,厚的，浓密的，来自 Proto-Germanic*thiku,厚的，来自 tegu,厚的，可 能来自 teue,膨胀，鼓起，词源同 thigh,thumb.引申诸相关词义。
a.厚的,粗的,稠的,浓的ad.厚,浓,密The thin sick chicken picks the thick sticky stick quickly.瘦病鸡快速地啄粘乎乎的粗棍.
adjective
NOT THIN 不薄的
 ESSENTIAL
■having a large distance between two sides 厚的；粗的；粗壮的
• a thick rope 粗绳子
• a thick layer of dust 厚厚的一层灰
• She picked up a thick volume and began to read out loud. 她拿起一本大部头书，开始大声朗读。
• The walls are two metres thick. 墙有两米厚。
• a thick (= made of thick material) sweater/coat 厚毛衣／外套
[θɪk] adjective
CLOSE TOGETHER 聚在一起的
 ADVANCED
■growing close together and in large amounts 密的，密集的；茂密的
• thick forest 茂密的森林
• thick dark hair 浓密的黑发
 ADVANCED
■difficult to see through 能见度低的，浓的
• Thick, black smoke was pouring out of the chimney. 浓黑的烟雾从烟囱里喷出来。
[θɪk] adjective
NOT FLOWING 不流动的
■(of a liquid) not flowing easily （液体）稠的，浓的
• thick soup 浓汤
• a thick sauce 稠酱汁
• thick paint 稠油漆
Opposite thin or runny
[θɪk] adjective
STUPID 愚蠢的 informal
■stupid 愚蠢的，笨的
• I told you not to touch that - are you deaf or just thick? 我告诉过你不要碰它——你是聋了还是傻了？
[θɪk] adjective
be (as) thick as thieves informal
■to be very close friends and share secrets, etc. 亲密无间，非常友好
• I'm sure she tells Ruth everything we say - they're as thick as thieves, those two. 我相信她会把我们所说的一切都告诉露丝——她们关系非常密切，那两人。
[θɪk] adjective
(as) thick as two short planks slang
■very stupid 笨得像木头，笨到极点
• He's a very skilled footballer but he's as thick as two short planks. 他是个技术很好的足球运动员，但是他这人是笨到了极点。
[θɪk] adjective
thick on the ground mainly UK informal
■existing in large numbers 大量存在
• Female engineers are not too thick on the ground. 女工程师并不多见。
adv. 密集地；浓浓地，厚厚地
 - deeply, densely

Word: maths
Front: maths
[mæθs] (研四六 38684/5774 -1)
Back: n. 数学; =mathematics（英）
分布：数学(100%)
n.(mathematics/math)数学She's our maths teacher.她是我们的数学教师.
n. 数学（等于mathematics）
 - arith

Word: biology
Front: biology
[baɪˈɒlədʒi] (高研四雅 4226/5388 -K2)
Vocabulary: biology
(once / 550 pages)
n
Biology is the study of life and living organisms, from one-celled creatures to the most complex living organism of all — the human being. Biology includes the study of genes and cells that give living things their special characteristics.
You may know that the ology suffix means "the study of," and the addition of the Greek bios, meaning "life," gives us the meaning of biology. According to Nobel Laureate Walter Gilbert, "Biology will relate every human gene to the genes of other animals and bacteria, to this great chain of being." Sometimes science isn't as pretty as that sounds (as you know if you've cut open worms or frogs in biology class).
WORD FAMILY
biology: biologic, biological, biologies, biologist, microbiology+/ biological: biologically/ biologist: biologists/microbiologist: microbiologists/microbiology: microbiologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We use the farm to teach chemistry, math, biology,” she explained to me one morning between classes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Despite spending billions of dollars on weight-loss drugs and dieting programs, even the most motivated are working against their own biology.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
When he was called to testify before Parliament, Dave Goulson, a biology professor at the University of Sussex, sat next to him.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 生物学; 生物
分布：生物学(99%)，生物群落(1%)
→词根bio, 生命。词根logy, 学说。
n.生物学Biology is sometimes quite hard to understand.生物学有时会很难理解.
US [-'ɑ:.lə-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the scientific study of the natural processes of living things 生物学
• human biology 人类生物学
• marine biology 海洋生物学
• molecular biology 分子生物学
• The book deals with the reproductive biology of the buffalo. 这本书讲述野牛的生殖习性。
n. （一个地区全部的） [生物] 生物；生物学
 - life-form, living things

Word: digit
Front: digit
[ˈdɪdʒɪt] (宝 8519/8875 -1)
Vocabulary: digit
(once / 391 pages)
n
If you want to sound smart, you can refer to your finger, thumb, or toe as a digit. Each of the numbers from 0 to 9 is another kind of digit.
Although your pinkie toe may seem to be completely unrelated to the number three, each is a kind of digit. In fact, the practice of calling numbers digits comes from the digits on your hands — specifically, the habit of counting to ten on your fingers. The Latin root word digitus means "finger or toe," and English borrowed from this to mean "number."
WORD FAMILY
digit: digital, digitise, digitize, digits+/ digital: digitalise, digitalize, digitally/digitalise: digitalisation/digitalize: digitalization, digitalized/digitise: digitisation, digitised, digitiser, digitising/digitize: digitization, digitized, digitizer, digitizes, digitizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
North Carolina twice cut the deficit back to single digits down the stretch but got no closer than seven.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More notably, 2017 is the smallest whole number whose cube root begins with ten distinct digits:
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
One Facebook broker, Acxiom, requires people to send the last four digits of their social security number to obtain their data.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 数字; 手指，足趾; 一指宽
分布：数字(70%)，位数(20%)，手指(8%)，脚趾(2%)
→来自deik, 指出，说话，词源同dictionary,teach. 用于指手指，后也用于指数数，数字。
【记】读：第几他？他得了第几？要用手指头来表示一下这个数字。
noun countable
NUMBER 数字
■any one of the ten numbers 0 to 9 （零到九中的任一）数字
• The number 345 contains three digits. 数字345是个三位数。
['dɪdʒ.ɪt] noun countable
FINGER 手指 specialized
■a finger, thumb or toe 手指；拇指；脚趾
n. [计] 数字；手指或足趾；一指宽
 - figure, number

Word: horizon
Front: horizon
[həˈraɪzn] (研四六托雅 3113/3831 -2)
Vocabulary: horizon
(once / 228 pages)
1n 2n 3n
When you look out your window and note the furthest point you can see––the line where the sky meets the earth––that edge is called the horizon. Horizon can also mean the edge of something in a figurative sense.
When you are thinking about your life, it can be difficult to get very far beyond where you are. Teenagers have a hard time imagining beyond the horizons of young adulthood. People expecting a baby often put much of their focus on infancy––having a child who can sit up or even walk is beyond the horizons of their thinking.
WORD FAMILY
horizon: horizons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite his stubborn refusal to be alarmist, Mass admits there’s climatological drama on our horizon.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
During January, Venus will reach its peak height above the horizon, according to the Beckstrom Observatory.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
There are warning flags on Iowa’s fiscal horizon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地平线; 范围; 界限; 眼界
分布：地平线(83%)，眼界(10%)，范围(7%)
→来自希腊语horizon kyklos,分开的圈，有边界的圈，来自horizein,分开，边界。用于指地平线，引申词义视野，范围。
n.地平线;眼界,见识The sun has risen above the horizon.太阳已从地平线升起.
noun only singular
■the line at the farthest place which you can see, where the sky seems to touch the land or sea 地平线
• The moon rose slowly above the horizon. 月亮慢慢从地平线升起。
• We could see a row of camels silhouetted on the horizon. 我们能看到地平线上一队骆驼的轮廓。
[hə'raɪ.zən] noun only singular
broaden/expand/widen sb's horizons
■to increase the range of things that someone knows about or has experienced 开阔（某人）的眼界
• Travelling certainly broadens your horizons. 旅行肯定会开阔你的眼界。
[hə'raɪ.zən] noun only singular
on the horizon
■likely to happen or exist soon 即将发生
• There is no new drug on the horizon that will make this disease easier to treat. 目前还没有甚么新药能使治疗这种疾病变得更容易。
n. [天] 地平线；视野；眼界；范围
 - extent, boundary, region, spectrum, territory, area

Word: prompting
Front: prompting
[ˈprɒmptɪŋ] (22733/18733 -1)
Back: n. 暗示，提示; 刺激，鼓励; 煽动，驱使
v. 推动，提示，鼓舞(prompt的现在分词)
分布：激励(53%)，刺激(31%)，暗示(13%)，动词prompt的现在分词.(3%)
US ['prɑ:mp-] noun countable or uncountable
■when you try to make someone say something 敦促；推动；激励
• [+ to infinitive] Kids of that age really shouldn't need prompting to say thank you for things. 那么大的孩子确实不需要别人提醒就该会说谢谢了。
• Amazingly - without any prompting - my husband actually said how nice I looked in my new dress! 真是不可思议——我没作任何提示——我丈夫竟然就说我穿这条新连衣裙看起来非常漂亮。
n. 激励； [计] 提示；刺激
 - stimulus, incentive, animation, excitement, needle
v. 促进；激起；鼓舞（prompt的ing形式）
 - pushing, facilitating

Word: tout
Front: tout
[taʊt] (宝 6885/15898 -1)
Vocabulary: tout
(once / 1089 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
To tout means to praise, boast, or brag about. If you like to tout your skill as a skier, you tell people you can go down expert-level hills.
Sometimes parents will get into bragging wars about their children, each touting the accomplishments of his or her child. Sometimes the word means more of "to claim." The company touted the lotion as a solution to wrinkles. Broccoli has been touted as the cancer-fighting vegetable. In England, a tout is a person who gives advice about gambling. If you're looking to play some money on the ponies, go see the tout who hangs out at Jackie’s bar for a tip.
WORD FAMILY
tout: touted, touter, touting, touts+/touter: touters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Conservatives openly touted that bill as a “dress rehearsal” for the future.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Great vintage advertisement: The Union Pacific railroad touts its access to “America’s vital potato markets.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
The statistics Trump touts fit well into his view of a world divided into who’s up and who’s down, winners and losers.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 兜售; 招徕; 刺探赛马情报
n. 侦查者; 招揽员
时态：touted, touting, touts
分布：兜售(57%)，吹捧(31%)，高价卖(4%)，贩子(4%)，刺探(4%)
→原为窃贼行话，来自中古英语 tuten,偷窥，偷看，放风。现词义可能改写自 toot,发出嘟嘟声， 鸣喇叭，引申词义大吹法螺，后用于指吹嘘，兜售，倒卖门票等。
【记】读：套他，用套子把行人套进商店－以一种厚颜无耻的方法招徕顾客，然后吹捧自己的产品。
【反】cast aspersions on（诽谤）；denounce（v 公开谴责）
verb
MAKE KNOWN 使为人所知
transitive
■to advertise, make known or praise something or someone repeatedly, especially as a way of encouraging their sale, popularity or development （尤指为了提高销售额、知名度或推动发展）给…做广告，宣传，赞扬，吹捧
• As an education minister, she has been touting these ideas for some time. 作为教育部长，一段时间以来她一直在宣传这些理念。
• He is being widely touted as the next leader of the Social Democratic party. 到处都在宣传他是下任社会民主党领袖。
• Several insurance companies are now touting their services/wares on local radio. 几家保险公司正在当地电台进行宣传。
intransitive
■to repeatedly try to persuade people to buy your goods or services 兜售；招徕
• There were hundreds of taxis at the airport, all touting for business/custom. 机场有数百辆出租车，都在拉生意／招徕乘客。
[taʊt] verb
SELL UNOFFICIALLY 非正式售卖
transitive UK (US scalp) disapproving
■to sell tickets for something such as a sports game or theatre performance unofficially, usually at a much higher price than the official price （通常以高出官方价格很多的价格）倒卖，高价出售（体育比赛票、戏票等）
• £30 seats for the match were being touted for £500. 30英镑的比赛门票被票贩子高价卖到500英镑。
[taʊt] noun countable UK (US scalper) disapproving
■a person who touts tickets 票贩子，黄牛
• Britain's best-known ticket tout once boasted that he could get you tickets for anything. 英国最有名的票贩子曾经夸海口说他甚么票都能弄到。
vt. 兜售；招徕；刺探赛马情报
 - drum up, hawk
vi. 兜售； [贸易] 招徕顾客；拉选票
 - seek a vote

Word: accumulate
Front: accumulate
[əˈkju:mjəleɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 5083/4997 -2)
Vocabulary: accumulate
(once / 304 pages)
v
To accumulate means to gather, usually in large quantities. Let's hope your boyfriend is not the type to accumulate girlfriends.
The root of accumulate is cumulus which means "mound" or "heap." You might have heard of cumulus clouds, those big fluffy clouds that look like giant piles of whipped cream. Think of these heaping helpings of clouds when you think of accumulate. The money in your savings account accumulates interest, though these days you won't accumulate much wealth that way! Police accumulate evidence until they have enough to charge someone with a crime.
WORD FAMILY
accumulate: accumulated, accumulates, accumulating, accumulation, accumulative+/ accumulation: accumulations/accumulative: accumulatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
For all the birdies accumulated by Woods through the four rounds of the Hero World Challenge, he also led the field with six double bogeys.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Mayoral races are the city’s most expensive and the wait will allow the voucher program more time to accumulate funds.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The company slashed output by 30 percent in the January-March quarter this year due to accumulated inventory, the Nikkei reported.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 堆积，积累
vi. （数量）逐渐增加，（质量）渐渐提高
时态：accumulated, accumulating, accumulates
分布：积累(85%)，聚集(8%)，增加(7%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. 词根cum, 块，堆，见encumber,大块，阻碍。此处指堆积成块。
积累(ac+cumul堆积+ate→堆积起来→积累)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
积累[cmul=heap(堆积)]
vt.堆积,积累,积聚vi.累积,聚积Dust accumulated on the insulated simulator in the desolate lab.灰尘在孤独的实验室在被隔离的模拟器上堆积.
【反】dissipate（v 使消散，浪费）
verb
 ADVANCED transitive
■to collect a large number of things over a long period of time 积累；积聚；积攒
• As people accumulate more wealth, they tend to spend a greater proportion of their incomes. 人们积累了更多财富后，他们的花费占收入的比重也往往会增加。
• The company said the debt was accumulated during its acquisition of nine individual businesses. 该公司称其在收购九家个体公司的过程中，债务越积越多。
• We've accumulated so much rubbish over the years. 多年来我们已经堆积了这么多的垃圾。
intransitive
■to gradually increase in number or amount 逐渐增加；逐渐升高
• A thick layer of dust had accumulated in the room. 房间里积了厚厚一层灰尘。
• If you don't sort out the papers on your desk on a regular basis they just keep on accumulating. 如果你不去定期整理办公桌上的档，它们就会越积越多。
heap, gather, pile, accumulate, amass, collect
这组词都有“积聚，聚集，积累”的意思，其区别是：
heap: 主要指把沙、石、煤、草等堆高，不强调整齐。
gather: 普通用词，指人或物或抽象事物都可用。侧重于围绕一个中心的集合、聚集。
pile: 着重指比较整齐地把东西堆积在一起。
accumulate: 几乎可用于指任何事物量的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积。
amass: 着重大量地积聚，尤指对如金钱、珠宝等有价值东西的大量积聚。
collect: 普通用词，多用于指物，侧重指有区别地作选择或有安排有计划地把零散物集中起来。
vi. 累积；积聚
 - store up
vt. 积攒
 - scrape up

Word: miller
Front: miller
[ˈmɪlə(r)] (21545/3582)
Back: n. （尤指面粉厂的）厂主; 磨房主; 碾磨工; [昆]蛾
分布：磨坊主(84%)，碾磨工(16%)
→来自mill,磨坊。
US [-ɚ] noun countable
■a person, especially in the past, who owned or was in charge of a mill （尤指旧时的）磨坊主；面粉厂主
n. 磨坊主；碾磨工；蛾
 - moth, scalewing

Word: niche
Front: niche
[nɪtʃ] (托宝 5822/9792 -1)
Vocabulary: niche
(once / 1046 pages)
n
A niche is a space that's all your own, from a literal corner or enclosure to some kind of professional specialty. Like finding a niche in the scented soaps market with peanut butter body wash and winning over a loyal, if not nutty, following.
In the 1600s, niche was first recorded as meaning a “shallow recess in a wall." The figurative sense of the word didn’t come about for another century. So today, you can use niche literally to refer to a cranny or crevice, or figuratively to talk about an activity or role in life that is particularly suited a person’s interests or talents. Synonyms range from alcove and compartment to nook and opening.
WORD FAMILY
niche: niches
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps more challenging, it must find its niche at a difficult moment for its art form.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Additionally, she said, no federal regulations or standards govern the sleep tech niche.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Albums at that time, nearly dead in the music industry, remained a niche of audiophiles and collectors.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 壁龛; 合适的位置（工作等）; 有利可图的缺口，商机
分布：生态位(80%)，壁龛(17%)，放在适当的位置(1%)，适当的位置(1%)，小生态环境(1%)
→来自法语niche,狗窝，可能来自拉丁语 nidus,鸟巢，窝，词源同nest.引申词义壁龛，商机，称心的工作等。
【记】读：你吃，你吃的东西放在niche里面给佛爷吃。
US [nɪtʃ] noun countable
POSITION 位置
■a job or position which is very suitable for someone, especially one that they like （尤指本人合意的）适合的工作（或职位）；称心的工作
• Lloyd has carved/made a niche for himself as a professional tennis player. 劳埃德成为职业网球员，为自己找到了合适的发展方向。
■an area or position which is exactly suitable for a small group of the same type 合宜的小环境
• an ecological niche. 生态龛；生态位
UK [ni:ʃ] US [nɪtʃ] noun countable
HOLLOW 洞
■a hollow in a wall, especially one made to put a statue in so that it can be seen （尤指用来放置塑像的）壁龛
n. [建] 壁龛；合适的职业
 - habitacle, alcove

Word: bow
Front: bow
[bəʊ] (高研四六托 4098/4473 -1)
Vocabulary: bow
(once / 58 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n
If you want to practice your archery, you'll need some arrows and a bow — a curved piece of wood (or other material), with a cord stretched between the ends that is used to launch the arrows.
The bow of a stringed instrument (like a violin or cello) was originally shaped like an archer's bow used in archery and thus shares the same name. When you move the bow across the strings, you're bowing. Sometimes violinists bow and sometimes they pluck the strings.
WORD FAMILY
bow: bowed, bower, bowing, bows+/bowed: unbowed/bower: bowered, bowering, bowers, bowery/bowing: bowings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ms. Tsai reiterated Saturday that her administration wanted to maintain peace and stability but wouldn’t bow to pressure from China.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
“It’s kind of like shooting a bow and arrow. ‘Don’t hit the bullseye right down the middle, hit it six inches to the left.’”
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The press shutters snapped as the parents bowed.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 弓; 鞠躬; 船头; 艏
时态：bowed, bowing, bows
分布：弓(47%)，鞠躬(27%)，船头(11%)，蝴蝶结(11%)，致敬(2%)，压弯(1%)，鞠躬礼(1%)
→来自PIE *bheug, 弯。
v./n.鞠躬,点头n.弓(形);蝴蝶结The duke bowed to the Queen.公爵向女王鞠躬致敬.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to bend your head or body forward, especially as a way of showing someone respect or expressing thanks to people who have watched you perform （使）鞠躬；（使）欠身；点（头）致意
• They bowed to the Queen. 他们向女王鞠躬。
• We bowed our heads in prayer. 我们俯首祷告。
• He bowed down (= very low) before (= in front of) the king and begged for mercy. 他向国王深深鞠躬乞求宽恕。
Compare curtsy
[baʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
bow and scrape disapproving
■to show too much politeness or attention to someone 点头哈腰，奴颜婢膝
• It's embarrassing to see staff bowing and scraping to the new director. 看到员工们对新主任如此卑躬屈膝真是令人难堪。
[baʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bow down to sb mainly UK
■to agree to obey someone 服从，遵从，听命于（某人）
• He expects me to bow down to him and do everything he tells me. 他希望我服从他，对他唯命是从。
[baʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bow out
■to leave a job or stop doing an activity, usually after a long time 辞职；退出
• She'll be bowing out at the end of the month, after presenting the programme for eight years. 她将在本月底退出这档她已主持了八年的节目。
[baʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bow to sb/sth
■to do what someone else wants you to do, usually unwillingly 向…低头，向…屈服
• Eventually the government was forced to bow to public pressure and reform the tax. 最终政府屈从于公众的压力，被迫对税收进行改革。
[baʊ] noun countable
BEND 弯腰
■when you bend your head or body forward, especially as a way of showing someone respect or expressing thanks to people who have watched you perform 鞠躬；欠身；点头致意
• The audience applauded enthusiastically, and she came back on stage to take another bow. 观众热烈地鼓掌，她又回到舞台上再次向观众鞠躬致谢。
[baʊ] noun countable
FRONT PART 前部 (also bows)
■the front part of a ship 船头，舰首 Compare stern
[baʊ] noun countable
fire a (warning) shot across sb's bow(s) slightly formal
■to do something in order to warn someone that you will take strong action if they do not change their behaviour 对（某人）发出警告
• Airline staff have fired a warning shot across the company's bows by threatening to strike if higher pay increases are not offered. 航空公司员工已经向公司发出警告，威胁说如果不大幅度加薪就要进行罢工。
UK [bəʊ] US [boʊ] noun countable
KNOT 结
■a knot with two curved parts and two loose ends which is used as a decoration or to tie shoes 蝴蝶结；环状装饰结
• I tied the ribbon around the parcel in a pretty bow. 我用丝带在包裹上打了一个漂亮的蝴蝶结。
UK [bəʊ] US [boʊ] noun countable
WEAPON 武器
■a weapon for shooting arrows, made of a long thin piece of wood bent into a curve by a tightly stretched string 弓
• bow and arrows 弓箭
⇒ See also crossbow
UK [bəʊ] US [boʊ] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐
■a long thin piece of wood with hair from the tail of a horse stretched along it, which is used to play musical instruments that have strings （弦乐器的）弓，琴弓
• Violins are played with bows. 小提琴是用琴弓演奏的。
curve, crook, twist, bend, bow
这组词都有“弯、弯曲”的意思，其区别是：
curve: 指变成曲线或弧线状的动作或状态。
crook: 指不规则的弯曲，也指按照规则或模型弯曲某物。
twist: 指通过转动、拧或扭使某物成弯曲状。
bend: 普通用词，指把某物变成曲线或角形。用于人时，指头部或身躯弯下。
bow: 指把头部或上身弯向前方的动作，也指社交中的礼节性动作。
n. 弓；鞠躬；船首
 - stem, Yumi
vi. 鞠躬；弯腰
 - stoop down, bend down
vt. 鞠躬；弯腰
 - stoop down, bend down
adj. 弯曲的
 - curve, winding, flexural, crooked

Word: dear
Front: dear
[dɪə(r)] (中高 3337/2167 -K3)
Vocabulary: dear
(once / 21 pages)
nadjadv
If someone or something is dear to you, it means you hold them or it very close to your heart, as in "My country is very dear to me" or "She is a dear friend."
As a written form of address — such as "Dear Mr. So-and-so" — dear is generally a polite but impersonal standard greeting. Dear can sometimes mean expensive, as in "The cost of food is so dear these days," though that's a rather dated usage nowadays. Used about children, baby animals, or other examples of insufferable cuteness, dear can also mean "sweet" or "adorable." In this sense, dear is a favorite word of grandmothers and other doting relations.
WORD FAMILY
dear: dearer, dearly, dearness, dears, endear +/dearness: dearnesses/ endear: endeared, endearing, endearment, endears/ endearing: endearingly/ endearment: endearments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Reagan and his “dear friend, Margaret” agreed on practically everything.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Which is to say that if you’re in the mood for uplift, dear readers, try a forklift.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“The Russian diplomats returning home will spend the New Year Holidays with their relatives and dear ones,” Putin said.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 亲爱的; 敬爱的; 昂贵的; 严厉的
n. 亲爱的人; 宠物
int. 哎
adv. 高价地; 疼爱地; 贵
级别：dearer, dearest
分布：亲爱的(82%)，昂贵的(5%)，亲爱的人(5%)，高价地(3%)，可爱的人(2%)，啊(2%)，宝贵的(1%)
→.来自古英语deore,珍贵的，昂贵的。引申义亲爱的，珍重的。比较汉语成语物以稀为贵。
a.昂贵的;亲爱的;珍贵的int.呵!哎呀!Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear.明年,长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽.
US [dɪr] adjective
LOVED 亲爱的
 ESSENTIAL
■loved or liked very much 亲爱的，心爱的；可爱的
• She was a very dear friend. 她是一位非常亲密的朋友。
• He was very dear to me. 他跟我非常亲近。
• This place is very dear to me - we came here on our honeymoon. 这个地方对我来讲非常亲切——我们曾到这里度过蜜月。
• What a dear (= very attractive) little kitten! 多么可爱的小猫啊！
• My dear Gina - how lovely to see you! 我亲爱的吉娜——见到你真是太好了！
 ESSENTIAL
■used at the beginning of a letter to greet the person you are writing to （用于信的开头作问候语）亲爱的，尊敬的
• Dear Kerry/Mum and Dad/Ms Smith/Sir 亲爱的克里／爸爸妈妈／史密斯女士／尊敬的先生
UK [dɪər] US [dɪr] adjective
EXPENSIVE 昂贵的
■costing too much; expensive 昂贵的，高价的
• The food was good but very dear. 这里的饭菜不错，就是太贵。
UK [dɪər] US [dɪr] adjective
for dear life
■If you do something for dear life, you do it with as much effort as possible, usually to avoid danger 尽全力，竭力
• As the ship began to tilt, we clung on for dear life. 当船开始倾斜的时候，我们竭力抓住船身。
UK [dɪər] US [dɪr] exclamation (also old-fashioned dearie) informal
■used in expressions of anger, disappointment, sadness or surprise 天哪（表示愤怒、失望、伤心、吃惊等）
• Oh dear! I've lost my keys again. 哦，天哪！我又把锁匙弄丢了。
• Dear me , it's already four-thirty and I said I'd be home by five! 天哪，已经四点半了，我说过我五点前要到家的！
• Dearie me , what a mess! 天哪，真是太乱了！
UK [dɪər] US [dɪr] noun
countable usually singular informal
■a kind person 善良的人，和善之人，好人
• Annie's such a dear - she's brought me breakfast in bed every morning this week. 安妮可真是个大好人——这周她每天早上都把早餐送到我的床边。
[as form of address]
■used to address someone you love or are being friendly to, not used between men 亲爱的（不用于男子之间）
• Here's your receipt, dear. 亲爱的，这是你的收据。
• Would you like a drink, dear? 亲爱的，你想喝一杯吗？
• Lovely to see you, my dear. 亲爱的，见到你真是太好了。
expensive, dear, costly
这组词都有“高的，昂贵的”的意思，其区别是：
expensive: 指物品的价格超过了它本身所值，或超过了购买者的支付能力。
dear: 侧重指要价过高，或远高于公道、合理的价格，其反义词是cheap。
costly: 指物品价格高，通常是因物品稀少或珍贵所致。
adj. 亲爱的；尊敬的；昂贵的
 - loving, expensive, rich, costly
int. 哎呀
 - oh, my, ohone
n. 亲爱的人
 - machree

Word: automatically
Front: automatically
[ˌɔ:tə'mætɪklɪ] (四 3946/2815 -K)
Vocabulary: automatically
(once / 1080 pages)
adv
Something that happens automatically happens in a mechanical way without a person having to do anything extra. If you walk through a door that swings open by itself, it opened automatically.
When something is done automatically, it does it on its own, like a spellchecker that corrects your spelling automatically. In a crash, a car's airbag automatically fills with air. Many computers automatically go into rest mode (to save energy) if you don't touch them for a few seconds. Automatically can also refer to how you do something without thinking about it, like if you automatically walk into your old apartment and startle the new tenants.
WORD FAMILY
automatic: automatically, automatics, automatise, automatize, non-automatic, semiautomatic+/automatise: automatised, semi-automatise/automatize: automatized, semi-automatize/semiautomatic: semiautomatically, semiautomatics
USAGE EXAMPLES
Otherwise, the airline systems will automatically book the passenger on the next available flight on the original route.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When we neglect to decentralize it, it will be automatically centered.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Despite these cases, there is a move in some industries for compensation to be paid automatically more often.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 自动地; 无意识地; 不自觉地; 机械地
分布：机械地(58%)，自动地(42%)
US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] adverb
MACHINE 机器
■If a machine or device does something automatically, it does it independently, without human control 自动地
• The camera adjusts the lens aperture and shutter speed automatically. 这部相机可自动调节镜头光圈和快门速度。
UK [ˌɔ:.tə'mæt.ɪ.kli] US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] adverb
NOT CONSCIOUS 无意识的
■If you do something automatically, you do it without thinking about it 不由自主地，不假思索地
• I automatically put my hand out to catch it. 我不由自主地伸手去抓它。
UK [ˌɔ:.tə'mæt.ɪ.kli] US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] adverb
CERTAIN 必然的
■If something happens automatically, it happens as part of the normal process or system 必然地；当然地；自然地
• Employees who steal are dismissed automatically. 盗窃公司财物的雇员理所当然会被开除。
adv. 自动地；机械地；无意识地
 - voluntarily, mechanically

Word: warrant
Front: warrant
[ˈwɒrənt] (研六托宝 5999/5321 -2)
Vocabulary: warrant
(once / 254 pages)
nv
If you watch cop shows, you know that a warrant is something police need to get into your house — a permission slip from a judge.
It's a noun! It's a verb! It's a word that warrants our attention! As a noun, it's the piece of paper they show you through the keyhole during an investigation. It's also a reason for doing something, or a promise (think of the warranty on your new car, the promise that it'll work for a certain amount of time). As a verb, it means to make something seem reasonable or necessary, such when the ticking suitcase warrants bringing in the bomb squad, or when the teenager's sneaking in late again warrants a stricter curfew.
WORD FAMILY
warrant: unwarrantable, warranted, warrantee, warranter, warranting, warrantor, warrants+/unwarrantable: unwarrantably/ unwarranted: unwarrantedly/warranted: unwarranted /warrantee: warrantees/warrantor: warrantors
USAGE EXAMPLES
The “unprecedented” personal wealth of Trump’s nominees warrants the delays, one senior Democratic aide said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Police obtained a warrant for the driver, who is at large.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These cases certainly warrant a deeper examination of state policy and practices by Inspector General Julie Rogers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 授权证; 许可证; 正当理由; 依据
vt. 保证，担保; 授权，批准; 辩解
时态：warranted, warranting, warrants
分布：保证(35%)，授权(20%)，根据(16%)，担保(12%)，正当理由(6%)，辩解(5%)，凭证(3%)，委任状(3%)
→来自wer,覆盖，保护，看管，看护，词源同ward,ware。引申词义担保，授权。
n.正当理由;许可证,委任状v.保证,担保I warrant that this cloth is pure wool.我保证这个布料是纯毛的.
US ['wɔ:r-] verb
MAKE NECESSARY 使有必要
transitive
■to make a particular activity necessary 使有必要
• Obviously what she did was wrong, but I don't think it warranted quite such severe punishment. 显然她做得不对，但我认为她不应该受到如此严厉的惩罚。
• It's a relatively simple task that really doesn't warrant a great deal of time being spent on it. 这是一个相对来说比较简单的任务，不必在上面花费大量的时间。
⇒ See also unwarranted
UK ['wɒr.ənt] US ['wɔ:r-] verb
PROMISE 允诺
intransitive or transitive old-fashioned
■to say that you are certain about something 担保，保证；承诺
UK ['wɒr.ənt] US ['wɔ:r-] noun
DOCUMENT 文件
countable
■an official document, signed by a judge or other person in authority, which gives the police permission to search someone's home, arrest a person or take some other action （由法官或官员签署的）搜查令，逮捕状，令状
• a search warrant 搜查令
• Judge La Riva had issued an arrest warrant/a warrant for his arrest. 拉里瓦法官已经签署了一份逮捕状／逮捕他的令状。
UK ['wɒr.ənt] US ['wɔ:r-] noun
REASON 理由；根据
uncountable old-fashioned
■a reason for doing something 做事情的理由
• There's no warrant for that sort of behaviour! 那种行为根本不合理！
warrant, justify
这组词都有“为……提供理由或根据”的意思，其区别是：
warrant: 指有充分的理由或有必要做某事。
justify: 强调所提供的根据或理由不仅会迎合理性还满足了良心，并且含“如果不提供理由辨护就会受到非难”的意味。
n. 根据；证明；正当理由；委任状
 - authentication, certification, demonstration, foundation, proof
vt. 保证；担保；批准；辩解
 - assure, undertake, confirm

Word: halve
Front: halve
[hɑ:v] (六 10095/7024 -2)
Vocabulary: halve
(once / 4693 pages)
v
To halve something is to divide it into two equal parts. When you share a pizza with your best friend, you can cut it in half, or halve it.
A recipe might instruct you to halve an onion, and a little kid might request that you halve her peanut butter sandwich and cut the crusts off. You can also halve less physical things — you can halve your expenses if you reduce them by half, or halve the bill for lunch with your sister, if you split it with her. Halve comes from half, originally an Old English word meaning "side" or "part."
WORD FAMILY
halve: halved, halving
USAGE EXAMPLES
The UN wants to halve food waste per person in shops and in households by 2030 under its Sustainable Development Goals.
Economist(Dec 14, 2016)
The risk of a coronary event in 10 years was halved.
New York Times(Dec 12, 2016)
Peel the onion, halve it, then slice each half into thin segments.
The Guardian(Dec 12, 2016)
Back: vt. 把…分成两半; 把…减半; 对分; 平摊
时态：halved, halving, halves
分布：减半(97%)，平分(3%)
→来自half的动词形式。比较interleave.
US [hæv] verb
transitive
■to reduce something by half or divide something into two equal pieces 使减半；把…二等分
• In the past eight years, the elephant population in Africa has been halved. 在过去的八年中，非洲大象的数量减少了一半。
• The potatoes will cook more quickly if you halve them before you put them in the oven. 如果把马铃薯切成两半再放进烤箱，它们会熟得更快。
intransitive
■If something halves, it is reduced by half 减半
• Their profits have halved in the last six months. 在过去的六个月里，他们的利润减少了一半。
vt. 二等分；把……减半
 - bisect

Word: deepen
Front: deepen
[ˈdi:pən] (四六 6730/6881 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. 变深，加深; 低沉
vt. 加浓
时态：deepened, deepening, deepens
分布：加深(93%)，变浓(5%)，使 ... 加深(1%)，使 ... 强烈(1%)
verb
DOWN 下沉
intransitive or transitive
■to make something deeper, or to become deeper 加深；（使）变深
• One way of preventing further flooding would be to deepen the river bed. 防止洪水再次泛滥的一个办法是深挖河床。
• The sea bed deepens here to 5000 metres. 此处的海床变深至5000米。
['di:.pən] verb
STRONGLY FELT 感受强烈
intransitive or transitive
■to become more strongly felt or experienced, or to make something this way （使）感受更强烈；（使）深入，（使）加深
• Over the years, her love for him deepened. 这些年来，她对他的爱更深了。
• The economic crisis is deepening. 经济危机正在加重。
• We must try not to deepen (= make more strongly felt) existing splits within the party. 我们必须努力避免党内出现的各种分歧进一步扩大。
['di:.pən] verb
COMPLICATED 难懂
intransitive or transitive
■to make something increase or become more serious 使加深；使加重，恶化
• It certainly helped to deepen my understanding of the situation. 它当然有助于加深我对整个情况的理解。
['di:.pən] verb
LOW 低
intransitive
■to become lower 变低沉
• Boys' voices deepen in their early to mid-teens. 男孩子十岁出头到十五六岁之间嗓音会变得低沉起来。
['di:.pən] verb
DARK 黑暗
intransitive
■to become darker 变暗
• The shadows deepened as the evening drew on. 天色渐晚，越来越暗。

Word: cocaine
Front: cocaine
[kəʊˈkeɪn] (研雅 4315/7289 -2)
Back: n. <药>可卡因; 古柯碱
分布：可卡因(100%)
→coca, 南美经济作物。-ine, 化学后缀。
n.可卡因,古柯碱(用作局部麻醉剂)Cocaine is a kind of drug.可卡因是一种麻醉药.
US [koʊ-] noun uncountable
■a drug used in medicine to prevent pain and also used illegally, often in the form of white powder which is breathed in through the nose 可卡因，古柯碱
n. [药] 可卡因
 - coke, Bernie

Word: cattle
Front: cattle
[ˈkætl] (高研四六雅 3629/2973 -2)
Vocabulary: cattle
(once / 144 pages)
n
Use the word cattle to talk about a group of cows. A farmer might build a new fence to keep her cattle more safely secured in their pasture.
Cattle usually refers to domesticated cows, almost always a large group of them. If you have a small dairy farm with only three or four cows, you'll probably call them "cows." When you're talking about a bigger operation, they're more likely to be called cattle. In the 13th century, the word simply meant "property," from the Medieval Latin capitale, "property or stock." It took about 300 years before cattle meant "cows."
WORD FAMILY
cattle: cattles, cattleship
USAGE EXAMPLES
Parson, a cattle rancher and former sheriff, said in his statement that he is well and resting at his home in Bolivar.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nelson predicts the low prices for corn, cattle and almost everything else produced in rural Nebraska will remain low for a while.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The animals are skittish and slower to develop than cattle, requiring more than four years before they’re ready to sell.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （总称）牛，牲口; 畜生; 无价值的人; 〈美俚〉女学生
分布：牛(94%)，家畜(5%)，畜牲(1%)
→来自capital, 资产，资本，因牛在农耕社会有着无比重要的作用而引申此词义。比较castor，海狸。
n.牛;牲口,家畜The pattern of the battery doesn't matter to the battle against the little brittle cattle.电池的式样对与脆小牛作战无关要紧.
US ['kætˌ-] plural noun
 IMPROVER
■large farm animals kept for their milk or meat; cows and bulls 牛
• beef/dairy cattle 肉／乳牛
beast, brute, creature, cattle, animal
这组词都有“动物”的意思，其区别是：
beast: 指有别于爬行动物、昆虫等的较大的四脚兽类或牛、马等牲畜。
brute: 特指野兽。用于人时，突出其野蛮或残忍。
creature: 通常指生物或动物，与非生动相对。指人时，则含怜悯或轻蔑的意味。
cattle: 指大牲畜，尤其指牛。
animal: 普通用词，指区别于植物和矿物而言的动物的总称。
n. [脊椎] [畜牧] 牛；牲畜（骂人的话）；家畜；无价值的人
 - ox, moo-cow

Word: kit
Front: kit
[kɪt] (研六雅 4018/3278 -2)
Vocabulary: kit
(once / 556 pages)
1nv 2n
A collection of things used for a certain purpose is a kit, like a first aid kit with bandages and aspirin, or a tool kit with hammers, screwdrivers, and wrenches.
There are kits meant for camping, taking care of your cat, and painting landscapes. A group of items needed to build or assemble something is also a kit, like a model airplane kit. The case you keep these things in can also be called a kit. A completely different sort of kit is a baby animal like a fox or beaver kit. A set of drums — bass, tom, snare and cymbals — is commonly called a "drum kit."
WORD FAMILY
kit: kits, kitted, kitting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Each school received a starter kit and handbook to design and build one VEX brand robot.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The website carried a video from the Twitter account of blogger Evgeny Kozlov showing one of the kits being unpacked.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Donors also add other items, including lights, stockings, window ornaments and letter-to-Santa writing kits.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 衣物和装备; 成套用品; 配套元件
vt. （为特定活动而）使某人装备起来
时态：kitted, kitting, kits
分布：装备(53%)，工具箱(36%)，成套工具(11%)
→可能来自中古荷兰语kitte,水桶，木桶。引申词义一桶装的全套装备，成套元件。kit 小提琴
n.成套工具,用具包,工具箱The soldiers packed their kit for the journey.士兵们整理他们的装备,准备行军.
noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a set of things, such as tools or clothes, used for a particular purpose or activity （用于某种目的或活动的）成套工具（或服装）
• a first-aid/tool kit 一套急救用品／工具
• a pregnancy-testing kit 一套验孕用具
 ADVANCED countable
■a set of parts sold ready to be put together 配套元件（供购买者装配成件）
• He's making a model car from a kit. 他在用整套元件组装汽车模型。
 ADVANCED uncountable mainly UK
■the particular clothing worn by a sports team, or the particular clothing and small pieces of equipment worn and used by people such as soldiers and sailors （运动队的）全套服装；（士兵、水手等的）全套装备
• football kit 足球运动服
[kɪt] noun
get your kit off mainly UK slang humorous
■to take off your clothes 脱掉衣服
• Come on, get your kit off! 快，把你的衣服脱下来！
[kɪt] verb (-tt-)
[kɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] kit sb/sth out mainly UK
■to supply someone or something with the clothes or equipment that are needed for a particular purpose （为某一目的）给…配备服装（或装备）
• They went shopping to get kitted out for the trip. 他们去购买旅行所需的东西。
n. 工具箱； [机] 成套工具
 - toolbox, tool chest
vt. 装备
 - prepare, provide
vi. 装备
 - equip with, fit out

Word: launder
Front: launder
[ˈlɔ:ndə(r)] (15531/18852 -1)
Vocabulary: launder
(once / 1248 pages)
v
To launder is to wash your clothes or other things made from cloth, like sheets and towels. A college student might try to wait to launder her clothes until she goes home for Thanksgiving.
When you launder, you wash a load of laundry, or dirty clothes. These days most of us use a washing machine to launder, adding detergent to the water and then tossing the wet things in the dryer after they're clean. Another meaning of launder is "hide the origins of illegal money," or "make dirty money look clean," which is usually done by making it appear that the money was earned through a legitimate business.
WORD FAMILY
launder: laundered, laundering, launders, laundry +/laundering: launderings/ laundry: laundries
USAGE EXAMPLES
“China became quite aware that even in their ‘legal market’ there was tremendous laundering through an illegal system,” Ms. Lieberman said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Obiang is expected to plead not guilty to charges of laundering the proceeds of corruption, embezzlement and misuse of public funds.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In play is $630 million from his estate that the United States says he and his cronies laundered through the American financial system.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 洗涤; 洗黑钱（把来路可疑的钱弄得貌似合法）; 洗烫衣物; 消除…的污点
vi. 洗涤; 洗熨
n. [矿]槽洗机，流槽
时态：laundered, laundering, launders
分布：洗涤(37%)，清洗(36%)，流水槽(27%)
→来自拉丁语lavandaria,洗衣工，词源同lava,lavatory.引申词义洗钱。
US ['lɑ:n.dɚ] verb transitive
CLOTHES 衣服
■to wash, dry and iron clothes, sheets etc 洗，洗涤
• freshly laundered sheets 新洗的床单
UK ['lɔ:n.dər] US ['lɑ:n.dɚ] verb transitive
MONEY 钱
■to move money which has been obtained illegally through banks and other businesses to make it seem to have been obtained legally 洗（赃款）
• Officials were accused of laundering the stolen funds overseas before returning them to the US. 官员们被指控在海外洗钱后将赃款转回美国。
vt. 洗涤；清洗；洗黑钱（把来路可疑的钱弄得貌似合法）
 - wash, purge of
vi. 洗涤；洗熨；耐洗
 - wash well, line dry

Word: essentially
Front: essentially
[ɪˈsenʃəli] (2286/2399 -K3)
Vocabulary: essentially
(once / 353 pages)
adv
Notice the tie between essentially and the word "essence," referring to the very core of something. As an adverb, then, essentially refers to something's nature. In spite of your faults, you're essentially a good person.
The word essentia came from the Lower Latin, referring to something's inherent qualities. If you're convinced that there's not much difference between two things, you might say that they are essentially the same. Nietzsche once made the essentially sexist comment, "Man wishes woman to be peaceable, but in fact she is essentially warlike, like the cat.”
WORD FAMILY
essential: essentiality, essentially, essentialness, essentials, inessential, nonessential, unessential+/ essence: essences, essential /essentiality: essentialities/ inessential: inessentiality, inessentially, inessentials/nonessential: nonessentials/unessential: unessentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first two questions are about national strategy; the third will essentially be a fight over government funding.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is being completed essentially on time and within its budget, unlike many previous such projects.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Football is essentially a spectacle of car crashes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 本质上，根本上; 本来; “essential“的派生
分布：本质上(55%)，本来(45%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■relating to the most important characteristics or ideas of something 本质上；根本上；基本上
• It's essentially a dictionary but it differs in one or two respects. 本质上说这还是一本字典，但在一两个方面上它又不同于一般字典。
• What he's saying is essentially true. 他说的基本上都是实话。
adv. 本质上；本来
 - originally

Word: orthodox
Front: orthodox
[ˈɔ:θədɒks] (研六雅宝 5340/5046 -2)
Vocabulary: orthodox
(once / 603 pages)
adj
Orthodox practices or beliefs are generally accepted as true or correct. If you are an orthodox vegetarian, you never, ever eat meat––not like those people who have chicken once in awhile, or even––gasp!––bacon.
When capitalized, Orthodox is the name of the Eastern Church, originally distinguished by its doctrinal differences from the other divisions of the Christian Church. Orthodox is also the name of the branch of Judaism that strictly follows traditional beliefs and customs, derived from orthodox in the earlier meaning of "strictly observant."
WORD FAMILY
orthodox: orthodoxest, orthodoxly, orthodoxy, unorthodox +/ orthodoxy: orthodoxies, unorthodoxy/unorthodoxy: unorthodoxies
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s also where Stanley’s troubles began with more orthodox believers.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A few words of orthodox reassurance from the pontiff would help.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
Do they really expect Trump to suddenly be transformed into an orthodox Republican?
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: adj. 规范的; 公认的; 普遍赞同的; 正统的
分布：正统的(60%)，传统的(35%)，东正教的(5%)
→ortho-,正确的，-dox,观念，思想，词源同doctor,dogma.
正统思想(ortho正+dox→正的观点→正统思想)[dox=opinion,表示"观点"]
a.传统的,正统的,习惯的,保守的,东正教的The escort resorted to the orthodox paradox to retort his distortion.陪护者借助正统悖论反驳他的歪曲.
【记】ortho正，dox观点
【参】heterodox（adj 异端邪说的）；paradox（n 自相矛盾的话）；orthodontics（n 畸齿矫正）；orthopedics（n 整形外科）
US ['ɔ:r.θə.dɑ:ks] adjective
■(of beliefs, ideas or activities) considered traditional, normal and acceptable by most people （信仰、观点或活动）正统的，传统的；普遍接受的
• orthodox treatment/methods 传统的疗法／方法
• orthodox views/opinions 正统的观点／看法
• We would prefer a more orthodox approach/solution to the problem. 我们愿意用一种更为正统的方法处理／解决该问题。
Compare heterodox (of religious people) having more traditional beliefs than other people in the same religious group （宗教信徒）正统派的
• orthodox Christians/Jews/Muslims 正统派基督教徒／犹太教徒／穆斯林
the (Greek/Russian/Eastern) Orthodox Church
■a part of the Christian Church, with many members in Greece, Russia and eastern Europe （希腊／俄罗斯／东）正教
adj. 正统的；传统的；惯常的
 - traditional, conventional, classic, frequent, confirmed

Word: batter
Front: batter
[ˈbætə(r)] (托雅 7225/8746 -2)
Vocabulary: batter
(once / 417 pages)
1v 2n 3n
To batter is to beat repeatedly, as if one boxer were clobbering another with blows.
Batter is one of those words with many meanings that seem entirely unrelated to each other. You can batter by hitting again and again, but there's also a batter in baseball — the guy who's holding a bat and waiting for the pitcher to throw the ball. Yet another meaning is the batter you mix up when you're making muffins, using eggs, flour, milk, and sugar. They all come from the same Latin root word, battuere, "to beat or strike."
WORD FAMILY
batter: battered, battering, batters+/ bat: bats, batted, batter, batting /battered: batteredest/battering: batterings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many who left Mosul hope that their city, battered by years of war and brutalized by IS, will retain its immoveable feast.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
These days, portraits of Saleh remain visible across a capital battered by war, and he’s referred to as the “Godfather” in some circles.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Storms battered the town of Boma, which is nearly 300 miles southwest of the capital, Kinshasa.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 连续猛击; 捣碎，打烂; 磨损; 使内倾，使倾斜
n. （铅字的）磨损，毁损; （用鸡蛋、牛奶、面粉等调成的）糊状物; 击球员，击球手; 墙面的倾斜
时态：battered, battering, batters
分布：面糊(64%)，打击手(16%)，猛击(8%)，打坏(6%)，往后递倾(4%)，斜外墙(2%)
→词源同beat, 击，打。-er, 表反复。
连续猛打(bat+ter常表示连续动作,如stutter口吃)[bat=beat,表示"打,击"]
连打,不断打(bat打+ter)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
US ['bætˌ.ɚ] verb transitive intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to hit and behave violently towards a person, especially a woman or child, repeatedly over a long period of time, or to hit something with force many times 接连猛打（尤指妇女、儿童）
• He was battered to death with a rifle-butt. 他被人用枪托连续猛打致死。
• He was battering (at/on) the door with his fists and howling. 他不停地用拳头砸门，边砸边吼。
• The waves battered against the rocks at the bottom of the cliff. 波涛不停地拍打着悬崖底部的岩石。
• The burglars had battered down the door of the house (= hit it so hard that it broke and fell down). 窃贼用力撞倒了房门。
UK ['bæt.ər] US ['bætˌ.ɚ] noun
FOOD 食物
uncountable
■a mixture of flour, eggs and milk, used to make pancakes or to cover food before frying it （用面粉、鸡蛋和牛奶混成的）面糊
• fish in batter 裹了面糊的鱼
UK ['bæt.ər] US ['bætˌ.ɚ] noun
STICK 棒
countable (also hitter)
■the person in baseball or rounders whose turn it is to hit the ball, or a person who is good at this activity （棒球等的）击球员，打击手
n. 击球手；（用鸡蛋、牛奶、面粉等调成的）糊状物；墙面的倾斜
 - paste, batsman
vt. 猛击；打坏；使向上倾斜
 - jab at, lash out

Word: silent
Front: silent
[ˈsaɪlənt] (中高研四六雅 2160/2297 -K3)
Back: adj. 沉默的，无言的; 寂静的，无声的; 静止的; [语]不发音的
n. 无声电影
分布：沉默的(68%)，安静的(18%)，无言的(11%)，不吵闹的(3%)
→来自拉丁语 silere,安静的，-ent,形容词后缀。
a.寂静,沉默的Initially I kept silent to the essential essay.起初我对这个重要的短评保持沉默.
adjective
QUIET 宁静的
 ESSENTIAL
■without any sound 宁静的；寂静的
• The empty house was completely silent. 那栋空房子一片寂静。
• literary It was four o'clock in the morning and London was as silent as the grave (= completely silent). 凌晨四点，伦敦如坟墓一样沉寂，十分安静。
['saɪ.lənt] adjective
NO SPEAKING 沉默的
 ESSENTIAL
■without talking 沉默的；缄默的
• She whispered a silent prayer that her wounded brother would not die. 她默默地祷告，希望她受伤的兄弟不会死去。
• The police officer told the criminal that he had the right to remain silent. 警官告诉罪犯他有权保持沉默
• The minister was silent on/about his plans for the future. 部长对将来的计划保持沉默。
• Arthur has always been the strong, silent type (= a type of person, usually a man, who says very little). 亚瑟一直是那种坚强而寡言的人。
noiseless, silent, calm, peaceful, serene, still, quiet
这组词都有“平静的，无声无息”的意思，其区别是：
noiseless: 指无任何噪音或不出声，无声无息。
silent: 普通用词，指缄默不语或无声无息。
calm: 普通用词，既可指天气、海洋等的平静状态，又可指人的镇定沉着、不慌乱，不受外界影响和情绪支配。
peaceful: 普通用词，指一种不受外物扰乱和刺激的内在宁静或和平状态。
serene: 指一种超脱一切烦恼的宁静状态。
still: 指平静而又安定的状态。
quiet: 普通用词，指没有喧闹、活动或骚乱的寂静状态。
adj. 沉默的；寂静的；无记载的
 - still, mum

Word: sheer
Front: sheer
[ʃɪə(r)] (研六托雅宝 4198/3368 -2)
Vocabulary: sheer
(once / 344 pages)
1adj 2adjvadv
If people can see through your shirt, it's sheer. This can also mean something steep, like a cliff, or anything extreme, like sheer nerve.
This word has several meanings, but they're all extreme. A sheer (see-through) shirt is an extreme way to dress — climbing a sheer cliff is almost impossible. If your car sheers, it swerves sharply, and you might crash. Maybe you've met all these meanings in a single nightmare: When the sheer cloth blew over your face as you drove, you lost control and the car began to sheer, filling you with sheer terror as you went over the sheer cliff.
WORD FAMILY
sheer: sheered, sheerer, sheerest, sheering, sheerly, sheers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s just the vagaries of the system, the complexity of the cases and the sheer volume that is present in the criminal justice system.”
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
"I just think the sheer joy of competing and the challenge of testing himself against the others will be enough for Roger," he said.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The sheer range of musical expression is astonishing: pastoral reveries, woodland scenes, romantic arias, heroic dramas, historical legends and visions of spiritual strife.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: v. （使）偏航，（使）转向
adv. 完全地，全然; 垂直地，陡峭地
n. 舷弧; 单锚系泊的船位; 偏离的方向; 船体型线
adj. 完全的，全然的; 极薄的; 几乎垂直地，陡峭的; 绝对的
时态：sheered, sheering, sheers
分布：陡峭的(35%)，避开(18%)，垂直地(18%)，全然的(14%)，转向(12%)，极轻薄的(3%)
→来自古英语 scir,明亮的，发光的，闪耀的，来自 Proto-Germanic*skiriz,纯的，纯粹的，清晰 的，来自 skai,发光，闪耀，词源同 shine,sheen.现词义可能来自不同词源，并最终来自 sker,剪，切，砍，劈，词源同 shear,sharp.引申词义陡峭的，垂直的等。
a.纯粹的,十足的,全然的;陡峭的,险峻的The peer's queer peering is a sheer sneer.贵族的奇怪盯着看是完全讽笑.
US [ʃɪr] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■used to emphasize how very great, important or powerful a quality or feeling is; nothing except 完全的，彻底的
• The suggestion is sheer nonsense. 这个建议纯粹是胡言乱语。
• His success was due to sheer willpower/determination. 他的成功全靠自己的意志力／决心。
• It was sheer coincidence that we met. 我们的相遇纯属巧合。
UK [ʃɪər] US [ʃɪr] adjective
STEEP 陡峭的
■extremely steep; almost vertical 陡峭的；近乎垂直的
• a sheer mountain side 陡峭的山坡
• a sheer drop of 100 metres 100米的垂直落差
UK [ʃɪər] US [ʃɪr] adjective
THIN 薄的
■describes clothing or material which is so thin, light and delicate that you can see through it （织物等）极薄的，透明的
• sheer nylon tights 透明尼龙连裤袜
• She wore a dress of the sheerest silk. 她穿了一条薄如蝉翼的丝绸连衣裙。
UK [ʃɪər] US [ʃɪr] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to change direction suddenly 突然转向
• I thought the boats were going to collide, but one sheered off/away at the last second. 我以为两只小船就要撞上了，但在最后关头，其中一只突然掉头避开了。
steep, abrupt, sheer
这些形容词均含“陡峭的，险峻的”之意。
steep: 指坡度向上逐渐增加的斜陡坡，强调险峻，暗示难于攀登。
abrupt: 着重指地形突然起伏，形成尖角状。
sheer: 指自始至终近于垂直的陡峭，不仅仅很难爬上去，甚至于不可能攀登。
adj. 绝对的；透明的；峻峭的
 - strict, absolute, transparent, positive, crystal
adv. 完全；陡峭地
 - very, quite a
vi. 偏航
 - yaw
vt. 使偏航；使急转向
 - crab
n. 偏航； [纺] 透明薄织物
 - yaw, leeway

Word: fiercely
Front: fiercely
[fɪəslɪ] (7800/6032)
Back: adv. 凶猛地; 残酷地; 猛烈地; 激烈地
分布：猛烈地(58%)，厉害地(42%)
US ['fɪr.sli] adverb
■in a frightening, violent or powerful way 凶猛地；激烈地；猛烈地
• to growl/fight fiercely 凶猛地咆哮／激烈地搏斗
• to burn fiercely 猛烈地燃烧
■extremely 极其
• She's fiercely competitive/independent. 她极具竞争力／极其独立。
adv. 猛烈地；厉害地
 - badly, heavily, strong, hard, violently

Word: assist
Front: assist
[əˈsɪst] (高研四六托 2475/2162 -K3)
Vocabulary: assist
(once / 48 pages)
vn
You run up the field, pass the ball to the forward and she scores! It’s your third assist of the game. On and off the soccer field, to assist is to help or contribute.
The English word assist came to us in the early 15th century from the French word assister, meaning to "to stand by or help.” The French word is pronounced "ah-sis-tay" and is not to be confused with "a sister." Even if your sister is helpful.
WORD FAMILY
assist: assistance, assistant, assisted, assisting, assistive, assists+/ assistance: assistances/ assistant: assistants/assisted: unassisted
USAGE EXAMPLES
Notre Dame’s Lindsay Allen began the game ranked No. 8 nationally with an average of 7.2 assists and finished the game with eight.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He finished with 11 assists, six rebounds, two steals and just one turnover.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Okaloosa County Sheriff’s Office, fire department first responders, the Walton Sheriff’s Office, the Coast Guard and others assisted in searching for the man.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 帮助; 援助; 机器助手; 辅助装置
vt. 帮助; 援助; 帮助某人做某事; 搀扶（某人）上下车
vi. 援助; 出席; 参加
时态：assisted, assisting, assists
分布：协助(61%)，帮助(35%)，出席(2%)，助攻(1%)，协助的器械(1%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. 词根sist, 站，词根st的反复形式。
帮助(as+sist站→站过来→帮助)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
帮助;参加(as加强动作+sist→站在一起→帮助)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
vt.协助,帮助,促进vi.帮忙,参加I assisted him in writing his paper.我帮助他写论文.
【记】as朝向，sist站立－站在你一边－帮助
【参】persistence（n 坚持）；resistance（n 抵抗）
[ə'sɪst] formal
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to help 帮助；协助；援助
• The army arrived to assist in the search. 军队赶到协助搜寻。
• You will be expected to assist the editor with the selection of illustrations for the book. 希望你能帮助编辑为此书挑选插图。
assist the police with/in their inquiries UK
■If someone is assisting the police with their inquiries, it usually means they have been taken to the police station to be asked questions about a crime. 配合警方的询问
help, assist, aid
这组词都有“帮助”的意思，其区别是：
help: 最普通用词，含义广泛。指一般性的或迫切需要的帮助，侧重积极地为他人提供物质、精神或其他方面的帮助。
assist: 强调在提供帮助时，以受助者为主，所给的帮助起第二位或从属的作用。
aid: 正式用词，指帮助他人脱离危险或战胜困难，着重强者对急需帮助的弱者的帮助。

Word: cartel
Front: cartel
[kɑ:ˈtel] (9233/10600 -2)
Vocabulary: cartel
(once / 2483 pages)
n
When groups band together to control the supply of a product for their best interests, that’s called a cartel. If you and the other kids running lemonade stands form a cartel, you can force up the price of lemonade.
The word cartel originally referred to political parties that joined forces to promote a common cause. Over the years, cartel took on a decidedly negative connotation, and now it’s more likely to describe organizations that join together to limit supply of a product to force prices to remain high. You might read about an international drug cartel or a cartel of natural gas producers. To correctly pronounce the word cartel, put the accent on the second syllable: “car TEL.”
WORD FAMILY
cartel: cartels
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mendieta is a classic pulp detective: hapless, tough and driven, kind of corrupt but the only cop around not on the cartel’s payroll.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Fentanyl is increasingly being manufactured by Mexican drug cartels, according to the D.E.A., or is cooked up in labs in the United States.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
In 2013, he was sentenced to 15 years for providing sensitive law enforcement information to drug cartels.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. <经>卡特尔，企业联合
分布：卡特尔(95%)，联合企业(3%)，俘虏交换条约书(2%)
→词源同card, chart.代指在纸上签署的合作协议。
US [kɑ:r-] noun countable
■a group of similar independent companies who join together to control prices and limit competition （多家公司为控制价格和限制竞争联合组成的）卡特尔，同业联盟
• an oil cartel 石油卡特尔
n. 卡特尔；企业联合；垄断联盟；俘虏交换条约
 - kartell

Word: lawmaker
Front: lawmaker
[ˈlɔ:meɪkə(r)] (4685/34834 -2)
Back: n. 立法者
分布：立法者(100%)
→即制定法律的人。
US ['lɑ:ˌmeɪ.kɚ] noun countable
■someone, such as a politician, who is responsible for making and changing laws 立法者
n. 立法者
 - Moses, legislator

Word: flock
Front: flock
[flɒk] (研四六托雅宝 6596/5337 -2)
Vocabulary: flock
(once / 205 pages)
1nv 2n
The word flock refers to a group of animals, like birds or sheep, that have congregated together. The flock of pigeons at the park is so tame that they'll eat right out of your hand.
You can also use flock to mean a congregation of people, like a flock of children at the zoo, or a group of people belonging to a church. As a verb, flock means to gather together as a flock or to move together in a group. You and your friends might flock to the mall when you learn that your favorite singer will be there signing autographs.
WORD FAMILY
flock: flocked, flocking, flocks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Demand for urban properties jumped after the housing bust as young, high-earning professionals eschewed homeownership and flocked to big cities.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Temple bells echoed at midnight as families gather around noodles and revelers flock to shrines for the biggest holiday in Japan.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
The embattled city is never far from the minds of Iraqis who flock to Ahmed’s restaurant.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 兽群，鸟群; 群众; 棉束; 大堆，大量
vi. 群集，成群结队而行
vt. 用棉束填
时态：flocked, flocking, flocks
分布：一群(50%)，羊群(34%)，聚集(9%)，群众(3%)，大堆(2%)，成群而行(1%)，兽群(1%)
→词源不详。可能来自folk, 人们，民众。原指一群人或队伍，后来才用来指兽群，羊群。参照基督教牧师，其原义即为牧羊人。flock 绒毛
n.(一)群,(禽,畜等的)群;大量v.群集,成群At 8 o'clock the clerk locked the flock of cocks in the room.八点钟时办事员将那群公鸡锁在房间里.
【区】block（n 木块；街区；阻滞vt 防碍；阻塞）
【反】segregate（v 隔离）
US [flɑ:k] noun
GROUP 群
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of sheep, goats or birds, or a group of people 羊群；鸟群；人群
• a flock of sheep/goats/geese 一群绵羊／山羊／鹅
• The shepherd is bringing his flock down from the hills. 牧羊人正把他的羊群往山下赶。
• A noisy flock of tourists came into the building. 一群吵吵嚷嚷的游客走进了大楼。
• The vicar invited all the members of his flock (= all the people who go to his church) to attend the special service. 牧师邀请教区的所有信徒参加这一特别仪式。
UK [flɒk] US [flɑ:k] noun
MATERIAL 材料
uncountable (US also flocking)
■soft material used for filling objects such as cushions , or soft material that forms a raised pattern on wallpaper or curtains （充填垫子等的）软填料；（在墙纸或窗帘上制作突起图案用的）短绒，绒屑
UK [flɒk] US [flɑ:k] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move or come together in large numbers 聚集；群集；蜂拥
• Hundreds of people flocked to the football match. 数百人蜂拥前来观看足球比赛。
• [+ to infinitive] Crowds of people flocked to see the Picasso exhibition. 大群人蜂涌去看毕加索画展。
herd, swarm, flock
这组词都有“群”的意思，其区别是：
herd: 一般指大动物的群，尤指家畜的群，也可指人群。
swarm: 通常指蜜蜂、昆虫等的群。
flock: 主要指鸟群、羊群；也指较小的动物群，也可指人群。
n. 群；棉束（等于floc）
 - cluster, gang, bunch, qun
vi. 聚集；成群而行
 - concentrate, collect, mass, crowd

Word: repression
Front: repression
[rɪˈpreʃn] (研 7683/7300)
Vocabulary: repression
(once / 2024 pages)
1n 2n
Repression is a kind of holding back or holding down. There's repression of feelings (willing yourself not to cry), as well as social repression (where the government limits freedom or shuts out certain groups).
Repression is like suppression: you restrain, inhibit, or subdue something. Not allowing women to vote is a perfect example of political repression. If you have trouble expressing your feelings and keep things bottled up, then emotional repression is a big part of your personality. People often turn to repression because they're scared of what will happen if they say what's on their mind. Unfortunately, political and emotional repression can often lead to anger and even violence.
WORD FAMILY
repression: repressions+/ repress: repressed, represser, represses, repressing, repression, repressive / repressed: repressedly, unrepressed/represser: repressers/repressing: repressingly/ repressive: repressively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Repression during his time in office was severe, prompting protests in 1984.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
“Repression will not eliminate people’s grievances, it will increase them,” he added.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
But her failure to condemn repression of the Muslim minority reflected the fragility of her position.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 压抑; 约束; 抑制，镇压
分布：镇压(59%)，压抑(21%)，抑制(20%)
n.压抑,压制,镇压
noun uncountable
■when people are controlled severely, especially by force （尤指透过武力进行的）镇压，压制
• The political repression in this country is enforced by terror. 这个国家透过恐怖统治来实行政治高压。
■the process and effect of keeping particular thoughts and wishes out of your conscious mind in order to defend or protect it 压抑；压制；抑制
• an attitude of unhealthy sexual repression 不利于健康的性压抑态度
n. 抑制， [心理] 压抑；镇压
 - checking, control, restraint, suppression, inhibition

Word: famously
Front: famously
[ˈfeɪməsli] (9331/19157 -1)
Back: adv. 著名地，出名地
分布：极好地(55%)，著名地(45%)
adverb old-fashioned
■extremely well 好极了
• We got along famously. 我们相处得好极了。
['feɪ.mə.sli] adverb
■in a famous way 著名地
• He's designed dresses for many celebrities, most famously the Queen. 他为许多名人设计过服装，其中最著名的是女王。
adv. 著名地；极好地
 - prime, excellently

Word: bureaucratic
Front: bureaucratic
[ˌbjʊərəˈkrætɪk] (高 6447/6084)
Vocabulary: bureaucratic
(once / 3778 pages)
adj
Anything bureaucratic has to do with the business of running an organization — usually not in a very efficient manner.
If there are bureaucrats or a bureaucracy involved, go ahead and call it bureaucratic. This adjective is used in a negative sense to describe a person or organization more concerned with following procedures than being guided by common sense. Bureaucratic things usually involve loads of paperwork and nonsensical rules, otherwise known as "red tape" — a connection that originated in the 17th century when official documents were bound together with actual red tape.
WORD FAMILY
bureaucratic: bureaucratically+/ bureaucracy: bureaucracies, bureaucratic / bureaucrat: bureaucracy, bureaucrats
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the heart of this 1885 operetta by the librettist William Gilbert and the composer Arthur Sullivan is a satire skewering British bureaucratic zeal.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“Even if this is an all-time high, the Fox high command can’t believe this is anything but a spectacular bureaucratic success,” Drum wrote.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Attempts by Italy to deport him after his release failed for bureaucratic reasons.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 官僚的，官僚主义的，官僚作风的
分布：官僚的(85%)，繁文缛节的(15%)
US [ˌbjʊr.ə'krætˌ-] adjective mainly disapproving
■relating to a system of controlling or managing a country, company or organization that is operated by a large number of officials 官僚政治的，官僚主义的
• The company was inefficient because it was highly bureaucratic. 那家公司效率低下是因为官僚主义严重。
■involving long and difficult dealings with officials 官僚主义的，繁文缛节的
• I had a lot of bureaucratic hassle trying to get the information I needed. 为了得到我所需要的资料，我费尽周折和官僚打交道。
adj. 官僚的；官僚政治的
 - mandarine

Word: peacekeeping
Front: peacekeeping
[ˈpi:ski:pɪŋ] (11773/28947 -2)
Back: adj. 维护和平的，执行（或监督）停火协定的
分布：维护和平的(62%)，维护和平(27%)，=peace-keeping.(11%)
noun uncountable
■the activity of preventing war and violence, especially the use of armed forces not involved in a disagreement to prevent fighting in an area 维护和平
• a peacekeeping force/mission 维和部队／任务

Word: defendant
Front: defendant
[dɪˈfendənt] (六雅宝 3356/1875 -2)
Vocabulary: defendant
(once / 668 pages)
n
In court, the person who gets sued or accused is called a defendant — they have to defend their innocence or reputation.
One thing no one wants to be is a defendant: that means someone sued you, which could cost you a boatload of money. Other defendants are accused of crimes, which is even worse, because you could end up in jail. Turn on any TV show about lawyers, and you'll see some of them defending the defendant, and others trying to convict the defendant. Defendants are definitely on the defensive. Another word for a defendant is a plaintiff.
WORD FAMILY
defendant: co-defendant, defendants+/ defence: defenceless, defences, self-defence/defenceless: defencelessly, defencelessness/ defend: defence, defendable, defendant, defended, defender, defending, defends, defensible, defensive /defendable: undefendable/defender: defenders/ defensible: defensibility, defensibly, indefensible / defensive: defensively, defensiveness, defensives/ indefensible: indefensibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trial is set to begin Feb. 6 in Las Vegas for the first six defendants in that case.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
OWI defendants already face costs of about $10,000 - including fines, fees, attorney costs and insurance increases - for a conviction.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Death penalty experts said it was exceedingly rare for capital defendants to represent themselves after allowing lawyers to handle the initial part of a case.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [法]被告人
adj. [法]被告的; 辩护的
分布：被告(100%)
【记】defend（保护），ant－保护自己－被告；参考：plaintiff（原告）
[dɪ'fen.dənt] legal
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person in a law case who is accused of having done something illegal 被告，被告人 Compare plaintiff
adj. 辩护的；为自己辩护的
 - justificatory, vindicative
n. [法] 被告
 - accused person, indictee

Word: partial
Front: partial
[ˈpɑ:ʃl] (研四六托雅宝 4546/3804 -2)
Vocabulary: partial
(once / 213 pages)
1adj 2adj 3n 4n
If you describe something as partial, you're usually saying it's just part of the whole, or incomplete. Say someone asks how you started your band and you say, "I bought a guitar." That would be a partial answer, at best.
Partial has another meaning, too. If you say you are partial to something, you are expressing a fondness for it. Or not. If someone asks you whether you still love your husband after 50 years of marriage, for example, and you say, "I'm partial to him," you're either joking or politely saying "Not really." Being partial to something is to love as a warm stove is to a bonfire.
WORD FAMILY
partial: partiality, partially, partialness, partials+/ counterpart: counterparts/forepart: foreparts/ part: counterpart, forepart, parted, partial, parting, partitive, parts, subpart, underpart/ partiality: partialities/parting: partings/partitive: partitively, partitives/subpart: subparts/underpart: underparts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Flynt said Brewer accomplished many goals during his partial term because of his legislative background.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But it was another four weeks before McCrory conceded while dozens of ballot protests were considered and a partial recount was held in Durham County.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
To its partial credit, the show resists this easy sentimentality.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 部分的; 偏爱的; 偏袒的; 钟爱的
n. [数学]偏微商
分布：部分的(48%)，偏袒的(21%)，不完全的(16%)，偏爱的(15%)
→来自part,部分。即部分的，引申词义偏袒的。
部分的;有偏见的(part+ial)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
a.部分的,不完全的;偏袒的,不公平的,偏爱的Apart from that apartment, the departed department leader was partly partial to this one.除了那套公寓外,已故系领导还有点偏爱这一套.
【记】part部分，只喜欢一部分人－偏袒的
【反】dispassionate（adj 冷静的；不带感情的）
US ['pɑ:r-] adjective
NOT COMPLETE 不完全的
 ADVANCED
■not complete 不完全的，部分的
• The general has ordered a partial withdrawal of troops from the area. 将军已下令部队部分人员撤出该地区。
UK ['pɑ:.ʃəl] US ['pɑ:r-] adjective
UNFAIR 不公平的
■influenced by your personal preference for or approval of something, so that you do not judge fairly 偏向一方的，偏袒的，偏心的
• The reporting in the papers is entirely partial and makes no attempt to be objective. 报纸上的报道毫不客观，而且也没打算保持客观。
Opposite impartial
UK ['pɑ:.ʃəl] US ['pɑ:r-] adjective
LIKING 嗜好
[after verb] old-fashioned or formal
■having a liking for something 偏爱…的，喜欢…的
• I'm rather partial to red wine. 我特别爱喝红葡萄酒。
adj. 局部的；偏爱的；不公平的
 - regional, local, unfair, topical

Word: lifetime
Front: lifetime
[ˈlaɪftaɪm] (高研四六 2767/3623 -2)
Vocabulary: lifetime
(once / 487 pages)
n
A lifetime is the entire length of time a person or other living thing is alive. After a famous actor dies, she may be fondly remembered for a lifetime of great movie roles.
Things that take up most of the duration of a person's life are often described using the word lifetime, like a terrible driver's lifetime ban on holding a driver's license, or a lifetime achievement award for all of your accomplishments. You can also talk about the lifetime of an object, or the length of time it's useful, and use lifetime figuratively, to mean "a very long time."
WORD FAMILY
lifetime: lifetimes
USAGE EXAMPLES
A wealth ratio is a measure of how effectively you’ve converted your lifetime income into wealth.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I left your own emotional fallout, from a lifetime of association with your father, for last because I hope you’ll tend to it first.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
That means the president would be trading a lifetime of Judge Garland for less than a year of Justice Garland.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 一生，寿命; 有生之年; 存在期，有效期
na. 终生; 终身保障; [核]寿命
分布：一生(63%)，终身(20%)，寿命(16%)，使用期限(1%)
n.一生,终生Did you know her in her lifetime?你在她的生前认识她吗?
noun countable usually singular
 ADVANCED
■the period of time during which someone lives or something exists 有生之年，终生，一辈子
• We'll see a tremendous lot of technological changes during/in our lifetime. 我们在有生之年会看到无数的技术变革。
• Winners of the competition will receive the holiday of a lifetime (= the best holiday they will ever have). 比赛获胜者将获得千载难逢的假期奖励。
• I've only been working here two days, but it seems like a lifetime. 我才在这里工作了两天，却觉得好像已经做了一辈子似的。
• A watch of this quality should last a lifetime. 品质如此之好的手表可以陪伴终生。
• Enter our competition and this once-in-a -lifetime experience could be yours! 来参加我们的比赛吧，这将是你终生难得的经历！
• Marriage is no longer always seen as a lifetime commitment. 婚姻已不再被看作是终生的承诺。
• You could win a lifetime's supply of toothpaste. 你可能会赢得终身免费使用牙膏的奖品。
n. 一生；寿命；终生；使用期
 - whole life, all one's life

Word: interpret
Front: interpret
[ɪnˈtɜ:prɪt] (研四六托雅 2755/2094 -K2)
Vocabulary: interpret
(once / 129 pages)
v
When you interpret something, you make sense of it. You could interpret a graph, a foreign language, or even Mona Lisa's odd smile.
If you're ordering food in a foreign land, you may need someone to interpret the menu for you. When you get tripped up or struggle to understand a subject even in your own language — like calculus, for example — sometimes you can find meaning, or interpret it for yourself. Or sometimes you'll need a teacher to work on the problem with you, showing how to interpret the mathematical language.
WORD FAMILY
interpret: interpretable, interpretation, interpretative, interpreted, interpreter, interpreting, interpretive, interprets, misinterpret, reinterpret +/ interpretation: interpretations/ interpretative: interpretatively/ interpreter: interpreters/interpreting: interpretings/ misinterpret: misinterpretation, misinterpreted, misinterpreting, misinterprets/ misinterpretation: misinterpretations/ reinterpret: reinterpretation, reinterpreted, reinterpreting, reinterprets/ reinterpretation: reinterpretations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some rightwing outlets interpreted the row as evidence of liberal overreach.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Like Scalia, both are originalists, which the late justice defined as interpreting the constitution as it was meant when adopted, not according to contemporary mores.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The effect size of the study written about was very small, and the overall interpreted findings are based on extrapolation and generalization.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 解释; 理解; 诠释，体现; 口译
vi. 作解释; 作口译
时态：interpreted, interpreting, interprets
分布：解释(76%)，翻译(10%)，口译(8%)，诠释(6%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-pret,词义不确定，可能来自买卖，价值交换，词源同price,prize.引申词义中介，协商者，谈判者，后词义通用化为解释，理解，领会，及口译等。
vt.解释,说明;口译How do you interpret this sentence?你如何解释这一句?
【反】misread（v 误解，曲解）－interpret correctly（正确地解释）
US [-'tɝ:-] verb
FIND MEANING 弄清含义
 ADVANCED transitive
■to decide what the intended meaning of something is 理解，解释，阐释
• It's difficult to interpret these statistics without knowing how they were obtained. 不了解这些统计数字是怎样得来的就难以理解它们。
• A jury should not interpret the silence of a defendant as a sign of guilt. 陪审团不应该将被告的沉默看作是有罪的表示。
UK [ɪn'tɜ:.prɪt] US [-'tɝ:-] verb
EXPRESS 表达
transitive
■to express your own ideas about the intended meaning of a play or a piece of music when performing it （表演者根据本人对作品的理解）表演，演绎
• If Shakespeare's plays are to reach a large audience they need to be interpreted in a modern style. 要使莎士比亚的戏剧得到广大观众的接受，就需要用现代的风格去演绎。
UK [ɪn'tɜ:.prɪt] US [-'tɝ:-] verb
BETWEEN LANGUAGES 不同语言之间
intransitive or transitive
■to change what someone is saying into another language 传译，口译
• We had to ask our guide to interpret for us. 我们不得不请导游为我们翻译。
Compare translate
clarify, interpret, account, explain, illustrate
这组词都有“说明”的意思，其区别是：
clarify: 指把已发生的事件。情况和现状说清楚。
interpret: 着重以特殊的知识、经验来解释难理解的事情。
account: 说明某事物如何符合自然法则或逻辑。
explain: 含义广，最普通用词，指把某事向原来不了解、不清楚的人解释明白、说清楚等。
illustrate: 多指用实例或插图、图表加以说明。
vt. 说明；口译
 - say, bring sb to do sth
vi. 解释；翻译
 - account, translate

Word: dose
Front: dose
[dəʊs] (研四六雅宝 3523/3251 -2)
Vocabulary: dose
(once / 487 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A dose is the amount of medicine you're supposed to take. A bottle of aspirin has the recommended dose printed on its side.
When your doctor prescribes medication, she tells you what dose you should take, whether it's one pill twice a day or two teaspoons just before bedtime. You can also get a dose of something else: having x-rays gives you a small dose of radiation, for example, and watching the news instead of your favorite cartoon can be said to give you a dose of reality. The Greek root of dose is dosis, "a portion prescribed."
WORD FAMILY
dose: dosage, dosed, doses, dosing, overdose+/dosage: dosages/overdose: overdosed, overdoses, overdosing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Sky on Fire” is certainly an adrenaline dose, but hardly a remedy for the action blahs.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
All infected students received the required two doses of a vaccine that protects against mumps, as well as measles and rubella.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
There was a fifty-fifty chance that the dose I’d been given was a placebo, but it soon became clear that I’d taken the real thing.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 剂量，药量; （药的）一服，一剂; （处罚等）一回，一次，一番; （酒中的）配料，增味剂
vi. 服药
vt. 给药; 给…服药; 把（药等）配分剂量; 在（酒）中加料
时态：dosed, dosing, doses
分布：剂量(80%)，一剂(15%)，一服(4%)，给 ... 服药(1%)
→来自词根don, 给予，词源同data, donate. 引申词义一剂。
n.剂量,一服,一剂v.(给...)服药A dose of poison made the noisy man's nose rosy.一剂毒药使得吵闹的男子的鼻子变成玫瑰色.
US [doʊs] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a measured amount of something such as medicine 一剂
• a high/low dose 大／小剂量
• a dose of penicillin 一剂盘尼西林
• The label says to take one dose three times a day. 标签上写着每次一剂，每日三次。
• Twenty or thirty of these pills would be a lethal dose (= enough to kill you). 二三十粒这样的药丸就会达到致命剂量。
■an amount or experience of something bad or unpleasant 一些（糟糕或不愉快的事）
• The government received a hefty dose of bad news this week. 本周政府得到了许多坏消息。
• She's got a nasty dose of flu. 她得了一场严重的流感。
■UK slang
■a case of gonorrhea (= a disease of the sexual organs) 性器官感染淋病的个案
UK [dəʊs] US [doʊs] noun countable
in small doses
■for short periods of time 短时间，一会儿，片刻
• I can only stand opera in small doses. 歌剧我只能欣赏一小会儿。
UK [dəʊs] US [doʊs] noun countable
like a dose of salts UK informal
■very quickly 迅速，快捷
• The medicine went through me like a dose of salts. 这种药物很快就从我体内排出了。
UK [dəʊs] US [doʊs] verb transitive
■to give someone a measured amount of medicine 给（某人）开药；给（某人）用药
• informal He dosed him self (up)with valium to calm his nerves. 他服了镇静药来缓解神经紧张。
n. [药] [核] 剂量；一剂，一服
 - dosage, potion
vi. 服药
 - take medicine
vt. 给药；给…服药
 - physic

Word: machinery
Front: machinery
[məˈʃi:nəri] (研 5774/3098 -K2)
Vocabulary: machinery
(once / 255 pages)
n
Machinery refers to specific machines or machines in general. A farmer has lots of farm machinery, like tractors and plows. Machinery is also the inner workings of something — the machinery of a society is how a society works.
You can refer to a group of machines as machinery, such as the machinery in a factory or the machinery in a laboratory. It’s also the inner workings of a particular machine, like the machinery that keeps your computer running. Machinery has to do with how something works or functions. The government, media, business, and family are all part of the machinery of society. The word machinery originally referred to the devices used for creating stage effects in the theater.
WORD FAMILY
machinery: machineries+/ machine: machined, machinelike, machinery, machines, machining, machinist/machinist: machinists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The teacher who keeps all this machinery in good order is Catkin Flowers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
One measure of the farm economy is equity — the amount of debt compared to assets like land and machinery.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
PLC machinery is used to control manufacturing machinery and to monitor and control oil and gas operations at well sites.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. （总称）机器; （政府等的）机关，组织; 机器的运转部份; 机械装置
分布：机械(100%)
→来自machine,机器，-ery,集合名词后缀。
n.(总称)机器,机械The machinery is driven by electricity.这些机器由电驱动.
US [-nɚ.i] noun uncountable
MACHINES 机器
 IMPROVER
■a group of large machines or the parts of a machine which make it work （大型的）机器；机械；（机器的）运转部分
• industrial/farm machinery 工业／农业机械
• His hand was injured when he got it caught in the machinery. 他的手卷到机器里受伤了。
UK [mə'ʃi:.nə.ri] US [-nɚ.i] noun uncountable
PROCESS/ORGANIZATION 过程／机构
■the structure and systems of an organization or process 机构，体系，系统
• bureaucratic/political/decision-making machinery 官僚／政治／决策体系
• the machinery of government 政府机制
machinery, engine, motor, apparatus, mechanism, machine
这组词都有“机器，装置”的意思，其区别是：
machinery: 指机器的总称。
engine: 既可泛指或大或小、简单或复杂的机械、机器，又可指产生动力的发动机或引擎。
motor: 通常指小型或轻型马达、发动机。
apparatus: 指具有特殊用途的装置。
mechanism: 指运行系统，简单的机械装置。
machine: 普通用词，泛指一切机器。
n. 机械； [机] 机器；机构；机械装置
 - organization, mechanism, house

Word: administrative
Front: administrative
[ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv] (托 3510/2448 -2)
Vocabulary: administrative
(once / 544 pages)
adj
If your job is administrative, you're pretty much limited to paperwork, check-writing, or maybe hiring and firing. Administrative means having to do with overseeing the "office-y" things.
An artist doesn't have time for administrative details; they're too busy creating. A successful artist will hire a manager to handle the administrative aspects of his career, such as contacting galleries, setting up shows, and making sure they get paid for their work. People who handle administrative duties are often called bureaucrats, which is typically not a nice name to be called. Sometimes they're called "administrators." Teachers are there to teach; principals have to handle the administrative duties of running a school.
WORD FAMILY
administrative: administratively+/ administrate: administrated, administrates, administrating, administrative, administrator / administrator: administrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
She continued in various administrative capacities after Airgas USA bought Brown.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The conservative attorneys general admit this, writing that to “actually withdraw the Rule, there will need to be formal administrative action.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
According to the Administrative Office of the United States Court, there are 84 vacancies.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 管理的，行政的; 行政职位; 非战斗性行政勤务的
分布：管理的(57%)，行政的(43%)
US [-tˌɪv] adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to the arrangements and work which is needed to control the operation of a plan or organization 管理的；行政的
• administrative work 行政工作
• an administrative problem 管理问题
• Your responsibilities will be mainly administrative. 你的职责主要是在行政方面。
adj. 管理的，行政的
 - regulatory, managing, executive

Word: precious
Front: precious
[ˈpreʃəs] (高研四六托雅 3989/4109 -2)
Vocabulary: precious
(once / 142 pages)
adjadv
To call something precious is to describe it as highly valued. Think of a gemstone when you call your baby sister precious.
Diamonds, emeralds and rubies are all precious stones and gold and silver are precious metals. If it is something valuable and treasured, it can be called precious too. Fresh water is a precious resource especially in desert countries. Many precious books and painting have been destroyed through fire and war. On a more personal note, guard your memories as they will always be precious to you.
WORD FAMILY
precious: preciosity, preciousest, preciously, preciousness, semiprecious+/preciosity: preciosities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gold XAU= was sluggish, with the precious metal sliding about 0.1 percent to $1,150.82, after a flat start to the year on Monday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Some critics find Mills’s work quirky or precious; some find it inert.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
If the result is great literature, it would be perverse to judge hearing voices an aberration requiring treatment rather than a precious gift.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 宝贵的，珍贵的; 贵重的; 矫揉造作的; 可爱的，宝贝的
adv. <口>很，非常
n. 珍爱的人; 可爱的人
分布：珍贵的(50%)，宝贵的(45%)，矫揉造作的(3%)，极其(2%)
→来自拉丁语pretium,价格，价值，词源同price,prize.引申词义有价值的，值得珍惜的，珍贵的。
珍贵的(prec+ious→有价值的)[prais,preci=value表示"价值"]
a.珍贵的,贵重的I highly appreciate the preceding man's precious precise exercise.我高度欣赏前面那个人可贵的精确演练.
adjective
VALUABLE 珍贵的
 ADVANCED
■of great value because of being rare, expensive or important 珍贵的，宝贵的
• a precious gift 珍贵的礼物
• a precious moment/memory 宝贵的时刻／记忆
• Clean water is a precious commodity in many parts of the world. 在世界上很多地方洁净的水是昂贵的商品。
• You're so precious to me. 你对我来说就是珍宝。
['preʃ.əs] adjective
NOT NATURAL 不自然的 mainly UK disapproving
■behaving in a very formal and unnatural way by giving too much attention to details that are not important and trying too hard to be perfect 过分讲究的，做作的
• He's so precious about his work that he never gets anything done. 他对自己的工作太讲究了，反而甚么都做不成。
• Don't you hate the precious way she speaks, pronouncing each single consonant so precisely. 她讲话做作的样子真让人讨厌，每个子音都发得那么准确。
['preʃ.əs] adjective
DISLIKE 讨厌
[before noun] informal
■used to express dislike and/or anger （表示讨厌和／或恼怒）宝贝似的
• You and your precious car - it's all you're interested in! 你心里只有你和你那辆宝贝车！
['preʃ.əs] adverb informal
■very 极其，非常
• A lot of people will start, but precious few will finish. 许多人即将开始去做，但极少数能完成。
• Be careful - you'll be precious little help if you come back injured. 小心——如果你受了伤回来就帮不上甚么忙了。
valuable, precious
这组词都有“贵重的，有价值的”的意思，其区别是：
valuable: 指有相当价值，可高价出售的，或有用、有益的东西。
precious: 指因稀罕、不易得到而很值钱，或因本身的品质而具有极大的价值。
adj. 宝贵的；珍贵的；矫揉造作的
 - golden, valued

Word: greet
Front: greet
[gri:t] (高研四六 3475/3303 -2)
Back: vt. 欢迎，迎接; 致敬，致意; 打招呼; （景象，声音等）映入眼帘
时态：greeted, greeting, greets
分布：迎接(61%)，问候(34%)，致敬(4%)，作出反应(1%)
→来自gher, 呼叫，呼喊，拟声词，词源同care, regret.
v.致敬,敬意,迎接;扑(鼻),入(耳),触(目)She met me in the Fleet Street and greeted me with a sweet smile.她在舰队街上遇见我,并对我致以甜甜的一笑.
verb
 IMPROVER transitive
■to welcome someone with particular words or a particular action, or to react to something in the stated way 问候；迎接；向…打招呼；对…作出反应
• He greeted me at the door. 他在门口迎接我。
• The teacher greeted each child with a friendly 'Hello!' 老师向每一个小朋友亲切地打招呼说“你好！”
• The unions have greeted the decision with delight/anger. 工会听到这个决定非常高兴／愤怒。
transitive often passive
■If you are greeted by a sight, sound or smell, you notice it immediately when you arrive somewhere 呈现在…眼前；传入…的耳中；朝…扑面而来
• As we walked into the house, we were greeted by a wonderful smell of baking. 我们一进屋，一股烘烤食物的香味扑鼻而来。
hail, salute, address, welcome, greet
这组词都有“欢迎、致敬，致意，招呼”的意思，其区别是：
hail: 主要指怀着敬意欢迎某人，侧重欢快轻松和嘈杂。也指隔得较远的高声招呼。
salute: 正式用词，指用敬礼、亲吻或挥帽等动作向他人致意或问候，尤指以某种礼节欢迎某人。
address: 侧重打招呼的方式或指所使用的称谓。
welcome: 多指热情的官方的或正式的迎接或欢迎，但也指一般的欢迎。
greet: 常指友好而热诚地欢迎。
vt. 欢迎，迎接；致敬，致意；映入眼帘
 - be welcome to, to meet

Word: heir
Front: heir
[eə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 6177/4607 -2)
Vocabulary: heir
(once / 242 pages)
n
If your grandfather leaves his candy factory to you in his will, it means you're the heir to the family candy business, and after your grandfather dies, you will inherit the factory.
When you're named in a will or are legally entitled to inherit something, you're an heir. You can be the heir to someone's money, business, or title; in a monarchy, the king or queen's oldest son is usually the heir to the throne. The word heir isn't pronounced like "hair," but instead has a silent h and sounds like "air."
WORD FAMILY
heir: heirs
USAGE EXAMPLES
The son is seen as a possible heir apparent.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Some actors or heirs worry that overexposure will tarnish a celebrity's image, Roesler said.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
The Tata Group was founded by a Parsi and run by his heirs for more than a century.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 继承人; 后嗣，嗣子
分布：继承人(100%)
→来自拉丁语heres,继承人，词源同heredity,heritage.引申词义后嗣，子嗣。
n.继承人Theoretically, their heir's theory of meteorology can explain the meteor.从理论上讲,他们的继承人的气象理论能解释这种大气现象.
US [er] noun
countable
■a person who will legally receive money, property or a title from another person, especially an older member of the same family, when that other person dies 继承人
• The guest of honour was the Romanoff heir to the throne of all Russia. 这位贵宾是统治全俄罗斯的罗曼诺夫王朝的王位继承人。
• Despite having a large family, they still had no son and heir. 尽管家庭成员众多，他们仍然没有儿子作为继承人。
⇒ See also heiress
countable usually singular
■someone who now has responsibility for dealing with a problem or situation that existed or was created earlier （负责继续处理某一问题或局面的）继承者
• The French finance minister is heir to a tradition of central control that goes back to Louis XIV's minister, Colbert. 法国的财政部长承袭了中央集权财政管理方式的传统，该传统可以追溯到路易十四时代的财政部长柯尔贝尔。
countable usually singular
■someone who continues to do the work of someone important who has died or who has the same symbolic position as they had （接替某重要位置的）接班人，继任者
n. [法] 继承人；后嗣；嗣子
 - heritor, haeres

Word: meantime
Front: meantime
[ˈmi:ntaɪm] (研四六 4813/4457 -2)
Vocabulary: meantime
(once / 215 pages)
nadv
The meantime is the time between two events. You might be waiting for the second half of a soccer game to begin, and in the meantime call your best friend to tell her the score.
You'll most often see the word meantime in the phrase "in the meantime," and it can be used in a similar way to meanwhile. You could say, "I have to go to the store soon. In the meantime, I'm playing with the dog." This word has been around since the fourteenth century, although it was originally two separate words, mean time. Its root is the word mean, which means "middle or intermediate."
WORD FAMILY
meantime: meantimes
USAGE EXAMPLES
But in the meantime, Trump’s election added another wrinkle to the company’s ownership situation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But in the meantime, other companies are expanding from Seattle to the Eastside or expanding their Eastside presence.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In the meantime, her husband was charged with espionage and transferred to a prison medical ward.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 其时，其间
adv. 同时，其间
分布：同时(71%)，与此同时(26%)，其间(3%)
→mean,中间的，其间，time,时间。引申词义同时。
n.(meanwhile)其间,其时ad.同时,当时I mean he used mean means in the meantime on the ocean.我的意思是其间在海洋上他用了卑鄙手法.
noun
in the meantime
 ADVANCED
■until something expected happens, or while something else is happening 在此期间；（与此）同时
• Your computer won't be arriving till Thursday. In the meantime, you can use Jude's. 你的电脑星期四才到。在这段时间里你可以用祖德的。
adv. 同时；其间
 - together, simul

Word: mobility
Front: mobility
[məʊˈbɪləti] (六托宝 5701/4407)
Vocabulary: mobility
(once / 2935 pages)
n
Mobility is the ability to move freely. If your basketball injury causes you to lose mobility in your knee, that means you can’t move it very well.
Mobility often refers to whether you can move an injured body part, like a joint or a limb, but it can also describe movement in general. If you have great mobility on the tennis court, that means you move freely and easily, running down shots with ease. Mobility can also describe movement between different social or economic levels. Your fancy new job may offer opportunities for upward mobility.
WORD FAMILY
mobile: immobile, mobiles, mobilise, mobility, mobilize +/demobilise: demobilised, demobilising/demobilization: demobilizations/demobilize: demobilization, demobilized, demobilizes, demobilizing/ immobile: immobilely, immobilise, immobility, immobilize /immobilise: immobilisation, immobilised, immobilising/ immobility: immobilities/ immobilize: immobilization, immobilized, immobilizes, immobilizing/mobilisation: demobilisation, mobilisations/mobilise: demobilise, mobilisation, mobilised, mobilises, mobilising/mobilization: mobilizations/ mobilize: demobilize, mobilization, mobilized, mobilizes, mobilizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Franklin, who coached wide receivers for the Packers in 2005, the rookie season for Rodgers, said that type of mobility is needed in today’s game.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Progressives should reconsider the assumption that social mobility is the answer to inequality.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He struggled to maintain regular body temperature, and he was confined to a wheelchair until he regained mobility in his limbs.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 流动性; 移动性; <社>流动; 机动性
分布：流动性(71%)，机动性(28%)，情感不定(1%)
→来自mobile,移动的，-ity,名词后缀。引申词义流动能力。
能动性(mob+ility后缀)[mob=move,表示"动"]
【记】mobile（adj 可移动的）
US [moʊ'bɪl.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable slightly formal
■the ability to move freely or be easily moved 活动性，流动性
• Some neck injuries cause total loss of mobility below the point of injury. 某些颈部损伤会导致受伤部位以下肢体完全丧失活动能力。
• I prefer the mobility of a hand-held camera. 我更喜欢手提摄像机的灵活性。
⇒ See also upward mobility
n. [物] [通信] 移动性；机动性； [电子] 迁移率
 - maneuverability, manoeuvrability

Word: interference
Front: interference
[ˌɪntəˈfɪərəns] (研四六托宝 6409/4513 -2)
Vocabulary: interference
(once / 489 pages)
n
Interference is something that is in your way. If the sound of your sister's band practicing keeps you from getting your homework done, that’s interference.
Governments are sometimes accused of interference in other countries' affairs. If your neighbor’s in a civil war and your president sends in troops, your country may be accused of interference in that country's internal affairs, If all you hear on your radio is static, you’ve got interference — something is blocking the clear signal. And when a football player blocks another player, that's also interference. The Latin roots of interference are entre-, “between,” and ferire, “strike.”
WORD FAMILY
interference: interferences, noninterference+/ interfere: interfered, interference, interferes, interfering/interfering: interferingest
USAGE EXAMPLES
And then there is his disturbing belittling of possible Russian interference in the election.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Atlanta piled up 323 yards in the first two quarters, and also benefited from a 46-yard pass interference penalty against Roman Harper.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The play was once again reviewed for interference but survived the challenge.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 干涉，干扰，冲突; 介入; 妨碍，打扰，阻碍物; 冲突，抵触
分布：干扰(96%)，妨碍(4%)
n.(in)干涉,干预;(with)妨碍,打扰The external and internal interference interrupts my interpretation at short intervals.内部和外部干涉以很短的间隔打扰我翻译.
【反】assistance（n 协助；补助）
US [-tˌɚ'fɪr.ənts] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone tries to interfere in a situation 干涉，干预
• She seems to regard any advice or help from me as interference. 她似乎把我的任何建议或帮助都看作是干涉。
• The government's interference in the strike has been widely criticized. 政府对罢工的干预措施受到了广泛的批评。
■noise or other electronic signals that stop you from getting good pictures or sound on a television or radio （杂讯或其他电子讯号对电视或收音机的）干扰
exclusion, interference
exclusion: 拒绝，排斥
interference: 干涉
n. [通信] [物] [医] 干扰，冲突；干涉
 - conflict, disturbance, war, obstacle, collision

Word: dull
Front: dull
[dʌl] (高研四六托雅宝 5094/3799 -K2)
Vocabulary: dull
(once / 121 pages)
1adjv 2adjv 3adjv 4adjv 5adjv
To dull something means to take away its edge, its energy, or its excitement. "Watching that movie will dull your senses, until you fall asleep."
Let’s think of something interesting about dull. Hmm. It can be a verb or an adjective! So when you’re reading a dull or boring word description, for instance, it can dull or deaden your appetite for reading more word descriptions. That’s pretty fascinating, no? You can even use it for physical things, like a knife, which you can dull, that is, make it less sharp. You can even dull something visual, making it lacking in light, or use it describe pain — you know, the kind that is not sharp, just an ache. Exciting? No — dull.
WORD FAMILY
dull: dulled, duller, dullest, dulling, dullness, dulls, dully+/dullness: dullnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The bottle’s purple label with floral images was designed to attract female shoppers’ attention in a wine aisle dominated by dull colors.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The Queen's sister said there was "not a Trotskyite to argue with" at a "rather dull" debate about religion at the Cambridge Union Society.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
But life as a Marine on the ship, with its claustrophobic berthing areas and dull routine, was mind-numbing.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 钝的; 迟钝的; 呆滞的; 阴暗的
v. 缓和; 减轻; 使阴暗
时态：dulled, dulling, dulls
分布：迟钝(32%)，钝的(20%)，迟钝的(19%)，变钝(10%)，呆滞的(7%)，无趣的(7%)，暗的(5%)
→dheu, 烟尘，烟雾，词源同dust, deaf, dumb.
a.单调的;迟钝的,愚笨的;不锋利的The dull bull fully fulfilled pulling the bulletproof bulletin board.迟钝的公牛充分履行了拖防弹公告牌(的职责).
【参】dullard（n 愚人；笨蛋）
【反】perspicuous（adj 明白的；明了的）；resplendent（adj 辉煌灿烂的）；trenchant（adj 锋利的）；brilliance（n 显赫；光辉）－dullness；wit（n 机智的人）－dullard（n 愚人）
adjective
BORING 枯燥的
 IMPROVER
■not interesting or exciting in any way; boring 枯燥的，乏味的，无趣的
• She wrote dull, respectable articles for the local newspaper. 她为当地报纸写一些乏味的官样文章。
• He's pleasant enough, but deadly dull (= very boring). 他很和善，但太乏味。
[dʌl] adjective
NOT BRIGHT 不亮的
■not clear, bright or shiny; dark 模糊的；暗淡的；阴暗的
• We could just see a dull glow given off by the fire's last embers. 我们只能看见炉火的余烬发出的微弱的光。
• The first day of our holiday was dull (= cloudy). 我们渡假的第一天天空阴云密布。
[dʌl] adjective
NOT SHARP 不尖锐的
■describes a sound or pain that is not sharp or clear （声音）沉闷的；（疼痛）隐约的
• I heard a dull thud from the kitchen and realized she must have fainted. 听见厨房里传来砰的一声闷响，我意识到一定是她晕倒了。
• The dull rumble of traffic woke her. 来往车辆的低沉轰鸣声把她吵醒了。
• She felt a dull ache at the back of her head. 她感到后脑勺隐隐作痛。
■old-fashioned
■not intelligent 不聪明的，愚笨的
[dʌl] adjective
be (as) dull as ditchwater informal
■to be very boring 非常乏味
[dʌl] verb transitive
■to make something less severe 缓和，缓解；减轻
• Homeless children sniff glue to dull their hunger pains. 无家可归的孩子吸胶毒来减轻饥饿带来的痛苦。
dull, monotonous, tedious, dreary
这组词都有“单调的、乏味的、厌烦的”的意思，其区别是：
dull: 指缺乏鲜明、吸引力或情趣而显得乏味、沉闷。
monotonous: 指没有变化、重复单调的。
tedious: 侧重指文章、演讲、演出等冗长乏味或环境等单调、沉闷，缺乏活力，使感到不舒服。
dreary: 侧重无趣味的，不活泼的事或思想状态。
silly, dull, simple, stupid, foolish
这组词都有“愚蠢的，笨的，傻的”的意思，其区别是：
silly: 口语用词，可和foolish互换，但语气稍强。侧重指人的言行不合常规或不理智，强调单纯、低能和糊涂。
dull: 指对问题理解迟钝，缺乏灵敏机智头脑，可能是先下智力低下，也可能因疲倦或健康不佳所致。
simple: 强调头脑简单或缺少智慧。
stupid: 多指人或行为的愚蠢，尤指先天智能低下，或因某种原因失去正常的反应或感觉。有时也可与silly和foolish换用，但语气强，常含贬义。
foolish: 一般指人的无头脑、愚蠢，或缺乏常识与判断力，或指行动的愚蠢可笑。
adj. 钝的；迟钝的；无趣的；呆滞的；阴暗的
 - slow, blunt
vt. 使迟钝；使阴暗；缓和
 - relax, benumb
vi. 减少；变迟钝
 - to cut down, fall off

Word: suppress
Front: suppress
[səˈpres] (研六托雅 4965/4544 -2)
Vocabulary: suppress
(once / 227 pages)
v
To suppress something means to curb, inhibit, or even stop it. If the sound of your boss moving in his chair sounds like gas, you’re going to have to learn how to suppress your giggles.
In the strictest sense, suppress means to put an end to something by force, like a government that suppresses the right to free speech by shutting down the newspapers or the military suppressing an uprising by rebel forces. But we also use suppress in less serious terms to describe an attempt to muffle or stifle something, such as suppressing a sneeze in a quiet theater or suppressing your true emotions to not cause a teary scene.
WORD FAMILY
suppress: suppressed, suppresser, suppresses, suppressing, suppression, suppressive, suppressor+/ suppressed: suppressedly, unsuppressed/suppresser: suppressers/ suppression: suppressions/suppressor: suppressors
USAGE EXAMPLES
In November, it was reported that software developed with Mark Zuckerberg’s support will allow third parties to monitor and suppress the visibility of posts.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The group repeatedly struck at Turkish cities in 2016 in retaliation for Ankara’s support for international efforts to suppress its activities in Syria and Iraq.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Firefighters risked their lives to suppress the flames and try to save those inside, said Knowles.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 镇压，压制; 止住，忍住; 禁止发表; 阻止…的生长（或发展）
时态：suppressed, suppressing, suppresses
分布：压制(48%)，镇压(31%)，禁止(12%)，隐瞒(6%)，止住(3%)
→sup-,在下，向下，press,压。引申诸相关词义。
镇压,压制(sup+press压→压下去)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在…下面"]
镇压;忍住(眼泪等)(sup下去+press→压下去→忍住)[press=press表示"挤压"]
v.镇压,压制;抑制,忍住;查禁The oppressor suppressed his aggressive opinion about compressor.压制者制止了他的有关压缩机的挑衅性观点.
verb transitive
END BY FORCE 以武力结束
■to end something by force （用武力）镇压，压制，制止
• The Hungarian uprising in 1956 was suppressed by the Soviet Union. 1956年匈牙利起义受到苏联武力镇压的。
[sə'pres] verb transitive
PREVENT 抑制
■to prevent something from being seen or expressed or from operating 抑制，忍住，压抑；查禁
• She couldn't suppress her anger/annoyance/delight. 她无法抑制内心的愤怒／气恼／喜悦。
• His feelings of resentment have been suppressed for years. 他的怨恨之情已经压抑多年。
• The government tried to suppress the book because of the information it contained about the security services. 因为这本书的内容涉及安全部门的资讯，所以政府试图查禁它。
• The virus suppresses the body's immune system. 这种病毒抑制了人体的免疫系统。
oppress, suppress
这组词都有“压迫，镇压”的意思，其区别是：
oppress: 指用武力或权力等压迫、压制别人。
suppress: 通常指通过强力，迅速有力地制止某事，或用意志控制自己的感情。
vt. 抑制；镇压；废止
 - control, restrain, stay

Word: apartment
Front: apartment
[əˈpɑ:tmənt] (高研四雅 1273/3711 -K3)
Vocabulary: apartment
(once / 134 pages)
n
An apartment is a private residence in a building or house that's divided into several separate dwellings. An apartment can be one small room or several.
An apartment is a flat — it's usually a few rooms that you rent in a building. Your apartment might be in a fancy high rise with a doorman and an elevator, or over your parents' garage. Since the 1640s, an apartment has meant "separate rooms within a house," from the Italian word appartimento, which literally means "a separated place."
WORD FAMILY
apartment: apartments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The slowdown, he said, is being driven not by a pullback in demand but rather a flood of new apartments.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In a separate incident, a man was shot at a Tulsa apartment complex on New Year’s Day.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Unable to afford its Bronx apartment, the family was evicted, and Ms. Farquharson and her children moved into a shelter in early 2013.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 寓所，住房; 房间; 公寓楼; （有特殊用途或专属某人的）豪华寓所
分布：一套公寓房间(100%)
→apart,分开，-ment,名词后缀。
公寓(a+part+ment→[楼房]分出的一部分→公寓)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
n.[英]房间,套间;[美]公寓Apart from that apartment, the departed department leader was partly partial to this one.除了那套公寓外,已故系领导还有点偏爱这一套.
US [-'pɑ:rt-] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable mainly US (UK usually flat)
■a set of rooms for living in, especially on one floor of a building （尤指在同一楼层的）公寓套房
• I'll give you the keys to my apartment. 我会把我公寓的锁匙给你。
• They have six holiday/luxury apartments for sale. 他们有六套渡假／豪华公寓套房出售。
apartments [plural]
■a set of large rooms with expensive furniture and decoration in, for example, a public building or castle （公共大楼、城堡等中大而豪华的）套间
• The Royal Apartments are open to the public. 皇室套间向公众开放。
quarters, accommodation, flat, apartment, suite, lodging
这组词都有“住处”的意思，其区别是：
quarters: 指某一部分人集中的居住区。
accommodation: 泛指各种居住住所，一般指暂时下榻之地。
flat: 多用于英国、澳大利亚和新西兰。指同一层建筑物上组成一个居住单元的几个房间。
apartment: 通常指占用或居住时间较长的成套房间，在美国比较常用。
suite: 可泛指任何设备完善的一套房间，但多指包括起居室、卧室和浴室的陈设较豪华的套间。
lodging: 常用lodgins,指临时租借的房间或宿舍。
lodging, accommodation, apartment, flae, quarters, suite
这些名词均有“住处”之意。
lodging: 常用lodgins, 指临时租借的房间或宿舍。
accommodation: 泛指各种居住住所，一般指暂时下榻之地。
apartment: 通常指占用或居住时间较长的成套房间，在美国比较常用。
flat: 多用于英国、澳大利亚和新西兰。指同一层建筑物上组成一个居住单元的几个房间。
quarters: 指某一部分人集中的居住区。
suite: 可泛指任何设备完善的一套房间，但多指包括起居室、卧室和浴室的陈设较豪华的套间。
n. [建] 公寓；房间
 - chamber, flat

Word: suitable
Front: suitable
[ˈsu:təbl] (高研四六托雅 4756/1541 -K3)
Vocabulary: suitable
(once / 207 pages)
adj
As suitable means appropriate for the purpose, you can imagine that sneakers are more suitable than high heels at a track meet.
While suitable always means appropriate for a certain person or situation, sometimes it is not based on fact but merely a matter of opinion. A bicycle is not a suitable mode of transportation during a winter storm because the rider is exposed to the elements. However, the clothing that you think is just fine for school might seem unsuitable to the principal. Unfortunately, he has the final say in that one!
WORD FAMILY
suitable: suitability, suitableness, suitabler, suitablest, suitably, unsuitable +/countersuit: countersuits/ suit: countersuit, suitable, suited, suiting, suits/suitableness: suitablenesses/suited: suiteder, unsuited/suiting: suitings/unsuitability: unsuitabilities/ unsuitable: unsuitability, unsuitableness, unsuitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nearly half of fish caught are thrown back into the sea because they are not suitable to be sold, and many don’t survive.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Which led Ken Charney to ask me if the Columbia Heights eatery, awarded 3½ stars in my fall dining guide, is suitable for a vegetarian.
Washington Post(Dec 15, 2016)
Transgender rights advocates called that a far-fetched hypothetical, saying a person would not approach a doctor who lacked suitable experience and expertise.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 合适的，适当的，适宜的，恰当的
分布：合适的(83%)，适宜的(17%)
→suit,匹配，适宜，-able,形容词后缀。
a.(for)合适的,适宜的The waterproof material is suitable for the aerial used near the waterfall.这种耐水材料适合用在瀑布附近的天线.
US ['su:.tˌə-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■acceptable or right for someone or something 适宜的，合适的
• The film is suitable for children. 这部电影适宜儿童观看。
• My mother doesn't like me wearing short skirts to church - she doesn't think they're suitable. 我妈妈不喜欢我穿着短裙去教堂——她认为这不太合适。
Opposite unsuitable
fit, appropriate, suitable, apt, proper, fitting
这组词都有“适当的”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 指具有适合于某个目的，某种工作或某种用途等必需的品质或条件。
appropriate: 指专门适合于某人或某事，语气较重，强调“恰如其分”。
suitable: 指具有适合于某种特定场合、地位或情况等的品质。
apt: 专指性质或构造适合达到某一目的或得到某种结果的要求。
proper: 往往侧重于符合某个标准或习惯。
fitting: 指与当时的目标、情绪状态、气氛、场合等相适应。
reliable, suitable, available, identifiable
reliable: 可依靠的
suitable: 适合的
available: 可用的，可看见的
identifiable: 可识别的
adj. 适当的；相配的
 - appropriate, proper, adequate, becoming, matching

Word: advertiser
Front: advertiser
[ˈædvətaɪzə(r)] (7638/8782)
Back: n. 登广告的人
分布：广告客户(50%)，广告商(50%)
N-COUNT
登广告者；广告客户
An advertiser is a person or company that pays for a product, event, or job to be advertised in a newspaper, on television, or on a poster.
N-IN-NAMES
(用于某些地方报纸的名称中)
Advertiser is used in the name of some local newspapers.
例：...the Croydon Advertiser.《克罗伊登广告报》

Word: diesel
Front: diesel
[ˈdi:zl] (六 6468/4627 -2)
Vocabulary: diesel
(once / 5122 pages)
n
A diesel is a type of engine that produces enough heat to burn fuel and power a vehicle. Most diesels run on very thick, heavy oil.
Large trucks use diesels — also known as diesel engines — and so do some cars, trains, and ships. The earliest diesel was developed in the late 19th century, and its invention is credited to the German engineer Rudolph Diesel, although other inventors laid the groundwork with their development of a very similar type of engine.
WORD FAMILY
diesel: diesels
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bullock’s order lifts those restrictions for truckers hauling propane, heating oil and diesel fuel until Jan. 27.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But futures for gasoline and diesel climbed to the highest levels in more than a year after stockpiles fell.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The government accused rebels of polluting the springs with diesel, forcing authorities to cut the supplies on Friday and use reserves instead.
Reuters(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 柴油机; 柴油机机车（或船等）
分布：柴油机(92%)，内燃机(8%)
→来自其发明者19世纪德国机械工程师Rudolf Diesel.
noun
uncountable
■a type of heavy oil used as fuel 柴油
• a diesel engine 柴油引擎
• My new car runs on (= uses) diesel. 我的新汽车用柴油。
countable
■any vehicle, especially a train, which has a diesel engine （尤指火车的）内燃机；柴油车
n. [动力] 柴油；柴油机
 - derv, oil engine

Word: endless
Front: endless
[ˈendləs] (高四六托 3722/4095 -2)
Vocabulary: endless
(once / 290 pages)
adj
Things that are endless go on forever, or at least appear to. The ocean looks endless when you sail out of sight of the shore.
Endless things are infinite — your love for someone might be endless, and the mathematical symbol of infinity represents an endless number. You're most likely to use this adjective to describe things that only seem to last forever, like an endless meeting at work or an endless commute during rush hour. The Old English root of endless is endeleas, "boundless or eternal."
WORD FAMILY
endless: endlessly, endlessness+/ end: ended, ending, endless, ends/ended: endedly, unended/ending: endings, unending/unending: unendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Watson, who is often reluctant to change equipment, is not your typical player who endures endless hours of product testing.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
“America is a great nation, a kind nation, a nation of greener pastures and milk and honey and endless possibilities,” Mr. Canunayon said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Sure, the practicalities are hideous – no cabs, endless crowds and queues, quite a lot of mugging – but still!
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 无尽的，无边的; 没完没了的; 永久的; 环形的，无端的
分布：没完没了的(55%)，无止境的(45%)
adjective
 ADVANCED
■never finishing, or seeming never to finish 无休止的；无穷尽的
• We used to have endless arguments about politics. 我们过去老是对政治问题争论不休。
• He seems to think that I have an endless supply of money. 他好像觉得我的钱永远花不完似的。
• The possibilities are endless. 有无数种可能。
permanent, eternal, perpetual, everlasting, endless
这些形容词均有“持久的，永久的”之意。
permanent: 指总是处于相同的情况和地位，可长期持续下去，永久不变。
eternal: 语体较庄重，侧重指永远存在，无始无终。
perpetual: 语气最强，指保持永久不变，没有中断的行为，永无止境地持续下去。有时用于贬义，指令人厌烦之事。
everlasting: 语气较庄重，有时可与eternal换用，侧重持续不尽，或指开始后一直进行下去。
endless: 系日常用词，指无尽无休。
adj. 无止境的；连续的；环状的；漫无目的的
 - continuing, straight, running, serial, successive

Word: scratch
Front: scratch
[skrætʃ] (高研四六托雅 4644/5023 -K2)
Vocabulary: scratch
(once / 387 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn 4vn 5n 6n 7n
I didn’t remember to bring my puppy, Fido, in from the snow until he began to frantically scratch at the door. A scratch is marking or marring a surface with something sharp, such as a nail against metal or fingernails across skin.
If someone has scratch marks on their skin, you might wonder if they have been in a fight where there was scratching. Scratch can also mean to eliminate something, as in, “You can scratch our idea, the boss is going with the new guy’s plan.” And Scratch, often referred to as Old Scratch, is a longstanding nickname of the Devil.
WORD FAMILY
scratch: scratched, scratcher, scratches, scratchy+/scratcher: scratchers/scratchy: scratchily, scratchiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
I poured lots of time and money into getting a PhD, in hopes that academia might scratch that itch.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The Texans scratched four starters before kickoff, but Murray didn’t find much room to run.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“You start from scratch and say, ‘All right, it’s 2017, let’s see what happens.’
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 擦，刮; 擦痛，擦伤; 在…处搔痒; 抓破
vi. 发出刮擦声; 擦红，擦伤; 搔痒; 抓，扒
n. 擦，刮; 刮擦声; 搔痕; 乱写乱画
adj. 打草稿用的，随便写用的; 碰巧的，侥幸的; 东拼西凑的; 平等比赛的
时态：scratched, scratching, scratches
分布：抓(67%)，抓痕(10%)，划掉(7%)，无让步的(6%)，起跑线(3%)，乱写(3%)，划破(3%)，抓的声音(1%)
→可能来自中古英语 scratten,抓，挠，最终来自 sker,砍，切，削，刮，词源同 scar,scrape.
v.抓,搔,扒n.抓,搔,抓痕;起跑线I scratched a match and saw my watch catching a patch.我划了一根火柴发现我的手表钩着了一块补丁.
verb
CUT 切
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to cut or damage a surface or your skin slightly with or on something sharp or rough 抓；搔；擦；划
• We scratched the paintwork trying to get the bed into Martha's room. 我们把床搬进玛莎的房间里时，把漆面给划坏了。
• [R] Be careful not to scratch yourself on the roses. 当心不要被玫瑰刺扎伤。
• A few chickens were scratching about/around (= searching with their beaks) in the yard for grain. 几只鸡在院子里到处扒寻谷粒吃。
 ADVANCED transitive
■If you scratch something on or off a surface, you add it or remove it by scratching 刻；刮
• People have been scratching their names on this rock for years. 许多年来人们都在这块岩石上刻写名字。
• I'm afraid I scratched some paint off the door as I was getting out of the car. 恐怕我下车时磨掉了车门上的一些漆。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■If an animal scratches, it rubs something with its claws (= sharp nails) （动物）用爪子抓，搔
• The dog's scratching at the door - he wants to be let in. 狗用爪子抓门——它想进来。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to rub your skin with your nails （用指甲）搔，抓
• He was scratching (at)his mosquito bites. 他在抓蚊子咬过的地方。
• Hannah scratched her head thoughtfully. 汉娜一边思索一边搔头。
[skrætʃ] verb
REMOVE 去除
intransitive or transitive
■to remove yourself or another person or an animal from a competition before the start （使）退出比赛
• The world champion scratched from the 800m after falling ill three hours earlier. 这位世界冠军在比赛前三个小时生病了，只好退出800公尺赛跑。
• They scratched the horse from the race because she had become lame. 由于马跛了腿，所以他们让它退出了比赛。
[skrætʃ] verb
scratch your head
■to think hard about something 埋头苦思
• A lot of people must be scratching their heads about which way to vote. 一定有很多人在埋头苦思该选哪一位。
[skrætʃ] verb
scratch beneath the surface
■to look further than what is obvious 透过表面观察事物
• If you scratch beneath the surface you'll find she's really a very nice person. 如果你深入了解，会发现她其实是个好人。
[skrætʃ] verb
you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours informal
■used to tell someone that if they help you, you will help them 你帮我，我也帮你；我们互谋其利
[skrætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  scratch around for sth informal
■to look for something that is very difficult to find because it is rare 搜寻
• The editor of the local paper says he's really scratching around for stories this week. 当地报纸的编辑说，他这个星期一直在很努力地到处找新闻。
[skrætʃ] noun
countable
■a mark made by scratching 抓痕；擦痕；划痕； 刮痕
• Her legs were covered in scratches and bruises after her walk through the forest. 她徒步穿过森林，腿上满是擦伤和瘀青。
• There was a scratch on the CD. CD上有道刮痕。
• Amazingly, he survived the accident without a scratch (= without suffering any injuries at all). 奇怪的是，他在这场事故中幸存了下来，而且毫发未伤。
only singular
■when people or animals scratch themselves （人或动物的）搔，抓
• That dog is having a good scratch. It must have fleas. 狗在使劲地抓痒，它身上一定有跳蚤。
[skrætʃ] noun
from scratch
■from the beginning, without using anything that already exists 从头开始，从零开始
• Ben built the shed from scratch. 班从零开始把棚屋搭了起来。
[skrætʃ] noun
up to scratch
■reaching an acceptable standard 达到标准
• Your last essay wasn't up to scratch/didn't come up to scratch. 你上一篇文章没有达到水准。
[skrætʃ] adjective UK
scratch team/side/orchestra
■a group of people brought together in a hurry in order to play together on a particular occasion 临时拼凑起来的队伍／派别／管弦乐队
scratch, bruise, bump/lump, cut, burn
scratch: 抓伤；
bruise: 擦伤
bump/lump: 碰伤肿块；
cut: 割伤；
burn: 灼伤；
n. 擦伤；抓痕；刮擦声；乱写
 - abrasion, brush-burn
adj. 打草稿用的；凑合的；碰巧的
 - hit-and-miss
vt. 抓；刮；挖出；乱涂
 - paw, hent
vi. 抓；搔；发刮擦声；勉强糊口；退出比赛
 - grasp, strike

Word: genome
Front: genome
[ˈdʒi:nəʊm] (宝 7379/17807 -1)
Vocabulary: genome
(once / 5410 pages)
n
The human genome is the map of your DNA, the double helix that contains all your genes. Your genome is all the genetic material contained in your 23 pairs of chromosomes, a total of more than 20,000 genes.
Every organism has its own unique genome. "The Human Genome Project," completed in 2003, was an international effort to identify all the genes in human DNA and to determine the sequences of the 3 billion (yes, billion) base pairs — the smaller units that make up DNA. It took 13 years. Genome research has helped diagnose disease and find genetic markers for certain diseases.
WORD FAMILY
genome: genomes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Decoding a genome now runs between a few hundred to a few thousand dollars, spawning a flurry of potential new applications.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Then they removed the gene from the genome of the tomato.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The researchers compared the genomes of nearly 200 Inuit with genomes of Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern populations around the world.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 基因组，染色体组
分布：基因组(95%)，染色体组(5%)
→geno-, 基因。-ome, 来自chromosome.
【记】gene（n 基因）
US [-noʊm] specialized
noun countable
■the complete set of genetic material of a human, animal, plant or other living thing 基因组，染色体组
n. [遗] 基因组；染色体组
 - chromosome complement

Word: preparation
Front: preparation
[ˌprepəˈreɪʃn] (高研四六 2513/2091 -K3)
Vocabulary: preparation
(once / 132 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Preparation is the act of preparing — getting ready, planning, training, or studying with a goal in mind.
If you know pre means before, then you have a clue to the meaning of preparation. Dressing up before a date, learning your lines for a play, and attending medical school are all forms of preparation. Boot camp is preparation for soldiers. Rehearsal is preparation for actors. In cooking a huge meal, you have to do a lot of preparation before actually beginning to cook. If you fail a test, you clearly need to do more preparation next time.
WORD FAMILY
preparation: preparations+/preparative: preparatively/ preparatory: preparatorily/ prepare: preparation, preparative, preparatory, prepared, prepares, preparing/prepared: preparedly, preparedness, unprepared/unprepared: unpreparedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In preparation for the session next month, Pinto reached across the aisle to Rep. Ron Kresha, who will serve as co-host.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Stage Three is the “Preparation Stage” and this is a good place to be at the beginning of the new year.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In Tokyo, this preparation is typically served over rice with a light dusting of the powdered Japanese pepper called sansho.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 准备，预备; 准备工作; 配制品; 制剂
分布：准备(89%)，预备(7%)，配制(4%)
n.准备,预备;制剂,制备品We made preparations for the trip.我们为旅行作准备.
US [-ə'reɪ-] noun
GETTING READY 预备
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the things that you do or the time that you spend preparing for something 准备工作；准备，预备
• The teacher didn't seem to have done much preparation for the class. 看来这位教师这堂课准备得不是太充分。
• The team blamed injuries and lack of preparation for their failure to win. 这支球队把他们未能获胜归咎于受伤和准备不充分。
• Yasmin assisted in the preparation of this article. 亚斯明帮忙做了一些这篇文章的准备工作。
preparations [plural]
 ADVANCED
■plans or arrangements that you make to prepare for something 准备，预备
• [+ to infinitive] We are making preparations to fly Mr Goodall to the nearest hospital. 我们正在着手准备透过飞机将古多尔先生送往最近的一家医院。
• Preparations for the opening ceremony are well under way. 开幕式的准备工作正在顺利进行中。
UK [ˌprep.ər'eɪ.ʃən] US [-ə'reɪ-] noun
MIXTURE 混合物
countable
■a mixture of substances, often for use as a medicine 配制品；（常指医药）制剂
• a preparation for nappy rash 治疗尿布疹的药剂
n. 预备；准备
 - arrangement, preliminary, provision

Word: neck
Front: neck
[nek] (中高研四六托雅 1521/1569 -K3)
Vocabulary: neck
(once / 78 pages)
nv
Your neck is the part of your body that connects your head and your shoulders. Your neck, with help from your spine, supports the weight of your head.
It's also thanks to your neck that you can turn your head in all directions (except, of course, directly behind you). Your sweaters and t-shirts have necks too, the holes meant for your head and neck to slide through. In geography, a neck is a long, thin peninsula, a stretch of land that looks neck-like on a map. And to neck is to kiss amorously.
WORD FAMILY
neck: necked, necker, necking, neckless, necklike, necks+/necked: neckedest, neckedly/necker: neckers/necking: neckings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The pudgy boy turned to me as I craned my neck.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
A coroner said Hudson died from a stab wound to the neck.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
"We see women and children who have been shot in the neck," he said.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 颈，脖子; 衣领; 海峡; [地]岩颈
vi. 搂着脖子亲吻，相拥互吻; 变狭窄
vt. 使变细; 与…搂著脖子亲吻; 割颈杀死（家禽等）
时态：necked, necking, necks
分布：脖子(57%)，颈(41%)，搂着脖子亲吻(2%)
→词源不详，可能来自kneug,弯，转，来自ken,弯，转，压，词源同nook.引申词义颈，脖子。
n.颈脖At the neck of the wrecked deck, the reckoner checked the opaque cheque.在遭破坏的甲板的颈部,计算者检查了这张不透明支票.
noun countable
BODY PART 身体部位
 ESSENTIAL
■the part of the body which joins the head to the shoulders 颈，脖子
• He had the thickest neck I'd ever seen. 我从没见过他那么粗的脖子。
• She wore a gold chain around her neck. 她脖子上戴着一条金链子。
■the part of a piece of clothing which goes around a person's neck 衣领，领口
• This sweater's too tight at the neck. 这件毛衣的领口太紧了。
• He wasn't wearing a tie and his shirt was open at the neck. 他没系领带，衬衫领口敞开着。
• a low-neck dress 低领连衣裙
[nek] noun countable
TOP PART 顶部
■part of a hollow object which is at the top and is narrower than the part below it （物体的）颈部
• the neck of a bottle/guitar 瓶颈／吉他的琴颈
⇒ See also bottleneck;halterneck;redneck;roughneck;turtleneck
[nek] noun countable
be up to your neck (in sth) informal
■to be very busy 忙碌（于…）
• I'd like to help, but I'm up to my neck at the moment. 我很乐意帮忙，但我这现在正忙得不可开交。
[nek] noun countable
be up to your neck in sth informal
■to be very involved in a situation, or to have too much of the thing stated 卷入…；深深陷入…；有太多的…
• She's up to her neck in debt/problems/work. 她债台高筑／问题缠身／工作繁忙。
[nek] noun countable
get it in the neck UK informal
■to be punished or severely criticized for something that you have done 受到惩罚；遭到严厉指责
• Poor old Bob got it in the neck for being late. 可怜的老鲍勃因为迟到被狠骂了一顿。
[nek] noun countable
neck and neck
■If two competitors are neck and neck, they are level with each other and have an equal chance of winning. （竞争者）旗鼓相当，不相伯仲
[nek] noun countable
this/our, etc. neck of the woods informal
■this/our, etc. part of a particular area 在这／我们这一带等
• We don't often see you in this neck of the woods. 我们在这儿不常看到你。
[nek] noun countable
put your neck on the line
■to do something that you know might fail and spoil other people's opinion of you or cause you to lose money 冒（失败、名誉受损或金钱损失）的风险
• There's a lot of money at stake here and none of the directors wants to put his neck on the line. 这牵涉到一大笔钱，没有任何一位导演愿意承担这个风险。
• No one wants to put their neck on the line and predict an outcome. 没人愿意冒险预测结果。
[nek] verb intransitive old-fashioned informal
■to kiss and hold a person in a sexual way 拥吻
n. 脖子；衣领；海峡
 - narrow, channel, sound, collar

Word: dash
Front: dash
[dæʃ] (高研四六雅 6336/5634 -2)
Vocabulary: dash
(once / 138 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4vn 5n
When you dash, you run a short distance very quickly. If you forget your lunch in the morning, you might try to dash home, grab it, and dash back to school.
When your dog chases your cat, they dash around the house — you can call this sprint itself a dash. You could say, "I won the 50-yard dash!" or "Our trip to the mall was just a mad dash, because we were late for the movie."When you use the punctuation mark known as a dash, you write a horizontal line ( — ) to mark a pause, a change, or an omitted word.
WORD FAMILY
dash: dashed, dashes, dashing +/dashed: dashedest/ dashing: dashingest, dashingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Why does actor Benedict Cumberbatch cut such a dash as British literary detective Sherlock Holmes?
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
This year, Republicans will drop that custom in their dash to scrap the Affordable Care Act.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Ambulances with wailing sirens dashed from the battlefield to field hospitals elsewhere in the city.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 猛冲; 赶紧离开
vt. 猛撞; 匆忙完成; 泼溅; 使…破灭
n. 少量，些许; 猛冲; 破折号; 短跑
时态：dashed, dashing, dashes
分布：冲(39%)，短跑(22%)，破折号(21%)，猛冲(13%)，猛掷(2%)，泼溅(2%)，匆忙完成(1%)
→拟声词，模仿向前冲的声音。
v./n.冲,猛冲,突进n.破折号He dashed to smash the fashionable ashtray with cash.他猛冲过去用现金砸那个时髦的烟灰盘.
verb
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to go somewhere quickly 猛冲，急奔，跑
• I've been dashing around all day. 我一整天都在东奔西跑。
• I must dash - I've got to be home by seven. 我要赶紧走了——我必须在七点钟前到家。
[dæʃ] verb
HIT 撞击
intransitive or transitive [usually + prep]
■to hit with great force, especially causing damage 猛击，猛撞；（尤指）撞碎，击碎
• The tidal wave dashed the ship against the rocks. 潮汐把那艘船抛向岩石。
• Waves dashed against the cliffs. 海浪拍击悬崖。
[dæʃ] verb
dash sb's hopes
■to destroy someone's hopes 粉碎（某人）的希望，使（某人）的希望破灭
• Saturday's 2-0 defeat dashed their hopes of reaching the final. 周六0比2的失利粉碎了他们晋身决赛的希望。
[dæʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dash sth off
■to write something quickly, putting little effort into it 匆忙写下，随手写下
• She dashed the letter off in five minutes. 她用五分钟时间匆忙写了那封信。
[dæʃ] noun
QUICK MOVEMENT 快速动作
 IMPROVER only singular
■when you run somewhere very quickly 飞奔，迅跑，急驰
• I made a dash for the toilets. 我冲向厕所。
• There was a mad dash for the exit. 人们拼命冲向出口。
• As soon as the rain dies down I'm going to make a dash for it (= run somewhere very fast). 雨一小下来，我就会马上去。
countable usually singular mainly US
■a race over a short distance 短跑比赛
• Who won the 100-yard dash? 谁赢得了100码短跑冠军？
[dæʃ] noun
PUNCTUATION 标点
 ADVANCED countable
■the - punctuation mark that can be used to separate parts of a sentence 破折号 Compare hyphen
countable
■a long sound or flash of light which is used with dots to send messages in Morse (code) （摩斯电码中的）长音，长划
[dæʃ] noun
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
a dash
■a small amount of something, especially liquid food, that is added to something else （尤指添加的流质食品）少量，少许
• "Cream with your coffee, Madam?" "Yes please - just a dash." “小姐，您的咖啡要加鲜奶油吗？”“好的，稍加一点。”
• figurative a youthful ambiance with a dash of (= small amount of) sophistication 朝气勃勃又略显凝重的气氛
[dæʃ] noun
STYLE 风格
uncountable old-fashioned
■style and confidence 气魄；帅气；锐气
[dæʃ] exclamation UK old-fashioned informal
■used to express anger 糟糕，讨厌
• Oh dash (it) ! I've left my umbrella in the office. 真糟糕！我把雨伞留在办公室里。
rush, dash
这组词都有“冲，奔”的意思，其区别是：
rush: 指因急躁或事务紧急而采取快速行动。
dash: 指以最快的速度向前奔驰。
n. 破折号；冲撞
 - jerking motion
vt. 使…破灭；猛撞；泼溅
 - discomfit
vi. 猛冲；撞击
 - knock against, impinge on

Word: occasional
Front: occasional
[əˈkeɪʒənl] (研四六托 3511/2924 -3)
Vocabulary: occasional
(once / 90 pages)
adj
When something happens from time to time on an irregular basis, we say it is an occasional occurrence. For example, you might have an occasional lunch with a friend. If your friend ever picked up the bill, maybe it would happen more often.
Occasional is a few steps removed from the Latin cadere, "to fall." So you might think of something occasional as something that happens "to fall" just whenever it happens to fall. Speaking of falling, Voltaire once wrote, "The best government is a benevolent tyranny tempered by an occasional assassination." An occasional election might do in a pinch.
WORD FAMILY
occasional: occasionally +/ occasion: occasional, occasioned, occasioning, occasions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Occasional use of over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream helps calm the itch.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In “The Elephant in the Room,” Ronson tracks Jones at Trump campaign events and steals occasional conversations with him, his entourage and his faithful.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
That would restore the court’s long-held position as a generally conservative court capable of the occasional liberal surprise.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 偶尔的，不经常的; 特殊场合的; 临时的
分布：偶然的(59%)，临时的(25%)，不时的(16%)
→来自occasion,偶然。
a.偶然的,非经常的,特殊场合的;临时的In occasional case the phrase emphasizes the importance of the phase to the laser.在偶然情况下该短句强调了相位对于激光的重要性.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■not happening or done often or regularly 偶尔的；不经常的
• I play the occasional game of football. 我偶尔踢踢足球。
• He has the occasional cigar after dinner. 他饭后偶尔抽支雪茄。
uncommon, rare, scare, occasional
这组词都有“稀罕的，很少发生”的意思，其区别是：
uncommon: 指一般不发生或很少发生的事情，故显得独特、异常与例外。
rare: 指难得发生的事或难遇见的人或事，侧重特殊性。
scare: 指暂时不易发现、不存在或数量不足，供不应求的东西。
occasional: 指偶然、不时或间或发生的事，侧重无规律可循。
adj. [生物] 偶然的；临时的；特殊场合的
 - extraordinary, temporary, odd

Word: circuit
Front: circuit
[ˈsɜ:kɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 4023/2539 -3)
Vocabulary: circuit
(once / 375 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A circuit is a circular path. It could be the circuit of an electric current or the route of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. If you’re promoting your new book, you’ll be making the talk show circuit.
What all these circuits have in common the idea of tracing a circle. A circuit preacher doesn't stay at one church, but instead travels from church to church, following a particular route. Originally US judges traveled from town to town, too, and today’s division of the country into twelve judicial circuits is a holdover from that era — "the Third Circuit," for instance, includes Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
WORD FAMILY
circuit: circuited, circuiting, circuits, microcircuit+/microcircuit: microcircuits
USAGE EXAMPLES
If they got the right answer, a circuit would be completed, lighting up a light bulb.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“That case was decided by three 4th Circuit judges who were appointees of the incumbent president,” Mr. Nussbaum said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Circuit — oftentimes dubbed the second-most powerful court in the country.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 电路，线路; 巡回; 唤醒，环形道; 〔电〕电流
vt. 巡回，周游
时态：circuited, circuiting, circuits
分布：电路(79%)，线路(11%)，回路(5%)，巡回(4%)，环形(1%)
→circle,圈，-it,走，词源同ion,exit,itinerary.
环行;电路(circu+it走→环行)[circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示"圆,环"]
环行;电路(circu环+it→环着走→环行)[it=go,表示"行走"]
n.环行,周线,巡回;电路,线路The recruit made the current circulate in the circuit on the circumference.新兵使电流在周长上在电路内循环.
US ['sɝ:-] noun
VISITS 访问
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a regular pattern of visits or the places visited 巡回；巡游；巡回之地
• They first met each other on the tennis circuit (= while at different tennis competitions). 他们在网球巡回赛上首次交锋。
• He was a familiar figure on the lecture circuit. 他是巡回讲学中的座上常客。
countable or uncountable legal
■a particular area containing different courts which a judge visits 巡回审判区
• The judge had served for many years on the Northeast Circuit. 这位法官多年来效力于东北部巡回法庭。
• a circuit judge 巡回法官
UK ['sɜ:.kɪt] US ['sɝ:-] noun
TRACK 路径
countable
■something shaped approximately like a circle, especially a route, path or sports track which starts and ends in the same place 环行物；（尤指）环形道路（或路线、赛道）
• They test the car tyres on a motor racing circuit. 他们在环形赛车道上测试轮胎。
• We made a leisurely circuit of the city walls. 我们悠闲地围着城墙走。
UK ['sɜ:.kɪt] US ['sɝ:-] noun
CLOSED SYSTEM 封闭的系统
countable
■a closed system of wires or pipes through which electricity or liquid can flow （电流的）电路；（液体的）回路
• A defect was found in the water-cooling/electrical circuit. 在水冷回路／电路中发现了一点毛病。
n. [电子] 电路，回路；巡回；一圈；环道
 - electrocircuit, contour
vi. 环行
 - round

Word: rubbish
Front: rubbish
[ˈrʌbɪʃ] (中高研四六托雅 14955/3206 -K2)
Vocabulary: rubbish
(once / 818 pages)
1n 2v
Rubbish is a synonym for garbage or trash. The word is more commonly used by speakers of British English than by speakers of American English.
The noun rubbish also means writing or speech that is worthless, untrue, or nonsense, especially in British English. Your teacher might tell you that your paper thesis is a load of rubbish if it states that Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt were aliens sent from another planet to "fix" World War II. In British slang, rubbish is also a verb that means to criticize strongly. Don't be surprised when the professor rubbishes your paper — he's a well-known Churchill scholar.
WORD FAMILY
rubbish: rubbishes, rubbishing, rubbishy
USAGE EXAMPLES
In other words: we’re surrounded by rubbish, and because our population is on the rise, the problem is set to get worse.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
She said her son was bullied over the course of a year, culminating in an incident where classmates threw faeces and rubbish at him.
BBC(Dec 21, 2016)
Grocery store shelves were bare and rubbish piled up in the streets.
BBC(Dec 18, 2016)
Back: n. 垃圾; 无意义的东西; 废话; 劣质的东西
vt. <英澳·非正>把…说得一钱不值，贬损…; 轻视，蔑视; 消灭，销毁
时态：rubbished, rubbishing, rubbishes
分布：垃圾(84%)，废物(8%)，废话(6%)，碎屑(1%)，贬损(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自 rub,刮，擦，磨，引申词义刮下来的垃圾。
n.垃圾,废物;废话The bulk of the ruby rubbish on the pebble bubbles when stirred by bulbed rubber club.小卵石上的大部分红宝石废料在用有球状突起的橡胶短棍搅动是会起泡.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED mainly UK (US garbage) (also trash)
■waste material or things that are no longer wanted or needed 垃圾；废弃物
• I forgot to put the rubbish out for collection this morning. 我今天早晨忘了把垃圾拿出来让人收走。
• Put the empty box in the rubbish bin. 把空盒子放在垃圾桶里。
• Take the old furniture to the rubbish dump. 把这件旧家俱扔到垃圾场去。
 ADVANCED informal
■something that you think is very low quality or not true 粗制滥造的东西，劣质的东西；废话，瞎说
• The film was rubbish. 这部电影纯属垃圾。
• His ideas are a load of (old) rubbish. 他的想法真是一堆垃圾。
['rʌb.ɪʃ] verb transitive UK informal
■to criticize 批评；狠批；贬低
• Why does everyone rubbish my ideas? 为甚么大家都把我的想法批得一文不值？
['rʌb.ɪʃ] adjective UK informal
■completely without skill at a particular activity 一窍不通的；蹩脚的
• I'm rubbish at arithmetic. 我对算术一窍不通。
waste, debris, rubbish, litter, garbage, junk
这组词都有“废物，垃圾”的意思，其区别是：
waste: 普通用词，概念广泛，指任何被丢弃的东西。
debris: 着重指分解、分裂或破坏后剩下的碎片，也指零散的普通废品。
rubbish: 普通用词，指任何成堆的、破损的、用过的或无用的东西，尤指弃掉的垃圾堆。也可作引申用。
litter: 是四下乱丢物品的总称，尤指散落于地，有碍观瞻的废物。
garbage: 主要指有机废料，包括厨房的剩菜剩饭或不能再用的食物。也可作引申用。
junk: 指回收的旧汽车或大型机器，也指毫无实用价值，或破烂物体，但不指垃圾。
rubbish, nonsense
这组词都有“废话，胡说”的意思，其区别是：
rubbish: 从本义垃圾引申而指毫无价值的话或思想。
nonsense: 指因愚蠢或无知而出现的一切荒唐和无意义的言语。
n. [环境] 垃圾，废物；废话
 - refuse, garbage, waste, junk, trash
adj. 毫无价值的
 - poxy, jadish

Word: survivor
Front: survivor
[səˈvaɪvə(r)] (托 3011/5258 -1)
Vocabulary: survivor
(once / 611 pages)
n
A survivor is someone who hasn't died: the word is used often about people who have been through a horrible experience, like a plane crash.
Cancer survivors and Holocaust survivors have one thing in common: they lived through horrible ordeals and are still with us. The TV show "Survivor" made this word feel a little less weighty, but it still packs a punch. Anytime something horrible happens — like a car crash or an epidemic — you'll hear about the survivors. Some survivors may feel they are just lucky, but many survivors take pride in being strong enough to survive.
WORD FAMILY
survivor: survivors+/ survival: survivalist, survivals/survivalist: survivalists/ survive: survival, survived, survives, surviving, survivor
USAGE EXAMPLES
Testimony in the case opened and closed with two of the massacre’s survivors.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the survivors of the Istanbul nightclub attack says she feared she would "die in the bathroom".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Three survivors of that attack were on the float titled “To Honor and Remember Orlando.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 幸存者，残存者; 生还者; 遗物，残存物; 重新正常生活的人
分布：幸存者(100%)
→survive,生存，存活，-or,人。
US [sɚ'vaɪ.vɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who continues to live, despite nearly dying 幸存者，生还者
• He was the sole (= only) survivor of the plane crash. 他是这场空难唯一的幸存者。
• She's a cancer survivor/a survivor of cancer. 她是一位癌症幸存者。
■a person who is able to continue living their life successfully despite experiencing difficulties 善于在困境中生存的人
• He's one of life's survivors. 他是生活的勇者。
US
■A person's survivors are the members of his or her family who continue to live after he or she has died. （某人去世后）仍然活着的家人
n. 幸存者；生还者；残存物
 - leavings

Word: engagement
Front: engagement
[ɪnˈgeɪdʒmənt] (研六雅 3812/3950 -2)
Vocabulary: engagement
(once / 207 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
If you are a musician or performer and you arrange for a performance, then you have booked an engagement. You might stand in line for tickets when your favorite comedian books an engagement at the local theater.
An engagement can also be a general appointment. A previous engagement is the perfect excuse not to go to the opera with your grandmother. An engagement also means an agreement to get married. The news of your engagement might please everyone you know except your fiancé's ex-girlfriend. A military engagement is a hostile meeting of military forces on opposing sides of a conflict.
WORD FAMILY
engagement: engagements, non-engagement+/ disengage: disengaged, disengagement, disengages, disengaging/disengagement: disengagements/ engage: disengage, engaged, engagement, engages, engaging / engaged: unengaged/ engaging: engagingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said he is concerned that three former high-level spies for Cuba are involved in their country’s engagement with the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In general, it’s our hope the new board sets policies from the start that promote public engagement and transparency in county government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jim Al-Khalili is a broadcaster and a professor of physics and public engagement in science at the University of Surrey.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 订婚，婚约; 约会; 约定，契约; 雇用
分布：订婚(53%)，婚约(20%)，约会(15%)，约定(5%)，交战(5%)，雇用(2%)
→en-, 进入，使。-gage, 承诺，加入，词源同wage, wedding. 即给予承诺的，订婚的。
n.约会,约定;婚约,订婚It is imaginable that breaking the engagement will damage his image.可以想象,违反婚约将损害他的形象.
noun]ɪnˈgeɪdʒ.mənt/
MARRIAGE 婚姻
countable
■an agreement to marry someone 订婚
• They announced their engagement at the party on Saturday. 他们在周六的派对上宣布了他们订婚的消息。
• an engagement party 订婚派对
noun]ɪnˈgeɪdʒ.mənt/
ARRANGEMENT 安排
countable formal
■an arrangement to meet someone or do something at a particular time 约定；约会；预约
• a dinner engagement 晚餐预约
• I'm afraid I have a previous/prior engagement (= another arrangement already made). 对不起，我已经有约了。
noun]ɪnˈgeɪdʒ.mənt/
BEGIN FIGHTING 开始战斗
countable or uncountable specialized
■the act of beginning to fight someone, or a period of time in a war 交战，交火；战斗
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
date, appointment, engagement
这组词都有“约会”的意思，其区别是：
date: 主要指朋友之间的随便约见或男女之间的约会。
appointment: 通常指严格根据时间表上预约的时间进行的约见或约会，其目的主要是讨论公事或业务问题。
engagement: 普通用词，可与本组的另外两个词换用。泛指任何商定的地点和时间见面，专指针对某一目的约会。
n. 婚约；约会；交战；诺言
 - date, word, contract

Word: hat
Front: hat
[hæt] (中高雅 2015/2209 -K3)
Back: n. 帽子; （帽子所表示的）职位，职务
vt. 给…戴上帽子，为…提供帽子
vi. 供应帽子; 制造帽子
时态：hatted, hatting, hats
分布：帽子(96%)，制造帽子(2%)，提供帽子(1%)，给 ... 戴帽子(1%)
→来自kadh,覆盖，保护，词源同hood,heed.引申词义帽子。
n.帽子(一般指有边的帽子)On the flat platform the bat will pat whatever hat it likes.在平坦的站台上,蝙蝠会拍打它喜欢的任何帽子.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a covering for the head that is not part of a piece of clothing 帽子
• a straw hat 草帽
• a woolly hat 羊毛帽
• a wide-brimmed hat 宽边帽
■used to refer to one of the various jobs or responsibilities that someone has 职位；职责
• A couple of the kitchen staff are on holiday so I'm wearing my chef's hat tonight. 有几位厨师休假了，所以今晚我来掌厨。
• This is me with my manager's hat on talking. 我这是以经理的身份在讲话。
[hæt] noun countable
hats off to sb old-fashioned
■said to praise and thank someone for doing something helpful 向（某人）致敬，表示感谢
• Hats off to Connie for finding such a splendid venue for a party! 感谢康妮找到了这个理想的派对场地！
[hæt] noun countable
take your hat off to sb
■If you say that you take your hat off to someone, you mean that you admire them for an achievement 向（某人）脱帽致敬
• So Emma actually manages to juggle two small children and a full-time job, does she? Well, I take my hat off to her. 这么说艾玛在照顾好两个小孩子的同时还做着一份全职工作，是吗？我可真佩服她。
[hæt] noun countable
throw your hat into the ring
■to announce your intention of entering a competition or election 宣布参赛；宣布参选
cap, hat
这组词都有“帽子”的意思，其区别是：
cap: 指无边的便帽，呀表示职业的帽子，如运动帽、军帽等。
hat: 指有边的帽子，尤指礼帽。
n. 帽子
 - cap, chapeau, titfer

Word: nightmare
Front: nightmare
[ˈnaɪtmeə(r)] (研六雅宝 3586/3794 -3)
Vocabulary: nightmare
(once / 690 pages)
n
If you wake with a start after a terrifying dream, you've had a nightmare.
A nightmare is not just a bad dream — it's seriously scary or upsetting. You can also use nightmare to describe something terrible that happens during the day. Your run-in with a skunk in your back yard might be a nightmare, for example, or your humiliating experience forgetting your lines in a play. In the late thirteenth century, a nightmare was "an evil female spirit afflicting sleepers with a feeling of suffocation," from the Old English word mare, "incubus or goblin."
WORD FAMILY
nightmare: nightmares, nightmarish +/ nightmarish: nightmarishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fall campaign was an unending national nightmare, broadcast relentlessly on cable TV.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It looked more like a nightmare to the short-handed New York Knicks after Harden powered the Rockets to a 129-122 win on Saturday night.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Acknowledging her methodology as “a copy editor’s nightmare,” Ms. Faludi said she flubbed it only once.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 噩梦; <口>可怕的事情，无法摆脱的恐惧; 泛滥成灾; 紧张
adj. 可怕的，噩梦似的
分布：恶梦(66%)，梦魇(32%)，使人极其痛苦的事情或经历(2%)
→night,夜晚，mare,女妖精，梦淫妖，词源同murder.原指夜间与男人交媾的女妖，使人窒息和虚脱，后引申词义噩梦。
n.恶梦;可怕的事物,无法摆脱的恐惧Life with him was a nightmare.与他共同生活是一种恶梦.
【记】night，mare（n 母马）；晚上的母马－恶梦
US [-mer] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a very upsetting or frightening dream 梦魇，噩梦
• a terrifying nightmare 可怕的噩梦
• I shouldn't have watched that movie - it'll give me nightmares. 我真不该看那部电影——它会令我做噩梦。
 IMPROVER
■an extremely unpleasant event or experience or possible event or experience 极不愉快的事情，可怕的经历；可能发生的坏事
• Being trapped underwater is my worst nightmare. 被困水下是我最害怕的事情。
• The whole journey was a nightmare - we lost our luggage and we arrived two days late. 整个旅程就像一场噩梦——我们遗失了行李，而且迟了两天到达。
n. 恶梦；梦魇般的经历
 - paroniria, oneirodynia
adj. 可怕的；噩梦似的
 - terrible, horrible, awesome, fearful, dire

Word: ingredient
Front: ingredient
[ɪnˈgri:diənt] (研四六托雅宝 2590/3844 -K3)
Vocabulary: ingredient
(once / 616 pages)
n
An ingredient is one part of a mixture. For example, if you're making chocolate chip cookies, flour is just one ingredient you'll need.
Ingredient comes from the Latin word ingredientem, meaning "that which enters into." It's not just for cookies. If you're in the lab mixing a chemical compound, you carefully add one ingredient after the next and record the results (and hope nothing blows up). It's also an element or factor of something, such as how that song you wrote has all the ingredients to be a sure-fire hit! Remember that it ends in -ent, since often what you Eat has ingrediEnts.
WORD FAMILY
ingredient: ingredients
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Smith left Beard with the ingredients needed to compete in the Big 12.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Food and Drug Administration’s issues with the ingredient, particularly as it related to deaths of minors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say the center used expired ingredients and failed to follow cleanliness standards, resulting in tainted steroid injections.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （混合物的）组成部分; （烹调的）原料; （构成）要素; 因素
分布：成分(58%)，原料(16%)，因素(15%)，配料(11%)
→in-,进入，使，-gred,走，层级，词源同grade,degree.即走进去的，成为其中一部分的，引申词义成份，因素。
n.(混合物的)组成部分,配料;成份,要素The Oriental is proficient in the ingredients.东方人对成分熟练.
【记】in进入，gred＝greedy（adj 贪吃的；渴望的），ient－进入贪吃的状态就会对调料有所求－调料，成分
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish （食品的）成分，材料
• The list of ingredients included 250g of almonds. 清单上列出的材料包括250克的杏仁。
■one of the parts of something successful （成功的）要素，因素
• Trust is a vital ingredient in a successful marriage. 信任是婚姻幸福的重要因素。
element, component, constituent, ingredient
这组词都有“组成、成分、部分”的意思，其区别是：
element: 指一个整体必不可少或固有的部分，强调一个复杂整体中最基本、最简单的元件、元素或成分等。
component: 指一个整体的组成部分。
constituent: 常可与component换用，指某一整体不可少的部分或成分。
ingredient: 普通用词，含义笼统。既可指混在一起而本身没有变化的物质，如配料，又可指与别的物质混在一起，发生了变化的成分。
element, component, ingredient, factor
这组词都有“组成成分”的意思，其区别是：
element: n.元素；组成部分，方面；某特定类型的人或群体，分子。
 • The elements hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.   氢元素和氧元素构成了水。
 • He belongs to a bad element in this city.   他属于这个城市的坏分子。
component: n.零部件；(某事物的)组成部分；成分。
 • Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are component of a car.   轮胎，引擎，车身以及坐椅都是一辆汽车的零部件。
ingredient: n.原料，成分，要素。
 • Flour, milk, butter and yeast are some ingredients in bread.   面粉、牛奶、黄油和酵母是做面包的一些原料。
factor: n.因素，要素，侧重指原因。
 • Endurance is an important factor in success in sports.   耐力是体育比赛成功的一个重要因素。
element, component, composition, ingredient
element: 指“元素”类的“成分”
component: 尤用于机械装置的成分
composition: 尤用于指物体内在固有的不可分割的成分，如氢于水
ingredient: 主要指混合物的成分
n. 原料；要素；组成部分
 - element, factor, material, basic, essential

Word: pet
Front: pet
[pet] (中高研四六托雅 3278/3686 -K3)
Vocabulary: pet
(once / 436 pages)
1nadjv 2n
A pet is an animal you keep as a companion, usually in your house. People love to pet, or touch, their pets. A pet is also a favorite. A teacher’s pet is the teacher’s fave student. No barking required.
Your pet might be a hamster in a cage or a big dog that sleeps in your bed. Farm animals, like cows and goats, aren't usually considered to be pets, but that’s how the word started. Pet comes from Scottish dialect and used to refer to a favorite animal that got to come live inside, like Wilbur the pig in Charlotte’s Web. Pet is also a creepy form of endearment. When pet is a verb, it means “to stroke or caress.”
WORD FAMILY
pet: pets, petted, petter, petting, pettish+/petter: petters/petting: pettings/pettish: pettishly, pettishness/pettishness: pettishnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Pet” plays with the power dynamic inherent in this scenario, imagining a situation where the prey might be more dangerous than the predator.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
But Anki says it will evolve; in December it will be able to recognize pets and learn new words.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
THE majority of Americans see their pets as family members, surveys show.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 宠物; 宠儿; 受宠的人; 生气
adj. 宠爱的，溺爱的; 表示亲昵的
vt. 宠爱; 爱抚，亲抚
vi. <非正>亲吻; 爱抚
时态：petted, petting, pets
分布：宠物(94%)，宠爱的(2%)，爱抚(2%)，亲抚(1%)，受宠的人(1%)
→可能来自petty的回构词，由小的引申词义精巧的，可爱的，后用于指宠物，宠儿。
n.爱畜,宠儿a.宠爱的,表示亲昵的The wet pet in the net hasn't got on the jet plane yet.网中的湿宠物还没有登上喷气飞机.
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 IMPROVER
■an animal which is kept in the home as a companion and treated kindly 宠物
• They have several pets - a dog, two rabbits and a guinea pig. 他们有好几只宠物：一只狗、两只兔子和一只天竺鼠。
• a pet snake 宠物蛇
[pet] noun countable
PERSON 人
be sb's pet disapproving
■to be the person that someone in authority likes best and treats better than anyone else 是（某人的）宠儿
• The other children hated her because she was the teacher's pet. 别的孩子都讨厌她，因为她是老师的宠儿。
■informal approving
■a kind person who is easy to like 讨人喜欢的人
• He's always sending me flowers - he's a real pet! 他总是送花给我——他真讨人喜欢！
■UK informal
■a friendly way of talking to someone, especially a woman or a child 宝贝，乖乖（尤用于称呼女性或孩子）
• Thank you, pet. 谢谢你，宝贝。
[pet] verb (-tt-)
transitive
■If you pet an animal, child, etc., you touch them gently and kindly with your hands 抚摸，爱抚，轻按
• Our dog loves to be petted and tickled behind the ears. 我们的狗喜欢人在它耳后抚摸、呵痒。
intransitive informal
■If two people are petting, they are kissing and touching each other in a sexual way. （男女间）亲吻，爱抚
⇒ See also heavy petting
[pet] adjective
pet theory/subject/hate, etc.
■a theory/subject/hate, etc. that is special and important to you 特别喜爱的理论／话题／特别讨厌的事物等
• Football is one of her pet hates. 足球是她最讨厌的东西之一。
• US My pet peeve (= pet hate) is cleaning the bathroom. 我最讨厌怨恨的事情就是打扫浴室。
n. 宠物；生气；受宠爱的人
 - vitality, animation
vt. 宠爱
 - dote on, cosset
vi. 生气；爱抚
 - take offense, take offence
adj. 宠爱的
 - favorite, fond

Word: apartheid
Front: apartheid
[əˈpɑ:taɪt] (6969/10636 -2)
Vocabulary: apartheid
(once / 4663 pages)
n
Apartheid was a racist political policy in South Africa demanding segregation of the nation's white and non-white populations. During South African apartheid, more than three million black citizens were forced to move from their homes to segregated neighborhoods.
The law of apartheid came into being with the South African election in 1948. So it makes sense that the word's history goes back to that date, from the Afrikaans word for "separateness." It comes from the Dutch, with the "heid" part meaning "hood," for "apart-hood." The word is pronounced "apart-hate," which is also an apt description for a policy that brutally oppressed an entire people based solely on their skin color. The system was ended in 1993.
WORD FAMILY
apartheid: antiapartheid
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We are readily on our way to an apartheid system where we relocate diversity outside the county.”
Washington Post(Dec 16, 2016)
In 1976, he became ITN's first bureau chief in South Africa and was the first television correspondent to live in the country during apartheid.
BBC(Dec 16, 2016)
“Born a Crime” is Noah’s story of growing up mixed-race in South Africa; when he was born in 1984, the country was still under apartheid.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 10, 2016)
Back: n. （以往南非的）种族隔离制度; 分离，隔离; 孤傲
分布：种族隔离(100%)
→apart, 分开。-heid, 荷兰语后缀，同英语-hood, 见childhood. 指南非的种族隔离政策。
US [-'pɑ:r.taɪt] noun uncountable
■(in the past in South Africa) a political system in which people of different races were separated （旧时南非的）种族隔离制度
• the long-awaited dismantling (= end) of apartheid 盼望已久的种族隔离制度的废除
n. 种族隔离
 - racial segregation, color bar

Word: worthy
Front: worthy
[ˈwɜ:ði] (高研四六托 5102/4663 -2)
Vocabulary: worthy
(once / 71 pages)
nadj
Use the adjective worthy to describe the good causes to which you donate a little money each year. Their admirable qualities are what make them worthy.
Something that deserves respect is worthy, whether it's a charity, a hard working tennis opponent, or a struggle to overcome a disability. If it's worth your admiration or has some inherent value, it's worthy. The word has been around since the thirteenth century, and it was especially common in the 1300's to use worthy as a noun meaning "person of merit."
WORD FAMILY
worthy: unworthy, worthier, worthies, worthiest, worthily, worthiness, worthyly+/unworthiness: unworthinesses/unworthy: unworthily, unworthiness/ worth: self-worth, worthful, worthless, worths, worthy /worthiness: worthinesses/ worthless: worthlessly, worthlessness / worthlessness: worthlessnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
But a moment later he added, “If we don’t get a nomination now, it is perceived as ‘You’re not worthy of seeing on Friday night.’ ”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In his letter to Paterson, he called her “the most worthy candidate for clemency that I’ve ever seen.”
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
There were disappointments, and a noteworthy absence of keen political satire/commentary, but also a spread of worthy productions and performances.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 应得某事物; 值得做某事; 可尊敬的; 配得上的，相称的
n. 杰出人物，伟人
级别：worthier, worthiest
分布：有价值的(43%)，值得的(18%)，杰出人物(13%)，配得上的(12%)，可尊敬的(8%)，知名人士(6%)
a.(of)值得...的,配得上...的;有价值的This book is worthy of being read.这本书值得一读.
US ['wɝ:-] adjective
DESERVING RESPECT 值得尊敬的
 ADVANCED formal
■deserving respect, admiration or support 值得尊敬的；值得钦佩的；值得支持的
• He is unlikely to succeed in getting his bill through Congress, however worthy it is. 无论他的提案多么有价值，他也不可能使其在国会上通过。
• Every year she makes a large donation to a worthy cause. 她每年都为一项高尚的事业捐一大笔钱。
worthy of attention/notice, etc. formal
 ADVANCED
■deserving to be given attention, noticed, etc 值得注意的
• Two points in this report are especially worthy of notice. 这份报告中有两点特别值得注意。
■formal
■describes something which should be admired for its good and useful qualities but which is not very interesting 有内在价值（但乏味）的
• a worthy book 有价值的书
UK ['wɜ:.ði] US ['wɝ:-] adjective
SUITABLE 合适的
worthy of sth
■suitable for, or characteristic of something 适合…的；有…典型特征的
• He threw a party worthy of a millionaire. 他举办了一场典型的百万富翁式的聚会。
UK ['wɜ:.ði] US ['wɝ:-] noun countable humorous
■a person who is important, especially in a small town （尤指小城镇中的）要人，大人物
• The front row of chairs was reserved for local worthies. 前面的一排椅子是为当地的要人预留。
worthwhile, worthless, worth, worthy
worthwhile: 值得的(可作定语和表语)。如：That is a worthwhile program.(那是一个值得听的节目。)So few movies are worthwhile nowadays.(当今有价值的电影很少。)
worthless: 无价值的，无用的(可作定语和表语，无比较级)。如：These stamps are worthless.(这些邮票无价值。)Don’t read worthless books.(不要读些没用的书。)
worth: 值……钱，值得……的。如：This house is worth a lot of money.(这房值很多钱。)The radio program is worth listening to. (这广播节目值得听。)
worthy: (1)有价值的，可尊敬的(常作定语)。如：The teacher was a worthy man.(那位老师是可尊敬的人。)(2)值得的(常作表语)。如：The man is worthy of praise.(这人值得称赞。)它的动词句式是be worthy to be done (be worth doing).
adj. 值得的；有价值的；配得上的，相称的；可尊敬的；应…的
 - valuable, matching
n. 杰出人物；知名人士
 - out-and-outer, dilly

Word: transatlantic
Front: transatlantic
[ˌtrænzətˈlæntɪk] (12565/14188 -1)
Vocabulary: transatlantic
(once / 3545 pages)
adj
If you fly from New York to Paris, you can describe the flight as transatlantic, since you'll be crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
Anything that crosses the Atlantic Ocean can be called transatlantic, though the word usually refers to a commercial airplane flight. Cruise ships have transatlantic crossings, and shipping companies sometimes deliver goods via transatlantic routes. The word transatlantic simply adds the Latin prefix trans, "through or across," to the word atlantic.
WORD FAMILY
transatlantic: transatlantically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“And the ‘west’ as a transatlantic cultural formation is disintegrating before our eyes.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
"It was a Transatlantic borrowing really," he told me.
BBC(Dec 23, 2016)
The two sides hoped to resolve the dispute in a trade agreement, the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership.
Washington Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 大西洋彼岸的; 横跨大西洋的; 美国的
分布：横渡大西洋的(51%)，大西洋彼岸的(43%)，大西洋国家的(6%)
→tran-,横穿，Atlantic,大西洋。
US [-zæt'læn.ɪk] adjective
■crossing the Atlantic ocean, or relating to countries on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean 横越大西洋的；大西洋两岸国家的
• transatlantic flights 横越大西洋的飞行
• a transatlantic telephone call 来自大西洋彼岸的电话
adj. 大西洋彼岸的，横渡大西洋的；美国的
 - American

Word: manipulate
Front: manipulate
[məˈnɪpjuleɪt] (研六托雅宝 4248/4688 -2)
Vocabulary: manipulate
(once / 799 pages)
v
To manipulate something means to handle it skillfully, like the way a sculptor manipulates clay or a really good politician works a crowd.
The verb manipulate evolved from manipulation, which back in the 1700s referred to a method of digging ore. So manipulating something originally only meant moving or arranging it by hand or mechanically. It wasn't until 1864 that people started using the word manipulate to describe someone exerting mental or emotional influence on others.
WORD FAMILY
manipulate: manipulable, manipulated, manipulates, manipulating, manipulation, manipulative, manipulator+/manipulable: manipulability/ manipulation: manipulations/ manipulative: manipulatively/manipulator: manipulators
USAGE EXAMPLES
And some people are tech geeks, absorbed in new ways to record or quantify or manipulate data.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“And if we understand things in enough details, we might be able to manipulate it.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They wanted a pro-American government, and Chiang Kai-shek was easier to manipulate than the Communists.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 操作，处理; 巧妙地控制; 操纵; [医] 推拿，调整
时态：manipulated, manipulating, manipulates
分布：操作(45%)，操纵(35%)，控制(11%)，利用(8%)，篡改(1%)
→回构自manipulation.
巧妙处理;操纵(mani+pul一捆+ate→同时用手做一堆事情→巧妙处理)[man,maun=hand,表示"手"]
vt.(熟练地)使用,操作;(巧妙地)处理Do you know how to manipulate a computer?你知道如何使用计算机吗?
verb transitive
INFLUENCE 影响 mainly disapproving
■to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly （常指以不正当手段）操纵，控制
• Throughout her career she has very successfully manipulated the media. 她在整个职业生涯中非常成功地控制了媒体。
• The opposition leader accused government ministers of manipulating the statistics to suit themselves. 反对派领导人指责政府部长篡改统计数据以满足自身利益。
[mə'nɪp.jʊ.leɪt] verb transitive
USE HANDS 用手
■to control something using the hands （用手）操纵，控制
• The wheelchair is designed so that it is easy to manipulate. 轮椅设计得很容易操纵。
■to treat a part of the body, using the hands to push back bones into the correct position and put pressure on muscles 用推拿治疗；推拿正（骨）
• The doctor manipulated the base of my spine and the pain disappeared completely. 医生推拿了我的脊椎底部，疼痛就完全消失了。
work, operate, manipulate, run, maneuver
work: 干活，劳动
operate: 操作，动手术
manipulate: （为某一目的而）控制，影响（某人或某物）
run: 跑，开动（机器）；
maneuver: 巧妙的移动或调动
vt. 操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改
 - man, guide, work, handle

Word: isolation
Front: isolation
[ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn] (托雅 4276/3666 -2)
Vocabulary: isolation
(once / 749 pages)
n
Isolation means completely alone, like the stranded skiers who were in total isolation after an avalanche stranded them at the top of a mountain.
People who live in isolation are completely cut off from the rest of the world, like the hermit who lives in a lonely mountain cabin because no one understands his desire to collect thimbles. A really contagious illness can land patients in isolation at their local hospital, kept separate from the rest of the hospital so they don't share their disease with the other patients. A country can exist in isolation, left alone because other nations don't agree with its policies.
WORD FAMILY
isolation: isolationism, isolations+/ isolate: isolable, isolated, isolates, isolating, isolation / isolated: isolatedly/ isolationism: isolationist, isolationistic/isolationist: isolationists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Medically vulnerable children such as Arianna and AJ are often forced to live lives of social isolation and separation from their peers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The sense of isolation from the modern metropolises on the faraway coast persists.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Their isolation ended as suddenly as it began.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 隔离; 隔离状态; 孤独; 孤立状态
adj. 孤立主义的; 孤立主义者的
分布：隔离(71%)，孤立(29%)
→来自isolate,隔离，孤立。引申词义孤独。
noun uncountable
■the condition of being alone, especially when this makes you feel unhappy 孤独
• The prisoner had been kept in isolation for three days. 这个犯人已被隔离三天了。
• After all the visitors had left, she experienced a feeling of complete isolation. 所有的客人离开后，她有一种异常孤独的感觉。
■when something is separate and not connected to other things 孤立
• I can't think about it in isolation (= separately) - I need some examples of the problem. 我无法孤立地考虑这个问题——我需要一些例子。
n. [电子] 隔离；孤立； [电] 绝缘； [化学] 离析
 - insulation, segregation

Word: gore
Front: gore
[gɔ:(r)] (25374/16521 -2)
Vocabulary: gore
(once / 4854 pages)
1nv 2nv
Do you like horror movies? Then you probably like gore: bloody, yucky, violent action.
Gore certainly includes the bloody violence in zombie movies, but it can also refer to real-life violence, especially bloodshed and murder. If you stabbed someone with a sword, you gored them. An animal with sharp horns, like a bull, can gore a person to death. Gore is also blood that's clotting in a wound. An un-bloody, unrelated meaning of gore is a triangle-shaped piece of cloth used in making umbrellas, sails, and some clothes.
WORD FAMILY
gore: gored, gores
USAGE EXAMPLES
He excels at creating a sense of dread rather than emphasizing the gore.
Salon(Dec 09, 2016)
As the lines between real life and game-play begin to blur, the resulting phantasmagoria is effectively freaky, with impressive gore effects.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 08, 2016)
Later, according to church lore, the minister was gored in the leg by a deer, the antler barely missing his femoral artery.
Washington Times(Nov 13, 2016)
Back: vt. （动物）用角撞伤，用牙刺破; 缝以补裆; 顶; （礁石）撞通（船身）
n. 流出的血，血块; （衣服或帆上加缝的）三角形布条; 三角形地带
时态：gored, goring, gores
分布：三角形布(34%)，流出的血(26%)，淤血(26%)，把...剪成楔形三角布缝以补裆(7%)，使成三角形狭条(7%)
→词源同gar, 矛。
【记】go，re＝red－出现血红－凝血
【参】gory（adj 血淋淋的；血污的；满是血的）＝bloody
US [gɔ:r] noun uncountable
■blood that has come from an injury and become thick （伤口流出的）血，凝固的血，血污
• It's a good film, but there's a lot of blood and gore in it (= pictures of people being badly injured). 这是出好电影，但是场面太血腥。
UK [gɔ:r] US [gɔ:r] verb transitive
■(of an animal) to cause an injury to someone, or damage something, with the horns or tusks （动物用角或獠牙）抵伤，顶伤，戳伤
• gored by a bull 被公牛顶伤
vt. 刺伤；缝以补裆；顶
 - puncture wound
n. 淤血； [纺] [建] 三角形布； [外科] 流出的血
 - godet

Word: desk
Front: desk
[desk] (中高雅 1659/1862 -K4)
Vocabulary: desk
(once / 190 pages)
n
The flat-surfaced piece of furniture at which you sit and work, write, or use your computer is called a desk. Some offices have a desk for each employee.
Students often sit at classroom desks arranged in rows, and you'll also find desks in libraries, offices, and homes. Your college roommate might prefer to study while lying in bed, while you like working at your desk. Someone who has a "desk job" works in an office. Desk comes from the Medieval Latin desca, "table to write on," which has a Greek root, diskos, "platter or disk."
WORD FAMILY
desk: desks
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I won’t even be able to bring this thing with me,” Long said, grasping the edge of the desk.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The folders were on her desk two days later.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
David Cameron argued during the campaign that it was essential for George Osborne to be "back at his desk" following the election.
BBC(Mar 19, 2016)
Back: n. 书桌，办公桌; 服务台; 部门; （美）讲道台
adj. 书桌的，书桌上用的
分布：书桌(73%)，服务台(18%)，柜台(6%)，部门(2%)，小台架(1%)
→词源同disk, 圆盘。引申词义圆桌，书桌。
n.书桌,办公桌,服务台The man in mask asked me for a task; I let him put the basket on the desk in the dusk.戴面具的人向我要任务,我让他在黄昏时把篮子放到桌子上.
noun countable
TABLE 桌子
 ESSENTIAL
■a type of table that you can work at, often one with drawers （常指带抽屉的）书桌，办公桌，写字枱
• an office/school desk 办公桌／书桌
• She sat at her desk writing letters. 她坐在书桌前写信。
• He had a pile of papers on his desk. 他的办公桌上有一叠文件。
• The report arrived on/landed on/reached my desk (= I received it) this morning. 这份报告是今天早上送到我的桌上的。
[desk] noun countable
SERVICE AREA 服务区
■a place, often with a counter (= a long flat narrow surface) especially in a hotel or airport, where you can get information or service （尤指饭店或机场的）服务台，询问处
• a check-in/information/reception desk 登机柜枱／询问处／接待处
[desk] noun countable
NEWSPAPER OFFICE 报馆办公室
■an office which deals with a particular type of news for a newspaper or broadcasting company （报馆或广播公司负责某一类新闻的）办公室，部，室，组
• the foreign/sports desk 国际／体育部
• Now let's hear from Sue at our travel desk. 现在我们来听听旅行部的休带来的新闻。
table, desk
这组词都有“桌子”的意思，其区别是：
table: 桌子，台子。指一般没有抽屉，供劳作、游戏或吃饭等用的桌子。
desk: 书桌，办公桌，通常有抽屉。
n. [家具] 办公桌；服务台；编辑部；（美）讲道台；乐谱架
 - bureau, Information Counter

Word: intent
Front: intent
[ɪnˈtent] (六托雅宝 3961/4702 -2)
Vocabulary: intent
(once / 196 pages)
nadj
If you are intent on doing something, you are determined to get it done. If you have an intent, you have a motive or purpose.
Intention and intent are synonyms, but with a subtle difference. Intention implies a general desire or plan to accomplish something, while intent is a little stronger, indicating a firm resolve to get it done. Intent can be used as a noun or adjective. So you may be intent on finishing your homework, but the amount of it has you convinced of your teacher's ill intent.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
intense / intensive / intent
If your teacher offered you a choice between an intense course or an intensive one, which one would you choose? And would you wonder what his intent was?
Intense means of severe strength or force; having strong feelings. An intense course, then, would be an extremely tough course, such as advanced nuclear science. Intensive means focused on one subject or area for a short time; extremely thorough. So an intensive course would be very focused on one topic and would last short time, as with summer courses. The teacher's intent, his purpose or intention, might be to guide you to the best course for you. Or it might be to fill his summer course.
Searching online, you'll find that in particular intensive is used instead of intense:
Michigan Solar Panel Factory's Labor-Intensive Assembly Tasks
These hiking-intensive trips can, of course, be strenuous.
Implementation can be a time-intensive process in terms of training, data input, data conversion, and down time.
Some dictionaries point out that intense is usually connected with a subjective response, while intensive is generally connected to an objective description. Here are a few examples that get it right:
Intense heat sears Southern California for 4th day
‎Seaton's intent to lie, cheat is as serious as a felony‎
Professional mountain bike rider in intensive care after hit-and-run
WORD FAMILY
intent: intently, intentness, intents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Minnesota’s burglary law includes entering a building without consent and with the intent to commit a crime.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Obama administration appears intent on educating Americans about the Russian threat before it leaves office.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Privately, Grimes was intent on attending Ohio State.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 意图，目的; 意思，含义
adj. 专心的，专注的; 意愿坚决的; 急切的; 一心想…的
分布：意图(52%)，目的(27%)，意向(14%)，专心的(3%)，含义(2%)，热切的(1%)，决心的(1%)
→来自intend,打算，计划，-t,过去分词后缀。引申词义意图，目的。
意图(intend的名词)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
adjective
■giving all your attention to something 专心致志的，专注的
• an intent stare 目不转睛的注视
• She had an intent look on her face. 她的面部表情非常专注。
[ɪn'tent] adjective
be intent on sth /doing sth
■to be determined to do or achieve something 执意要做；决意要达成
• I've tried persuading her not to go but she's intent on it. 我试图劝她不要去，但她坚决要去。
• He seems intent on upsetting everyone in the room! 他看来存心要惹恼屋子里的每个人！
[ɪn'tent] noun uncountable formal
■when you want and plan to do something 意图，目的
• I spent half the morning on the phone, which wasn't really my intent. 我半个早上都花在了打电话上，这可不是我真正想做的。
• [+ to infinitive] It was not his intent to hurt anyone. 他的本意并不是想伤害谁。
• legal She was charged with possessing weapons with intent to endanger life. 她被指控以故意伤人为目的持有武器。
[ɪn'tent] noun uncountable formal
to/for all intents and purposes
■in all the most important ways 在所有主要方面；实际上
• For all intents and purposes, the project is completed. 这个专案实际上已经完成了。
zealous, enthusiastic, intent
这组词都有“热心的，热诚的”的意思，其区别是：
zealous: 指对所从事的事表现出的高度热情和积极性。
enthusiastic: 指对参与某项活动或对感兴趣的计划或决定表现出的毫无保留的热切心情。
intent: 指集中精力从事正在进行的活动，也可指专心寻求自己感兴趣的东西。
intention, intent, design
这组词都有“意图，企图”的意思，其区别是：
intention: 普通用词，指某人内心产生的想做某事的想法，侧重内心活动。
intent: 法律用词，常指某人怀有歹意而犯罪。
design: 多用复数形式，含贬义多指行为不轨的意图。
n. 意图；目的；含义
 - goals, purpose, sake, meaning, will
adj. 专心的；急切的；坚决的
 - focused, determined, decided, anxious

Word: forth
Front: forth
[fɔ:θ] (研四六托 1834/4689 -3)
Vocabulary: forth
(once / 56 pages)
adv
Forth means "from now on." If you declare that from today forth, you'll pursue your dream of becoming a rodeo clown, it means you'll work every day to make it happen.
The adverb forth describes pushing forward, either literally or in time. When something goes forth, it moves into view or forward. In spring, flowers shoot forth from the ground. You have probably heard the expression and so forth, which like and so on means whatever else. Don't confuse forth with fourth, which sounds the same but means "number four in a series."
WORD FAMILY
forth: forths
USAGE EXAMPLES
To bolster that idea, he adds, “some creationists also try to mimic the appearance of hypotheses, research, and so forth.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“They didn’t put forth any effort. Lack of effort, totally,” said Robert Jacobs of Richmond.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The documentary shows Fisher trekking back and forth up the path to her mother’s home, where Reynolds awaits the cameras with full blow-dry and make-up.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 向前，向前方; 露着的，往外的; [废语]出外，离家
prep. 出自，从…离开
分布：向前(51%)，向外(33%)，露出(16%)
→来自per, 向前，穿过，词源同ford, farther.
ad.向前;向外,往外The sun came forth from behind the cloud.太阳从云后露出来.
US [fɔ:rθ] adverb formal
 IMPROVER
■(from a place) out or away, or (from a point in time) forward （从某地）外出，离开；（从某时）向前
• They set forth on their travels in early June. 他们六月初起程旅行。
• From that day forth he never drank again. 从那天起，他再也没有沾过酒。
forth, onwards, forwards
这组词都有“向前”的意思，其区别是：
forth: 正式的书面用词，侧重指向前行进。
onwards: 通常指向着一定的目标、终端或地方前进。
forwards: 多指具体的向前移动。
adv. 向前，向外；自…以后
 - to, ahead, along, forwards, front

Word: forecaster
Front: forecaster
[ˈfɔ:kɑ:stə(r)] (13574/25469)
Back: n. 预报员
分布：预测者(100%)
US ['fɔ:r.kæs.tɚ] noun countable
■a person who tells you what particular conditions are expected to be like 预测者
• an economic forecaster 经济预测专家
• a weather forecaster 天气预报员

Word: proxy
Front: proxy
[ˈprɒksi] (托雅 9178/10247 -1)
Vocabulary: proxy
(once / 2449 pages)
n
Don't feel like going to the grocery store today? See if you can send your brother as a proxy, meaning he's a substitute authorized to act for you.
Now, don't get crazy about getting your brother to do everything for you. Running your errands is one thing, but if you're a historian and your brother is an accountant, he is not a good proxy for you when you don't feel like researching your book about Napoleon. And you wouldn't be a good proxy for him in his work. A proxy must be well-chosen to truly act on another person's behalf.
WORD FAMILY
proxy: proxies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The answer is that this was a pop-culture proxy war against Clinton, a dummy run.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Icahn's support of universal proxy cards pits him against the U.S.
Reuters(Dec 23, 2016)
Thursday’s report showed an important proxy for business investment, nondefense capital goods excluding aircraft, rose 0.9% last month, the second consecutive monthly rise.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 代表权; 代理人，代替物; 委托书; 代理服务器
分布：代理人(53%)，代理的(26%)，委托书(12%)，代理权(9%)
→缩写自procuracy,代理权，代表权。
US ['prɑ:k-] noun countable or uncountable
■authority given to a person to act for someone else, such as by voting for them in an election, or the person who this authority is given to （由个人委托的）代理人，代表；代理权；代表权
• a proxy vote 代投的一票
• My brother's voting for me by proxy in the club elections. 在俱乐部选举中，我弟弟代表我投票。
• Can I nominate someone as a proxy to sign for me? 我能提名某个人代表我签字吗？
n. [法] [贸易] 代理人； [经] 委托书；代用品
 - deputy, agent, factor, secondary, substitute

Word: merchant
Front: merchant
[ˈmɜ:tʃənt] (高研四六托 4126/2755 -3)
Vocabulary: merchant
(once / 123 pages)
n
A merchant is someone who works in or owns a retail business and sells goods. In Paris you can stroll from merchant to merchant, buying a loaf of bread in one shop and a wedge of cheese in another.
The noun merchant has its Latin roots in the word merchari, meaning to trade. Other words from the same root include "market," "merchandise," and "mercantile." In some areas, independent merchants have banded together to combine advertising dollars and compete against malls and big box stores. You should ask your neighborhood book merchant if they've considered joining a group like this.
WORD FAMILY
merchant: merchantable, merchants+/merchantable: merchantability, unmerchantable
USAGE EXAMPLES
The university says a time frame for Merchant’s return to coaching hasn’t been determined.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The 47-year-old Merchant was evaluated by the school’s medical staff on the court during the fourth quarter before walking to the locker room.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He met his future wife in 1958 at the United Merchants and Manufacturers headquarters in Manhattan’s Garment District.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 商人; 批发商; 店主; 零售商
adj. 商人的; 商业的
分布：商人(87%)，店主(4%)，商船的(4%)，商业的(3%)，专家(1%)，签约方(1%)
→来自法语mercheant,商人，来自拉丁语mercari,买卖，交易，词源同market.
商人(merch+ant表示人)[merc,merch=trade,表示"交易"]
n.商人,零售商The merciful merchant wants to grant some merchandise to the panting immigrants.仁慈的商人要给喘气的移民们一些商品.
US ['mɝ:-] noun countable formal
■a person whose job is to buy and sell products in large amounts, especially by trading with other countries 商人；（尤指外贸）批发商
• a wine/grain merchant 酒商／粮食批发商
■UK informal disapproving
■someone who is involved in or enjoys something which is unpleasant or annoying to others 对（令人讨厌之事）入迷的人，好…的人
• a gossip merchant (= someone who enjoys talking about people's private lives) 喜欢散布流言蜚语的人
• a speed merchant (= someone who drives too fast) 好开快车的人
UK ['mɜ:.tʃənt] US ['mɝ:-] noun countable
merchant of doom/gloom UK disapproving
■someone who is always saying that bad things are going to happen 悲观派，持悲观态度的人
• With exports rising and unemployment falling, the merchants of gloom are having to revise their opinions of the economy. 随着出口产品的增加和失业率的下降，悲观派将不得不改变他们对经济的看法。
dealer, businessman, merchant, tradesman, trader
这组词都有“商人”的意思，其区别是：
dealer: 指商人时多与表商店的字连用。
businessman: 指有经验、善于经营、从事各种买卖活动的买卖人、实业家或工商业家。
merchant: 指从事批发生意的大商人，尤指从事国际贸易的大商人，但在美国或苏格兰等地，也指一般商人。
tradesman: 指零卖商人，开小店的商人。
trader: 指从事贸易工作的人，也指贩子。
n. [贸易] 商人，批发商；店主
 - trader, dealer
adj. 商业的， [贸易] 商人的
 - commercial, shoppy

Word: deliberately
Front: deliberately
[dɪˈlɪbərətli] (高四六托 4592/2806 -K)
Vocabulary: deliberately
(once / 354 pages)
adv
Deliberately means on purpose. For example, you may have noticed how the schoolyard bully deliberately chose to pick on the smallest kids at recess.
The adverb deliberately originates from the Latin word deliberatus, meaning "resolved upon, determined." Used to describe an action made intentionally, it can also mean doing something in a careful, thoughtful manner. You probably cringed when the pitcher deliberately hurled the ball into the star batter's leg so he would walk rather than hitting another home run. Or perhaps you witnessed a college professor stroking his beard deliberately in response to a classmate's challenging question.
WORD FAMILY
deliberate: deliberated, deliberately, deliberateness, deliberates, deliberating, deliberatingly, deliberation, deliberative+/ deliberation: deliberations/deliberative: deliberatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
These days, such deliberately crafted products are simply too costly to compete for a mass market.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The effects of small imbalances between calories eaten and calories burned are more pronounced when people deliberately lose weight, Dr. Hall said.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Critics say proponents deliberately minimize the dangers, starting with their use of sanitizing nomenclature like “ECT.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 故意地; 深思熟虑地; 从容不迫地
分布：故意地(75%)，不慌不忙地(25%)
【反】summarily（adv 概要地；草率地）
US [-ɚ-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■intentionally 故意地
• I'm sure he says these things deliberately to annoy me. 我敢肯定他是故意说这些来气我的。
■slowly and carefully 慢慢地，谨慎地
• Calmly and deliberately, she poured petrol over the car and set it alight. 她平静而沉稳地把汽油浇在车上，然后点着了火。
deliberately, on purpose
上述用作副词的词和词组均有“有意地、故意地”之意。
deliberately: 指经过深思熟虑后而行事。
on purpose: 侧重所作所为具有特殊目的。
adv. 故意地；谨慎地；慎重地
 - intentionally, purposely

Word: shun
Front: shun
[ʃʌn] (托宝 9114/14061 -1)
Vocabulary: shun
(once / 687 pages)
v
If you purposely stay away from someone, you shun that person. A sensitive baker may ask why you are shunning her cookies.
Although the verb shun means to deliberately avoid anything, it has a specific meaning in certain groups and communities. In this case, it means to ostracize or expel from that group or community. The Amish, for example, may shun members of their order who repeatedly ignore the beliefs and rules of Amish society. The word may also be used in more casual group settings. After many attempts at being polite, you and your friends began to shun the obnoxious woman who never let you get a word in edgewise.
WORD FAMILY
shun: shunned, shunning, shuns
USAGE EXAMPLES
Alaoui shunned the traditions of ethnographic “exoticism,” instead favoring a more egalitarian, respectful approach.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Consumers must shun Chinese products to weaken Beijing commercially and militarily, he writes.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
They continue to appear to want to shun the outside world, just as they thrive, hunt game and farm.
The Guardian(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. 避开，回避; 避免
时态：shunned, shunning, shuns
分布：避开(44%)，避免(32%)，回避(24%)
→来自古英语 scunian,逃避，避免，隐藏，词源不详。可能最终来自 skeu,隐藏，遮蔽，词 源同 hide,shame.
【记】读：闪－闪避
【反】seek actively（积极寻找）；haunt（v 经常拜访）frequent（v 时常出入）－『shun』avoid（此题争议较大）
[ʃʌn] (-nn-)
verb transitive
■to avoid something 避开，避免
• She has shunned publicity since she retired from the theatre. 告别舞台生涯后，她便远离了大众的注意。
■to ignore someone and not speak to them because you cannot accept their behaviour, beliefs, etc. 躲避，回避
• After the trial he was shunned by friends and family alike. 审判后，朋友和家人都躲着他。
vt. 避开，避免；回避
 - escape, shy off

Word: coincide
Front: coincide
[ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd] (研六托雅宝 6656/4134 -2)
Vocabulary: coincide
(once / 406 pages)
v
When things happen at the same time, they are said to coincide. Often, this is because they're intentionally coordinated––"the bake sale coincided with Parent Day"––but not always.
Coincide can also mean happen together in other ways. "My mother's views on appropriate teen fashion do not always coincide with mine" is an über tactful way to say she hates your clothes. You could also describe two roads coming together as coinciding––though it's more poetic to talk about when they diverge.
WORD FAMILY
coincide: coincided, coincident, coincides, coinciding+/ coincidence: coincidences/ coincident: coincidence, coincidental, coincidently/ coincidental: coincidentally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pittsburgh’s seven-game winning streak to end the regular season coincided with the versatile Bell’s emergence as one of the league’s most dynamic players.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The challenge facing elected officials in Des Moines will be to ensure that their spending appropriately coincides with needs and priorities.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Trump's inauguration coincides with the last day of the conference.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 与…一致; 想法、意见等相同; 相符; 极为类似
时态：coincided, coinciding, coincides
分布：一致(60%)，符合(25%)，同时发生(15%)
→co-, 强调。in-, 使。-cid, 掉落，词源同case, accident.
一致,符合,巧合(co+in进+cide掉下→共同掉进来→巧合)[co-表示"共同",通常放在元音词根前]
巧合;同时发生[cad,cas,cid=fall,表示"落下,降临"]
vi.同时发生;巧合;一致;相符;This story coincides with the facts.这故事与事实相符合.
【记】co共同，incide＝inside里面－共同进入到一个学校里面－巧合coin incide：硬币掉在苹果汁里－巧合
【参】coincidence（n 一致，巧合）；coincident（adj 一致的，符合的，巧合的）
US [ˌkoʊ-] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to happen at or near the same time （几乎）同时发生
• I timed my holiday to coincide with the children's school holiday. 我把我的假期安排在孩子学校放假的时候。
• If the heavy rain had coincided with an extreme high tide, serious flooding would have resulted. 如果暴雨来临时潮水汹涌，就会导致严重的水灾。
■to be the same or similar 一致，相符；相似
• Our views coincide on a range of subjects. 我们在一系列问题上的观点不谋而合。
• If our schedules coincide, we'll go to Spain together. 如果我们的排程一致，就能一起去西班牙。
conform, correspond, accord, coincide, agree
这组词都有“符合、一致”的意思，其区别是：
conform: 强调在形状、性格以及主要特点等方面的相似或一致。
correspond: 指在进行比较时，两个事物在某一个重要方面或细节上互相匹配、一致。
accord: 着重指性格、精神、语气或质量等方面的完全一致。
coincide: 多用于指观点、判断、愿望、利益或兴趣的一致或相符。偶尔用于人，强调意见或观点完全相同。
agree: 侧重指经过比较后的所有主要部分均和谐一致，无冲突和矛盾。
vi. 一致，符合；同时发生
 - cotton, square, identify, accord

Word: steam
Front: steam
[sti:m] (高研四六托雅 4139/2756 -K3)
Back: n. 蒸汽，雾; 〈口〉精神，精力; 轮船，乘轮船旅行
vt. & vi. 冒蒸汽; 快速行走，疾行
vi. 动力; 成蒸汽上升; 汽动; [非正式]发怒
vt. 蒸煮
时态：steamed, steaming, steams
分布：蒸(55%)，蒸汽(41%)，水汽(2%)，轮船(1%)，蒸汽动力(1%)
→来自古英语 steam,蒸汽，水气，来自 Proto-Germanic*staumaz,蒸汽，水气，可能与 stew 有词 源上的联系。
n.水汽,蒸汽,水蒸气v.蒸发;蒸;用蒸汽开动The football team stopped the steam stream with beams.足球队用横杆堵住了蒸汽流.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the hot gas that is produced when water boils 蒸汽，水蒸气
• Steam rose from the simmering stew. 火上的炖肉咕嘟咕嘟冒着热气。
• steam turbines 蒸汽涡轮机
• a steam engine/locomotive 蒸汽机／火车头
• the age of steam (= the period when steam provided power for railways and factories) 蒸汽时代
• The pump is driven by steam. 这个泵是由蒸汽驱动的。
[sti:m] noun uncountable
get/pick up steam
■to start working much more effectively 加速；加大马力
• After the first three months, the fundraising project really started to pick up steam. 最初的三个月后，筹款活动开始变得如火如荼。
[sti:m] noun uncountable
let/blow off steam
■to do or say something that helps you to get rid of strong feelings or energy 发泄怒气；宣泄感情；释放精力
• He lifts weights after work to let off steam. 他下班后练举重来宣泄精力。
[sti:m] noun uncountable
under your own steam
■If you do something under your own steam, you do it without help 靠自己的力量；独力
• Do you want a lift or will you get there under your own steam? 你要不要搭个便车，还是你自己去？
[sti:m] verb
intransitive
■to move by steam power 依靠蒸汽动力行驶
• The train/ship steamed out of the station/harbour. 火车／汽船喷着蒸汽驶出了车站／港口。
transitive
■to cook food using steam 蒸（食物）
• steamed vegetables 蒸蔬菜
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to use steam to soften something, especially glue so that something can be removed 用蒸汽软化（尤指胶水）
• Ross steamed open the envelope to see if it was a love letter. 罗斯用蒸汽软化胶水打开信封，想看看是不是情书。
[sti:m] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] steam (sth) up
■If glass or something with a glass or similar surface steams up, it becomes covered with a thin layer of water caused by steam touching it, and if you steam it up, you cause this to happen （使）蒙上水气
• The bathroom mirror steamed up during my shower. 我淋浴的时候，浴室的镜子蒙上了水气。
• Going into the warm room steamed my glasses up. 走进暖和的房间，我的眼镜蒙上了一层雾气。
steamed up
■angry, especially about something that other people do not think is important （尤指为琐事）非常恼火的，愤怒的
• She got all steamed up about the books being left on the tables. 她看到那些书都摊在桌子上，大为光火。
vapour, steam
这组词都有“蒸汽”的意思，其区别是：
vapour: 与steam常可换用，多用于科体文章中，指临界温度下气态的物质。
steam: 通常指作为动力的蒸汽或水沸腾后产生的蒸汽或水汽。
vt. 蒸，散发；用蒸汽处理
 - shed
n. 蒸汽；精力
 - energy, vigor, vapor

Word: thereby
Front: thereby
[ˌðeəˈbaɪ] (研四六托雅 3891/2910 -2)
Vocabulary: thereby
(once / 249 pages)
adv
The adverb thereby shows cause and effect: "She forgot to tie her shoes, thereby tripping and falling down the stairs."
Use thereby to connect two events: because of A, B happened: "Matt walked around with the frying pan on his head, thereby causing him to walk into a wall." Thereby is used in the infamous saying, written by Shakespeare: "And thereby hangs a tale" — a humorous way to let your listeners know they are about to hear an extremely long explanation as to why something happened.
WORD FAMILY
thereby
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or reduce, if not eliminate, it from our diet, thereby improving our odds of living a long, healthy life.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
A three-year, 15 percent tariff enabled domestic producers to raise their prices, thereby raising the costs of many American manufacturers.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
He wanted to nourish ability, to see credit properly attributed and, above all else, thereby to advance astronomy.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adv. 由此，从而; 在那附近
分布：从而(64%)，因此(36%)
ad.因此,从而He became a citizen, thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了公民,因此有投票权.
US [ˌðer-] formal or old-fashioned
adverb
■as a result of this action 因此，由此；从而
• Diets that are high in saturated fat and cholesterol tend to clog up our arteries, thereby reducing the blood flow to our hearts and brains. 高饱和脂肪和高胆固醇的饮食容易阻塞我们的动脉，从而减少向心脏和大脑的供血。
UK [ˌðeə'baɪ] US [ˌðer-] formal or old-fashioned
adverb
thereby hangs a tale humorous
■said to someone when what they have asked about involves a long explanation 说来话长，其中大有文章（表示某人问及的情况需要很长的解释）
• "Why are you limping?" "Ah, thereby hangs a tale." “你为甚么一瘸一拐的？”“唉！说来话长。”
adv. 从而，因此；在那附近；在那方面
 - hence, accordingly, thus, consequently, as a result of

Word: underestimate
Front: underestimate
[ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪt] (研六托雅 6410/6426 -2)
Vocabulary: underestimate
(once / 2639 pages)
vn
To underestimate is to guess that something is worth less or is smaller than it really is. You might underestimate the size of a one-pound hamburger until you realize it's too big to fit in your stomach.
When you "estimate" you take a guess at something, and when you underestimate, your guess falls short or below. If you underestimate how much something costs, you might show up at a store without enough money, and if you underestimate the strength of an opponent who is small, you might find yourself on the ground wondering what hit you. Often when we "assume" something, we make a guess based on how things appear — that's one way to underestimate.
WORD FAMILY
underestimate: underestimated, underestimates, underestimating, underestimation+/ estimable: estimably, inestimable / estimate: estimable, estimated, estimates, estimating, estimation, estimator, misestimate, overestimate, underestimate / estimation: estimations/estimator: estimators/ inestimable: inestimably/misestimate: misestimated, misestimates, misestimation/ overestimate: overestimated, overestimates, overestimating, overestimation/overestimation: overestimations/underestimation: underestimations
USAGE EXAMPLES
And considering his comments since the season ended Sunday night, his critical eye is not to be underestimated.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“The number one thing? People still underestimate the Amazon effect,” McKinstry said, pointing to the company’s rapidly expanding workforce.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
This powerful, inspiring documentary about extraordinary Kazakh teenager Aisholpan Nurgaiv soars as it shows viewers why girls and women should never be underestimated.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 低估; 对…估计不足; 看轻; 把…的价值估计过低
n. 低估; 估计不足; 过低评价，过低估价; 轻视
时态：underestimated, underestimating, underestimates
分布：低估(100%)
估计不足(under+estimate估计)[under-①表示"在…下"②表示"不足,不够"③表示"副手"]
vt.低估,看轻Don't underestimate him.别低估他.
US [-dɚ'es-] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to fail to guess or understand the real cost, size, difficulty, etc. of something 低估；（对…）估计不足
• Originally the builders gave me a price of £2000, but now they say they underestimated and it's going to be at least £3000. 起初建筑商向我报价2000英镑，但现在他们说当初估价过低，至少要3000英镑。
• One shouldn't underestimate the difficulties of getting all the political parties to the conference table. 要让各个党派都坐下来谈判，其难度不可小觑。
Opposite overestimate
 ADVANCED transitive
■to fail to understand how strong, skilful, intelligent or determined someone, especially a competitor is 低估，轻视（尤指竞争对手）
• Never underestimate your opponent! 永远不要低估你的对手！
degrade, underestimate, alleviate, minimize
degrade: 使降级，降低价值，降解，堕落
underestimate: 低估，看低
alleviate: 减少，主要指将（痛苦等）减轻；
minimize: 最小化，将……减到最小
vt. 低估；看轻
 - disappreciate, sell short
n. 低估
 - disappreciation

Word: endanger
Front: endanger
[ɪnˈdeɪndʒə(r)] (六托 7141/8498 -2)
Vocabulary: endanger
(once / 664 pages)
v
To endanger someone is to put them in a dangerous position, or to threaten their safety. It would endanger your little brother if you encouraged him to jump off the garage roof into a pile of leaves.
Texting while you drive is a good way to endanger yourself, as well as your passengers and anyone else nearby. Scientists warn that climate change will slowly begin to endanger many plant and animal species on Earth, possibly including humans. This 15th century word combines the prefix en-, "make or put in" with danger, from the Old French dangier, "power to harm."
WORD FAMILY
endanger: endangered, endangering, endangerment, endangers+/ danger: dangerous, dangers, endanger / dangerous: dangerouser, dangerousest, dangerously, dangerousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
He is wrong and that view endangers children, write two physicians.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A bypass channel for the irrigation dam would be built near the Montana-North Dakota border to let endangered pallid sturgeon reach upstream spawning grounds.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was suspended in December 2014 when the animals were placed back on the endangered species list due to a Federal court decision.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 危及，使遭受危险
时态：endangered, endangering, endangers
分布：危及(54%)，危害(46%)
→en-, 进入，使。danger, 危险。
使危险(en+danger危险)[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
【记】danger（n 危险）
US [-dʒɚ] verb transitive
■to put someone or something at risk or in danger of being harmed, damaged or destroyed 使处于险境；危及；危害
• He would never do anything to endanger the lives of his children. 他不会做任何危及自己孩子生命安全的事。
• We must be careful not to do anything that might endanger the economic recovery. 我们一定要谨慎，不能做任何妨碍经济复苏的事。
vt. 危及；使遭到危险
 - jeopard, imperil

Word: clone
Front: clone
[kləʊn] (中高研 9023/7440 -1)
Vocabulary: clone
(once / 3773 pages)
nv
A clone is an organism that's genetically identical to another organism. The clone of a sheep has the exact same DNA as the original sheep.
While most people are fascinated with the idea of identical clones of animals — or even humans — it's much more common for a biologist to create clones of individual cells or molecules for experimental and other scientific uses. You can also describe someone as a clone if they act or look uncannily like another person: "Your cousin is totally your clone." The word clone was first used in botany, the science of plants, from the Greek klon, "twig."
WORD FAMILY
clone: clonal, cloned, clones, cloning+/cloning: clonings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now, in key positions like quarterback and running back, Alabama uses practice clones who don’t play for Alabama—at least not anymore.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Host Josh Gates descends into a sinkhole in Siberia looking for the frozen DNA to help clone a woolly mammoth in tonight’s episode.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
In the best tradition of the tech industry, Facebook is cloning features offered by rivals to stay on top of the social-networking pyramid.
Seattle Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. （动植物的）克隆; 无性繁殖系; 复制人（或动植物）; （不动脑筋）机械行事的人，机器人
vt. & vi. 克隆，（使某物）无性繁殖; 把…培养为纯种细胞; 复制
时态：cloned, cloning, clones
分布：克隆(81%)，复制(14%)，无性繁殖(3%)，复制品(2%)
→来自kel,切，砍，词源同gladiator,cleave.来自植物学术语，本指切下来用于插扦的小枝， 嫩枝，后指无性繁殖，克隆。
n.无性繁殖,克隆;复制品v.克隆
US [kloʊn] noun countable
■a plant or animal which has the same genes as the original from which it was produced （动植物的）无性繁殖，克隆，复制
■informal disapproving
■someone or something that looks very much like someone or something else 复制品；酷似的人（或物）；…的翻版
• Most people saw her as just another blond-haired, red-lipped Marilyn Monroe clone. 很多人把她看作金发红唇的玛丽莲‧梦露的翻版。
■specialized
■a computer that operates in a very similar way to the one that it was copied from （电脑的）克隆机，仿制机，相容机
UK [kləʊn] US [kloʊn] verb transitive
■to create a clone of a plant or animal 克隆，使无性繁殖，复制
• Scientists have already cloned a sheep. 科学家已经复制出一只羊。
• Experiments to try to clone human embryos have met with hostility from some sections of the public. 尝试复制人类胚胎的实验遭到了部分公众人士的强烈反对。
n. [生物] 克隆； [植] [农学] [遗] 无性系；无性繁殖；靠营养生殖而由母体分离繁殖的植物
 - klon, asexual propagation
vt. [遗] 无性繁殖，复制
 - repeat, to duplicate

Word: wreck
Front: wreck
[rek] (研四六托雅 7201/6918 -2)
Vocabulary: wreck
(once / 193 pages)
nv
A wreck is something that's been destroyed. Your hair might be a wreck after a bad day at the barber. Your car might be a wreck after you hit a telephone pole.
Your house might be a wreck after a visit from 3-year-old twins. You might be an emotional wreck after a fight with your boyfriend. A sunken ship is a wreck, or a shipwreck. When you hit that telephone pole, you’ve had a wreck, and you can also call your mangled car a wreck. When you’re next heading out with the car keys, you mom might say, "Don't wreck the car!,” hoping you’ll bring it back in one piece.
WORD FAMILY
wreck: wreckage, wrecked, wrecker, wrecking, wrecks+/ wreckage: wreckages/wrecker: wreckers/wrecking: wreckings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Let’s begin with the gruesome train wreck that was the presidential election.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Penn State coach James Franklin said the main goal for his special teams was “not allowing Adoree to wreck the game.”
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Ms. Gussoff, who visited the hospital every day, was emotionally wrecked to see her mother in such fragile condition.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 破坏，毁坏; 拆除; 使遇难
n. 毁灭，失事; 遇难船的残骸; （身体或精神上）受到严重损伤的人; 状况非常糟糕的车辆（或建筑物等）
vi. 使（船舶）失事，使遇难，使下沉
时态：wrecked, wrecking, wrecks
分布：残骸(49%)，破坏(39%)，遇难(10%)，使…失事(1%)，使…遇难(1%)
→来自wreg,推，驱动，践踏，来自wer的扩大形式，弯，转，扭曲，词源同urgent,wreak。引申义扭曲的物体，主要用于指船的残骸，失事的船只等。
n.失事船(或飞机)v.(船等)失事,遇难;破坏At the neck of the wrecked deck, the reckoner checked the opaque cheque.在遭破坏的甲板的颈部,计算者检查了这张不透明支票.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to destroy or badly damage something 破坏；毁坏
• The explosion shattered nearby windows and wrecked two cars. 爆炸震碎了附近的窗子，并毁坏了两辆汽车。
• Our greenhouse was wrecked in last night's storm. 我们的温室在昨晚的暴风雨中遭到破坏。
 ADVANCED informal
■to spoil something completely 毁掉；完全破坏
• He has been warned that his behaviour might wreck his chances of promotion. 有人警告他说，他的行为可能会毁掉自己晋升的机会。
[rek] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a vehicle or ship that has been destroyed or badly damaged 严重损毁的交通工具；沉船
• Divers exploring the wreck managed to salvage some coins and jewellery. 探寻沉船的潜水员设法打捞到一些硬币和珠宝。
• The burnt-out wrecks of two police cars littered the road. 路上遍布着两辆被烧毁警车的残骸。
■informal
■someone who is in bad physical or mental condition 健康（或精神）严重受损的人
• The stress she had been under at work reduced her to a nervous/quivering wreck. 工作上的压力令她非常紧张／战战兢兢。
destroy, break, wreck, ruin, spoil, damage
这组词都有“破坏，损坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，含导致无用，不能或很难再修复的意味。
break: 普通用词，指某物因被打破或撕破而受到破坏，可指有形或无形的破坏。
wreck: 侧重指船只、车辆、房屋等受到严重破坏或完全毁坏，也可指计划、健康受到损害。
ruin: 多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭，侧重破坏的彻底性，也可用于引申意义。
spoil: 强调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值，而且会导致不可避免的毁灭。
damage: 多指对无生命物体的损害，造成降低价值、破坏功能等后果。
n. 破坏； [水运] 失事；残骸；失去健康的人
 - destruction, breaking, blasting, remain, disruption
vt. 破坏； [水运] 使失事；拆毁
 - destroy, undermine, founder

Word: peril
Front: peril
[ˈperəl] (六托雅宝 7617/8440 -1)
Vocabulary: peril
(once / 169 pages)
nv
If you realize mid-climb that your rock climbing rope is frayed, you might be in peril. The word peril means imminent danger to life and limb.
Peril comes from the Latin peric(u)lum, meaning danger. Today it's often used in tandem with the word mortal, which relates to death. For example, you're in mortal peril when you're flying down a cliff-side trail on your mountain bike and you hit loose gravel. Peril can also describe dangers of a less physical sort, though it's less common. If your employer sinks your 401K into what turns out to be a Ponzi scheme, he's put your retirement in peril.
WORD FAMILY
peril: periled, periling, perilled, perilling, perilous, perils+/ perilous: perilously, perilousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The unemployment rate is distressing; the impoverishment of the population is palpable everywhere; our social protection system is in deficit and is in peril.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Yet we begin a year pregnant with perils with the Fear Index at exceptionally low levels.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
This format imposes a crude narrative structure on the day’s events, with peril ultimately usurped by a happy, or at least whimsical, conclusion.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 危险; 冒险
vt. 置…于危险中; 危及
时态：periled, periling, perils
分布：危险(87%)，冒险(13%)
→来自per,向前，前进，词源同ford,forth.引申词义探索，开拓，风险，危险。比较其同源词expert,experience.
冒险n.危险(per+il→尝试→冒险)[per=try,表示"尝试"]
【记】per全部，il＝ill：全部器官要得病－危险
【参】perilous（adj 危险的）＝hazardous
['per.əl] formal
noun countable or uncountable
■great danger, or something that is very dangerous 巨大的危险；危难，险境
• I never felt that my life was in peril. 我从不觉得我的生命受到严重的威胁。
• The journey through the mountains was fraught with peril (= full of dangers). 穿越山岭的旅途充满了危险。
• Teenagers must be warned about the perils of unsafe sex. 青少年必须被告诫不安全的性行为所隐藏的重大危险。
do sth at your peril
■to do something that might be very dangerous for you 甘冒风险做…
• We underestimate the destructiveness of war at our peril. 我们低估了战争的破坏力，这对我们是很危险的。
risk, danger, threat, menace, hazard, peril
这组词都有“危险、威胁”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指有可能发生的危险，尤指主动进行某种活动或去碰运气而冒的危险。
danger: 含义广，普通用词，指能够造成伤害、损害或不利的任何情况。
threat: 普通用词，语气弱于menace，指任何公开侵犯对方的言行，给对方构成危险或威胁。
menace: 所指的危险性最严重，表示使用暴力或造成破坏性的可能。
hazard: 比risk正式，多指偶然发生的或无法控制的危险，常含较严重或有一定风险的意味。
peril: 指迫在眉睫很有可能发生的严重危险。
n. [安全] 危险；冒险
 - risk, hazard, throw, venture, adventure
vt. 危及；置…于险境
 - endanger, jeopard

Word: cling
Front: cling
[klɪŋ] (研六托雅宝 4605/3983 -2)
Vocabulary: cling
(once / 167 pages)
1v 2n
To cling is to tightly grasp something or to stick closely to something, like how wet clothes cling to the wearer.
Clinging has to do with closeness. A scared child will cling to his parent, holding on tight. People in love cling to one another in embraces. When you're on a roller coaster, it's best to cling to whatever restraint you can. Similarly, things cling to each other when they're hard to separate. Clothes fresh out of the dryer often cling to each other. Strands of cooked spaghetti cling to each other. Stretchy clothing like spandex clings to the bodies of the people who wear it.
WORD FAMILY
cling: clinged, clinging, clings, clung
USAGE EXAMPLES
He clung to his Methodism while criticizing some of its dogma.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Rather than examine what’s really wrong with Metro, they cling to the baseless claim that Metro’s problems stem predominately from a lack of taxpayer funding.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
After five seasons spent clinging to the narrative of George R.R.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 附着于，紧贴; 抓紧或抱住; 坚持; 沿（岸）前进，贴着（墙）走
vt. 依恋，依附于
时态：clung, clinging, clings
分布：坚持(51%)，紧贴(16%)，紧抓(13%)，附着(13%)，依恋(7%)
→来自glei,黏，粘，词源同clay,glue.
v.(to)粘住;依附;坚持I perceived that the veil clung on the ceiling of the clinic was deceit.我觉察到粘附在诊所天花板上的幔子是个骗局.
(clung, clung)
verb
HOLD 抓握
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to stick onto or hold something or someone tightly, or to refuse to stop holding them 依附，附着；抓紧，抱紧
• We got so wet that our clothes clung to us. 我们湿透了，衣服紧紧地贴在身上。
• They clung together in terror as the screams grew louder. 尖叫声越来越大，他们惊慌地紧紧抱在一起。
• One little girl was clinging onto a cuddly toy. 一个小女孩紧紧抱着一件可爱的玩具。
• She clung to the handrail as she walked down the slippery steps. 她沿着滑溜溜的台阶往下走时紧紧抓住扶手。
[klɪŋ] (clung, clung)
verb
STAY CLOSE 紧挨着
   intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to stay close or near 紧挨着；接近；贴近
• The road clings to (= closely follows) the coastline for several miles, then it turns inland. 这条路沿海岸线延伸了几英里，然后转向内陆。
intransitive disapproving
■to stay close to someone who is looking after you, because you need their support 依恋，依附
• Jenny is the kind of child who always clings whenever she's taken to a new place. 珍妮是那种每到一个陌生地方都会很黏人的孩子。
[klɪŋ] (clung, clung)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  cling (on) to sth
■to try very hard to keep something 努力保持；尽力保留；紧抓…不放
• He clung on to power for another ten years. 他把持权力又把持了十年。
[klɪŋ] (clung, clung)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  cling to sth
■to refuse to stop believing or hoping for something 坚持，保持，死死抱住（信念或希望）
• She clings to the hope that her husband will come back to her. 她坚信丈夫一定会回到自己身边。
persevere, insist, persist, cling, adhere
这组词都有“坚持”的意思，其区别是：
persevere: 含褒义，强调坚持不懈的努力。
insist: 通常用于对意见、主张等的坚持。
persist: 用于褒义指坚持继续做某事，但更常用于贬义，指不听劝告，顽固坚持。
cling: 和to连用，指对信仰、意见、习惯等的坚持。
adhere: 与to连用，指坚持意见、计划或承诺等，含坚持不懈之意。
stick, glue, adhere, cling, cohere
这些动词均有“粘着、附着”之意。
stick: 常指用胶水或浆糊粘贴，词义引申指坚持。
glue: 与stick的本义相同，指用胶水把东西粘合在一起，没有“坚持”的含义。
adhere: 正式用词，语气较严肃刻板，既可指物体粘在一起，也可指坚持信仰或忠于事业等。
cling: 着重靠缠绕、紧抱、紧抓等方式而形成密切关系。也可作引申用。
cohere: 指物质微粒粘合在一起，成为不可分离的整体，强调所形成新物体的不可分割性。可引申指逻辑上的前后一致。
vi. 坚持，墨守；紧贴；附着
 - stay, stand on

Word: pundit
Front: pundit
[ˈpʌndɪt] (宝 9705/15170 -1)
Vocabulary: pundit
(once / 2961 pages)
n
Beware the pundit, a supposed expert who imparts deep knowledge to us more ignorant folks. Pundits are often blowhards, mere hacks, and you might well want to take what they say with a pinch of salt.
Why not call them simply experts? Because pundit is a lovely word that has a slightly mocking sense to it. Classic examples of the pundit are talk radio show hosts and professional sports commentators, all brilliant dispensers of hot air amongst the odd insight and statistic. Our modern day pundit is a far cry from the original meaning of the word, a "learned man, master, or teacher," from the ancient Hindi word payndit.
WORD FAMILY
pundit: pundits
USAGE EXAMPLES
But, among conservative pundits more broadly, skepticism of Trump was so widespread that it began to threaten the business model of cable-news networks.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The Huskies were not as overmatched as most pundits around the country thought they would be.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Our liberal pundit wants to stay centrist with the Dem Party powers that be.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 有学问的人; 评论员
分布：专家(72%)，权威人士(22%)，博学的印度人(6%)
→来自印度语pandit,智者，大师。
权威人士,专家(pund学问+it)[-it 1.表名词,通常是抽象名词2.表名词"…的"]
【记】源于：pedant（n 书呆子）p屁，und＝under，it：屁股总是坐在椅子上面－权威人士，专家。读：胖大海－专家作讲座的时候爱喝胖大海。
noun countable
■a person who knows a lot about a particular subject and is therefore often asked to give an opinion about it （某方面的）专家，权威
• a political/foreign-policy/sports pundit 政治／外交政策／体育权威
n. 博学者；梵文学者
 - mage

Word: disguise
Front: disguise
[dɪsˈgaɪz] (研四六雅宝 7364/5545 -2)
Vocabulary: disguise
(once / 237 pages)
nv
A disguise is something you put on so no one recognizes you. It also can be used as a verb. You can disguise yourself with a wig and mustache; that's a great disguise.
Disguise can be used anytime you're talking about concealing or hiding something. Most of the time we think of a disguise as something you wear, but you can also disguise your feelings. Criminals might disguise their intentions. You can also use the word to describe something that seems to be one thing, but turns out to be another. You missed the plane, but then the plane crashed. That's a blessing in disguise.
WORD FAMILY
disguise: disguised, disguises, disguising+/disguised: disguisedly, undisguised/ guise: disguise, guises/undisguised: undisguisedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1987 Fisher wrote a thinly disguised novel about her conflict with her mother.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
But Mr. Cooper accused Republicans of disguising their intentions.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Nanki-Poo, the son of the Japanese emperor Mikado, disguises himself as a minstrel to avoid being married off to Katisha, an older woman.
The New Yorker(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 隐瞒，掩饰; 伪装，假装; 化装; 掩盖
n. 伪装; 伪装品; 用作伪装的东西; 托辞，借口
时态：disguised, disguising, disguises
分布：伪装(61%)，掩饰(27%)，假装(8%)，假扮(3%)，伪装物(1%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。guise, 装束。原指改变装束或外表，不一样的打扮，后词义贬义化。
n./v.假装,伪装,隐瞒He has tried all sorts of disguises.他设法找各种借口.
【记】guise（n 外观；姿态；装束；伪装v 伪装）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to give a new appearance to a person or thing, especially in order to hide its true form 给…化装，给…乔装打扮；将…伪装起来
• [R] He disguised himself by shaving his head and wearing a false beard. 为了伪装自己，他剃了光头还粘着假胡须。
• Minor skin imperfections can usually be disguised with a spot of make-up. 微小的皮肤瑕疵通常可以用化妆品来掩盖。
• We tried to disguise the fact that it was just a school hall by putting up coloured lights and balloons. 我们不想让人看出这里实际上只是挂着彩灯和气球的学校礼堂。
■to hide an opinion, a feeling, etc. 掩饰，隐藏
• I couldn't disguise my disappointment. 我无法掩饰自己的失望。
[dɪs'gaɪz] noun countable or uncountable
■something that someone wears to hide their true appearance 用于掩藏自己真实外表的东西
• He put on a large hat and glasses as a disguise and hoped no one would recognise him. 他戴上大帽子和眼镜来伪装自己，希望没人会认出他来。
in disguise
■If people, objects or activities are in disguise, they appear to be something which they are not, especially intentionally 伪装，化装
• She usually goes out in disguise to avoid being bothered by the public. 她外出时通常都要化装，以免受到公众的打扰。
• He claims that most Western aid to the Third World is just colonialism in disguise. 他说西方给第三世界提供的援助大多只是变相的殖民主义行为。
cloak, mask, disguise
这组词都有“伪装”的意思，其区别是：
cloak: 指采取伪装来掩盖或隐藏真实面目或本性或企图。
mask: 本义为“面罩”，引申“掩饰”解时，指掩饰某物的真实性质或存在的伪装。
disguise: 指改变装束或外表以掩饰自己的真面目或冒充他人。有时仅指掩饰感情、动机或意图。
vt. 掩饰；假装；隐瞒
 - simulate, come
n. 伪装；假装；用作伪装的东西
 - simulation, acting

Word: spoil
Front: spoil
[spɔɪl] (研四六托雅宝 6411/4282 -K2)
Vocabulary: spoil
(once / 163 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v
When you spoil something, you destroy it or ruin its quality. If you spoil a surprise, you tell the secret you were supposed to keep.
When you spoil something, you mess it up, like spoiling someone's good mood by bringing up a painful memory. Food can also spoil, or become unsafe for eating, and you can spoil a child by always giving him everything he wants, making him unable to cope when things don't go his way. The word spoil comes from the Old French espoillier, to plunder. In fact, things taken by force are called spoils, like the spoils of war.
WORD FAMILY
spoil: spoilable, spoilage, spoilation, spoiled, spoiler, spoiling, spoils, spoliation+/spoilage: spoilages/spoilation: spoilations/spoiled: unspoiled/spoiler: spoilers/spoiling: spoilings/spoliation: spoliations
USAGE EXAMPLES
If importers try to get through the process without greasing the wheels, food sits and spoils, Pena said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But some resolute defending in the first half from the home side suggested they were in the mood to spoil the party.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
We are spoiled for choice in this multi-platform, multimedia culture.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 变质; 掠夺; 腐败
vt. 损坏，糟蹋; 把（酒，肉等）放坏; 溺爱坏，宠坏（孩子等）; 抢劫，掠夺
n. 抢劫，掠夺; 废品，次品; 成功所带来的好处; （开掘等时挖出的）弃土
时态：spoiled, spoiling, spoils
分布：破坏(59%)，溺爱(15%)，宠坏(13%)，战利品(7%)，腐坏(3%)，奖品(2%)，使索然无味(1%)
→来自拉丁语 spoliare,抢劫，打劫，剥落，剥除衣服，来自 spolium,战利品，原义为剥皮，来 自 spel,分开，劈开，词源同 spill,split.引申词义破坏，糟蹋等，后用于指家长对小孩的 溺爱，娇惯，纵容，即糟蹋小孩。
v.损坏,搞错;宠坏,溺爱Boil the oil soiled by the coil in the toilet lest it spoil.把被盥洗室里的线圈弄脏的油煮开,免得它变质.
【反】cosseted（adj 宠爱的）－unspoiled（adj 未宠坏的）
verb (spoiled or spoilt, spoiled or spoilt)
DESTROY 破坏
 IMPROVER transitive
■to destroy or reduce the pleasure, interest or beauty of something 破坏；糟蹋；毁掉
• He tried not to let the bad news spoil his evening. 他努力不让那个坏消息破坏他晚上的兴致。
• The oil spill has spoilt the whole beautiful coastline. 溢出的石油破坏了整段漂亮的海岸线。
• I haven't seen the film, so don't spoil it for me by telling me what happens. 我还没看那部电影，所以别把内容告诉我，以免坏了我的兴致。
• You'll spoil your appetite for dinner if you have a cake now. 你要是现在吃蛋糕的话，就没胃口吃晚饭了。
intransitive or transitive
■When food spoils or is spoilt, it is no longer good enough to eat （使）（食物）变质，（使）变坏
• The dessert will spoil if you don't keep it in the fridge. 如果你不把甜点放在冰箱里，它会坏掉的。
transitive UK specialized
■to mark a ballot paper so that it cannot be officially counted as a vote 使（选票）作废
• Since she supported none of the candidates, she spoiled her ballot paper. 几个候选人她谁都不支持，因此她把选票作废了。
[spɔɪl] verb (spoiled or spoilt, spoiled or spoilt)
TREAT WELL 优待
transitive
■to treat someone very or too well, especially by being extremely generous （尤指极其慷慨地）宠爱，溺爱，纵容
• When I'm feeling miserable I go shopping and spoil myself - a couple of new dresses always make me feel better. 我心情糟糕的时候，就会去购物放纵一下——买上几件新衣服总会让我感觉好过些。
[spɔɪl] verb (spoiled or spoilt, spoiled or spoilt)
CHILD 孩子
transitive disapproving
■to allow a child to behave exactly as it wants to, usually so that it becomes selfish and does not care for and show respect to other people 溺爱，娇惯；宠坏
• Mr Harvey, unable for once to do exactly as he wanted, sulked just like a spoilt child. 哈维先生只此一次不能如愿以偿按他的意思做，就气呼呼的，像个宠坏了的孩子。
[spɔɪl] verb (spoiled or spoilt, spoiled or spoilt)
be spoiling for a fight
■to be very eager to fight or argue 按耐不住想打架；忍不住想争论
• Local councillors are spoiling for a fight over plans to close two village schools. 当地市政委员们一心想就关闭两所乡村学校的计划进行争论。
[spɔɪl] verb (spoiled or spoilt, spoiled or spoilt)
be spoilt for choice
■to be unable to choose because there are so many possible good choices 选择太多而让人难以决定，让人挑花了眼
• There's so much good theatre and cinema in London, really one is spoilt for choice. 伦敦好的戏剧和电影太多了，简直让人无从选择。
[spɔɪl] verb (spoiled or spoilt, spoiled or spoilt)
spoil sb's party (also spoil the party for sb)
■to cause trouble for someone at a moment when they are enjoying a success 使（某人）败兴，扫（某人）的兴
[spɔɪl] verb (spoiled or spoilt, spoiled or spoilt)
spoil sb rotten
■to do whatever someone wants you to do or to give them anything they want 宠坏（做某人要你做的任何事情，或给他们任何想要的东西）
• The children are spoiled rotten by their grandparents. 这些孩子们被祖父母宠坏了。
[spɔɪl] noun
EARTH 土
uncountable
■earth, stones, etc. dug out from a hole in the ground （开掘时挖出的）废土，废泥土
• a spoil heap 废土堆
[spɔɪl] noun
PROFITS 利益
spoils [plural] formal
■goods, advantages, profits, etc. that you get by your actions or because of your position or situation 战利品，掠夺物；权力地位的连带利益，获益 ； 肥缺
• The spoils of victory/war included mounds of treasure and armour. 胜利／战争的战利品包括大量的财物和盔甲。
indulge, spoil
这组词都有“纵容，娇养”的意思，其区别是：
indulge: 指迁就或放任别人应该节制的欲望要求或感情。
spoil: 指纵容而造成对性情的扭曲。
destroy, break, wreck, ruin, spoil, damage
这组词都有“破坏，损坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，含导致无用，不能或很难再修复的意味。
break: 普通用词，指某物因被打破或撕破而受到破坏，可指有形或无形的破坏。
wreck: 侧重指船只、车辆、房屋等受到严重破坏或完全毁坏，也可指计划、健康受到损害。
ruin: 多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭，侧重破坏的彻底性，也可用于引申意义。
spoil: 强调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值，而且会导致不可避免的毁灭。
damage: 多指对无生命物体的损害，造成降低价值、破坏功能等后果。
vt. 溺爱；糟蹋；掠夺
 - harry, dote upon
vi. 掠夺；变坏；腐败
 - prey upon, take a turn for the worse
n. 次品；奖品
 - prize, award, inferior

Word: reopen
Front: reopen
[ˌri:ˈəʊpən] (6671/8626 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. 再开，重新打开; 重新开始
时态：reopened, reopening, reopens
分布：重开(85%)，再开(15%)
→re-,再，重新，open,开业。
US [-'oʊ-] verb intransitive or transitive
■If a place or business, etc. reopens or is reopened, it begins to operate, or it becomes open for people to use, after being closed for a period of time （使）重新开张；（使）重新开业；（使）重新开放
• The museum has reopened after nearly two years of reconstruction. 经过近两年的重建，博物馆重新开放。
• He hung a sign on the door of the shop which said it would reopen at 11. 他在商店门上挂了个牌子，写着11点重新开门营业。
■If a formal process or activity reopens or is reopened, it begins again or starts to be dealt with again after a period of time 恢复；再次开始；重新处理
• to reopen an enquiry/investigation 重新调查
• to reopen a debate/discussion 重新开始辩论／讨论
• to reopen a legal case/file 重新审理案件／处理档案

Word: defender
Front: defender
[dɪˈfendə(r)] (4820/3732 -2)
Back: n. 防御者，守卫者; 辩护人; 拥护者; 卫冕者
分布：拥护者(49%)，辩护者(31%)，防卫者(20%)
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who protects a place against attack, or who believes in and supports a person, idea, plan, etc. 守卫者，捍卫者；支持者
• The city's defenders were outnumbered by the besieging army. 在数量上，守城者不及围城的军队。
• So far they have found few defenders of their point of view on campus. 到目前为止，他们在学校里没找到几个支持他们观点的人。
 ADVANCED
■someone in a sports team who tries to prevent the other team from scoring points, goals, etc. 防守队员；后卫
• The Brazilian attack put France's defenders under pressure. 巴西队的进攻给法国队的后卫施加了很大的压力。
n. 防卫者，守卫者； [法] 辩护者；拥护者；卫冕者
 - champion, supporter

Word: wane
Front: wane
[weɪn] (托雅宝 10009/11402 -1)
Vocabulary: wane
(once / 886 pages)
nv
Things that wax and wane grow larger and smaller, like the moon. Things that wane simply grow smaller. "My initial enthusiasm for helping waned when I saw the pile of envelopes that needed licking."
You may have heard the expression "on the wane." It means a fad, or a fashion, or a disease, that is on its way out the door. "The face mask fad at school was on the wane as new reports of kids infected with a dreaded new fly virus waned."
WORD FAMILY
wane: waned, wanes, waning +/ waning: wanings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Those numbers definitely indicate automakers are trying to stimulate demand that might be waning a little bit,” Acevedo said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In the waning years of the Depression, the school was a job creator and bright spot in the metro Kansas City area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Interest waned when, in lieu of detailed spending plans, Trump allies suggested the stimulus would consist of tax breaks.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 衰落; （月）亏，缺; 结束; 变暗淡
n. 衰退; 衰退期; 月亏期; 缺角方木
时态：waned, waning, wanes
分布：衰落(40%)，亏缺(20%)，变小(20%)，变弱(12%)，呈下弦(8%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*wano,缺乏，空无，词源同want,waste。引申词义衰弱。
【记】拼：万恶（淫为首）－名声衰落
【反】intensify（vt 加强）
verb intransitive
■to become weaker in strength or influence 衰减；减弱
• By the late seventies the band's popularity was beginning to wane. 上世纪70年代末，这支乐队的人气开始下滑。
■formal
■The moon wanes when it gradually appears less and less round, after the full moon. （月亮）开始形成残月，亏缺 Compare wax
[weɪn] noun
on the wane
■(of power, popularity, etc.) becoming less strong （权力、人气等）衰落，减弱
• There are signs that support for the party is on the wane. 有迹象表明该党的支持率正日益下降。
vi. 衰落；变小；亏缺； [海洋] 退潮；消逝
 - decline, slump
n. [经] 衰退； [天] 月亏；衰退期；缺损
 - recession, downturn, decline

Word: tomorrow
Front: tomorrow
[təˈmɒrəʊ] (中高 1334/1075 -K4)
Vocabulary: tomorrow
(once / 326 pages)
nadv
Use tomorrow to describe the day after today. If it's Monday, and you tell your brother that you'll see him tomorrow that means you'll see him on Tuesday.
Tomorrow can also mean "the near future." When someone says, "Children are tomorrow's leaders," it means fairly soon, not "when they wake up in the morning." Speaking of morning, the Old English word morgen means "morrow or morning," so tomorrow means "to morning." The morning that follows today is always tomorrow.
WORD FAMILY
tomorrow: tomorrows
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Players are off until tomorrow morning,” McAdoo said on a conference call with reporters.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I’ve got a lot invested in the place. Let me deal with it a little tomorrow, but yeah, it was tough.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But why not play like there is no tomorrow?
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 在明天，在明日
n. 明天; 最近，不远的将来
分布：明天(83%)，将来(17%)
→缩写自 to morrow,明天。
n.明天;来日,未来ad.在明天,在明日"Sorry, I'll borrow the lorry tomorrow," the sorrowful man said with worry in the corridor."对不起,明天我要借用这辆卡车."那个悲伤的人在走廊里担心地说.
US [-'mɔ:r.oʊ] adverb noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(on) the day after today （在）明天，（在）明日
• I've arranged to see Rachel tomorrow night. 我已经安排好明天晚上去看雷切尔。
• Oh, leave it till tomorrow. 哦，把它留到明天吧。
• Is John coming to tomorrow's meeting? 约翰来参加明天的会议吗？
• He left today, which is Tuesday, and he'll be back tomorrow week /a week tomorrow (= the Wednesday of next week). 他今天走的，是星期二，他将在下星期三回来。
■used more generally to mean the future 来日，未来，将来
• Today's problem child may be tomorrow's criminal. 今天的问题儿童可能会成为明天的罪犯。
• We make sacrifices now to give our children a better tomorrow. 我们现在作些牺牲是为了给我们的孩子一个更加美好的未来。
UK [tə'mɒr.əʊ] US [-'mɔ:r.oʊ] adverb noun uncountable
like there is/was no tomorrow informal
■If someone does something like there is/was no tomorrow, they do it very fast, in large amounts and without thinking carefully 好像没有将来似的；不顾一切地
• After his win on the football pools, he began spending money like there was no tomorrow. 他赢了足球彩票后，开始拼命花钱。
n. 明天；未来
 - future, demain

Word: creep
Front: creep
[kri:p] (研四六托雅宝 5099/4156 -2)
Vocabulary: creep
(once / 126 pages)
1vn 2v 3n 4n
A beetle creeps along the ground. Moving slowly and silently, it creeps up on you. When you feel the touch of tiny insect legs on your skin, you shudder, because bugs give you the creeps.
Creep has a long history and a subtle variety of meanings. In its earliest recorded usage, it described the movement of legless creatures like snakes and worms. By the sixteenth century, creep meant "move slowly" and "move with stealth" like when you creep up to your brother to startle him. Charles Dickens coined the phrase, the creeps, to suggest the shuddering sensation you get when you see something gross and scary. A creep is a person who makes your skin crawl, a meaning that has been used in American English since 1935.
WORD FAMILY
creep: creeped, creeper, creeping, creeps, creepy, crept+/creeper: creepers/creeping: creepings/ creepy: creepier, creepiest, creepily, creepiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“That’s where the mindfulness creeps in,” he said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The downturn for Nebraska farms and ranches crept into small town main streets across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It maintained it would cause "considerable harm" and "present a creeping domestication" to the surrounding area.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 爬行，匍匐; 缓慢地行进
n. 爬行，蠕动; 虫爬着似的感觉，毛骨悚然; 卑鄙小人，谄媚者
时态：crept, creeping, creeps
分布：爬(44%)，蔓延(16%)，蠕动(13%)，毛骨悚然(12%)，渐渐出现(6%)，卑鄙小人(4%)，蹑手蹑脚地走(3%)，徐行(2%)
→来自ger, 弯，转，词源同crook,crank.
v.爬,爬行;(植物)蔓延Step by step, the sleepy creeper crawled into my sleeve to sleep.昏昏欲睡的爬虫一步一步爬进我的袖子里睡觉.
【记】cr，ee看成两只眼睛，p：两只眼睛和p在同一条水平线上－匍匐
【反】move swiftly（快速移动）；quick movement（快速移动）
verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (crept, crept)
■to move slowly, quietly and carefully, usually in order to avoid being noticed （通常指为避免注意而）缓慢行进，悄悄移动，潜行
• She turned off the light and crept through the door. 她关上灯，悄悄溜出门。
• Someone was creeping around outside my window. 有人在我的窗户外潜行。
• The spider crept up the wall. 蜘蛛缓缓地爬上墙。
• The traffic was creeping along at a snail's pace. 车辆如蜗牛般缓慢移动。
[kri:p] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (crept, crept)
  Phrasal Verbs  creep in/creep into sth mainly UK If mistakes creep in or creep into a piece of text, they are included despite efforts not to include them （错误）不知不觉地存在，无法避免地出现
• A few mistakes always creep in during the editing process. 在编辑过程中总会不小心出几个错。
• One or two typing errors crept into the report. 报告中有一两处不易察觉的打字错误。
■to gradually start to be noticeable 逐渐显现；逐渐引起注意
• Doubts began to creep into my mind about the likely success of the project. 我逐渐对这项计划成功的可能性产生了怀疑。
[kri:p] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (crept, crept)
  Phrasal Verbs  creep over sb
■If a bad feeling creeps over someone, they gradually start to feel it （不好的感觉）渐渐向（某人）袭来
• A dangerous tiredness crept over her as she drove. 她驾车时一阵危险的倦意向她袭来。
[kri:p] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (crept, crept)
  Phrasal Verbs  creep up
■If the value or amount of something creeps up, it slowly increases （价值或数量）慢慢增加，逐渐上升
• Over the last year, the rate of inflation has crept up to almost 7%. 过去一年里，通货膨胀率逐渐上升，几乎达到了7%。
[kri:p] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (crept, crept)
  Phrasal Verbs  creep up on/behind sb
■to surprise someone by moving closer to them without them seeing or hearing you 从（某人）后面悄悄凑上去；蹑手蹑脚地从身后靠近（某人）
• Don't creep up on me like that! 别再那样悄没声地凑上来吓我一跳！
• We crept up behind her and yelled "Boo!" 我们蹑手蹑脚靠近她身后，大喊一声“哗！”。
[kri:p] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (crept, crept)
  Phrasal Verbs  creep up on sb
■If a feeling or state creeps up on someone, they start to experience it so gradually that they do not realise it （某人）不知不觉中体验到（某种情感或状态）
• It was only after I turned 60 that old age began to creep up on me. 上了60岁之后，我才感觉自己在不知不觉中已开始变老了。
[kri:p] noun informal
PERSON 人
countable UK
■someone who tries to make someone more important like them by being very polite and helpful in a way that is not sincere 谄媚者，奴颜婢膝者，阿谀奉承者
• Making coffee for the boss again? You creep! 又在给老板冲咖啡？你这个马屁精！
countable
■an unpleasant person, especially a man 讨厌鬼，令人恶心的人（尤指男人）
• He was a real creep - he was always staring at me in the canteen. 他真是个讨厌鬼——在饭厅里他老盯着我看。
• [as form of address] Leave me alone, you creep! 让我一个人静一静，你这个讨厌鬼！
[kri:p] noun informal
give sb the creeps
■to cause someone to have uncomfortable feelings of nervousness or fear 使（某人）毛骨悚然；使（某人）紧张害怕
• Living next to a graveyard would give me the creeps. 住在墓地旁边会令我毛骨悚然。
climb, creep, crawl
这组词都有“爬”的意思，其区别是：
climb: 通常指用手或足爬上或爬下，也指飞机、日、月的上升，还可用作比喻。
creep: 多指人或四足动物匍匐爬行，尤指偷偷地或不出声地缓慢向前爬行。也指植物的蔓延生长等。
crawl: 指人或动物以身躯贴着地面缓慢地移动。
vi. 爬行；蔓延；慢慢地移动；起鸡皮疙瘩
 - to spread, to extend
n. 爬行；毛骨悚然的感觉；谄媚者
 - toadeater, kiss-ass

Word: epidemic
Front: epidemic
[ˌepɪˈdemɪk] (研六托雅宝 4919/7094 -2)
Vocabulary: epidemic
(once / 1092 pages)
nadj
An epidemic is a disease that spreads rapidly among many people in a community at the same time. In the 1980s, the fast-spreading AIDS epidemic transformed life on our planet.
Epidemic can be used figuratively to refer to something that spreads or grows rapidly: an epidemic of laziness has taken over the tenth grade. This word is from French épidémique, ultimately from Greek epidēmia "staying in one place, among the people." The related word pandemic refers to a disease that spreads throughout an entire country or throughout the world.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
endemic / epidemic
Endemic and epidemic are both words that diseases love, but something endemic is found in a certain placeand is ongoing, and epidemic describes a disease that's widespread.
A disease that is endemic is found in a certain geographic region or in a specific race of people. Malaria is endemic to parts of Africa because it's hot and skeeters love it. Tay-Sachs is a genetic disease endemic to Jews and French Canadians. On the brighter side, a plant or animal can also be described as endemic to a region. If it's in the system, it's endemic:
Many relief workers who came to Haiti lived in South Asia, where cholera was endemic. (New York Times)
Catalina endemic plants are species that occur naturally on Catalina Island and nowhere else in the world. (Catalina Island Conservancy)
Epidemic describes a disease that is widespread, affecting an "atypically large number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time," according to the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. The disease, however eventually subsides. Here are some epidemics:
The Sunshine Coast is in the midst of a whooping cough epidemic with an average of three new cases presenting every day this year. (Sunshine Coast Daily)
But we're still talking about a huge epidemic in this country where more than half a million babies are born each year preterm. (Time)
An endemic disease is restricted to a place, as with malaria, or a people, as with Tay-Sachs. An epidemic disease may happen in a specific place, but it can spread beyond that place, as with asthma or AIDS.
WORD FAMILY
epidemic: epidemically, epidemics
USAGE EXAMPLES
"While these sweet treats might be well meaning, they are also contributing to the current obesity epidemic and poor oral health," he added.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“This epidemic hits everybody, and I think my situation exemplifies that.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile, the nation is in the grip of a worsening heroin epidemic.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 流行病; 迅速的传播、生长或发展; 风尚等的流行
adj. 流行性的; 极为盛行的
分布：流行病(52%)，传染病(28%)，流行的(18%)，传染性的(2%)
→epi-, 在上，在中。-demo, 人民，词源同demotic, democracy.
[epi-在...之间,dem人民,-ic...的;"流行于人民之中的"→]流行的,传染的;流行病,时疫[popul-人民;dem(o)人民]
流行性的(epi+dem人民＋ic→在人民周围→流行的)[epi-表示"在…上,在...周围,在...后面"]
流行的;传染性的(epi在...周围+dem+ic→在人们周围→流行的)[dem(o)=people,表示"人民,人们"]
a.流行性的;传染的n.流行病;传播Violence is reaching epidemic levels.暴力达到了流行的程度.
【记】epi在…外，dem人民－在一群人之外－流行性的e出，pi，dem＝dam大坝：出门在大坝上方便－底下的人容易被疾病传染－传染性的，流行性的
【参】endemic（n 地方病；adj 地方性的）
noun
DISEASE 疾病
countable
■the appearance of a particular disease in a large number of people at the same time （疾病的）流行，传染
• a flu/AIDS epidemic 流感的传播／爱滋病的流行
[ˌep.ɪ'dem.ɪk] noun
PROBLEM 问题
countable usually singular
■a particular problem that seriously affects many people at the same time 泛滥；蔓延
• a crime/unemployment epidemic 犯罪频发／大范围失业
[ˌep.ɪ'dem.ɪk] adjective
■happening a lot and affecting many people 流行的；盛行的；肆虐的
• Poverty in this country has reached epidemic proportions. 这个国家很多人处于贫困之中。
• Crime and poverty are epidemic in the city. 犯罪和贫穷如瘟疫一般在这个城市肆虐。
disaster, dilemma, collapse, epidemic
disaster: 灾难
dilemma: 窘境，困境
collapse: 崩溃
epidemic: 流行病
adj. [医] 流行的；传染性的
 - popular, fashionable, going, ruling, pop
n. 传染病；流行病；风尚等的流行
 - infection, infectious disease

Word: sharif

Word: swear
Front: swear
[sweə(r)] (高研四六雅宝 3330/3224 -K2)
Vocabulary: swear
(once / 132 pages)
v
When you take an oath about something, you swear to it, affirming its truth. Ironically, if you utter an oath, such as a curse word or obscenity, you also swear. Do you swear to put a quarter in this jar for every time you swear?
The two separate meanings of swear come from branches of the same etymological tree. Both meanings have ties to Old Norse sverja, but sometime in the Middle English, the word became on one hand sweren with the meaning "to promise," while another version, swerian, became "to curse." Both might come from the idea of an oath being connected to a deity, but while one referred to truth, the other went to the dark side, negatively invoking a sacred name.
WORD FAMILY
swear: foreswear, swearer, swearing, swears, swore+/foreswear: foreswearing, foreswears/swearer: swearers/swearing: swearings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The day is full-fledged production, complete with corsages for lawmakers, prayers and judges swearing them in.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Nevertheless, the singer railed against police officers who appear in the background of one of Songz’s videos, unfazed as the artist swears at them.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The media spent the better part of a decade swearing they wouldn’t be fooled again by intelligence assessments the way they were before 2003.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 发誓; 咒骂
n. 发誓，宣誓; 咒骂
时态：swore, sworn, swearing, swears
分布：发誓(76%)，宣誓(13%)，咒骂(9%)，誓言(2%)
→来自古英语 swerian,发誓，来自 Proto-Germanic*swarjana,说，发誓，来自 swer,说，讲。 引申词义咒骂，诅咒。
v.(at)诅咒,骂人;宣誓,发誓She swears to wear the pearls that appear to be pears.她发誓要戴那些看起来像梨子的珍珠.
US [swer] (swore, sworn)
verb
USE RUDE WORDS 使用粗话
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to use words that are rude or offensive as a way of emphasizing what you mean or as a way of insulting someone or something 诅咒，咒骂
• It was a real shock, the first time I heard my mother swear. 我第一次听见母亲骂人时，觉得非常震惊。
• When the taxi driver started to swear at him, he walked off. 当计程车司机开口骂他时，他干脆走开。
UK [sweər] US [swer] (swore, sworn)
verb
PROMISE 允诺
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to state or promise that you are telling the truth or that you will do something or behave in a particular way 发（誓）；宣（誓）
• I don't know anything about what happened, I swear (it). 我发誓我对所发生的事一无所知。
• [+ (that)] You might find it difficult to believe, but I swear (that) the guy just came up to me and gave me the money. 你可能觉得这难以置信，但我发誓，那个人确实走过来把这些钱给了我。
• informal She swore blind (= promised definitely) (that) she didn't know what had happened to the money. 她信誓旦旦地说不知道钱哪里去了。
• [+ to infinitive] New gang members must swear to obey the gang leaders at all times. 新的帮会成员必须发誓在任何时候都服从帮会头目。
• In some countries, witnesses in court have to swear on the Bible. 在有些国家，出庭证人必须手按《圣经》宣誓。
• I swore an oath to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. 我发誓我说的都是实情，绝对没有半点谎言。
• A few of us knew what was going to happen, but we were sworn to secrecy (= we were made to promise that we would keep it a secret). 我们几个人都知道会发生甚么事，但我们已发过誓要对此保密。
• I think his birthday is on the 5th, but I wouldn't/couldn't swear to it (= I am not completely certain about it). 我想他的生日是五号，但并不完全肯定。
UK [sweər] US [swer] (swore, sworn)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [not continuous] swear by sth informal
■to believe strongly that something is effective or useful 非常相信（某物有效或有用）
• My dad swears by these vitamin pills. 我爸爸很相信这些维他命丸。
UK [sweər] US [swer] (swore, sworn)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] swear sb in legal
■When someone is sworn in, they make a formal promise to be honest or loyal, either because they are in a law court or because they are starting a new official job 使（某人）在法庭上宣誓；使（某人）宣誓就职
• The next witness was sworn in. 下一位证人也已经宣誓了。
• Clinton was sworn in as President. 克林顿宣誓就任总统。
swearing-in
    UK [ˌsweə.rɪŋˈɪn] US [ˌswer.ɪŋ-] noun only singular
• She had a good seat at the President's swearing-in ceremony. 她在总统宣誓就职仪式上占了个好座位。
UK [sweər] US [swer] (swore, sworn)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  swear off sth
■to make a decision to stop doing, using or being involved with something harmful, such as drugs or alcohol, or something that is not good or helpful 发誓不做，保证放弃，下决心戒除
• After years of addiction, he swore off drugs completely. 上瘾几年后，他发誓彻底戒毒。
vt. 发誓；咒骂
 - plight one's troth, cross my heart
vi. 发誓，宣誓；诅咒
 - plight one's troth, take an oath
n. 宣誓；诅咒
 - juration, oath

Word: credential
Front: credential
[krəˈdenʃl] (研六托 6165/-)
Vocabulary: credential
(once / 1720 pages)
n
A credential is something that’s proof of a claim you make about yourself or your skills. You might earn a credential in computer networking that lets employers know that you’re qualified to do the job.
A credential can be a particular qualification that you earn or it can refer more generally to achievements or qualities that you’ve acquired over time. You’ll most often see the word credential used in its plural form: credentials. You typically refer to your credentials to show that you're qualified to do something. Your strong academic credentials might qualify you to work as an assistant at a hip magazine during the summer.
WORD FAMILY
credential: credentials
USAGE EXAMPLES
Among recent classes, 77 percent of participants earned high school or vocational credentials.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2013, the Sidney Regional Medical Center was ordered to stop using a surgical first assistant because the state didn’t recognize that person’s credentials.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
They envision waging a campaign evoking black South Africans’ struggle against white majority rule that would tarnish Israel’s democratic credentials.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 外交使节所递的国书，信任状; 文凭
v. 提供证明书
分布：凭据(89%)，国书(5%)，信任的(2%)，印信(2%)，提供证明书(2%)
凭据;(pl)国书(cred+ential表形容词或名词→让人相信的东西→凭据)[creed,cred=believe,trust,表示"相信,信任"]
noun
credentials [plural]
■the abilities and experience which make someone suitable for a particular job or activity, or proof of someone's abilities and experience 资历，资格；资格证书，资质证明
• All the candidates had excellent academic credentials. 所有候选人都具有优秀的学历证书。
• She was asked to show her press credentials. 她被要求出示记者证。
countable
■a piece of information that is sent from one computer to another to check that a user is who they say they are or to allow someone to see information （电脑用户的）身份验证资讯
n. 证书；凭据；国书
 - certificate, letter

Word: capability
Front: capability
[ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti] (六托 2958/3838 -2)
Vocabulary: capability
(once / 923 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A capability is something a person or a thing is able to do. It's hard to find a cell phone that doesn't include other capabilities, like taking pictures or storing MP3s.
Inside the word capability is the word ability. Note the fine distinction between them. If you have an ability, it means you know how to do something. If you have a capability, it means you have the power to do something. Buying uranium gives a country the capability of making nuclear weapons, but first they need scientists with the ability to do the work.
WORD FAMILY
capability: capabilities+/ capable: capability, capableness, capabler, capablest, capably, incapable /incapability: incapabilities/ incapable: incapability, incapableness, incapably
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Mitigation capabilities," says Jonathan Hunter, CEO of Department 13, "are therefore limited."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
It was unclear if Trump meant he would stop North Korea or he was simply doubting the country’s capabilities.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Hanman focused on the recent test of a liquid-fueled rocket engine as proof of this emerging capability for the North.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 才能，能力; 容量; 性能; 生产率
分布：能力(78%)，性能(15%)，才能(5%)，容量(2%)
【记】cap拿，抓，ability（n 能力）－能掌握的－能力
【参】capacious（adj 容量大的，宽敞的）＝roomy；spaciouscapacity（n 容量＝content＝volume；能力＝ability＝qualification）
US [-ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
ABILITY 能力
■the ability to do something 能力；才干；水准
• These tests are beyond the capability of an average 12-year-old. 这些测试超出了一个普通12岁孩子的能力。
• [+ to infinitive] With the new machines we finally have the capability (= power) to do the job properly. 有了新机器，我们终于有能力很好地完成该工作。
UK [ˌkeɪ.pə'bɪl.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
WEAPONS 武器
■the number of weapons, soldiers, etc. a country has to fight a war 军事力量
• Several countries are trying to develop a nuclear capability. 几个国家正在试图发展核力量。
capability, responsibility
capability: 能力
responsibility: 责任
gift, genius, aptitude, talent, capacity, capability, faculty, ability, competence
这组词都有“能力，才能”的意思，其区别是：
gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
genius: 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability: 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
ability: 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
competence: 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
n. 才能，能力；性能，容量
 - talent, ability, competence, performance, property, quality

Word: opec

Word: lately
Front: lately
[ˈleɪtli] (高研四六托 4028/6088 -2)
Vocabulary: lately
(once / 166 pages)
adv
Something that happened lately occurred very recently. If you've spotted a fox every day for the last week, you might say, "I've seen so many foxes lately!"
If your friend says, "I've been really stressed out lately," she means she's been overworked and tense for the past few days, weeks, or possibly months. Lately is an adverb that covers the immediate past, a period of time that wasn't too long ago. A more old-fashioned way to say lately is "of late." Though this word has had its current meaning since the fifteenth century, it originally meant "slow or sluggish."
WORD FAMILY
lately: latelys+/ late: lately, lateness, later, latish/lateness: latenesses/ later: laterly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Core manufacturing otherwise remains stable, although the strong dollar lately may hurt production in the months ahead.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
We should all be able to agree the problem hasn’t been managed well lately.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Lately I am most enamored of yellow beets, even more so when they are a bright, intensely golden hue.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adv. 近来，最近; 不久以前
分布：最近(100%)
ad.最近,不久前The missionary transmitted emission emitted lately.传教士传播了新近散发出来的散发物.
adverb
■recently 最近，近来
• I haven't been feeling so well lately. 最近我一直有些不舒服。
• Have you been doing anything interesting lately? 最近你做了甚么有趣的事吗？
initially, afterward, subsequently, ultimately, lately, previously, eventually, shortly, presently
initially: 最初，开头
afterward: 以后，后来
subsequently: 随后，后来
ultimately: 最后，终于
lately: 最近，不久前
previously: 以前，先前
eventually: 终于，后来
shortly: 立刻，马上
presently: 马上，一会儿，很快
late, lately
late: 迟,晚,
lately: 最近,近来 I haven't seen him lately.
recently, lately
recently: 可用来指一段时间，也可指某一时刻
lately: 用来指一段时间，常用现在完成进行时；
adv. 近来，不久前
 - of late, odd-come-shortly

Word: hunter
Front: hunter
[ˈhʌntə(r)] (高 3030/5802 -3)
Vocabulary: hunter
(once / 392 pages)
1n 2n
A hunter is someone who seeks, pursues, or looks for something. Some hunters hunt deer but if you're a bargain hunter, you love to search department stores and yard sales for really good deals.
Besides hunting for bargains, or for ghosts in her grandparents' attic, a hunter is also a person who enjoys the sport of pursuing and killing game animals and birds. Some hunters hunt for food, while others do it for fun. In Old English, the word was hunta, from huntian, "chase game," which is related to hentan, "to seize."
WORD FAMILY
hunter: hunters+/ hunt: hunted, hunter, hunting, hunts/hunted: huntedly/hunting: huntings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hale said the number of hunters interested in blood tracking grows each year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The bill seeks to prevent hunters and poachers from using the data to track down game.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Pheasant hunters must abide by a daily limit of two and a possession limit of four.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 猎人; 猎犬; 猎狐马，猎食其他动物的野兽; 亨特
分布：猎人(92%)，猎犬(4%)，猎马(2%)，搜寻者(2%)
→hunt,打猎，-er,人。
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■a person or an animal that hunts animals for food or for sport 猎人；捕猎者；猎兽
• Animals in the cat family are hunters. 猫科动物都以狩猎动物维生。
■a type of horse, especially one used in hunting animals 狩猎用马
n. [林] 猎人；猎犬；搜寻者
 - shekarry, venerer

Word: criterion
Front: criterion
[kraɪˈtɪəriən] (高研六雅宝 -/1799 -K2)
Vocabulary: criterion
(once / 1388 pages)
n
A criterion is a standard for judging something. If you are holding a cupcake competition, your number one criterion might be the smoothness of frosting.
A criterion is a category for judging, but can also be a prerequisite for an achievement. It might be an application requirement for a teaching job that you have taught already for two years. If you haven’t, then we say you haven’t "met the criterion" for job experience. Likewise, if you establish the model for something, say you deliver an exciting, profound graduation speech, we might say you "set the criterion" for future speakers.
WORD FAMILY
criterion: criteria, criterional, criterions
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are understandable questions about the bidding criteria.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A new moon mission would meet those criteria.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He "didn't fit the criteria" for many established child loss charities.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （批评、判断等的）标准，准则; 规范
分布：标准(70%)，准则(30%)
→来自krei, 区分，筛选，判断，词源同crime, crisis. 即区分的关键，标准。
标准,准绳(作出判断的依据)[crit,cris=judge,discern,表示"判断,分辨"]
n.(pl.criteria或criterions)标准,尺度The extravagant savage made the interior and exterior criteria of deterioration.奢侈的野蛮人制定了腐败的内外标准.
【记】crit判断，区分，评判－判断的标准
【参】critique（n 批评）
US [-'tɪr.i-] (plural criteria)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a standard by which you judge, decide about or deal with something （作出评判、决定或处理的）标准，准则
• The Health Service should not be judged by financial criteria alone. 公共医疗卫生服务不应仅仅以财务状况的好坏为标准来评判。
criterion, measure, standard, gauge
这组词都有“标准”的意思，其区别是：
criterion: 较正式用词，指判断、批评事物的标准，但不一定制成了规章。
measure: 与standard基本同义，但多用于比喻，指衡量某事物的质量准则。
standard: 指公认为决定事物质量或人的品质的准则或原则。
gauge: 专指测量物体大小、厚度、直径等的标准规格。
n. （批评判断的） [标准] 标准；准则；规范；准据
 - standard, formula, level, prototype, norm

Word: palm
Front: palm
[pɑ:m] (研四六雅 2991/3703 -2)
Vocabulary: palm
(once / 210 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
Your palm is the inside part of your hand. When you clap, you smack your palms together repeatedly.
Your palm extends from your wrist to your fingers. You can hold an orange in your palm or rest your palm on your friend's feverish forehead. Palm can also be a verb, meaning "steal" or "hide inside your hand." So a magician might palm a coin in her palm, and a shoplifter might palm a diamond ring in a jewelry store. Palm trees are named for their leaves' similarity to the fingers of a large hand.
WORD FAMILY
palm: palmar, palmed, palming, palmlike, palms
USAGE EXAMPLES
At one point, he hit a Palm Beach Lakes running back so hard that the player stumbled grotesquely around the field before collapsing.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Snowden, with no exit options, was in the palm of their hands.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
The man was brought to the boat dock at Silver Palm Park and flown to St. Mary’s Medical Center in West Palm Beach.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 手掌; 手心; 棕榈树 ; 由Palm公司发明的一种PDA上的操作系统
v. 将…藏于掌中
时态：palmed, palming, palms
分布：棕榈(68%)，手掌(31%)，诓骗某人(1%)
→来自拉丁语palma,手掌，棕榈叶，棕榈树，来自pel,展开，平的，词源同plan,plain.
n.手掌,掌状物,棕榈vt.与...握手,藏...于掌中She placed the money in his palm.她把钱放在他的手心里.
noun countable
HAND 手
 ADVANCED
■the inside part of your hand from your wrist to the base of your fingers 手掌，手心
• This tiny device fits into the palm of your hand. 这个微型装置可以放入你的掌心。
read sb's palm
■to look at the lines on the inside of someone's hand and tell them what these lines say about their character and their future 给（某人）看手相（算命）
[pɑ:m] noun countable
TREE 树 (also palm tree)
■a tree that grows in hot countries and has a tall trunk with a mass of long pointed leaves at the top 棕榈树
• date palms 枣椰树
• palm fronds 棕榈叶
• The island has long golden beaches fringed by palm trees. 这个小岛周围金色海滩绵延，环抱于绿色的棕榈中。
[pɑ:m] noun countable
have sb in the palm of your hand (also have sb eating out of the palm of your hand)
■to have complete control over someone and to be able to make them do anything you want them to 把（某人）抓在手心里，完全控制（某人）
• He had the audience in the palm of his hand. 他牢牢地抓住了观众的心。
[pɑ:m] verb transitive
■to make something seem to disappear by hiding it in the palm of your hand as part of a trick, or to steal something by picking it up in a way that will not be noticed （变戏法或偷窃时）把…藏在手心内
• I suspected that he had palmed a playing card. 我怀疑他把一张纸牌藏在手心里。
[pɑ:m] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] palm sth off
■to give away something, or persuade someone to accept something, because you do not want it and you know it has no value 把（自己不想要或无价值的东西）硬塞给（或卖给）
• She tried to palm her old car off on me. 她试图骗我买下她那辆旧汽车。
[pɑ:m] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  palm sb off with sth
■to give someone an untrue or unsatisfactory answer, or to give them something that has no value in order to try to satisfy them and make them go away 用（不实或应付之辞或无价值之物）打发（某人）
• You're not going to palm me off with that feeble excuse. 你别妄想可以用那个站不住脚的借口打发我。
n. 手掌； [林] 棕榈树；掌状物
 - vola

Word: disorder
Front: disorder
[dɪsˈɔ:də(r)] (研四六雅 2368/3061 -2)
Vocabulary: disorder
(once / 228 pages)
nv
Disorder is a lack of order — in other words, chaos, clutter, and general disarray.
If everyone in your class is yelling and throwing things, there's no order: there's disorder. If all the library books are out of order and thrown sloppily on the shelf, that's disorder, too. If you mess or mix something up, you're disordering it. Many medical conditions and diseases are also called disorders, like post-traumatic stress disorder. Whenever there's disorder, something is wrong or out of whack.
WORD FAMILY
disorder: disordered, disordering, disorderly, disorders+/disordered: disorderedly/ disorderly: disorderliness/ order: disorder, ordered, orderer, ordering, orderly, orders, reorder, suborder, superorder/ordered: unordered/orderer: orderers/ordering: orderings/ orderly: orderlies, orderliness/reorder: reordered, reordering, reorders/suborder: suborders
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is robust scientific evidence demonstrating the value of the method in coping with O.C.D., phobias, and other anxiety disorders.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
One marcher in the crowd held a sign calling Fisher, who spoke openly about her struggles with bipolar disorder, a mental health advocate.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
“I was admitted into the McCallum place on May 9th for eating disorders.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 混乱，凌乱; 动乱，骚乱; 不正当行为; （身心机能的）失调
vt. 使混乱，使凌乱; 扰乱; 使（身心等）失调; 使（神经等）错乱
时态：disordered, disordering, disorders
分布：混乱(75%)，杂乱(13%)，扰乱(10%)，不适；失调；疾病(2%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。order, 秩序。即没有秩序，混乱。
无秩序(dis+order顺序→没有顺序)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
n.混乱,杂乱;骚乱;失调,疾病No extraordinary disorder happens on the orderly border.在有序的边界上没有发生不寻常的混乱.
【参】disordered（adj 混乱的；发狂的）
US [-'sɔ:r.dɚ] noun
CONFUSION 混乱
uncountable
■a state of untidiness or lack of organization 混乱，凌乱，杂乱无章
• The whole office was in a state of disorder. 整个办公室里凌乱不堪。
• The opposition party have been in such disorder for so long that they pose no real threat to the present government. 反对党长期处于混乱状态，因而不会对现政府构成真正的威胁。
UK [dɪ'sɔ:.dər] US [-'sɔ:r.dɚ] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
countable or uncountable
■an illness of the mind or body 失调，紊乱
• a blood disorder 血液失调
• The family have a history of mental disorder. 该家族有精神病史。
UK [dɪ'sɔ:.dər] US [-'sɔ:r.dɚ] noun
ANGRY SITUATION 愤怒状态
uncountable
■an angry, possibly violent, expression of not being happy or satisfied about something, especially about a political matter, by crowds of people （尤指政治）暴乱，动乱，骚乱
• The trial was kept secret because of the risk of public disorder. 因有发生公众骚乱的危险，审判秘密进行。
disorder, complaint
这组词都有“疾病”的意思，其区别是：
disorder: n. (精神或肉体的)疾病(着重于身心、机能的失调、不平衡)；骚乱，动乱；混乱，杂乱。
 • a disorder of the digestive system   消化系统疾病
complaint: n.疾病(主要指病人去看病时向医生描述的病症，既可以是小病、慢性病，也可以是传染性疾病)；抱怨，埋怨，不满。
 • a heart complaint   心脏病
n. 混乱；骚乱
 - chaos, confusion, disturbance, turmoil, involvement
vt. [医] 使失调； [电子] 扰乱
 - upset, disarrange

Word: demise
Front: demise
[dɪˈmaɪz] (托宝 6878/6969 -2)
Vocabulary: demise
(once / 2738 pages)
nv
Resort to the noun demise when you describe the end, termination, or death of something or someone.
Demise is mostly used in medical or legal language, or when someone wants to sound either formal or euphemistic. The word entered English from French demettre which means "to dismiss," from the Latin word mittere, meaning "let go, send." And you might think, after reading this quote from E. Phillips Oppenheim, that demise sounds somewhat old-fashioned: "That my demise would have been a relief to you I can, of course, easily believe, but the means — they surely were not worthy of your ingenuity."
WORD FAMILY
demise: demised, demises
USAGE EXAMPLES
Why is Johnson prattling on about some cave bear that met its demise 43,000 years ago in what is today Slovenia?
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Over the past 44 years, he’s seen a lot of change: the demise of the three-martini lunch.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Five years ago, the demise of the music industry seemed almost inevitable.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 死亡; （不动产的）转让; 让位
v. 遗赠; 让位
分布：死亡(65%)，转让(14%)，遗赠(11%)，让位(5%)，让渡(4%)，转让房产(1%)
→de-, 向下，离开。-mis, 送出，词源同mission. 委婉语。
让与;遗赠(de分开＋mise→分开送→遗赠)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
【记】dem人民，is是，e鹅：想变成鹅不太容易，需要投胎，不过首要条件是你得去死！建议不予以考虑！
【参】sane（adj 神智健全的）san三，e鹅：喝完酒还能数清是3只鹅
[dɪ'maɪz] formal
noun only singular
■death 死亡，逝世
■the end of something that was previously considered to be powerful, such as a business, industry or system 倒闭；败落；垮台
• The demise of the company was sudden and unexpected. 该公司出人意料地突然倒闭了。
n. 死亡，终止；转让；传位
 - death, negotiation, end, dying, termination
vt. [法] 遗赠；禅让
 - will, bequeath

Word: thwart
Front: thwart
[θwɔ:t] (托宝 8327/9556 -1)
Vocabulary: thwart
(once / 769 pages)
1v 2n
A villain's worst nightmare is the superhero who always seems to thwart his efforts, preventing him from carrying out his plans to take over the world.
Thwart is a word you'll hear in a lot of action movies, and usually it's the hero who is trying to thwart the evil plan of some super-villain. Yet even mere mortals can be thwarted in their efforts; the word simply means to prevent someone from carrying out his or her plans. An aggressive driver can thwart your attempt to snag a parking space at a crowded mall by pulling into the space before you. An aggressive shopper at that same mall can thwart your efforts to buy the last Dancing Snoopy doll by grabbing it off the shelf first.
WORD FAMILY
thwart: thwarted, thwarter, thwarting, thwarts+/ thwarted: thwartedly/thwarter: thwarters/thwarting: thwartings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He’d like to see a beefed-up air and naval presence in the Persian Gulf to thwart Iran.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In their thwarted agenda, financial regulations were to be unspooled.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Finding a way to thwart these mechanisms is the goal scientists are striving for.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: vt. 阻挠; 使受挫折; 挫败; <旧>横过
n. <船>横座板，划手座，独木舟的横梁
adj. 横放的，横着的，穿过的; <旧>执拗的，固执的
adv. <古>横跨着，横过
prep. <古>横跨，横过
时态：thwarted, thwarting, thwarts
分布：阻碍(46%)，反对(24%)，横过(20%)，横向的(5%)，座板(5%)
→原义为副词，来自古诺斯语 thvert,穿过，横过，来自 Proto-Germanic*thwerh,扭转的，交叉的， 置换自 terkw,扭动，转动，来自 ter,*tere,弯，转，穿过，词源同 turn,through,trans-. 后引申动词词义相反，阻止，阻挠等。
【记】th死，war，t：他要死在战场上了，赶快阻挠。
【反】facilitate（v 使便利）；abet（v 教唆；支持）；support（v 支撑）；aid（v 资助；帮助）；foment（v 煽动）；foster（v 养育；鼓励）；bolster（n 垫子；v 支持）
US [θwɔ:rt] verb transitive
■to stop something from happening or someone from doing something 反对；阻挠；挫败
• My holiday plans have been thwarted by the strike. 因为罢工，我的渡假计划泡汤了。
vt. 挫败；反对；阻碍；横过
 - defeat, combat, slow
adj. 横放的；固执的
 - fixed, persistent, set
adv. 横过
 - across

Word: colony
Front: colony
[ˈkɒləni] (研四六托雅宝 3673/3443 -2)
Vocabulary: colony
(once / 111 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A colony is a group of people who settle in a new place but keep ties to their homeland. The people who founded the United States first came to America to live as part of a British colony.
Colony comes from the Latin colonia, meaning "settled land, farm." Colony can also mean "a group of people who've gathered to live near each other and share the same interest." An artists' colony would be a place where everyone's an artist, while a Dunkin' Donuts colony would be full of coffee lovers. The same rules apply to the animal kingdom — an ant colony has a shared interest in ruining your picnic.
WORD FAMILY
colony: colonial, colonies, colonise, colonist, colonize+/ colonial: colonialism, colonially, colonials/ colonialism: colonialisms, colonialist, neocolonialism /colonialist: colonialists/colonisation: colonisations, decolonisation/colonise: colonisation, colonised, coloniser, colonises, colonising, decolonise/coloniser: colonisers/ colonist: colonists/ colonization: colonizations/colonize: colonization, colonized, colonizer, colonizes, colonizing, decolonize/colonizer: colonizers/decolonize: decolonization, decolonized, decolonizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The policy was seen as part of a wider attempt by France to maintain influence in former colonies, but also in Africa.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Taiwan was a Japanese colony from 1895 to the end of World War II and fought along Japan, a German ally, in the Asian theater.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many studies linked the chemicals to a mysterious collapse of bee colonies that was in the news.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 殖民地; 聚居地; 群体; 聚居人群
分布：殖民地(69%)，群体(19%)，菌落(8%)，侨民(2%)，侨居地(2%)
→来自kwel, 转，耕作，词源同cycle, culture. 本义为到新的地方开发，耕作，后指殖民，占领别人的土地。
n.殖民地;侨民;聚居区;(动植物的)群体Australia is a former British colony.澳大利亚曾是英国的殖民地.
【参】colonize（vt 拓殖，殖民）；colonization（n 殖民地化）
US ['kɑ:.lə-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a country or area controlled politically by a more powerful and often distant country 殖民地
• Australia and New Zealand are former British colonies. 澳大利亚和纽西兰从前是英国的殖民地。
■a group of people who live in a colony 殖民地定居者群体
■a group of people with a shared interest or job who live together in a way that is separate from other people （具有共同爱好或工作的）聚居人群，群体
• an artists' colony 聚居在一起的艺术家
• a nudist colony 群居的裸体主义者
■specialized
■a group of animals, insects or plants of the same type that live together （动物、昆虫或植物的）群，群落；生物群
• a colony of ants/termites/bacteria 蚁群／白蚁群／菌落
n. 殖民地；移民队
 - settlements

Word: frustration
Front: frustration
[frʌˈstreɪʃn] (托 3240/3925)
Vocabulary: frustration
(once / 1278 pages)
n
Frustration is a feeling of annoyance that occurs when something doesn't go as you expect. There are few things more likely to cause frustration for an impatient driver than rush hour traffic.
When you can't get what you want, or you're stuck in some way, you'll experience frustration. A spelling bee competitor who almost wins will feel frustration. The thing that causes you to feel this way can also be called a frustration — like your moody sister, the frustration of your home life. Frustration comes from the Latin frustrationem, "a deception or a disappointment."
WORD FAMILY
frustration: frustrations+/ frustrate: frustrated, frustrates, frustrating, frustration, frustrative/ frustrated: frustratedly/ frustrating: frustratingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s not so much frustration,” Heat forward Justise Winslow said, talking about the team’s collective mood.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Frustrations among Chinese were sharpened last year by a stock market crash, widely seen as badly handled by authorities.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“Frustration set in and confidence maybe dropped, whether it was in himself or just the whole package.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 挫折; 失败; 挫败; 失意
分布：挫折(85%)，失败(14%)，令人沮丧的东西(1%)
noun
FEELING 感觉
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you feel annoyed or less confident because you cannot achieve what you want; something that makes you feel like this （因不能满足需求而）沮丧或不自信；令人沮丧或不自信的事物
• I could sense his frustration at not being able to help. 我可以感觉到他因无力帮忙而心感沮丧。
• This job has more than its fair share of frustrations. 做这份工作本不该有如此多的挫折。
[frʌs'treɪ.ʃən] noun
PREVENTION
uncountable
■when something prevents plans or efforts from being achieved 阻止计划实现；防碍某人投入努力
n. [心理] 挫折
 - setback, clawback

Word: roof
Front: roof
[ru:f] (高研四六托 2135/1879 -K3)
Back: n. 屋顶，房屋; 最高部，顶部; 最高限度; 口腔顶部
vt. 给…盖顶; 覆盖; 保护，庇护
时态：roofed, roofing, roofs
分布：顶(56%)，屋顶(42%)，覆盖(1%)，给 ... 覆以屋顶(1%)
→来自古英语 hrof,屋顶，天花板，天空。
n.屋顶,顶It's proved that the approver improved waterproof roof.经证实,赞同者改善了防水屋顶.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the covering that forms the top of a building, vehicle, etc 屋顶；车顶；顶部；盖
• The house has a sloping/flat/tiled/thatched/etc. roof. 这间房子是斜顶／平顶／瓦顶／茅草等屋顶。
• Put the luggage on the roof of the car. 把行李放在车顶上。
• The roof (= upper surface) of the cave is 50 metres up. 洞顶距地面有50米高。
• This cake is so dry that it sticks to the roof of your mouth (= upper surface of the mouth). 这蛋糕很干，吃的时候会粘在上颚上。
[ru:f] noun countable
go through the roof
■to rise to a very high level 飞涨；激增
• Prices have gone through the roof. 物价飞涨。
(also hit the roof) informal
■to get very angry 火冒三丈，暴跳如雷
• When I was expelled from school, my parents went through the roof. 我被学校开除后，我父母气得暴跳如雷。
[ru:f] noun countable
raise the roof
■to play/sing very loudly and enthusiastically 高声喧闹；纵声欢唱；闹翻天
• With their last, triumphant piece, the musicians raised the roof. 在演奏最后一支欢快振奋的曲子时，音乐家们愈加奔放，激情四射。
[ru:f] noun countable
a roof over your head
■a place to live 住处；栖身之处
• She gave him enough money to get a roof over his head. 她给他的钱足够他找个住处了。
[ru:f] noun countable
under the same roof
■in the same building 在同一屋檐下；在同一座房屋里
• I refuse to live under the same roof as that man. 我拒绝和那个讨厌的男人住在同一屋檐下。
[ru:f] verb transitive often passive
■to put a roof on a building 给（建筑物）盖屋顶；给（建筑物）装屋顶
[ru:f] verb transitive often passive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] roof sth in/over
■to put a roof over a place or area 加顶于；给…装盖顶
• The council has decided to roof over the open-air swimming pool. 政务委员会决定给露天游泳池装上顶盖。
n. [建] 屋顶；最高处，顶部；最高限度
 - top, housetop
vt. 给…盖屋顶，覆盖
 - invest, house, sheet, cap

Word: dubious
Front: dubious
[ˈdju:biəs] (研六托雅宝 7599/6855 -2)
Vocabulary: dubious
(once / 922 pages)
adj
Choose the adjective dubious for something you have doubts about or you suspect is not true. That bridge you just "bought" might be of dubious value.
Dubious stems from Latin dubiosus "doubtful" or "uncertain" and contains the Latin root duo in this case meaning "of two minds." This is apparent in that dubious generally describes something that appears one way but is truly another. A dubious claim is probably not true, whereas a dubious website or character is of questionable quality. Dubious can also be synonymous with doubtful when referring to a person as in "she was dubious about the idea."
WORD FAMILY
dubious: dubiously, dubiousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Failing that, why not try a scalping site, morally dubious as that is?
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Those remarks kick started the dubious criminal proceedings that led to Sovannara’s imprisonment.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
However, he’s looking to avoid a dubious distinction with one game remaining.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 半信半疑的，犹豫不决的; 可疑的; 暧昧的，含糊的; 不可靠的
分布：可疑的(69%)，怀疑的(20%)，不确定的(11%)
→来自拉丁语dubius,二，摇摆，波动，词源同doubt.
半信半疑的(dub+ious_二种状态→不肯定,怀疑的)[du,dub,doub=two,表示"二,双"]
怀疑的[dubi=doubtful(怀疑)]
a.怀疑的,无把握的;有问题的,靠不住的The pious man is dubious about the vicious civilian's vivid description of his vicinity to his wife.虔诚的男子对邪恶的平民生动的描述他与其妻子的密切(关系)半信半疑.
【记】dub二，ious－有二种状态的－怀疑的
【参】dubiety（n 可疑性；可疑的东西；怀疑）
【反】certain（adj 确定无疑的）
US ['du:-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■thought not to be completely true or not able to be trusted 半信半疑的，可疑的；不确定的；不可信的
• These claims are dubious and not scientifically proven. 这些说法未经科学证实，有些可疑。
• He has been associated with some dubious characters. 他曾经与一些可疑人物有交往。
• Ruth Ellis has the dubious (= bad) distinction of being the last woman to be hanged in Britain. 露丝‧艾理斯背负着英国最后一个被绞死的女人这样一个恶名。
 ADVANCED
■feeling doubt or not feeling certain 怀疑的；无把握的
• I'm dubious about his promises to change his ways. 他承诺将改变行事方式，我对此有些怀疑。
adj. 可疑的；暧昧的；无把握的；半信半疑的
 - suspicious, doubtful, questionable

Word: eventual
Front: eventual
[ɪˈventʃuəl] (托 7292/5568 -2)
Vocabulary: eventual
(once / 190 pages)
adj
The adjective eventual is used to describe something that is likely to happen in the indefinite future. If you are a teen, you can't wait for your eventual graduation from high school, but later, you'll look back fondly on those same high school days.
Eventual implies that the result will occur due to circumstances already set in motion or if a given set of circumstances happens. In other words, eventual is not used to randomly predict the future. You may hope to win the lottery in the future, but you can't talk about your eventual lottery win because you have no way to guarantee your numbers will be chosen — unless you've figured out a way to rig the system. If you have, maybe you should think about your eventual jail time.
WORD FAMILY
eventual: eventuality, eventually +/ eventuality: eventualities
USAGE EXAMPLES
A 1934 American novel, about the eventual suicide of the fictional character Julian English, was also inspired by the tale and borrowed its title.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Rendel, who worked in the computer and finance departments for several oil firms, ran for Parliament four times before his eventual success.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Its eventual collapse was likely, but not inevitable.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. （事件）最终发生的，结果的; 可能的; 终于的
分布：最终的(86%)，可能的(14%)
最终的(event事件+ual→出事[之后]→最终的)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■happening or existing at a later time or at the end, especially after a lot of effort, problems, etc 最终的，最后的（尤指在付出很大努力或出现很多问题后形成的最终结果）
• The Dukes were the eventual winners of the competition. 此次比赛的最终赢家是杜克一家。
• Although the original budget for the project was $1 billion, the eventual cost is likely to be 50% higher. 虽然这项工程最初的预算是十亿美元，但最终耗资很可能要超出50%。
imminent, eventual
imminent: 临近的，即将发生的
eventual: 最后的，最终的
adj. 最后的，结果的；可能的；终于的
 - finishing, feasible, possible, last, potential

Word: disruption
Front: disruption
[dɪs'rʌpʃn] (6784/5679)
Vocabulary: disruption
(once / 2024 pages)
n
A disruption is a major disturbance, something that changes your plans or interrupts some event or process. A screaming child on an airplane can be a disruption of the passengers' sleep.
A break in the action, especially an unplanned and confusing one, is a disruption. A sudden thunderstorm is an unwelcome disruption of an outdoor wedding ceremony, and a flat tire on an elaborate float will probably cause a parade disruption. When you disrupt something, you upset it or mess it up. In Latin disrupt means "broken into pieces," from dis, "apart," and rumpere, "to break."
WORD FAMILY
disruption: disruptions+/ disrupt: disrupted, disrupting, disruption, disruptive, disrupts/ disruptive: disruptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Campaigners said the rise was a "kick in the teeth" for passengers after months of widespread strike disruption.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The Rock ‘n’ Roll Marathon, the sporting event that causes the most disruption on the District’s streets, is March 11.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Five of 14 routes experienced major disruption on Hogmanay.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 分裂，瓦解; 破裂，毁坏; 中断
分布：分裂(50%)，破裂(37%)，毁坏(13%)
分裂;瓦解(disrupt+ion)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
N-VAR
中断;扰乱;混乱
When there is disruption of an event, system, or process, it is prevented from continuing or operating in a normal way.
例：The strike is expected to cause delays and disruption to flights from Britain...预计罢工将导致英国航班的延误和中断。
例：The rail strike is causing major disruptions at the country's ports.铁路罢工使该国港口陷入了一片混乱。
n. 破坏，毁坏；分裂，瓦解
 - destruction, breaking, blasting, demolition

Word: hanging
Front: hanging
[ˈhæŋɪŋ] (9375/9498)
Back: n. 绞死; 绞刑; （墙上装饰用的）帘子; 帷幔
adj. 应处以死刑的; 量刑偏重的
v. 悬( hang的现在分词 ); （被）绞死; 贴; 逗留
分布：绞刑(78%)，悬挂着的(16%)，动词hang的现在分词形式.(6%)
→来自hang,绞刑，绞杀。
noun
KILL 杀死
countable or uncountable
■the practice of killing someone, especially as a punishment for a serious crime, by dropping them with a rope tied around their neck 绞刑
['hæŋ.ɪŋ] noun
PICTURE 画
countable usually plural
■a large piece of cloth, often with a picture on it, that is hung on a wall for decoration （墙上装饰用的）帘子，帷幕
• The castle's great hall was decorated with sumptuous wall hangings. 城堡的大厅装饰着华丽的帷幕。
n. 悬挂；绞刑；帘子，幔帐
 - gallows
adj. 悬挂着的
 - dangled
v. 悬挂（hang的ing形式）
 - placarding

Word: superpower
Front: superpower
[ˈsu:pəpaʊə(r)] (8289/12946 -2)
Vocabulary: superpower
(once / 4456 pages)
n
The noun superpower is good for talking about a very powerful country, especially one that's strong enough to influence the way other countries act.
When one country dominates the world politically, that country is called a superpower. The United States is considered to be a superpower, and throughout most of the twentieth century, so was the Soviet Union. Political scholars have their eye on China to emerge as the next superpower in the world. Officially, one step lower than a superpower is a great power, which has slightly less influence in the world.
WORD FAMILY
superpower: superpowers+/ overpower: overpowered, overpowering, overpowers/overpowering: overpoweringly/ power: overpower, powered, powerful, powering, powerless, powers, superpower /powered: unpowered/ powerful: powerfulest, powerfully, powerfulness/powerless: powerlessly, powerlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Over the past two decades, China transformed itself into an economic superpower through massive industrialization.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
After the Soviet Union’s collapse in 1991, it became fashionable to talk of the United States as the only true superpower.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Putin wants to be treated as the leader of a superpower precisely because he isn’t.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 超级大国; 超级强权; 超等的巨大力量; 超国家政治实体（指管强国的国际组织）
分布：超级大国(96%)，超能力(4%)
→super-,超级，power,力量，能量。
US [-pɚˌpaʊr] noun countable
■a country which has very great political and military power 超级大国
• Since the disintegration of the USSR, there has been only one superpower - the USA. 自从苏联解体后，世界上就只剩下一个超级大国——美国。

Word: incline
Front: incline
[ɪnˈklaɪn] (研四六雅 12701/12104 -1)
Vocabulary: incline
(once / 93 pages)
1vn 2v
Something that slopes — that is, something that deviates from the straight horizontal or vertical — can be called an incline. If you like to walk up and down hills, you enjoy walking on inclines.
The Latin root of the word incline is inclinare, meaning "to lean." As a verb, the word incline can mean to bend, so you incline your head. It can also mean to be favorably disposed toward something and you can think of it as having a bent for or leaning toward something. If the weather is nasty, you may be inclined to stay home to watch a movie with a bowl of popcorn at your side.
WORD FAMILY
incline: disincline, inclination, inclined, inclines, inclining+/ disinclination: disinclinations/disincline: disinclination, disinclined, disinclines, disinclining/ inclination: inclinations/inclining: inclinings
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a clergy person I’m inclined to see more than just team loyalty.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
U.S.-born Latinos typically are bilingual or speak mostly English and are inclined to watch TV in English — if they watch at all.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
So it was something of a surprise when, this past February, an academically inclined online publication appeared, full of erudite arguments in favor of Trump.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）倾斜，弄斜; （使）偏向，倾向于; （使）认为; 点（头）（以示同意、打招呼等）
n. 斜坡; 斜面; 坡度; 倾斜
时态：inclined, inclining, inclines
分布：倾斜(48%)，斜坡(32%)，斜面(18%)，向前弯(2%)
→in-,进入，使，-cline,倾向，倾斜，词源同acclivity,decline.
倾斜;偏向(in进入＋cline→进入斜→偏向,喜爱)[clin,cliv=lean,slope,表示"倾斜,斜坡"]
v.(使)倾斜;(使)倾向于n.斜坡,斜面I'm inclined to underline these disciplines in the outline written on linen.我倾向于给写在亚麻布上的大纲中的这些学科划下画线.
formal
verb[ɪnˈklaɪn]
FEEL 感觉
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (make someone) feel something or want to do something （使）倾向于
• The Prime Minister is believed to be inclining towards an April election. 据信首相倾向于在四月举行大选。
formal
verb[ɪnˈklaɪn]
MOVE 移动
transitive
■to (cause to) slope at a particular angle （使）倾斜
• The ground inclined steeply towards the ridge in the distance. 地势陡峭，陡坡一直延绵至远处的山脊。
incline your head
■to bend your head slightly forward and down 点头
• He inclined his head and said nothing. 他点了点头，但甚么也没说。
formal
verb[ɪnˈklaɪn]
  Phrasal Verbs  incline to/towards sth
■to think that a belief or opinion is probably correct 倾向于认为；倾向于赞同
• I incline to the view that peace can be achieved. 我倾向于认为和平是可以实现的。
formal
noun countable /ˈɪn.klaɪn/
■a slope 斜坡；斜面
• a steep/gentle incline 陡坡／缓坡
vi. 倾斜；倾向；易于
 - pitch, slope, affect
vt. 使倾斜；使倾向于
 - slope, lean
n. 倾斜；斜面；斜坡
 - hill, slope, decline, pitch

Word: formidable
Front: formidable
[ˈfɔ:mɪdəbl] (研六托雅宝 6229/5358 -2)
Vocabulary: formidable
(once / 331 pages)
adj
What do the national debt, your old gym teacher, and your mother-in-law have in common? They're all formidable — that is, they inspire fear and respect thanks to their size, or special ability, or unusual qualities. (Or possibly all three in the case of your mother-in-law.)
What's interesting about formidable is that we often tend to use it about things that, while they may scare us, we can't help being pretty impressed by all the same. A formidable opponent is almost by definition a worthy one; a formidable challenge almost by definition one worth rising to. Not surprisingly, this word is derived from the Latin formidare, "to fear."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
formidable / formative
Formidable describes a foe you're slightly afraid of, but formative describes what formed you. Perhaps a formidable gymteacher scared the pants off you during your formative years in grade school, and now you're a world-class athlete. (Or a bookworm, depending on how you react to formidable foes.)
If you're a software designer, Microsoft is a formidable opponent. Such an enemy is one you dread, or perhaps respect or are awed by, because of its power, size, or capabilities. If you have a formidable vocabulary, you have a lot of words to choose from:
"A really formidable fighter can be worth more than a horse," he said. (New York Times)
Temple turned out to be more formidable than most expected. (Washington Post)
Heath Shuler is taking on an even more formidable opponent: House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. (Knoxville News)
Something formative shapes or forms a person or thing. Your early years are generally considered formative because they greatly influence who you are. Let's form an idea from some examples:
Psychologists have always stressed the formative influence of parents, but siblings have been studied less. (New York Times)
Marc Webb's film explores the formative years of Peter Parker, previously played on screen by Tobey Maguire. (BBC)
Naturally, he has formative memories built around the intersection of the team with his life. (Seattle Times)
Remember: your formative period was when you were learning to become a formidable foe for words with unruly definitions. And mean gym teachers.
WORD FAMILY
formidable: formidability, formidably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Giants at Packers: Perhaps the two most formidable challengers to the Cowboys in the NFC meet in the opening round.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Attuned to the deception, U.S. immigration officials put Chinese arrivals through a formidable inquisition to ensure they were who they claimed to be.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Attuned to the deception, United States immigration officials put Chinese arrivals through a formidable inquisition to ensure they were who they claimed to be.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 可怕的; 令人敬畏的; 难以对付的
分布：强大的(54%)，可怕的(38%)，难对付的(8%)
→来自拉丁语formido, 恐惧，害怕。后词义由恐惧弱化成敬畏。
a.强大的;令人敬畏的;可怕的;艰难的He faced formidable opposition in carrying out this policy.在执行这一政策的过程中, 他遭到难以抵挡的反对.
【记】form（v 形成），id＝ID（ID card：身份证）－做假证是一件困难的事情，而且是可怕的，因为一旦被发现，这辈子你都别想去美国了。
【反】comforting（adj 安慰的）；simple（adj 简单的）；enticing（adj 诱人的）；reassuring（adj 可靠的）；genial（adj 亲切的）
US [fɔ:r-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■causing you to have fear or respect for something or someone because they are large, powerful or difficult 可怕的；令人敬畏的；难对付的
• a formidable obstacle/task 令人生畏的障碍／任务
• a formidable adversary/enemy/opponent 难对付的敌手／劲敌／强大的对手
• a formidable intellect 令人敬畏的知识分子
• disapproving the director and his formidable wife 导演和他那令人生畏的妻子
adj. 强大的；可怕的；令人敬畏的；艰难的
 - powerful, terrible, august, horrible

Word: cousin
Front: cousin
[ˈkʌzn] (中高研四六 2714/3010 -K4)
Vocabulary: cousin
(once / 94 pages)
n
If Aunt Sally has a kid, that kid is your cousin, and if Aunt Sally's kid has a kid, and you have a kid too, then your kid and Sally's kid's kid are second cousins.
A cousin is a relative that's farther from you than an immediate relation like your brother or sister, usually the child of your aunt or uncle. Depending on how many children are born into your family, you might have tons of cousins you've never even met, like your distant cousin Johnny who went wild up in Alaska. We also use cousin to describe a kind of family resemblance between things, like the way barbecue sauce is the cousin of ketchup.
WORD FAMILY
cousin: cousinly, cousins+/cousinly: uncousinly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s Cousins’ next-to-last pass — a defeat-clinching interception — that will be remembered and used as evidence against his case for a long-term contract.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But he’s not certain that will be the case and isn’t sure about Cousins’ desire to be back.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Cousins played last season under the franchise tag.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 堂[表]兄弟姊妹; 远亲，同辈
分布：名词(100%)
→来自拉丁词consobrinus, 表亲，来自sobr-, 姐妹，词源同sister, sorority. 即母亲的姐妹的子女。
n.堂(或表)兄弟,堂(或表)姐妹He is a cousin of Mike's.他是麦克的堂兄弟.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL (also first cousin)
■a child of a person's aunt or uncle, or, more generally, a distant (= not close) relation 堂（或表）兄弟；堂（或表）姐妹；远房亲戚
• My brother's wife and I both had babies around the same time, so the cousins are very close in age. 我嫂子和我差不多同时生了孩子，因此这对表兄妹年纪相若。
• Many of our distant cousins, whom we hadn't seen for years, came to my sister's wedding. 我们家许多多年未见的远房亲戚赶来参加姐姐的婚礼。
■a member of a group of people with similar origins （具有相似渊源的）兄弟民族（或国家）的人
• We Americans owe a great deal to our European cousins. 我们美国人得到欧洲兄弟的许多帮助。

Word: appal
Front: appal
[əˈpɔ:l] (研 11526/19412 -3)
Back: vt. 使惊骇，使充满恐惧; 惊吓
vi. 减弱; 变得苍白
时态：appalled, appalling, appals
分布：使 ... 吓坏(34%)，使 ... 惊骇(33%)，失败(33%)
→前缀ap-同ad-, 在p字母开头的词根前同化为ap-. 词根pal, 苍白的，见pale.
使震惊(ap+pal白色→[脸]变白→受惊)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
v.使惊骇,使恐怖He was appalled at what he saw.他被自己看到的景象吓坏了.
US [-'pɑ:l/
verb transitive
■to make someone have strong feelings of shock or of disapproval 使惊骇；使震惊
• I was appalled at/by the lack of staff in the hospital. 医院里人手之少令我震惊。
• The state of the kitchen appalled her. 厨房的脏乱让她目瞪口呆。
vt. 使惊骇；惊吓
 - astound, take aback
vi. 减弱；变得苍白；令人发腻
 - fall, lower

Word: mob
Front: mob
[mɒb] (研六 5707/6467 -2)
Vocabulary: mob
(once / 293 pages)
1nv 2n
A mob is a big, rowdy group of people. You might avoid shopping at the mall right before Christmas because you can't stand the mob of shoppers.
A mob might gather around the piñata at a big birthday party or cluster in front of a music venue when tickets go on sale for a hugely popular concert. When people join one of these groups, you can also say that they mob, and "the mob" also sometimes refers to organized crime. You might describe the hundreds of people thronging the county fair on Friday night as a "mob scene." The Latin root, mobile vulgus, means "fickle common people."
WORD FAMILY
mob: mobbed, mobbing, mobbish, mobed, mobing, moblike, mobs, mobster +/ mobster: mobsters
USAGE EXAMPLES
All of his team-mates joined him, mobbing him to celebrate.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He moves up the ranks with a rival mob, overseeing a rum-running operation.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“We shouldn’t be running into all kinds of obstacles and face all this comprehensive mobbing just doing what we’re supposed to do,” she said.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 暴徒; 犯罪团伙，黑手党; 民众，乌合之众; 〈美俚〉匪帮，一群罪犯
vt. 聚众包围; 大举包围，围攻; 蜂拥进入
时态：mobbed, mobbing, mobs
分布：暴民(82%)，一伙(10%)，大举包围(7%)，蜂拥而入(1%)
→缩写自拉丁语mobile vulgus,被煽动的民众，引申词义暴民，黑帮。
暴民[mob=move,表示"动"]
n.乌合之众(尤指暴力者)vi.围攻,聚众闹事An angry mob gathered outside the municipal building.一群愤怒的暴民聚集在市政大楼的外面.
US [mɑ:b] noun [+ sing/pl verb]
countable usually disapproving
■a large angry crowd, especially one which could easily become violent 暴民，乱民
• The angry mob outside the jail was/were ready to riot. 监狱外愤怒的暴民准备闹事。
• a lynch mob 行私刑的暴民
• Fifty people were killed in three days of mob violence. 三天的暴乱中有50人丧生。
countable informal
■a group of people who are friends or who are similar in some way 一群人，一伙；帮派，团伙
• The usual mob were/was hanging out at the bar. 酒吧里闲混的还是往常那伙人。
only singular informal
■an organization of criminals 犯罪集团
• a New York mob leader 纽约犯罪集团的头目
⇒ See also mobster
UK [mɒb] US [mɑ:b] verb transitive
transitive usually passive (-bb-)
■to come together around someone in a crowd to express admiration, interest or anger （人群）围住，围聚
• They were mobbed by fans when they arrived at the theatre. 他们到达剧院时，被影迷团团围住。
• Let's not go to the Old Town tonight - it's always mobbed (= there are always a lot of people there) on Fridays. 我们今晚不要去老城了——那里星期五总是有许多人。
intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
■When a group of birds or small animals mob a bigger or more frightening bird or animal that is hunting them, they attack it together and force it to go away. （鸟群或一群小动物）成群袭击，围攻（猛禽或猛兽）
mob, through, masses, crowd, people
这组词都有“人们，人群”的意思，其区别是：
mob: 含贬义，指乌合之众、暴民。
through: 与crowd含义很接近，常可换用，但侧重指向前运动的群众。
masses: 指群众或平民，在西方国家含贬义，在我国含褒义。
crowd: 本义指一大群紧紧聚集在一起的人群，现指群众整体，由个体结合的人群或大众。
people: 最普通用词，不带任何色彩，泛指不确定数量的人们。
band, mob, masses, gang, swarm, group, throug, crowd
这组词都有“群，帮，伙”的意思，其区别是：
band: 多指一群有明确宗旨，为共同目的而结合在一起的人，常含贬义。
mob: 指无组织、乱七八糟凑合在一起的乌合之众，或指聚集在一起寻衅滋事的人群，多为暴徒。
masses: 指群众或人民大众。
gang: 常指从事非法、暴力或敌对活动的帮派或团伙。有时呈中性，词义同group。
swarm: 指人数众多，杂乱无章，不停移动的一群人。
group: 普通用词，通常指有组织、有秩序的一群人，也可指无意汇集在一起的一群人。
throug: 书面用词，意义接近crowd，侧重密集地挤在一起的一群，含挤在一起向前推进之意。
crowd: 常指无组织地乱哄哄地挤在一起的人群。
people, masses, crowd, throng, mob
这些名词均有“人们，人群”之意。
people: 最普通用词，不带任何色彩，泛指不确定数量的人们。
masses: 指群众或平民，在西方国家含贬义，在我国含褒义。
crowd: 本义指一大群紧紧聚集在一起的人群，现指群众整体，由个体结合的人群或大众。
through: 与crowd含义很接近，常可换用，但侧重指向前运动的群众。
mob: 含贬义，指乌合之众、暴民。
n. 暴民，暴徒；民众；乌合之众
 - mass, clamjamfry
vt. 大举包围，围攻；蜂拥进入
 - beleaguer

Word: lethal
Front: lethal
[ˈli:θl] (托雅宝 6159/6941 -2)
Vocabulary: lethal
(once / 2719 pages)
adj
Lethal refers to anything dangerous enough to cause death. The cobra's venom is so lethal that if you get bitten and can't find the antidote, it's lights out forever.
Poisonous spiders, guns, knives, and radiation — all of these things can be lethal because they have the ability to kill. Even some substances that on their own aren't dangerous can become lethal in large quantities. Eating a peanut butter sandwich won't hurt most people, but it can be lethal to those with a nut allergy. Words like deadly and fatal mean the same as lethal.
WORD FAMILY
lethal: lethality, lethally, nonlethal
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officers first tried less lethal weapons to detain the suspect but they didn’t work.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Harambe's death touched off a heated - if predictable - debate about zoo welfare standards and whether lethal force was necessary.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The launchers are outfitted with bright, safety-orange stocks and barrels and labeled with “less lethal” lettering.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 致命的，致死的; 能致命的; 破坏性的; 有害的
n. 致死因子
分布：致命的(89%)，危险的(7%)，有效的(4%)
→来自拉丁语letum,死亡，词源不详。可能同Lethe,冥河，地狱，引申词义死去的，致命的。
致命的(忘了,死了)[leth=oblivion(遗忘)]
【记】le乐，th死，al＝all：所有人都乐死了，因为吃了致命的乐死丸。读：离骚－屈原遭到致命的打击后写出《离骚》
adjective
■able to cause or causing death; extremely dangerous 致命的；极其危险的
• Three minutes after the fire started, the house was full of lethal fumes. 起火三分钟后，房子里充满了致命的毒气。
• In the car the police found guns, knives and other lethal weapons (= weapons which can kill). 员警在车里找到了枪支、刀具及其他一些凶器。
• A 59-year-old man was executed by lethal injection (= by having a poisonous substance put into his body) this morning. 今晨一位59岁的男性罪犯被执行注射死刑。
• informal That combination of tiredness and alcohol is lethal (= has a very bad effect). 身体的疲劳加上酒精的作用会产生非常严重的后果。
mortal, fatal, lethal, deadly
这组词都有“致命的”的意思，其区别是：
mortal: 语气强，指导致死亡的直接原因。
fatal: 正式用词，强调死亡的不可避免性，多用于指伤或疾病等。
lethal: 指由于某物本身具有致命的性能。
deadly: 指能致命或实际已致命的事物，也可指企图致死他人的人。
adj. [生物] [医] 致命的，致死的
 - kill, fatal, deadly

Word: arctic
Vocabulary: arctic
(once / 3009 pages)
1adj 2n
If the weatherman warns of arctic conditions, get out your thermal underwear, hats, and gloves. It's going to be cold. The word arctic describes frigid and inhospitable weather.
The word arctic refers to the Arctic Circle — the North Pole and the land that surrounds it — which is the northernmost major circle of latitude on the Earth. When you think of the word arctic, imagine the weather at the North Pole, cold and windy, suitable only for hearty animals and mythical toy-making elves. Bundle up for the arctic blast heading down from Canada towards the U.S.!
WORD FAMILY
arctic: arctically, arctics, subarctic
USAGE EXAMPLES
FAIRBANKS, Alaska — Never climb into an airplane cockpit in winter without your best military-grade arctic boots, rated to minus 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
A blast of arctic air from Canada caused temperatures to plunge by more than 40 degrees across Arkansas on Saturday.
Washington Times(Dec 18, 2016)
The National Weather Service is predicting temperatures down to minus 5 degrees in the Tri-Cities Friday night, as arctic air moves into the region.
Seattle Times(Dec 16, 2016)

Word: youngster
Front: youngster
[ˈjʌŋstə(r)] (研四六托雅 4797/3242 -3)
Vocabulary: youngster
(once / 536 pages)
n
Youngster is a good, generic way to talk about a person who's younger than you are, especially a child. If you babysit a neighborhood kid, you can describe him as a youngster.
The noun youngster is a casual word meaning "child," and its synonyms include tyke and small fry. Older people sometimes use it to refer to adults who are younger than they are: "You youngsters can keep playing cards, but I'm going to bed!" Youngster has been around since the 1500's, when it replaced the earlier youngling.
WORD FAMILY
youngster: youngsters
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a youngster he watched the B.Y.U. team practice and thought of becoming a football coach someday.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
And the family spread some festive cheer by delivering gowns to youngsters at the Princess Royal Hospital in Telford.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Most days, the exuberant youngster offers high-fives and chatters happily with her teachers and fellow preschoolers at Wellspring Early Learning Center.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 年轻人; 小孩子; 少年
分布：少年(48%)，小伙子(18%)，年青人(17%)，幼小动物(10%)，儿童(7%)
n.小伙子,年轻人;少年,儿童That youngster is my brother.那个小孩是我的兄弟.
US [-stɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a young person, usually an older child 年轻人；少年
• The scheme is for youngsters between the ages of 10 and 16. 该方案适用于年龄介乎10至16岁之间的少年儿童。
child, youngster, infant, baby
这组词都有“孩子”的意思，其区别是：
child: 普通用词，含义广，无感情色彩。泛指从胎儿、婴儿到10岁左右的儿童。
youngster: 泛指任何年龄的儿童或者少年，多指男孩，多为年长者的使用。
infant: 书面用词，狭义指出生后到两岁的小孩，广义指7岁以下的孩子；法律上则指未到法定年龄。
baby: 日常用词，一般指从刚出生的婴儿到满两岁的或非常小的孩子，常含钟爱意味。
n. 年轻人；少年
 - young adult, stripling

Word: astonish
Front: astonish
[əˈstɒnɪʃ] (高研四托 12542/18564 -1)
Vocabulary: astonish
(once / 88 pages)
v
Things that might astonish you: the discovery of life on another planet, a death-defying performance, and the number of dinosaurs a six-year old child can name. To astonish is to amaze and astound.
Remember that astonish means more than surprised. It carries with it a feeling of being truly impressed. Astonish derives from the Latin tonare 'thunder.' When you are astonished, you're thunderstruck. If you plan to astonish someone, you might say before hand, "Wait until you see this. It's going to knock your socks off."
WORD FAMILY
astonish: astonished, astonishes, astonishing, astonishment +/ astonished: astonishedly/ astonishing: astonishingly / astonishment: astonishments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The sheer range of musical expression is astonishing: pastoral reveries, woodland scenes, romantic arias, heroic dramas, historical legends and visions of spiritual strife.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“China is moving from being the main problem to the main solution,” he said, calling Friday’s announcement, “the most astonishing and wonderful piece of news.”
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Adams’ became an astonishing success after “Watership Down” was published.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使惊讶，使大为吃惊
时态：astonished, astonishing, astonishes
分布：使吃惊(56%)，使惊讶(44%)
→as来自前缀ex- 变体，此处表强调。词根ton, 雷，拟声词，同thunder. 指如被雷击。
vt.使惊讶,使吃惊The astronaut, an astronomy fan, is astonished at the gymnastics show in the gymnasium.宇航员(一位天文学迷)对体育馆里的体操表演感到惊骇.
US [-'stɑ:.nɪʃ] verb transitive
■to surprise someone very much 使吃惊；使惊讶
• I was astonished by how much she'd grown. 她竟然长那么高了，这让我很惊讶。
• What astonished me was that he didn't seem to mind. 让我感到诧异的是他好像毫不在乎。
stun, astound, astonish, surprise, amaze, startle
这组词都有“使惊愕，使惊讶，使惊奇”的意思，其区别是：
stun: 语气最强，指极度惊讶而目瞪口呆，不知所措。
astound: 语气强，指由于事情令人难以置信或实在罕见而使人感到震惊。
astonish: 语气较强，指出乎预料，意外发生，但又无法解释而感到惊奇。
surprise: 普通用词，多指因未预料或意外的事而引起的惊奇之感。
amaze: 语气较强，指因认为不可能或极少可能发生情况的出现而感到惊讶或迷惑不解。
startle: 指因突然的惊吓或意料不到的刺激等而使人惊跳或震惊。
vt. 使惊讶
 - emmarvel, gast

Word: ethic
Front: ethic
[ˈeθɪk] (托 7137/12332 -2)
Vocabulary: ethic
(once / 308 pages)
n
An ethic is framework, or guiding principle, and it's often moral. People with a strong work ethic believe that hard work is a good thing in and of itself.
A social ethic might include "treating people as you want to be treated." Used in the plural, ethics refers to the moral rules that you live by. You can use it generally, as in: "my ethics don’t include cheating." Or you can use it specifically, as in: "Slander and the running of negative ads do not seem to contradict the senator’s political ethics."
WORD FAMILY
ethic: ethics +/ ethical: ethically, unethical /ethicism: ethicist/ethicist: ethicists/ ethics: ethical, ethicism/ unethical: unethically
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Evidently, ethics are the first casualty of the new Republican Congress," Pelosi said in a statement.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“Evidently, ethics are the first casualty of the new Republican Congress.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Beyond education efforts, Brewer created by executive order the first state Ethics Commission.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 伦理，伦理观; 道德体系; （复数）伦理学，道德学; （复数）行为准则
分布：伦理(85%)，道德规范(15%)
→来自ethos, 道德观。
noun
countable usually plural
■a system of accepted beliefs which control behaviour, especially such a system based on morals 行为准则，伦理；（尤指）道德体系，道德规范：
• the (Protestant) work ethic （新教徒的）职业道德
• The ethics of journalism are much debated. 新闻业的职业道德是个广受讨论的问题。
• He said he was bound by a scientist's code of ethics. 他说他受到科学家的道德准则的约束。
• Publication of the article was a breach of ethics. 发表这篇文章有违伦理道德。
ethics uncountable
■the study of what is morally right and what is not 伦理学；道德学
n. 伦理；道德规范
 - moral rule, moral appeals
adj. 伦理的；道德的（等于ethical）
 - moral

Word: sad
Vocabulary: sad
(once / 58 pages)
adj
When you're sad, you feel unhappy. If you've ever experienced the death of a pet you loved deeply, you know exactly what it means to feel sad.
You might use the adjective sad informally to describe something that's pathetic or that you feel scornful or disdainful about. For example, you might comment on your friend's elaborate homemade hat by saying, "That hat is just sad," though it wouldn't be very nice of you to say it. The term "sad sack" became popular during World War II and has been used ever since to refer to an incompetent, slightly pitiful person.
WORD FAMILY
sad: sadden, sadder, saddest, sadly, sadness +/sadden: saddened, saddening, saddens/ sadness: sadnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
"I was very alarmed and sad to see such a graceful and giant rare creature lying dead on our shores," said Mr Chandran.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
"It's more sad than nerve-wracking because of the world we live in," he said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the class also fell on a particularly sad day for “Star Wars” fans.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: lavish
Front: lavish
[ˈlævɪʃ] (托雅宝 9031/9685 -2)
Vocabulary: lavish
(once / 520 pages)
adjv
Lavish means generous and extravagant as an adjective and to give generously as a verb. If you don't like it when people lavish you with attention, you might appreciate a lavish spread of excellent food instead.
Lavish comes from the Old French lavache meaning "deluge, torrent" referring to rain. When you see it, think of a shower of good things coming down on you as you never use lavish with something bad. Didn't your parents lavish you with praise and love when you were small? With lavish as an adjective, you can rephrase that question like this: Didn't your parents offer you lavish praise and love when you were little?
WORD FAMILY
lavish: lavished, lavishes, lavishing, lavishingly, lavishly, lavishness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In New Delhi and many other cities, newspapers are full of big advertisements for lavish parties at upscale hotels and restaurants.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Share prices are also being driven by salivation that he will deliver the lavish tax breaks he promised corporate America.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He even invited the diplomats’ children to attend lavish Orthodox Christmas festivities in the Kremlin.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 过分慷慨的; 非常浪费的; 过分丰富的; 大量生产的
vt. 过分给予，滥施; 浪费，挥霍; 慷慨地给与
时态：lavished, lavishing, lavishes
分布：浪费(40%)，浪费的(23%)，丰富的(22%)，大方的(8%)，慷慨给予(7%)
→来自拉丁语lavare,冲洗，涌出，词源同lava,dilute,antediluvian,-ish,形容词后缀。即大量涌出的，大量的。
浪费a.浪费的(lav+ish→冲掉→浪费)[lav,luv,lut=wash,表示"洗,冲洗"]
【记】lav冲刷，花钱如流水－lavish
【反】stint（v 吝啬；节省）；mean（adj 吝啬的）；penurious（adj 吝啬的）；impecunious（adj 没有钱的）；economical（adj 节约的）；hoard（v 储藏）；austere（adj 简朴的）excoriate（v 批判）－praise lavishly（过分赞扬）
adjective
■more than enough, especially if expensive; very generous 奢华的，豪华的；慷慨的，大方的
• lavish gifts/promises/praise 奢华的礼物／慷慨的允诺／毫不吝惜的赞扬
• lavish spending 铺张的开支
• lavish banquets 豪华的宴会
• The evening was a lavish affair with glorious food and an endless supply of champagne. 晚会很豪华，食物精美可口，香槟源源不断。
• The lavish production makes this musical truly memorable. 这部音乐剧的豪华制作阵容给人留下了深刻印象。
['læv.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lavish sth on sb/sth
■to give someone a lot, or too much, of something such as money, presents or attention 为…倾注，为…挥霍，为…提供大量的…
• She lavishes money on her grandchildren. 她为孙辈们倾注大量金钱。
• The committee lavished praise on the project. 委员会对该工程大加赞赏。
adj. 浪费的；丰富的；大方的
 - abundant, full, generous, wasted, handsome
vt. 浪费；慷慨给予；滥用
 - lose, spend, strain, abuse

Word: taxation
Front: taxation
[tækˈseɪʃn] (雅 9627/3075 -2)
Vocabulary: taxation
(once / 756 pages)
n
Taxation refers to the practice of a government collecting money from its citizens to pay for public services. Without taxation, there would be no public libraries or parks.
One of the most frequently debated political topics is taxation. Taxation is the practice of collecting taxes (money) from citizens based on their earnings and property. The money raised from taxation supports the government and allows it to fund police and courts, have a military, build and maintain roads, along with many other services. Taxation is the price of being a citizen, though politicians and citizens often argue about how much taxation is too little or too much.
WORD FAMILY
taxation: taxations+/overtax: overtaxed, overtaxes, overtaxing/tax: overtax, supertax, taxable, taxation, taxed, taxer, taxes, taxing/taxable: nontaxable, taxability/taxed: untaxed/taxer: taxers/taxing: taxingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is not a coincidence, as old Marxists used to say, that his proposed cuts to personal taxation would shower cash on the already wealthy.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The contribution from benefit taxation never accounts for more than a small percentage of the total costs of Social Security.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Et voila: finally a system of corporate taxation that raises revenue efficiently, discourages debt and promotes capital investment right here in the USA.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 课税; 征税; 税; 税收
分布：征税(78%)，课税(18%)，税金(4%)
noun uncountable
■the system of taxing people 税收制度
n. 课税，征税； [税收] 税款
 - imposition of tax, taxe

Word: imbalance
Front: imbalance
[ɪmˈbæləns] (托 8131/7792 -1)
Vocabulary: imbalance
(once / 5675 pages)
n
An imbalance occurs when you have too much of some things and too little of others. If you put so much pepper in your soup that you can't taste the other spices, then you caused an imbalance in your flavoring.
It’s easy to remember the meaning of imbalance when you break the word into parts. You might recognize the prefix im- as a way to say “not.” Combine that with the familiar word balance, and you come up with something that is decidedly out of whack, or not balanced. It means that something is out of proportion, such as a trade imbalance between nations, meaning the amount of goods they sell to one another is not equal.
WORD FAMILY
imbalance: imbalanced, imbalances+/ balance: balanced, balancer, balances, balancing, counterbalance, imbalance, microbalance, overbalance, unbalance/ balanced: balancedly/balancer: balancers/balancing: balancings, self-balancing/counterbalance: counterbalanced, counterbalances, counterbalancing/overbalance: overbalanced, overbalances, overbalancing/unbalance: unbalanced, unbalances, unbalancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The effects of small imbalances between calories eaten and calories burned are more pronounced when people deliberately lose weight, Dr. Hall said.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
It is up for debate whether the league is suffering or benefiting from a competitive imbalance.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Budget hawks see health care as the main driver of government deficits, and they are loath to address that imbalance by raising taxes.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 不平衡; 不安定; 失调
分布：不平衡(86%)，失调(14%)
→im-,不，非，来自im-的字母m开头前的拼写异化形式，balance,平衡。
noun countable
■when two things which should be equal or are normally equal are not 不平衡，不均衡，失调
• There is huge economic imbalance between the two countries. 两国之间的经济存在着严重的不均衡。
n. [医] 不平衡；不安定
 - instability, disbalance

Word: sluggish
Front: sluggish
[ˈslʌgɪʃ] (托雅 10122/11196 -1)
Vocabulary: sluggish
(once / 1088 pages)
adj
When you are feeling draggy — positively slug-like — you are sluggish, or slow. If cookie sales are sluggish at your bake sale, you are selling very few treats.
Just about anything can be sluggish. An old computer that takes forever to load a piece of software is sluggish, as is a car that can't quite make it up a big hill. And who isn't sluggish in the morning before the first cup of coffee?! Picture a slug moving its heavy little body across a basketball court... Still going? Yes. It will take that slug forever to get to the foul line at the sluggish pace it's moving.
WORD FAMILY
sluggish: sluggishly, sluggishness+/ slug: sluggard, slugged, slugger, slugging, sluggish, slugs/ sluggard: sluggards/slugger: sluggers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gold XAU= was sluggish, with the precious metal sliding about 0.1 percent to $1,150.82, after a flat start to the year on Monday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Companies saw little reason to invest when U.S. economic growth was sluggish.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Pérez played off the right and he looked nervous and a little sluggish.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 行动迟缓的，反应慢的; 不机警的; 懒散的，不活泼的; 无精打采的
分布：缓慢的(56%)，萧条的(25%)，迟钝的(8%)，懒惰的(6%)，无精打采的(5%)
→slug,懒鬼，懒散，-ish,形容词后缀。
行动迟钝的(slug懒汉)[-ish 1.表形容词"像…一样,有的..."通常放在一具体名词后2.表动词"造成…"3.表示"国家的或语言"]
【反】alacritous（adj 活泼敏捷的）
adjective
■moving or operating more slowly than usual and with less energy or power 行动缓慢的；迟缓的
• A heavy lunch makes me sluggish in the afternoon. 丰盛的午餐使我一下午都懒得动弹。
• Something is wrong with the car - the engine feels a bit sluggish. 这辆车出了问题——引擎运转不太顺畅。
• The housing market has been very sluggish these past few years. 过去这几年房地产市场一直很萧条。
adj. 萧条的；迟钝的；行动迟缓的；懒惰的
 - slow, depressed, lazy

Word: murky
Front: murky
[ˈmɜ:ki] (宝 9073/11317 -1)
Vocabulary: murky
(once / 2159 pages)
adj
Something that's murky is dim, gloomy or hard to see through clearly. Think of the dark fog around a haunted house or the cloudy, muddy water in a swamp.
Rarely used before the 17th century, this adjective came about by adding a "y" to the word murk. Murk itself evolved from myrkr, a Norse word for "darkness.” Things that are murky are unclear; that goes for murky, sediment-filled lakes, shady business deals, and arguments that don't seem to make any sense.
WORD FAMILY
murky: murkier, murkiest, murkily, murkiness+/murk: murked, murking, murks, murky
USAGE EXAMPLES
The politics and diplomacy may be murky, but, based on a visit to the area late last month, the infrastructure here is ready to roll.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s easy to imagine that she’s walking into the murky depths, never to return.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Cutler’s future with Chicago is as murky as ever after being limited to five games in 2016.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 阴暗的，昏暗的; 朦胧的，含糊的，暧昧的; （指水）脏的，（雾等）浓的; （陷入）心中无数的困境（或险境）
adv. 阴暗地，混浊地，可疑地
n. 阴暗; 昏暗; 混浊; 可疑
级别：murkier, murkiest
分布：黑暗的(52%)，朦胧的(25%)，含糊的(13%)，隐晦的(6%)，烟雾弥漫的(4%)
→来自murk,昏暗。即昏暗的，引申词义暧昧的。
【记】murk（n 黑暗），mur墙，在监狱的墙里面－昏暗的
【反】lucid（adj 明晰的）；limpid（adj 清澈的）；pellucid（adj 透明的）；clear（adj 清楚的）
US ['mɝ:-] adjective
DARK/DIRTY 黑漆漆的／肮脏的
■dark and dirty or difficult to see through 黑暗的；不清楚的；肮脏的
• The river was brown and murky after the storm. 暴风雨过后，河水变成了褐色，浑浊不清。
UK ['mɜ:.ki] US ['mɝ:-] adjective
UNPLEASANT SITUATION 使人不快的处境
■describes a situation that is complicated and unpleasant, and about which many facts are not clear （形势）复杂难懂的，不明朗的
• He became involved in the murky world of international drug-dealing. 他卷入了阴暗复杂的跨国贩毒生意中。
• I don't want to get into the murky waters of family arguments. 我不想淌家庭纠纷这道浑水。
adj. 黑暗的；朦胧的；阴郁的
 - dark, sad, gray, gloomy

Word: separatist
Front: separatist
[ˈseprətɪst] (13748/16849 -2)
Back: n. 分离主义者; 独立派
分布：分离主义者(78%)，独立派(22%)
→separate,分开，分离，-ist,人。
US [-ɚ.ə.tˌɪst] noun countable
■someone who is a member of a racial, religious or other group within a country and who believes that this group should be independent and have their own government or in some way live apart from other people 分裂主义者，分离主义者
n. 分离主义者；独立派
 - disunionist, independents

Word: acceptable
Front: acceptable
[əkˈseptəbl] (四 3415/2388 -K3)
Vocabulary: acceptable
(once / 494 pages)
adj
Something that is acceptable is satisfactory or proper for whatever purpose it is considered; it may not be all that’s hoped for, but it's at least adequate. A grade of “A” is best, but is a grade of "C" acceptable? It depends on whom you ask.
The word acceptable means "able to accept," a word that comes from the Latin acceptare, which meant "to take willingly." Although the word acceptable suggests something that is fine, it sometimes suggests the least that would be sufficient, and can carry a somewhat negative connotation, as was the case when Franz Kafka wrote, "Start with what is right rather than what is acceptable."
WORD FAMILY
acceptable: acceptability, acceptableness, acceptablest, acceptably, unacceptable, unacceptably+/ accept: acceptable, acceptance, acceptant, acceptation, accepted, accepting, acceptive, accepts/acceptability: acceptabilities/ acceptance: acceptances, nonacceptance/acceptation: acceptations/ accepted: acceptedly, unaccepted/accepting: acceptingly/unacceptable: unacceptability, unacceptableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
And why, after years of state budget cuts to cities, is this an acceptable consequence?
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The industry also needs to develop a set of standards that are acceptable to the banks.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What is needed is to hold the mirror up to society and understand why we deem some forms of dress acceptable and others unacceptable.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 可接受的; 合意的; （社会上）认同的; （礼物等）令人满意的
分布：可接受的(84%)，合意的(9%)，受欢迎的(7%)
[cept=take拿取]
【记】accept接受，able能……的－值得接受的－令人满意的
adjective
 IMPROVER
■satisfactory and able to be agreed to or approved of 令人满意的；可以接受的；可容许的；赞同的
• Clearly we need to come to an arrangement that is acceptable to both parties. 显然我们需要作出一个双方都能接受的安排。
• So what is an acceptable level of radiation? 那么，可接受的辐射量是多少？
• This kind of attitude is simply not acceptable. 这种态度是完全无法接受的。
 ADVANCED
■just good enough, but not very good 差强人意，勉强可以的
• Her performance was acceptable, but not stunning. 她的表演差强人意，算不上精彩。
adj. 可接受的；合意的；可忍受的
 - receivable, admissible

Word: slight
Front: slight
[slaɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 2982/2237 -K3)
Vocabulary: slight
(once / 44 pages)
adjvn
Anything slight is very small. There's a slight chance you'll run into a celebrity in New York City — in other words, don't count on it. A slight is also an insult, like giving someone the cold shoulder. Burr.
Every meaning of slight stems from the Old Norse for "small or flimsy." If you have a slight build, you're slim with small bones. A slight deviation from your plan is a tiny adjustment. As a verb, to slight means to ignore or be indifferent toward someone; it's also the noun for the act of ignoring. If you direct a movie and the star doesn't thank you in her award acceptance speech, you'll be offended at the slight.
WORD FAMILY
slight: slighted, slighter, slightest, slighting, slightly, slightness, slights+/slighting: slightingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He provided more goofy celebrations and retained composure every time his slightest mistake became a local crisis.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
China will react as China always does to perceived – or real – slights.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But Lounsbury placed 12th in the triathlon, which was at the Olympic distance, with a slight modification on the run.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 微小的; 细小的; 不结实的; 无须重视的
n. 轻蔑，忽视，冷落
vt. 轻蔑，忽视，怠慢
时态：slighted, slighting, slights
分布：轻微的(61%)，微小的(12%)，轻视(8%)，轻蔑(8%)，怠慢(7%)，忽略(3%)，纤弱的(1%)
→来自古英语种 sliht,光滑的，来自 Proto-Germanic*slihtaz,光滑的，来自 slei,滑的，词源 同 slime,slip.引申词义平的，引申比喻义轻微的，略微的。slight 轻视，怠慢，侮辱
a.轻微的,微小的;纤细的,瘦弱的I slightly delight in flight in the sunlight and lightning.我有点喜欢在阳光和闪电中飞行.
【反】show respect to（表示敬意）；ponderous（adj 沉重的）；grievous（adj 极严重的）；prodigious（adj 巨大的）；massive（adj 厚重的）；cosset（n 宠儿；v 宠爱）
adjective
SMALL IN AMOUNT 少量
 ESSENTIAL
■small in amount or degree 少量的，微小的
• a slight improvement 略微的改善
• a slight incline 缓坡
• I've got a slight headache. 我头有点痛。
• I haven't the slightest idea what he's talking about. 我一点也不明白他在说甚么。
not in the slightest
■not at all 一点也不，一点也没有
• "Does it worry you?" "Not in the slightest." “这让你担心吗?” “一点也不。”
[slaɪt] adjective
THIN 瘦
■(of people) thin and delicate （人）瘦小的，纤弱的
• Like most long-distance runners she is very slight. 和大多数长跑运动员一样，她十分苗条。
[slaɪt] verb transitive
■to insult someone by not paying them any attention or treating them as if they are not important 轻视，冷落；怠慢
• I felt slighted when my boss thanked everyone but me for their hard work. 我的老板感谢了每个人所付出的辛劳，唯独没有感谢我，这让我感到自己受到了冷落。
[slaɪt] noun countable
■when a person fails to pay attention to someone or to treat them with the respect that they deserve 轻视；冷落
• I regarded her failure to acknowledge my greeting as a slight. 她没有理会我的问候，我认为这是在轻视我。
lean, slim, slight, slender, thin
这组词都有“瘦的”的意思，其区别是：
lean: 侧重缺少脂肪。既可能是因病而瘦，也可能因饥饿而消瘦。也指身体消瘦，但肌肉结实，身体健康。
slim: 指身体的细长，体重轻不着重外形的优美，可用于不同的性别，常用于减轻体重的人。
slight: 指身材又瘦又小。
slender: 指身体细长、体态优美、苗条适中，多用于指女性。
thin: 普通用词，指腰细、骨架窄，常因疾病或疲劳而消瘦。
adj. 轻微的，少量的；脆弱的；细长的；不重要的
 - small, tender, mild, spare
vt. 轻视，忽略；怠慢
 - forget, despise
n. 怠慢；轻蔑
 - go-by, floccinaucinihilipilification

Word: linger
Front: linger
[ˈlɪŋgə(r)] (研六托雅宝 5721/7034 -2)
Vocabulary: linger
(once / 206 pages)
v
When someone lingers, he or she takes an unexpectedly long time to depart, as Romeo lingers when bidding Juliet farewell (or as annoying houseguests almost always tend to do).
In addition to its primary meaning of "taking a long time to depart," linger has the additional meaning of "persisting while gradually weakening." In this sense, linger can refer to feelings or sensations that slowly fade away, like the smell of perfume that lingers in an elevator after the passengers have exited.
WORD FAMILY
linger: lingered, lingerer, lingering, lingers+/lingerer: lingerers/lingering: lingerings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s harder to explain the lingering of symptoms such as fatigue and weakness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The concerns Stewart felt in the morning at the school’s front door linger through the day .
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The stench will linger due to the stakes.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 逗留，徘徊; 缓慢消失
时态：lingered, lingering, lingers
分布：徘徊(49%)，逗留(35%)，消磨(8%)，漫步(8%)
→来自古英语lengan,延长，加长，词源同long.引申词义逗留，流连。
v.逗留,徘徊,拖延,留恋,浪费光阴,苟延残喘Davis lingered for a moment in the bar.戴维斯在酒吧逗留了一会儿.
【记】ling＝long，er－拉长时间－逗留
US [-gɚ] verb intransitive
■to take a long time to leave or disappear 停留，逗留；徘徊
• After the play had finished, we lingered for a while in the bar hoping to catch sight of the actors. 戏演完后我们在酒吧里等了一会儿，希望能与演员见上一面。
• The smell from the fire still lingered days later. 大火过后好几天还能闻到烧焦的味道。
• It's impossible to forget such horrific events - they linger (on) in the memory forever. 这样恐怖的事件让人难以忘记——它们会永远留在人们的记忆中。
wander, linger
wander: 指毫无目的地来回走动 wander about a place ：漫游某处
linger: 指“想在呆一会儿，留恋不舍而逗留徘徊”，linger about a place在某处留恋不舍
stay, remain, linger
这组词都有“停留，逗留”的意思，其区别是：
stay: 普通用词，多指人在某地暂时逗留。有时可指较长时间的居留。
remain: 指某人或某物仍留在原处或保持原来的状态。
linger: 着重因愉快的事而使人不愿离开。
vi. 徘徊；苟延残喘；磨蹭
 - hang about, wander about
vt. 消磨；缓慢度过
 - spend, while away

Word: spiral
Front: spiral
[ˈspaɪrəl] (研六托雅 8028/8551 -2)
Vocabulary: spiral
(once / 952 pages)
1n 2nadj 3v
A spiral is a coil or curl, like the shape of a piece of hair wound around your finger, a Slinky toy, or a corkscrew.
A curve forming a series of circles that become gradually larger or smaller is one kind of spiral. You can also use the word as a verb when something moves in a spiral shape: "Then the wind died and I watched my kite spiral down to the ground." The origin of spiral is the Medieval Latin spiralis, which means "winding or coiling," from a Greek root: speira, "coil, twist, or wreath."
WORD FAMILY
spiral: spiraled, spiraling, spiralled, spiralling, spirally, spirals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many galaxies of stars form spirals, where relatively few stars in the outer arms orbit around a dense mass of stars at the centre.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In the middle panel, around a childhood photograph, a spiraling text in the shape of a fingerprint chronicles events in Mr. Rauschenberg’s life.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Mr Woolfe subsequently left the party, saying it was "ungovernable" and in a "death spiral".
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 螺旋（线）; 旋涡; 螺旋形物; （足球运动的）旋球
v. 使成螺旋形; 螺旋式的上升（或下降盘旋上升（或下降）
adj. 螺旋形的; 盘旋的; 盘旋上升的
时态：spiralled, spiralling, spirals
分布：螺旋(96%)，螺旋形的(2%)，盘旋的(1%)，盘旋上升(1%)
→来自拉丁语 spipralis,旋转的，螺旋的，来自 spira,线圈，绕圈，来自 sper,转动，旋转， 可能来自 spen,弯，转，纺织，词源同 spider,spin.
a.螺旋形的n.螺旋,螺线v.螺旋上升;盘旋A spring is a spiral.弹簧是螺旋形的物体.
US ['spaɪr.əl] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a shape made up of curves, each one above or wider than the one before 螺旋形
• A corkscrew is spiral- shaped. 瓶塞钻是螺旋形的。
downward spiral
■when a price, etc. is becoming lower, or when a situation is getting worse and is difficult to control because one bad event causes another （价格等的）不断下降；（局面的）迅速恶化；螺旋式恶性下滑
• This year's downward spiral of house prices has depressed the market. 今年房价的持续下跌造成了市场的疲软。
• We must avoid the downward spiral in which unemployment leads to homelessness and then to crime. 我们必须避免失业导致无家可归，进而导致犯罪的恶性循环。
UK ['spaɪə.rəl] US ['spaɪr.əl] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to move in a spiral 呈螺旋式上升（或下降）；盘旋上升（或下降）
• With one wing damaged, the model airplane spiralled downwards. 模型飞机的一个机翼坏了，盘旋下坠。
■If costs, prices, etc. spiral, they increase faster and faster （费用、价格等）急遽成长，急速上升
• Spiralling costs have squeezed profits. 急遽上升的成本压缩了利润空间。
spiral downwards
■(of prices, etc.) to get less, at a faster and faster rate （价格等）急遽下降
UK ['spaɪə.rəl] US ['spaɪr.əl] adjective [before noun]
■shaped in a series of curves, each one above or wider than the one before 螺旋形的（形状类似一系列曲线，每个曲线在另一个之上或比前一个大）
• a spiral staircase 螺旋式楼梯
• a spiral galaxy 漩涡星系
n. [机] 螺旋；旋涡；螺旋形之物
 - screw, helix
adj. 螺旋形的；盘旋的
 - helical, gyroidal

Word: poster
Front: poster
[ˈpəʊstə(r)] (高研六托雅宝 3834/3930 -2)
Back: n. 海报，招贴，公告; 招贴画; 张贴者; [古语]急行的人，匆忙赶路的人
分布：海报(99%)，急行旅人(1%)
→来自post,柱子，张贴。
n海报,张贴的大幅广告There is a poster about the pop festival.有一张关于流行音乐节的海报.
【记】post（n 柱；邮件；v 张贴），er东西－在柱子上贴的东西－海报
US ['poʊ.stɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a large printed picture, photograph or notice which you stick or pin to a wall or board, usually for decoration or to advertise something 招贴，海报；布告
• The children put up posters on the classroom walls. 孩子们在教室的墙上张贴了海报。
• We noticed a poster advertising a circus. 我们看到一张马戏演出的海报。
⇒ See also poster paint
n. 海报，广告； [印刷] 招贴
 - advertisement, bill, publicity

Word: temper
Front: temper
[ˈtempə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 6436/4768 -2)
Vocabulary: temper
(once / 103 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v
Temper can refer to a tendency to become unreasonably angry. If you’re not sure whether you have a temper, ask your friends — but don’t get mad if you dislike what they have to say.
Temper has a number of related yet distinct meanings. In addition to describing a tendency to anger, temper can also refer to one’s mood in general; if you use the word in this sense, you might describe someone's temper as "angry" or "mild." Temper can also be used as a verb meaning “to restrain.” If you have a nasty temper, you might try tempering your temper by counting to ten whenever you’re tempted to throw a "temper tantrum," or fit.
WORD FAMILY
temper: distemper, temperance, tempered, tempering, tempers+/distemper: distempered, distempering, distempers/ intemperance: intemperances/ temperance: intemperance, temperances/tempered: ill-tempered, temperedest, temperedly, untempered/tempering: temperings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Every time I’m near him, I lose my temper because he just doesn’t see that he’s ever done anything wrong.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
This cautious optimism is tempered with a very big caveat, however …
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
At times you lose your temper, and shock your children by shouting or screaming at them.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 性情，脾气; 特征; （钢等）回火; 怒气
vt. 调和; 使回火; 锻炼; 缓和
vi. 使调和
时态：tempered, tempering, tempers
分布：脾气(84%)，性情(7%)，锻炼(5%)，调和(3%)，使缓和(1%)
→来自 temper,调和。在中世纪医学理论特指人体内的四种体液的组合或融合，即血液，黏液， 胆汁液，黑胆汁，这四种体液的组合决定了人的脾性和性情，因而引申诸相关词义。词义火 气缩写自 bad temper.更多参照 humor 词源。temper 回火，管控，调和，调节
脾气;心情v.调和(temper时间→不同的时间不同的心情→脾气)[temper,tempor=time,表示"时间"或时间引起的现象]
n.脾气;韧度vt.调和,使缓和;使回火Because of the temperature tempo, I temporarily lost temper to my contemporary in the temple.由于温度进度的原因,我在庙里一时地同代人发了脾气.
【参】temperamental（adj 喜怒无常的）；tempest（n 暴风雨；v 使狂怒）
【反】asperity（n 严酷；粗暴）－mildness of temper（脾气温和）
US [-pɚ] noun
 ADVANCED [C often singular]
■when someone becomes angry very quickly 脾气；易怒
• She has a real temper. 她很容易发脾气。
• He's got a really bad temper. 他的脾气真坏。
lose your temper ADVANCED
■to suddenly become angry 发脾气，发火
• The children behaved so badly that I lost my temper. 孩子们太不懂规矩，我不由得发了火。
keep your temper
■to succeed in staying calm and not becoming angry 不发脾气；保持冷静
• I found it hard to keep my temper with so many things going wrong. 这么多的事情弄得一团糟，我很难不发脾气。
be in a bad/foul, etc. temper
■to be feeling angry 生气，发怒
• I'd avoid her if I were you - she's in a foul temper. 我要是你，就会避着她——她正气头上。
[S or U] formal or literary
■mood or emotional state 心情或情绪的状态
• He appears to be a man of calm and even temper. 他看来是一个脾气温和、平静的男人。
UK ['tem.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
tempers get frayed
■If you say that tempers are getting (rather) frayed, you mean that people are getting angry with each other. 互相发脾气
UK ['tem.pər] US [-pɚ] verb transitive
REDUCE 减少 formal
■to make something less strong, extreme, etc. 使缓和；使变温和；使变淡
• My enthusiasm for the venture was somewhat tempered by my knowledge of the work that would be involved. 当我了解到完成这个风险专案计划所要做的工作时，我的热情多少消退了一些。
• I learnt to temper my criticism. 我学会批评别人时语气要缓和些。
UK ['tem.pər] US [-pɚ] verb transitive
METAL 金属
■to heat and then cool a metal in order to make it hard 使（金属）回火；锻造
• tempered steel 回火钢
nature, complexion, personality, disposition, character, temper
这组词都有“性格、气质、性情、习性”的意思，其区别是：
nature: 指天生的、不可改变性格。
complexion: 指由思维方式、态度和情绪所决定的本质特征。
personality: 主要指一个人稳定的心理特征。
disposition: 书面用词，指人的主要爱好或思想、精神方面的重要习性、气质。也可指短暂的情绪。
character: 指对个性或人格所作出的客观评价，常常与道德有关。
temper: 指从感情方面体现出来，决定处理问题或应付形势的方式的性格或性情，这种性情可以是暂时的也可以长久的。
n. 脾气；（钢等） [机] 回火；性情；倾向
 - tendency, liability, trend, preference, disposition
vt. [机] 使回火；锻炼；调和；使缓和
 - comfort, take exercises
vi. [机] 回火；调和
 - pop back, back fire

Word: reluctance
Front: reluctance
[rɪ'lʌktəns] (6979/5608)
Vocabulary: reluctance
(once / 774 pages)
1n 2n
Reluctance means "unwillingness." Your reluctance to travel on an airplane would be understandable if you glimpsed the pilot and copilot wearing party hats and blowing noisemakers.
If you'd rather not do something, you feel a sense of reluctance about it. You pause for a moment, maybe to consider whether you should really go through with it, or just to enjoy the last moment before it happens. The word comes from the Latin reluctari, or to struggle against. There's always a struggle when reluctance is present, in that you feel pressure to do something or in not agreeing right away, someone is going to be disappointed.
WORD FAMILY
reluctance: reluctances+/ reluctant: reluctance, reluctantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Big Ten’s reluctance to move toward the spread was a boon for its Rose Bowl foes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
There's a real reluctance to address child abuse fatalities in the military because it's a career-ender for soldiers.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The reluctance was not about lack of compassion.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 不愿意，勉强; [电]磁阻; 反应式
分布：不愿(85%)，勉强(15%)
【反】alacrity（n 敏捷；爽快）
noun [S or U]
 ADVANCED
■an unwillingness to do something 勉强；不情愿
• I accepted his resignation with great reluctance. 我极不情愿地接受了他的呈辞。
• [+ to infinitive] Her reluctance to talk to the press was quite understandable. 她不愿意对媒体说甚么，这是很容易理解的。
n. [电磁] 磁阻；勉强；不情愿
 - magnetic resistance, magnetoresistance

Word: baseball
Front: baseball
[ˈbeɪsbɔ:l] (中高研四六雅 1373/10008 -3)
Vocabulary: baseball
(once / 417 pages)
n
Baseball is a game in which a player hits a ball with a bat and runs around the field, stepping on three bases before returning to where he started. Most baseball games last seven innings.
During a typical baseball game, two teams of nine players each take turns being at bat while the other team stands in the field attempting to catch any balls that are hit and tag running players out before they are safe on a base. Though baseball was first played in 19th century England in the form of "rounders," it's been considered the US national sport since the early 20th century.
WORD FAMILY
baseball: baseballs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Baseball officials refused to confront the problem for years, then became more aggressive than other pro leagues in policing the use of illicit drugs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Roger Clemens fails to get votes necessary for Baseball Hall of Fame, hurls bat shard at Mike Piazza’s plaque in Cooperstown.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Thinking it was Gunther, he almost brained Martin with a baseball bat.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 棒球; [体]棒球运动
分布：棒球(100%)
垒球(base+ball球→建立基础打球→垒球)[bas,base=low,foundation,表示"低下,基础"]
n.棒球Balloon, baseball, basketball, football and volleyball all dance ballet on the volcano.气球,棒球,篮球,足球和排球都在火山上跳芭蕾舞.
US [-bɑ:l] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(the ball used in) a game played especially in North America by two teams of nine players, in which a player hits a ball with a bat (= stick) and tries to run around four bases on a large field before the other team returns the ball 棒球（运动）
• Jake never played baseball like the other kids. 杰克不像别的孩子，他从不打棒球。
• He had a baseball and a couple of bats in his sports bag. 他的运动袋里有一个棒球和几支球棒。
n. 棒球；棒球运动
 - ballgame, horsehide

Word: ail
Front: ail
[eɪl] (宝 15923/21560)
Vocabulary: ail
(once / 537 pages)
1v 2n
The verb ail means to be sick or unwell — or cause to be so. If you feel a general malaise, someone may ask what ails you, though you may just need a vacation from work or school.
The verb ail is used for things that are metaphorically unwell or unhealthy. Politicians, for example, will often tell their constituents that the only cure for what ails the country is to vote for them. Ail is used when referring to non-specific illnesses. So you are sick with the flu, or troubled by allergies, but you are not ailing because you know what's wrong. It's when you're sick but it hasn't been diagnosed that you are ailing.
WORD FAMILY
ail: ailed, ailing, ailment, ails+/ ailment: ailments
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he suggests that a government might justifiably hamper international trade, or subsidize an ailing industry, in order to sustain particular communities and particular jobs.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
We’ve written about ailing Navy veterans fighting to prove they were exposed to the chemicals off Vietnam’s coast.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Desperate to find a cure for their ailing son’s hemophilia, one night they called upon Rasputin.
Time(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 生病; 感到不舒服; 处境困难; 境况不佳
vt. 使受病痛; 使疼痛; 使烦恼; 折磨
n. 病痛，苦恼，烦恼
时态：ailed, ailing, ails
分布：生病(55%)，苦恼(23%)，小病(11%)，使 ... 苦恼(11%)
→来自agh, 恐惧，害怕,字母g脱落。词源同awe, 敬畏，ugly, 丑陋。由恐惧衍生出敬畏，丑陋，忧患，病痛等。
verb
CAUSE DIFFICULTY 造成困难
transitive formal
■to cause difficulty and problems for 困扰，使苦恼；使处境困难
• The government seems to have no understanding of what ails the country. 政府好像不了解国家问题的症结所在。
[eɪl] verb
BE/MAKE ILL 生病／使生病
intransitive or transitive old use
■to be ill, or to cause to be ill （使）生病；（使）不适
• She had been ailing for years before she died. 她去世前几年就一直病魔缠身。
• What 's ailing you? Is it your leg again? 你怎么了？是腿痛又发作吗？
vt. 使苦恼，使烦恼
 - harry, trouble
vi. 生病
 - fall sick, take sick
n. 病痛，苦恼
 - misery, agony

Word: construct
Front: construct
[kənˈstrʌkt] (高研四六托宝 2477/2058 -K3)
Vocabulary: construct
(once / 81 pages)
1v 2v 3vn 4v
To construct things is to build them. You might construct a sand castle the next time you're at the beach, or you might construct a theory about why your brother always manages to get away with breaking the rules.
The verb construct comes from the Latin word constructus, meaning “to heap up.” If you work in construction you're in the business of building things, and you probably construct buildings, roads, municipal parks, and other large permanent structures. Students of psychology are familiar with the noun form of construct, which refers to an abstract concept. Much of psychological theory is founded on constructs — like gender, morality, and intelligence.
WORD FAMILY
construct: constructed, constructing, construction, constructive, constructor, constructs, deconstruct, reconstruct +/ construction: constructions/ constructive: constructively, constructiveness, constructivism, unconstructive/constructivism: constructivist/constructivist: constructivists/constructor: constructors/ deconstruct: deconstructed, deconstructing, deconstruction, deconstructivism, deconstructs/deconstruction: deconstructionism, deconstructions/deconstructionism: deconstructionist/ reconstruct: reconstructed, reconstructing, reconstruction, reconstructive, reconstructs/reconstructed: unreconstructed/ reconstruction: reconstructions/unreconstructed: unreconstructedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
With two minutes to play, he needed to construct a drive from his own 25-yard line into field goal range for a tying kick.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Inner speech may participate in reasoning about right and wrong by constructing point-counterpoint situations in our minds.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
If “La La Land” weren’t so impeccably constructed, you might say it belongs in another era.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. 修建，建造; 构成; 创立; [数]作图
n. 结构（物）; 构想; 概念
时态：constructed, constructing, constructs
分布：建造(51%)，构筑(29%)，构想(20%)
→con-, 强调。-str, 拉长，展开，建造，词源同structure,instruct. 即展开的，建造的。
构造,建筑(con共同+struct→共同建立→建造)[struct=build,表示"建立"]
v.建设,建造,构造;创立The instructor struggled to say, "The structure of the construction led to the destruction."教师挣扎着说:"建筑物的构造导致这场毁灭."
【记】con共同，struct建立－共同建立－建造
【参】destruction（n 破坏；毁灭）；obstruct（v /n 妨碍，阻塞）construction（n 建筑物；解释）；constructive（adj 建设性的）
US [ˈkɑːn-] formal
■an idea or an imaginary situation 构想；观念；编造，杜撰
• His reputation as an eccentric is largely a media construct. 他行为古怪的名声多半源于媒体的杜撰。
erect, establish, set up, construct, build, found
这组词都有“建设，建立，建造”的意思，其区别是：
erect: 侧重指对高而垂直物的建造。使用不如build广泛。
establish: 着重稳固地建成，可具体指国家、政府、学校或商店等的建立，也可指信仰、信用、名誉、法律、制度、规则等的建立。
set up: 作“建立”用时，侧重于“开始”。可指具体或抽象的建立。
construct: 较正式用词，强调根据一定计划进行的规模较大，结构较复杂，要求较高技术的建造。
build: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指一切具体或抽象的建造或建立。
found: 侧重打下基础或创办，具体或抽象事物均可用。
vt. 建造，构造；创立
 - found, institute, frame, structure, father
n. 构想，概念
 - concept, formulation, idea, notion

Word: frame
Front: frame
[freɪm] (研四六托 1833/2161 -K3)
Vocabulary: frame
(once / 103 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4nv 5n 6v
A frame is a basic shape or structure, especially one that outlines or surrounds a door or window. If you slam your bedroom door hard enough, the whole frame might shake.
When frame is a noun, it is usually some kind of enclosure or outline that is also a physical support — like the frame around a window, a bed frame, or a picture frame. One frozen image, or still, from a movie is another kind of frame. As a verb, to frame means both to enclose something in a frame, the way you frame a painting, and to make it look like an innocent person is guilty of something.
WORD FAMILY
frame: framed, framer, frames, framing, underframe+/ framed: unframed/framer: framers/framing: framings/underframe: underframes
USAGE EXAMPLES
A good therapist will find a way to frame the issue as a source of potential growth.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
The university says a time frame for Merchant’s return to coaching hasn’t been determined.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Frames like those used for window screens fit on top of the plastic trays.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 框架; 眼镜框; 组织; 边框
vt. 陷害; 设计; 表达; 使适合（某一特殊用途）
adj. 有木架的，有构架的
时态：framed, framing, frames
分布：框(59%)，帧(19%)，结构(11%)，陷害(3%)，骨架(3%)，制定(2%)，身躯(1%)，表达(1%)，把 ... 框起来(1%)
→来自pro, 向前，词源同forth, from, proceed. 其原义为向前，推进，用来指建筑框架和基础结构。后词义通用化。
n.框架;体格;骨架;组织;机构v.设计;制定The tame tigers play the same game on the frame.温顺的老虎在框架上玩同一游戏.
noun countable
BORDER 边界
 ADVANCED
■a border which surrounds and supports a picture, door or window （图画、门、窗的）框，框架
• a picture frame 画框
frames
■the plastic or metal structure that holds together a pair of glasses 眼镜框架
[freɪm] noun countable
STRUCTURE 结构
 ADVANCED
■the basic structure of a building, vehicle or piece of furniture that other parts are added onto （建筑物、车辆或家俱的）构架，支架，骨架
• a bicycle frame 脚踏车车架
■UK (US rack)
■a wooden or plastic triangular object used to put the balls into position at the start of a game such as billiards or snooker （桌球、撞球等运动中开球时使用的）三角框
■the size and shape of someone's body 体格；骨架
• My sister has a much bigger frame than me. 我姐姐的骨架比我大很多。
frame of mind
■the way someone thinks or feels about something at a particular time 心态，心境
• The most important thing is to go into the exam in a positive frame of mind. 最重要的是要以积极的心态参加考试。
frame of reference
■a set of ideas or facts accepted by a person which explains their behaviour, opinions or decisions （某人的行为、看法或决定所依据的）参照准则，观念体系
• How can Christians and atheists ever come to understand each other when their frames of reference are so different? 基督徒和无神论者的思想观念差异如此之大，他们又怎么能相互理解呢？
[freɪm] noun countable
GAME 游戏
■a period of play in some games, such as snooker （桌球等游戏的）一局
• She lost the next two frames. 她输掉了接下来的两局。
[freɪm] noun countable
PHOTOGRAPH 相片 specialized
■one of the pictures on a strip of photographic film, or one of the single pictures which together form a television or cinema film （摄影胶片的）画格；（电视或电影的）画面，镜头
[freɪm] verb
EXPRESS 表达
transitive
■to express something choosing your words carefully （措词谨慎地）表达，说出
• The interview would have been more productive if the questions had been framed more precisely. 如果当时问题提得更确切些，采访就会更有成效。
[freɪm] verb
MAKE GUILTY 使有罪
transitive often passive informal
■to make a person seem to be guilty of a crime when they are not, by producing facts or information which are not true 陷害，诬陷
• He claimed he'd been framed by the police. 他声称自己被警方陷害了。
[freɪm] verb
BORDER 边界
transitive
■to fix a border around a picture etc. and often glass in front of it 给（图画等）装（镜）框
• I keep meaning to get that photo framed. 我一直打算给那张相片镶上框。
transitive
■to form an edge to something in an attractive way 修饰…的边缘
• Her new hairstyle frames her face in a much more flattering way. 她的新发型把脸衬托得漂亮多了。
n. [建] [计] 框架；结构； [电影] 画面
 - configuration, mechanics, texture, structure
vt. 设计；建造；陷害；使…适合
 - design, construct, engineer, style, project

Word: insult
Front: insult
[ɪnˈsʌlt] (研四六托雅 6568/6862 -K2)
Vocabulary: insult
(once / 181 pages)
vn
If you insult someone, you have offended that person — either intentionally or unintentionally — through your actions or words. You might insult your host if you refuse to try the dessert he made from pasta, nuts, and chocolate sauce.
As a noun, an insult means rude words or actions. If you tell the umpire he needs glasses, then you've made a verbal insult. If, after the umpire calls your team out, you make an obscene gesture in his general direction, you've made another kind of insult. Either insult can potentially get you thrown out of the game.
WORD FAMILY
insult: insulted, insulting, insults+/insulting: insultingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
According to WTOP-TV, the piece was criticized as an insult to law enforcement.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She added: "Any allegations that she planned to lip sync are just adding insult to injury."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
At the time, Davis said the school system was offering a 1 percent raise starting in two academic years, which she called “insulting.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 侮辱，凌辱; 辱骂; 损害
时态：insulted, insulting, insults
分布：侮辱(86%)，辱骂(8%)，凌辱(3%)，冒犯(3%)
→in-,进入，使，-sul,跳，词salient,salmon.即跳起来打，后用于指语言侮辱，侵犯，冒犯。
侮辱(in进入+sult→踩到[别人的脸上]→侮辱[别人])[sult=leap,表示"跳"]
vt./n.侮辱,凌辱The insult to the adult consulter results in multiplication of the faulty faucets.对成年咨询者的侮辱导致有缺陷水龙头成倍增加.
noun countable /ˈɪn.sʌlt/
■an offensive remark or action 侮辱；辱骂
• She made several insults about my appearance. 她说了几句侮辱我长相的话。
• The steelworkers' leader rejected the 2% pay-rise saying it was an insult to the profession. 钢铁工人的领导者拒绝接受2%的加薪，认为这是对他们职业的侮辱。
• The instructions are so easy they are an insult to your intelligence (= they seem to suggest you are not clever if you need to use them). 说明如此简单，简直是在侮辱你的智商。
verb transitive /ɪnˈsʌlt/
■to say or do something to someone that is rude or offensive 侮辱，辱骂
• First he drank all my wine and then he insulted all my friends. 他先喝光了我的酒，然后又辱骂了我所有的朋友。
offend, insult
这两个动词均含“得罪或激怒某人”之意。
offent: 普通用词，指一般地伤害他人感情，使其不愉快。
insult: 语气强，指肆无忌惮地侮辱，使其难堪或羞愧。
offent, insult
这组词都有“得罪或激怒某人”的意思，其区别是：
offent: 普通用词，指一般地伤害他人感情，使其不愉快。
insult: 语气强，指肆无忌惮地侮辱，使其难堪或羞愧。
vt. 侮辱；辱骂；损害
 - hurt, abuse
n. 侮辱；凌辱；无礼
 - despite, contumely

Word: inflict
Front: inflict
[ɪnˈflɪkt] (六托雅宝 6479/5303 -2)
Vocabulary: inflict
(once / 307 pages)
v
When you force an undesirable or harmful event on someone, you inflict it on them. You might prefer that someone inflict some physical pain on you rather than inflict you with the boredom of another trip to the annual flower show.
The verb inflict comes from the Latin word inflictus, meaning “to strike or dash against.” If you cause anything bad to happen to a person, animal, or even an object, you inflict that badness on them. For example, someone can inflict injuries or suffering on other people or inflict damage on property. We can inflict pollution or over-development on our environment. It's always a negative thing — you wouldn't say you inflict happiness or love on others.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
afflict / inflict
Both afflict and inflict cause pain, but afflict means to cause suffering or unhappiness, something a disease does, but inflict means to force pain or suffering, like if you smack someone upside the head.
If something afflicts you, it hurts. Cancer, death, arthritis, or even bad skin can afflict you. Afflict is often, but not always, followed by the preposition with:
It's also quite likely that he was afflicted with an eating disorder. (Slate)
He has never publicly revealed what type of cancer afflicted him. (New York Times)
In the proud tradition of genuine watchdog journalism, Khalil Bendib's work aims to comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable. (Brunei Times)
Inflict is meaner. It's more aggressive — it actively hurts and causes problems. A self-inflicted wound is when you hurt yourself. Inflict is often, but not always, followed by on:
Some participants in the debate said the rule could unintentionally inflict economic harm on Africans. (Washington Post)
Five other men accused of taking part in the fight were convicted of hooliganism and inflicting light bodily injury. (Seattle Times)
Most injuries are self-inflicted; they're not necessarily inflicted by others. (New York Times)
The difference between the two is whether the emphasis is on the one suffering or the one causing the suffering. Afflict emphasizes who is doing the suffering. Inflict emphasizes the person or thing causing the suffering. Try this: I am afflicted with something terrible, so I inflict injuries upon others.
WORD FAMILY
inflict: inflicted, inflicting, infliction, inflicts+/ infliction: inflictions
USAGE EXAMPLES
We may finally end the long reign of terror inflicted on us by former Miss USAs, federal judges from Indiana, and Gold Star parents.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
These wounds were inflicted when I was much younger and fed up with everything.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
“Inflicting such huge costs for what is an uncertain outcome is problematic.”
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 把…强加给，使承受，遭受; 给予（打击等）; 处以刑罚，加刑
时态：inflicted, inflicting, inflicts
分布：使遭受(32%)，折磨(24%)，加害(24%)，施以(20%)
→in-,进入，使，-flict,打击，折磨，词源同afflict,flog.
导致破坏或痛苦(in进入+flict→进入打斗→导致痛苦)[flict=strike,表示"打击"]
【记】in进入，flict打－进入打－折磨
【参】afflict（vt 使痛苦；折磨）；conflict（n 斗争；冲突）；infliction（n 施加；惩罚；刑罚；痛苦）
verb transitive
■to force someone to experience something very unpleasant 使遭受，使承受
• These new bullets are capable of inflicting massive injuries. 这些新型子弹可以造成重创。
• The suffering inflicted on these children was unimaginable. 这些孩子遭受的痛苦无法想像。
vt. 造成；使遭受（损伤、痛苦等）；给予（打击等）
 - afford, create, allow, extend, deal

Word: avert
Front: avert
[əˈvɜ:t] (研六托雅宝 7555/7737 -2)
Vocabulary: avert
(once / 338 pages)
1v 2v
To avert is to turn away or to prevent. You might avert your gaze or avert a disaster — either way, you are avoiding something.
The verb avert comes from Latin roots that mean "to turn away from." Averting has that sense of deflecting, turning away, or preventing something (usually bad) from happening. You might put salt on an icy sidewalk to avert accidents, or you might avert a toddler's meltdown by supplying a lollipop.
WORD FAMILY
avert: aversion, avertable, averted, averting, averts+/ aversion: aversions
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, there is no critical moment at which the disaster hits or will be averted.
Slate(Dec 26, 2016)
Separately, Australia says it averted a terrorist plot in Melbourne — possibly on Christmas Day — with the arrest of five people.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
We avert our eyes and pretend they are not there.
The Guardian(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: vt. 防止，避免; 转移
时态：averted, averting, averts
分布：避免(86%)，防止(13%)，转开(1%)
→前缀a-同ab-, 从，从...离开。词根vert, 转，见convert, 皈依。
避开(a离开+vert→转开→避开)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
v.防止,避免;转移(目光,注意力等)I averted my eyes from the diverse advertisements for the invert converter.我把目光从花样繁多的倒置转换器广告上移开.
【参】divert（v 转向）；introvert（n 内向的人）
US [-'vɝ:t] verb transitive
PREVENT 避免
■to prevent something bad from happening; avoid 防止，避免
• to avert a crisis /conflict/strike/famine 避免危机／冲突／罢工／饥荒
• to avert disaster /economic collapse 防止灾难／经济崩溃
UK [ə'vɜ:t] US [-'vɝ:t] verb transitive
TURN 转移
■to turn away your eyes or thoughts 转移（目光、想法等）；把…转（向别处）
• I averted my gaze/eyes while he dressed. 他穿衣服的时候，我把目光转向一边。
• We tried to avert our thoughts from our massive financial problems. 我们尽量不去想我们面临的严重财政问题。
vt. 避免，防止；转移
 - escape, shift, shun

Word: cleaner
Front: cleaner
[ˈkli:nə(r)] (高雅 6567/5033 -2)
Back: n. 清洁剂; 保洁员; 吸尘器; 干洗店
adj. 更清洁的(clean的比较级); 整齐的; 新的; 正派的
分布：清洁工(96%)，清洁工具(4%)
US [-nɚ] noun
countable
■a person whose job is to clean houses, offices, public places, etc. 清洁工
• Chris has an evening job as an office cleaner. 克里斯有份晚上的工作，做办公室的清洁工。
countable or uncountable
■a substance used for cleaning things 清洁剂，去污剂
• We've run out of floor cleaner. 我们的地板清洁剂用完了。
cleaner's countable
■a shop where clothes that cannot be washed in an ordinary washing machine are cleaned 洗衣店；干洗店
• Could you pick up my suit from the cleaner's for me, please? 请你帮我把西装从干洗店取回来，好吗？
⇒ See also dry cleaner's
UK ['kli:.nər] US [-nɚ] noun
take sb to the cleaner's informal
■to get a lot of money from someone, usually by cheating them （通常指透过欺骗）从（某人）那里大捞一笔；骗光（某人）的钱
• Paul was really taken to the cleaner's on that deal. 保罗在那桩生意上确实赔得精光。
■to defeat someone by a very large amount 彻底击败；大胜
• In the second half, United were really taken to the cleaner's, and they finally lost the match 6-1. 下半场，联队惨遭蹂躏，最终以1比6输掉了比赛。
n. [化工] 清洁剂；清洁工；干洗店；干洗商； [建] 洗洁器
 - detergent, cleaning media

Word: wheat
Front: wheat
[wi:t] (中高研四六托 4479/5619 -2)
Back: n. 小麦
分布：小麦(98%)，小麦色(2%)
→来自kweit,照耀，白色，词源同white。用来指小麦。
n.小麦We beat (defeated) the cheat who heated the wheat.我们打败了给小麦加热的骗子.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a plant whose yellowish brown grain is used for making flour, or the grain itself 小麦
• wheat fields 小麦田
• Wheat is a staple crop for millions of people across the world. 小麦是一种为全世界亿万人提供主食的农作物。
⇒ See also whole wheat
[wi:t] noun uncountable
separate the wheat from the chaff
■to separate things or people that are of high quality or ability from those that are not 区别好坏；去芜存菁
• The first round of interviews really separates the wheat from the chaff. 第一轮面试确实分出了优劣。
n. [作物] 小麦；小麦色
 - triticum aestivum, trigo

Word: publicity
Front: publicity
[pʌbˈlɪsəti] (研六托雅 4540/3003 -K3)
Vocabulary: publicity
(once / 633 pages)
n
Publicity is a public message whose purpose is to let people know about something, like a concert or a new product.
If you go around town putting up posters that advertise a community production of "Annie," you are helping with the play's publicity. In the business world, it's common to hear the terms "publicity campaign" and "publicity stunt." Originally, the word publicity was used to mean "condition of being public," and it wasn't until 1826 that it took on a marketing or advertising meaning.
WORD FAMILY
publicity: publicist, publicities+/ public: nonpublic, publically, publicise, publicity, publicize, publicly, publics, semipublic/publicise: publicised, publiciser, publicising/ publicist: publicists/ publicize: publicized, publicizer, publicizes, publicizing/publicizer: publicizers/semipublic: semipublicly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Adams, a 56-year-old former police captain, now needs a new publicity photo.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bad publicity and worried stockholders were enough to bring a company to heel.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He was so mentally and physically exhausted he barely moved for two weeks after his publicity tour ended.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: n. 公众信息; 宣传效用; 宣传; 公诸于众的状况
分布：宣传(83%)，广告(13%)，宣扬(2%)，宣传品(1%)，公众的注意(1%)
→来自public,公众的，公开的，-ity,名词后缀。
公开;宣传(public+ity)[Popul,publ=people,表示"人民"]
n.公开,宣传,广告,推销There has not been much publicity about this conference.对这次会议没有作什么宣传.
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the activity of making certain that someone or something attracts a lot of interest or attention from many people, or the attention received as a result of this activity 宣传活动；宣传，推广；关注
• He attracted a lot of adverse/bad publicity with his speech about unmarried mothers. 他针对未婚妈妈所作的演讲招致了媒体的不少抨击。
• Her first novel was published last year in a blaze of (= with a lot of) publicity. 她的第一部小说去年在大张旗鼓的宣传下出版。
• We have planned an exciting publicity campaign with our advertisers. 我们和广告人员一起策划了一场十分精彩的宣传活动。
• The publicity generated by the court case has given a welcome boost to our sales. 由这个案子所产生的知名度为我们的业绩带来了可喜的增长。
• The normally publicity -shy director will be making several public appearances for the launch of the movie. 这位通常不愿抛头露面的导演为了这部影片的发行将数度公开亮相。
• The enormous publicity surrounding the case will make it very difficult to hold a fair trial. 人们对于这个案件的极大关注使该案很难有公正的审判。
• The pop group's arrival by hot-air balloon was just a publicity stunt (= an unusual way of attracting the public's attention). 这个流行演唱组合乘热气球抵达现场只是吸引目光的噱头而已。
UK [pʌb'lɪs.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
Any publicity is good publicity. (also There's no such thing as bad publicity.) saying
■said to emphasize that it is better that something receives bad publicity than no publicity at all 任何宣传都是好宣传。
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
n. 宣传，宣扬；公开；广告；注意
 - advertisement, propaganda, bill, regard, dissemination

Word: metropolitan
Front: metropolitan
[ˌmetrəˈpɒlɪtən] (研六托雅宝 4293/3962 -2)
Vocabulary: metropolitan
(once / 668 pages)
1adjn 2n
The adjective metropolitan describes something that's characteristic of a city. You really enjoy metropolitan life — there's always something happening, and you can walk or take the subway anywhere you want to go.
The word metropolitan comes from metropolis, which in Greek means mother city, made up of mētēr meaning mother, and polis meaning city. A person who lives in a metropolis, or city, is also called a metropolitan. You may have loved cities even when you were growing up in the suburbs, looking forward to the day you could become a true metropolitan in the biggest city you could find.
WORD FAMILY
metropolitan: metropolitans+/ metropolis: metropolises, metropolitan
USAGE EXAMPLES
A spokeswoman for the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority directed questions to United.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nor are the successes of rural schools necessarily an indictment on the struggles of those in metropolitan areas.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Metropolitan Police Department said in a news release that 28-year-old Shawn J. Brown was arrested Saturday and charged with second-degree murder.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 大都会的; 大城市的; 宗主国的; 大主教教区的
n. 大城市人; 大主教; 宗主国的公民; 有大城市气派的人
分布：大都市的(55%)，大主教(25%)，大都市的居民(12%)，大主教区的(8%)
→来自metropolis,大都会。
a.首都的,主要都市的,大城市There's no essential difference between a metropolitan and a peasant.大城市人和农民之间没有什么本质的区别.
【记】metro＝mother母亲，politan城市－母亲城市－大城市的原指东正教教主
US [-'pɑ:.lɪ-] adjective
■relating to a large city 大都市的
• the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York 纽约大都会艺术博物馆
• He was drawn to the metropolitan glamour and excitement of Paris. 他为巴黎的大都会魅力与激情所吸引。
• a metropolitan area/council 都市区／大都市议会
adj. 大都市的；大主教辖区的；宗主国的
 - suzerain
n. 大城市人；大主教；宗主国的公民
 - archbishop

Word: foul
Front: foul
[faʊl] (研六托雅宝 7712/6849 -2)
Vocabulary: foul
(once / 262 pages)
1adjv 2adjnv 3adj 4adj 5adj
Foul is most commonly used as an adjective to describe a bad smell. As a verb, foul usually means “make dirty or messy.” You might foul your room to the point where it smells a bit foul.
In general, foul can be used as an adjective meaning "bad." Foul luck is bad luck; a foul day is a bad day. As a verb, foul can mean "break the rules." It’s used this way in sports, like when you commit a foul on the basketball court. The phrase "foul play" can be used in the context of sports or more generally, to indicate unfair or violent behavior. Avoid confusing foul with fowl, which refers to birds, especially chickens.
WORD FAMILY
foul: fouled, fouler, foulest, fouling, foully, foulness, fouls+/foulness: foulnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
County police are investigating but do not suspect foul play, according to a statement on the county’s Facebook page.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He was fouled on the play but his free throw with 0.9 seconds left was short.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the Nettuno picture fell foul of the social media giant’s privacy policies, the Daily Telegraph reported.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. [体]违反规则的，犯规的; 邪恶的; 难闻的，有恶臭的; 下流的
vt. & vi. 纠缠，纠结; [体]违反规则的
vt. 弄脏，使污秽; 使纠缠; 使阻塞
vi. 腐烂; 缠结
n. 犯规; 缠结; 碰撞
adv. 不正当地，犯规地; 碰撞地; 争执不和地
时态：fouled, fouling, fouls
分布：犯规(74%)，犯规的(8%)，恶劣的(5%)，邪恶的(4%)，弄脏(3%)，恶臭的(3%)，污秽的(2%)，妨碍(1%)
→来自pu, 腐烂，发臭，词源同pus, putrid. 可能来自人们闻到臭味时发出的声音。
a.污秽的;邪恶的v.弄脏;妨害;犯规n.犯规It was foul of him to betray her. = He was foul to betray her.他背叛她,真是卑鄙.
adjective
■extremely unpleasant 极其令人不快的；恶劣的
• Those toilets smell foul! 那些卫生间太难闻了！
• I've had a foul day at work. 我今天工作上很不顺利。
• Why are you in such a foul mood this morning? 你今天早晨的情绪怎么这么糟糕？
• What foul weather! 多糟糕的天气啊！
■describes speech or other language that is offensive, rude or shocking （言语或语言）脏话连篇的，粗鲁的，下流的
• There's too much foul language on TV these days. 如今电视上脏话连篇。
[faʊl] noun countable
■an act which is against the rules of a sport, often causing injury to another player 犯规
• He was sent off for a foul on the French captain. 他因对法国队队长犯规而被罚下场。
[faʊl] verb
MAKE DIRTY 弄脏
transitive formal
■to ruin or damage something by making it dirty 弄脏；污染
• Penalty for dogs fouling the pavement - £50. 狗在人行道便溺——罚款50英镑。
[faʊl] verb
SPORT 体育运动
intransitive or transitive
■to do something against the rules of a sport, often causing injury to another player 犯规
[faʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] foul (sth) up informal
■to spoil something by making a mistake or doing something stupid 搞砸，搞糟
• I don't want David organizing this party after the way he fouled things up last year. 去年大卫把派对搞砸了，今年的派对我不想让他筹划。
nasty, dirty, foul
这组词都有“脏的，污秽的”的意思，其区别是：
nasty: 主要指特别讲究清洁的人感到讨厌的东西。
dirty: 普通用词，泛指被玷污或弄脏。
foul: 指由于腐烂、恶臭等造成的不干净，令人恶心。
adj. 犯规的；邪恶的；污秽的；淤塞的
 - evil, ill, black, ugly, dirty
vt. 犯规；弄脏；淤塞；缠住，妨害
 - soil, mud, spot, dirty
vi. 犯规；腐烂；缠结
 - break rules, rot away
n. 犯规；缠绕
 - illegality
adv. 违反规则地，不正当地
 - wrong, unlawfully

Word: protestant
Vocabulary: protestant
(once / 13148 pages)
adj
The adjective protestant describes a person or thing that is protesting or displaying disapproval or objection. You might see protestant young students marching in front of the capital in reaction to the government's newly passed bill.
Protestant originates from the Latin word protestari, meaning "declare publicly, testify, protest," which combines pro meaning "forth, before," and testari meaning "testify." A protestant person typically is someone making a public declaration against something he opposes. The protestant residents in your city are against the plan to develop businesses on the waterfront. You were being protestant when you questioned your professor's grading policy in front of the entire class.
WORD FAMILY
protestant: protestantly+/ protest: protestant, protestation, protested, protester, protesting, protests/protestation: protestations/protester: protesters
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My husband grew up in the protestant tradition in Texas,” she said.
New York Times(Dec 02, 2016)
Reports also show a growing number of evangelical protestant Latinos who are abandoning Catholicism.
The Guardian(Nov 09, 2016)
The irony here is that Trump voters are historically some of the most enfranchised, with some of his strongest support coming from white protestant men.
The Guardian(Oct 18, 2016)

Word: swell
Front: swell
[swel] (高研四六托雅宝 4867/5534 -K2)
Vocabulary: swell
(once / 143 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn 4adj 5n
To swell is to expand or grow larger. If your brother's face started to swell after he ate lobster for the first time, you'd probably guess that he's allergic to shellfish.
You can use the word swell to describe what happens to an injured body part, like a black eye that swells up, or in a figurative way, to describe a feeling of fullness, like when your heart swells with pride at your sister's big music performance. In the 1930s, swell became a popular slang term meaning great or excellent. But it also can describe a wealthy, elegant person, like a group of swells at a fancy restaurant.
WORD FAMILY
swell: swelled, swellest, swelling, swellingly, swells, swollen +/swelled: swelleder/swelling: swellings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He peered up at the mess caused by the swollen substance.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Officials say anyone with symptoms should not attend school until five days after their glands swell.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Six-foot tall in her heels, she lifted a finger and prodded my swollen cheek.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 增强; 肿胀; 膨胀; 充满（激情）
n. 汹涌; 重要人士; （尤指身体部位）凸起的形状; 声音渐强
adj. 极好的; 了不起的; 非常棒的
时态：swelled, swollen, swelling, swells
分布：膨胀(59%)，肿胀(21%)，增大(8%)，汹涌(5%)，一流的(4%)，时髦的(3%)
→来自古英语 swellan,膨胀，鼓起，来自 Proto-Germanic*swelnan,膨胀，可能来自 swel,照 耀，照射，使发热，词源同 swelter.引申诸相关词义。
n./v.肿胀;膨胀;增大;增加;Spell smell! Very well, the well-being for human being will swell.拼写气味(一词)!很好,人类的福利将会膨胀.
【记】s死，well（n 井）：死在井里面，身体被泡得膨胀。
verb (swelled, swollen or swelled)
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to become larger and rounder than usual; to (cause to) increase in size or amount 肿胀，肿，膨胀
• It was obvious she had broken her toe, because it immediately started to swell (up). 她的脚趾显然已经骨折，因为它开始肿胀了。
• Twenty-five employees have joined the union in this month alone, swelling its ranks (= increasing its size) to 110. 仅这个月就有25位员工加入工会，使工会的人数增加到110人。
• literary His heart/breast swelled with pride (= He felt very proud) as he stood watching his son graduate. 当他站在那里观看儿子的毕业典礼时，心中充满自豪。
intransitive
■If music swells, it becomes louder. （声音）变大，增大，变响亮
[swel] noun only singular
WAVES 波涛
■the slow up and down movement of the sea with large but smooth waves （缓慢的）波涛起伏
⇒ See also groundswell
[swel] noun only singular
SOUND 声音
■an increase in sound produced by a musical instrument or instruments 音量的增大
[swel] adjective US old-fashioned informal
■very good or pleasant 极好的
• That's a swell idea! 那个主意好极了！
[swel] adverb US old-fashioned informal
■very well 极好地，非常顺利地
• Everything's going real swell. 一切都很顺利。
vi. 膨胀；肿胀；隆起
 - fill, intumesce
vt. 使膨胀；使隆起
 - expand, plim
n. 肿胀；隆起
 - tumefaction, tumidness
adj. 漂亮的；一流的
 - pretty, smart, tony, cute

Word: statistical
Front: statistical
[stə'tɪstɪkl] (研四六 4292/3479 -2)
Vocabulary: statistical
(once / 1690 pages)
adj
If you can say it with numbers, then it is probably statistical. Statistical information (or "stats") can tell the chance of rain tomorrow or what percentage or your allowance gets spent on texting.
Statistics is the science of gathering numerical information in large amounts and using it to make broad deductions — such as the one that famously declared the average British family in the 1980s had 2.4 children. Of course, that was nonsense, and the statisticians later amended it — to 1.6. Statistical answers, as the previous example shows, often need to be taken with a pinch of salt.
WORD FAMILY
statistical: statistically+/ statistician: statisticians/ statistics: statistic, statistical, statistician
USAGE EXAMPLES
In somewhat of a statistical and intellectual improbability, Couch Slouch agrees with both sides.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“Statistical differences in outcomes among population groups might suggest potential fair lending concerns that merit further examination.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And that’s before Alabama might add its two best wins of the season to its statistical profile.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 统计的; 统计学的
分布：统计的(60%)，统计学的(40%)
a.统计的,统计学的They provided some useful statistical information.他们提供了一些有用的统计信息.
adjective
■relating to statistics 统计的；统计学的
• statistical errors/evidence 统计错误／证据

Word: ponder
Front: ponder
[ˈpɒndə(r)] (研六托雅宝 5982/6954 -2)
Vocabulary: ponder
(once / 450 pages)
v
"Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary" is the first line of Edgar Allen Poe's poem The Raven. Many a deep thinker has repeated it while musing. But if you've given up deep thinking, you may say instead, "Nevermore."
Think of ponder as reflecting on weighty thoughts. It will help you remember the definition if you can remember the word's Latin roots. It comes from ponderare, which literally meant to weigh, and pondus, which means weight. People sometimes use the word ironically, for example, when someone asks you to do something you really don't want to do. You may tap your chin for a second and say, "Let me ponder that." Pause. "Um, no!"
WORD FAMILY
ponder: ponderable, pondered, ponderer, pondering, ponders+/ imponderable: imponderables, imponderably/ponderable: imponderable, ponderably/ponderer: ponderers/pondering: ponderingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wealthier Americans might ponder the future of football, Irvin said, but poor and middle-class kids were betting their future on football.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The artist prefers to ponder her subjects as they contemplate.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
So let’s look at one of the questions FDA asked the panel to ponder:
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 思索，衡量
vi. 仔细考虑，沉思
时态：pondered, pondering, ponders
分布：考虑(64%)，沉思(36%)
→来自法语ponderer,称量，平衡，使稳定，来自拉丁语ponderare,悬挂，称量，思考，来自pendere,悬挂，称量，词源同pendulum,pensive.引申词义沉思，考虑。
沉思(pond重+er→分出轻重→沉思)[pend,pens,pond=weight,expend,表示"称重量,称银子",引申为"花费"]
v.沉思,考虑He pondered his words thoroughly.他说每一句话要仔细掂量.
US ['pɑ:n.dɚ] formal
verb intransitive or transitive
■to think carefully about something, especially for a noticeable length of time 沉思，默想，考虑
• She sat back for a minute to ponder her next move in the game. 她靠在椅背上坐了一会儿，思考下一步棋该怎么走。
weigh, consider, study, contemplate, ponder
这组词都有“考虑、思考、估量”的意思，其区别是：
weigh: 指作出决策前把问题的各个方面进行比较，权衡利害得失，取有利的方面。
consider: 既指一时的对某事的考虑，也指长时间的深入的思考。
study: 普通用词，指对各方面考虑，在制订出计划或采取具体动作之前作认真检查。
contemplate: 通常指长时间思考某事，有时含无确定的实际目的。
ponder: 侧重仔细、深入、连续地考虑问题，以作出认真的估计和正确的抉择。
vt. 仔细考虑；衡量
 - mull over, reflect on
vi. 考虑；沉思
 - allow, think about, think of

Word: dick
Front: dick
[dɪk] (10766/4509)
Vocabulary: dick
(once / 94 pages)
n
Dick is a vulgar slang word for a penis. It's also an insulting thing to call someone you don't like, especially a boy or man.
Much like ass, this word for a below-the-belt body part is very commonly used as an insult meaning pretty much "jerk" or "idiot." Only males have dicks, and this insult is usually used toward a guy who is "acting like a dick." Lots of people find this word offensive, especially parents, teachers, and other adults. If you have to discuss a dick, you're better off saying penis or using a slang word that's sillier and less offensive, like johnson.
WORD FAMILY
dick: dicks
USAGE EXAMPLES
DeVos’ husband, Dick DeVos, is the founder of a charter high school whose theme is careers in the aviation industry.
Slate(Dec 01, 2016)
Earlier this fall, it announced plans to acquire Dick Clark Productions, a television production company based in Santa Monica, California.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He added that Dick’s and other retailers had trouble envisioning growth with Adidas back then, but the sentiment had reversed.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 〈口〉家伙; 〈俚〉阴茎; 〈美俚〉侦探; 〈俚〉誓言
分布：阴茎(58%)，侦探(42%)
→来自人名Rick的俚语名，用来代指比较粗俗的字眼。比较wally(William).
noun countable
PENIS 阴茎 offensive
■a penis 阴茎
[dɪk] noun countable
PERSON 人 offensive
■a stupid man 笨蛋，傻瓜
• That guy is such a dick. 那家伙真笨。
■US old-fashioned informal
■a detective (= someone whose job is to discover facts about a crime) 侦探，警探
• a private dick 私家侦探
n. 阴茎，鸡巴；侦探；誓言
 - cirrhus, tentum

Word: erupt
Front: erupt
[ɪˈrʌpt] (高研六托雅宝 5291/6441 -2)
Vocabulary: erupt
(once / 688 pages)
1v 2v
A rash, a volcano, applause, violence, all of these are things that are prone to erupt, meaning they suddenly become active.
The word erupt has origins in the Latin word eruptus, the past participle of erumpere, meaning to burst forth. This lively verb can be used to describe anything that is released in a quick, violent burst, such as a bomb exploding or lava spewing forth from a volcano or even laughter. It can also be used to describe the arrival of things that burst through more quietly (but often more painfully), such as a skin condition or a tooth that’s breaking through one's gum.
WORD FAMILY
erupt: erupted, erupting, eruption, eruptive, erupts+/ eruption: eruptions/eruptive: eruptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, cash dried up, retail commerce froze, and Maduro suspended the move as rioting and looting erupted.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
When the police removed a blockade to the escalator exactly on schedule, applause erupted from the crowd.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Raiders held on against the Colts for a 33-25 win, and the bar once again erupted with hugs and high-fives.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 爆发; 喷发; 突然发生; 出疹
vt. 爆发
时态：erupted, erupting, erupts
分布：爆发(69%)，喷发(24%)，发疹(7%)
→e-, 向外。-rupt, 断裂，爆发。
爆发;喷出(e出+rupt→断裂而喷出)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
v.(尤指火山)爆发The volcano erupted after years of dormancy.那座火山在沉睡多年后剧烈活动起来.
【记】e出，rupt断－断裂而出－爆发
【参】corrupt（adj 腐败的v 腐烂）；interrupt（v 插嘴；打断）；eruption（n 爆发）
verb intransitive
VOLCANO 火山
 ADVANCED
■When a volcano erupts, it explodes and flames and rocks come out of it 火山爆发的时候，火焰和岩浆从火山里喷涌而出。
• Since the volcano last erupted, many houses have been built in a dangerous position on its slopes. 自从火山上次喷发后，很多房屋建在了火山山坡上的危险地带。
[ɪ'rʌpt] verb intransitive
START SUDDENLY 突然发生
■to start suddenly and violently 爆发；喷发；突然发生
• At the end of a hot summer, violence erupted in the inner cities. 一个炎热的夏末，在市中心贫民区突然爆发了暴力事件。
■to suddenly express your feelings in a noisy way 爆发（感情）；激烈地表达（感情）
• The crowd erupted in applause and cheering. 人群中爆发出掌声和欢呼声。
■If spots erupt on your skin, they suddenly appear （疱疹）突然出现
• Two days after he'd been exposed to the substance, a painful rash erupted on his neck. 接触了这种物质两天后，他脖子上突然起了一种刺痛的疹子。
explode, erupt, burst
这组词都有“爆炸、爆发”的意思，其区别是：
explode: 指物体爆炸而释放大量热能的一刹那。
erupt: 主要指火山的爆发，也可用作引申意义。
burst: 强调爆炸能量的突然释放和力量的突然迸发。
vi. 爆发；喷出；发疹；长牙
 - out break, blow up
vt. 爆发；喷出
 - out break, blow up

Word: coastal
Front: coastal
[ˈkəʊstl] (六雅 4039/4584)
Back: adj. 临海的，沿海的; 海岸的; 沿岸
分布：沿海的(53%)，海岸的(28%)，沿岸的(19%)
US ['koʊ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■situated on, or relating to the coast （位于）海岸的；临海的；沿海的
• a coastal town 海滨城镇
adj. [海洋] 沿海的；海岸的
 - maritime, littoral

Word: treasure
Front: treasure
[ˈtreʒə(r)] (中高研四六托 4074/4538 -2)
Vocabulary: treasure
(once / 133 pages)
nv
Treasure is usually associated with riches — gold, jewels, doubloons — the stuff contained in pirates' treasure chests. However, you can also treasure things with purely sentimental value — like your pet rock or your blankie.
The English word treasure comes from the Old French tresor, both meaning "something of great worth." Still, the French tresor sounds so much more luxurious than the English treasure, and that form is the chosen name for an expensive perfume. Worth is relative, though. Going back further, we find that the Latin word for treasury is thesaurus, which is what a book of synonyms is called. Guess the ancients always understood the richness — and worth — of words.
WORD FAMILY
treasure: treasured, treasures, treasuring
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now, more than a decade later, the Saints are a civic treasure and the Chargers on the verge of leaving San Diego.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Chances are that the universe neither treasures nor regrets us.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Some of us remember the Vietnam War, its cost in blood and treasure and its disastrous ending.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 金银财宝; 宝藏; 珍宝; 不可多得的人才
vt. 重视; 珍惜; 珍视; 储存
时态：treasured, treasuring, treasures
分布：财富(48%)，珍视(19%)，宝物(18%)，珍藏(15%)
→来自古法语 tresor,宝库，藏宝，来自拉丁语 thesaurus,宝库，来自希腊语 thesauros,仓库，来 自 dhe,做，放置，词源同 do,thesis,thesaurus.引申词义财富，珍宝。
n.财宝,财富;珍品v.珍爱,珍惜I can't endure the leisured man's measures for the treasures in the treasury.我不能容忍那个悠闲男子对金库财宝采取的措施.
US [-ɚ] noun
VALUABLE THINGS 珍品
 IMPROVER uncountable
■very valuable things, usually in the form of a store of precious metals, precious stones or money 财宝；珍宝
• Stories about pirates often include a search for buried treasure. 海盗故事中经常包括搜寻宝藏。
• When they opened up the tomb they found treasure beyond their wildest dreams. 他们挖开坟墓，发现了做梦也想像不到的珍宝。
treasures [plural]
■very valuable things, especially pieces of art 珍宝；（尤指）艺术珍品
• stolen art treasures 被盗的艺术珍品
• The museum houses many priceless treasures. 这家博物馆收藏了许多价值连城的珍品。
UK ['treʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
PERSON 人
countable informal
■someone who is very helpful and valuable to you 很有用的人；很重要的人
• I don't know what I'd have done without Lizzie when I was ill - she was an absolute treasure. 我生病时，要不是利齐真，不知道我会怎么样——她真是个不可多得的人。
countable mainly UK old-fashioned informal
■a friendly way of talking to someone, especially a child 宝贝（亲昵称呼，尤指小孩）
• Come on, treasure, let's go and see Granny. 赶快，宝贝，我们看奶奶去。
UK ['treʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive
■to take great care of something because you love it or consider it very valuable 珍爱；珍惜；珍藏
• I shall always treasure those memories of her. 我会一直珍藏对她的回忆。
• This pen that my grandfather gave me is one of my most treasured possessions. 我祖父送给我的这支钢笔是我最珍爱的东西之一。
n. 财富，财产；财宝；珍品
 - wealth, estate, money, fortune, property
vt. 珍爱；珍藏
 - cherish, enshrine

Word: administer
Front: administer
[ədˈmɪnɪstə(r)] (研托雅 3661/3700 -2)
Vocabulary: administer
(once / 68 pages)
1v 2v
When you administer something, you give it to others. This can apply to a dose of medicine, an order, a survey, or a punishment. Administer can also mean to run something — such as a school or an office.
The word administer belongs to a family of words, all having to do with being in charge: administration, administrator, and administrative. Strangely, administer comes from the Latin word minister meaning "servant." So, if your boss or principal administers an instruction that you disagree with, just think of that person as your servant. Doing so will help you carry out your duties with a smile.
WORD FAMILY
administer: administered, administering, administers, administrable, administration +/ administration: administrations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tucson Fire Department also responded and began to administer aid to the victim, but he was pronounced dead at the scene.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Vice President Joe Biden, in one of his final official acts, will administer the oath to 27 returning senators and seven new ones.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I administered diuretics and fitted an oxygen tube to his nostrils.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 管理; 治理（国家）; 给予; 执行
vi. 执行遗产管理人的职责; 给予帮助; 担当管理人
时态：administered, administering, administers
分布：管理(87%)，执行(12%)，给与帮助(1%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。minister, 部长,来自词根min, 小的,同minute。指国王的仆人，后指大臣。
管理,治理(ad+minister→做部长→管理)[mini,min=small,表示"小"]
v.施行,实施;掌管,料理...的事务;给予The Secretary of State administers all the foreign affairs.国务卿掌理所有的外交事务.
【记】1）来自拉丁词administrate，ad加强，ministrate服务－管理2）minister部长，大臣－做部长－管理
US [-stɚ] verb
MANAGE 管理
transitive often passive
■to control the operation or arrangement of something; to manage or govern 管理；治理
• The country was administered by the British until very recently. 直到不久前，这个国家还由英国人来管辖。
• The economy has been badly administered by the present government. 现任政府一直不善处理经济工作。
UK [əd'mɪn.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] verb
GIVE 给
transitive formal
■to cause someone to receive something 给予；施用；施行
• to administer medicine/punishment/relief 给药／施加惩罚／发放救济品
• Tests will be administered to schoolchildren at seven, twelve and sixteen years. 7岁、12岁和16岁的学生将接受测试。
• figurative The latest opinion polls have administered a severe blow to the party. 最新的民意调查结果对该党来说是当头一棒。
administer an oath to sb formal
■to be present while someone says an oath (= formal promise) officially 主持（某人）的宣誓仪式
direct, control, supervise, govern, administer, rule, manage
这组词都有“管理、支配”的意思，其区别是：
direct: 侧重行使领导或指导权。
control: 含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。
supervise: 侧重指运用本身的或被授予的权力来管理、检查工作，含监督意味。
govern: 侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗含能力和知识的运用。
administer: 指官方的或正式的对事务的管理。
rule: 强调用绝对或独裁的权力来管理或统治。
manage: 强调对具体事务机构进行管理，有时含受权管理或处理之意。
vt. 管理；执行；给予
 - manage, afford, perform, conduct, implement

Word: suck
Front: suck
[sʌk] (高研四六雅 3618/4142 -K2)
Vocabulary: suck
(once / 431 pages)
vn
To suck is to draw something by force. Vacuum cleaners suck dirt from the floor and milkshake drinkers suck this liquid, tasty liquid through a straw.
Drinking something by pulling it into your mouth is to suck it. You can also suck on something, like a peppermint or a thumb, by holding it in your mouth. Objects can suck too — a fan sucks warm air out the window. You can also suck someone into your plans, meaning you force them to participate. The word suck comes from the Proto-Indo-European sug, from the sound your mouth makes when you suck on something.
WORD FAMILY
suck: sucked, sucker, sucking, sucks, suction+/sucker: suckers/sucking: suckings/suction: suctioned, suctioning, suctions, suctorial
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We knew we couldn’t fumble this mission—they could have been sucking us into a trap,” says a U.S.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
The effect was to suck $50 billion from the banking system.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
The next day, Hively said in a phone interview Wednesday, an administrator reprimanded her for "sucking face" and admonished her for being unprofessional.
Los Angeles Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 吮吸; 吸入; 卷进入; 吸取
vi. 舐，吮吸; 吸入; 通过吸吮的动作产生声音; <俚>巴结
n. 吮吸; 吸力; 吸入物
时态：sucked, sucking, sucks
分布：吸(71%)，吸收(11%)，吸入(6%)，吸吮(6%)，啜(4%)，奉承(1%)，吸力(1%)
→来自古英语 sucian,吮吸，来自 Proto-Germanic*sukana,吮吸，来自 sug,吸，来自 seue, 汁液，液体，词源同 soak,soup.引申诸相关词义。
v. & n.吸,舐;吸收(取)The lucky duck tucked in truck suddenly sucked the gas from the bucket.塞在卡车里的幸运鸭子突然从桶里吸汽油.
verb
PULL IN 吸入
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to pull in liquid or air through your mouth without using your teeth, or to move the tongue and muscles of the mouth around something inside your mouth, often in order to dissolve it 吸；吮吸；咂，啜
• She was sitting on the grass sucking lemonade through a straw. 她坐在草地上，用吸管吸着柠檬汁。
• I sucked my thumb until I was seven. 我一直到七岁才不再吮大拇指。
• I tried sucking (on) a mint to stop myself coughing. 我试着咂块薄荷糖来止咳。
• They used to give you sweets to suck on (UK alsoat)in aeroplanes to stop your ears from going pop. 以前搭飞机时，他们会提供糖果供吮食，以防止耳鸣。
 ADVANCED transitive + adverb or preposition
■Something which sucks a liquid or an object in a particular direction pulls it with great force 吸，抽吸；使卷入
• The waves came crashing over my head and I could feel myself being sucked under by the currents. 海浪袭来，打在我的头顶上，我能感觉到自己被水流吞噬。
• figurative Continued rapid growth in consumer spending will suck in (= encourage) more imports. 消费支出的持续迅速增长将会刺激进口。
[sʌk] verb
BE BAD 糟糕
intransitive mainly US slang
■If someone or something sucks, they are bad or unpleasant 糟糕，差劲；令人厌恶
• Man, this job sucks! 嗨，这工作太糟了！
• While my brother was sick, I had to do all of his chores and it sucked. 我弟弟生病时，他所有的杂事都得我来做，那真是讨厌。
[sʌk] verb
suck sb/sth dry
■to remove all useful, valuable qualities or possessions from a person, thing or place 吸干；抽干（从某人、某物或某地取走或除去所有有用的、有价值的特质或东西）
• That firm sucks its new programmers dry after five years and then sacks them. 那间公司五年后将新电脑程式员的才华都吸干了，然后解雇了他们。
• London has sucked the surrounding towns dry of local talent. 伦敦吸干了周围城市的本地人才。
[sʌk] verb
sucking diesel slang
■feeling good 感觉良好
• "How are you this morning?" "Sucking diesel, mate, sucking diesel." 你今天早上怎么样？“感觉良好，同伴，感觉良好！”
[sʌk] verb
suck it and see UK informal
■to try something to find out if it will be successful 试试看，姑且一试
• I'm not sure whether this paint is the right colour for the bedroom - we'll just have to suck it and see. 我不确定这种油漆的颜色是否适合卧室——我们试试看吧。
[sʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] suck sb/sth in/suck sb/sth into sth
■to cause someone or something to gradually become involved in an unpleasant situation or harmful activity 将…卷入（不快处境或坏事中）
• I really don't want any part in this whole argument, but I can feel myself being sucked into it. 我根本就不想与整件争论有任何瓜葛，不过我能感觉到自己被牵扯了进去。
[sʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] suck sb off offensive
■to use the tongue, lips and mouth on someone's sexual organs to give them pleasure 对（某人）行口淫
[sʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  suck up to sb informal disapproving
■to try to make someone who is in authority approve of you by doing and saying things that will please them 奉承，巴结（某人） ；拍（某人）马屁：
• "Why do you think he offered to take all that work home?" "Ah, he's just sucking up to the boss." “你认为他为甚么主动提出把那些工作都带回家做？”“哦，他只不过是为了讨好老板。”
[sʌk] noun countable usually singular
■when you suck something 吸；吮吸；啜
• Can I have a suck of your lolly, please? 我能尝一口你的棒棒糖吗？
incorporate, absorb, suck, digest
这组词都有“吸收”的意思，其区别是：
incorporate: 指一物或多物与它物相融合，形成一整体。
absorb: 普通用词，词义广泛，既可指吸收光、热、液体等具体东西，又可指吸收知识等抽象概念的东西。
suck: 作“吸收”解时，可与absorb换用，但还可有“吮吸”之意。
digest: 侧重在消化道内改变食物的化学结构后被人体吸收。
vt. 吸吮；吸取
 - introject
vi. 吸吮；糟糕；巴结
 - curry favor with, crawl to

Word: promptly
Front: promptly
[ˈprɒmptli] (六 6666/5541 -K2)
Vocabulary: promptly
(once / 241 pages)
adv
To do something promptly is to do it right away or in a timely fashion, avoiding any delays.
When you receive an invitation, you might immediately check your calendar and promptly reply. Doing things promptly is the opposite of procrastinating or putting things off. Showing up promptly for meetings, dates, and other plans is courteous and polite. When the President responds promptly to a crisis, it's considered good leadership. If you delay too much, you lost the chance to do something promptly — this is a word for things that happen fast.
WORD FAMILY
prompt: prompted, prompter, promptest, prompting, promptingly, promptly, promptness, prompts+/prompted: unprompted/prompter: prompters/prompting: promptings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was amid that heated and ugly rhetoric that the center announced its expansion plans — and promptly ran into a wall of opposition.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The two promptly put all their possessions in a storage unit and moved into a Texas apartment with the barest of essentials.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
For instance, if there is a rap musical written about a Founding Father, it will close promptly after three days to no fanfare at all.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 敏捷地; 迅速地; 立即地; 毫不迟疑
分布：迅速地(46%)，准时地(27%)，立即(27%)
→来自prompt,迅速的，立即的，-ly,副词后缀。
US ['prɑ:mpt-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■quickly, without delay, or at the arranged time 迅速地，立即，依照预定时间地
• We'll have to leave fairly promptly (= on time) if we want to catch that train. 如果我们要赶那班火车，就得准时出发。
• We try to answer readers' letters as promptly (= quickly) as we can. 我们努力尽快答覆读者来信。
• She promised she'd keep it secret and promptly (= immediately after) went and told Ben! 她答应了要保密，随后却立即告诉了班！
adv. 迅速地；立即地；敏捷地
 - quickly, rapidly, fast, ready

Word: directive
Front: directive
[dəˈrektɪv] (7595/3257 -2)
Vocabulary: directive
(once / 3773 pages)
nadj
A directive is an order or official notice that comes from an authority. The directive from your boss instructing all employees to wear silly hats on Fridays might be hard to take seriously.
Directives often come from employers, governments, supervisors, judges, or other authority figures. A math teacher might issue a directive to all students banning smart phones in the classroom after the school principal releases a directive instructing all math teachers to find ways to cut down on cheating during exams. Directive is also an adjective, meaning "helping to guide or manage."
WORD FAMILY
directive: directively, directiveness, directives, directivity+/ direct: directed, directest, directing, directive, directly, directness, director, directs, indirect, misdirect, redirect /directed: self-directed, undirected/ director: directors, directorship/directorship: directorships/ indirect: indirectly, indirectness/misdirect: misdirected, misdirecting, misdirection, misdirects/misdirection: misdirections/ redirect: redirected, redirecting, redirects
USAGE EXAMPLES
Thirteen states signed on to fight that directive, including three involved in the latest lawsuit.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The Obama administration finalized the regulations around the time it issued its directive to public schools regarding transgender students.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
That lawsuit centered on a federal directive requiring schools to let transgender students use bathrooms consistent with their gender identity.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 指令; <美>命令，训令，指令; 方针
adj. 指示性的，指导性的，指挥的; 管理的; [无线]指向[定向]式的
分布：指令(93%)，管理的(5%)，指导的(1%)，指挥的(1%)
[daɪ'rek.tɪv] formal
noun countable
■an official instruction 指令，命令
• The boss issued a directive about not using the fax machine. 老板下令不要使用那台传真机。
n. 指示；指令
 - instruction, pointing, indication, prescription, commands
adj. 指导的；管理的
 - administrative, regulatory, managing

Word: depict
Front: depict
[dɪˈpɪkt] (研六托雅宝 3205/4373 -2)
Vocabulary: depict
(once / 574 pages)
v
When you depict something, you draw a picture of it, describe it, or show what it looks like. So grab a crayon, a paint brush, or even an Etch-A-Sketch and start depicting.
From the Latin depictus, meaning “to portray, paint, sketch, describe,” depict is a way to communicate what you see. To explain to an alien what a banana is, you can either depict it with drawings, describe it in words, or both. But be careful. Writes author Joyce Maynard, "The painter who feels obligated to depict his subjects as uniformly beautiful or handsome and without flaws will fall short of making art."
WORD FAMILY
depict: depicted, depicting, depiction, depictive, depicts+/ depiction: depictions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The reality is closer to the latter: The Baltimore artist depicts discarded plants, left to wither.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The animals were two of the 31 figures depicting the birth of Jesus that were painstakingly restored by volunteers over the past year.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
She thought it a relic, scrapped after it was depicted as an instrument of torture in the 1975 movie “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 描绘，描画; 描述
时态：depicted, depicting, depicts
分布：描述(39%)，描绘(33%)，画(28%)
→de-, 向下。-pict, 画，词源同paint, picture. 即画，描绘。
描绘(de+pict图画→成为图画→描绘)[de-①表示"去掉,变坏,离开,变慢,向下"等②表示"使…成为,加强"等]
描述,描绘(de加强+pict→加强描画→描绘)[Pict=paint,表示"描画"]
v.描绘;描写,描述He depicted the conviction that contradicted the verdict.他描绘反驳裁决的定罪.
【记】de加强语义，pict画一加强画一描绘pic是picture的缩写
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to represent or show something in a picture or story 描绘，描述，描写
• Her paintings depict the lives of ordinary people in the last century. 她的油画反映了上个世纪普通人的生活。
• In the book, he depicts his father as a tyrant. 在那本书里，他把自己的父亲描写成了一个暴君。
• [+ -ing verb] People were shocked by the advertisement which depicted a woman beating her husband. 人们对那个女人殴打丈夫的广告感到非常震惊。
vt. 描述；描画
 - bewrite, describe v. say what is like

Word: recording
Front: recording
[rɪˈkɔ:dɪŋ] (托雅 3319/2437 -K3)
Vocabulary: recording
(once / 618 pages)
n
A recording is the recorded audio that's stored on a tape or an electronic device. If you make a recording of your history class lecture, you'll be able to listen to it later when you study for the midterm exam (or when you want to nod off to sleep).
The business of making and selling popular songs can be called "the recording industry," and you can also talk about a recording of your favorite jazz album. In addition to audio recordings, there are also video recordings, like the one you take of your little brother's dance recital or soccer game. Recording comes from the verb record, which we can trace back to the Latin recordari, "remember, call to mind, or be mindful of."
WORD FAMILY
recording: recordings+/prerecord: prerecorded, prerecording/ record: prerecord, recorded, recorder, recording, records/ recorded: unrecorded/ recorder: recorders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bharambe, for his part, argues that Mumbai’s collision statistics look worse than other Indian cities because the Mumbai police are better at recording accidents.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The Tigers limited Ohio State to seven first downs — not counting penalties — and set up camp in the Buckeyes’ backfield, recording 11 tackles for loss.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It was a rare meltdown on national television by one of the top-selling recording artists of all time.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 记录，录音; 唱片; 录了音的磁带; 录音的节目
adj. 记录的，录音的，录影的; 自记的; 记录用的
v. 记录，录音，拍摄( record的现在分词); 显示，自动记下; 标明; 发表正式（或法律方面的）声明
分布：录音(99%)，动词record的现在分词.(1%)
【记】源于：record（v 记录；录音）
US [-'kɔ:r-] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a record, disc or tape on which you can hear speech or music or watch moving pictures 音像录制品，唱片；录音；录影
• I bought a recording of Maria Callas singing Verdi. 我买了一张玛丽亚．卡拉斯演唱威尔第歌剧的唱片。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the process or business of putting sounds, especially music, onto records or magnetic tapes using electronic equipment （尤指音乐的）录制，唱片录制业
• a recording studio 录制工作室
n. 录音；唱片
 - disk, disc
adj. 记录的；记录用的
 - documentary
v. 录音；记录；录像（record的ing形式）
 - noting

Word: projection
Front: projection
[prəˈdʒekʃn] (托宝 4755/5368 -2)
Vocabulary: projection
(once / 1050 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
When you push something away from a central structure, that's called projection. If you predict that the Jets will win tomorrow's game, that's a projection, too — you're pushing your mind away from the present and into the future.
The Jets and projection actually have a common linguistic ancestor. Both the ject in projection and the word jet come from the Latin root jactus, which means "throw." A jet plane throws itself — or projects itself — away from a central structure (the Earth) and into the air.
WORD FAMILY
projection: projections+/ project: projected, projecting, projection, projector, projects/projectionist: projectionists/ projector: projectionist, projectors
USAGE EXAMPLES
If those projections prove true, 2016 would mark the seventh consecutive year of rising automotive sales.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It was not just a lie, it was a masterpiece of projection.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Historic buildings across the city will become backdrops for projections illustrating the history of Hull.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 预测; 规划，设计; [心]投射; 突起物
分布：投影(65%)，投射(15%)，预测(8%)，放映(5%)，发射(3%)，规划(3%)，凸出物(1%)
→来自project,投掷，投射，-ion,名词后缀。
投射;放映(project+ion)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
noun
CALCULATION 计算
countable
■a calculation or guess about the future based on information that you have 预测，推测
• The company has failed to achieve last year's sales projections by thirty percent. 这家公司未能达到去年的预期销售目标，还差30%。
[prə'dʒek.ʃən] noun
IMAGE 影像
uncountable
■when a film or an image is projected onto a screen or wall 放映；投射
[prə'dʒek.ʃən] noun
STICKING OUT 凸出物
countable
■something that projects from a surface or above the edge of something 凸出物；隆起物
[prə'dʒek.ʃən] noun
DRAWING 图像
countable specialized
■a drawn representation of a solid shape or a line as seen from a particular direction 投影
n. [心理] [数] 投射；规划；突出；发射；推测
 - emission, theory, speculation, planning, sending

Word: constrain
Front: constrain
[kənˈstreɪn] (研六托雅宝 7740/5685 -1)
Vocabulary: constrain
(once / 731 pages)
v
To constrain is to hold back, restrain, or confine. If you've ever had to constrain a toddler in the middle of a temper tantrum, you know you have to watch out for flailing limbs.
The verb constrain comes from the Latin word constringere, which means to bind together or tie tightly. Constrain can imply both literal and figurative bindings. You can constrain someone by physically holding on to something like a person's shirt. Or, you can figuratively constrain someone by putting up obstacles. Your teenagers, for example, may feel constrained by your rules and accuse you of sucking the fun out of their social lives.
WORD FAMILY
constrain: constrained, constraining, constrains+/ constrained: constrainedly, unconstrained / unconstrained: unconstrainedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The reason was simple: He did not want his children constrained, he said, by lines laid down by others.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
CSOSA’s unique position constrains its ability to help or monitor offenders.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
But it’s not practical to constrain your sightseeing to just a few hours a day.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 强迫; 强使; 限制; 约束
时态：constrained, constraining, constrains
分布：限制(86%)，强迫(14%)
→con-, 强调。-str, 拉长，拉紧，词源同strict,strain.
强迫,强制(con一起+strain→拉到一起→限制,强制)[stirain,striet,string=tighten,表示"拉紧"]
vt.限制,约束;克制,抑制I feel constrained to ask for your forgiveness.我不得不请你原谅.
【记】con一起，strain（v 紧张；拉紧）－把你们拉到一起作苦工－限制；强迫
【参】restrain（vt 抑制, 制止）；constraint（n 约束，强制）
【反】release（vt 释放；放松）
verb transitive often passive
■to control and limit something 限制；约束；束缚
• The country's progress was constrained by a leader who refused to look forward. 国家领导人缺乏发展眼光限制了该国的进步。
constrain, force, compel, oblige
这组词都有“迫使”的意思，其区别是：
constrain: 侧重施加约束力或有约束作用的影响，也指环境对人强加的影响迫使人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等内在力量驱使去做某事。
force: 指用个人意志、权力、权威或暴力等，迫使他人改变看法或做本不愿做的事。
compel: 指在法律、权力、力量或行动等的驱使下被迫而为。
oblige: 指由于生理上或道德上的需要，促使某人做某事，也指有权威的人或机构迫使某人做某事，还可指在特定情况下被迫作出的反应。
constrain, refrain, restrain
constrain: v.强迫，力劝，是及物动词。
 • A law constrains the government from spending more money than it takes in.   法律限制政府开支大于收入。
refrain: v.抑制，禁止，强调抑制一种冲动，是正式用语，为不及物动词，后接介词from。
 • Students refrain from smoking in the classroom.   学生们克制住不在教师抽烟。
restrain: v.抑制，约束，指通过管束阻止某事发生，是及物动词，其习惯用法是restrain sb. (sth.) from doing。
 • She restrains her dog by walking him on a leash.   溜狗时，她牵着狗来限制它的活动。
vt. 驱使；强迫；束缚
 - chain, bound, force, provoke, enforce

Word: villager
Front: villager
[ˈvɪlɪdʒə(r)] (高 6100/6139 -2)
Back: n. 村民; 乡村居民
分布：村民(100%)
村民(village村庄)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
■a person who lives in a village 村民

Word: dwindle
Front: dwindle
[ˈdwɪndl] (托雅宝 10733/11193 -1)
Vocabulary: dwindle
(once / 1038 pages)
v
What do love, money, and the earth all have in common? All can dwindle, or shrink away, if we don't handle them properly.
The word dwindle has a wonderfully descriptive, almost childlike sound to it, as though it belongs in a nursery rhyme. That might help you remember the meaning, which is to shrink away gradually, like the Cheshire Cat in "Alice in Wonderland," who dwindles away until nothing is left but his grin.
WORD FAMILY
dwindle: dwindled, dwindles, dwindling+/dwindling: dwindlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But as the audience for printed newspapers continues to dwindle, some think it’s only a matter of time.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Those numbers dwindle as the months wear on, as family and work commitments interfere, but there are normally enough — just — to get a game together.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
As funds dwindle, retirement ages are creeping up.
Nature(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: vi. 减少，变小，缩小; 衰落，变坏，退化
时态：dwindled, dwindling, dwindles
分布：减少(79%)，缩小(21%)
→词源同dye, 死亡，消逝。-le, 表反复，逐渐。即减少，逐渐消亡。
【记】象wind的一样消逝－逐渐减少
【区】swindle（v /n 诈骗）钱象wind一样的s掉了－被诈骗了
【反】increase（v 增加）；proliferate（v 激增）
verb intransitive
■to become smaller in size or amount, or fewer in number 减小；降低；减少
• The community has dwindled to a tenth of its former size in the last two years. 该社区在过去的两年里缩小到了原来的十分之一。
• Her hopes of success in the race dwindled last night as the weather became worse. 随着昨晚天气的恶化，她在比赛中获胜的希望减小了。
diminish, dwindle, lessen, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，变少”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: 侧重大小数量和重要性的不断减小，强调减小的部分。
dwindle: 与decrease同义，指逐渐减小，但强调变得越来越少终至全无。
lessen: 普通用词，与decrease近义。指数目、程度、价值、实力等的减少。
decrease: 指逐渐地、不断地减少。
reduce: 普通用词，含义广。指数量、程度的降低或减少。
vi. 减少；变小
 - to cut down, fall off
vt. 使缩小，使减少
 - shrink, astrict

Word: regret
Front: regret
[rɪˈgret] (中高研四六 4595/3773 -K3)
Vocabulary: regret
(once / 111 pages)
vn
To regret something is to wish it had never happened. Wish you hadn't reached for that fourth piece of chocolate cake? You regret it.
Regret is often called a useless emotion, because you can only regret what has already taken place. It's too late to change things, so all that's left to do is regret. Regret can also function as a noun, as in the feeling of regret you have when you realize that you should have been nicer to your kid sister and should have not locked her into the dog crate for the afternoon. You often hear people exclaim "No regrets!" when they talk about their life choices, but we're dubious because who doesn't have at least one horrible outfit in their memory that makes them cringe with a feeling of regret?
WORD FAMILY
regret: regretful, regrets, regrettable, regretted, regretting+/ regretful: regretfully, unregretful/ regrettable: regrettably /regretting: unregretting/unregretful: unregretfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such regrets carry added weight when the work is left undone.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s something that Roof will likely regret,” Mr. Greenspun predicted of his choice to represent himself.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Chances are that the universe neither treasures nor regrets us.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 后悔，悔恨; 遗憾，抱歉; 悼念，哀悼
vi. 感到后悔，感到抱歉
n. 遗憾，惋惜; 后悔，悔恨; 哀悼
时态：regretted, regretting, regrets
分布：遗憾(49%)，后悔(35%)，抱歉(10%)，惋惜(5%)，为 ... 感到遗憾(1%)
→re-,表强调，-gret,哭喊，呼叫，词源同 greet.引申词义遗憾，懊悔。
v./n.遗憾,懊悔,抱歉I didn't regret the choice I had made.我做了这个选择并不后悔.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a feeling of sadness about something sad or wrong or about a mistake that you have made, and a wish that it could have been different and better 懊悔，遗憾；惋惜；痛惜
• I left school at 16, but I've had a great life and I have no regrets. 我16岁就辍学了，但是我的人生很成功，我没有甚么可遗憾的。
• The manager expressed deep regret at/for the number of staff reductions. 被裁减的员工人数众多，对此经理深表遗憾。
• We think, much to our regret (= and we are very sorry about this) , that we will not be able to visit you next year. 我们觉得，明年可能没法到你们家去做客了，真是遗憾。
send (sb) your regrets
■to send a polite message that you cannot go to a party, etc （因为不能赴会等）（向某人）表示歉意，致歉辞谢
• We did have an invitation, but we had to send Graham our regrets. 我们确实收到了请柬，但是我们脱不开身，不得不向格雷厄姆致歉辞谢。
[rɪ'gret] verb transitive (-tt-)
 IMPROVER
■to feel sorry about a situation, especially something sad or wrong or a mistake that you have made 懊悔，遗憾；惋惜；痛惜
• Is there anything you've done in your life that you regret? 你一生中做过甚么令你感到懊悔的事情没有？
• [+ -ing verb] I have always regretted not having studied harder at school. 我总是后悔在学校时没有更加努力学习。
• [+ (that)] formal The council regrets (that) the money to subsidise the youth club is no longer available. 市政会因为无法再向青少年俱乐部提供资助而深表遗憾。
• [+ to infinitive] formal British Airways regret to announce the cancellation of flight BA205 to Madrid. 英国航空公司非常遗憾地通知乘客，飞往马德里的 BA205 次航班取消了。
repent, regret
这组词都有“后悔”的意思，其区别是：
repent: 正式用词，语气较强，指对自己所做的错事或不该做的事感到深切的悔恨。
regret: 指对已发生或未发生的事或行为表示后悔或婉惜。
n. 遗憾；抱歉；悲叹
 - pity, sorriness
vt. 后悔；惋惜；哀悼
 - grieve over, mourn over

Word: atomic
Front: atomic
[əˈtɒmɪk] (四托 5438/5441 -2)
Vocabulary: atomic
(once / 820 pages)
adj
Something that has to do with atoms is atomic. Atomic structure, for example, means the way an atom is organized and what it's made of.
You'll often find the word atomic specifically describing power or weapons — in this case, atomic means the process of either splitting an atom, known as fission, or joining two atoms, fusion, to create energy. Also, every chemical element has its own atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus of one of the element's atoms. Atomic comes from the Latin atomus, "indivisible particle," from the Greek atomos, "uncut" or "indivisible."
WORD FAMILY
atomic: atomically, subatomic+/ atom: atomic, atomise, atomism, atomize, atoms/atomise: atomisation, atomised, atomiser, atomising/atomism: atomistic/atomistic: atomistical, atomistically/ atomize: atomization, atomized, atomizer, atomizes, atomizing/atomizer: atomizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s because the traditional length of the day does not precisely measure actual time, as told by hyper-accurate atomic clocks.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Atomic clocks use ultraviolet signals emitted in the change of electron energy levels to tell the time.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
“It’s time that all nations put away the atomic bomb. I congratulate Japan for doing that and I’m happy the prime minister is here.”
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 原子的; 原子能的，原子武器的; 极微的
分布：原子的(100%)
US [-'tɑ:.mɪk] adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to atoms 原子的
• atomic structure/nuclei 原子结构／核
⇒ See also nuclear
 ADVANCED
■using the energy that is created when an atom is divided 原子能的；利用原子能的
• atomic energy/power 原子能
• atomic scientists 原子能科学家
adj. 原子的，原子能的；微粒子的
 - nuclear, corpuscular

Word: inhabitant
Front: inhabitant
[ɪnˈhæbɪtənt] (研四六托雅宝 5914/4166 -2)
Vocabulary: inhabitant
(once / 117 pages)
n
Someone who usually lives in a specific place — whether it's a mansion, a cave, or a beach house — is its inhabitant.
The old man who lives in the scary house down the street is its inhabitant, and the skunk that built a nest under your porch is — unfortunately — an inhabitant of your front yard. The noun inhabitant comes from the verb inhabit, or "to live in," which in turn is rooted in the Latin word inhabitare, "to dwell in or to live in."
WORD FAMILY
inhabitant: inhabitants+/ inhabit: inhabitable, inhabitancy, inhabitant, inhabitation, inhabited, inhabiting, inhabits/ inhabitable: uninhabitable/inhabitation: inhabitations/inhabited: uninhabited/uninhabitable: uninhabitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
If the mortality rates were similar to the rest of Honduras, ninety per cent of the inhabitants died of disease.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
This activity was viewed with bemusement by the camp’s inhabitants, but without the antagonism that photography provoked.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
The inhabitants certainly appear to be relatively wealthy.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 居民，住户; （栖息在某地区的）动物
分布：居民(100%)
→来自inhabit,居住，栖息。
住户,居民(inhabit+ant)[habit=dwell,表示"居住"]
居民(inhabit居住)[-ant 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"…人"3.表名词"…剂"]
n.居民,住户On the orbit, the rabbits habitually inherited the merits of the inhabitants.在轨道上,兔子习惯性地继承了居民们的优点.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person or animal that lives in a particular place （某地的）居民，栖息动物
• a city of 5 million inhabitants 拥有500万居民的城市
citizen, native, civilian, resident, inhabitant
这组词都有“居民，公民”的意思，其区别是：
citizen: 指拥有某国国籍或有某地区合法身份的人，即公民。
native: 指土生土长的本地居民。
civilian: 指相对于军人或官员的平民百姓。
resident: 多指长期居住或暂时居住的民民，有时也指旅居者。
inhabitant: 最普通用词，一般指常住居民。
individual, native, people, inhabitant
individual: 个人，有某种特点的人
native: 本地人，出生于某国（或某地）的人
people: 民族，种族，部落
inhabitant: （某地的）居民
n. 居民；居住者
 - liver, resident, dweller, habitant

Word: routine
Front: routine
[ru:ˈti:n] (高研四六托雅 2585/2421 -K3)
Vocabulary: routine
(once / 406 pages)
1nadj 2n 3n
A routine is like a habit or sequence that doesn't vary. There are daily routines and dance routines, and maybe even daily dance routines.
Something routine isn't unusual: routine things happen all the time. Most jobs have a routine — things that must be done on a regular basis. People often get surprised by things that aren't part of their routine, or "shake up their routine." Computer routines are predetermined and predictable. Singers and dancers also have routines — the planned performances they've (hopefully) been practicing.
WORD FAMILY
routine: routinely, routines, subroutine+/subroutine: subroutines
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said the heart problem was discovered during a routine medical checkup.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At the core of every habit is a neurological loop with three parts: A cue, a routine and a reward.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Ma kept up the routine for more than a decade.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 常规; 例行程序; 生活乏味; （演出中的）一套动作
adj. 例行的; 常规的; 日常的; 普通的
分布：常规(64%)，例行公事(12%)，常规的(10%)，例行的(10%)，乏味的(2%)，无聊(2%)
→来自 route,路线，-ine,形容词后缀。引申词义常规的，日常的。
常规(rout[=route常走的道路]+ine)[-ine 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或女人"3.表名词"状态,药物等"]
n.例行公事,常规a.常规的,例行的The scout with shoulder-straps shouted on the outermost route as a routine.戴肩章的侦察员照例在最外围的路线上叫喊.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a usual or fixed way of doing things 惯例，常规；例行公事
• There's no set/fixed routine at work - every day is different. 工作内容不固定——每天都不同。
• He checks under the car for bombs as a matter of routine. 他只要开车就先习惯性地检查车下是否被安了炸弹。
 ADVANCED countable
■a regular series of movements, jokes or similar things used in a performance （表演中）一套固定的动作，固定的一套噱头．固定的表演节目
• an exercise/dance routine 一套固定的练习／舞蹈动作
• He went into his usual 'I'm the head of the family' routine (= usual way of speaking). 他又故态复萌，重弹“我是一家之主”的老调子。
countable specialized
■a part of a computer program that does a particular operation （电脑的）例行程式
[ru:'ti:n] adjective
■done as part of what usually happens, and not for any special reason 常规的
• a routine inspection /medical checkup 常规任务／检查／体检
■ordinary and not special or unusual 例行公事的；习惯性的
• a routine case of appendicitis 普通盲肠炎病例
• He died during a routine operation which went wrong. 他因一次例行性手术出错而死亡。
■disapproving
■ordinary and boring 平淡的；乏味的
• My job is so routine and boring - I hate it. 我的工作一成不变，枯燥乏味——我厌烦透了。
n. [计] 程序；日常工作；例行公事
 - procedure, program
adj. 日常的；例行的
 - daily, everyday, household

Word: accommodate
Front: accommodate
[əˈkɒmədeɪt] (研四六托雅宝 3717/3404 -2)
Vocabulary: accommodate
(once / 290 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
If you accommodate, you are making an adjustment to suit a particular purpose. If you accommodate your brother's demand for the attic room, then you give in and let him take over that space.
Accommodate entered English in the mid-16th century from the Latin word accommodat-, meaning "made fitting." Whether it refers to changing something to suit someone's wishes or providing someone with something he needs, accommodate typically involves making something fit. You might change your lunch plans, for example, to accommodate your best friend's schedule. Accommodate can also refer to providing housing or having enough space for something. You might need to open up the extra bedroom to accommodate your out-of-town guests.
WORD FAMILY
accommodate: accommodated, accommodates, accommodating, accommodation, accommodative, accommodator+/ accommodating: accommodatingly, unaccommodating/ accommodation: accommodational, accommodations/accommodator: accommodators
USAGE EXAMPLES
This pattern, and Bellevue’s capacity to accommodate more of the region’s new jobs and residents, is an important consideration as growth policies evolve.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It is designed to accommodate the personal and the planetary, political awareness and head-in-the-sand retreat.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
The extra height of the lid accommodates whipped cream or cappuccino foam, and its inner ring reduces “dribble at the rim,” the company’s website says.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 容纳; 使适应; 向…提供住处; 帮忙
vi. [后面省去反身代词]适应于; （眼）作调节，调节眼球的晶状体（使其变得适应不同距离的物体）; 调解，调停
时态：accommodated, accommodating, accommodates
分布：适应(42%)，容纳(35%)，提供(12%)，调节(4%)，使适应(3%)，调解(3%)，顾及(1%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. 前缀com-,强调。词根mod, 模式，合适。指使客人舒服的，招待好的。
与…符合,容纳(ac+com共同+mod+ate→方式相同→与...符合)[mod=mode,manner,表示"方式,模式,风度"]
v.向...提供住处;对...予以照顾性考虑This hotel can accommodate 1500 people.这家旅馆可容纳一千五百人.
【记】commod适合的－使人合适－提供食宿－供应
【参】commodious（adj 宽敞的）；accommodation（n 住宿）commodity（n 商品）
US [-'kɑ:.mə-] verb transitive
FIND A PLACE FOR 为…找个地方
■to provide with a place to live or to be stored in 为…提供住宿；容纳；为…提供空间
• New students may be accommodated in halls of residence. 新生可以住在学校宿舍里。
• formal There wasn't enough space to accommodate the files. 没有足够的空间存放这些档案。
UK [ə'kɒm.ə.deɪt] US [-'kɑ:.mə-] verb transitive
SUIT 满足
■to give what is needed to someone 为…提供方便；对…予以照顾性考虑
• The new policies fail to accommodate the disabled. 新政策没有照顾到残疾人士的利益。
• We always try to accommodate (= help) our clients with financial assistance if necessary. 必要时，我们总是尽力为我们的客户提供财政援助。
accommodate yourself
■to change yourself or your behaviour to suit another person or new conditions 使适应，使顺应
• Some find it hard to accommodate themselves to the new working conditions. 有些人觉得很难适应新的工作环境。
fit, accommodate, conform, suit, adjust, adapt
这组词都有“使适合，适应”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 含义广，指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。
accommodate: 书面用词，指以外部条件标准改变自己或某事以求得适应，着重改变或调节的有利。
conform: 多指与某模式或规则相符，也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。
suit: 指适合要求，从而使人满意愉快。
adjust: 与adapt含义很接近，但adjust所改变的幅度要小一些，侧重过程，主要用于调整角度、高度、光点等。
adapt: 指人或物在原有情况下作某些改变以适应新的环境或不同的条件，强调改变的目的和重要性。
furnish, accommodate, afford
这组词都有“提供”的意思，其区别是：
furnish: v.指提供生活或某种用途所需要的东西。
 • Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.   阅读虽然为我们的思想提供了各种知识，然而只有思考才能将我们读到的内容变成自己的东西。
accommodate: v.提供住宿、房间；适应，迎合，迁就。
 • This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.   这家饭店可供500位来宾住宿。
 • The company accommodated the customer's wish and sent the delivery overnight.   公司满足了顾客的愿望，连夜将货物发了出去。
afford: v.负担，支付；当“提供”讲时，多用于指抽象事物的提供。
 • We can't afford that expensive sports car.   我们买不起那辆昂贵的跑车。
 • The tall building affords a beautiful view of the ocean.   从这幢高楼上可以看到大海的美丽景致。
vt. 容纳；使适应；供应；调解
 - adapt, contain, suit, accept, serve
vi. 适应；调解
 - adjust, adapt to something

Word: predictable
Front: predictable
[prɪˈdɪktəbl] (托雅 5738/5964 -2)
Vocabulary: predictable
(once / 1265 pages)
adj
If you can predict it, I predict you'll call it predictable. In other words, anything that you can see or know before it happens is predictable.
When she got out the fine china early in Act I, you could just tell the stuff would be smashed in Act III. It was all too predictable. Given the facts of their lives, the end of their relationship was predictable: he was married, and so was she, but not to each other. The roots of the word are fun to analyze: pre- means "before," dict means "to say," and able means, well, "able." Put them together, and you'll see that predictable means "able to be said before (it happens)" or, simply, something you know of before it happens.
WORD FAMILY
predictable: predictability, predictably, unpredictable +/ predict: predictable, predicted, predicting, prediction, predictive, predictor, predicts/ predictability: predictabilities/predicted: unpredicted/ prediction: predictions/predictive: predictively, unpredictive/predictor: predictors/ unpredictability: unpredictabilities/ unpredictable: unpredictability, unpredictably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Harambe's death touched off a heated - if predictable - debate about zoo welfare standards and whether lethal force was necessary.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
“They all responded in a predictable direction, but with not as great a magnitude,” said Dr. Griffin.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
They’re as predictable as a 3 a.m. tweet from Trump Tower.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 可预言的; 可预报的; 可预见的; 可预料的
分布：可预知的(100%)
adjective
 ADVANCED
■Something which is predictable happens in a way or at a time which you know about before it happens 可预言的；可预计的，可预料的
• Comets appear at predictable times. 彗星在预计的时间出现。
Opposite unpredictable
 ADVANCED disapproving
■happening or behaving in a way that you expect and not unusual or interesting 意料之中的；墨守成规的，按老套办事的
• The ending to the film was just so predictable. 这部电影的结局太老套了。
adj. 可预言的
 - divinable

Word: celebration
Front: celebration
[ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn] (高 2996/3379 -K3)
Vocabulary: celebration
(once / 572 pages)
1n 2n
A celebration is a joyful diversion. Your math class might have a celebration when you learn that the midterm has been postponed for a week.
A celebration can be a festive party commemorating some joyous occasion, like your grandparents' fiftieth anniversary celebration or your brother's birthday celebration. It can also be a less formal marking of a happy event, like the arrival of your new puppy. Another meaning of celebration is a religious ceremony, such as communion or a bar mitzvah.
WORD FAMILY
celebration: celebrations+/ celebrate: celebrated, celebrater, celebrates, celebrating, celebration, celebrator, celebratory/celebrater: celebraters/celebrator: celebrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police said that a search of his apartment turned up no evidence of any concrete danger to New Year’s Eve celebrations.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Only days ago, an online message from a pro-Islamic State group called for attacks by "lone wolves" on "celebrations, gatherings and clubs".
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“They used hand grenades and machine gun and transformed their celebration to mourning.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 庆祝; 庆祝会（仪式）; 颂扬
分布：典礼(89%)，宗教仪式(11%)
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a special social event, such as a party, when you celebrate something, or the act of celebrating something 庆祝活动；庆祝会
• There were lively New Year celebrations all over town. 全城到处是喜迎新年的活动。
• Such good news calls for (= deserves) a celebration! 这样的好消息可喜可贺！
• Let's buy some champagne in celebration of her safe arrival. 我们买点香槟酒庆祝她平安到达吧。
n. 庆典，庆祝会；庆祝；颂扬
 - festival, commemoration

Word: rational
Front: rational
[ˈræʃnəl] (研四六托雅宝 4481/3243 -2)
Vocabulary: rational
(once / 289 pages)
1adj 2adjn
Use the adjective rational to describe people or ideas that operate according to logic or reason. While your brother has an artistic temperament, you have a rational one.
Rational comes from the Latin word rationalis, meaning reasonable or logical. If you're rational, you do things based on logic, as opposed to impulse or whimsy. The original meaning in English was of something endowed with the ability to reason. Before we knew how smart some animals like dolphins are, writers liked to distinguish rational human minds from the supposedly irrational, instinctual minds of animals.
WORD FAMILY
rational: irrational, nonrational, rationalise, rationalism, rationality, rationalize, rationally, rationalness, rationals+/ irrational: irrationality, irrationally, irrationals/irrationality: irrationalities/rationalisation: rationalisations/rationalise: rationalisation, rationalised, rationalises, rationalising/ rationalism: rationalist, rationalistic/rationalist: rationalists/rationalistic: rationalistically/ rationality: rationalities/ rationalization: rationalizations/ rationalize: rationalization, rationalized, rationalizes, rationalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s her character’s job to be the rational one, the shrewd warrior who uses logic and calm in the face of nature’s thuggishness.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
We aren’t creatures of unlimited compassion, or of entirely rational calculation.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Fear actually short-circuits rational thought and gets the rally-goer to accept the strongman as the only way to avoid the perceived threat.
Salon(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 神智清楚的; 理性的; 理智的; 合理的
n. 合理的事物; [数]有理数; 懂道理的人，人类; 〈英〉合理的服装
分布：理性的(51%)，合理的(38%)，有理数(10%)，能推理的(1%)
→来自拉丁语 ratio,思考，计算，部分，词源同 rate,reason.
合理的(通过计算的→合理的)[ral=calculate,表示"计算"]
a.理性的,合理的The rational operator started a new era of opera cooperation in AD 2000.理性的操作者在公元2000年开创了一个歌剧合作的新时代.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■showing clear thought or reason 头脑清醒的；理智的
• He was too upset to be rational. 他心烦意乱得很，无法保持头脑清醒。
• a rational course of action/argument/explanation 理智的行动方针／合乎逻辑的论证／合理的解释
sensible, rational, reasonable
这组词都有“明智的，合情合理的”的意思，其区别是：
sensible: 一般指合乎常情、切合实际的行为与思想，侧重明白事理。
rational: 指有理性的，有思维推理能力，而不是凭感觉冲动从事。
reasonable: 一般不十分着重推理的能力，而往往用来表示合乎情理、公正或务实。
adj. 合理的；理性的
 - reasonable, logical, possible, just, legitimate

Word: aspire
Front: aspire
[əˈspaɪə(r)] (研托雅宝 7829/8441 -2)
Vocabulary: aspire
(once / 275 pages)
v
Does your life goal include world domination? Have an ambitious plan that involves gold medals and international fame? Then you definitely know what it means to aspire toward something big.
The verb aspire commonly means to aim or shoot for. But it comes from the Latin word aspirare, which means “to breathe upon.” So here's a trick for remembering this word: Think of yourself reaching up towards a spire, that really tall, tapered structure at the top of a church. Or, if you’re in a poetic mood, imagine your wish as a feather that moves forward when you blow on it.
WORD FAMILY
aspire: aspirant, aspiration, aspired, aspirer, aspires, aspiring +/ aspirant: aspirants/ aspiration: aspirations/aspirer: aspirers/ aspiring: aspiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
And I aspire to be like her in that regard.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Are you aspiring to be rich for all the wrong reasons?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There are parts of Paterson that I really aspire to — being so present and aware of the beauty in details around you.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 渴望，立志，追求; 〈诗，古〉登，升，高耸
时态：aspired, aspiring, aspires
分布：立志(78%)，热望(22%)
→前缀a-同ad-. 词根spir, 呼吸, 见inspire, 吸入，启迪。
热望;立志(a加强+spire→看到渴望的东西加强呼吸→热望)[spir=breathe表示"呼吸"]
vi.(to,after)渴望,追求,有志于Scholars aspire after truth.学者追求真理.
US [-'spaɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  aspire to sth ADVANCED
■to have a strong want or hope to do or have something 追求；渴望；有志于
• Few people who aspire to fame ever achieve it. 追求显赫名声的人很少能如愿以偿。
• [+ to infinitive] As a child, he aspired to be a great writer. 孩提时他渴望成为一名伟大的作家。
vi. 渴望；立志；追求
 - rare, long for

Word: stadium
Front: stadium
[ˈsteɪdiəm] (高研四六雅 4128/5803 -3)
Back: n. 运动场; 体育场; [医]（疾病的第…）期
分布：体育场(83%)，运动场(17%)
→来自拉丁语 stadium,长度测量单位，跑步道，赛道，来自古希腊语 stadion,长度测量单位， 跑步道，赛道，尤指奥林区克短跑赛道，来自 stadios,固定的，来自 sta,站，站立，词源 同 stand,distance.在古希腊时期，one stadium 约为八分之一英里，185 米。后引申词义体育场， 运动场。
n.体育场The radiation radius of the radioactive radium radiator in the stadium is variable.放射性的镭暖气装置的辐射半径在体育场是易变的.
['steɪ.di.əm] (plural stadiums or stadia)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a large closed area of land with rows of seats around the sides and often with no roof which is used for sports events and musical performances 体育场
• Thousands of football fans packed into the stadium to watch the match. 成千上万的足球迷涌进体育场观看比赛。
playground, stadium, court, gymnasium
这组词都有“运动场，操场”的意思，其区别是：
playground: 一般指附属于学校或公园内的活动场地，也可指游乐场或儿童游戏场地。
stadium: 指周围有看台的露天大型运动场。
court: 通常指周围有围墙的专用球场。
gymnasium: 可简写为gym，指不受天气影响的室内体育馆、健身房或运动场馆。
n. 体育场；露天大型运动场
 - palaestra, sports field

Word: dish
Front: dish
[dɪʃ] (中高 1935/2709 -K3)
Vocabulary: dish
(once / 164 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A dish is something on which you serve, cook, or eat food. You need an extra large dish to make a casserole big enough to feed your entire extended family.
You can use the noun dish to talk about the enamel, ceramic, metal, or plastic vessel your food is in, and you can also use it for the food itself. You might say, "This macaroni and cheese was my great aunt Mathilda's favorite dish." When you serve it, you can say that you "dish it out" — although figuratively, this also means "administer punishment."
WORD FAMILY
dish: dished, dishes, dishful, dishing, dishy+/dishful: dishfuls/dishy: dishiest, dishyer
USAGE EXAMPLES
The family restaurant chain Hanaya decided to pull eel dishes from its summer menu.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
The entrée was a Chinese-style dish of pasta with chopped vegetables.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The women on the left side, in contemporary 17th century attire, are preparing a very specific dish.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 盘; 餐具; 一盘食物; 外貌有吸引力的人
vt. 盛于碟盘中; 分发; 使某人的希望破灭; 说（某人）的闲话
vi. 成碟状
时态：dished, dishing, dishes
分布：盘(54%)，碟(19%)，一道菜(10%)，菜肴(10%)，闲谈(4%)，碟状物(1%)，使成碟状(1%)，装盘(1%)
→来自disk, 圆盘，后该词用于餐具圆盘。
n.碟子,盘子,菜肴The fisherman wishes to finish the dish of reddish fish.渔夫希望做完那盘略带红色的鱼.
noun
CONTAINER 容器
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a container, flatter than a bowl and sometimes with a lid, from which food can be served or which can be used for cooking 碟子，盘子
• an oven-proof dish 可用于烤箱的盘子
⇒ See also satellite dish
the dishes [plural]
■all the plates, glasses, knives, forks, etc. that have been used during a meal （就餐用过的）餐具
• Have you done/washed the dishes? 你洗完餐具没有？
[dɪʃ] noun
FOOD 食品
 ADVANCED countable
■food prepared in a particular way as part of a meal 菜
• a chicken/vegetarian dish 用鸡肉做的菜／素菜
[dɪʃ] noun
ATTRACTIVE PERSON 有魅力的人
only singular old-fashioned
■a sexually attractive person 性感的人
• He's gorgeous - what a dish! 他太棒了——非常性感！
[dɪʃ] verb
dish the dirt
■to tell people unpleasant or shocking personal information about someone 说人间话，揭短
• She agreed to dish the dirt on her ex-husband for a fee of fifty thousand pounds. 她同意接受五万英镑揭前夫的短。
[dɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dish sth out informal
■to give or say things to people without thinking about them carefully （未经仔细考虑地）给出，说出
• Doctors are short of time to listen and are therefore keen to dish out drugs whenever they can. 医生通常没有时间倾听病人的诉说，因此总是一有机会就急于开药。
• He's very keen to dish out criticism. 他非常热衷于发表批评意见。
■to give or serve food to people 分发，上（饭菜）
• Jon, could you dish the carrots out for me, please? 乔恩，请给我来点儿胡萝卜好吗？
they can dish it out but they can't take it informal old-fashioned
■said when someone often criticizes other people but does not like it when people do the same to them 批评别人头头是道，轮到自己就承受不起
[dɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dish (sth) up UK informal
■to make or serve a meal 做（饭）
• Come to the table everybody - I'm ready to dish (supper) up. 大家上桌吧——我已经准备好（晚饭）了。
• What's the canteen dishing up for us today? 食堂今天给我们吃甚么？
[dɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dish sth up
■to produce something 提供，拿出
• The offer is better than anything the other airlines can dish up. 这个报价比其他航空公司能提供的任何东西都好。
dish, plate
这组词都有“盘子”的意思，其区别是：
dish: 是盘子的总称。
plate: 指供个人分菜食用的盘子。
n. [轻] 碟，盘；一道菜
 - plate, course
vi. 成碟状；闲谈
 - visit, chin music

Word: dodgy
Front: dodgy
[ˈdɒdʒi] (33461/11867 -1)
Vocabulary: dodgy
(once / 21687 pages)
adj
A dodgy situation is risky and suspicious. A dodgy person is skilled in lying and deceiving. Neither should be trusted.
When a person or situation is called dodgy, it's a clue that they should be dodged if at all possible. A job might be dodgy because it's illegal or dangerous. A shortcut might be dodgy if it could damage your car. Running a marathon without preparation is very dodgy. Similarly, a dodgy person is untrustworthy because they’re evasive, cunning, sly, or just a flat-out liar.
WORD FAMILY
dodgy: dodgier, dodgiest+/ dodge: dodged, dodger, dodges, dodging, dodgy / dodger: dodgers/dodging: dodgings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many of the websites quoted not the original, dodgy source, but one another.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
A New York Times investigation this week revealed that a Podesta aide spotted the dodgy email and forwarded it to a technician.
The Guardian(Dec 16, 2016)
In Newham they accompany council officers to deal with dodgy landlords.
Economist(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: adj. 逃避的; 躲闪的; 〈俚〉机警的，巧妙的
级别：dodgier, dodgiest
分布：狡猾的(41%)，不可靠的(31%)，危险的(14%)，躲闪的(14%)
→来自dodge, 闪开，引申义狡猾的。
US ['dɑ:.dʒi] UK informal
adjective
NOT HONEST 不诚实的，不正直的
■dishonest 有不良企图的，不怀好意的
• a dodgy deal 不诚实的交易
• They got involved with a dodgy businessman and lost all their savings. 他们遇到了一个奸商，结果把所有积蓄都投进去了。
UK ['dɒdʒ.i] US ['dɑ:.dʒi] UK informal
adjective
NOT RELIABLE 不可靠的
■unable to be depended on or risky 不可靠的；有风险的
• The weather might be a bit dodgy at this time of year. 每年的这个时候天气都可能有些变化无常。
• I can't come in to work today - I've got a bit of a dodgy stomach. 我今天不能来上班了——我的肚子有些不舒服。
• It was a dodgy situation. 当时局面并不稳定。
■likely to break or cause pain 可能要断的；可能会痛苦的
• Careful - that chair's a bit dodgy. 小心——那把椅子有些不稳。
• Ever since the war I've had this dodgy leg. 那次战争后我这条腿就不太好使了。
adj. 狡猾的，逃避的；善于骗人的；躲闪的
 - designing, knowing, subtle, tricky

Word: inch
Front: inch
[ɪntʃ] (中高研四六宝 8178/2158 -K3)
Vocabulary: inch
(once / 86 pages)
nv
An inch is a small unit of measurement. Twelve inches makes one foot.
You might get an inch of your hair cut off, or hem your jeans so they're an inch shorter. Some countries use centimeters and meters as units of measurement, but if you measure in inches, you can order a twelve inch pizza or print out three by five inch photos. When inch is used as a verb, it means "to creep slowly forward." The Old English version was ynce, from the Latin uncia, "a twelfth part."
WORD FAMILY
inch: inched, inches, inching
USAGE EXAMPLES
Precipitation during that period totaled just 38.79 inches — roughly half of the normal amount.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"It's only small - about three quarters of an inch - and it's jet black with very fine little pincers. "
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s nearly 3 inches and 45 pounds more than the Western Michigan defensive front.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 英寸（相当于 2.54 厘米，一英尺有12英寸）; 少量，少许; 身高
vt. 使缓慢地移动
vi. 缓慢移动; 渐进
时态：inched, inching, inches
分布：英寸(97%)，少量(2%)，慢慢移动(1%)
→来自拉丁语uncia,一，十二分之一，词源同one.即十二分之一英尺，一英寸。比较ounce.
n.英寸From the tiny tin pin, the spinner pinched off an inch.纺纱工从小锡别针上掐掉一英寸.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a unit used for measuring length, which is approximately equal to 2.54 centimetres, sometimes shown by the symbol ″ 英寸（约合2.54厘米，有时用符号''表示）
• Twelve inches are equal to one foot. 12英寸等于1英尺。
• He had a cut an inch long above his left eye. 他左眼上方有一道一英寸长的伤口。
• The snow was six inches deep in some places. 有些地方积雪有六英寸深。
• a piece of wood 2″ by 2″ 一块两英寸见方的木块
[ɪntʃ] noun countable
by inches
■very closely or only just 差一点；几乎
• The car skidded and I avoided the dog by inches (= I very nearly hit the dog). 汽车打滑，我差点撞到那只狗。
[ɪntʃ] noun countable
come within an inch of sth
■to very nearly do something, especially something dangerous or exciting 距（尤指危险或令人激动之事）仅差一点
• I came within an inch of losing my life on the rocks below. 我差点掉到下面的岩石上丧命。
[ɪntʃ] noun countable
every inch
■exactly like 非常像
• She looked every inch a vampire in her costume. 她穿那身装束看起来真像吸血鬼。
[ɪntʃ] noun countable
every inch of sth/somewhere
■all of a thing or place 全部；整个，到处
• Every inch of her bedroom wall is covered with photos of pop stars. 她睡房墙上贴满了流行歌星的照片。
[ɪntʃ] noun countable
inch by inch
■in great detail and in many very small stages 一点一点地
• Detectives searched the area around the murder scene inch by inch. 侦探一点一点仔细搜查了谋杀现场的周边地区。
[ɪntʃ] noun countable
not give/budge/move an inch
■to not change your opinion 寸步不让
• She's definite that she wants to do it, and she'll not give an inch, however hard you try to persuade her. 她决意要做那件事，你无论怎样劝她都不会改变心意。
[ɪntʃ] noun countable
Give someone an inch and they'll take a mile. saying
■said about someone who has been given a small amount of power or freedom to do something, and then has tried to get a lot more 得寸进尺
[ɪntʃ] verb intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to move very slowly or in a lot of short stages 缓慢地移动
• We are inching towards an agreement. 我们在慢慢努力达成共识。
• Share prices inched up/higher during the day. 今日股价缓慢攀升。
• Residents watched the flames inch closer and closer. 居民看着火舌一步步逼近。
n. 英寸；身高；少许
 - height, little, touch
vi. 慢慢前进
 - worm

Word: reasonably
Front: reasonably
[ˈri:znəbli] (5072/2641 -K)
Back: adv. 明辨道理地; 合理地; 有理性地; 相当地
分布：合理地(35%)，适度地(27%)，相当地(27%)，有理性地(11%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■using good judgment 理性地；有理智地；通情达理地
• Stop shouting and let's discuss this reasonably. 别吵吵嚷嚷了，我们来理智地讨论一下此事。
 ADVANCED
■satisfactorily 合意地；尚好地，尚可地
• She writes reasonably good children's books. 她写的儿童书相当不错。
• I did reasonably well at school but nowhere near as well as my sister or brother. 我的学习成绩还不错，但和我的弟弟妹妹没法比。
■at a price which is not too expensive 价格划算
• You can eat out very reasonably these days. 目前，你外出吃饭是非常划算的。
• I bought a reasonably priced radio. 我买了一部价格很划算的收音机。
reasonably, specifically
reasonably: 相当的，适度的
specifically: 明确的，特定的
adv. 合理地；相当地；适度地
 - relatively, fairly, comparatively, pretty, considerably

Word: civic
Front: civic
[ˈsɪvɪk] (托雅 3970/5715 -2)
Vocabulary: civic
(once / 982 pages)
adj
If something is related to or benefits an individual citizen, it can be described as civic. People often say that it is your civic duty to vote.
The adjective civic comes from the Latin word civis, which was the word for a citizen of Ancient Rome. It is also a root word for "city," so civic can also mean anything related to a city. In your town, civic leaders meet frequently and public input is always welcome. So if you have a grievance about a civic issue, you should attend a meeting — or drop by the diner where the mayor always eats breakfast.
WORD FAMILY
civic: civically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Not a fancy car, mind you—a fifteen-year old Civic with 170,000 miles on it—but a car nonetheless.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Now, more than a decade later, the Saints are a civic treasure and the Chargers on the verge of leaving San Diego.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
I’m hopeful that 2017 will see the flickering resurgence of outdoor civic spaces blossom into something more profound and lasting.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 城市的; 公民的，市民的
分布：公民的(56%)，市民的(27%)，城市的(17%)
→来自civil,城市的，市民的，-ic,形容词后缀。
adjective [before noun]
■of a town or city or the people who live in it 城镇的；城市的；市民的
• The Prime Minister met many civic leaders , including the mayor and the leaders of the immigrant communities. 首相接见了许多市政领导，包括市长和移民社团的领导人。
• She felt it was her civic duty (= her duty as a person living in the town) to tell the police. 她觉得把这件事告诉警方是她作为市民应尽的义务。
• The opera house is a great source of civic pride. 该歌剧院是市民的一大骄傲。
adj. 市的；公民的，市民的
 - municipal

Word: transmit
Front: transmit
[trænsˈmɪt] (研四六托宝 4836/4532 -2)
Vocabulary: transmit
(once / 256 pages)
v
If you’re an international spy, you might transmit secret messages using a special code written in invisible ink. If you aren’t a spy, you could probably just use email. Whatever your circumstances, when you transmit information, you send.
You can transmit things from person to person or from one thing to another. The airwaves can be used to transmit radio or TV signals, for example, and computers can transmit messages over a network. This verb often describes messages or data being sent, but you can also transmit ideas, beliefs, or attitude. In addition, transmit can describe the spread of disease, like mosquitoes that can transmit disease when they bite.
WORD FAMILY
transmit: retransmit, transmissible, transmission, transmits, transmittable, transmittal, transmitted, transmitter, transmitting+/retransmit: retransmitted, retransmitting/transmissible: nontransmissible/ transmission: transmissions/transmittal: transmittals/transmitter: transmitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
But what if you need to quickly transmit a sensitive message across, say, the coasts?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The nation’s electrical grid is not a physical entity, but rather a series of networks that generate, transmit and distribute electricity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
They transmit data wirelessly to an adapter that plugs into the car’s diagnostic port near the steering wheel.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 传输; 传送，传递; 发射; 传染
vi. 发送信号
时态：transmitted, transmitting, transmits
分布：传送(67%)，传染(18%)，传达(14%)，代代相传(1%)
→trans-,转移，-mit,送出，词源同 emit,mission.
传送,传播(trans+mit送→横着送消息→传播)[trans-①表示"横过,越过"②表示"变换,改变,转移"]
寄送;传达(trans横＋mit→横送过去→传达)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
vt.传输/导;转送;发射vi.发射信号;发报The missionary transmitted emission emitted lately.传教士传播了新近散发出来的散发物.
US [træns-] (-tt-)
verb
RADIO/TELEVISION 广播／电视
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to broadcast something, or to send out or carry signals using radio, television, etc. 播送，发射，传送（信号）
• Radio Seven transmits on 201 medium wave (= uses those particular radio waves to broadcast on). 广播七台透过中波201千赫广播。
• The information is transmitted electronically to the central computer. 这些资讯以电子化的方式传送到中央电脑。
UK [trænz'mɪt] US [træns-] (-tt-)
verb
PASS 传递
 ADVANCED transitive
■to pass something from one person or place to another 传递；传播
• a sexually transmitted disease 性传播疾病
• Cholera is transmitted through contaminated water. 霍乱是透过受污染的水传播。
• Some diseases are transmitted from one generation to the next. 有些疾病是世代遗传的。
• [R] Somehow your panic and fear transmits itself to the horse that you're riding. 不知怎么的，你的恐惧会传染给你骑的马。
transmit, send, forward, deliver, ship, dispatch
这组词都有“送出，发送，传送”的意思，其区别是：
transmit: 指将文件、消息等的内容或类似的东西发至某地或传达给他人。
send: 普通最常用词，含义广。指把人或物由一地送往另一地，而不涉及事物的内容或 送的方式。
forward: 指经过其他人或手段把东西转送给某人。
deliver: 指把信件、包裹等物寄发出去或交到某地，或直接交与某人，着重发送这一行为。
ship: 把通过水运、陆运或空运等方式运送东西。现常指商业上的运货，或将物品托运。
dispatch: 指为特殊目的而发送或派遣，强调紧急或快速。
transmit, transfer, transcend, transport, translate
transmit: 发射，播送；传播，传染；留传，遗传；
transfer: 转移，迁移；
transcend: 超过，翻越；
transport: 运输，运送，输送；
translate: 翻译；说明，使变成
vt. 传输；传播；发射；传达；遗传
 - release, send, communicate, project, let go

Word: tweak
Front: tweak
[twi:k] (10855/20508)
Vocabulary: tweak
(once / 4004 pages)
vn
When you tweak something, you pinch it or twist it. You may have a doting aunt who thinks you're still two years old and can't resist tweaking your nose every time she sees you.
Tweak also means to adjust or fine-tune. When you finish writing a paper, it's a good idea to go back through one last time, to tweak it and make sure it's absolutely perfect. So when you tweak something or give something a tweak, you're making little adjustments, you’re not rewriting your paper or tossing it out and starting all over again.
WORD FAMILY
tweak: tweaked, tweaking, tweaks
USAGE EXAMPLES
He suffered a tweak of his right knee on Pittsburgh’s final play.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Players said Franklin changed nothing besides some tweaks to the game plan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“I thought I tweaked it doing one thing or another.”
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 拧; 捏; 扭; 苦恼
vt. 稍稍调整（机器、系统等）
时态：tweaked, tweaking, tweaks
分布：拧(32%)，扭(30%)，捏(16%)，微调(16%)，拉(6%)
→来自古英语 twiccian,拔，拉，来自 Proto-Germanic*twikkijana,钉，掐，系牢，系紧，词源同 twitch.引申诸相关词义。
verb transitive
PULL 扭
■to pull and twist something with a small sudden movement 扭，拧
• Standing in front of the mirror she tweaked a strand of hair into place. 她站在镜子前，把一缕头发卷好。
[twi:k] verb transitive
CHANGE SLIGHTLY 稍稍改进
■to change something slightly, especially in order to make it more correct, effective or suitable 稍稍改进
• The software is pretty much there - it just needs a little tweaking. 软体差不多好了——只需要一点点改进。
• You just need to tweak the last paragraph and then it's done. 你只需要把最后一段稍作修改就可以了。
n. 扭；拧；焦急
 - anxiousness, sweat
vt. 扭；用力拉；开足马力
 - rouse up

Word: fringe
Front: fringe
[frɪndʒ] (研六托雅宝 6029/4676 -2)
Vocabulary: fringe
(once / 458 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
If you make cutoffs from jeans, the little white strings around the edges of the legs make a fringe. A fringe is a decorative edge made of hanging strings of fabric.
You know how fringe hangs on the edge of fabric and clothing? Think of this picture when you see fringe used metaphorically to mean something that is on the outer boundaries of something else. Many cities hold events called fringe festivals that celebrate art created on the fringe of the established art world. A group of people whose beliefs place them on the outskirts of a social group is called a fringe group. And beware of the lunatic fringe — they are the extremists and fanatics of a social or political movement.
WORD FAMILY
fringe: fringed, fringes, fringing, fringy
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Scottish government money will help mark the origins in 1947 of the Edinburgh International, Fringe and Film Festivals.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“In previous campaigns, there was a clear delineation between the serious main event and the reckless fringe, but not in this one,” Ronson writes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But the Harambe phenomenon was also too large to be totally owned by one fringe group.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 穗; 边缘; 刘海; 次要
vt. 作为…的边缘，围绕着; 给…加穗饰
adj. 边缘的，外围的; 次要的，附加的
时态：fringed, fringing, fringes
分布：边缘(88%)，流苏(7%)，用流苏修饰(2%)，次要(1%)，额外补贴(1%)，镶边(1%)
→词源不详。
n.边缘;(窗帘)缘饰;额前垂发vt.饰...的边The road was fringed with willows.道路两旁柳树成行.
【参】flange法兰（n 边缘；轮缘；凸缘）
【反】center（n 中心；中锋）
noun countable
EDGE 边缘
■the outer or less important part of an area, group or activity （地区或群体的）边缘，周边；（活动的）次要部分
• the southern fringe of the city 城市的南部边缘
• the radical fringes of the party 该党的周边激进派别
[frɪndʒ] noun countable
DECORATION 装饰
■a decorative edge of hanging narrow strips of material or threads on a piece of clothing or material （衣服等边缘的）穗子，缘饰，流苏
• a fringe around the edge of a tablecloth 桌布边缘的流苏
[frɪndʒ] noun countable
HAIR 头发 UK (US bangs)
■an area of hair hanging over the forehead (= part of the face above the eyes) that is cut shorter than the rest of the hair 浏海，额前短垂发
• a short fringe 短浏海
[frɪndʒ] verb
be fringed with sth
■If a place is fringed with something, that thing forms a border along the edge 边缘有着…
• The river is fringed with wild flowers. 河两岸长满了野花。
verge, edge, brim, margin, border, fringe, rim
这组词都有“边，边缘”的意思，其区别是：
verge: 指明显地标志一个表在或一广阔空间的边界，或终端线，也指极狭窄的空间。常用作比喻。
edge: 普通用词，指较窄的边沿。
brim: 指深容器的内边或河、湖等水域的最高线。
margin: 指物体的空白边，一般较宽。
border: 侧重刚好在界线内的一部分表面上，指较宽的边缘，也可指边缘本身。
fringe: 指地毯的须边、围巾的花边、烫发的卷边或人群的边缘。
rim: 指圆形或有曲线的物体的边缘。
n. 边缘；穗；刘海
 - margin, ear, brink, suburb
adj. 边缘的；附加的
 - additional, attached, marginal, plus, more

Word: rethink
Front: rethink
[ˌri:ˈθɪŋk] (7790/14224 -1)
Vocabulary: rethink
(once / 5445 pages)
vn
When you rethink, you consider something again, often reaching the opposite conclusion. You'll rethink your decision to go bungee jumping as soon as you're standing at the top of a tall bridge getting ready to jump.
You'll have to rethink your usual two A.M. bedtime after you get a new job making donuts at five every morning. A kindergarten teacher might also need to rethink his laid-back teaching style when he's faced with an especially high-energy class. You can also use rethink as a noun: "I need to have a quick rethink about what I'll have for lunch, since the cafeteria is out of French fries."
WORD FAMILY
rethink: rethinking, rethinks, rethought+/ forethought: forethoughtful, forethoughts/forethoughtful: forethoughtfully, unforethoughtful/ think: rethink, thinkable, thinker, thinking, thinks, thought /thinkable: thinkably, unthinkable/ thinker: thinkers/thinking: thinkingly, thinkings, unthinking/ thought: forethought, thoughtful, thoughtless, thoughts, unthought/ thoughtful: thoughtfully, thoughtfulness, unthoughtful/ thoughtfulness: thoughtfulnesses/thoughtless: thoughtlessly, thoughtlessness/thoughtlessness: thoughtlessnesses/unthinkable: unthinkably/unthinking: unthinkingly/unthoughtful: unthoughtfully, unthoughtfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s why, this year, our resolutions need to be rethought.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Leaps in screen technology and software will pave the biggest rethinking in years.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
In July this year, the Brazilian government rejected calls from two US anthropologists to rethink its policy of contact.
The Guardian(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 重新考虑或再想
n. 重新考虑，反思，新想法
时态：rethought, rethinking, rethinks
分布：反思(69%)，再想(14%)，再思考(12%)，再考虑(5%)
→re-,再，重新，think,思考。
[ˌri:'θɪŋk] (rethought, rethought)
verb intransitive or transitive
■to think again about a plan, idea or system in order to change or improve it 再想，重新考虑
• Her family's disapproval made her rethink her plans. 家人的反对使她不得不重新考虑自己的计划。
• [+ question word] The European Commission is having to rethink how it can maintain farmers' incomes while cutting costs and excess production. 欧洲委员会现在不得不重新考虑如何在减少开支和生产过剩的同时保障农民的收入不下降。
vt. 重新考虑；再想
 - dig over, second thoughts
vi. 重新考虑；再想
 - dig over, second thoughts
n. 重新考虑；反思；新想法
 - introspection, new idea

Word: grievance
Front: grievance
[ˈgri:vəns] (托宝 8625/7002 -1)
Vocabulary: grievance
(once / 651 pages)
n
A grievance is a complaint. It can be formal, as when an employee files a grievance because of unsafe working conditions, or more of an emotional matter, like a grievance against an old friend who betrayed you.
A grievance is a complaint that may or may not be justified. Often a grievance is a complaint about something that breaks a rule or a law, like a grievance filed against a person who builds a fence in his front yard in a town that does not allow that. If that same neighbor plants flowers he knows make you sneeze uncontrollably, you might be unhappy about that, but this is the kind of grievance you can work out among yourselves.
WORD FAMILY
grievance: grievances
USAGE EXAMPLES
Did we fail to recognize and understand the grievances of white, working-class Trump voters?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And outside the confines of Mar-a-Lago, old grievances flare up.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Nearly all place economic grievances at the heart of it.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 不满; 苦衷; 委屈; 牢骚
分布：委屈(61%)，冤情(25%)，苦况(14%)
→来自grief, 悲痛。
牢骚,苦水(griev悲伤+ance→说悲伤的话→牢骚)[grav,griev=heavy,表示"重"]
noun countable or uncountable
■a complaint or a strong feeling that you have been treated unfairly 不平；委屈；不满；抱怨；牢骚
• A special committee has been appointed to handle prisoners' grievances. 已经指派一个特别委员会去处理犯人的不满情绪。
• Bill still harbours/nurses a grievance against his employers for not promoting him. 因为没有得到提升，比尔对他的雇主仍然心怀不满。
• The small amount of compensation is a further source of grievance to the people forced to leave their homes. 被迫离开家园的人们仅获得很少的补偿，这成为激起他们不满的另一诱因。
n. 不满，不平；委屈；冤情
 - dissatisfaction, complaint

Word: acute
Front: acute
[əˈkju:t] (高研四六托雅宝 5255/3249 -2)
Vocabulary: acute
(once / 339 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4n
Use the adjective acute for when you want to describe something as sharp or extremely serious.
The word acute is one word; it's not two words, nor does it have anything to do with something small, cuddly, and pretty! Acute really means "sharp" or "severe" or "intense" and modifies certain kinds of angles in geometry or describes a certain kind of illness of short duration. The English word apparently entered the language during the sixteenth century from the Latin root acutus, which means "sharp" or "pointed."
WORD FAMILY
acute: acutely, acuteness, acuter, acutes, acutest, subacute+/acuteness: acutenesss
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bill Broeksmit, a behind-the-scenes technician with an acute sense of the rights and wrongs in finance, was not.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
For Tu’ikolovatu, the nostalgia at the Rose Bowl will be particularly acute.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The shortage will be most acute in Lake Charles, Louisiana, the home to several refineries and petrochemical plants.
Reuters(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 尖的，锐的; 敏锐的，敏感的; 严重的，剧烈的; [医]急性的
级别：acuter, acutest
分布：严重的(34%)，敏锐的(28%)，急性的(19%)，剧烈的(19%)
→来自词根ac 尖。-ute,形容词后缀。
尖锐的,敏锐的[acid,acri,acrid,acu=sour,sharp,表示"尖,酸,锐利"]
a.剧烈的;敏锐的;成锐角的;尖的,高音的I acutely and resolutely refuted the brutal persecution of mute commuter.我尖锐而坚决反驳默默的通勤者的野蛮的迫害.
【反】mild（adj 和缓的；不严重的）
adjective
EXTREME 极度的
■If a bad situation is acute, it causes severe problems or damage 十分严重的
• She felt acute embarrassment/anxiety/concern at his behaviour. 她对他的行为感到极其尴尬／忧虑／担忧。
• The problem of poverty is particularly acute in rural areas. 贫穷问题在农村地区尤为严重。
■An acute pain or illness is one that quickly becomes very severe （病痛）急性的，剧烈的
• acute abdominal pains 剧烈腹痛
• an acute attack of appendicitis 急性盲肠炎发作
[ə'kju:t] adjective
ACCURATE/CLEVER 准确／聪明的
■(of the senses, intelligence, etc.) very good, accurate and able to notice very small differences （感官等）敏锐的，灵敏的；机敏的，有洞察力的
• acute eyesight/hearing 敏锐的视觉／听觉
• an acute sense of smell 灵敏的嗅觉
• a woman of acute intelligence/judgment 机敏聪颖／有敏锐判断力的女性
[ə'kju:t] adjective
ANGLE 角
■describes an angle that is less than 90 degrees 锐角的 Compare obtuse (ANGLE) ; reflex (ANGLE)
sharp, keen, acute, shrewd
这组词都有“锐利的、敏锐的、机敏的”的意思，其区别是：
sharp: 指人头脑精明、敏锐或机警。
keen: 多指对复杂艰深的事物或问题有敏锐的观察和敏捷的理解。
acute: 侧重感觉敏锐，能分辨出一般人难以觉察的细微区别。
shrewd: 指有头脑，善于判断分析，精明过人。
critical, crucial, urgent, acute
这组词都有“严重的，重要的”的意思，其区别是：
critical: a.意为"关键的"，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。
 • 与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指"批判性的，分析性的"。
 • It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.   为了考好你必须用功学习，则你会不及格的。
crucial: a.意为"决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的"，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。
 • Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.   消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。
urgent: a.意为"紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的"，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调"紧急的"状态。
 • We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.   我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。
acute: a.剧烈的，严重的；急性的(病)。
 • An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.   食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。
adj. 严重的， [医] [植] 急性的； [数] [生物] 敏锐的；激烈的；尖声的
 - serious, bad, keen

Word: dell
Front: dell
[del] (21091/13287)
Back: n. 小谷，幽谷
分布：幽谷(50%)，小山谷(50%)
→词源同dale.

Word: scramble
Front: scramble
[ˈskræmbl] (研六托宝 4326/6181 -2)
Vocabulary: scramble
(once / 407 pages)
1vn 2v
To scramble is to move quickly in a disorganized fashion, like people running to get out of the rain. When you scramble a message, it can no longer be read.
Have you ever run somewhere, in a hurry, with no regard for how you looked? Then you scrambled. Quarterbacks scramble when they need to escape defenders trying to clobber them. A scramble is not graceful; people scramble when they want to get somewhere fast. Also, scrambling refers to altering a message so others can't read it. Putting a message into code is a type of scrambling. Scrambled messages are like scrambled eggs: all mixed up.
WORD FAMILY
scramble: scrambled, scrambler, scrambles, scrambling, unscramble+/scrambler: scramblers/unscramble: unscrambled, unscrambles, unscrambling
USAGE EXAMPLES
It wasn’t long before other coaches scrambled to catch up.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
For now, however, the company is scrambling just to get him something other than white.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
In the second quarter, Nebraska’s quarterback, Tommy Armstrong, Jr., was tackled while scrambling.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 攀登，爬; 争夺，抢夺; （植物）蔓延; [航]紧急起飞
vt. 攀登，爬; 把…搅乱; 炒（蛋）
n. 攀登; 抢夺; 混乱; [航]紧急起飞
时态：scrambled, scrambling, scrambles
分布：争夺(54%)，混乱(19%)，争抢(11%)，紧急起飞(10%)，攀爬(4%)，混杂(1%)，杂乱地生长(1%)
→可能来自 scrabble 的鼻音形式，来自 scrabble,刮，擦，乱翻，乱打，引申诸相关比喻义。
vi.(快速地)爬,攀登;互相争夺,争先The children scrambled over the fence.孩子们爬过围墙.
【记】scr＝crawl（v 爬行），amble（v 缓行）：攀登
verb
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move or climb quickly but with difficulty, often using your hands to help you （急速而艰难地）移动；爬；攀登
• She scrambled up the steep hillside and over the rocks. 她爬上了陡峭的山坡，翻过岩石。
• He scrambled into his clothes (= put them on quickly) and raced to fetch a doctor. 他匆匆套上衣服，跑去请医生。
• As the burning plane landed, the terrified passengers scrambled for the door (= tried to reach the door quickly). 起火的飞机降落后，受惊的乘客奋力向舱门口跑去。
intransitive
■to compete with other people for something there is very little of 争抢
• [+ to infinitive] People are scrambling to buy property before prices rise even further. 人们抢着在进一步涨价之前购买房地产。
['skræm.bl] verb
CHANGE SIGNAL 改变信号
transitive
■to change a radio or telephone signal so that it can only be understood using a special device 对（无线电或电话信号）作扰频（或倒频）处理（使只有透过专门设备才能接收）
['skræm.bl] verb
TAKE OFF 起飞
intransitive or transitive specialized
■to (cause a plane to) take off very quickly （使）（飞机）紧急起飞
• A helicopter was scrambled within minutes of the news. 直升机在接到消息几分钟之后紧急起飞。
['skræm.bl] verb
MIX 混合
transitive
■to mix eggs with a little milk and mix again as they are being fried 炒蛋
['skræm.bl] noun
QUICK MOVEMENT 快速移动
only singular
■a climb which is difficult so that you have to use your hands to help you （艰难的）爬，攀登
• It was a real scramble to the top of the hillside. 好不容易才爬到山坡顶上。
only singular
■an act of hurrying 匆匆的行为
• [+ to infinitive] As soon as the plane landed there was a mad/wild scramble to get out. 飞机一降落，人们乱作一团，匆匆跑了出去。
only singular
■a hurried attempt to get something 抢夺，争抢
• After the death of the dictator there was an unseemly scramble for power among the generals. 独裁者死后，将军们为争夺权力闹翻天。
['skræm.bl] noun
SPORT 运动
countable
■a motocross event 摩托车越野赛
• We're planning a scramble through the forest next weekend. 我们计划下周举行一次穿越森林的摩托车越野赛。
vt. 攀登；使混杂，仓促凑成；扰乱
 - scale, climb, disorder
n. 抢夺，争夺；混乱，混乱的一团；爬行，攀登
 - chaos, disorder, confusion, involvement, mix
vi. 爬行，攀登；不规则地生长；仓促行动
 - scale, climb, creep

Word: expel
Front: expel
[ɪkˈspel] (研四六托雅宝 6975/5990 -2)
Vocabulary: expel
(once / 424 pages)
1v 2v
Getting expelled from a school is a step beyond suspension. It means that you are asked to leave and never come back. In other words, you have been kicked out.
More benignly, expel can mean discharge: if you're having a water-fountain spitting-fight, you are hoping to expel water from your mouth in the direction of your opponent before they can get you. But don't do this; you won't get expelled from school, but the germs in your body will be expelled all over your friends.
WORD FAMILY
expel: expelled, expelling, expels, expulsion +/ expulsion: expulsions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Russian diplomats are expelled by the US president.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But Obama’s response, to sanction Russian intelligence officials in Moscow and expel them from the United States, hardly begins to address that larger issue.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In 2009, following Israel’s war with Hamas in Gaza, then-President Hugo Chávez expelled the Israeli ambassador and his staff from Caracas.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 驱逐; 赶走; 把…除名; 排出（气体等）
时态：expelled, expelling, expels
分布：驱逐(54%)，开除(30%)，排出(16%)
→ex-, 向外。-pel, 驱使，词源同pulse, impel.
赶出,逐出(ex+pel推→推出去→逐出)[ex-①表示"出,出去"②表示"前面的,前任的"]
开除,驱逐(ex出+pel→推出→开除)[pel,puls=drive,push,表示"驱动,推"]
v.把...开除;驱逐;排出;发射The expelled man repelled billions of rebellions.遭到驱逐的男子击退了数十亿次叛乱.
【记】ex出，pel推－推出去－开除；驱逐
【反】ingest（vt 摄取；吸收）
[ɪk'spel] (-ll-)
verb transitive
MAKE LEAVE 使离开
■to force someone to leave a school, organisation or country 驱逐；除名；开除
• The new government has expelled all foreign diplomats. 新政府驱逐了所有外国外交官。
• My brother was expelled from school for bad behaviour. 我弟弟因为行为不当被学校开除了。
[ɪk'spel] (-ll-)
verb transitive
AIR/LIQUID 空气／液体
■to force air or liquid out of something 排出；喷出
• She took a deep breath, then expelled the air in short blasts. 她深深吸了一口气，然后一下子把空气呼出来。
• When you breathe out, you expel air from your lungs. 呼气的时候，把肺里的空气排出。
expel, exile
这组词都有“驱逐出境，放逐”的意思，其区别是：
expel: 含义广，可指驱逐出境或取消某一资格，含耻辱意味。
exile: 指政府强迫某一公民离开祖国或流放到某地，但不一定含耻辱意味。
remove, expel, eliminate, dismiss
这组词都有“开除，驱出，去掉”的意思，其区别是：
remove: 普通用词，不带任何感情色彩。
expel: 多指强行解除公职或驱出住地。
eliminate: 通常指例行的、有步骤地去掉某物或某人。
dismiss: 既可指突然地迅速地排除，也可指解雇或开除。
vt. 驱逐；开除
 - remove, oust

Word: blessing
Front: blessing
[ˈblesɪŋ] (托 4673/5552 -2)
Vocabulary: blessing
(once / 163 pages)
n
A blessing is a prayer asking for God's protection, or a little gift from the heavens. It's also any act of approving, like when your roommate wants to move out and you give her your blessings.
Blessings have to do with approval. The first meaning is asking God for protection or favor. Priests and ministers say blessings in church, and some families say a blessing before dinner. Outside a religious context, blessings are less formal. "I give you my blessing" simply means "It's OK with me." People give their blessings to ideas and actions when they agree with them. Giving a blessing is often the same as giving permission.
WORD FAMILY
blessing: blessings+/Blessed: Blessedest/ bless: Blessed, blessed, blesses, blessing / blessed: blessedest, blessedly, blessedness, unblessed/blessedness: blessednesses/unblessed: unblessedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1985 he and his wife, Barbara, wrote a book, “Mixed Blessings,” about the challenges they faced as the parents of an autistic child.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She called the program a “blessing” for her family.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He said there were similar refugee success stories all over the country and "they are a blessing to our way of life".
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （上帝的）祝福; 好事; 福分; 因祸得福
v. 祝圣( bless的现在分词); 称颂上帝; 求神赐福于; （表示惊奇）
分布：祝福(85%)，幸事(8%)，祷告(7%)
【反】bane（n 毒药，祸害）
noun
RELIGIOUS WORDS 宗教言辞
countable or uncountable
■when a priest asks God to take care of a particular person or a group of people 祈神赐福；祝福
• The mass always ends with a blessing. 弥撒总是以祈神赐福结束。
• We ask God's blessing on Joan at this difficult time. 在这个困难时刻我们祈求上帝保佑。
['bles.ɪŋ] noun
LUCKY SITUATION 喜事
countable
■something which is extremely lucky or makes you happy 幸事；喜事
• It was a blessing that no one was killed in the accident. 事故中没有人死真是万幸。
['bles.ɪŋ] noun
APPROVAL 允许
sb's blessing
■approval that someone gives to a plan or action 同意；允许
• The government has given its blessing to a plan to improve the rights of children. 政府批准了一项增进儿童权利的计划。
• Eventually they got married with her father's blessing. 最终他们征得她父亲的同意结了婚。
['bles.ɪŋ] noun
a blessing in disguise
■something that seems bad or unlucky at first, but results in something good happening later 祸中之福
• Losing that job was a blessing in disguise really. 失去那份工作真是因祸得福。
n. 祝福；赐福；祷告
 - wish, prayer

Word: exacerbate
Front: exacerbate
[ɪgˈzæsəbeɪt] (雅宝 7171/7893 -1)
Vocabulary: exacerbate
(once / 4905 pages)
v
For a formal-sounding verb that means to make worse, try exacerbate. If you're in trouble, complaining about it will only exacerbate the problem.
Exacerbate is related to the adjective acrid, often used to describe sharp-smelling smoke. Think of exacerbate then as a sharp or bitter thing that makes something worse. A drought will exacerbate a country's food shortage. Worsen, intensify, aggravate and compound are similar, but exacerbate has the sense of an irritant being added in to make something bad even worse.
WORD FAMILY
exacerbate: exacerbated, exacerbates, exacerbating, exacerbation+/exacerbation: exacerbations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pressure from Western powers and Japan exacerbated China’s bleak situation.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The problem is exacerbated by how much power is concentrated in the presidency, relative to the legislature or to the judiciary.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the past year, such attacks tended to exacerbate Turkey’s deep societal divisions.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使恶化; 使加重; 激怒
时态：exacerbated, exacerbating, exacerbates
分布：加重(使 ... 恶化(50%)，激怒)(50%)
→ex-, 向外。-acerb, 尖，酸，词源同acid, acerbity.
【记】ex出，acerb苦－出现苦涩－恶化
【参】acerbic（adj 酸的；尖刻的）；acerbate（vt 使发怒adj 恼怒的）
【反】alleviate（v 减轻）；mitigate（v 减轻）；palliate（v 减轻）；assuage（vt 缓和；减轻）；allay（vt 减轻）
US [-ɚ-] verb transitive
■to make something which is already bad worse 使恶化；使加重；使加剧
• This attack will exacerbate the already tense relations between the two communities. 这次袭击将令两个原本已经处于紧张状态的团体关系更加恶化。
vt. 使加剧；使恶化；激怒
 - anger, aggravate

Word: physicist
Front: physicist
[ˈfɪzɪsɪst] (高研四六托 5568/8224 -2)
Vocabulary: physicist
(once / 1704 pages)
n
A physicist is a scientist who studies and is trained in physics, which is the study of nature, especially how matter and energy behave.
Do you ever wonder how things work? If you're interested in what makes magnets attract iron or what's happening in atoms, then maybe you should become a physicist. Physicists study physics, which is related to the word physical. Physicists are interested in everything that physically exists, from tiny gadgets to massive stars. It takes many years of school to become a physicist, and physicists work on complex projects such as space travel and new energy sources.
WORD FAMILY
physicist: physicists+/ physical: nonphysical, physicalism, physicality, physically, physicalness/physicality: physicalities/ physics: physical, physicist
USAGE EXAMPLES
He is among the last living physicists who helped usher in the nuclear age.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The physicist Stephen Hawking, who publicly confirmed his atheism in 2014, doesn’t believe that God is needed to explain creation.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Perry’s two immediate predecessors in the job were both nuclear physicists.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 物理学家; 唯物论者; <古>自然科学家; 宇宙机械论者
分布：物理学家(100%)
→来自physics,物理学，-ist,人。
n.物理学家The physician made a physical examination to the sophisticated philosopher and physicist.医生给世故的哲学家和物理学家作了体检.
noun countable
■a person who studies physics or whose job is connected with physics 物理学家
n. 物理学家；唯物论者
 - physical scientist

Word: humble
Front: humble
[ˈhʌmbl] (研四六托雅宝 5970/6375 -2)
Vocabulary: humble
(once / 113 pages)
adjv
A person or a place can be humble, but a person who brags about being humble, or not proud, may have too much pride in being "humble" to actually be humble.
Sometimes fictional characters try to earn favor by saying "I'm just a humble man in search of...," when it is obvious they are the opposite. Truly humble people keep quiet about the good things they do and about their humble, or poor and simple, backgrounds. In the Bible, Jesus is described as humble because he was born in a stable, served the poor, and sacrificed himself without bragging about it — and he gave all the credit to his dad.
WORD FAMILY
humble: humbled, humbleness, humbler, humbles, humblest, humbling, humblingly, humbly
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the other end of the table, Swansea and Sunderland were both humbled, while champions Leicester got a much-needed win.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
“She was humble. She was polite. She sent a follow-up email thanking us for our time.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
He remained “incredibly humble,” living until his death in the single room above his studio in Bamako.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 谦逊的; 简陋的; （级别或地位）低下的; 不大的
vt. 使谦恭; 轻松打败（尤指强大的对手）; 低声下气
时态：humbled, humbling, humbles
分布：谦逊的(45%)，贬低(19%)，粗陋的(19%)，卑下的(7%)，微末的(7%)，使 ... 卑下(3%)
→来自古法语humble,卑微的，来自拉丁语humilis,尘土一样的，来自humus,土，尘土，词源同humus.引申词义卑微的，谦逊的。习语to eat humble pie,赔礼，道歉，来自umbles,动物内脏，词源同loin,lumbar.动物内脏在过去属于下等食品，是给仆人或奴仆等下等人吃的，因而引申该词义，同时，由于umbles对大多数人来说都属于陌生词，词义又恰好与humble吻合，因此，拼写最终被humble所代替。插入字母b,比较number,numerate.
谦恭的;下贱的(hum+ble→接近地面→谦恭的)[hum=earth,表示"土,地"]
a.谦卑的,恭顺的;地位低下的v.降低,贬低Thus the enthusiastic dumb man thumbed the humble man's umbrella.于是热情的哑巴用拇指拨弄谦卑男子的伞.
【记】hum地，ble－五体投地的－低声下气的
【参】exhume（vt 掘出；发掘）；humility（n 谦逊）；humiliate（v 羞辱；使丢脸；耻辱）＝degrade＝mortify
【反】presumptuous（adj 专横的）；supercilious（adj 傲慢自大的）；bumptious（adj 盲目自夸的；傲慢的）
adjective
■not proud or not believing that you are important 谦虚的；谦逊的
• He's very humble about his success. 他对自己的成功十分谦虚。
• formal Please accept our humble apologies for the error. 出现这样的差错，请接受我们真诚的道歉。
• In my humble opinion (= I want to emphasize that I think that) we should never have bought the car in the first place. 依愚见，首先我们就不应该买这辆汽车。
■poor or of a low social rank 地位低下的；卑微的
• Even when she became rich and famous, she never forgot her humble background. 即使她发了财也出了名，她也永远没忘记自己卑微的出身。
■ordinary; not special or very important 普通的，不起眼的
• At that time she was just a humble mechanic. 那时她只是个不起眼的技工。
• humorous Welcome to our humble abode (= our home). 欢迎来到寒舍。
['hʌm.bl] verb transitive
■to make someone understand that they are not as important or special as they thought they were 使…感到自惭
• He was humbled by the child's generosity. 那个孩子的宽宏大量使他自惭形秽。
• The world champion was humbled (= unexpectedly defeated) by an unknown outsider in last night's race. 昨晚比赛中那位世界冠军意外地被一位无名小卒击败。
humble, modest
这组词都有“谦恭的”的意思，其区别是：
humble: 指精神和行为上的谦逊。褒义指对自己或自己的成就不骄傲；贬义指过低地评价自己，对人低声下气。
modest: 含义广泛，指行为或态度等方面不自大、不虚荣、不傲慢、不武断和不自负。
degrade, humble, disgrace, humiliate
这组词都有“使丢脸、使受耻辱”的意思，其区别是：
degrade: 指因过失而受到降级、阶格；也多指因自身的境遇而感到耻辱。
humble: 常可和degrade换用，强调降级所带来的耻辱；也多指自卑和感到渺小无能的心理状态。
disgrace: 指降低某人在他人心目中的地位，使其丢脸。
humiliate: 指损伤或剥夺自尊感，损坏自尊心，强调蒙受耻辱。

Word: enthusiastic
Front: enthusiastic
[ɪnˌθju:ziˈæstɪk] (高研四六雅 5508/4458 -K2)
Vocabulary: enthusiastic
(once / 316 pages)
adj
Enthusiastic appreciation for something is more than just liking it — it's loving it. You're an enthusiastic fan of Italian food if you not only like it, you can't live without it.
Enthusiastic's Greek origins paint a vivid picture of how an enthusiastic person got that way, as the word literally means "possessed by a god." You may recognize the "god" part of the word — theos, as in theology — "the study of God." If you're enthusiastic about working on your vocabulary words, you don't have to be reminded to do it — you can't wait.
WORD FAMILY
enthusiastic: enthusiastically, overenthusiastic, unenthusiastic+/ enthusiasm: enthusiasms, enthusiast, enthusiastic / enthusiast: enthusiasts/overenthusiastic: overenthusiastically/unenthusiastic: unenthusiastically
USAGE EXAMPLES
That ovation will change — growing more enthusiastic or more disgruntled — depending on their responses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Gallup regularly asks people if they are “engaged” at work, meaning involved in, enthusiastic about and committed to their job.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Trump said on the campaign trail that he wouldn’t cut the program, and Senate Republicans haven’t been as enthusiastic either.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 热心的; 热情的; 热烈的; 狂热的
分布：热情的(56%)，热烈的(22%)，热心的(22%)
a.热情的,热心的Thus the enthusiastic dumb man thumbed the humble man's umbrella.于是热情的哑巴用拇指拨弄谦卑男子的伞.
【反】halfhearted（adj 不认真的；不热心的）
US [-ˌθu:-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■showing enthusiasm 热心的；热情的；热衷的
• You don't seem very enthusiastic about the party - don't you want to go tonight? 你好像对这个派对不怎么热衷——你今晚不想去了吗？
zealous, enthusiastic, intent
这组词都有“热心的，热诚的”的意思，其区别是：
zealous: 指对所从事的事表现出的高度热情和积极性。
enthusiastic: 指对参与某项活动或对感兴趣的计划或决定表现出的毫无保留的热切心情。
intent: 指集中精力从事正在进行的活动，也可指专心寻求自己感兴趣的东西。
adj. 热情的；热心的；狂热的
 - intense, warm, crazy, eager, tropical

Word: clinical
Front: clinical
[ˈklɪnɪkl] (六托宝 2584/2725 -2)
Vocabulary: clinical
(once / 1412 pages)
adj
Something that's clinical is based on or connected to the study of patients. Clinical medications have actually been used by real people, not just studied theoretically.
When you hear about clinical drug trials, you'll know there are patients taking them and being observed — this type of test can be called clinical research. Another way to use this adjective is to mean "emotionally cold" or "impersonal." If you have a choice between a detached, clinical French teacher and a warm, charming one, you might be more likely to choose the latter. This second meaning of clinical, from the mid-1920s, originally meant "as unemotional as a medical report."
WORD FAMILY
clinical: clinically, preclinical, subclinical+/ clinic: clinical, clinics
USAGE EXAMPLES
Separately, the compound is being tested in human clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis, which is also promising, Sharma said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The drug developer’s long-acting version of human growth hormone failed in a late-stage clinical study.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
This serves as a cautionary tale for medical professionals, journalists, and laypeople alike to resist clinical indictments based on hearsay, if not outright imagination.
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 临床的; 诊所的; 冷静的; 简陋的
分布：临床的(68%)，冷静的(32%)
adjective
MEDICAL 医学的
 ADVANCED
■describes medical work or teaching that relates to the examination and treatment of ill people 门诊的，临床的
• clinical tests/training 临床试验／实习
• the Department of Clinical Medicine 临床医学部
• Clinical trials of the new drug may take five years. 这种新药的临床试验可能需要五年时间。
['klɪn.ɪ.kəl] adjective
WITHOUT EMOTION 无感情的 disapproving
■expressing no emotion or feelings 冷漠的；无动于衷的；无感情的
• She seems to have a very clinical attitude towards her children. 她对子女的态度好像很冷漠。
■showing no character and warmth 无特色的；冷冰冰的；朴素的
• We were going to paint our kitchen white, but we decided that would look too clinical. 我们打算把厨房漆成白色，可是又觉得那样看起来会太素淡。

Word: instant
Front: instant
[ˈɪnstənt] (高研四六托 4453/4938 -3)
Vocabulary: instant
(once / 49 pages)
nadj
An instant is a very short time. In combinations like instant coffee and instant replay it means available right away without a wait.
Instant and moment mean the same thing if you are talking about a particular time in the past like you remember the instant or moment you realized that you had won the lottery. However, the two words are very different when talking about time in the future. "I'll be there in an instant" means you're coming as quickly as possible, whereas if you say "I'll be there in a moment," someone is going to have to wait a bit for you.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
instant / instance
Around the Vocabulary.com office, we might like an instance of tea, but we vehemently oppose instant tea.
That's because instance means an example or an occurrence:
Police investigated five instances of criminal mischief to motor vehicles on Forest Avenue
A student in the engineering academy, for instance, would have to take three engineering-specific electives.
There was an instance in a game in August where the catwalk came into play.
Instant, on the other hand, mean immediately or urgently:
Easy Reader: Philip Roth's Nemesis an Instant Classic
Starbucks announced last summer it would start retailing flavored instant coffee, and here it is.
Now think about the times when you fell victim to the instant desire to buy that new shinny thing.
Oddly enough, the two are related. Instance dates back to 1380 as meaning the current time, but it comes from the Medieval Latin (through Old French) instantia, which refers to both presence and urgency. Instant dates to about the same time, prior to 1398, as meaning a specific moment. It comes from the Medieval Latin instantem, meaning present and urgent. Instant picked up its modern meaning of immediately around 1443 from its English definition and instance seems to have never meant urgency, creating a distinction between the two.
But instant tea is still disgusting.
WORD FAMILY
instant: instancy, instantaneous, instanter, instantly, instants+/ instantaneous: instantaneously, instantaneousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the time, The Economic Consequences of the Peace created an instant controversy.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Under the initiative, transactions are subject to federal screenings through the FBI-run National Instant Criminal Background Check System.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
When these “unthinkables” then happened, markets responded with an instant panic plunge before bouncing back.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 瞬间，顷刻; 此刻; 当月; 速食食品，即溶饮料
adj. 立即的; 迫切的; 正在考虑的，目前的; 即食的
分布：瞬间(53%)，立即(32%)，立即的(8%)，即时的(6%)，速成的(1%)
→in-,进入，使，靠近，-st,站立，词源同stand,state.即站在附近的，紧急待命的，后引申词义立即的。
紧急的(in+stant→站进来的→紧急的)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
a.立即的;紧迫的;(食品)速溶的n.瞬间,时刻For instance, I can instantly know the constant distance.例如,我可以即刻知道该恒定距离.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■happening immediately, without any delay 立即的，立刻的
• This type of account offers you instant access to your money. 这种帐户允许随时支取存款。
• Contrary to expectations, the film was an instant success. 与预期相反，这部电影一上映即获得成功。
■Instant food or drink is dried, usually in the form of a powder, and can be prepared very quickly by adding hot water （食品或饮品）速食的，方便的，即溶的
• instant coffee/soup 即溶咖啡／速食汤
['ɪn.stənt] noun only singular
■an extremely short period of time; a moment 瞬息，顷刻
• In an instant her mood had changed. 顷刻间她的情绪就变了。
• The startled boy froze for an instant, then fled. 那个受惊的男孩愣了片刻，然后就逃跑了。
• "Stop that noise this instant (= now) !" “马上把那噪音停下来！”
• I'll call you the instant (= as soon as) I get home. 我一到家就给你打电话。
minute, moment, instant
这组词都有“瞬间、片刻”的意思，其区别是：
minute: 指极短的时间，但可觉察到时间的持续。
moment: 较minute所表示的时间短，指一刹那或一段很短时间。有时也含持续的意味。
instant: 常与moment换用，指一瞬间，但更侧重时间短促，多用于表示紧迫、瞬变等情况。
hasty, urgent, prompt, instant
hasty: 匆忙的，草率的
urgent: 紧迫的，紧急的
prompt: 快速的，及时的
instant: 立即的，指几乎察觉不到的时间段
hasty, quick, prompt, fast, instant, rapid, speedy, swift
hasty: 多指匆忙、草率或仓促的行动，着重缺乏深思熟虑。
quick: 特指瞬时动作，强调动作敏捷迅速；也指匆忙的行为，而不暗示速度很快。
prompt: 主要指动作迅速，毫不拖延，含“快得令人愉悦”的意味。
fast: 常指人或物持续地高速运动，强调运动的方式。
instant: 指某事很快发生或急待解决，含刻不容缓之意。
rapid: 比fast和quick正式，常指运动本身，侧重速度惊人。所指动作可能是短暂的，也可能是持续的。
speedy: 指人或物或其运动、活动时，着重极度的快捷，多含匆忙意味。
swift: 正式用词，强调非常迅速，往往含动作轻快敏捷之意。
immediate, prompt, momentary, instant
immediate: 目前的，当前的
prompt: （行动）立刻的，迅速的；
momentary: 瞬息间的；
instant: 即刻发生的
adj. 立即的；紧急的；紧迫的
 - immediate, urgent, emergency, hot, pressing
n. 瞬间；立即；片刻
 - moment, breath, second

Word: hammer
Front: hammer
[ˈhæmə(r)] (高研四六托宝 6231/4955 -K2)
Vocabulary: hammer
(once / 305 pages)
1nv 2n
A hammer is a tool you can use to drive nails into wood or other materials. You'll find a hammer in just about any toolbox, since it's useful for hanging pictures, making repairs, or breaking things apart.
When you hit a nail again and again with a hammer, you hammer it. Other kinds of hammers include the part of a gun that swings forcefully when the trigger is pulled; the padded striker in a piano that hits a string when a note is played; and a Marvel Comics supervillain whose partner in crime is named Anvil. There's also the hammerhead shark, named for the odd, hammer-like shape of its head.
WORD FAMILY
hammer: hammered, hammering, hammers+/hammering: hammerings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say the trio used a pry-bar and hammer to break into HGK Holdings jewelry wholesaler on West 36th Street at about 11 p.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Central Michigan was hammered, 55-10, by Tulsa in the Miami Beach Bowl.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Mike is obsessed by exploring the connection between the dramatic and the real,” the director Lance Hammer, a neighbor of Mills’s, said.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 铁锤，榔头; 链球; （拍卖时用的）木槌; 音槌
vt. & vi. 锤打; 反复敲打，连续击打（尤指发出大声）
vt. 击败; 猛踢; 猛击; 轻易打败（对方）
时态：hammered, hammering, hammers
分布：锤(82%)，榔头(7%)，锤击(4%)，锤打(4%)，反复敲打(2%)，严厉批评(1%)
→来自中古英语hamer,锤子，来自ekmo,石头，来自ak,尖的，锋利的，词源同acid,cone,cuneiform.拼写比较humor.
n.铁锤,槌,榔头v.锤击,敲打The sum of the hammers is made in the summer summary.锤子总额在夏季总结里作了统计.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a tool consisting of a piece of metal with a flat end which is fixed onto the end of a long thin usually wooden handle, used for hitting things 锤，铁锤
UK ['hæm.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
be/go at it hammer and tongs informal
■to do something, especially to argue, with a lot of energy or violence 激烈地做某事（尤指争论）
UK ['hæm.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
come/go under the hammer
■to be sold at an auction (= public sale where objects are bought by the people who offer the most money) 被拍卖
• A private collection of her early paintings is expected to go under the hammer next year. 一批由私人收藏的她的早期画作预计将于明年拍卖。
UK ['hæm.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
TOOL 工具
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to hit something with a hammer （用锤子）敲击
• Can you hold this nail in position while I hammer it into the door? 你能托住这颗钉子，好让我把它钉进门里吗？
• I could hear you hammering upstairs. 我能听见你在楼上敲打的声音。
• My car's got a dent, and I was hoping they'd be able to hammer it out (= remove it by hammering). 我的车上有一处凹痕，我希望他们能把它敲平。
UK ['hæm.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
FORCE 力量
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to hit or kick something with a lot of force 用力敲打；猛踢
• I was woken up suddenly by the sound of someone hammering on/at the front door. 有人重重地捶打前门，把我惊醒了。
• He hammered the ball into the net, giving France a 3-2 win over Italy. 他将球劲射入网，使法国队以3比2战胜了义大利队。
UK ['hæm.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
DEFEAT 击败
transitive informal
■to defeat someone completely in a game or a fight （在比赛或战斗中）彻底击败，击垮
• We were hammered in both games. 我们两场比赛都被击败了。
UK ['hæm.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
CRITICIZE 批评
transitive informal
■to criticize someone or something strongly 严厉批评，指责
• Her latest film has been hammered by the critics. 她最新拍摄的电影遭到评论家们的猛烈批评。
UK ['hæm.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
hammer home sth
■to make certain that something is understood by expressing it clearly and forcefully 解释清楚，阐明
• The advertising campaign will try to hammer home the message that excessive drinking is a health risk. 这次广告宣传将使大家清楚地了解饮酒过量有害健康。
UK ['hæm.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hammer away at sth informal
■to work without stopping and with a lot of effort 坚持不懈地努力做
UK ['hæm.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hammer sth into sb (also hammer sth in)
■to force someone to understand something by repeating it a lot 反覆向（某人）灌输
• I always had it hammered into me that I mustn't lie. 我总是反覆嘱咐自己不能撒谎。
UK ['hæm.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hammer sth out
■to reach an agreement or solution after a lot of argument or discussion （争论或讨论后）达成（协定或解决办法）
• Three years after the accident the lawyers finally managed to hammer out a settlement with the insurance company. 事故发生三年后，律师们终于与保险公司商定了解决办法。
vi. 锤击；敲打；重复
 - read back
n. 铁锤；链球； [解剖] 锤骨；音锤
 - tupid, malleus

Word: bribery
Front: bribery
[ˈbraɪbəri] (13292/13909 -1)
Back: n. 行贿; [法]贿赂
分布：受贿(58%)，行贿(41%)，贿络行为(1%)
贿赂(bribe贿赂)[-ery 1.表名词"场所,地点"2.表名词"行为,情况"]
N-UNCOUNT
贿赂行为；行贿
Bribery is the act of offering someone money or something valuable in order to persuade them to do something for you.
例：He was jailed on charges of bribery.他因受到行贿指控而被捕入狱。
例：...accusations of bribery and corruption.行贿和腐败的指控
n. [法] 贿赂；受贿；行贿
 - fix, golden key

Word: darling
Front: darling
[ˈdɑ:lɪŋ] (研四 6421/3264 -2)
Vocabulary: darling
(once / 774 pages)
nadj
Use the word darling for someone you love or care for deeply. Your sweet old grandmother probably calls you darling.
You can describe someone as being your darling, or address them that way: "I missed you so much while I was working on that fishing boat, darling!" Another way to use the word is for a generally lovable person: "Everyone adores Timmy, he's such a darling." The Old English root is deorling, a diminutive of deor, "dear."
WORD FAMILY
darling: darlingest, darlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Glamorous Cypress Point, Alister Mackenzie's masterpiece woven through cypress, sand dunes and jagged coastline, wasn't always the darling of America's 100 Greatest.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
The Public Theater’s annual festival of innovative live arts returns with a roster of hometown favorites and visiting darlings, including several site-specific shows.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
It was unusual behavior for a woman who was once a news media darling.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （用作称呼）亲爱的; 心爱的人; 倍受宠爱的人; 亲切友好的的人
adj. 倍受喜爱的，可爱的，迷人的
分布：亲爱的(54%)，可爱的(27%)，可爱的人(14%)，可爱的物(5%)
→来自dear, 亲爱的。-ling, 小词后缀。
n.心爱的人,亲爱的In the sparking park, the darling dark dog barked at the embarked larks.在闪着火花的公园里,可爱的深色狗对着装载于船云雀吠叫.
US ['dɑ:r-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who is very much loved or liked 亲爱的；宝贝；极受欢迎的人
• Oh darling, I do love you. 哦，亲爱的，我真的爱你。
• Here's your change, darling. 亲爱的，这是找给你的零钱。
• In spite of his unpopularity in the USSR, Gorbachev remained a/the darling of (= very popular with) the West right to the end. 尽管戈巴契夫在苏联并不受欢迎，但他自始至终都受到西方的大力追捧。
UK ['dɑ:.lɪŋ] US ['dɑ:r-] adjective [before noun] old-fashioned
■loved very much; used when talking someone you love, for example in a letter （在书信等对喜爱之人的称呼）亲爱的，心爱的
• Darling Martha, It was lovely to see you at the weekend. 亲爱的玛莎，周末能见到你真是太好了。
■very attractive 吸引人的，可爱的，迷人的
• They've just bought a darling little cottage. 他们刚买了一间可爱的小木屋。
n. 心爱的人；亲爱的
 - beloved, the light of one's eyes

Word: revenge
Front: revenge
[rɪˈvendʒ] (研四六雅宝 5280/5307 -2)
Vocabulary: revenge
(once / 213 pages)
nv
Someone seeking revenge is looking to retaliate for a wrong that has been done.
Sometimes a word can be used as either a noun or a verb, without changing the spelling. That's the case with revenge. You can take revenge (noun) on someone who hurt you, or you can revenge (verb) the hurt, punishing the person who wronged you. While revenge may be sweet, it usually just leads to more revenge from the other side, and so on. While that makes a good Shakespeare play, it can get pretty wearing in real life.
WORD FAMILY
revenge: revenged, revengeful, revenges, revenging+/revengeful: revengefully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Theories for the seeming slip ranged from carelessness to unfamiliarity with the English language to employee revenge.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Clemson seems a bit louder, a bit edgier, with a taste for revenge.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s incomprehensible — except as a parting shot of personal revenge on Benjamin Netanyahu.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 报仇，报复
vt. 为…报仇，报…之仇
时态：revenged, revenging, revenges
分布：报复(69%)，报仇(28%)，报复心(2%)，雪耻机会(1%)
→re-,表强调，-veng,复仇，词源同 avenge,vengeance.
报仇(re反+venge→反惩罚→报仇)[venge=punish,表示"惩罚",引申为"报仇"]
n.报复,复仇v.替...报仇The ventilator inventor's adventure prevented him from venturing revenge.通风机发明家的奇遇阻止了他冒险复仇.
【记】re反，venge（v 为…报仇）－反报仇－报复re反，ven问，ge：反问你为什么这样对我？－报仇
【参】avenge（v 报仇）
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■harm done to someone as a punishment for harm that they have done to someone else 报复；报仇
• She took/got/exacted (her) revenge on him for leaving her by smashing up his car. 他抛弃了她，她就砸烂了他的车来报复。
• He is believed to have been shot by a rival gang in revenge for the shootings last week. 据信，敌对帮派为了报复上周的枪击事件将他枪杀。
[rɪ'vendʒ] noun uncountable
Revenge is sweet. saying
■said when you feel satisfaction from harming someone who has harmed you 报仇雪恨，大快人心。
[rɪ'vendʒ] verb transitive
■to harm someone as a punishment for harm that they have done to you 报复；向…报仇
• to revenge a death/defeat/injustice 为一个人的死报仇／雪失败之耻／伸张正义
• [R] The red team revenged them selves on the blue team by winning the semi-final. 红队在半决赛中打败蓝队，报了一箭之仇。
revolt, revenge
revolt: 造反，反抗
revenge: 报复，复仇
n. 报复；复仇
 - vengeance, retaliation, revanche
vt. 报复；替…报仇；洗雪
 - get back on, get even with
vi. 报仇；雪耻
 - right a wrong

Word: heel
Front: heel
[hi:l] (高研四六托 3056/3535 -K2)
Vocabulary: heel
(once / 186 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v
Your heel is the rear part of your foot. Most people walk by placing their weight first on one heel, then shifting to their toes before stepping with the opposite foot.
If you take tap dancing lessons, you'll learn to tap with both your toes and your heels — feet have heels, and so do shoes. The base of the palm of your hand is also a heel, and when you walk your dog on a leash, keeping her at your side, you're teaching her to heel. The word also describes the very end of a loaf of bread, or an utter jerk — this informal meaning comes from U.S. mobster slang.
WORD FAMILY
heel: heeled, heeling, heels
USAGE EXAMPLES
They beat the Tar Heels by 31 last season, which was their most lopsided win in series history.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bad publicity and worried stockholders were enough to bring a company to heel.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
She kept on smiling and strutting in her high heels; she held her microphone toward the crowd.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 脚后跟，踵; （鞋、袜等的后跟）; （四足动物的）后脚; 踵状物
vt. & vi. （使）倾斜
vt. 给（鞋等）修理后跟
时态：heeled, heeling, heels
分布：脚后跟(90%)，倾侧(10%)
→来自kenk,弯，转，膝弯，脚弯，词源同hock,kink,-el,小词后缀。引申词义脚跟。拼写比较nail,tile.
n.脚后跟,踵,鞋跟The feeble man feels an ache on his heels and knees when he kneels on the steel steering wheel.当虚弱男子跪在钢舵轮上时他的脚跟和双膝感到疼痛.
noun countable
BODY PART 身体部位
 ADVANCED
■the rounded back part of the foot 脚跟
⇒ See also well-heeled
 ADVANCED
■the part of a sock or shoe which covers the heel of the foot （袜或鞋的）后跟
 ADVANCED
■the raised part at the back of a shoe, under your heel 鞋跟
[hi:l] noun countable
PERSON 人 old-fashioned informal
■a person who treats other people badly and unfairly 卑劣小人；混蛋
• I felt like a real heel when I saw how I'd upset her. 看到自己使她如此难过，我觉得自己真是个混蛋。
[hi:l] noun countable
HAND 手
■the raised part of the palm of your hand nearest the wrist 手掌丘
[hi:l] noun countable
END PART 剩余部分
■the end part of something, especially of a loaf of bread, that is usually left after the rest has been eaten or used （某物的）剩余部分；（尤指）面包头
[hi:l] noun countable
bring/call sth/sb to heel
■to order a dog to come close to you 命令（狗）紧跟着
■to force someone to obey you 逼迫（某人）服从
[hi:l] noun countable
come to heel
■If a person or organization comes to heel, they agree to obey, usually because they have been forcefully persuaded to do so. （人或组织）被迫服从，就范
[hi:l] noun countable
come/follow hard/hot on the heels of sth
■to happen very soon after something …之后紧接着发生，紧随…而来
• For Walter, disaster followed hard on the heels of his initial success. 对华尔特来说，最初的成功之后，紧接就是惨败。
[hi:l] noun countable
hard/hot on sb's heels
■following someone very closely 紧跟着（某人）
• She ran down the steps with a group of journalists hard on her heels. 她跑下台阶，身后紧跟着一群记者。
[hi:l] noun countable
take to your heels
■to quickly run away 飞奔逃走
• When they saw the soldiers coming, they took to their heels. 当看见士兵过来时，他们拔腿就跑。
[hi:l] noun countable
under the heel of sth or sb disapproving
■completely controlled by something or someone 被…完全控制
• This country would never submit to living under the heel of a foreign power. 这个国家绝不会屈服于外国势力的控制。
[hi:l] verb transitive
■to repair the heel of a shoe 修理（鞋跟）
■specialized
■In rugby, to heel the ball is to kick it backwards with the heel. （橄榄球运动中）用脚跟往回传球
[hi:l] exclamation
■said to a dog to order it to come and stand close to you or to walk close to your side as you walk （唤狗用语）过来，跟上
vi. 倾侧
 - careen

Word: hook
Front: hook
[hʊk] (高研四六托 3791/4337 -K3)
Vocabulary: hook
(once / 245 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v
A hook is a curved piece of metal or other hard material that's used or pulling or holding something. A tow truck is equipped with a large hook to pull cars, and the fictional Captain Hook came equipped with an iron hook to pull off dastardly deeds.
There are coat hooks in a classroom, picture hooks on the your walls, and fishhooks for catching trout in a lake. You might have a hook and eye lock on your bedroom door, or enjoy crocheting scarves with yarn and a crochet hook. To catch a fish or a loop of yarn is to hook it. In boxing, a curving, bent-elbow punch is a hook. and in basketball a hook shot is a high, one-handed, sweeping play.
WORD FAMILY
hook: hooked, hooker, hooking, hooklike, hooks, unhook+/hooker: hookers/hooking: hookings/unhook: unhooked, unhooking, unhooks
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the BBL prides itself on the outreach work it does, and Lyons says as soon as they can connect with people, they get hooked.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
In October, Rayaan was hooked up to an IV drip and given nutritional supplements and medicine.
Washington Post(Nov 30, 2016)
“They bought everything he said hook, line and sinker,” she said.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 钩，铁钩; 弯曲部分，有钩部分; 圈套，陷阱; 〈俚〉锚
vt. &vi. 用钩挂; 〈俚〉偷，扒
vt. 钩，钩住; 引上钩; 牢牢抓住
vi. 弯成钩状
时态：hooked, hooking, hooks
分布：钩(91%)，钩住(5%)，勾拳(2%)，钩状物(1%)，当妓女(1%)
→来自古英语hoc,钩子，来自keg,钩子，齿，词源同hack,haggle.引申词义鱼钩，挂钩等。
n.钩,吊钩,钩状物v.钩住By the crook, the cook looked through a cookbook before making hooked cookies.在溪边,厨子在做钩形饼干之前查阅了一本食谱.
noun countable
DEVICE 装置
 ADVANCED
■a curved device used for catching or holding things, especially one fixed to a surface for hanging things on 钩子，挂钩
• a coat/picture hook 挂衣钩／挂画的钩子
• a boat hook 船竿
• a fish hook 鱼钩
[hʊk] noun countable
HIT 击打
■a way of hitting in boxing , cricket or golf （拳击的）勾拳；（板球或高尔夫球中右手持板或棒者击出的）左曲球
• a right/left hook 右／左勾拳
• a hook shot 单手勾射投篮
[hʊk] noun countable
by hook or by crook
■by any method possible 不择手段，千方百计
• I decided I was going to get that job by hook or by crook. 我下定决心无论如何都要得到那份工作。
[hʊk] noun countable
fall for sth hook , line and sinker
■to completely believe something that someone tells you which is not true 完全相信（某人的谎言）
• She told him she needed the money for her baby and he fell for it hook, line and sinker. 她告诉他，她需要这笔钱给她的孩子用，他便完全相信了。
[hʊk] noun countable
get your hooks into sb/sth
■to get control or influence over someone or something 获得对…的掌控；对…产生影响
• This product has really got its hooks into the American market. 这种产品已经主导了美国市场。
[hʊk] noun countable
off the hook
■If you leave the telephone off the hook, you do not put the part of it that you talk with back correctly and it will not ring. （电话听筒）未挂上
■If you are off the hook, you have escaped from a difficult situation 脱离困境，脱身
• John's agreed to go to the meeting in my place so that gets/lets me off the hook. 约翰答应帮我去开会，这样我就能脱身了。
[hʊk] verb
DEVICE 装置
transitive
■to fasten something with a hook, hang something on a hook, or catch something with a hook （用钩子）固定，挂，钩住
• He hooked the trailer (= joined it with a hook) to his car. 他把拖车挂在自己的汽车上。
• How many salmon did you hook (= catch) this afternoon? 今天下午你钓到了多少鲑鱼？
• She hooked the shoe (= lifted it with a hook) out of the water. 她用钩子将鞋钩出了水面。
[hʊk] verb
SEX 性
intransitive US informal
■to have sex for money 卖淫
[hʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hook (sb/sth) up to sth
■to connect a machine to a power supply or to another machine, or to connect a person to a piece of medical equipment 给（机器）接（电源）；连接（两台机器）；将（医疗器械）接到（某人）身上
• Can we hook up to the electricity supply at the campsite? 我们的露营地能接电吗？
• Helen was unconscious and hooked up to a life support machine. 海伦不省人事，于是就给她接上一台生命维持系统。
n. 挂钩， [机] 吊钩
 - towing eye, drawhook
vt. 钩住； [口腔] 引上钩
 - hitch

Word: ceremony
Front: ceremony
[ˈserəməni] (高研四六托雅宝 2670/3313 -K3)
Vocabulary: ceremony
(once / 115 pages)
n
A ceremony is a formal event held on special occasions such as weddings and graduations. Even if an occasion isn’t traditionally honored with a ceremony, you can hold one anyway; we know your cat’s third birthday is important.
Ceremony can also refer to proper, formal behavior; someone who insists on behaving properly can be said to “stand on ceremony.” If you insist on standing up and shaking hands every time you’re introduced to someone, you're a person who stands on ceremony. If you prefer to sit back and offer a casual “Hey,” you're a person who acts “without ceremony.”
WORD FAMILY
ceremony: ceremonial, ceremonies, ceremonious +/ ceremonial: ceremonially, ceremonials, unceremonial/ ceremonious: ceremoniously, ceremoniousness, unceremonious/unceremonial: unceremonially/unceremonious: unceremoniously, unceremoniousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The public swearing-in and inauguration ceremony are scheduled for 11 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Below are 10 other songs that Trump might want to consider for his inauguration ceremony.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
That year, her first Oscars season, Ms. Bening playfully deflected personal questions about her budding romance and attended the ceremony with her parents.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 典礼，仪式; 礼仪，礼节; 虚礼，客气
分布：仪式(52%)，典礼(43%)，礼节(5%)
→来自kwer, 做，履行，词源同Sanskrit(梵语), karma(业，因果报应). 俗词源认为来自地名Caere，罗马地名，因最早进行相关的宗教仪式而得名。
n.典礼,仪式;礼节,礼仪The alarm harmed the charming harmony of the ceremony.警报声损害了典礼迷人的和谐.
【参】hegemony（n 霸权，领导权）；ceremonious（adj 讲究仪式的，隆重的）
noun
FORMAL ACTS 仪式
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable (formal ceremonial)
■(a set of) formal acts, often fixed and traditional, performed on important social or religious occasions 典礼；仪式
• a wedding/graduation ceremony 结婚／毕业典礼
['ser.ɪ.mə.ni] noun
FORMAL BEHAVIOUR 礼节
uncountable
■very formal and polite behaviour 礼节；礼仪；客套
• She arrived at the airport without the pomp and ceremony that usually accompanies important politicians. 她抵达了机场，没有通常与重要政界人士相伴的盛况和礼仪。
• I handed her my letter of resignation without ceremony (= in an informal way). 我毫不客气地向她递交了辞职信。
n. 典礼，仪式；礼节，礼仪；客套，虚礼
 - service, protocol, exercise

Word: chronic
Front: chronic
[ˈkrɒnɪk] (研六托雅宝 3654/4016 -2)
Vocabulary: chronic
(once / 843 pages)
adj
If you smoke a cigarette once, you've simply made a bad choice. But if you're a chronic smoker, you've been smoking for a long time and will have a hard time stopping.
The word chronic is used to describe things that occur over a long period of time and, in fact, comes from the Greek word for time, khronos. If you have chronic asthma, it is a recurring health issue for you. No one likes a chronic liar! A problem that cannot be solved can also be called chronic - think of the chronic food shortages in certain parts of the world.
WORD FAMILY
chronic: chronically
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the streets below, ordinary citizens wrestle with 41% inflation and chronic shortages of staples such as sugar, cooking oil and medicine.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A: Psoriasis is a chronic condition in which the immune system attacks the skin and leads to rapid skin-cell turnover.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“For most patients,” said Dukakis’ psychiatrist, Dr. Charles Welch, “depression is a chronic and recurring illness that requires good lifetime management.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 慢性的; 长期的; 习惯性的; 痼
分布：长期的(50%)，慢性的(42%)，惯常的(8%)
→来自希腊词khronos, 时间，见Chronos，时间之神，词源不确定。部分学者认为Chronos是泰坦主神Cronus的另一面，希腊神话中的Cronus吞噬Zeus等亲生子女则象征着过去对未来的吞噬和抑制。
a.(疾病)慢性的;积习难改的;严重的,坏的She has a chronic cough.她得了慢性咳嗽.
【参】synchronous（adj 同步的，同时的）
【反】sporadic（adj 零星的）
US ['krɑ:.nɪk] adjective
LONG LASTING 长期的
 ADVANCED
■(especially of a disease or something bad) continuing for a long time （尤指疾病或不好的事物）慢性的，长期的
• chronic diseases/conditions 慢性病
• chronic arthritis/pain 慢性关节炎／长期的疼痛
• a chronic invalid 长期病患者
• There is a chronic shortage of teachers. 教师长期短缺。
UK ['krɒn.ɪk] US ['krɑ:.nɪk] adjective
BAD 糟糕的 UK informal
■very bad 很糟的，很不好的
• The acting was chronic. 表演很糟糕。
adj. [医] 慢性的；长期的；习惯性的
 - long time, standing, extended

Word: wholly
Front: wholly
[ˈhəʊlli] (研四六 6835/3314 -2)
Vocabulary: wholly
(once / 131 pages)
adv
Wholly is an adverb that means "entirely." If a story is wholly inaccurate, no part of it is true.
Do you like to do things the whole way or whole hog, refusing any halfhearted attempts? Then wholly is your kind of word — it means completely, totally, or to the full extent. To give yourself over wholly to the music at a concert means that you are focused exclusively on the experience. If you're wholly committed to a goal, you're going to give it 100% of your time and energy.
WORD FAMILY
whole: wholely, wholeness, wholes, wholesome, wholly, wholy+/unwholesome: unwholesomely, unwholesomeness/ wholesome: unwholesome, wholesomely, wholesomeness, wholesomer, wholesomest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Backing down might be an effective solution, but it’s a wholly unsatisfying one.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Johnson’s assertion, for instance, that the extravagant draper’s shops of early 18th-century London “helped create the industrial revolution” is intriguing but not wholly convincing.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
As a birder, I am wholly impressed with Canadian Geographic’s selection.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 完全地，全部地; 十足，统统; 专门; 一并
分布：完全地(60%)，一概(20%)，全部地(20%)
ad.完全地,全部,一概She was not wholly satisfied.她不是十分满意.
US ['hoʊl-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■completely 完全地；全部地
• I wasn't wholly convinced by her explanation. 她的解释未能令我完全信服。
• That's a wholly different matter. 那完全是另一回事。
• a machine that is wholly British-made 完全由英国制造的一台机器
adv. 完全地；全部；统统
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully

Word: muddle
Front: muddle
[ˈmʌdl] (托雅宝 18925/13753 -1)
Vocabulary: muddle
(once / 1920 pages)
vn
A muddle is something that's messy and confusing. If your bedroom looks like a hurricane just hit it, you might describe it as a muddle.
Oftentimes, we create the muddles in our lives, so it’s appropriate that muddle can be used as a verb meaning “to mix up” or “confuse.” Conveniently, though, the word muddle also describes a way out of difficult situations; to muddle through a troublesome task is to somehow figure it out, even if you don’t quite know what you’re doing. It has been suggested that muddle comes from an old Dutch word meaning “to make muddy.”
WORD FAMILY
muddle: muddled, muddles, muddling+/ muddled: muddleder
USAGE EXAMPLES
His responses to questions about the Ladejinsky muddle and ex-Senator Cain’s criticism of the security program were among other deleted matters.
Time(Dec 20, 2016)
In September, Louise Mensch fired off some incensed tweets that muddled up the two, much to the amusement of, well, everyone.
The Guardian(Dec 19, 2016)
At the core, there’s ostensibly a muddled message about the burdens of seeing the future and what to do with that information.
Seattle Times(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: n. 糊涂，困惑; 混乱，杂乱
vt. 弄乱，弄糟; 使糊涂; 使微醉; 使咬字不清晰
vi. 对付; 混日子
时态：muddled, muddling, muddles
分布：混乱(46%)，糊涂(23%)，使混乱(11%)，弄糟(8%)，使糊涂(8%)，胡乱应付(4%)
→来自mud,泥浆，-le,表反复。引申词义搅混，使困惑，杂乱。
【记】源于：mud（n 泥浆）
【反】clarity（n 清楚；透明）
noun [S or U]
■an untidy or confused state 混乱状态；糟糕局面
• The documents were in a muddle. 档杂乱地堆在一起。
• Whenever I go abroad I get in a muddle about/over (= become confused about) the money. 我每次出国，总是把钱弄得乱糟糟的搞不清。
['mʌd.l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  muddle along
■to continue doing something with no clear purpose or plan 混日子，得过且过
• Decide what you want in life - don't just muddle along. 订立明确的人生目标——不要混日子过活。
['mʌd.l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  muddle through
■to manage to do something although you are not organized and do not know how to do it 胡乱应付过去
• I'm afraid I can't help you - you'll just have to muddle through on your own. 恐怕我帮不到你——你必须自己设法应付。
['mʌd.l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] muddle sth up
■to arrange things in the wrong order 把…弄乱
• I've arranged the books alphabetically so don't muddle them up. 我已经把书按字母顺序排好了，不要弄乱。
['mʌd.l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] muddle sb/sth up
■to think that a person or thing is someone or something else because they are very similar 混淆
• I often muddle up Richard with his brother. 我常常分不清理查和他哥哥。
• It's easy to muddle up some Spanish and Italian words. 一些西班牙语词汇和义大利语词汇很容易互相混淆。
vt. 混合；使咬字不清晰；使微醉
 - compound, mix together
n. 糊涂；困惑；混浊状态
 - confusion, perplexity

Word: nick
Front: nick
[nɪk] (宝 17704/2798 -2)
Vocabulary: nick
(once / 353 pages)
1nv 2v 3v 4n
A nick is a tiny cut or scratch. Your neighbor might be so proud and protective of his brand new car that even a nick in its paint would be deeply upsetting to him.
To make a nick is also to nick: you might accidentally nick your dog when you're cutting tangles and mats out of her fur, or nick yourself when you're gathering up pieces of a broken glass in the sink. Informally, you also nick someone when you cheat them out of some cash or nick something when you steal it. If help arrives "in the nick of time," it comes at the very last possible second.
WORD FAMILY
nick: nicked, nicking, nicks
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Intro: Yes, the producers managed to fit in a gratuitous shot of Nick in the shower.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Still, I think Man Utd will nick this one and keep Manchester City firmly in sight.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Nick Furman, a local cyclist and runner, helped him with his bicycling and swimming in a crash course on the sport.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 刻痕; 缺口; 〈英俚〉监狱; 〈美俚〉五分镍币
vt. 刻痕于; 割伤; 挑毛病; 〈英俚〉逮捕
vi. 刻痕; 狙击
时态：nicked, nicking, nicks
分布：刻痕(34%)，缺口(23%)，赶上(15%)，逮捕(15%)，情况(7%)，说中(3%)，偷盗(3%)
→词源不详，可能来自nock拼写变体，刻痕，缺口。俚语义监狱，警察局。
【记】读：你磕，你的头磕出了一个nick。
noun
CUT 切割
countable
■a small cut in a surface or an edge 刻痕；缺口
• Apart from a few nicks in the varnish, the guitar is in very good condition. 除了漆面上有几道划痕，吉他保养得很好。
[nɪk] noun
PRISON 监狱
the nick only singular UK slang
■prison 监狱
• He's been in the nick half his life. 他已经在牢里蹲了半辈子。
[nɪk] noun
CONDITION 状况
uncountable UK slang
■a stated condition, especially of health （尤指健康）状况
• He's in pretty good nick for a man of his age. 对他这个年纪的人来说，他的健康状况相当不错。
• The car really is in excellent nick. 这辆车性能相当不错。
[nɪk] noun
in the nick of time
■at the last possible moment 在紧要关头；在最后一刻
• We got there just in the nick of time. 我们刚好及时赶到那里。
[nɪk] verb transitive
STEAL 偷窃 UK informal
■to steal something 偷
• I've had my bike nicked again. 我的脚踏车又被偷了。
• All right, who's nicked my ruler? 好吧，是谁顺手牵羊拿走了我的尺子？
[nɪk] verb transitive
CATCH 抓获 UK slang
■If the police nick someone, they catch them for committing a crime 抓获，逮捕
• They nicked him for driving at seventy in a fifty speed limit area. 他因在限速50英里的区域内开到时速70英里而被他们逮捕。
[nɪk] verb transitive
CHARGE 收费 US informal
■to cheat someone or to charge them too much money 讹诈；收取过高费用
• $50 for a meal like that - we were nicked! 花50美元吃这样一顿饭？我们被骗了！
• If your bank account balance falls below the minimum, you'll be nicked for a $5 service charge. 如果你的银行存款余额低于这个底限，你就会被收取5美元的服务费。
[nɪk] verb transitive
CUT 切割
■to make a small cut in a surface or an edge 刻痕于；使有缺口
• Paintwork on the corner of a stairway tends to get nicked and scratched. 楼梯转角处的油漆往往容易被刮擦剥落。
vt. 刻痕于；挑毛病；用刻痕记
 - pick holes, pick at
n. 刻痕； [生化] 缺口
 - separation, gap, score
vi. 刻痕；狙击
 - score

Word: incorporate
Front: incorporate
[ɪnˈkɔ:pəreɪt] (研六托雅宝 2600/2095 -2)
Vocabulary: incorporate
(once / 564 pages)
1vadj 2v
To incorporate is to include or integrate a part into the whole. Incorporate is a more active version of the word "include"; if you incorporate, you are adding something to the mix.
In the business world, to incorporate is a legal process. In other usages, the word incorporate really just means to include something or work something into whatever was already existing. You could incorporate your new roommate's furniture into the decor of your apartment, but you may not find a way to incorporate her cat's litter box.
WORD FAMILY
incorporate: incorporated, incorporates, incorporating, incorporation, incorporative, re-incorporate+/ incorporated: unincorporated/ incorporation: incorporations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ameer Riley, the defensive coördinator, said that, starting in the off-season, he hoped to incorporate the robots in more “realistic” practice scenarios.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
There are no shortcuts, and if you're not incorporating some sort of weightlifting/strength training into your regimen, you're setting yourself up to fail.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
A quick redesign incorporated the Nebraska sower with his hands properly placed.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 组成公司; 包含; 使混合; 使具体化
vi. 包含; 吸收; 合并; 混合
时态：incorporated, incorporating, incorporates
分布：合并(83%)，组成公司(7%)，合并的(7%)，公司组织的(3%)
→in-,进入，使，corporate,共同的，全体的，公司的。
合并,并入(in+corpor团体+ate→成为团体)[im-,in-①表示"不,无,非"②表示"向内,进入"]
结合;合并(in进入+corporate团体的→进入团体→结合)[corp,corpor=body,表示"身体,团体"]
v.合并,纳入,结合a.合并的His company incorporated with mine recently.他的公司不久前和我的公司合并.
【记】corporate（adj 社团法人的；共同的）corpor躯体
【参】corporal（adj 肉体的；身体的）；corporeal（adj 肉体的；有形的）
【区】incorporeal（adj 非物质的；灵魂的；无形的）
US [-'kɔ:r.pɚ-] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to include something as part of something larger 包含；将…包括在内
• Suggestions from the survey have been incorporated into/in the final design. 调查中取得的建议已被纳入最终的设计之中。
• This aircraft incorporates several new safety features. 这种飞机具有几个新的安全功能。
incorporate, absorb, suck, digest
这组词都有“吸收”的意思，其区别是：
incorporate: 指一物或多物与它物相融合，形成一整体。
absorb: 普通用词，词义广泛，既可指吸收光、热、液体等具体东西，又可指吸收知识等抽象概念的东西。
suck: 作“吸收”解时，可与absorb换用，但还可有“吮吸”之意。
digest: 侧重在消化道内改变食物的化学结构后被人体吸收。
incorporate, integrate
incorporate: 结合，合并，编入
integrate: 把……集成
vt. 包含，吸收；体现；把……合并
 - involve, contain, absorb, comprise
vi. 合并；混合；组成公司
 - merge, mix together
adj. 合并的；一体化的；组成公司的
 - amalgamative, pooled

Word: contemplate
Front: contemplate
[ˈkɒntəmpleɪt] (研六托雅宝 4802/3951 -2)
Vocabulary: contemplate
(once / 172 pages)
v
Before you accept a job offer, or a college's offer of admission, you should take time to contemplate the pros and cons of your decision. If you contemplate something, you think about it carefully.
Contemplate is from Latin contemplatus, past participle of contemplari "to gaze attentively, observe," from the prefix com- "together" plus templum "temple." The original meaning of Latin contemplari was "to mark out a space for observing auguries or omens," and the temple was a holy space reserved for this purpose.
WORD FAMILY
contemplate: contemplated, contemplates, contemplating, contemplation, contemplative +/ contemplation: contemplations, self-contemplation/ contemplative: contemplatively, contemplativeness, contemplatives
USAGE EXAMPLES
He contemplated a career in the N.F.L., but he tore his anterior cruciate ligament in practice and never regained top form.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The artist prefers to ponder her subjects as they contemplate.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
David Pagel reviews a series of gallery shows to contemplate in the new year.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 注视，凝视; 盘算，计议; 周密考虑
vi. 沉思，深思熟虑
时态：contemplated, contemplating, contemplates
分布：沉思(36%)，打算(33%)，注视(31%)
→con-, 强调。-tem，砍，切，词源同tome, anatomy，temple. 本义为一块保留（切下来）的用来占卜的神圣之地，后用来指思考的地方，沉思，考虑。
静思,深思(像庙中人一样深思)[templ=tmple(庙)]
vt.盘算,计议;周密考虑;注视,凝视They contemplated each other for some time.他们两人互相凝视了一会儿.
【记】con共同，temple（n 寺庙；太阳穴；鬓角），ate－庙里有一堆人专心注视着墙上的九阴真经，陷入仔细而长久的深思中，可是单词还是没有背会，该吃饭了！身体是考G的本钱！！
【参】contemplative（adj 沉思的）；contemplation（n 注视；沉思；企图）
US ['kɑ:n.tˌəm-] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to spend time considering a possible future action, or to consider one particular thing for a long time in a serious and quiet way 盘算；沉思，冥想
• [+ -ing verb] I'm contemplating going abroad for a year. 我打算出国1年。
• You're not contemplating a change of job, are you? 你没考虑要换工作，是吗？
• It's too awful/horrific/dangerous to contemplate. 这件事太糟糕／可怕／危险，简直不敢想。
weigh, consider, study, contemplate, ponder
这组词都有“考虑、思考、估量”的意思，其区别是：
weigh: 指作出决策前把问题的各个方面进行比较，权衡利害得失，取有利的方面。
consider: 既指一时的对某事的考虑，也指长时间的深入的思考。
study: 普通用词，指对各方面考虑，在制订出计划或采取具体动作之前作认真检查。
contemplate: 通常指长时间思考某事，有时含无确定的实际目的。
ponder: 侧重仔细、深入、连续地考虑问题，以作出认真的估计和正确的抉择。
vt. 沉思；注视；思忖；预期
 - watch, behold
vi. 冥思苦想；深思熟虑
 - puzzle

Word: graft
Front: graft
[grɑ:ft] (托宝 14077/14199 -1)
Vocabulary: graft
(once / 837 pages)
1nv 2n
Graft can mean bribery or corruption. It's also a way of transplanting skin or bones in medicine, as in a skin graft.
People who get terrible burns on their faces often have pieces of skin taken from other parts of their bodies to help them heal and look better. That transplanted skin is called a graft. There are also grafts in agriculture, when farmers take a branch from one tree and graft it onto another tree. The most common use of graft is in political corruption cases when politicians are accused of taking money in exchange for granting favors.
WORD FAMILY
graft: engraft, grafted, grafting, grafts, ingraft+/engraft: engrafted, engrafting, engrafts/grafting: graftings/ingraft: ingrafted, ingrafting, ingrafts
USAGE EXAMPLES
And there was talk about money — India’s recent devaluing of its currency in an apparent effort to cut graft and tax evasion.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
However, it also opened the door to widespread graft and further squeezed the food supply.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The graft marks are visible on his legs as well as surgical scars.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 移植; 嫁接; 渎职; 贪污，受贿
vt. 移植; 嫁接，接枝; 贪污; 用嫁接法种植
vi. 移植; 贪污; 受贿; 嫁接
时态：grafted, grafting, grafts
分布：移植(82%)，嫁接(18%)
→来自gerbh, 刮，刻，切，词源同carve,graph. 用于植物学术语嫁接，即把切下来的一种植物移植到另一种植物上。俚语义行贿，即切下留作己用。比较 bribe.
【记】读：格拉夫（前网坛女王）嫁接给了阿加西，她爸曾逃税
【反】abscission（n 切断；除去；剪除）－process of grafting（嫁接）
US [græft] noun
PIECE 切片
countable
■a piece of healthy skin or bone cut from one part of a person's body and used to repair another damaged part, or a piece cut from one living plant and fixed to another plant so that it grows there 移植的皮肤（或骨骼）；嫁接用的枝条（或芽）
• He has had a skin graft on his badly burned arm. 他的肩膀严重烧伤，已经进行了植皮手术。
UK [grɑ:ft] US [græft] noun
WORK 工作
uncountable UK informal
■work 工作
• I've never been afraid of hard graft. 我从来就不怕做繁重的工作。
UK [grɑ:ft] US [græft] noun
INFLUENCE 影响
uncountable mainly US
■the act of getting money or advantage through the dishonest use of political power and influence （滥用政治权力进行的）贪污，受贿，以权谋私
• The whole government was riddled with graft, bribery, and corruption. 政府内到处充斥着以权谋私、行贿受贿和贪污腐败的行为。
UK [grɑ:ft] US [græft] verb
ADD PIECE 加入片块
transitive
■to take and put in place a graft 移植（皮肤、骨等）；嫁接
• Skin was removed from her leg and grafted on/onto her face. 从她的腿上取下皮肤移植到了她的脸上。
transitive
■to join or add something new 使紧密结合；将（新的事物）移植于
• The management tried unsuccessfully to graft new working methods onto the existing ways of doing things. 管理阶层试图将新的工作方法和现有的经营方式相结合，但是并未成功。
UK [grɑ:ft] US [græft] verb
WORK 工作
intransitive UK informal
■to work hard 卖力工作
• It was very sad that after spending all those years grafting (away),he died so soon after he retired. 他拼命工作了那么多年，可刚退休就去世了，真是让人伤感。
vi. [外科] [生物] 移植； [农学] 嫁接； [法] 贪污
 - to transplant, transfer of culture
vt. [外科] [生物] 移植； [农学] 嫁接； [法] 贪污
 - to transplant, transfer of culture
n. [外科] [生物] 移植； [农学] 嫁接；赎职
 - transplantation, implantation

Word: blunt
Front: blunt
[blʌnt] (研六托雅宝 7053/8413 -2)
Vocabulary: blunt
(once / 403 pages)
adjv
A blunt object is rounded — it isn't very pointy. A blunt comment is candid — it isn't very subtle. When we blunt things we make them less lively, sharp, or intense.
Blunt and blunder ("make a stupid mistake") may have the same origins — the Old Norse blundra, meaning "to shut one's eyes." So don't be blunt ("dull" or "obtuse") — here are a few things you probably don't want to do: 1) use a blunt ("dull") knife to cut your tomatoes; 2) make a blunt ("outspoken") comment that might hurt someone's feelings; or 3) blunt ("deaden") the sound of your favorite music by sticking cotton balls in your ears.
WORD FAMILY
blunt: blunted, blunter, bluntest, blunting, bluntly, bluntness, blunts+/bluntness: bluntnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Secretary of State John Kerry’s blunt speech about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was that of a man trapped in the past.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In scripted television, ABC’s smart, blunt family comedies “Black-ish” and “Fresh Off the Boat” might respond early to the forces unleashed by Trump.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Following Ms. Fisher’s death on Tuesday, some novelists praised her prose as being as blunt, funny and honest — much like Ms. Fisher.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 钝的，不锋利的; 迟钝的; 直率的; 呆板的
vt. 使迟钝; 使钝
n. 钝的东西; 小雪茄烟
时态：blunted, blunting, blunts
分布：钝的(41%)，直率的(21%)，使迟钝(14%)，迟钝的(14%)，变钝(10%)
→词源同blind. 原指眼盲，不敏感，心理迟钝。后指物体钝化。
a.率直的;钝的v.(使)钝;(使)迟钝Uncle and aunt launched a laundry with the blunt hunter.伯伯和伯母与直率的猎人创办了一家洗衣店.
【反】hone（v 使磨锋利）；whet（vt 磨快）
adjective
NOT SHARP 不锋利的
■describes a pencil, knife, etc. that is not sharp, and therefore not able to write, cut, etc. well （铅笔、刀等）钝的，不锋利的
[blʌnt] adjective
RUDE 粗鲁的
■saying what you think without trying to be polite or considering other people's feelings 直率的，生硬的，直截了当的
• I'll be blunt - that last piece of work you did was terrible. 我就直说了——你创作的最后一件作品糟糕透了。
[blʌnt] verb transitive
■to make something less sharp 使变钝
■to make a feeling less strong 使（情感）减弱
• My recent bad experience has rather blunted my enthusiasm for travel. 最近的倒楣经历已经使我对旅游的热情减弱了不少。
open, frank, sincere, blunt, honest, plain, straightforward
这组词都有“坦率，诚实”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指不隐瞒自己的秘密，愿意向他人表露自己或公开暴露自己的缺点。
frank: 强调毫无保留地畅所欲言，不受任何约束。
sincere: 侧重指一个人出自内心地对某人某事表示一种诚意。
blunt: 指讲话坦白直率、不客气，但隐含不得体、不顾及他人感情等意味。
honest: 指遵守正直等道德准则。
plain: 指直言不讳，毫不做作或故弄玄虚。
straightforward: 多用于答复、叙述等场合。指直截了当，不回避，或故弄玄虚。
adj. 钝的，不锋利的；生硬的；直率的
 - dull, explicit, naked
vt. 使迟钝
 - dull, benumb

Word: acid
Front: acid
[ˈæsɪd] (高研四六托雅 3238/1597 -K3)
Vocabulary: acid
(once / 217 pages)
1nadj 2n
In technical terms, acid is a substance that can react with a base to make a salt. In practical terms, acid is the stuff you want to keep off your hands, or any part of you, because it will eat away your skin.
Not all acids will eat skin away. The citric acid in oranges and other citrus fruits gives them their tasty tang. There is a hallucinogenic street drug called acid that eats away at the user’s sense of reality. Words sometimes have the qualities of acid. In acidic speech, words feel corrosive to the listener’s sensibilities. This one’s perhaps the most frequent and most destructive of all.
WORD FAMILY
acid: acidify, acidity, acidly, acids, antiacid, subacid+/ acidify: acidification, acidified, acidifying/acidity: acidities, hyperacidity
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of bile’s main components is bile acid, a derivative of cholesterol.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
An intriguing tension between acid and fat, sour and sweet, crisp and creamy is often at play.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
To measure adherence, participants must complete dietary questionnaires and have routine blood tests to measure their levels of salt, fatty acids and other nutrients.
Nature(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 酸味的; 尖刻的; 酸的; 酸性的
n. <化>酸; 酸味物质
分布：酸(87%)，酸的(10%)，酸性的(1%)，酸性物质(1%)，尖酸的(1%)
→来自词根ac, 尖，酸。
酸的[acid,acri,acrid,acu=sour,sharp,表示"尖,酸,锐利"]
n.酸,酸性物质a.酸的,酸味的;尖刻的The decisive decimal point made the acid man decide to suicide.决定性的小数点使刻薄之人决定自杀.
adjective
CHEMICAL 化学的 (also acidic)
■containing acid, or having similar qualities to an acid 酸的；酸性的；酸味的
• an acid taste/smell 酸的味道／气味
• acidic soil 酸性土壤
['æs.ɪd] adjective
UNKIND 刻薄
■describes a remark or way of speaking that is cruel or criticizes something in an unkind way 尖酸的；尖刻的，刻薄的
• her acid wit 她的尖酸谐谑
• When she spoke her tone was acid. 她说话时，语气尖酸刻薄。
['æs.ɪd] noun
CHEMICAL 化学的
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■any of various usually liquid substances which can react chemically with and sometimes dissolve other materials 酸
• acetic/hydrochloric/lactic acid 醋酸／盐酸／乳酸
• Vinegar is an acid. 醋是一种酸。
['æs.ɪd] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable slang for
■ LSD (= an illegal drug which makes people see things that do not exist) 迷幻药
n. [化学] 酸；迷幻药
 - acerbity
adj. [食品] 酸的；讽刺的；刻薄的
 - sour, vinegary

Word: soften
Front: soften
[ˈsɒfn] (六 4869/6090 -2)
Back: vt. （使）温和; 使缓和; 减轻; 变柔和
vi. 变软
时态：softened, softening, softens
分布：动词(100%)
→soft,软的，-en,使。 softener 软化器
US ['sɑ:.fən] verb intransitive or transitive
LESS HARD 软化
■to become soft, or to make something soft （使）变软，（使）软化
• You can soften the butter by warming it gently. 你可以把牛油稍微加热使其变软。
• These dried apples will soften (up) if you soak them in water. 如果你把这些苹果干浸在水中，它们就会软化。
UK ['sɒf.ən] US ['sɑ:.fən] verb intransitive or transitive
MORE GENTLE 更温和
■to become more gentle, or to make someone do this （使）变温和；（使）缓和
• The news will upset him - we must think of a way to soften the blow (= make the news less unpleasant for him). 这消息会让他伤心——我们得想个办法来缓和一下。
• Would you say the government's stance on law and order has softened? 你说政府在法律法规方面的态度有所软化了吗？
UK ['sɒf.ən] US ['sɑ:.fən] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] soften sb up
■to do things that will please someone so that they will do what you want 打动，取悦，讨好（某人）
• You're trying to soften me up so I'll drive you to Jodie's house, aren't you? 你这是想讨好我，这样我就可以开车把你送到乔迪家了，不是吗？
vt. 使温和；使缓和；使变柔软
 - comfort, gentle
vi. 减轻；变柔和；变柔软
 - tender, to alleviate

Word: patience
Front: patience
[ˈpeɪʃns] (高研四六托 4177/4928 -K2)
Vocabulary: patience
(once / 167 pages)
1n 2n
Patience is a person's ability to wait something out or endure something tedious, without getting riled up. It takes a lot of patience to wait for your braces to come off, to deal with a toddler's temper tantrum, or to build a house out of toothpicks.
Having patience means you can remain calm, even when you've been waiting forever or dealing with something painstakingly slow or trying to teach someone how to do something and they just don't get it. It involves acceptance and tolerance, and is usually easier to have when there's something in it for you at the end. That could be a goal you've been slowly working to achieve, or just lower blood pressure.
WORD FAMILY
patience: patiences+/ impatience: impatiences/ impatient: impatience, impatienter, impatiently/inpatient: inpatients/ patient: impatient, inpatient, patience, patiently, patients
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Please be advised, @CustomsBorder outage is nationwide. They are working to restore. Thanks for your patience," Miami International Airport said on its Twitter feed.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s not impossible to do well, but you need the right equipment and probably some patience.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Instead, Davis stuck with McKenzie , and is receiving the dividends for his patience this season.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 耐心，耐性; 忍耐; 单人纸牌游戏
分布：耐心(83%)，忍耐(13%)，毅力(4%)
→来自拉丁语pati,忍受，承受，词源同passion,passive.即忍受力，忍耐，耐心。
耐心;忍受(par[=pass]+ience→感情,有感情就有耐心→耐心)[pass=felling表示"感情"]
n.耐心,忍耐Have patience!要忍耐!
noun uncountable
QUALITY 素质
 IMPROVER
■the ability to wait, or to continue doing something despite difficulties, or to suffer without complaining or becoming annoyed 忍耐，耐心
• You have to have such a lot of patience when you're dealing with kids. 和孩子相处需要有这么大的耐心才行。
• In the end I lost my patience and shouted at her. 最后我失去了耐性，对她大吼大叫起来。
• He's a good teacher, but he doesn't have much patience with the slower pupils. 他是个好老师，但对较迟钝的学生没多大耐心。
• Making small-scale models takes/requires a great deal of patience. 做小型模型需要极大的耐心。
• Their youngest son was beginning to try my patience (= annoy me). 他们的小儿子开始让我忍无可忍。
• Patience - they'll be here soon! 别急——他们马上就到！
Opposite impatience
['peɪ.ʃənts] noun uncountable
CARD GAME 纸牌游戏 UK (US solitaire)
■a game played with cards by one person 单人纸牌游戏
['peɪ.ʃənts] noun uncountable
have the patience of a saint
■to always be calm and never allow anything to upset you 有圣人般的耐心；从容淡定
['peɪ.ʃənts] noun uncountable
the patience of Job
■the ability to remain patient and to do what you think you should do despite having many problems 极度忍耐，极大耐心
endurance, patience
这组词都有“忍耐，耐心”的意思，其区别是：
endurance: 侧重指忍受艰辛或痛苦的能力。
patience: 普通用词，通常指不急不躁的容忍态度或能力。
n. 耐性，耐心；忍耐，容忍
 - tolerance, endurance

Word: discontent
Front: discontent
[ˌdɪskənˈtent] (托 9678/7004 -1)
Vocabulary: discontent
(once / 389 pages)
nadjv
When you experience discontent, you're not happy. You've been let down — either by others or by yourself.
The word discontent is made up of dis, meaning "not," and content, "a state of peaceful happiness." So as an adjective, discontent means "not happy or peaceful," like the discontent Egyptian citizens who expressed their dissatisfaction with their country's leader by protesting and demanding he give up power. As a verb, discontent means "to make unhappy," like bad news that discontents you.
WORD FAMILY
discontent: discontented, discontenting, discontently, discontentment, discontents+/ content: contented, contenting, contentingly, contently, contentment, contents, discontent / contented: contentedest, contentedly, contentedness/ contentment: contentments/discontented: discontentedly, discontentedness/discontentment: discontentments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Boston Globe called “Beginners” “the passive work of a man nervous to touch the third rail of his parents’ discontent.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The victories of these unusual candidates speak to the depth of Brazilian discontent with politics.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Parties across Europe and in the United States are fanning flames of discontent using similar tactics with increasing success.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 不满，不平; 不愉快; 不满的人
adj. 不满的; 不安分的; 不快的
v. 使不满意; 使不快
时态：discontented, discontenting, discontents
分布：不满(87%)，不满的(13%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。content, 满意。
不满的(dis不+content→不满足的)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
【记】content（n 内容；满足adj 满意的vt 使满足）
【参】discontented（adj 不满意的）
[ˌdɪs.kən'tent] (also discontentment)
noun uncountable
■a feeling of wanting better treatment or an improved situation 不满；不满足
• Discontent among junior ranks was rapidly spreading. 下级军官的不满情绪正在迅速蔓延。
• There was widespread discontent at/about/over/with the plan. 人们对该计划普遍感到不满。
n. 不满
 - dissatisfaction, grievance
adj. 不满的
 - malcontented, disgruntled

Word: helpful
Front: helpful
[ˈhelpfl] (中高研四六托 3054/2582 -K2)
Vocabulary: helpful
(once / 681 pages)
adj
If you are inclined to assist others in any situation, you are a helpful person. Your actions can also be called helpful, like your helpful habit of doing the dishes every night.
If you want to be helpful, you find ways to make things easier for others, like holding the door for them. Things can also be helpful — maps, cell phones, dictionaries, and holders for wet umbrellas. Taking good notes and setting your alarm to go off early are helpful tips for days when you have big tests. A discussion is helpful if it teaches you something new or gives you ideas for doing something better.
WORD FAMILY
helpful: helpfulest, helpfully, helpfulness, unhelpful+/ help: helped, helper, helpful, helping, helpless, helps, self-help/helper: helpers/helping: helpings/ helpless: helplesser, helplessest, helplessly, helplessness/unhelpful: unhelpfully, unhelpfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rather than proselytize, Mr. Adams prefers to teach by example, introducing people to healthy foods and providing helpful information.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most treatments must be maintained to be helpful.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There is disagreement as well on whether the Bible contains helpful accounts of ancient myths but is not literally true.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 给予帮助的，有益的; 愿意帮忙的
分布：有帮助的(57%)，有用的(43%)
→help,帮助，有益，-ful,形容词后缀。
a.(to)有帮助的,有益的,有用的You are very helpful in preparing my manuscript.你在我撰写原稿时帮了大忙.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■willing to help, or useful 愿意帮忙的；有帮助的；有用的
• She's such a pleasant, helpful child! 她可真是个讨人喜欢又乐于助人的孩子！
• I'm sorry, I was only trying to be helpful. 真抱歉，我只是想帮忙。
• He made several helpful suggestions. 他提了几个很有帮助的建议。
['help.fəl] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  helpfulWarning: Common word-building error! Adjectives which end in the suffix -ful have only one 'l'. Don't write 'helpfull', write helpful.
adj. 有帮助的；有益的
 - useful, beneficial, advantageous, conducive, assistant

Word: accountant
Front: accountant
[əˈkaʊntənt] (高研托雅 5949/3280 -2)
Vocabulary: accountant
(once / 1943 pages)
n
An accountant is a person whose job involves keeping financial records for a business. To be a great accountant, you've got to be good at math.
When a company hires an accountant, it turns over the management of its accounts to that person, who is responsible for keeping track of spending, income, and any other financial information. An accountant is also held accountable for the accuracy of a company's books, and usually has to be officially certified before working in the field. The word comes from account, by way of the Old French aconter, "to count."
WORD FAMILY
accountant: accountancy, accountants, accountantship+/ account: accountable, accountant, accounted, accounting, accounts/ accountability: accountabilities/ accountable: accountability, accountably, unaccountable / accounting: accountings/ unaccountable: unaccountablest, unaccountably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Holcomb’s office says that Klutz will be the first certified public accountant to be Indiana auditor.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Branstad spokesman Ben Hammes says the group’s accountant is still gathering information on the contributors and plans to file an amended return disclosing them.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After graduating from Cambridge University, he became a chartered accountant.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 会计人员，会计师
分布：会计师(87%)，会计人员(13%)
会计(ac+count计数)[-ant 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"…人"3.表名词"…剂"]
n.会计人员,会计师The county councilor encountered the accountant at the counter of a countryside shop.县委委员在一乡村商店的柜台边碰到了会计师.
US [-tˌənt] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who keeps or examines the records of money received, paid and owed by a company or person 会计；会计师
• a firm of accountants 会计师事务所

Word: disappointment
Front: disappointment
[ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntmənt] (高托 4566/3927 -K2)
Vocabulary: disappointment
(once / 219 pages)
n
A disappointment is what happens when things don't go your way. That sad, frustrated feeling of loss that follows? It's also called disappointment.
The noun disappointment comes from the Middle French word disappointer, meaning “undo the appointment,” or “remove from office.” It is true that a friend canceling your plans or losing your job is a disappointment, but today disappointment can describe anything that crushes your hopes, ruins your day, or otherwise lets you down.
WORD FAMILY
disappointment: disappointments+/ disappoint: disappointed, disappointing, disappointment, disappoints/ disappointed: disappointedly/ disappointing: disappointingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m competitive and every disappointment stays with me forever. It is a scar in your heart and reduces your life expectancy.”
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The young Roughol’s disappointment was not confined to the lack of elephants in rural France.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
When faced with adversity and disappointment, it is often comforting to look inward to the essence of being.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 失望，扫兴; 令人失望的行为（人）
分布：失望(99%)，令人失望的人或事(1%)
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the feeling of being disappointed 失望，沮丧
• Book early to avoid disappointment. 早点预订以免扑空。
• To my (great) disappointment (= sadness) , he decided to leave. 令我（非常）沮丧的是，他决定离开。
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■something or someone that is not what you were hoping it would be 令人失望的人（或事物）
• The party turned out to be a huge disappointment. 派对办得令人大失所望。
• I'm afraid I've been rather a disappointment to my parents. 恐怕我已经让父母感到非常失望了。
disappointment, despair, desperation, depression
这组词都有“绝望、沮丧”的意思，其区别是：
disappointment: 多指愿望或期望的落空。
despair: 普通用词，指因灾难等因素而丧失希望和信心，陷入沮丧，绝望的境地。
desperation: 语气强烈，指因绝望而使人采取无所顾忌的疯狂行动。
depression: 侧重指因遭受重大失利或挫折而产生的低落情绪。
n. 失望；沮丧
 - depression, sell

Word: mini

Word: doubtless
Front: doubtless
[ˈdaʊtləs] (四六雅 12222/6022 -1)
Vocabulary: doubtless
(once / 156 pages)
adv
Use the adverb doubtless to mean "absolutely" or "without question." You could tell your brother that he'll doubtless be thrilled about the birthday present you got for him.
You might rule out several neighborhoods when you're looking for a new apartment to rent, knowing they'll doubtless be too expensive for you. When she invites you to dinner, your friend might warn you about her dad's long stories, adding, "He'll doubtless tell you the one about his trip to Europe during college." Doubt is at the heart of doubtless, from the Latin dubitare, "to doubt, question, or hesitate."
WORD FAMILY
doubtless: doubtlessly+/ doubt: doubted, doubter, doubtful, doubting, doubtless, doubts, redoubt, self-doubt, undoubtedly /doubter: doubters/ doubtful: doubtfully, doubtfulness/doubtfulness: doubtfulnesses/doubting: doubtingly/redoubt: redoubtable, redoubts/ redoubtable: redoubtably
USAGE EXAMPLES
There will doubtless be new twists on the fitness tracker too.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The party was doubtless pleased by his resolute refusal, in line with its own, to countenance such concessions.
Economist(Dec 15, 2016)
Military contingency plans are doubtless being dusted off in Beijing.
The Guardian(Dec 05, 2016)
Back: adv. 无疑地; 确定地; 多半
adj. 无疑的; 确定的
分布：无疑地(28%)，无疑的(21%)，确定的(21%)，确定地(15%)，很可能地(15%)
['daʊt.ləs] formal
adverb
■used to mean that you are certain that something will happen or is true 毫无疑问，毋庸置疑，肯定
• They will doubtless protest, but there's nothing they can do. 他们肯定会提出抗议，但却也无能为力。
• Doubtless you will have heard the news already. 到时候你肯定已经得知这个消息。
adv. 无疑地；确定地；大概，多半
 - easily, no doubt, probably, clearly, possibly
adj. 无疑的；确定的
 - established, fixed, defined, certain, positive

Word: lunch
Front: lunch
[lʌntʃ] (中高雅 1586/1615 -K4)
Vocabulary: lunch
(once / 229 pages)
nv
Lunch is the meal you eat in the middle of the day. If you only have a short lunch break during your school or work day, you might quickly eat a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.
The size of your lunch depends on what country you live in. In the US, most people eat a small lunch and a larger dinner at the end of the day. The word is a somewhat fancy verb, too: "Shall we lunch at the club, or have the cook make us something at home?" Lunch is a shortened version of luncheon, which may stem from the earlier dialectical lunch, "hunk of bread and cheese."
WORD FAMILY
lunch: lunched, luncher, lunches, lunching+/luncher: lunchers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Karen objects to fruit juice in grade-school lunches; however, like most of us, she resorts to sugary bribes when necessary.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
About a third of the students qualify for free or reduced-price lunches because of their parents’ lower incomes, according to state figures.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After lunch, she and Alvarenga and Dominic and others in the family gathered for a civil ceremony at a lawyer’s office in Fairfax.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 午餐
vt. & vi. 吃午餐; 供给午餐
时态：lunched, lunching, lunches
分布：午餐(100%)
→缩写自luncheon,词源不详，可能来自lump,块，块状食物，比较bump,bunch,hump,hunch.该词原义为一块面包，点心或其它小块食物，可以在一天中的任何时间吃，但是进入20世纪，词义逐渐固定为午餐。词义演变比较breakfast,dinner.
n.午餐,(美)便餐Won't you stay for lunch?留在这儿吃午饭好吗?
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a meal that is eaten in the middle of the day 午餐，午饭
• What's for lunch? 午饭吃甚么？
• UK We had a pub lunch. 我们在酒吧吃的午饭。
• I'm sorry, Joanna isn't here at the moment, she's (gone) out to/gone to lunch. 对不起，乔安娜现在不在，她吃午饭去了。
• We must do lunch sometime (= have lunch together). 我们找天一定要一起吃个午饭。
[lʌntʃ] noun countable or uncountable
be out to lunch informal
■to be crazy 发疯，失去理智
• So do I take this guy seriously or is he out to lunch? 那这家伙是认真的还是一时冲动？
[lʌntʃ] verb intransitive
■to eat lunch 吃午饭，吃午餐
• I'm lunching with Giles. 我在和贾尔斯吃午饭。
luncheon, lunch
这组词都有“午餐”的意思，其区别是：
luncheon: 比lunch正式而优雅。指在某一特定场合举行的非常正式的午餐。
lunch: 普通用词，系luncheon的略语。
n. 午餐
 - dejeuner, Mittagessen

Word: fbi

Word: christopher
Front: christopher
[ˈkrɪstəfə] (-/3235)
Back: n. 克里斯托弗（男子名）
分布：名词(100%)

Word: awful
Front: awful
[ˈɔ:fl] (高研四六雅 3276/2660 -K3)
Vocabulary: awful
(once / 107 pages)
1adjadv 2adj
Describe something that is exceptionally bad as awful, but be careful: Saying your mom's cooking is awful may be truthful, but it's also likely to get you a frying pan upside the head.
In addition to meaning exceptionally bad, the adjective awful can also mean exceedingly large or extreme in degree. That new car costs an awful lot of money, for example. Perhaps you should think about a bus pass or bicycle instead! As an adverb, awful is used as an intensifier, meaning very. As in, "It's taking you an awful long time to finish that paper. Stop procrastinating."
WORD FAMILY
awful: awfuler, awfulest, awfully, awfulness, awfuls+/ awfully: awfullys
USAGE EXAMPLES
Michael Harley, a team captain, reminded them of the Bishop Gorman game: did they remember how awful it felt to lose?
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“They started screaming and crying about how awful the gum was,” Mary said.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Miami won with such awful statistics because of other numbers.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 糟糕的; 可怕的; 非常的; 极坏的
adv. 非常，极
分布：可怕的(60%)，糟糕的(30%)，极其(5%)，难受的(4%)，充满敬畏的(1%)
→来自PIE *agh, 害怕。
a.极度的,极坏的;威严的,可怕的The awfully awkward warship is warned not to be awarded war reward.那艘非常拙劣的军舰受到不给予战争报酬的警告.
US ['ɑ:-] adjective
BAD 糟糕的
 IMPROVER
■extremely bad or unpleasant 极坏的；恶劣的；糟糕的；令人极不愉快的
• He suffered awful injuries in the crash. 他在车祸中受了重伤。
• We had awful weather. 我们碰上了糟糕的天气。
• She's got an awful boss. 她的老板极难相处。
• What an awful thing to say! 说出这种话，太不像话了！
• Would life be so awful without a car? 没有车，日子就那难过吗？
• The food was awful. 这食物糟糕透顶。
• She'd been ill and she looked awful. 她一直在生病，面色极差。
UK ['ɔ:.fəl] US ['ɑ:-] adjective
VERY GREAT 非常大的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■very great 极大的；很多的
• I don't know an awful lot (= very much) about art, but I'm learning. 我对艺术知道的不是特别多，但是我正在学习。
• Fortunately it won't make an awful lot of difference if I don't pass the test. 幸好，我就是过不了考试也没有太大的关系。
• It was an awful risk to take. 那样做太冒险了。
appalling, afraid, frightful, terrible, terrific, fearful, horrible, dreadful, awful
这组词都有“害怕的、可怕的”的意思，其区别是：
appalling: 指既令害怕又使人惊异、胆寒。
afraid: 指由于胆小或怯懦而不敢说或做某事。
frightful: 指使人陷入短暂的惊恐或产生毛骨悚然的感觉。
terrible: 侧重指给人以长久的惊骇，极端的恐怖，令人难以忍受。
terrific: 多指外表、形状或力量等的可怕。
fearful: 普通用词，既指外界情况变化而引起的恐惧，又指来自内心的害怕与焦虑。
horrible: 指因骇人听闻的丑恶而令人毛骨悚然，着重厌恶的成分多于害怕。
dreadful: 指使人非常恐惧，毛骨悚然，也使人感到讨厌而退缩。
awful: 指威严得令人害怕或敬畏，有一定的感情色彩。
adj. 可怕的，吓人的；糟糕的，糟透的（口语）；庄严的，威严的
 - terrible, august, horrible, awesome, fearful
adv. 十分，极其
 - extremely, full, most, rare

Word: distract
Front: distract
[dɪˈstrækt] (研六托雅宝 4498/5958 -1)
Vocabulary: distract
(once / 321 pages)
v
Distract is what you do when you draw someone’s attention — Hey! Look! Over there! Oh. Never mind. What was I saying? That’s right: distract is to draw attention away from what someone is doing.
Distract comes from the Latin word for “draw apart.” It can be annoying when someone or something distracts you. A loud car alarm or a talkative friend might distract you when you’re watching your favorite TV show. But being distracted is not always bad. Playing a round of miniature golf might distract you from feeling sad about the death of your parakeet.
WORD FAMILY
distract: distracted, distracting, distraction, distracts+/ distracted: distractedly/ distraction: distractions
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it’s precisely because governments are distracted or incapacitated that there is a role for non-state actors.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It was one of many that distracted her from packing up her office.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I’m not one of those liberals who shrugs off culture-war issues as a sideshow distracting from real politics, to be clear.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使分心; 使混乱
时态：distracted, distracting, distracts
分布：分散(48%)，转移(29%)，分心(21%)，困扰(2%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-tract, 拉，伸，词源同attract ,contract. 引申词义分心，精神混乱。
分心(dis+tract拉→把(心)拉开→分心)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
分散;使混乱(dis分开+tract→[思想]被拉开→分心,分散)[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
v.分散;使分心;打扰;使心情烦乱The distracted reader can't be absorbed in the abstract extract.心神纷乱的读者无法专心于抽象的节录.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make someone stop giving their attention to something 使分心，使转移注意力，干扰
• Don't distract her (from her studies). 不要让她（在学习上）分心。
• He tried to distract attention from his own illegal activities. 他试图转移人们对其非法活动的注意。
puzzle, confound, bewilder, perplex, confuse, distract, embarrass, baffle
这组词都有“使困惑、迷惑、糊涂、伤脑筋”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 侧重使人难于理解、困惑、伤脑筋。
confound: 常指人惊慌失措和狼狈不堪。
bewilder: 语气强烈，指因迷不解或惊愕而慌乱，不知所措，无法清醒地思考。
perplex: 除困惑外，还含焦虑或缺乏把握之意，因而难于作出决定，无从下手处理。
confuse: 语气较弱，指由于混淆、混乱而糊涂。
distract: 主要用于注意力分散、思想矛盾或过分激动时产生的昏乱。
embarrass: 常指因处境或困难问题而感到窘迫、局促不安或焦急而不知所措。
baffle: 语气最强，多指遇见奇怪情景或复杂困难情况时所产生的惶恐困惑心理。
deviate, divert, distract
这组词都有“转移”的意思，其区别是：
deviate: v.背离，偏离。多指脱离正轨或正题等。
 • He deviated from society by becoming a drug addict.   他成为一名吸毒者，从而违背了社会道德准则。
divert: v.转移，使转向，着重改变后的结果，后常接介词from。
 • A loud noise diverted everyone's attention from their work.   一声巨响转移了每个人的工作注意力。
distract: v.使分心，分散(注意力、心理等)。常带有不能专心的意思。
 • Noise distracts him, so he can't study for exams.   喧闹声分散了他的注意力，所以他无法进行考试的复习。
vt. 转移；分心
 - shift, divert from

Word: distress
Front: distress
[dɪˈstres] (研四六托雅宝 5194/4287 -2)
Vocabulary: distress
(once / 132 pages)
nv
If you are in distress, you are in trouble. You're hurting — either physically or mentally.
See the word stress hanging out at the end of distress? There's a good reason for that. The noun distress refers to a state of severe anxiety or strain, often brought about by failing to study for an exam, harassing grizzly bears, or borrowing your sister's clothes without asking. When used as a verb, to distress means to cause all that pain, suffering and anxiety — in other words, to stress somebody out.
WORD FAMILY
distress: distressed, distresses, distressful, distressing +/ distressed: distressedest, distressedly/distressful: distressfully, distressfulness/ distressing: distressingly, distressingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The unemployment rate is distressing; the impoverishment of the population is palpable everywhere; our social protection system is in deficit and is in peril.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
They include fake IRS calls, bogus sweepstakes, phony grandchild in distress calls and romance scams.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Anslow says he wanted the confronting distress of the reports to be just as unavoidable for those walking past.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 悲痛; 危难，不幸; 贫困; [法]扣押财物
vt. 使痛苦，使忧伤; [法]扣押（财物）; 使贫困
时态：distressed, distressing, distresses
分布：痛苦(47%)，苦恼(21%)，不幸(13%)，危难(10%)，使痛苦(5%)，使苦恼(4%)
→dis-, 分开。-str, 拉，拉紧，词源同strict, stress. 即拉紧，紧张，忧虑，悲伤。
n.苦恼;危难;不幸v.使苦恼The progressive congressman dressed in black stressed his distress.穿着黑色衣服的进步国会议员强调了他的不幸.
【记】dis四面八方；stress（n 压力）－有来自四面八方的压力－痛苦紧张
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a feeling of extreme worry, sadness or pain 忧虑；悲伤；痛苦
• She claimed that the way she had been treated at work had caused her extreme emotional and psychological distress. 她说自己在工作中受到的待遇让她在情感和心理上都感到非常痛苦。
• Many of the horses were showing signs of distress at the end of the race. 比赛接近尾声时，许多马匹都表现出非常痛苦的样子。
 ADVANCED
■when you are suffering or are in great danger and therefore in urgent need of help 受苦；遇难；遇险
• Six people were rescued by helicopter from a fishing boat in distress off the Cornish coast. 直升机从康沃尔郡海岸附近的一艘遇险渔船上救出了六个人。
• a distress signal 求救信号
[dɪ'stres] verb transitive
■to make someone feel very upset or worried 使烦乱；使焦虑，使忧虑
• I hope I haven't distressed you with all these personal questions. 我希望我问的这些私人问题没有让你心烦。
sorrow, agony, grief, anguish, torment, distress, misery, torture
这组词都有“苦恼、痛苦”的意思，其区别是：
sorrow: 语气比grief弱，指因不幸、损失或失望等所产生的悲伤。
agony: 侧重指精神或身体痛苦的剧烈程度。
grief: 指由某种特殊处境或原因造成的强烈的感情上的苦恼与悲痛。
anguish: 指精神方面令人难以忍受的极度痛苦；用于身体时，多指局部或暂时的痛苦。
torment: 强调烦恼或痛苦的长期性。
distress: 多指因思想上的压力紧张、恐惧、忧虑等所引起的精神上的痛苦，也可指某种灾难带来的痛苦。
misery: 着重痛苦的可悲状态，多含不幸、可怜或悲哀的意味。
torture: 语气比toment强，指在精神或肉体上受到的折磨所产生的痛苦。
n. 危难，不幸；贫困；悲痛
 - poverty, disaster, evil, want, grief
vt. 使悲痛；使贫困
 - aggrieve

Word: courage
Front: courage
[ˈkʌrɪdʒ] (中高研四六 3324/3640 -K3)
Vocabulary: courage
(once / 42 pages)
n
Someone with courage is bold and brave, unafraid to face tough challenges. Unlike the Cowardly Lion, who went all the way to the Emerald City to see if the Wizard had any courage to spare.
In Middle English, courage referred to “what is in one’s mind or thoughts." Today, anyone with courage has only fearless feats and courageous acts in mind. Having courage means acting when others are afraid of the danger, or simply acting without fear of failure. As the American poet Robert Frost advised, “Have courage and a little willingness to venture and be defeated.”
WORD FAMILY
courage: courageous, courages, encourage +/ courageous: courageously, courageousness/ encourage: encouraged, encouragement, encourages, encouraging / encouragement: encouragements/ encouraging: encouragingly, unencouraging/unencouraging: unencouragingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Is there an award for last minute lame-duck presidential courage?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mason did not lead after the first few minutes, but amid youthful mistakes and a big rebounding disadvantage, it played with courage.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
With themes of courage and teamwork, this epic animated adventure is set in an alternative fantasy Japan.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 勇气; 胆量; 魄力; 肝胆
分布：勇气(94%)，胆量(6%)
→来自词根cor, 心，词源同heart, cardiologist.
n.勇气,胆量Of course the man's courage encouraged the discouraged tourists in the courtyard.自然那个勇敢男子的勇气鼓舞了院子里泄气的游客们.
US ['kɝ:-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the ability to control your fear in a dangerous or difficult situation 勇气，胆量；勇敢
• They showed great courage when they found out about their baby's disability. 发现自己的婴儿身有残疾时，他们表现出了巨大的勇气。
• [+ to infinitive] People should have the courage to stand up for their beliefs. 人们应该有勇气坚持自己的信仰。
• It took me ages to summon/pluck up the courage to ask for a promotion. 过了很久我才鼓足勇气要求升职。
have the courage of your convictions
■to be brave and confident enough to do what you believe in 有勇气按照自己的信念去做，有勇气做自己认为正确的事情
• Although many of his policies were unpopular, he had the courage of his convictions to see them through. 尽管他的许多政策不受欢迎，但他仍然有勇气按照自己的信念去贯彻。
bravery, courage, nerve, backbone
这组词都有“勇气、胆量”的意思，其区别是：
bravery: 指在危险中表现出的无所畏惧精神或在逆境中仍能坚持下去的毅力。
courage: 普通用词。指面对危险或困难时无所畏惧的精神和敢于奋斗的进取心。
nerve: 侧重指面临危险或在冒险的情况下具有冷静、清醒的头脑和坚定无畏的勇气。
backbone: 指性格倔强，意志坚定，有骨气，有顽强的决心去做某事。
n. 勇气；胆量
 - nerve, heart

Word: rand
Front: rand
[rænd] (-/24622)
Back: n. 鞋后根与鞋底中间的垫皮，边缘
分布：后跟垫(100%)
→来自古英语 rand,边缘，边界，来自 Proto-Germanic*randaz,边缘，边界，来自 rent,撕开， 砍，劈，词源同 rend,rind.rand 兰特
[rænd] (plural rand)
noun countable
■the standard unit of money used in South Africa 兰特（南非的货币单位）
n. 兰特（南非的货币单位）；边缘；垫皮，衬底（鞋后根与鞋底中间的）
 - margin, suburb

Word: laugh
Front: laugh
[lɑ:f] (中高 861/1021 -K5)
Vocabulary: laugh
(once / 25 pages)
vn
To let out a chuckle or giggle is to laugh: people laugh when something is funny.
To chortle, cackle, guffaw, or titter is to laugh. The job of a comedian is to make people laugh. Often people laugh at things that aren't supposed to be funny, and people also laugh to be polite. If something is silly, you can say "That's a laugh!" If you had fun at a party, you can say "Thanks for the laughs." Everybody's laugh sounds a little different. It would be a shame if your laugh sounded like Elmer Fudd.
WORD FAMILY
laugh: laughable, laughed, laugher, laughing, laughs+/ laughable: laughably/laugher: laughers/laughing: laughingest, laughingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Around us a ballroom of people were laughing and eating and dancing.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The guy next to me laughed, dropping his book on to the floor.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“I’m in the books for something,” Young said with a laugh.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 笑; 发笑; 嘲笑; （特别表示因成功而）处于有利地位
vt. 以笑表示，以笑感动[影响]
n. 笑; 笑声; 引人发笑的事或人; 笑料
时态：laughed, laughing, laughs
分布：笑(77%)，笑声(8%)，嘲笑(7%)，发笑(7%)，笑料(1%)
→来自kleg,笑声，拟声词。
v.笑;(on)讥笑n.笑,笑声We all had a good laugh about it.我们都为这事大笑了一阵.
US [læf] verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to smile while making sounds with your voice that show you think something is funny or you are happy （出声地）笑，大笑
• They laughed at her jokes. 听了她讲的笑话他们都笑了。
• I couldn't stop laughing. 我情不自禁地笑个不停。
• I said he'd have to give a talk and he laughed nervously. 我告诉他说他必须发言，他听后紧张地笑了起来。
• She's so funny - she really makes me laugh. 她太有意思了——真让我笑死了。
• It's very rare that a book is so good you actually laugh out loud. 一本能让你笑出声来的好书真是不多见。
• It was so funny, I burst out laughing (= laughed suddenly and loudly). 太有意思了，我放声笑了出来。
• I laughed till I cried. 我笑得直流眼泪。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
be laughed out of court
■to be considered as too silly or impossible to take seriously, especially in a court of law （尤指在法庭上）被一笑置之，不被重视
• The proposal will be laughed out of court. 这个建议会被认为荒唐可笑。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
be laughing (also will be laughing) UK informal
■used to tell someone that they should not be worried by a particular situation, because they will get an advantage from it 不必发愁，会好起来的
• If the loan's approved you're laughing. 如果这笔贷款批下来，你就不必发愁了。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
be laughing all the way to the bank informal
■to be earning a lot of money easily 轻易发大财，轻松赚大钱
• We'll be laughing all the way to the bank if this deal works out. 如果这笔生意能成交，我们一下子就能赚很多钱。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
be laughing on the other side of your face UK (US laugh out of the other side of your mouth)
■used to tell someone that although they are pleased now, they will not be pleased later when things do not happen as they expected or planned 到时候就笑不出来了，得意变失意
• She's pleased with her promotion but she'll be laughing on the other side of her face when she sees the extra work. 她很高兴自己能获得晋升，不过等她明白自己要多做不少工作时恐怕就笑不出来了。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
be no laughing matter
■to be very serious 不是开玩笑，不是闹着玩的
• It might seem funny but I tell you what, getting stuck up a tree is no laughing matter. 卡在树上看起来可能很好笑，不过我跟你讲，这可不是闹着玩的。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
Don't make me laugh! informal
■said to someone to show that you cannot take their suggestion seriously 别开玩笑了！
• You'll pay? Don't make me laugh! 你要付钱？别开玩笑了！
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
He who laughs last , laughs longest / best. saying
■said to emphasize that the person who has control of a situation in the end is most successful, even if other people had seemed originally to have an advantage 谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
laugh your head off (also laugh yourself silly) informal
■to laugh a lot, loudly 大笑不止，狂笑不已
• You laughed your head off when I fell! 我摔跤了，你却笑个没完！
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
laugh in sb's face
■to make it obvious to someone that you do not respect them 当（某人）的面嘲笑
• They'd laugh in your face if you suggested me for the post. 如果你提议让我担任这个职位，他们准会当面嘲笑你。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
laugh like a drain UK informal
■to laugh a lot, very loudly 狂笑，爆笑
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
laugh up your sleeve
■to secretly find something funny 窃笑，暗自感到好笑
• They're very polite in your presence, but you get the feeling they're laughing up their sleeves. 当着你的面他们都很有礼貌，但你能感觉到他们在暗自发笑。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
you've got to laugh (also you have to laugh) informal
■said when you can see something funny in a difficult situation 还是值得一笑，还有可笑之处
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  laugh at sb/sth ADVANCED
■to show that you think someone or something is stupid 取笑，笑话
• I can't go into work looking like this - everyone will laugh at me. 我不能这个样子去工作——大家会取笑我的。
■to treat someone or something as if they are not important or do not deserve serious attention 嘲笑，蔑视
• If you say that, people will just laugh at you. 如果你那样说，人们就会看不起你。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] laugh sth off
■to make yourself laugh about something unpleasant in order to make it seem less important or serious 对…一笑置之
• She tried to laugh off their remarks, but I could see she was hurt. 她试图对他们的话一笑置之，但我看得出她的内心还是受到了伤害。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the act or sound of laughing 笑；笑声
• a loud/nervous laugh 放声大笑／神经质的笑
• I was embarrassed at the time, but I had a good laugh about it later. 那时我很尴尬，但过后却觉得非常可笑。
■informal
■an enjoyable or funny activity 令人愉快的活动，好玩的活动
• "How was the party?" "Oh, it was a laugh." “派对办得怎么样？”“哦，相当好玩。”
■mainly UK informal
■someone who is funny 好玩的人，有趣的人
• You'd like Sharon - she's a good laugh. 你会喜欢莎伦的——她这个人很风趣。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] noun countable
for a laugh informal
■If you do something for a laugh, you do it for enjoyment 取乐，开玩笑
• Just for a laugh, I pretended that I'd forgotten it was his birthday. 我假装忘了那天是他的生日，只是想开个玩笑。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] noun countable
You're having a laugh. UK informal
■used to show that you think that what someone has just said is not reasonable or fair 你在开玩笑
• £500 to cut down a tree - you're having a laugh, mate! 500英镑砍一棵树——老兄，你简直是在开玩笑！
giggle, laugh, chuckle, roar, sneer, beam, jeer, grin
这组词都有“笑”的意思，其区别是：
giggle: v.咯咯地笑，痴笑，傻笑，多指女人和孩子由于紧张、被逗乐、尴尬时所发出的笑声。
 • The schoolgirls giggled when the famous football player walkedsintostheir classroom.   当这个著名的足球运动员走进教室时，女生们都咯咯地笑起来。
laugh: v.笑，大笑，用于一般的笑或出声的大笑。
chuckle: v. (书面语)吃吃的笑，抿嘴笑，轻声笑，多指因得意或领会到某事中的趣味而暗自发笑。
 • She does not laugh out loud; she only chuckles.   她没有笑出声来，只是抿嘴而笑。
roar: v.怒吼，咆哮，引申为放声大笑，哄堂大笑。
 • He roared when he heard the joke.   听完这个笑话，他哈哈大笑。
sneer: v.冷笑，嘲笑，指以语言、表情、和声调表示轻蔑或嘲弄。
 • He sneered at the offer and said it was two low.   他对报价嗤之以鼻，说它太低了。
beam: v.本义指照耀，放光，引申为"微笑"，是正式用语，指面带喜悦或笑容，暗示对他人的友好或内心的满足。
 • She beamed with happiness.   她高兴得眉开眼笑。
jeer: v.讥笑，嘲笑，其同义词是mock。
 • The crowd jeered when the boxer was knocked down.   当那个拳手被人打倒时，人群开始嘲笑他。
grin: v.露齿而笑，指人因高兴、满足、轻蔑等咧开嘴露齿地笑。
 • He grinned at his mother.   他冲他的妈妈咧嘴一笑。
laugh, smile, siggle, grin, beam, sneer
这些动词均含“笑”之意。
laugh: 最常用词，指因喜悦、愉快或轻视而出声的笑或大笑。
smile: 指面露微笑，侧重于无声。
siggle: 指发出咯咯的笑声，较多地用于女人或孩子。
grin: 指露齿而笑。
beam: 书面用词，指人因心情舒畅而发出的笑，即喜形于色地笑。
sneer: 指冷笑、嘲笑。
n. 笑；引人发笑的事或人
 - risus

Word: peg
Front: peg
[peg] (12626/7092 -3)
Vocabulary: peg
(once / 731 pages)
1nv 2n 3v 4v
A peg is a bolt or pin that holds something in place or marks a location. When you use peg as a verb, it means to identify someone or something: "I pegged you as a word lover, the first time I laid eyes on you."
A coat rack might consist of a line of wooden pegs, and you might also secure a tent by driving metal pegs into the ground to hold it there. When you fasten or pierce something with a peg, you can say you peg it. Informally, if you peg a person, you make a judgment about them: "I'd peg him as a messy housekeeper based on the way his dorm room looks."
WORD FAMILY
peg: pegged, pegging, pegs
USAGE EXAMPLES
In “Mastering the Art of Quitting,” for example, Peg Streep and Alan Bernstein reject the “myth of persistence.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The number of Russian Embassy diplomats is generally pegged at 120 to 140, compared with about 40 Foreign Service officers for the United States.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
After the Liverpool debacle against Burnley earlier in the season I accused Milner of being a square peg in a round hole.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 钉，桩; 借口，遁词，; （提琴等的）弦钮; 尖头物，爪，（晒衣用的）衣夹，（帽）挂
vt. 固定，限制，限定（工资等）; 在…上钉木钉，用木钉[短桩]钉住
vi. 疾行; 孜孜不倦地做某事
adj. 越往下端越细的
时态：pegged, pegging, pegs
分布：钉(67%)，借口(18%)，钉木桩(3%)，支柱(3%)，努力工作(3%)，扔(3%)，匆忙走(3%)
→来自中古英语pegge,来自Proto-Germanic*pag,桩子，楔子，来自bak,棍子，削尖的木桩，词源同bachelor,bacteria.引申词义橛子，衣钩子等。
noun
HOOK 钩
 ADVANCED countable
■a small stick or hook which sticks out from a surface and from which objects, especially clothes, can hang 小钉；挂物钉；（尤指）挂衣钩
• He took off his coat/hat and hung it on the peg. 他脱下大衣／帽子，挂在衣钩上。
only singular
■a reason for discussing something further （进一步讨论某事物的）依据，理由
• They decided to use the anniversary as the peg for /a peg on which to hang a TV documentary. 他们决定把周年庆典作为制作一部电视纪录片的理由。
[peg] noun
FIXING DEVICE 固定装置
countable
■a device which is used to fix something into a particular place （起固定作用的）钉，栓，桩
• UK There aren't enough pegs (also clothes pegs , USclothes pins)to hang all this washing on the line. 没有足够的夹子把所有洗好的衣服都挂在绳子上。
• Hammer the pegs (also tent pegs)firmly into the ground. 用锤子把（帐篷）桩牢牢地打入地里。
[peg] noun
BASEBALL 棒球
countable US informal
■a low fast throw in baseball 全力投球，钉子球
[peg] noun
bring / take sb down a peg (or two) informal
■to show someone that they are not as important as they thought they were 煞某人的威风，挫某人的傲气
[peg] verb (-gg-)
FIX 固定
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to fix something in place with pegs 用钉（或桩等）固定
• Make sure the tarpaulin is securely pegged down. 务必用桩子把油布牢牢地固定好。
• I'll peg out the clothes before I go to work. 我会在上班之前用夹子把衣服晾在晒衣绳上的。
transitive
■to arrange something so that it stays at a particular level 把…固定在某一水准；限定，限制
• The agreement works because member nations haven't tried to peg prices. 因为成员国没有企图限定价格，所以协议发挥作用了。
[peg] verb (-gg-)
BASEBALL 棒球
transitive US informal
■to throw a ball in baseball low and fast （棒球）投掷快速低球
• Mattingly pegged the ball to Stanley. 马丁利把球投给史坦利。
[peg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  peg out UK slang
■to die 死去，断气
■to stop working 停止运转
• The car finally pegged out about 20 miles from home. 那辆车在离家20英哩的地方终于停下来了。
[peg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] peg sth out
■If you peg out an area, you mark the edges of it by hitting short sticks into the ground. 用木桩标出…的边界
n. [五金] 钉；桩；借口；琴栓
 - excuse, blind, stake
vt. 限制；钉木钉
 - block, set a limit to
vi. 疾行；孜孜不倦地做某事
 - scud

Word: envoy
Front: envoy
[ˈenvɔɪ] (托 9956/10593 -2)
Vocabulary: envoy
(once / 603 pages)
1n 2n
An envoy is someone sent out as a messenger to represent another person or group, such as a country or business.
The saying "Don't kill the messenger" could easily be "Don't kill the envoy," because an envoy is a messenger. The U.S. government has many envoys, as do other countries and many organizations and businesses. In government, an envoy has much less power than an ambassador. The word envoy is also used to describe a brief postscript in poetry or prose that explains or ties up the previous piece before “sending it to readers,” so that’s messenger-like too.
WORD FAMILY
envoy: envoys
USAGE EXAMPLES
Security Council, which allowed a censure of Israeli settlements to pass for the first time in 36 years, according to U.S. envoy to the U.N.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
Sunday is a regular work day in Israel, but most embassies are closed, and calling in envoys on Christmas Day is highly unusual.
Reuters(Dec 25, 2016)
The young Turkish policeman who shot the envoy railed about Russia’s backing of the regime in Syria’s war and the “atrocity” in Aleppo.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 使节，外交官; 全权公使; 谈判代表; 书后，结尾诗节
分布：特使(95%)，外交使节(5%)
→en-, 进入，使。-voy, 路，词源同via, way.
使者,使节(en进+voy走→走进[别人的范围→使者])[vi,via,voy=way,表示"道路"]
noun countable
■someone who is sent as a representative from one government or organization to another 使者；使节；代表
• a United Nations special envoy 联合国特使
n. 使者；全权公使
 - chiaus, internuncio

Word: admittedly
Front: admittedly
[ədˈmɪtɪdli] (托 8927/6846 -1)
Back: adv. 公认地
分布：公认地(86%)，不可否认的(14%)
US [-'mɪtˌ-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■used when you are agreeing that something is true, especially unwillingly （尤用于不情愿地承认某事时）诚然，无可否认
• Admittedly, I could have tried harder but I still don't think all this criticism is fair. 不可否认，我本来可以再努力些。尽管如此，我认为这些批评也并非完全公道。
adv. 公认地；无可否认地；明白地
 - allowedly, acknowledgedly

Word: scepticism
Front: scepticism
[ˈskeptɪsɪzəm] (38464/6976 -1)
Back: n. 怀疑态度; 怀疑论，怀疑主义; 怀疑宗教（教条）; =skepticism
分布：怀疑态度(60%)，怀疑论(38%)，〈医〉怀疑癖(2%)
n. 怀疑；怀疑论；怀疑主义
 - doubt, challenge, suspicion

Word: successive
Front: successive
[səkˈsesɪv] (研四六托 8065/3735 -2)
Vocabulary: successive
(once / 323 pages)
adj
Successive is a word for things (or people) that follow each other in time. If three presidents in a row were over sixty, you could say, "Three successive presidents were over sixty."
Successive is a word that comes up often when you're looking at the history of something. Back in the 1960s, eight successive Boston Celtics teams won the NBA championship. In school, if you do very well, you could get an A in three successive math classes. Even though successive has the word success in it, it's not necessarily a good thing: you could also miss ten successive free throws.
WORD FAMILY
successive: successively, successiveness+/ succeed: succeeded, succeeder, succeeding, succeeds, succession, successive, successor /succeeder: succeeders/succeeding: succeedingly/ succession: successions/ successor: successors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Scotland's Anderson, 46, bidding to become only the third man to win three successive titles, broke to lead 2-1.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The Niners became the first team in nearly four decades to follow coaches in successive seasons after only one-year tenures.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Defoe’s equalizer prevented Sunderland slumping to a third successive loss.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 连续的，相继的; 继承的，接替的; 逐次
分布：连续的(82%)，接连的(11%)，接二连三的(7%)
→来自 succeed,接替，继任，-ss,过去分词格，-ive,形容词后缀。
连续的[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
a.接连的,连续的The accessory successor never made concessions to difficulties, so he succeeded in accessing successive successes.附属继承人从未向困难妥协,因此在走向连续的成功之路上成功了.
adjective [before noun]
■happening one after the other without any break 接连地，连续地
• It was the team's fourth successive defeat. 那是球队接连第四次失利。
• He won the World Championship for the third successive year. 他连续第三次赢得世界锦标赛冠军。
consecutive, successive
consecutive: 按顺序来的，连续不断的
successive: 一连串的
continuous, constant, continual, persistent, successive
这组词都有“连续的”的意思，其区别是：
continuous: 语意最强，强调在时间和空间上没有间断。
constant: 多指习惯性的重复和不变的持续。
continual: 强调重复或持续发生，但连续之间允许有间断。
persistent: 普通用词，可指不懈的努力，也可指任何连续不断或重复出现的事物。
successive: 强调事物一个接一个地发生，无间断。
adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的
 - continuing, straight, endless, running, serial

Word: deteriorate
Front: deteriorate
[dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt] (研六托雅宝 7587/6333 -2)
Vocabulary: deteriorate
(once / 1027 pages)
v
When something gets worse due to neglect or an unfortunate health problem, stuff starts to deteriorate — or fall apart.
The word deteriorate describes anytime something gets worse. Due to neglect, a relationship can deteriorate but so can the American highway system. Sadly, there seems to be no end to applications for the word deteriorate. And, the truth is at a certain age we all start deteriorating too.
WORD FAMILY
deteriorate: deteriorated, deteriorates, deteriorating, deterioration +/ deterioration: deteriorations
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the summer of 2015 the situation deteriorated further still.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The last several letters deteriorated in the late 1940s, and the part that remained was restored in 1978.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
With her condition deteriorating, she was flown to a hospital in Texas in August.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使恶化
vi. 恶化，变坏
时态：deteriorated, deteriorating, deteriorates
分布：恶化(88%)，变质(10%)，衰退(2%)
→de-, 向下。-ter, 比较级后缀，见interior. 即使更下，恶化。
恶化[deterior=worse(更坏)]
v.(使)恶化,(使)变坏His health condition is deteriorating.他的身体状况在变坏.
【记】源自拉丁语 deterior变坏
【参】superior（adj 高级的）；inferior（adj 低级的）deterioration（n 变坏；退化；堕落）
【反】improvement（n 改进）
US [-'tɪr.i-] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to become worse 恶化，变坏
• She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly deteriorated. 她是在上周病情突然恶化时被送进医院的。
• The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly. 该地区的政治形势已急剧恶化。
vi. 恶化，变坏
 - go ill, change for the worse
vt. 恶化
 - go ill, exasperate

Word: exhaust
Front: exhaust
[ɪgˈzɔ:st] (研四六托雅宝 4734/4940 -3)
Vocabulary: exhaust
(once / 132 pages)
1v 2v 3nv
The noun exhaust refers to what comes out of your car's tailpipe. It consists of the burned gases and particulate matter that are created by the engine. As a verb, the word exhaust means to use something up, such as a food supply or your energy.
The exhaust system in your car is the part that takes the waste created by the car in the form of gas or smoke and expels it through the tailpipe. The noun exhaust appeared in the 19th century, after the invention of the engine. Before that, the word, as a verb, referred only to depleting something, such as a natural resource. Miners deplete a mineral deposit and exhaust the resource.
WORD FAMILY
exhaust: exhausted, exhausting, exhaustion, exhaustive, exhausts+/ exhausted: exhaustedly, unexhausted/ exhausting: exhaustingly/ exhaustion: exhaustions/ exhaustive: exhaustively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was exhausting because I walked,” recalled the mother, from Lesotho, where almost 23% of the population live with the virus.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Wartford, hamstrung by injuries, looked exhausted and contributed to its own downfall with poor defending.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s exhausting, but it’s the best kind of exhausting,” Belue said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 用尽，耗尽; 使精疲力尽; 排出; 彻底探讨
vi. 排气
n. （排出的）废气; 排出; 排气装置
时态：exhausted, exhausting, exhausts
分布：废气(62%)，耗尽(22%)，排气装置(10%)，使筋疲力尽(4%)，详尽论述(2%)
→ex-, 向外。-haust, 排出。
用尽;抽干(ex出+haust→抽干→抽出)[haust=drawwater,表示"抽水"]
v.使筋疲力尽,耗尽;抽完n.排气装置;废气The exhausted man and the trustful guy thrust a knife into the rusty crust.精疲力竭的男子和深信不疑的家伙将一把刀子刺向生锈的外壳.
【记】ex出，haust拉－拉出－耗尽
【参】exhaustion（n 耗尽；筋疲力尽；详尽无遗的论述）
US [-'zɑ:st] verb transitive
TIRE 疲倦
 ADVANCED
■to make someone extremely tired 使筋疲力竭；使疲惫不堪
• The long journey exhausted the children. 长途旅行后，孩子们疲惫不堪。
• I've exhausted myself with all that cleaning. 打扫完，我累得筋疲力尽。
UK [ɪg'zɔ:st] US [-'zɑ:st] verb transitive
USE 用
■to use something completely 用完；花光；耗尽
• How long will it be before the world's fuel supplies are exhausted? 再过多长时间地球上的燃料就耗尽了？
• I'm afraid he's exhausted my patience. 恐怕我对他已经失去耐性了。
• We seem to have exhausted this topic of conversation (= we have nothing new to say about it). 这个话题我们好像已经没有甚么好谈的了。
UK [ɪg'zɔ:st] US [-'zɑ:st] noun uncountable
■the waste gas from an engine, especially a car's, or the pipe the gas flows through （引擎排出的）废气；（尤指汽车的）尾气；排气管
• Car exhaust is the main reason for the city's pollution. 汽车排出的废气是造成城市污染的主要原因。
vt. 排出；耗尽；使精疲力尽；彻底探讨
 - issue, drain out
vi. 排气
 - air out
n. 排气；废气；排气装置
 - air discharge, flue gas

Word: superior
Front: superior
[su:ˈpɪəriə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3410/3513 -K3)
Vocabulary: superior
(once / 107 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adjn 4adj
The salesman boasted to his customer that the $1 million car was well worth the price because it was far superior, meaning of higher quality, to any car that had come before it. This car, the salesman bragged, could fly.
Superior comes from the Latin word meaning above and it literally means something that is above others in quality or status. Sometimes being superior can be perceived as a negative, as in the woman who acts superior to all of her friends, having a high opinion of herself just because she has millions of dollars in the bank after winning the lottery.
WORD FAMILY
superior: superiority, superiorly, superiors+/ superiority: superiorities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it is not as if the Rockets are superior to the Thunder simply because Harden is subtly winning the superstar matchup.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
By the end of the fourth quarter — actually, far earlier than that — it was clear who the superior football team was.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
This contrived road-trip plot therefore becomes series of step-and-repeat awkward encounters that show how this bohemian family is morally superior to everyone else.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. （级别、地位）较高的; （在质量等方面）较好的; （数量）较多的; 上等的
n. 上级; 较好的人[事物]，优胜者; 修道院院长; 方丈
分布：上级(76%)，高傲的(9%)，高手(5%)，上好的(4%)，出众的(4%)，上层的(1%)，上标(1%)
→super-,在上，上方，-ior,比较级后缀。引申诸相关词义。
在上面的,超越的(super在上面)[-ior表形容词"较…的"]
a.优良的,卓越的;上级的n.上级;长者;高手During this serious period, the superior asked the inferior a series of questions about the supermarket.在这段严肃时间内,上级问了下级一连串有关超级市场的问题.
US [-'pɪr.i.ɚ] adjective
BETTER 更好的
 IMPROVER
■better than average or better than other people or things of the same type 好于平均的，好过其他的，优越的
• This is clearly the work of a superior artist. 这显然是一位优秀艺术家的作品。
• She was chosen for the job because she was the superior candidate. 因为她比其他应征者更出色，所以她被选中做这份工作。
• For all babies, breastfeeding is far superior to bottlefeeding. 对所有的婴儿来说，喂母乳都比喂奶瓶好得多。
• The government troops were superior in numbers (= There were more of them). 政府军在人数上占优势。
Compare inferior disapproving
■describes someone who believes that they are better than other people and acts in such a way （人）高傲的，傲慢的，有优越感的
• a superior manner/smile 傲慢的态度／微笑
• I can't bear Amanda - she's so superior. 我受不了阿曼达——她太高傲。
UK [su:'pɪə.ri.ər] US [-'pɪr.i.ɚ] adjective
HIGHER 更高的
■higher in rank or social position than others 上司（的），上级（的）
• The soldier was reported to his superior officer for failing in his duties. 这个士兵失职之事被呈报到他的上级那里。
UK [su:'pɪə.ri.ər] US [-'pɪr.i.ɚ] noun countable
■a person or group of people who are higher in rank or social position than others 上司（的），上级（的）
• I will pass your complaint on to my superiors. 我会把您的投诉转达给我的上司。
adj. 上级的；优秀的，出众的；高傲的
 - ranking, lofty
n. 上级，长官；优胜者，高手；长者
 - higher-up, prefect

Word: reprint
Front: reprint
[ˌri:ˈprɪnt] (9243/14989 -1)
Vocabulary: reprint
(once / 238 pages)
vn
To reprint something is to publish it again, or issue it in a new form. When a book is a best seller, its publisher will reprint thousands, or even millions, of copies.
Sometimes books go out of print for a long time before a publisher reprints them, and in other cases they are continuously popular enough that a publishing company will reprint them constantly. You can call a newer printed edition of a book or magazine article a reprint, too. Reprint adds the "again" prefix re-, to print, from the Old French preinte, "impression."
WORD FAMILY
reprint: reprinted, reprinting, reprints+/misprint: misprinted, misprinting, misprints/overprint: overprinted, overprinting, overprints/ print: misprint, overprint, printable, printed, printer, printing, prints, reprint /printable: unprintable/ printer: printers/printing: printings/reprinting: reprintings/unprintable: unprintably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Simon & Schuster, which published those books, is reprinting another 20,000 copies of “Wishful Drinking” and 17,500 copies of “Postcards From the Edge.”
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Falsehoods and character assassinations should never be reprinted.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
The scans aren’t as high-resolution as the ones you’d get with a dedicated scanner, but they are adequate for reprints and social media posts.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 重印版，再改版; 单行本; 复印的邮票
vt. 重印
时态：reprinted, reprinting, reprints
分布：重印(52%)，再版(45%)，重印本(3%)
→re-,再，重新，print,印刷，出版。
verb intransitive or transitive /ˌriːˈprɪnt/
■to print a book again, or to be printed again 重印；再版
• The first edition sold out so we are reprinting it/it is reprinting. 第一版销售一空，所以我们正在重印／这本书正在重印。
noun countable /ˈriː.prɪnt/
■when you reprint a book, or a book that has been reprinted 重印；再版
vt. 再版； [图情] [印刷] 重印
 - republish
n. [图情] [印刷] 重印；翻版
 - reimpression

Word: brilliant
Front: brilliant
[ˈbrɪliənt] (高研四雅 3159/2429 -K3)
Vocabulary: brilliant
(once / 97 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adj
Brilliant describes something super bright, like intense lights at a football stadium, a super sparkly diamond, or the student who graduates from Harvard at age 13.
Brilliant comes from the Italian word brillare, to "sparkle" like those bright lights, diamonds, and brainiac kid. British people love to say things are "Brilliant!" in the same way Americans say "Awesome!" Brilliant describes anything sparkly, fabulous, or full of light. A bright color is brilliant, too, like the brilliant orange of a setting sun.
WORD FAMILY
brilliant: brilliance, brilliancy, brillianter, brilliantest, brilliantly+/brilliance: brilliances/brilliancy: brilliancies
USAGE EXAMPLES
And township residents, in a brilliant deal with Port Huron over the Black River Canal, got resident passes to Lakeside Park.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She is a brilliant, wonderful human being in a fat body.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
On Broadway, lights were dimmed in memory of Brian Bedford, Tammy Grimes and Anne Jackson, all brilliant in their day.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 明亮的; <非正式>美好的; 闪耀的; 才华横溢的
n. 宝石; 钻石
分布：灿烂的(34%)，杰出的(25%)，卓越的(18%)，才华横溢的(12%)，宝石(9%)，美妙的(2%)
→来自beryl, 绿宝石。拼写受bright 影响。
a.光辉的,灿烂的;卓越的,有才华的The driller filled the grill with brilliant film.钻孔者在烤架上填满辉煌的胶片.
【记】brilli闪耀，发光，ant蚂蚁－发光的蚂蚁－才华横溢的
【参】brilliance（n 光辉灿烂＝brightness；才华横溢＝intelligence）
adjective
VERY GOOD 出色的
 IMPROVER UK informal
■very good 非常好的，出色的
• "Did you like the film?" "I thought it was brilliant." “你喜欢这部电影吗?”“我觉得它非常棒。”
• She's got a brilliant sense of humour. 他极富幽默感。
• Oh, brilliant! My parcel's arrived. 噢，太棒了！我的包裹到了。
['brɪl.i.ənt] adjective
CLEVER 聪明的
■extremely clever or skilled 颇有才气的，聪颖的；技艺高超的
• Her mother was a brilliant scientist. 她母亲是一位才华横溢的科学家。
• He gave a brilliant performance. 他的表演非常出色。
• The idea was quite brilliant. 这个想法太高明了。
• She seemed to have a brilliant career ahead of her (= was likely to be extremely successful). 她似乎前途灿烂。
['brɪl.i.ənt] adjective
SHINING 闪光的
■full of light, shining or bright in colour 光明的，明亮的；（颜色）鲜艳的
• The sky was a brilliant, cloudless blue. 天空晴朗无云，一片蔚蓝。
• I was dazzled by a brilliant light. 明亮的灯光晃花了我的眼睛。
radiant, bright, brilliant, glowing, luminous
这组词都有“明亮的”的意思，其区别是：
radiant: 侧重光线的射击，也可指像太阳或星星一样发光的东西。
bright: 常用词，与昏暗相对应，侧重形容光线的强度，指一切自身发光明亮或反射光的事物。
brilliant: 指非常亮或亮得引人注目，多含闪耀或反光闪烁之意。
glowing: 指稳定光源发出的明亮持久的光，或燃烧最后阶段产生的红光。
luminous: 着重指发出持续稳定的亮光；可指在黑暗中的发光物。
intelligent, bright, wise, ingenious, brilliant, clever, smart, shrewd
这组词都有“聪明的”的意思，其区别是：
intelligent: 正式用词，指在理解新的、抽象东西或处理解决问题时，智力超过一般常人。
bright: 口语常用词，多指年轻人，尤指小孩思路敏捷，理解力强，机灵等。
wise: 侧重不是一般的聪明伶俐，而是有远见，有智慧，能明智地处理问题。
ingenious: 指思路敏捷，并暗示有创造与发明的才能和技巧。
brilliant: 指人的才华出众，思路敏捷，常令人赞叹不已。
clever: 强调头脑灵活，接受新事物快，有智有谋，但不一定暗示全面妥当地考虑问题。
smart: 普通用词，与bright和clever的意思很相近，但更强调机灵。
shrewd: 指精明老练，有头脑，善于判断，把握有利机会。
adj. 灿烂的，闪耀的；杰出的；有才气的
 - excellent, prominent, outstanding, splendid, gorgeous

Word: nominee
Front: nominee
[ˌnɒmɪˈni:] (托雅 4081/12006 -2)
Vocabulary: nominee
(once / 1045 pages)
n
A nominee is someone running for office. You could be a nominee for student council or for the presidency.
To nominate is to name or select someone as a candidate for office. In the United States, the primary elections help each party figure out who to nominate to run for office. That candidate is called the nominee. Once a nominee is selected, he or she runs against the sitting president. There are nominees at every level of government. Being a nominee is quite an honor, but it's not the ultimate goal: a nominee could still win or lose the election.
WORD FAMILY
nominee: nominees
USAGE EXAMPLES
The “unprecedented” personal wealth of Trump’s nominees warrants the delays, one senior Democratic aide said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Under the Reid rules, President Obama needed only a simple majority to get his nominees through, not the 60 votes to stop a GOP filibuster.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. LaPierre said Mr. Trump’s nominee will be “a generational victory for Second Amendment freedom.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 被提名者，候选人; 被任命者; 代名人
分布：被提名的人(78%)，名义人(22%)
被提名者(nomin+ee被...的人;参考：employee雇员)[nomin=name,表示"名称,名字"]
US [ˌnɑ:.mə-] noun countable
SUGGESTION 建议
■someone who has been nominated for something 被提名者
• All nominees for Treasurer will be considered. 所有被推荐做财政大臣的人都将予以考虑。
UK [ˌnɒm.ɪ'ni:] US [ˌnɑ:.mə-] noun countable
CHOICE 选择
■a person who is officially chosen for a position or job 被任命者
n. 被任命者；被提名的人；代名人
 - appointee, designee

Word: mock
Front: mock
[mɒk] (研六托雅宝 7541/8031 -2)
Vocabulary: mock
(once / 202 pages)
vadjn
Imitation may be the most sincere form of flattery, but to mock is to make fun of or mimic someone with contempt, ridicule or derision. "Louise’s favorite pastime was to mock her brother’s inability to sing on key."
The verb mock — as in the use that inspired the name of the mockingbird — can be simple imitation but, more often, to mock someone is to show disdain through mimicry or parody. As an adjective, mock indicates a fake or a simulation: "The design team made the most fabulous mock Eiffel Tower for our staging of An American in Paris." "His mock gratitude was, at times, unbearable."
WORD FAMILY
mock: mocked, mocker, mockery, mocking, mockly, mocks+/mocker: mockers/ mockery: mockeries/ mocking: mockingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We need to avoid the temptation of just saying ‘no’ for the sake of saying ‘no,’” Mock said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the country's security cabinet announced the move after the release of mocking videos from the armed wing of Hamas.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
According to Almond, “The queasy irony here is that Stewart and Colbert are parasites of the dysfunction they mock.”
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 愚弄，嘲弄
vt. 使受挫折; 不尊重，蔑视
adj. 仿制的; 模拟的; 虚假的; 不诚实的
n. （英国）模拟考试
时态：mocked, mocking, mocks
分布：嘲笑(33%)，模仿(24%)，嘲弄(23%)，模拟的(14%)，假的(3%)，戏弄(2%)，伪装的(1%)
→可能来自拉丁语mucus,鼻涕，即作出擤鼻涕的动作以表示嘲笑和嘲弄，并引申词义模仿。或直接来自拟声词，模仿模仿的声音。
v.嘲笑a.假的,模拟的n.(常pl.)模拟考试The mocker knocked the stock with the knots on the stocking and sock.嘲笑者用长袜和短裤上的结鼓打存货.
【记】把你lock在房间里，mock你。
US [mɑ:k] verb transitive slightly formal
■to laugh at someone, often by copying them in a funny but unkind way 嘲笑，嘲弄；（常指为取笑而）模仿
• They were mocking him because he kept falling off his bike. 他们不断嘲笑他，因为他老是从脚踏车上摔下来。
• She made fun of him by mocking his limp. 她模仿他一瘸一拐地走路来取笑他。
■to make something appear stupid or not effective 愚弄；使徒劳
• The wind mocked their attempts to reach the shore by pushing the boat further and further out to sea. 风把船往海里刮得越来越远，使他们靠岸的努力落空。
UK [mɒk] US [mɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mock sth up
■to make a model of something in order to show people what it will look like or how it will work 模拟；用模型展示
UK [mɒk] US [mɑ:k] adjective [before noun]
■not real but appearing or pretending to be exactly like something 假的；仿制的；假装的
• mock cream 人造鲜奶油
• mock leather 人造皮革
• mock surprise 假装出来的惊讶
UK [mɒk] US [mɑ:k] noun countable UK
■an examination taken at school for practice before a real examination 模拟考试
• You will have your mocks during the first two weeks of March. 你们将在三月份的头两个星期进行模拟考试。
mock, sneer, ridicule, scoff
这组词都有“嘲笑”的意思，其区别是：
mock: 指一种挖苦的，带挑衅性的嘲笑。
sneer: 指除了用讽刺言语讥笑外还带轻蔑的表情。
ridicule: 多指有意地用言语对戏弄某人，以使之显得渺小，不重要。此种嘲笑善意恶意均可。
scoff: 指对一般受到尊重的事物的嘲笑。
vt. 嘲弄；模仿；使…失望；使…无效
 - guy, simulate, pattern, imitate
vi. 嘲弄，嘲笑
 - make game of, jeer at
n. 嘲弄；仿制品；嘲笑对象
 - derisiveness, imitation
adj. 模拟的；假装的；伪造的
 - affected, false, assumed, simulate
adv. 虚伪地
 - lyingly, falsely

Word: manifesto
Front: manifesto
[ˌmænɪˈfestəʊ] (宝 12540/6596 -2)
Vocabulary: manifesto
(once / 1850 pages)
n
A manifesto is a public statement stating your views or your intention to do something. If you feel you should be voted "Most Likely to Succeed," you could issue a manifesto describing all the reasons why you deserve to win.
Manifesto comes from the Italian word of the same spelling, meaning "public declaration explaining past actions and announcing the motive for forthcoming ones." You'll most often hear about a manifesto that's been issued by a group, like a political party or government — for example, a set of new rules that an incoming regime is going to enforce. Though organizations are more likely to create a manifesto, it's also possible for an individual to issue one about more personal ideas.
WORD FAMILY
manifesto: manifestoes, manifestos
USAGE EXAMPLES
You may also remember him from a citation in South Carolina church mass murderer Dylann Roof’s manifesto.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
In the German artist Julian Rosefeldt’s latest film installation, snippets of manifestoes by 20th-century aesthetic rebels emanate from 13 large, luminous screens.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
His breakout tape Savage Mode is his manifesto, unmasking him as a glock-firing, heartless villain looking for marks.
The Guardian(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 宣言; 声明; 告示
vi. 〈罕〉发表宣言[声明]
分布：宣言(86%)，声明(12%)，发表宣言(2%)
→来自意大利语manifesto,证据，公共声明，词源同manifest.引申词义宣言。
宣言,声明(manifest显示,证明)[-o 1.表名词"人,物或状态"2.表名词,用于音乐术语]
US [-toʊ] noun countable (plural manifestos or manifestoes)
■a written statement of the beliefs, aims and policies of an organization, especially a political party （尤指政党的）宣言
• In their election manifesto, the Liberal Democrats proposed increasing taxes to pay for improvements in education. 在竞选宣言中，自由民主党提出增加税收以支付改善教育所需的费用。
n. 宣言；声明；告示
 - statement, profession

Word: architecture
Front: architecture
[ˈɑ:kɪtektʃə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3509/2712 -2)
Vocabulary: architecture
(once / 361 pages)
n
Architecture is the process, or profession, of designing buildings and their environments. Architecture also refers to the product of this design and work.
The root of the word architecture is the Greek arkhitekton ("master builder"), which makes sense because the ancient Greeks were very skilled at architecture — think of all those columns and stadiums and temples. The Parthenon, which was begun in 447 BC, is one of the greatest examples of architecture from Classical Greece.
WORD FAMILY
architecture: architectures
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s the state’s earliest remaining example of “Carpenters Gothic” style architecture.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The old mixes with the new: Modern architecture is often juxtaposed with weathered wooden structures that appear ancient.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
And the architecture alone is worth a visit.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 建筑学; 建筑风格; 体系结构; （总体、层次）结构
分布：结构(70%)，建筑风格(14%)，建筑学(14%)，一座建筑物(1%)，总称建筑物(1%)
建筑学[arch,archy=ruler,rule,chief,表示"统治者,统治,主要的"]
n.建筑,建筑学;建筑式样或风格,建筑物The temple is Anglo-Saxon architecture.这个庙宇是盎格罗-撒克逊式建筑.
US ['ɑ:r.kɪ.tek.tʃɚ] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the art and science of designing and making buildings 建筑学；建筑术
• to study architecture 学习建筑学
 ADVANCED
■the style in which buildings are made 建筑风格
• Roman architecture 罗马式建筑风格
n. [建] 建筑学；建筑风格；建筑式样
 - architectural style

Word: neutral
Front: neutral
[ˈnju:trəl] (研四六托 4223/4121 -2)
Vocabulary: neutral
(once / 285 pages)
adjn
Commonly used to describe a person who doesn’t pick sides in disputes, neutral also pegs anything that refuses to be bold: the color beige, bland clothing, people with no preferences on where to eat for dinner.
Being neutral sounds kind of boring. But neutrality is really important in some cases: Judges, for example, must remain totally neutral when hearing a case. Manners mavens say that it's best to remain neutral when topics like politics and religion come up during a party. And boxers can look to the neutral corners in the ring to escape a punch.
WORD FAMILY
neutral: neutral-colored, neutralise, neutralism, neutralize, neutrally, neutrals+/neutralise: neutralisation, neutralised, neutralises, neutralising/neutralism: neutralist/neutralist: neutralists, neutrality / neutrality: neutralities/ neutralize: neutralization, neutralized, neutralizes, neutralizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
But in the Trump era a truly neutral position is hard to find.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Initially, Carter plans to buy suitcases that are gender neutral for any age before eventually buying more age- and gender-specific ones.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“From 10 paces back, it reads as clean, fresh and neutral while showing dimension and texture up close,” said New York designer Drew McGukin.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 中立的; （化学中）中性的; 暗淡的; 不带电的
n. （汽车或其他机器的）空挡位置; 中立人士; 中立国; 素净色
分布：中性的(44%)，中立的(38%)，中立者(9%)，空挡位置(5%)，空档的(3%)，素净色的(1%)
→来自neuter,中性的。
a.中立的;中性的,中和的The neutral scent of kerosene is concentrated in the center of the scene.煤油的中性气味在场景中心被浓缩.
US ['nu:-] adjective
NO OPINION 无意见
 ADVANCED
■not saying or doing anything that would encourage or help any of the groups involved in an argument or war 中立的，不偏不倚的
• If there's an argument between my daughter and her mother, it's important that I remain neutral. 如果我女儿和她母亲发生争吵，我保持中立是很重要的。
• The peace conference would have to be held in a neutral country. 和平会议必须在一个中立国举行。
• I'd rather meet on neutral ground/territory (= somewhere not controlled by or connected to either of us) rather than in his apartment. 我宁愿在一个与双方都无关的地方和他见面，而不是在他的公寓里。
UK ['nju:.trəl] US ['nu:-] adjective
NOT NOTICEABLE 不显著的
■having features or characteristics that are not easily noticed 不引人注意的
• Huw wants dark red walls, but I'd rather a more neutral colour like cream. 休想把墙弄成暗红色，我更喜欢乳白之类的中性色调。
UK ['nju:.trəl] US ['nu:-] adjective
SCIENCE 科学
■describes a chemical substance that is neither an acid nor an alkali （化学物质）中性的，既非酸性又非碱性的
• Pure water is neutral and has a pH of 7. 纯水是中性的，pH值为7。
■describes an object in physics that has no electrical charge （物理学中）中性的，不带电的
• Atoms consist of positively-charged protons, negatively-charged electrons and neutral particles called neutrons. 原子由带正电的质子、带负电的电子和称为中子的不带电粒子组成。
UK ['nju:.trəl] US ['nu:-] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
uncountable
■the position of the gears in a vehicle when they are not connected to the engine 空档
• In Britain, you're supposed to put your car into neutral whenever you stop at a junction. 在英国，只要是在交叉路口停车，就必须挂空档。
uncountable
■a state of no activity or development 不活动；停滞
• After two years in neutral, the economy is finally moving forward again. 经济停滞了两年后终于再次向前发展。
UK ['nju:.trəl] US ['nu:-] noun
NO OPINION 无意见
countable
■a neutral person or thing 中立者
• Sweden and Switzerland were neutrals during the war. 在战争期间，瑞典和瑞士是中立国。
just, impartial, objective, neutral, fair
这组词都有“公正的，公平的，不偏不倚的”的意思，其区别是：
just: 多用于庄重场合，指不受个人利益得失或感情倾向的影响，侧重按照公认的准则或标准处理问题。
impartial: 侧重对任何人或任何一方没有成见或偏袒。
objective: 着重客观、真实，不为个人偏见、兴趣、感情或看法所左右。
neutral: 强调持中立态度，不偏袒任何一方，甚至不作最后的裁决。
fair: 普通常用词，指不偏不倚地对待人和物，侧重不受个人感情、偏见或利益所影响。
adj. 中立的， [生物] 中性的；中立国的；非彩色的
 - indifferent, litmusless
n. 中立国；中立者；非彩色；齿轮的空档
 - fence-sitter, mugwump

Word: signature
Front: signature
[ˈsɪgnətʃə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 3773/4275 -K2)
Vocabulary: signature
(once / 416 pages)
n
When you sign your name in your own handwriting, that is your signature. Things you can put your signature on include checks, permission slips, letters, stays of execution, and declarations of independence.
Signature isn't just about signing your name on the dotted line. A characteristic mark, tune, or style is also called a signature. Perhaps you have a favorite outfit or style that you consider your signature look. "I Did It My Way" was a signature tune of Frank Sinatra. In music, the signature indicates what key the song is set in by showing the sharps and flats.
WORD FAMILY
signature: signatures+/co-sign: co-signed/countersign: countersignature, countersigned, countersigning, countersigns/insignificance: insignificances/ insignificant: insignificance, insignificantly/ sign: co-sign, countersign, signatory, signature, signed, signedly, signer, signify, signing, signs, undersign/ signatory: signatories/signed: unsigned/signer: signers/ significance: significances/ significant: insignificant, nonsignificant, significance, significantly /signification: significations/signifier: signifiers/ signify: significant, signification, signified, signifier, signifies, signifying/signing: signings/undersign: undersigned, undersigning
USAGE EXAMPLES
During his campaign for the White House, Trump pledged to undo many of Obama's signature policy measures, including his healthcare law.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
In Mr. Braith’s mosaic, he is clad in a slick red blazer and carrying his signature Braithophone, alto and soprano saxophones melded into one.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Amendment 71 requires that signatures in such cases be collected in all 35 state Senate districts.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 签名; 署名; 识别标志，鲜明特征; [医]药的用法说明
分布：签署(84%)，书帖(8%)，有特征的符号(8%)
→来自 sign,签字，签署，签约，-ate,使，-ure,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
签名;盖章(sign+ature→记号的东西→签名)[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
签名(sign签字)[-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示"一般状态,行为"…ature","iture"注:-ture在s结尾的词根后变成-sure]
n.签名,署名,签字The signalman's signature sign is significant to the vacant vacation.信号员的签字符号对空假期具有重要意义.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■your name written by yourself, always in the same way, usually to show that something has been written or agreed by you 签名 Compare autograph
n. 署名；签名；信号
 - a scratch of pen

Word: hispanic

Word: shout
Front: shout
[ʃaʊt] (中高 2154/1591 -K3)
Back: vt. & vi. 呼喊，叫喊; 高声说或发出喊叫声
n. 大叫; 大叫着说; 呐喊
时态：shouted, shouting, shouts
分布：呼喊(80%)，大声叫(17%)，高声呼叫(3%)
→词源不详，可能来自 shoot,射击，引申比喻词义大叫大喊。
v.大声叫,喊,呼出n.呼喊,叫The scout with shoulder-straps shouted on the outermost route as a routine.戴肩章的侦察员照例在最外围的路线上叫喊.
verb
USE LOUD VOICE 大声喊
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to speak with a very loud voice, often as loud as possible, usually when you want to make yourself heard in noisy situations, or when the person you are talking to is a long way away or cannot hear very well 大声说；喊叫；呼喊
• There's no need to shout, I can hear perfectly well. 没有必要大声喊叫，我完全听得见。
• [+ speech] "I'll see you tomorrow, " shouted Eleni above the noise of the helicopter. “明天见，”埃莱尼大声喊道，声音盖过了直升机的轰鸣。
• [+ that] He shouted from the bottom of the garden that he'd be finished in about half an hour. 他在花园的尽头高声喊道，他大约半个小时之内就会完成。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to express strong emotions, such as anger, fear or excitement, or to express strong opinions, in a loud voice （因愤怒、恐惧或激动等而）吼叫，大声叫嚷
• Dad really shouted at me when I broke the window. 我打碎了窗户后，父亲对着我大吼大叫。
• He shouted abuse at the judge after being sentenced to five years imprisonment. 被宣判五年监禁之后，他大声辱骂法官。
• The fans were screaming and shouting out the names of the band members. 歌迷们不停地尖叫着，大声喊着乐团成员的名字。
• [+ to infinitive] I shouted at him to put the gun down. 我大叫着要他把枪放下。
• [+ speech] "Stop this childish nonsense at once!" he shouted furiously. “马上停止这种幼稚的胡说八道！”他怒不可遏地吼道。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to try to attract attention in a loud voice 呼唤，呼喊（以引起注意）
• I heard them shouting for help , but there was nothing I could do. 我听见他们呼救，但我真是爱莫能助。
• figurative It's the charities that shout loudest (= attract the most public attention) that often get given the most money. 最大声呼吁的慈善团体得到的捐款往往也最多。
[ʃaʊt] verb
DRINKS 饮料
transitive + two objects Australian informal
■to buy a drink for someone 为某人买一杯饮料
• I'll shout you a drink. 我替你买一杯饮料。
[ʃaʊt] verb
something/nothing to shout about informal
■something that makes/does not make you feel excited or pleased 令人激动（或高兴）的事／不值得激动（或高兴）的事
• At last, a 5-0 victory gives England's supporters something to shout about. 最后，五比零的胜利着实让英格兰队的支持者欢呼雀跃。
• The pay increase is nothing to shout about, but it's better than last year's. 今年的加薪并不令人满意，但是比去年的好。
[ʃaʊt] verb
within shouting distance
■very close 在附近；很近
• We live within shouting distance of the station. 我们就住在车站附近。
[ʃaʊt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shout sb down
■to prevent someone who is speaking at a meeting from being heard, by shouting 以叫喊声盖过（某人）的声音
• She was shouted down when she tried to speak on the issue of abortion. 她试图谈论堕胎议题时，声音被叫喊声淹没了。
[ʃaʊt] noun countable
LOUD VOICE 大声
■when you say something very loudly or make a very loud sound with your voice 喊叫；喊声
• Her speech was interrupted by angry shouts from the audience. 她的演讲被听众愤怒的喊叫声所打断。
[ʃaʊt] noun countable
DRINKS 饮料 UK informal
■a set of drinks for a group of people, or a particular person's turn to buy them 请客的酒；轮到买酒请客
• Would you like another drink? It's my shout since you bought the last ones. 你还想再来一杯吗?上几杯是你请的，这次我请。
[ʃaʊt] noun countable
give sb a shout informal
■to tell someone 告诉（某人）一声
• Give me a shout when you've finished in the bathroom. 你洗完澡后告诉我一声。
call, scream, yell, roar, shriek, exclaim, shout, cry
这组词都有“喊”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指大声说话或喊叫，以引起某人的注意。
scream: 指因恐具、快乐或痛苦而发出的尖叫声。
yell: 多指求援、鼓励时的呼叫。也可指因外界因素刺激而发出尖厉声音。
roar: 指发出大而深沉的声音、吼叫或咆哮。
shriek: 指因惊恐、痛苦等或其它感情而发出比scream更为尖锐、刺耳的叫声。
exclaim: 多指因高兴、愤怒、痛苦、惊讶等突发感情而高声喊叫。
shout: 指有意识地高声喊叫，常用于提出警告、发命令或唤起注意等。
cry: 一般指因恐惧、痛苦、惊奇等而喊叫。
vi. 呼喊；喊叫；大声说
 - yell out, exclaim
vt. 呼喊；大声说
 - cry, yell out
n. 呼喊；呼叫
 - cry, call

Word: piracy
Front: piracy
[ˈpaɪrəsi] (雅 13618/19266)
Vocabulary: piracy
(once / 1841 pages)
n
Piracy is a what pirates do: they steal stuff. If you plagiarize by stealing someone's words or ideas that’s piracy. Argh!
The original sense of piracy comes from pirates — thieves who hijack other boats, taking what they please. That should help you remember that piracy means to steal someone else's work, usually their words or ideas. A writer who doesn't cite their sources is committing piracy. Piracy is plagiarism, and it is legally and morally wrong.
WORD FAMILY
piracy: piracies+/ pirate: piracy, pirated, pirates, piratical, pirating/piratical: piratically
USAGE EXAMPLES
They were indicted for piracy on the high seas, a charge that carries life in federal prison; Farah and his crewmates denied the charges.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“While recent steps set positive expectations for the future,” it added, “current levels of reported counterfeiting and piracy are unacceptably high.”
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
“While recent steps set positive expectations for the future, current levels of reported counterfeiting and piracy are unacceptably high,” the agency said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 海上抢劫; 盗版行为，非法复制
分布：盗版(88%)，海盗行为(8%)，剽窃(3%)，著作权侵害(1%)
→来自pirate,海盗，-acy,行为后缀。引申词义盗版，剽窃。
非法翻印(pirate海盗)[-cy表名词,也作-acy,"性质,状态"]
US ['paɪr.ə-] noun uncountable
SAILOR 水手
■the practice of attacking ships in order to steal from them 海盗抢劫
• Piracy is alive and flourishing on the world's commercial sea-lanes. 在世界商业航线上，海盗抢劫仍然十分猖獗。
UK ['paɪ.rə.si] US ['paɪr.ə-] noun uncountable
COPYING 复制
■the practice of illegally copying a computer program, music, a film, etc. and selling it 非法复制行为，盗版行为
• software/video piracy 软体／影片盗版行为
n. 海盗行为；剽窃；著作权侵害；非法翻印
 - plagiarism, cribbing

Word: headache
Front: headache
[ˈhedeɪk] (中高研四六雅 4745/5005 -K2)
Vocabulary: headache
(once / 642 pages)
n
A headache is a pain or ache in your head, especially one that lasts longer than a few minutes. You might get a headache after a day of staring at a computer screen.
There are many reasons for getting a headache, from staying up too late to a stressful day to skipping your morning cup of coffee. A more serious type of headache, like a migraine, might keep you home from work for a day, but most headaches are just a nuisance. You can also describe a problem or struggle as a figurative headache: "Learning Danish is turning out to be a real headache." In Old English, the word was heafodece.
WORD FAMILY
headache: headaches
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kubiak was back in the hospital, this time diagnosed with a complex migraine headache.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s better to do as they say and avoid the headache in the long run,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Every week after a game, I got some sort of headache.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 头痛; 令人头痛的事
分布：头痛(100%)
→head,头，ache,痛苦。
n.头痛He has got a bad headache.他头痛得厉害.
noun countable
PAIN 疼痛
 ADVANCED
■a pain you feel inside your head 头痛
• I've got a splitting (= severe) headache. 我头痛得很厉害。
['hed.eɪk] noun countable
DIFFICULTY 困难
■something that causes you great difficulty and worry 令人头痛的事
• Finding a babysitter for Saturday evening will be a major headache. 要在星期六晚上找个照顾小孩的人真是件让人头痛的事。
n. [内科] 头痛；麻烦；令人头痛之事
 - trouble, cephalalgia

Word: caste
Front: caste
[kɑ:st] (托宝 10508/12201 -2)
Vocabulary: caste
(once / 680 pages)
n
The word caste was originally associated with India's traditional system of hereditary and rigidly stratified classes, but this noun can now be used to refer to any social group distinguished by shared characteristics, such as rank, economic wealth, or profession.
The root of caste is the Latin castus, which means "chaste" or "pure, separated." The word arrived in English through the Portuguese casta, which means "race" or "lineage," and was first used in the 1700s in reference to Hinduism's system of social stratification. By the nineteenth century, though, this noun was used metaphorically to describe any type of group that resembled this, as in the example, "Some sought to abolish the privileges enjoyed by an elite caste of business and financial leaders."
WORD FAMILY
caste: casteless, castes
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said Sri Lanka still is still grappling with issues regarding religion, caste and race.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Your revelation; your "money based caste system" is not news to us.
New York Times(Apr 23, 2016)
Ancient caste and family alliances prevail, deals are struck, money changes hands.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. （印度社会中的）种姓; 印度的世袭阶级; 等级（制度）
分布：种姓(76%)，等级制度(23%)，印度的世袭阶级(1%)
→来自PIE *kes, 砍，切，进一步来自sek, 词源同saw, segment。本义为纯粹的，后用来指印度的严格的种姓制度。
种姓制度[cast=pure,表示"纯洁"]
【记】原指印度教的种姓制度
US [kæst] noun countable or uncountable
■a system of dividing Hindu society into classes, or any of these classes （印度社会的）种姓制度，种姓
• the caste system 种姓制度
n. （印度社会中的）种姓；（具有严格等级差别的）社会地位；（排他的）社会团体
 - social status, social position

Word: unleash
Front: unleash
[ʌnˈli:ʃ] (宝 7348/9691 -2)
Vocabulary: unleash
(once / 2956 pages)
v
When you remove your dog's leash so she can run wildly across the beach, you unleash her — you set her loose. And when you unleash a storm of insults against your brother, you allow them to flow freely from your lips.
There are two ways to use the verb unleash. Literally, it means "set loose," like when a police officer unleashes her trained dog to sniff luggage for illegal drugs, or a farmer unleashes her llama after moving it into a pen. Figuratively, you can unleash all kinds of emotions, forces, opinions, and actions. Unhappy citizens might unleash a series of high-profile protests, or a barrage of shouted demands, for example.
WORD FAMILY
unleash: unleashed, unleashes, unleashing+/ leash: leashed, leashes, leashing, unleash
USAGE EXAMPLES
Drivers slowed just as a fast-moving thunderstorm unleashed sheets of rain that drenched the road and reduced visibility to a few dozen yards.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“Did he realize the forces he was on the verge of unleashing?”
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The streets were torn up and gridlocked during the construction, which unleashed a pestilence of rats through the neighborhood.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 解开…的皮带; 放纵; 解除…的束缚; 发泄
时态：unleashed, unleashing, unleashes
分布：释放(96%)，解开 ... 的皮带(2%)，解除 ... 的束缚(2%)
【记】un不，leash（n 拴狗颈的皮带；v 以皮带束缚）：释放
verb transitive
■to release suddenly a strong, uncontrollable and usually destructive force 突然释放；使爆发
• At worst, nuclear war could be unleashed. 最坏的情况是，可能会爆发核战争。
• Rachel's arrival on the scene had unleashed passions in him that he could scarcely control. 雷切尔的到来激起了他难以抑制的热情。
vt. 发动；解开…的皮带；解除…的束缚
 - launch, drive
vi. 不受约束；自由自在；放荡不羁
 - kick over the traces, have a free hand

Word: dot
Front: dot
[dɒt] (高研四托雅 4480/4132 -K2)
Vocabulary: dot
(once / 542 pages)
nv
A dot is a round speck or spot. A first grade teacher might remind his students to put dots on their is and js.
A period, a little circle or point, is a dot. Another kind is a polka dot, which might decorate your favorite pair of shorts or the curtains in your room. In Morse code, a dot is a short signal, as opposed to the longer "dash." When you recite your website's URL, you might end with "dot com." As a verb, to dot is to mark something with a dot: "You forgot to dot your is!"
WORD FAMILY
dot: dots, dotted, dotting
USAGE EXAMPLES
While Reykjavik is buzzing with tourism, and construction cranes dot the skyline, it is also feeling the strain of the surge of visitors.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The company is focusing on silicon quantum dots, often called "artificial atoms."
Science Magazine(Dec 01, 2016)
Connect the dots between Washington’s woes, the Wall-Cousins relationship and Boogie supposedly wanting to dance out of California, and an easy trade projection comes together.
Washington Times(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: n. 点，小圆点
vt. 打点于; 散布于; 点缀; 以小圆点标出
时态：dotted, dotting, dots
分布：点缀(71%)，小圆点(13%)，少量(8%)，作小点记号(4%)，小东西(4%)
→词源不详。
n.点,圆点v.在...上打点I used to abuse the unusual usage, but now I'm not used to doing so.我过去常滥用这个不寻常的用法,但我现在不习惯这样做.
US [dɑ:t] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a very small round mark 小圆点
• The full stop at the end of this sentence is a dot. 这个句子末尾的句号是一个小圆点。
• Her skirt was blue with white dots. 她的蓝裙子上有一些白色小圆点。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the spoken form of a full stop in an internet or email address, or some computer files （网际网路、电子邮件位址或某些电脑档所使用的句号的口语形式）点
• "What's the web address?" "www dot cambridge dot org". 那个网址是甚么? “www.cambridge.org。”
countable old-fashioned
■the short sounds or short flashes of light used with dashes when sending messages in Morse (code) 在摩斯密码中，和长划一起使用的短音或短波闪光讯号，即摩斯密码点
UK [dɒt] US [dɑ:t] noun
dot the i's and cross the t's
■to pay a great deal of attention to the details of something, especially when you are trying to complete a task （尤指在完成某项工作时）一丝不苟，注重细节
• The negotiations are nearly finished, but we still have to dot the i's and cross the t's. 谈判即将结束，但是我们还是要做到一丝不苟。
UK [dɒt] US [dɑ:t] noun
on the dot
■exactly at the stated or expected time 准时
• The plane landed at two o'clock on the dot. 飞机两点钟准时降落。
• UK She came promptly on the dot of eleven. 11点正她准时赶了过来。
UK [dɒt] US [dɑ:t] noun
the year dot UK informal
■a very long time ago 很久以前
• I've known Peter since the year dot. 我认识彼得已经很久了。
UK [dɒt] US [dɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
transitive
■to put a dot or dots on something 在…上点点，在…上加点
• Your handwriting is difficult to read because you don't dot your i's. 你的笔迹很难辨认，因为你在字母 i上面不加点。
transitive often passive
■to be spread across an area, or to spread many similar things across an area 分布，分散
• We have offices dotted about/all over the region. 我们的办事处在该地区星罗棋布。
• The countryside is dotted with beautiful churches. 乡间散落着很多漂亮的教堂。
n. [数] 点，圆点；嫁妆
 - dowry, tocher

Word: resent
Front: resent
[rɪˈzent] (研六托雅宝 6430/5944 -2)
Vocabulary: resent
(once / 199 pages)
v
To resent something is to feel anger or bitterness toward it. You might resent someone who has treated you poorly.
To resent is a strong, negative feeling. You may resent the accusation that you were stealing cookies, or when a teacher yelled at you for whispering, even though everyone else was too. You might resent a friend who has more money or friends than you. Lots of people resent celebrities because they're famous and wealthy. If your friend borrowed a sweater and didn’t return it, you would probably resent it. Resenting is the opposite of being grateful.
WORD FAMILY
resent: resented, resentful, resenting, resentment, resents+/ resentful: resentfully, unresentful/ resentment: resentments/unresentful: unresentfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Starting with China and Russia, many countries resent the United States’ leadership role.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Though he resented this advice at first, he later found that the agent was right.
The New Yorker(Dec 27, 2016)
Or among more than 60 million refugees torn from their homes and forced to live as resented strangers?
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. 对…感到愤怒; 怨恨; 愤恨; 厌恶
时态：resented, resenting, resents
分布：恨(89%)，生气(11%)
→re-,表强调，-sent,感觉，感知，词源同 sense,consent.即强烈的感觉，后引申词义气愤，愤恨。
忿恨,不满(re+sent感觉→反感→不满)[re-①表示"向后,相反,不"②表示"一再,重新"]
怨恨(re反+sent→反感→怨恨)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
v.对...表示忿恨,怨恨He resented the cutting remark.他听了那种尖刻毒辣的话很气愤.
【记】re反，sent感觉－憎恶
【参】resentful（adj 愤慨的）；resentment（n 憎恨）；assent（n /v 同意）；sentiment（n 情感）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to feel angry because you have been forced to accept someone or something that you do not like 感到愤恨；不满；憎恶
• She bitterly resented her father's new wife. 她对她父亲新娶的妻子恨之入骨。
• [+ -ing verb] He resents having to explain his work to other people. 他讨厌非要向人们解释他的工作。
vt. 怨恨；愤恨；厌恶
 - hate, be down on

Word: somebody
Front: somebody
[ˈsʌmbədi] (中高 1000/1321 -K4)
Back: pron. 某人，有人
n. 大人物，重要的人物
分布：有人(78%)，某人(18%)，重要人物(4%)
pron.某人,有人n.重要人物Somewhere somebody sometimes does something good.在某处某人有时做某些好事.
US [-ˌbɑ:.di] pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■someone
n. 大人物；重要人物
 - anybody, big people

Word: disturb
Front: disturb
[dɪˈstɜ:b] (中高研四六托雅 4565/3272 -K2)
Vocabulary: disturb
(once / 85 pages)
v
To disturb is to bother. If you hang a "Do not disturb" sign on the outside of your hotel room door, you want to be left alone.
Disturb comes from the Latin prefix dis-, meaning "completely" and turbare, meaning "to disorder." To disturb is, in a sense, to completely disorder. When you disturb something, you interfere with its normal function. Along those lines, it's also a word used to describe the interruption of sleep or relaxation. Your alarm disturbs you from sleep every morning. When something disturbs you, it can also cause you emotional anxiety. A horror movie might disturb you with its goriness.
WORD FAMILY
disturb: disturbance, disturbed, disturber, disturbing, disturbs+/ disturbance: disturbances/disturbed: disturbedly, undisturbed/disturber: disturbers/ disturbing: disturbingly/undisturbed: undisturbedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He cited drug dealing and other “disturbing behavior” in or near playgrounds.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
And then there is his disturbing belittling of possible Russian interference in the election.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
That’s not to deny the genuinely disturbing racism manifesting in the US and across Europe.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 打扰，妨碍; 使骚动; 使不安，使烦恼; 妨碍睡眠（休息等）
时态：disturbed, disturbing, disturbs
分布：扰乱(64%)，妨碍(30%)，打乱...的治安(2%)，打破...的平静(2%)，使 ... 不安(2%)
→dis-, 分开。-turb, 转，搅拌，词源同turn, turbid. 即转开，搅拌开，引申词义扰乱。
扰乱,打扰(dis分开+turb→搅开了→搅乱了)[turb=stir"表示"搅动"]
v.扰乱,妨碍,使不安You were considerate not to disturb us.你不打扰我们真是考虑周到.
【参】turbid（adj 混浊的）；perturb（v 使不安；使疑惑）；disturbance（n 骚动；打扰；搅动）
US [-'stɝ:b] verb transitive
INTERRUPT 打断
 IMPROVER
■to interrupt what someone is doing 打断；干扰
• Please don't disturb Georgina - she's trying to do her homework. 请不要打扰乔治娜——她正在用功做功课。
• I'm sorry to disturb you so late, but my car's broken down and I was wondering if I could use your phone. 很抱歉这么晚来打扰你，我的汽车坏了，想借用一下你的电话。
disturb the peace
■to break the law by behaving unpleasantly and noisily in public 扰乱治安
• Several England supporters were arrested and charged with disturbing the peace after the match. 几位英格兰队的支持者被捕，他们被指控在赛后扰乱治安。
UK [dɪ'stɜ:b] US [-'stɝ:b] verb transitive
WORRY 使着急
■to cause someone to be worried or upset 使焦虑；使烦恼
• Some scenes are violent and may disturb younger viewers. 某些场景中有暴力内容，可能会使年幼些的观众产生焦虑情绪。
UK [dɪ'stɜ:b] US [-'stɝ:b] verb transitive
MOVE 移动
■to move or change something from its usual position, arrangement, condition or shape 移动，挪动；改动，使变动
• The thief had disturbed the documents in her filing cabinet, but nothing had been taken. 窃贼翻动了她档案柜中的文件，但甚么都没拿走。
intervene, disturb, interrupt, interfere
这组词都有“干扰”的意思，其区别是：
intervene: v.干涉，干预，较为正式，常指带有行动的干预；此外，还有"调停"的意思。
 • Would you intervene if you saw a parent hit a child?   要是你看到家长打孩子你会干预吗？
disturb: v.打扰，妨碍。常指失去了正常的状态或导致困难产生。
 • Bad dreams disturbed her sleep.   噩梦妨碍她的睡眠。
interrupt: v.打扰，打断，阻碍。常有"使……停止(中断)"的意思。
 • His speech was constantly interrupted by applause.   他的讲话频频被掌声所打断。
interfere: v.干涉，妨碍。常指干涉或妨碍他人(的事)，着重指有影响，当"干涉"讲时，后多接in，当"妨碍，打扰"时后多接with。
 • It's unwise to interfere between husband and wife.   干涉别人夫妇间的事是不明智的
vex, trouble, annoy, disturb, bother, irritate
这组词都有“使人不安或烦恼”的意思，其区别是：
vex: 侧重指因不断的干扰而引起的烦恼，有时含激怒的意味。
trouble: 指给人在行动上带来不便或在身心上造成痛苦。
annoy: 强调因被迫忍受令人不快、讨厌的事而失去平静或耐心，多指一时的打拢或恼怒。
disturb: 较正式用词，多用被动态。指拢乱，使人不能平静或妨碍别人工作、思维或正常秩序，是程度较深的烦恼。
bother: 指使人烦恼而引起的紧张不安或感到不耐烦。
irritate: 语气比annoy强得多，指激怒，使发怒，多指一种短时间的反应。
upset, perturb, agitate, disturb
这组词都有“使不安，使心烦意乱”的意思，其区别是：
upset: 最普通，最通俗用词，侧重失去精神上的平静，心理上完全丧失平衡。
perturb: 书面语用词，指使人焦急烦恼，扰得心情不安。
agitate: 侧重指内心的焦虑，难于控制，表露于外。
disturb: 指因某人的行动、扰乱、妨碍安静等而使人不得安宁。
vt. 打扰；妨碍；使不安；弄乱；使恼怒
 - let, violate
vi. 打扰；妨碍
 - intrude upon, hinder from

Word: residential
Front: residential
[ˌrezɪˈdenʃl] (六托 3828/2791 -2)
Vocabulary: residential
(once / 2252 pages)
adj
In the same way that an “industrial area” is a place of industry where people work, a residential area is made up of houses and apartment buildings — places where people reside.
Residential is an adjective that expresses a relationship with homes, apartments, or any place where people live. You might refer to a residential building, a residential neighborhood, or a residential block. Something that is deemed “for residential use” is designed for use at home or rather than for business or commercial use.
WORD FAMILY
residential: nonresidential, residentially+/nonresident: nonresidents/ reside: resided, residence, residency, resident, resides, residing/ residence: residences, residential /residency: residencies/ resident: nonresident, residents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Baldwin Street in the city of Dunedin on New Zealand's South Island is officially the world's steepest residential road.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The zoning changes proposed along the trolley will allow relatively intense commercial and residential development there, which fits with the city’s climate action plan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Most involved state wards in foster homes, adoptive homes, state-licensed residential care facilities and the juvenile probation system.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 住宅的，适于作住宅的; 与居住有关的; 适宜作住宅的
分布：住宅的(60%)，居住的(40%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■A residential road, area, etc. has only private houses, not offices and factories. 居民区的
■A residential job, position, course, etc. is one for which you live at the same place where you work or study. （为工作或学习而）在某处居住的，寄宿的，住宿在任所的
■relating to where you live or have lived 居住的；定居的
• You must satisfy the residential qualifications to get a work permit. 要想得到工作许可，你必须要符合居民资格。

Word: joy
Front: joy
[dʒɔɪ] (中高研四 2816/2881 -K3)
Vocabulary: joy
(once / 22 pages)
nv
Joy is the emotion of pleasure and happiness. Joy can also be the very thing that delights you. You might find great joy in learning new vocabulary. Or not.
Joy can also be used as a verb. You can joy in the fact that you have no homework for the weekend. Or, you might want to rejoice when the teacher announces that the test has been canceled. It's a real joy to use the word as an adjective, too. For example, receiving straight A's probably makes you extremely joyful.
WORD FAMILY
joy: enjoy, joyed, joyful, joying, joyless, joyous, joys, overjoy +/ enjoy: enjoyable, enjoyed, enjoyer, enjoying, enjoyment, enjoys/ enjoyable: enjoyableness, enjoyably/enjoyer: enjoyers/ enjoyment: enjoyments/ joyful: joyfuler, joyfulest, joyfully, joyfulness/joyless: joylessly, joylessness/ joyous: joyousest, joyously, joyousness/ overjoy: overjoyed, overjoys
USAGE EXAMPLES
On “Sound of Music” I remember Julie Andrews was such a joy to be around.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is much like the old Swedish proverb that expresses, “A shared joy is a doubled joy. A shared sorrow is half a sorrow.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Albuquerque Fire Department officials say several crews arrived at the Joy Light Church of God in Christ about 2:30 p.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 喜悦，快乐，高兴; 令人高兴的事（或人）; 成功; 好运
vi. 因…而高兴
vt. 高兴，使快乐
时态：joyed, joying, joys
分布：喜悦(35%)，高兴(28%)，欢乐(27%)，乐趣(10%)
→来自古法语joie,来自拉丁语gaudium,欢乐，愉悦，词源同enjoy,gaudy.
n.欢乐,喜悦;乐事,乐趣On the voyage, the enjoyable toy brought me joy and annoyance.在航行中,使人愉快的玩具给我带来快乐和烦恼.
noun
HAPPINESS 高兴
 IMPROVER uncountable
■great happiness 欢欣，高兴，喜悦
• They were filled with joy when their first child was born. 第一个孩子出生时，他们满心欢喜。
• She wept for joy when she was told that her husband was still alive. 当她获悉丈夫还活着时，她喜极而泣。
 IMPROVER countable
■a person or thing which causes happiness 使人高兴的人（或物）；乐事；乐趣
• Listening to music is one of his greatest joys. 听音乐是他最大的乐趣之一。
• the joys of parenthood 为人父母之乐
• [+ to infinitive] Her singing is a joy to listen to. 听她唱歌是种享受。
[dʒɔɪ] noun
SUCCESS 成功
uncountable UK informal
■success, action or help 成功；行动；帮助
• [+ -ing verb] Did you have any joy finding that book you wanted? 你找到你想要的那本书了吗？
• We tried asking local libraries for information, but got no joy from any of them. 我们试图从当地的图书馆里寻找资料，但一无所获。
enjoyment, joy, pleasure, fun, rapture, dlight
这组词都有“愉快、快乐、高兴”的意思，其区别是：
enjoyment: 比pleasure, joy和delight的语气轻，但更着重行为或乐事的本身，而不是感情。
joy: 语气弱于rapture，强于pleasure，多指情感充溢，喜形于色的强烈的欢乐情绪。
pleasure: 最普通常用词，常指不表露出来的满意或喜悦情绪，也指强烈的愉快或兴奋感。
fun: 普通用词，指任何能给予喜悦的娱乐，或指娱乐本身。
rapture: 书面语用词，指极端的欣喜、大喜或狂喜。
dlight: 指强烈的、活泼的、显而易见的快乐和高兴。
n. 欢乐，快乐；乐趣；高兴
 - pleasure, festival, fun, sweet, enjoyment
vi. 欣喜，欢喜
 - jubilate
vt. 高兴，使快乐
 - be pleased, lift up one's head

Word: frighten
Front: frighten
[ˈfraɪtn] (高研四六 5537/5047 -K2)
Vocabulary: frighten
(once / 120 pages)
v
To frighten is to make someone feel afraid. Your new look — pink hair, tattoos, and piercings — will probably frighten your grandparents.
If horror movies and haunted houses frighten you, they scare you, and all it might take to frighten your skittish cat is the sound of the vacuum cleaner or coffee grinder. Frighten is the verb form of the noun fright. although originally the verb was also fright. The Old English source is fyrhtu, "fear, dread, trembling, or horrible sight."
WORD FAMILY
frighten: frightened, frightening, frightens+/ frightened: frighteneder, frightenedest, frightenedly, unfrightened/ frightening: frighteningly, frightenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
With relatives and friends still in harm's way in Syria, or seeking sanctuary in neighbouring countries, these are frightening times.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The frightening prospect for opponents is, Hurts will only improve.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And a top national security official who values dialogue over diatribes is what we need to put the brakes on Trump’s most frightening counterterrorism proposals.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使惊恐，使恐慌; 吓走，赶走
vi. 害怕，惊恐
时态：frightened, frightening, frightens
分布：害怕(45%)，惊吓(40%)，使惊吓(15%)
v.使惊恐The bright fighter is frightened and flies upright in straight line from the right.那架明亮的战斗机受到惊吓后呈直线地从右边垂直飞起来.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make someone feel fear 使害怕，使受惊
• He frightens me when he drives so fast. 他开车这么快，我很害怕。
• You'll frighten the baby wearing that mask. 你戴那个面具会吓着宝宝的。
• The noise frightened me to death/out of my wits (= gave me a severe fright). 那声音吓得我要死／不知所措。
['fraɪ.tən] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  frighten sb/sth away/off
■to make a person or animal feel fear in order to make them go away 把…吓走
• Be quiet or you'll frighten the deer off. 别出声，否则会把鹿吓跑的。
■to make someone so nervous that they decide not to do something 使某人紧张得不去做某事
• Many potential buyers were frightened off by the £1 million price tag. 很多潜在的买家看到这个一百万英镑的价格标签后都望而却步。
['fraɪ.tən] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  frighten sb into sth
■to make someone so frightened that they do something they did not want to do 把（某人）吓得…
vi. 害怕，惊恐
 - be nervous of, be fearful of

Word: cruise
Front: cruise
[kru:z] (研六雅 4681/6098 -3)
Vocabulary: cruise
(once / 269 pages)
1vn 2v
If your mom announces “We’re taking a cruise!” then pack your bags. A cruise is a vacation spent on a ship that sails the ocean, periodically stopping in ports for sightseeing.
Cruise can also be a verb that describes sailing around aimlessly for fun. You might cruise the canals of Venice in a small boat. If you don’t live in Venice, you can still cruise — but you might do it in your car. Cruise can be used to describe a leisurely drive taken just for fun. You might cruise around the neighborhood on a Saturday with no real destination in mind. Cruise can also describe traveling easily at a moderate speed.
WORD FAMILY
cruise: cruised, cruiser, cruises, cruising+/cruiser: cruisers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A word of warning: This is not exactly a pleasure cruise.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
If this is successful, deployment on cruise missiles and drones will follow.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
The fine is the largest criminal penalty ever paid involving a deliberate dumping by a cruise ship, according to the U.S.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vi. 巡游; 漫游; 巡航
n. （军舰等）巡逻，巡航; 〈口〉游览，旅行，周游
vt. 巡航; 巡游; 漫游
时态：cruised, cruising, cruises
分布：巡航(65%)，巡游(13%)，漫游(7%)，游艇(6%)，乘船游览(5%)，游弋(3%)，慢速行驶(1%)
→来自cross, 穿起，穿过。
巡航;徘徊(cru+ise→做十字架航行→巡航)[cruc,crus,crux=cross,表示"十字形,交叉"]
v.巡航;以节省燃料的速度前进n.乘船巡游I'll cruise over to your place about three.我大约三点钟去你那里.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a journey on a large ship for pleasure, during which you visit several places 航游，乘船游览；巡游，巡航
[kru:z] verb
intransitive
■to travel on ships for pleasure 航游；旅游航行
intransitive
■If a ship or aircraft cruises, it travels at a continuous speed. （船只或飞机）巡航，以平稳的速度航行
intransitive or transitive slang
■to go around public places looking for someone to have sex with （在公共场所）寻觅性伴侣，寻花问柳，猎艳
• He spends the weekends cruising the bars. 周末他泡在酒吧里寻花问柳。
expedition, voyage, journey, trip, travel, excursion, tour, cruise
这组词都有“旅行”的意思，其区别是：
expedition: 指有特定目的远征或探险。
voyage: 指在水上旅行，尤指海上旅行，也可指空中旅行。
journey: 最普通用词，侧重指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅行，也指水上或空中的旅行。
trip: 普通用词，口语多用，常指为公务或游玩作的较短暂的旅行。
travel: 泛指旅行的行为而不指某次具体的旅行，多指到远方作长期旅行，不强调直接目的地，单、复数均可用。
excursion: 较正式用词，常指不超过一天的短时期娱乐性游玩，也可指乘火车或轮船往返特定景点的远足旅游。
tour: 指最后反回出发地，旅途中有停留游览点，距离可长可短，目的各异的周游或巡行。
cruise: 主要指乘船的游览并在多处停靠。
vi. 巡航，巡游；漫游
 - range, expatiate
vt. 巡航，巡游；漫游
 - range, roam about

Word: gauge
Front: gauge
[ɡeɪdʒ] (研四六托雅宝 6046/6448 -2)
Vocabulary: gauge
(once / 562 pages)
1n 2nv 3v
If you ask your friend, "How do you feel, generally, about loaning your car to people?" your intention might be to gauge his reaction before you flat-out ask if you can borrow his car. To gauge is to measure or test.
The verb gauge means to estimate or measure, while the noun gauge is a tool you can use to make such a measurement. If you've ever seen someone check the air pressure in a tire, the instrument she used was called a tire gauge. The thickness, or diameter, of an item like wire (or the barrel of a gun) is another meaning of gauge.
WORD FAMILY
gauge: gauged, gauges, gauging, misgauge+/misgauge: misgauged
USAGE EXAMPLES
But according to experts, checking your weight is a misguided, demoralizing way to gauge overall health.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In February last year, they introduced the idea to local businesses to gauge interest before implementation.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Looking at your gauges,” he explained, “gets you in trouble.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 测量的标准或范围; 尺度，标准; 测量仪器; 评估
vt. （用仪器）测量; 确定容量，体积或内容; 评估，判断; 采用
时态：gauged, gauging, gauges
分布：测量(60%)，判断(18%)，估计(16%)，测量仪器(5%)，测量标准(1%)
→来自ghalgh, 杆，棍，词源同gallows. 字母l软化成u. 词义由杆，棍引申为测量，比较canon, 词源同cane.
n.标准尺寸;规格;量规,量表v.测量A petrol gauge shows the amount of petrol left in a car.汽油表指示出汽车里所剩的汽油数量.
【记】读：稿纸－写一个文档的时候首先要确定，测量稿纸的标准规格，比如：A4，B5等
【区】gouge（n 半圆凿vt 欺骗）O是圆的
(US also gage) [geɪdʒ] verb transitive
MEASURE 测量
■to calculate an amount, especially by using a measuring device （尤指用测量仪器）测量，计量，测算
• Use a thermometer to gauge the temperature. 用温度计测量一下温度。
• I tried to gauge (= guess) the weight of the box. 我试图估量一下箱子有多重。
(US also gage) [geɪdʒ] verb transitive
JUDGE 判断
■to make a judgment about something, usually people's feelings 判定，判断（通常指人的感受）
• A poll was conducted to gauge consumers' attitudes. 为了摸清消费者的看法，进行了一次民意调查。
• [+ question word] It's difficult to gauge how they'll react. 很难判断他们会作何反应。
(US also gage) [geɪdʒ] noun
MEASURE 测量
countable
■a device for measuring the amount or size of something 测量仪器；测量仪表
• a fuel/rain/temperature gauge 燃料表／雨量计／温度计
countable
■a device used to measure the pressure of the air in a tyre （汽车）胎压计
• a tyre gauge 胎压计
countable specialized
■the distance between the rails (= the two long metal bars fixed to the ground) on a railway line （铁轨）轨距
• a narrow/standard gauge railway 窄轨距／标准轨距铁轨
countable specialized
■the thickness of something, especially metal or wire （尤指金属板的）厚度；（尤指金属丝的）直径
(US also gage) [geɪdʒ] noun
JUDGING 判断
only singular
■a way of judging or showing something, especially the success or popularity of something （尤指对是否成功或受欢迎的）评判方法，判断方法
• The fact that the play has transferred to New York is a gauge of its success. 该剧转往纽约演出，从这一点就可以判定它是很成功的。
criterion, measure, standard, gauge
这组词都有“标准”的意思，其区别是：
criterion: 较正式用词，指判断、批评事物的标准，但不一定制成了规章。
measure: 与standard基本同义，但多用于比喻，指衡量某事物的质量准则。
standard: 指公认为决定事物质量或人的品质的准则或原则。
gauge: 专指测量物体大小、厚度、直径等的标准规格。
n. 计量器；标准尺寸；容量规格
 - batcher, measuring chamber
vt. 测量；估计；给…定规格
 - sound, scale, estimate

Word: respondent
Front: respondent
[rɪˈspɒndənt] (宝 2538/4251 -1)
Vocabulary: respondent
(once / 3792 pages)
1adjn 2n
A respondent is a person who gives an answer. For example, on some Monday mornings, your teacher might feel like she is talking to the walls — although she asks questions, none of the sleepy students are willing respondents.
A respondent is a person who answers a question, letter, email message, survey, or anything else that requires a response. You can see the word respond, which means "answer or reply to" in respondent. If a poll reveals that bullying is the top concern regarding school safety, you know that many respondents checked the box marked "bullying."
WORD FAMILY
respondent: co-respondent, respondently, respondents+/ respond: responded, respondent, responder, responding, responds, responsive / responder: responders/ responsive: responsively, responsiveness, unresponsive / unresponsive: unresponsively, unresponsiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Of the respondents with plans, 45 percent say that they will travel only domestically.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But the class divide is more interesting: Sixty-five percent of white working-class respondents said the ’50s were better.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The margin of sampling error for all respondents is plus or minus 3 percentage points.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 回答者; [法]（特指离婚诉讼的）被告; [生]反应，反射
adj. 应答的; 有反应的; [法]被告的
分布：被告(48%)，应答者(21%)，回答的(13%)，应答的(11%)，感应的(7%)
→来自 respond,回答，答复。
被告a.被告的(回答原告的人)[Spond,spons=promise,表示"承诺"]
US [-'spɑ:n-] noun countable specialized
■a person who answers a request for information 回答者；答覆者；应答者
• In a recent opinion poll, a majority of respondents were against nuclear weapons. 在最近的一次民意调查中，大多数调查物件表示反对发展核武器。
■legal
■in a court case, the person who a petition (= a formal letter to the court requesting a particular action) is made against, especially in a divorce case （尤指离婚案件中的）被告
• She divorced the respondent on the grounds of unreasonable behaviour. 她以被告行为失当为由与其离婚。
Compare co-respondent
adj. [医] 回答的；应答的
 - answering
n. [法] 被告；应答者
 - accused person, indictee

Word: exchequer
Front: exchequer
[ɪksˈtʃekə(r)] (宝 30512/6587 -1)
Vocabulary: exchequer
(once / 1252 pages)
n
Exchequer is a British term for the guy in the government who is in charge of the money: the treasurer. Sometimes it refers to the office in which all the money is kept, the treasury itself.
If you follow British government, you may have noticed that although they have a democracy much like ours, some things are very different. One of them is that the person in the government who is in charge of the government's finances, the Treasury Secretary, is called the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The word has been around for a long time. There were exchequers in medieval England, back when exchequer offices worked for kings.
WORD FAMILY
exchequer: exchequers
USAGE EXAMPLES
She was Exchequer Secretary in the last parliament.
BBC(Mar 19, 2016)
Back in October Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond said he would not seek to balance the government's finances by 2020.
BBC(Dec 21, 2016)
George Osborne signed 2,056 Christmas cards each year when he was UK chancellor of the exchequer.
BBC(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: n. （英国）财政部; 国库，金库
分布：国库(70%)，英国财政部(24%)，英国的税务法庭(6%)
→词源同cheque,支票，帐目，帐目表，因形似棋盘而得名，后用来指财政部。ex误认为是前缀ex-, 因而产生的拼写讹误。拼写演变参照chess,check.
【记】ex出，chequer＝check支票－开出支票的地方－国库，财政部
n. 财源；国库；财政部
 - finances, national treasury

Word: unwilling
Front: unwilling
[ʌnˈwɪlɪŋ] (高四六 6237/5583 -K2)
Back: adj. 不愿意的，不情愿的; 勉强的; 厌恶的; 不甘
分布：不愿意的(100%)
adjective
■not willing 不情愿的；不乐意的；勉强的
• an unwilling helper 不得已只得帮忙的人
unwilling, reluctant
这组词都有“不情愿的，不愿意的”的意思，其区别是：
unwilling: 语气强烈，指有力的否定、拒绝。也可指被牵涉于非本意之事。
reluctant: 指做不赞同的，不很乐意的或害怕的事，有时也指坚决反对某事。
adj. 不愿意的；不情愿的；勉强的
 - narrow, reluctant

Word: apology
Front: apology
[əˈpɒlədʒi] (高研四托 4944/4950 -2)
Vocabulary: apology
(once / 173 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An apology is what you say or do when you want to let someone know (or fool them into thinking) that you regret something. An apology is nice, but chocolates or large bundles of cash are nicer. Always.
The noun apology has its roots in the Greek apologos, meaning a story. It entered the English language in the Middle Ages. If you broke your friend’s sword and then made up an elaborate story to get out of trouble, that was an apology. After a few decades, the general sense of the word shifted to its current meaning — what you say when you want to express real remorse.
WORD FAMILY
apology: apologetic, apologies, apologise, apologist, apologize +/ apologetic: apologetically, unapologetic / apologise: apologised, apologises, apologising/ apologist: apologists/ apologize: apologized, apologizes, apologizing/ unapologetic: unapologetically
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, it later reversed its decision and issued an apology, saying the company recognized “the history and global importance of this image”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But Taiwanese are starting to understand the impacts of displaying Nazi symbols, Yarden says, pointing to the presidential apology and the school principal’s resignation offer.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On New Year’s Day on Twitter, Carey offered neither an apology nor much of an explanation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 道歉认错，愧悔; 正式辩解，正式辩护; 解释; 〈口〉临时凑合的代用品
分布：道歉(98%)，辩解(2%)
→前缀apo-, 离开，远离，相对。词根log-, 说，词源同lecture. 原义指自辩，辩解。后指道歉(道歉本质上也是一种辩解）。
道歉,认错(apo离开+logy→退后一步说→道歉)[log,logu=speak,表示"说话"]
n.道歉,认错,辩解,辩护In the log lodge he said some illogical apologies.在木屋里他说了些不合逻辑的道歉话.
US [-'pɑ:.lə-] noun
SAYING SORRY 道歉
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■an act of saying sorry 道歉；认错；谢罪
• I have an apology to make to you - I'm afraid I opened your letter by mistake. 我必须向你道歉，我误拆了你的信。
• He's demanding a full apology from the newspaper for making untrue allegations about his personal life. 他要求这家报纸对关于他私生活的不实报导正式道歉。
• "Was he at all sorry for what he'd done?" "Oh he was full of apologies (= extremely sorry)." “他到底有没有对他的所作所为感到内疚？”“哦，他深感内疚。”
• She complained to the company about its awful service and they sent her a written apology. 就其低劣的服务品质，她向这家公司提出投诉，公司对她作出了书面道歉。
• I owe you an apology - I'm afraid I forgot to send Amanda that report. 我非向你道歉不可——我忘了把那份报告交给阿曼达了。
• a letter of apology 道歉信
UK [ə'pɒl.ə.dʒi] US [-'pɑ:.lə-] noun
MEETING 见面
(your) apologies [plural] formal
■a message politely telling someone that you cannot be present at their meeting or party （因不能出席会议或聚会而写的）道歉信
• The vice-chair has sent his apologies - he's abroad at present. 副主席寄来了道歉信——他目前在国外，不能出席。
• Apologies were received from Phil Baker and Malcolm Johnson. 菲尔‧贝克和马尔科姆‧詹森寄来道歉信告知他们不能出席。
UK [ə'pɒl.ə.dʒi] US [-'pɑ:.lə-] noun
EXPLANATION 解释
countable (also apologia) formal
■a formal explanation or defence of a belief or system, especially one that is unpopular （尤指对不受欢迎的政治信仰或制度的）辩护，辩解
UK [ə'pɒl.ə.dʒi] US [-'pɑ:.lə-] noun
be an apology for sth UK informal
■to be an extremely bad example of something 是极其拙劣的…，是坏得不能再坏的…
• You're not coming out because you're tired? That's an apology for an excuse! 你不出门是因为你累了？这个借口也太没水准了！
n. 道歉；谢罪；辩护；勉强的替代物
 - justification, advocacy

Word: lecture
Front: lecture
[ˈlektʃə(r)] (高研四六雅 3526/2588 -K3)
Vocabulary: lecture
(once / 180 pages)
nv
When your teacher stands up in front of you and teaches by talking about the latest chapter you've read or explaining how to do a new math problem - he is giving a lecture.
A lecture is most often used to describe a method of teaching, particularly popular in college, where professors give organized talks as lessons to large groups of students. It is not quite as positive when children level the term at their parents — "Don't lecture me!" — for criticizing their clothes, their friends or their music. Lecture can also be used to describe any public talk, most often by an expert.
WORD FAMILY
lecture: lectured, lecturer, lectures, lectureship, lecturing +/ lecturer: lecturers/lectureship: lectureships/ lecturing: lecturings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The second group got a tactical lecture on the use of particular shots.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In simple terms, it’s an unprogrammed collection of rooms open to events, exhibitions, lectures, and performances.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Below the library is the lecture theatre, modelled on the Royal Institution in London and constructed in deep red Cuban mahogany.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 演讲; 训斥，教训
vi. 作演讲
vt. 给…作演讲; 教训（通常是长篇大论的）
时态：lectured, lecturing, lectures
分布：演讲(69%)，讲课(22%)，训斥(6%)，教导(2%)，训话(1%)
→来自拉丁语legere,读，词源同legible,进一步来自leg,收集，选出，整理，词源同collect,colleague.用指教堂读经，讲经，后词义通用化。
讲课,讲座(lect+ure)[lect,leg=speak,read,表示"讲,读"]
n./v.演讲,讲课In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a formal talk on a serious or specialist subject given to a group of people, especially students （尤指面向学生的）讲座，课
• We went to a lecture on Italian art. 我们去参加了一个关于义大利艺术的讲座。
• Who's giving the lecture this afternoon? 今天下午的讲座由谁来讲？
Compare seminar an angry or serious talk given to someone in order to criticize their behaviour 教训，训斥，斥责
• My dad gave me a lecture on the evils of alcohol last night. 昨天晚上爸爸教训了我一顿，给我讲了酒的危害。
UK ['lek.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb
intransitive
■to give a formal talk to a group of people, often at a university （常指在大学里）讲课，讲授
• For ten years she lectured in law. 她教了十年的法律课。
• She travelled widely in North America, lecturing on women's rights. 她到北美各地宣讲妇女的权利。
transitive
■to talk angrily to someone in order to criticize their behaviour 教训，训斥，斥责
• His parents used to lecture him on his table manners. 以前他的父母经常批评他的餐桌礼仪。
lecture, speech, oration, address, report, talk
这组词都有“演讲，讲话，报告”的意思，其区别是：
lecture: 侧重带学术性的演讲。
speech: 普通用词，指一般的发言或讲话，可以是事先准备的，也可以是即席的。
oration: 常指在特殊场合，辞藻华丽，形式庄重，旨在激发听众感情的正式演说。
address: 正式用词，指在庄严隆重的场合作精心准备的演讲或正式演说。
report: 一般是指下级给上级或负责人给委托机关的书面或口头报告。
talk: 常用词，强调非正式讲话，讲话方式一般较为自由。
course, lesson, lecture, class
这组词都有“课”的意思，其区别是：
course: 指在一段时间内教完或学完的完整的课程。
lesson: 主要指教材中的一课或每次授课的单位时间。
lecture: 指讲课。
class: 从“班级”引申指学生在一起上课，还可表示“(一节)课”。
n. 演讲；讲稿；教训
 - speech, lesson, address, talk
vt. 演讲；训诫
 - discourse upon
vi. 讲课；讲演
 - prelect, dissertate

Word: embarrassment
Front: embarrassment
[ɪmˈbærəsmənt] (5794/4482 -K2)
Vocabulary: embarrassment
(once / 446 pages)
1n 2n
When you feel embarrassment, you are self-conscious or ashamed. Embarrassment might keep you from wearing your Statue of Liberty Halloween costume in public.
Something that makes you blush — like when ten people rush up to tell you how great your tuba solo was or realizing that you left the house in your pajama bottoms — causes you embarrassment. The person or thing that makes you feel awkward and ashamed can also be described as an embarrassment. To avoid embarrassment, remember to double the r's and s's when you spell embarrassment.
WORD FAMILY
embarrassment: embarrassments+/disembarrass: disembarrassed, disembarrasses, disembarrassing, disembarrassment/ embarrass: disembarrass, embarrassed, embarrasses, embarrassing, embarrassment / embarrassed: embarrassedly, unembarrassed/ embarrassing: embarrassingly/unembarrassed: unembarrassedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The UK government's lack of support for start-ups attending the CES tech show is a "source of embarrassment", according to the event's organiser.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It was a performance similar to the Week 15 embarrassment against Carolina, only worse.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
For other surnames, some English spellings are meant to avoid embarrassment.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 窘迫; 难堪; 令人难堪或耻辱的事
分布：尴尬(69%)，难堪(21%)，困窘(10%)
US [-'ber-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you feel embarrassed, or something that makes you feel embarrassed 尴尬，窘迫；局促不安；令人尴尬的事
• She blushed with embarrassment. 她难堪得脸都红了。
• My parents are an embarrassment to me! 我父母让我觉得很丢脸！
UK [ɪm'bær.ə.smənt] US [-'ber-] noun countable or uncountable
an embarrassment of riches formal
■so many good things or people that it is impossible to decide which of them you want 好东西多得令人难以选择
shame, embarrassment, disgrace, dishonour
这组词都有“丢脸，羞愧”的意思，其区别是：
shame: 多指因非法婚烟、私生、卖国或犯法等而丢失脸面或败坏名声，使他人认为“丢脸”、“可耻”。
embarrassment: 多指在社交活动中所遇到的尴尬事。
disgrace: 常指失去他人的尊敬和称赞而使自己感受到的丢脸、耻辱。
dishonour: 指失去原来享有的光荣或自尊和自重。
n. 窘迫，难堪；使人为难的人或事物；拮据
 - aporia

Word: stoke
Front: stoke
[stəʊk] (宝 13140/8197 -1)
Vocabulary: stoke
(once / 981 pages)
v
To stoke is to poke a fire and fuel it so that it burns higher. It can also mean "incite"––a principal's impassive silence in the face of requests for more tater tots might stoke the flames of student anger.
When a surfer says, "I am so stoked," it means they are excited––the fire of enthusiasm is burning hotter. It's interesting to reflect on how many words in our language have to do with the tending of fires, an activity that has become much less common in recent human history.
WORD FAMILY
stoke: stoked, stoker, stokes, stoking+/stoker: stokers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Electronic toys and games played outside school plus the availability of knockoff German army clothes may stoke curiosity about the Nazis, Liang said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I've never before seen a Stoke defence bulldozed down like that on a set play.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
This looks like little more than a cynical ploy to stoke public antipathy to federal regulation.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 拨旺火; 使饱吃一顿; 给（机车等）烧火
vi. 烧火; 做司炉工; 大吃大喝
n. 斯托克
时态：stoked, stoking, stokes
分布：煽动(100%)
→来自荷兰语 stoken,捅，添加燃料，来自 Proto-Germanic*stok,捅，推，来自 steig,捅，推， 词源同 stake,stick.引申诸相关词义。
【记】源于：斯托克Stoker，亚伯拉罕，他是英国作家，哥特式恐怖小说《德雷库拉》的作者；在该部小说中的主人公是一个蒸汽火车头和蒸汽船中的司炉，也就是烧火工（被雇来往火炉内添加燃料的人）
US [stoʊk] (also stoke up)
verb intransitive or transitive
■to add fuel to a large closed fire and move the fuel around with a stick so that it burns well and produces a lot of heat 添加燃料以拨旺（炉火）
• Once the fire had been stoked up, the room began to get warm. 炉火添了木柴拨旺之后，屋子里开始暖和起来。
■to encourage bad ideas or feelings in a lot of people 煽动，激起（不良想法或情感）
• He's been accused of stoking up racial hatred in the region. 他被控在这地区煽动种族仇恨。
• Rumours of an emergency meeting of the finance ministers stoked the atmosphere of crisis. 财政首长们召开紧急会议的传言使人感到危机重重。
UK [stəʊk] US [stoʊk] (also stoke up)
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  stoke up on/with sth informal
■to eat a lot of a particular food in order to avoid feeling hungry or weak later 大吃，饱餐一顿
• As it was a cold morning, she stoked up on bacon, eggs and beans on toast. 由于早上很冷，她饱餐了一顿培根（烟肉）、鸡蛋和豆烤面包。
vi. 烧火；做司炉工；大吃大喝
 - fire, feast on

Word: haunt
Front: haunt
[hɔ:nt] (六托雅宝 5014/6064 -2)
Vocabulary: haunt
(once / 202 pages)
vn
The verb to haunt means to appear as a ghost or some kind of supernatural phenomenon. Ebenezer Scrooge was haunted by the Ghosts of Christmases Past, Present and Future.
The first recorded usage of the word haunt is in William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, a play filled with supernatural characters running around scaring the knickers off each other. As Shakespeare knew, haunting is at its most effective in the passive voice, because there is much more drama in being haunted than haunting. Another use of the word haunt is as a noun, and it means "a place that is frequented often," like a popular hangout. The gym, a bar, a corner: these are all potential haunts. The dentist, the principal’s office, a busy intersection: these are not.
WORD FAMILY
haunt: haunted, haunting, haunts+/haunting: hauntingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Their expressions are shy and calm, yet the picture is haunting.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
On Christmas Day, the Answer Wife suggested that Answer Man start a rumor that the Trump International Hotel is haunted.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
As 2017 dawns, the ghost of Lord Balfour still haunts us.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 时常萦绕心头，使困窘; 常去; 以鬼魂形式出现; 时常出现在，弥漫
vi. 尤指鬼魂重回或常去
n. 〈方〉鬼或其它超自然物体; 常去的地方
时态：haunted, haunting, haunts
分布：常到(43%)，徘徊(23%)，缠住(19%)，常到的地方(15%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*haimaz,家，住所，词源同home.该词原指死后回家的灵魂，引申词义鬼魂出没，萦绕。拼写比较lamp,lantern.
【记】h＝home，aunt：姑奶奶家－常去的地方
【参】gaunt（adj 憔悴的）割aunt的肉；taunt（vt 嘲弄；奚落）踢aunt；vaunt（v 自夸）aunt伸出两个手指V
US [hɑ:nt] verb transitive
REPEATEDLY TROUBLE 反覆烦扰
 ADVANCED
■to cause repeated suffering or anxiety 使经常苦恼；不断困扰
• Fighting in Vietnam was an experience that would haunt him for the rest of his life. 越南战争的经历给他日后的生活留下了挥之不去的阴影。
• Thirty years after the fire he is still haunted by images of death and destruction. 那场火灾过去30年之后，死亡和毁灭的场景仍在他脑海中挥之不去。
UK [hɔ:nt] US [hɑ:nt] verb transitive
SPIRIT 幽灵
■(of a ghost) to appear in a place repeatedly （鬼魂）经常出没
• A ghostly lady is said to haunt the stairway looking for her children. 据说有一个女人像幽灵似的经常出现在楼梯上寻找她的孩子。
UK [hɔ:nt] US [hɑ:nt] noun countable
■a place often visited 常去的地方
• This pub used to be one of your old haunts, didn't it Jim? 这个酒吧你以前经常去，对不对，吉姆？
n. 栖息地；常去的地方
 - habitat, purlieu

Word: cease
Front: cease
[si:s] (研四六托雅 4470/2679 -K3)
Vocabulary: cease
(once / 64 pages)
vn
To cease is to stop or end. Your gym teacher may have trained the class so well that all chattering will cease every time she blows her whistle.
Cease comes from the Old French cesser, which means "come to an end," "go away," "give up," or "yield." Although cease often appears in the past tense with "-ed," cease is common for talking about things as they come to an end. A dead plant has ceased living, and if you cease watering the rest of the plants, they will cease to exist too.
WORD FAMILY
cease: ceased, ceaseless, ceases, ceasing, cessation +/ ceaseless: ceaselessly, ceaselessness/ceasing: unceasing/ cessation: cessations/unceasing: unceasingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Osborne said it ceased being an active church in the 1950s.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While barn switches are common, it is remarkable for an owner to cease operations with the most accomplished trainer of his era.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Bombardments ceased before that time - although some clashes continued - but began again late on Sunday.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 停止，终止，结束
vi. 终止，停止; 永不停止的过程; 停止行动
n. 停止
时态：ceased, ceasing, ceases
分布：停止(88%)，终止(12%)
→词源同cede, 走，离开，词源同accede, cession。
v./n.停止,中止It's easy and feasible to control the disease after cease-fire.停火之后控制这种病很容易也可行.
[si:s] slightly formal
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to stop something 停止，中止
• Whether the protests will cease remains to be seen. 抗议活动是否会停止还说不准。
• The company has decided to cease all UK operations after this year. 公司决定从明年开始停止一切在英国的业务活动。
• [+ to infinitive] Workplace nurseries will cease to be liable for tax. 将停止对工作场所的托儿所征税。
[si:s] slightly formal
noun
without cease
■without stopping 不停止，连续
⇒ See also cessation
pause, stop, break, interval, cease, recess, rest
这组词都有“中止，停止，休息”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指短暂的中断或停止，含再进行下去的意味。
stop: 普通用词，指迅速或突然中止某行为、活动或状态。
break: 非正式用词，指突然的或短时间的中止，如工作或活动期间接短暂休息。
interval: 指一出戏在幕与幕之间，音乐会上下串场之间或演出中预先安排的休息；也可泛指事件之间的一段时间。
cease: 正式用词，侧重逐渐结呸某活动或状态，含永远结束的意味。
recess: 正式用词，指业务活动或工作中短暂的或长时间的休息。
rest: 指统称的休息。
pause, stop, cease, halt, quit
这组词都有“停止”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指暂时的、瞬间的停顿，隐含有再进行之意。
stop: 指动作、运行、进展等被停下来，含突然、断然的意味。
cease: 指逐渐、徐徐中止某种状态的存在。书面用词。
halt: 侧重突然地、决定性地终止、停止某一活动。
quit: 指最终彻底停止某事，有时暗示遭到失败或面临挫折。
vi. 停止；终了
 - desist from, come to a stop
vt. 停止；结束
 - conclude, cheese, quit
n. 停止
 - stop, stay, stand, cessation, set-back

Word: enact
Front: enact
[ɪˈnækt] (托宝 4710/6524 -2)
Vocabulary: enact
(once / 408 pages)
v
You often hear that Congress is going to enact a new statute, which means that they will make it into a law. But enact also means to perform, like in a play. (Makes you wonder if the lawmakers are actors!)
Inside the word enact is that little word act, meaning “to do.” That makes sense, because when you enact something, you make it happen. And of course, we know that to act also means to perform, and so enact means “to act out,” like on stage. Now that the new rules have been enacted, you'll have to stop wearing your gorilla suit to work. Even after Labor Day.
WORD FAMILY
enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact+/ act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive/ activity: activities/ actor: actors/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts/ interaction: interactional, interactions/ interactive: interactively/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Philadelphia, alarmed over its high obesity numbers, this year enacted a soda tax.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
News-Miner opinion: Each year, many of us use the occasion of the new year to enact changes in our own lives.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Farah’s arrest was the result of a new policy enacted a few years prior.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 制定法律; 规定; 颁布，颁布; 担任…角色
时态：enacted, enacting, enacts
分布：扮演(59%)，制定法律(41%)
→en-, 进入，使。act, 做，实施。
制定;颁布(en+act行动→进入行动→颁布(法令))[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
实施,颁布(en+act→使(法律)动→实施法律)[act=to do,to drive表示"行动,做"]
【记】en进入，act行动－使（法律，角色）行动－颁布
【反】rescind（v 废除）
verb
MAKE LAW 立法
transitive often passive specialized
■to put something into action, especially to change something into a law 实行，实施；（尤指）制定（法律）
• A package of economic sanctions is to be enacted against the country. 将对这个国家施予一系列的经济制裁。
[ɪ'nækt] verb
PERFORM 表演
transitive formal
■to perform a story or play 上演；表演
• The stories are enacted using music, dance and mime. 这些故事利用音乐、舞蹈和默剧的形式在舞台上被再现出来。
vt. 颁布；制定法律；扮演
 - play, portray

Word: ministerial
Front: ministerial
[ˌmɪnɪˈstɪəriəl] (16223/5814)
Vocabulary: ministerial
(once / 2021 pages)
adj
Ministerial means having to do with a minister of a religion, or a government. If your dad is a pastor, he may have to make it clear if he is telling you not to lie as a father, or in his ministerial capacity.
Ministerial derives from the Latin minister meaning "servant." A religious minister is a servant of God. A government minister is the head of a department, but also a servant of the government. Their work is their ministry, thus ministerial means pertaining to that work. If, as England's minister of defense, you streamlined the military, that streamlining would be your ministerial legacy.
WORD FAMILY
ministerial: ministerially+/ minister: ministered, ministerial, ministering, ministers, ministrant, ministration/ministrant: ministrants/ministration: ministrations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The nominations—which added 18 new ministerial posts all occupied by opposition lawmakers—was a clear attempt to curb opposition grievances.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 20, 2016)
The transport secretary knocked cyclist Jaiqi Liu off his bike as he opened the door of his ministerial car in October.
BBC(Dec 16, 2016)
Some regional leaders of the AIADMK, who were sidelined by Jayalalitha, may use the opportunity to stage a comeback and demand ministerial berths.
BBC(Dec 07, 2016)
Back: adj. 牧师的; 内阁的; 部长的; 行政（上）的
分布：部长的(37%)，内阁的(28%)，牧师的(22%)，执政的(13%)
→来自minister,部长，大臣。ministerial 部长的，大臣的
US [-'stɪr.i-] adjective
POLITICIAN 政治家
■relating to or involving a minister (= senior member of parliament) 部长（或大臣）的；和部长（或大臣）有关的
• ministerial responsibilities 部长的职责
• a high-level ministerial meeting 高级部长会议
UK [ˌmɪn.ɪ'stɪə.ri.əl] US [-'stɪr.i-] adjective
COUNTRY'S REPRESENTATIVE 国家代表
■relating to or involving a minister (= country's representative abroad) 公使（或外交使节）的；和公使（或外交使节）有关的
• He reached ministerial level in the Diplomatic Service. 他在外交部门的职衔达到了公使级别。
adj. 部长的；内阁的；公使的；牧师的
 - cabinet, secretarial

Word: constitute
Front: constitute
[ˈkɒnstɪtju:t] (研六托雅宝 2887/2270 -2)
Vocabulary: constitute
(once / 64 pages)
v
To constitute is to make up a whole from smaller parts, or "constituents." "What constitutes a family?" means "What makes up a family?"
Parents, kids, pets, and other family members constitute most people's idea of a family. The Constitution tells us what our country is all about and supposed to be made of — in other words, what constitutes the United States. This word can deal with the present or the future. The items listed in a recipe constitute what will be in a cake; later, the individual ingredients constitute the cake. Eleven players constitute a football team on the field. We can even say that abstract qualities are constituted. For example, some people think wearing sunglasses constitutes coolness. Since everything in the world is made up of other things, there's a lot of constituting going on.
WORD FAMILY
constitute: constituent, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutive, reconstitute+/ constituency: constituencies/ constituent: constituency, constituents/constituted: self-constituted/ constitution: constitutional, constitutionalize, constitutions/ constitutional: constitutionalise, constitutionalist, constitutionally, constitutionals, unconstitutional /constitutionalise: constitutionalising/ constitutionalism: constitutionalisms/constitutionalist: constitutionalism, constitutionalists/constitutionalize: constitutionalized, constitutionalizing/ constitutive: constitutively/reconstitute: reconstituted, reconstitutes, reconstituting/ unconstitutional: unconstitutionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Coach Jay Gruden agreed that throw constituted “a poor decision.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Those who oversee homeless programs in the Mid-Mon Valley use the McKinney-Vento Act to define what constitutes a homeless student.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The idea of what constitutes the “best of anything” is highly subjective.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 构成，组成; 制定，设立; 等同于; 指派
时态：constituted, constituting, constitutes
分布：构成(70%)，组成(19%)，制定(4%)，建立(4%)，任命(3%)
→con-, 强调。-stit, 站，词源同stand, institute. 即站立其中的，构成其中一部分的。
构成;制定(con一起+stitute→放到一起→构成)[atitut,stit=setup,place,表示"建立,放"]
vt.组成,构成,形成;设立,建立,任命Trivial tributes constitute the attribute of constituent's report.琐屑的颂词形成选民的报告的属性.
【记】con一起，stitute建立－建立到一起－构成
【反】abdicate（v 退位；放弃（职位，权力等））
US ['kɑ:n.stɪ.tu:t] verb
BE CONSIDERED AS 被视作
 ADVANCED [L only + noun] [not continuous] formal
■to be or be considered as something 是；被看作，被视为
• This latest defeat constitutes a major setback for the government. 最近的这次失败是对政府的一次重挫。
UK ['kɒn.stɪ.tju:t] US ['kɑ:n.stɪ.tu:t] verb
FORM PART OF 构成
[L not continuous]
■to form or make something 形成；构成；组成
• Women constitute about 10% of Parliament. 女性在议会中约占10%。
• The under-18s constitute nearly 25% of the town's population. 18岁以下的人口占该城镇人口的近25%。
constitute, cover, consist, contain, involve, compose
constitute: 制定，设立，任命
cover: 覆盖，涉及
consist: 在于，存在于
contain: 包含，强调包容关系，既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西
involve: 包含，所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申
compose: 创作（乐曲、诗歌等）
constitute, consist, compose, comprise, include
这组词都有“组成，包含”的意思，其区别是：
constitute: v.构成，组成(整体)。
 • Crime and illegal drugs constitute the city's major problems.   犯罪和非法毒品买卖是这个城市面临的主要问题。
consist: v.组成，构成,由……组成(后接of，常用于主动语态)；(后接in)在于，存在于。
 • The problem consists of two parts.   问题由两部分组成。
 • The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.   这计划的好处就在于简单易行。
compose: v.构成(整体)，组成；由……组成(后接of，常用于被动语态)；创作(作曲、诗歌等)。
 • The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.   委员会主要由教师和学生家长组成。
comprise: v.包含，包括，由……组成(整体)；组成，构成。
 • Our company's product line comprises 2,500 different items.   我们公司的生产线是由2,500个不同的组成部分构成的。
include: v.包括，包含，把……列入。
 • The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.   大会代表中有来自海外的代表。
vt. 组成，构成；建立；任命
 - install, establish, form, found, build

Word: overlook
Front: overlook
[ˌəʊvəˈlʊk] (高研四六托雅宝 3139/3391 -2)
Vocabulary: overlook
(once / 287 pages)
1vn 2v
To overlook something is to fail to see it. When planning a party, it's best to write out a to-do list so that you don't overlook any details.
The verb overlook literally means to look over the top of. The word has come to refer to the act of neglecting something, usually because your focus is aimed elsewhere. You might overlook the cost of car insurance if you’re busy calculating the cost of buying the car and paying for gas and parking. As a noun, an overlook is a space high above ground. You might overlook your curfew if you're busy enjoying an overlook with your date.
WORD FAMILY
overlook: overlooked, overlooking, overlooks+/ look: looked, looker, looking, looks, overlook /looker: lookers/looking: lookingly, lookings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Iowa Natural Resources Department says the man fell about 60 feet from an overlook off Lost Lake Trail around 11:15 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The address is set for the evening of Jan. 10 at McCormick Place, a hulking convention center overlooking Lake Michigan.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In pro sports, never overlook the importance of hate.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 忽视，忽略; 瞭望; 检查; 远眺
n. 从高处眺望到的景色; 忽视，忽略; 可眺望四周的高地
时态：overlooked, overlooking, overlooks
分布：忽视(76%)，俯瞰(16%)，远眺(7%)，没注意到(1%)
→over-,在上，超过，过度，look,看。即在上面看，俯视，眺望。同时也用于否定词义，即看过头，忽略，忽视。比较oversight.
俯视;疏忽(over+look看→在上面看→俯视,z上申为疏忽)[over-①表示"过度,过分"②表示"在……之上"③表示"翻转"]
v.看漏,忽略;俯瞰,眺望;宽容,放任Moreover, the new government overlooked the governor over the oven.而且,新政府忽视了炉子上方的州长.
US [ˌoʊ.və˞-]
VIEW 景色
 ADVANCED
■to provide a view of, especially from above 眺望；（尤指）俯瞰，俯视
• Our hotel room overlooked the harbour. 从我们饭店的房间可眺望港口。
• The house is surrounded by trees, so it's not overlooked at all (= it cannot be seen from any other buildings). 这栋房子四周绿树环绕，所以从其他建筑处根本看不到它。
verb transitive UK [ˌəʊ.vəˈlʊk] US [ˌoʊ.və˞-]
NOT NOTICE 没注意
■to fail to notice or consider something 忽视；忽略，没注意到
• I think there is one key fact that you have overlooked. 我认为你忽略了一个重要的事实。
• No one will be overlooked in the selection of the team. 在组队时不会忽略任何人。
verb transitive UK [ˌəʊ.vəˈlʊk] US [ˌoʊ.və˞-]
FORGIVE 原谅
■to forgive or pretend not to notice something 宽恕，不计较；姑息，对…视而不见
• I'm prepared to overlook his behaviour this time. 这次我打算对他的行为不予计较。
noun countable UK [ˈəʊ.və.lʊk] US [ˈoʊ.və˞-] US a viewpoint
• There are lots of scenic overlooks along the road from New York to Montreal. 从纽约到蒙特利尔的公路沿线有很多美景。
overlook, disregard, omit, neglect, forget, ignore
这组词都有“疏忽，忽略”的意思，其区别是：
overlook: 指因匆忙而疏忽或视而不见。
disregard: 多指有意或自觉地不顾某事。
omit: 指有意或无意地忘记做某事，也指删去被视作不重要、不合意的东西。
neglect: 侧重指有意的忽略或忽视，也可指粗心与疏忽。
forget: 普通用词，侧重某事不重要或太复杂而未能记住，也指有意疏忽或忘掉。
ignore: 通常指有意不顾，或不理显而易见的事物。
pardon, overlook, forgive, excuse
这组词都有“原谅”的意思，其区别是：
pardon: 比excuse正式，指原谅或宽恕严重的过失或法律上的犯罪行为；在社会交场合则指对打搅他人表示歉意。
overlook: 语气较弱，指宽容或不计较无关大局的过失。
forgive: 侧重从心里宽恕某人，暗示放弃一切愤恨和要求报偿的权利。
excuse: 口语常用词，语气较轻。指原谅轻微的过错、疏忽或过失。
vt. 忽略；俯瞰；远眺；检查；高耸于…之上
 - forget, examine, survey, review, inspect
n. 忽视；眺望
 - inobservancy, negligence

Word: duly
Front: duly
[ˈdju:li] (雅 14274/5569 -1)
Vocabulary: duly
(once / 459 pages)
adv
When you put in a lot of overtime hours at your job, you assume you'll be duly paid. Duly means "properly" or "appropriately."
When something is done duly, it's expected, and it's considered proper or right. If someone gives a great speech, you expect that he'll be duly applauded for it. The word due is at the root of duly, and it comes from the Old French word deu, or "to owe." Something that is duly given can also be said to be owed. Be careful not to confuse duly, which rhymes with the name "Julie," with dully, "without liveliness."
WORD FAMILY
duly: dulys+/ due: duely, dues, duly, endue, overdue, subdue, undue / endue: endued, endues, enduing/subduable: unsubduable/ subdue: subduable, subdued, subduer, subdues, subduing/ subdued: subduedly, subduedness, unsubdued/subduer: subduers/ undue: unduely, unduly /unsubduable: unsubduably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Answering a few questions will keep everyone satisfied — and duly enticed for the following week’s “live” performance.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
He used powers Congress duly designated to the White House under the Antiquities Act.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Bank duly met the market's expectation in August.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 及时，按时; 适当地; 充分地
分布：适当地(67%)，的确(22%)，当然地(11%)
→来自due, 应该的，应当的。
US ['du:-] adverb
■in the correct way or at the correct time; as expected 恰当地；适时地；应当地
• He knew he had been wrong, and duly apologized. 他知道自己弄错了，于是便道了歉。
• She asked for his autograph and he duly obliged by signing her programme. 她要他的签名，他很爽快地答应了并在她的节目单上签上了自己的名字。
adv. 适当地；充分地；按时地
 - properly, fully, well, adequately, appropriately

Word: outstanding
Front: outstanding
[aʊtˈstændɪŋ] (高研四六托 4000/2714 -K3)
Vocabulary: outstanding
(once / 870 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something outstanding stands out for good reasons. Your outstanding presentation captured everyone's attention; unfortunately, so did the tear in the seat of your pants.
An outstanding performance of any kind will impress people, but there's one meaning to outstanding that most of us would rather avoid: that which remains unpaid. Outstanding gift ideas can lead to outstanding debt. Your outstanding mood was ruined when you saw the size of your outstanding credit card balance.
WORD FAMILY
outstanding: outstandingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last week, a survey for Uswitch suggested that consumers will carry an average outstanding sum of £636 on their credit cards into the New Year.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
The last and most common argument against Prescott for MVP—as well as Elliott for MVP—is that outstanding Dallas offensive line.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
This outstanding ability is widely implemented during one of the most neurologically challenging actions people are engaged with on a daily basis: driving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 杰出的; 显著的; 凸出的; 未完成的
分布：优秀的(55%)，突出的(28%)，未完成的(14%)，未支付的(3%)
→out-,向外，stand,站立。比喻用法。
a.突出的,显著的,杰出的Standing under the outstanding rock I misunderstood his standard standpoint.站在突出的岩石下,我误解了他的标准立场.
adjective
EXCELLENT 优秀的
 IMPROVER
■excellent; clearly very much better than what is usual 优秀的；卓越的；出众的
• an outstanding performance/writer/novel/year 杰出的表现／优秀的作家／出色的小说／不同凡响的一年
• It's an area of outstanding natural beauty. 这地区自然风景极为优美。
[ˌaʊt'stæn.dɪŋ] adjective
NOT FINISHED 未完成的
 ADVANCED
■not yet paid, solved or done 未支付的；未解决的；未完成的
• $450 million in outstanding debts 4.5亿美元的拖欠债款
• There are still a couple of problems outstanding. 还有几个问题未解决。
striking, remarkable, noticeable, outstanding, conspicuous
这组词都有“显著的，引人注意的”的意思，其区别是：
striking: 侧重能给观察者产生强烈而深刻印象。
remarkable: 通常指因有与众不同的特点或优越性而引起人们注意或称道。
noticeable: 指所描绘的事物引人注意。
outstanding: 通常指与同行或同类的人相比显得优秀或杰出，或具有他人或别的事物所没有的特征。
conspicuous: 通常指因成绩卓著，而引人注意，或指因外观奇特、花哨或言行举止不合常规而令人注意。
famous, notorious, eminent, notable, noted, prominent, outstanding
这组词都有“著名的，知名的”的意思，其区别是：
famous: 是普通用词，指传播很广，引起人们注意的人或事物。
notorious: 指因劣迹而臭名昭著，含强烈贬义；但有时也作“众所周知的”解。
eminent: 指在某方面杰出卓越或突出的人或物。
notable: 用于指事件时，侧重其重要、值得注意；用于指人时，与famous同义，但语气较弱。
noted: 多指因成绩卓著而备受注意的专家或权威及其著作，有时含贬义。
prominent: 指出人头地，为公众所熟悉，至少在地方上闻名。
outstanding: 侧重指因素质优良，功绩卓著而超过同类的人或物，强调“突出”。
striking, remarkable, unusual, prominent, outstanding, extraordinary
striking: 引人注意的，饶有兴趣的；（因相貌好）吸引人的，惹人注目的
remarkable: 值得注意的，不寻常的；独特的
unusual: 罕见的，异乎寻常的；独特的，与众不同的
prominent: 凸出的,显著的，惹人注目的,杰出的，重要的
outstanding: 杰出的，优秀的；地位显著的，为人瞩目的，（报酬、工作、问题等）未偿付的，未完成的，未解决的
extraordinary: 不平常的，不普通的，非常的，格外的，；（安排、会议等）特别的，（官员）特命的，特派的
adj. 杰出的；显著的；未解决的； [会计] [经] 未偿付的
 - prominent, excellent, obvious, brilliant, marked

Word: bare
Front: bare
[beə(r)] (高研四托雅宝 3430/3196 -3)
Vocabulary: bare
(once / 89 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3adj 4v
When you kick off your shoes to walk on the beach, you are enjoying the feeling of your bare feet in the warm sand. The adjective bare describes something or someone that is naked or unclothed.
Bare can be used in many different ways: to describe the inside of your nearly-empty refrigerator, an uncarpeted floor, or your unadorned, sparsely decorated bedroom. The word bare can also be used as a verb meaning "to uncover or expose." When you reveal deep truths about yourself to another person — imagine confessing your passion for stamp collecting to a girl you like — you "bare your soul."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
bare / bear
Bare means naked, but to bear is to carry something. A bear is also a brown furry animal, but most people keep that one straight.
To bare is to uncover, either by removing clothes or revealing something. It's getting down to the bare bones. Bare-knuckled or barehanded means the gloves are off. Don't walk on glass in bare feet, and don't bare your soul to a con artist. Let's reveal a few good examples of bare:
In our textbooks, there are photos of physicians a century ago performing autopsies with their bare hands. (Salon)
At a bare minimum the crisis cost nearly $20,000 for each American. (New York Times)
If you can't bear to be naked, you can't stand it. Bear is to put up with or carry something, like a burden or a baby. Or both. It's spelled just like the animal. Grin and bear it means to smile during a storm, not to smile and disrobe. The Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution mentions the right to bear arms, and it has nothing to do with tank tops. If a tree bears fruit, you're in luck. Here are some non-furry bears caught in the wild:
But he could not bear to live in their dream without the one who was to share it. (Time)
Your son will still be your son, and your grandchildren your grands, no matter what name they bear. (New York Times)
If you can't bear to remember it all, just imagine a lumbering grizzly carrying a heavy load, and you'll bear this knowledge with glee! If a bear bares his teeth, though, run!
WORD FAMILY
bare: bared, barely, bareness, barer, bares, barest, baring+/baring: barings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Much of the rest of the apartment was bare.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That self-imposed deadline ended on Friday with the majority of the country’s ATMs still bare, and people such as Birja still struggling.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The two promptly put all their possessions in a storage unit and moved into a Texas apartment with the barest of essentials.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 光秃秃的; （房间、柜子等）空的; 赤裸的; 刚好够的
vt. 使赤裸; 使露出; 揭开; 脱（衣服）
时态：bared, baring, bares
分布：赤裸的(45%)，空的(24%)，暴露(22%)，仅有的(6%)，使裸露(3%)
→来自PIE *bhosos, 裸露的，纯粹的。
a.赤裸的,空的;稀少的,仅有的v.露出,暴露I'm rarely aware that the square area is bare.我很少觉察到那个正方形区域是光秃秃的.
【记】ba爸re热－爸热。我爸是开小面的的，整天又出油、又出汗，多亏有了碧浪。不过还是得花钱买，有一天我劝他：“干脆，脱吧（暴露），把您那健壮的体魄展现给乘客，又凉快，又省钱，又省得洗衣服了，最大的好处是生意红火了。”
【反】occult（v 隐藏）
US [ber] adjective
NO CLOTHES 赤裸
 ADVANCED
■without any clothes or not covered by anything 赤裸的；裸体的；无遮蔽的；空的
• Don't walk around outside in your bare feet. 别赤脚在外面到处走。
• There's no carpet in the room, just bare floorboards. 房间里地板裸露，没有铺上地毯。
⇒ See also barefoot
UK [beər] US [ber] adjective
BASIC 基本的
■only the most basic or important 仅最基本的，只有最重要的
• I just packed the bare essentials (= the most basic and necessary things). 我只打包了最基本和最重要的必需品。
• There isn't much time, so I'll just give you the bare facts/details. 时间不多了，我只能给你提供一些最基本的事实／细节。
the bare minimum
■the least possible amount 最低限度，最少量
• She eats only the bare minimum to stay alive. 她吃得极少，仅够活下去而已。
UK [beər] US [ber] adjective
EMPTY 空的 literary
■If a cupboard or room is bare, there is nothing in it. （橱柜或房间）空无一物的
UK [beər] US [ber] adjective
with your bare hands
■without using any type of tool or weapon 赤手空拳，徒手
• He wrestled the lion to the ground with his bare hands. 他徒手将狮子摔倒在地。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb transitive
■to uncover something or make it bare 使赤裸，使暴露，除去…的覆盖物
• The men bared their heads (= took their hats off as a sign of respect) as they entered the church. 男人们走进教堂时都脱掉帽子。
• He became nervous when the dog growled and bared its teeth at him (= showed its teeth to him). 当狗咆哮着，向他龇牙咧嘴时，他变得紧张。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb transitive
bare your heart/soul
■to tell someone your secret thoughts and feelings 打开心扉；倾吐心声
• We don't know each other that well. I certainly wouldn't bare my soul to her. 我们之间并不是那么熟悉，我自然不会向她坦露心扉。
barren, naked, bald, bare
这组词都有“裸露的”的意思，其区别是：
barren: 着重缺少肥力或生活能力，无草无木，荒瘠不毛。
naked: 指全身一丝不挂，暴露无遗。
bald: 指头上无发，山坡无树无草，树顶无叶。
bare: 指缺少必要的遮盖物。用于人时，多指身体的部分裸露。
adj. 空的；赤裸的，无遮蔽的
 - empty, hollow, vacant
vt. 露出，使赤裸
 - show up

Word: captain
Front: captain
[ˈkæptɪn] (中高研四六 3347/1680 -K4)
Vocabulary: captain
(once / 26 pages)
nv
A captain is the person in charge of a group. The captain of a high school soccer team is usually an elected or appointed leader.
The word captain can describe any leader, but it's traditionally been the name for the person on a boat or ship with the highest rank. The captain of a fishing boat is responsible for making decisions about what route to take and how best to avoid bad weather. When she steers the boat, you can say she captains it. The word comes from the Late Latin capitaneus, "chief," from caput, or "head."
WORD FAMILY
captain: captaincy, captained, captaining, captains, captainship+/captaincy: captaincies/captainship: captainships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Adams, a 56-year-old former police captain, now needs a new publicity photo.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is also understood in the industry that captains will organise evacuation efforts - for which they will probably need to stay on board.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
More amused than chastened, Mills said, “It’s two captains with one boat.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 船长，机长; 领袖，首领; 上尉; （美国警察局的）副巡长
vt. 当首领; 统帅或指挥
时态：captained, captaining, captains
分布：船长(65%)，队长(24%)，指挥(5%)，首领(3%)，率领(3%)
→来自词根cap, 头, 词源同chief, cape.
首领;船长[cap,cipit=head,表示"头"]
船长(capt头+ain)[-ain表名词"…人"]
n.首领,队长;船长;上尉v.做...的首领,指挥After the entertainment the captain obtained an entrance fee.娱乐表演之后,船长获得了一笔入场费.
US [-tən] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the person in charge of a ship or an aircraft, or the leader of a sports team 船长；机长；（运动队）队长
• This is your captain speaking. We expect to be landing at London Heathrow in an hour's time. 我是机长。我们预计一小时后在伦敦希斯洛机场降落。
• It's unusual to have a goalkeeper as (the) captain of a football team. 让守门员当足球队的队长是很少见的。
■an officer's rank in the army or navy, or in the US air force, or in the US police and fire departments （陆军或海军）上校；（美国空军的）上尉；（美国警察局的）副巡长；（美国消防署的）中队长
UK ['kæp.tɪn] US [-tən] verb transitive
■to lead and be the captain of a team, military group, ship or aircraft 担任队长（或船长、机长）；率领；指挥
• He captained the England cricket team for 5 years. 他曾担任英格兰板球队的队长五年。
n. 队长，首领； [水运] 船长；上尉；海军上校
 - leader, chief, boss, officer
vt. 指挥；率领
 - officer, boss, lead

Word: dependence
Front: dependence
[dɪˈpendəns] (托 5814/4854 -1)
Vocabulary: dependence
(once / 789 pages)
n
Dependence is a state where someone is heavily reliant on someone or something else. This could mean the dependence of children on parents or an addict on a drug.
Since to depend on someone is to need them, dependence is a state or condition of strong need. There are many kinds of dependence: a dog is in a state of dependence with his master. This word is also often used for drug and alcohol dependence, which is known as addiction. Dependence a strong word for extreme needs: liking something, like chocolate, isn't really dependence. The opposite of dependence is independence: being self-reliant and not needing others.
WORD FAMILY
dependence: dependences+/ depend: dependable, dependant, depended, dependent, depending, depends, interdepend/ dependable: dependability, dependableness, dependably, undependable/ dependant: dependants/ dependency: dependencies/ dependent: dependence, dependency, dependently, dependents, independent / independence: independences/independency: independencies/ independent: independence, independency, independently, independents/interdepend: interdependent / interdependence: interdependences/interdependency: interdependencies/ interdependent: interdependence, interdependency, interdependently/undependable: undependability, undependableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
He bemoans the dependence of most Americans on processed foods and meals prepared by many stores and restaurants that are laden with unhealthful ingredients.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“But that will perpetuate your dependence on me,” he responded, offering to meet with the local loan officer instead.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The mass suspensions laid bare their absolute dependence on disability.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 依赖，依靠; 信任，信赖; [物]依存关系; 依靠之物
分布：依赖(96%)，信赖(3%)，上瘾(1%)
→来自depend,依赖，依靠。
依靠(depend依靠)[-ence表名词"性质,状态"]
【参】dependency（n 依靠；信赖；从属物；从属国）
【反】autonomy（n 自治）
(US also dependance) [dɪ'pen.dənts] (also dependency)
noun [S or U]
 IMPROVER
■when you need something or someone all the time, especially in order to continue existing or operating 依赖，依靠
• The company needs to reduce its dependence on just one particular product. 詃公司需要减少只对一种特定产品的依赖。
• Drug dependence led to her early death. 药物依赖导致她过早死亡。
• She has developed a deep dependence on him (= she needs him emotionally). 她对他产生了深深的依赖。
n. [数] [统计] 依赖；依靠；信任；信赖
 - belief, faith, confidence, trust, credit

Word: generator
Front: generator
[ˈdʒenəreɪtə(r)] (研四六宝 5836/6922 -2)
Back: n. 发电机，发生器; 电力公司; 生产者，创始者; [乐]基础低音
分布：发电机(75%)，发生器(25%)
→来自generate, 产生，生育。
发电机;生殖者(generate+or→产生[电]的东西→发电机)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
发电机(generate产生)[-ator表名词,通常由ate结尾的动词而来,"做事的人或物]
发电机(gener产生)[-or表名词"人或物器",在一些词根前写成"-ator"]
n.发电机,发生器The generous general's genuine genius is in making generators.那位慷慨将军的真正天才在于制造发电机.
US [-ɚ.eɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
■a machine which produces something, especially electricity 产生器；（尤指）发电机
n. [电] 发电机； [计] [制冷] 发生器；生产者
 - producer, electrical machine

Word: globe
Front: globe
[gləʊb] (高研四六 4735/6872 -2)
Vocabulary: globe
(once / 119 pages)
n
A globe doesn't have to be a spherical representation of our planet; it can be anything shaped like one — like a soccer ball or a gumball.
Referring to a round shape, globe is often used interchangeably with sphere, though sphere has another meaning of an area of particular interest or a segment of a particular population. Globe is also another name for planet Earth itself, our lovely third rock from the sun — as in "viewers are tuning in from around the globe."
WORD FAMILY
globe: conglobate, global, globes, globular+/conglobate: conglobated, conglobation/ global: globaler, globalise, globalize, globally/globalise: globalisation/globalize: globalization, globalized, globalizes, globalizing/globular: globularly, globularness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Day previously worked with the U.S. men’s ski team, coaching Ted Ligety to four world titles and two World Cup giant slalom globes.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Boston Globe called “Beginners” “the passive work of a man nervous to touch the third rail of his parents’ discontent.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Thank you again to everyone supporting here, in Atlanta, and all over the globe.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 球，球状物; 地球，世界; 天体; 地球仪
v. （使）成球状
分布：世界(45%)，地球(35%)，地球仪(13%)，球体(7%)
→来自glebh, 球体，成球状，词源同cling, glue. 用来指地球仪。
n.球体,地球仪;地球,世界The plowman slowly blows at the glowing globe.犁地者对着发红的球体慢慢吹气.
US [gloʊb] noun
WORLD 世界
the globe
 ADVANCED only singular
■the world 地球；世界
• His greatest ambition is to sail round the globe. 他最远大的志向就是驾船环球航行。
• She is a superstar all around the globe. 她是一位国际超级巨星。
■ countable
■a map of the world in the shape of a ball, which is fixed to a support and can be turned round at the same angle as the Earth turns in space 地球仪
• She spun the globe, and pointed to the Solomon Islands. 她转动地球仪，然后指向所罗门群岛。
UK [gləʊb] US [gloʊb] noun
ROUND OBJECT 圆形物体
countable
■any ball-shaped object 球状物，球体
countable Australian * a light globe
earth, globe, world
这组词都有“地球”的意思，其区别是：
earth: 指表面有陆地和水，人类所居住行星的名字。有时与“天”相对，泛指“地”。
globe: 指我们生活的地球，但强调其实体和圆形。
world: 通常相当于earth与globe，现多用指地球，地球上的世界，社会和人。
n. [天] 地球；地球仪；球体
 - this earthly round, terra
vt. 使…成球形
 - sphere
vi. 成球状
 - conglobate

Word: mask
Front: mask
[mɑ:sk] (高研四六托雅宝 2893/4312 -3)
Vocabulary: mask
(once / 262 pages)
nv
A mask is a disguise that covers just your face. Your Halloween costume might include a scary monster mask and a furry suit with a tail, or maybe you just wear that for fun.
You can wear a mask to conceal your identity, to dress up as a character for a party or holiday, to scare someone, or to make someone laugh. Robbers sometimes wear masks so they can't be identified, and an actor might wear a mask while playing the role of a rabbit in a play. Other masks are useful, including masks that protect patients from germs and masks that keep skiers' faces warm.
WORD FAMILY
mask: masked, masker, masking, masks, unmask+/masker: maskers/masking: maskings/unmask: unmasked, unmasking, unmasks/unmasking: unmaskings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Goalies wear full padding, but the other players wear sweatpants, jerseys and helmets with face masks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His mask - which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator - features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His mask — which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator — features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 面具; 假面具; 用作掩饰的事物; 护肤膜
vt. 掩饰; 戴面具; 用面具遮住，掩盖，掩饰
vi. 戴面具; 隐瞒，掩饰
时态：masked, masking, masks
分布：面具(55%)，掩饰(18%)，面罩(15%)，伪装(6%)，戴面具(5%)，遮盖(1%)
→来自中古法语masque,护脸，面罩，来自拉丁语masca,面具，鬼怪，幽灵。词源不确定，可能来自mask,黑色的，涂黑，并由该词引申词义巫师，术士等，见mascot.或来自mesh,网，网状物，并引申词义面纱，后来用于指面具，面罩。
n.面具,面罩;假面具,伪装v.掩饰,化装The man in mask asked me for a task; I let him put the basket on the desk in the dusk.戴面具的人向我要任务,我让他在黄昏时把篮子放到桌子上.
【参】masquerade（n 化妆舞会；v 化装）masquer＝mask，ade进攻性
US [mæsk] noun countable
FACE COVER 面罩
 ADVANCED
■a covering for all or part of the face which protects, hides or decorates the person wearing it 面具，面罩
• a gas mask 防毒面具
• a surgical mask 外科手术口罩
• The bank robbers wore masks throughout the raid. 劫匪抢劫银行时一直戴着面罩。
UK [mɑ:sk] US [mæsk] noun countable
APPEARANCE/BEHAVIOUR 外表／行为
■appearance or behaviour that hides the reality 掩饰；伪装
• The newspaper revealed the sordid truth behind his mask of respectability. 报纸揭露了他体面外表下龌龊肮脏的真实嘴脸。
UK [mɑ:sk] US [mæsk] noun countable
sb's mask slips
■If someone's mask slips, they do something which suddenly shows their real character, when they have been pretending to be a different, usually nicer, type of person. （某人）露出真面目
UK [mɑ:sk] US [mæsk] verb transitive
■to prevent something from being seen or noticed 掩饰；掩盖；遮蔽
• I've put some flowers in there to mask the smell. 我在那里放了一些花来掩盖那种气味。
cloak, mask, disguise
这组词都有“伪装”的意思，其区别是：
cloak: 指采取伪装来掩盖或隐藏真实面目或本性或企图。
mask: 本义为“面罩”，引申“掩饰”解时，指掩饰某物的真实性质或存在的伪装。
disguise: 指改变装束或外表以掩饰自己的真面目或冒充他人。有时仅指掩饰感情、动机或意图。
n. 面具；口罩；掩饰
 - blind, face-piece
vi. 掩饰；戴面具；化装
 - dissimulate, make sb up
vt. 掩饰；戴面具；使模糊
 - belie, disguise

Word: warren
Front: warren
[ˈwɒrən] (-/7212)
Vocabulary: warren
(once / 9555 pages)
n
When Bugs Bunny outruns Elmer Fudd and vanishes down his rabbit hole, he's escaping into a warren — a network of underground tunnels where rabbits live.
A warren isn't just the maze-like tunnels where rabbits live. You may encounter a warren of subway tunnels or a warren of interconnected bomb shelters. Bring those narrow paths above ground and cluster them with homes and you have another kind of warren, or a maze-like residential area.
WORD FAMILY
warren: warrener, warrens+/warrener: warreners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Visitors described the structure as a warren of scrap wood, sofas, old pianos and electrical cables.
Washington Times(Dec 05, 2016)
Partygoers described a rabbit warren of rooms crammed with belongings — pianos, organs, antique furniture, doors and half-finished sculptures.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 04, 2016)
Partygoers recalled a rabbit warren of rooms crammed with belongings — pianos, organs, antique furniture, doors and half-finished sculptures.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 03, 2016)
Back: n. 兔穴; 人口拥挤的地区，易迷路的场所
分布：养兔场(80%)，过分拥挤的场所(20%)
→来自wer,覆盖，保护，看管，看护，词源同ward,ware。原义为看管的土地，打猎区，或鸟兽饲养场，后用于指养兔场，兔穴。
US ['wɔ:r-] noun countable (also rabbit warren)
■a series of connecting underground passages and holes in which rabbits live （地下交错相连的）兔子洞窟
■mainly disapproving
■a very crowded and confusing building or part of a city in which it is easy to get lost 拥挤且易使人迷路的建筑物（或部分城区）
• They live on a great concrete warren of a housing estate. 他们住在一个迷宫似的混凝土建造的住宅区里。
n. 养兔场；大杂院；拥挤的地区
 - rabbitry

Word: amend
Front: amend
[əˈmend] (研托雅宝 7371/4585 -2)
Vocabulary: amend
(once / 182 pages)
v
When you amend something, you correct or improve it. If you confused your audience when you gave your speech, don't be afraid to amend what you said.
Amend can also describe adding amendments to an official document, such as a constitution or law. If politicians in your state want to address the growing number of home foreclosures, they might amend the state constitution to include restrictions intended to reduce foreclosures. Amend comes from the Latin word emendare, meaning "to correct, free from fault."
WORD FAMILY
amend: amendable, amendatory, amended, amending, amendment, amends +/ amended: unamended/ amendment: amendments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Branstad spokesman Ben Hammes says the group’s accountant is still gathering information on the contributors and plans to file an amended return disclosing them.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Branstad administration, which promised huge taxpayer savings, offered them more money through an amended rate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He noted that Nevada law bans the state Legislature from amending any ballot initiative for three years after its passage.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 改良，修改; 修订
时态：amended, amending, amends
分布：修正(86%)，改进(14%)
→前缀a-同ex-。词根mend,虚假，缺陷，见mendacious, 虚假的。单词mend, 修理，该词缩写。
改正,改过(a加强+mend→不断改错→改正)[mend=free from fault表示"改错"]
vt.修改,修订,改进The mender recommends me to amend the legend agenda.修理工建议劝告我修改传奇议程.
verb transitive
■to change the words of a text, especially a law or a legal document 修订，修正，修改（法律档等）
• MPs were urged to amend the law to prevent another oil tanker disaster. 下院议员被敦促修订该法律，以防止油轮泄漏灾难再次发生。
• In line 20, 'men' should be amended (= changed) to 'people'. 第20行中的 men 应改为 people。
• Until the constitution is amended, the power to appoint ministers will remain with the president. 在宪法修正之前，总统仍然有权任命部长。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
remedy, correct, rectify, revise, amend
这组词都有“纠正，改正”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 正式用词，通常指在局部范围内进行纠正，尤指对困难或棘手问题的解决。
correct: 指纠正或改正不正确、不真实或有缺点的东西。
rectify: 正式用词，意义较抽象，侧重指彻底改正偏离子正确标准或规则的东西。
revise: 指通过仔细阅读、反复思考后而进行改正、订正或修订，使趋于完善。
amend: 书面语用词。指进行更正或改变，使之更好，符合更高的要求。
vt. 修改；改善，改进
 - modify, to make better
vi. 改正，改善；改过自新
 - go straight, straighten up

Word: saint
Front: saint
[seɪnt] (研四六 4582/7596 -3)
Vocabulary: saint
(once / 74 pages)
nv
A saint is a person who is very holy — or just very good. If you gave all your money away to charity, some people might consider you a saint.
Saint can refer to a person who is officially recognized as holy within a particular faith or religion. However, any person who is considered deeply religious or especially generous could be called a saint. You might say that someone is a saint if they go to religious services every day, or if they spend a lot of time volunteering at a school or at a hospital.
WORD FAMILY
saint: sainted, sainthood, sainting, saintlike, saintly, saints, sanctify +/sainted: saintedly/sainthood: sainthoods/saintly: saintliness/sanctification: sanctifications, unsanctification/sanctified: sanctifiedest, unsanctified/ sanctify: sanctification, sanctified, sanctifies, sanctifying, unsanctify/unsanctify: unsanctifies
USAGE EXAMPLES
When asked whether he’ll be with the Saints next season, he simply responded: “Next question.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Saints drafted Bush with the No. 2 overall pick, and he remains the last running back to be selected so high.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now, more than a decade later, the Saints are a civic treasure and the Chargers on the verge of leaving San Diego.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 圣人般的人（指特别善良、仁爱或有耐性的人）; 圣…（冠于人名、地名之前）; （因其生死言行而被基督教会追封的）圣人; 圣徒
vt. 成为圣徒; 把…视为圣徒
时态：sainted, sainting, saints
分布：圣人(58%)，圣徒(41%)，把 ... 封为圣人(1%)
→来自古法语 saint,圣人，圣徒，来自拉丁语 sanctus,神圣的，封圣的，词源同 sacred,sanctify. 拼写比较 point,puncture.
n.圣人,基督教徒;(S-或St.用于人,地名前)圣I hint that the faint saint painted the printer with a pint of paint.我暗示说虚弱的圣徒用了一品脱油漆涂印刷机.
noun
 IMPROVER countable (written abbreviation St)
■(the title given to) a person who has received an official honour from the Christian, especially the Roman Catholic, Church for having lived in a good and holy way. The names of saints are sometimes used to name places and buildings （基督教教会，尤指天主教教会正式追封的）圣徒，圣者；圣徒头衔（圣徒的名字有时用作地名或建筑物的名称）
• Saint Peter 圣彼得
• St Andrew's school 圣安德鲁学校
• Saint Paul's Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂
countable usually singular
■a very good, kind person 圣人般的人，至善的人，道德高尚的人
• She must be a real saint to stay with him all these years. 这些年来能一直待在他身边，她一定是位大圣人。
• He has the patience of a saint with those kids. 他对那些孩子有着圣人般的耐心。
n. 圣人；圣徒；道德崇高的人
 - sadu, sadhu
adj. 神圣的
 - sacred, divine, blessed, godly

Word: extremism
Front: extremism
[ɪkˈstri:mɪzəm] (13094/21251)
Vocabulary: extremism
(once / 1642 pages)
n
Extremism is a political or religious philosophy that's very far from the mainstream. Because it's so different from the average person's politics. being an anarchist is often considered extremism.
When someone's beliefs are considered to be extreme by most people — if they think, for example, that people should be executed for eating certain foods or using certain words — that person is said to practice extremism, and is labelled an extremist. These words are almost always used in a derogatory way, by people who see themselves as centrist or moderate. The Latin root is extremus, "outermost" or "farthest."
WORD FAMILY
extremism: extremisms, extremist +/ extreme: extremely, extremeness, extremes, extremest, extremism, extremity /extremeness: extremenesses/ extremist: extremists/ extremity: extremities
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the beefs with “Captain Fantastic” is that it promotes an all-or-nothing extremism that rings hollow.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Of cases where an ideology was recorded, just over half related to Islamist extremism, whilst nearly one in 10 were linked to far-right extremism.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
All of them want an Egyptian government that fights Islamic extremism.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 极端主义; 极端性; 过激论，极端论
分布：极端主义(96%)，过激论(4%)
极端主义(extreme极端)[-ism名词1.表示"主义,宗教"2.表示"学术,流派"3.表示"行为,现象,状态"4.表示"疾病"5.表示"具备某种牲质"]
noun uncountable
■when someone has beliefs which most people think are unreasonable and unacceptable 偏激的观点；极端主义
• political extremism 政治上的极端主义
n. 极端主义（尤指政治上的极右或极左）；极端性；过激主义
 - ultraism

Word: guideline
Front: guideline
[ˈgaɪdlaɪn] (研雅 3064/2994 -2)
Vocabulary: guideline
(once / 1486 pages)
n
A guideline is a rule-of-thumb or suggestion that shows or tells you how to behave. If you want to stay healthy, you might want to follow the government's dietary guidelines. Sample guideline: go easy on the salt.
In the 18th century, guideline referred to an actual line that you drew on fabric before cutting. So for example, if you wanted to cut a piece of linen to make a dress, you'd draw a guideline on it first to make sure the incision would be straight. The line guided your cut; over time, the word became a metaphor for a guide to any sort of action.
WORD FAMILY
guideline: guidelines
USAGE EXAMPLES
Federal officials warned the state’s education department in a June letter that they plan to monitor more closely which states comply with the new guidelines.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Johnson said he would lobby the Illinois legislature to reform sentencing guidelines for repeat gun offenders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
While new deadlines, limits and rules will offer guidelines, the real needed change is in the culture.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 指导方针; 指导原则
分布：准则(54%)，指导方针(46%)
→来自guild和line的组合词。
n.指导路线,方针,指标Under the guideline, the output of streamlined seamless liners declines linearly.在该方针的指引下,流线型无缝班机的产量直线下降.
noun countable usually plural
 IMPROVER
■information intended to advise people on how something should be done or what something should be 指导方针；指导原则；准则
• The EU has issued guidelines on appropriate levels of pay for part-time manual workers. 欧盟已经颁布了有关兼职体力劳动者适宜的酬劳标准。

Word: gaming
Front: gaming
[ˈgeɪmɪŋ] (9252/20527 -1)
Back: n. 赌博; 博奕
分布：赌博(96%)，动词game的现在分词.(4%)
noun uncountable
BETTING 赌博
■the risking of money in games of chance, especially at a casino （尤指赌场中进行的）赌钱游戏，赌博
• gaming machines/tables 赌博机／赌桌
['geɪ.mɪŋ] noun uncountable
COMPUTER GAMES 电脑游戏
■the activity of playing video games 玩电子游戏
n. 赌博；赌胜负
 - betting, jeu

Word: interpretation
Front: interpretation
[ɪnˌtɜ:prɪˈteɪʃn] (四六托 2380/1744 -K2)
Vocabulary: interpretation
(once / 352 pages)
n
When your favorite band covers a classic tune, their version is their interpretation — their translation — of the music. Is it better than the original? That's up for interpretation.
Interpretation is the act of explaining, reframing, or otherwise showing your own understanding of something. A person who translates one language into another is called an interpreter because they are explaining what a person is saying to someone who doesn't understand. Interpretation requires you to first understand the piece of music, text, language, or idea, and then give your explanation of it. A computer may produce masses of data, but it will require your interpretation of the data for people to understand it.
WORD FAMILY
interpretation: interpretations+/ interpret: interpretable, interpretation, interpretative, interpreted, interpreter, interpreting, interpretive, interprets, misinterpret, reinterpret / interpretative: interpretatively/ interpreter: interpreters/interpreting: interpretings/ misinterpret: misinterpretation, misinterpreted, misinterpreting, misinterprets/ misinterpretation: misinterpretations/ reinterpret: reinterpretation, reinterpreted, reinterpreting, reinterprets/ reinterpretation: reinterpretations
USAGE EXAMPLES
DJ: "So the interpretation is perhaps different in England?"
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But the scholars were not united in their interpretation.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He consistently challenged traditional interpretations of art and society and connections between the two.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 解释，说明; 翻译; 表演，演绎; 理解
分布：解释(81%)，翻译(14%)，阐释(5%)
US [-ˌtɝ:.prɪ'tˌeɪ-] noun countable or uncountable
FIND MEANING 解释
 ADVANCED
■an explanation or opinion of what something means 解释，阐释；理解
• The dispute is based on two widely differing interpretations of the law. 争论是源于对法律的两种截然不同的解释。
• The rules are vague and open to interpretation. 规则很含糊，可作各种诠释。
• It is difficult for many people to accept a literal interpretation of the Bible. 很多人觉得难以接受对圣经的字面诠释。
UK [ɪnˌtɜ:.prɪ'teɪ.ʃən] US [-ˌtɝ:.prɪ'tˌeɪ-] noun countable or uncountable
EXPRESS 表达
■a particular way of performing a piece of music, a part in a play, etc. （音乐、戏剧角色等的）演绎；演出；表演
• Her interpretation of Juliet was one of the best performances I have ever seen. 她饰演的茱丽叶是我所看过的最出色的演绎之一。
exposition, definition, description, explanation, interpretation
这组词都有“解释”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 通常指对论点、假设、理论等的重点作详尽的阐述。
definition: 主要指对某一词、短语或专门术语的含义作解释、下定义。
description: 指对某一事物的重要方面进行详细叙述，常含教育与启迪意味。
explanation: 普通用词，指使人明白未知或不清楚的事。
interpretation: 多指对文字上较难的段落，或难于理解，令人迷惑的问题作出解释或说明。
translation, interpretation
translation: 翻译，转换
interpretation: 口译，解释
n. [计] 解释； [语] 翻译；演出
 - explanation, translation, construction, account

Word: labor
Vocabulary: labor
(once / 78 pages)
1nv 2nv
Although the word labor seems to suggest tough, physical work that makes you sweat, any type of work, whether physical or mental, can be considered labor.
Labor is usually associated with very hard, physical work, suggesting fatigue and aching muscles. In fact, a woman giving birth is said to be in labor, giving true meaning to the phrase "labor of love." The word can also be used as a verb, as in "He had to labor many years to pay off his debt." That sense of hard work fits in with the Labor Party of some nations, a party generally favored by and supporting the working class.
WORD FAMILY
labor: labored, laborer, laboring, laborious, labors+/ labored: laboredly/ laborer: laborers/ laborious: laboriously, laboriousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
As employees, they would be eligible to press for a range of benefits that would upend the firms’ labor costs and business models.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Andrew Puzder, a restaurant executive set to serve as labor secretary, will face scrutiny for past comments on the minimum wage, among other policies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“We need to demonstrate clearly how this will help labor and the economy in general,” the mayor’s office wrote.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: openness
Front: openness
[ˈəʊpənnəs] (7321/8722)
Back: n. 空旷; 开阔; 公开; 率真
分布：开放(78%)，公开(20%)，空旷(1%)，直率(1%)
→比喻用法。
US ['oʊ-] noun uncountable
■honesty 诚实；坦诚，坦率
• If these discussions are to succeed, we'll need openness from/on both sides. 这些讨论要获得成功，需要我们双方坦诚相见。
n. 公开；宽阔；率真
 - publicity, expanse

Word: loot
Front: loot
[lu:t] (托 10753/14509 -2)
Vocabulary: loot
(once / 1295 pages)
nv
Burglars and pirates handle a lot of loot — otherwise known as stolen money or goods.
One bank robber might say to the other, "You watch the customers! I'm going after the loot!" Loot most often means money, especially the kind of money you didn't get legally. Loot is right up there with booty and swag in the family of words for stolen or pillaged things. When used as a verb, loot refers to the act of stealing, like when an angry mob loots the local grocery store during a riot.
WORD FAMILY
loot: looted, looter, looting, loots+/ looter: looters/looting: lootings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, cash dried up, retail commerce froze, and Maduro suspended the move as rioting and looting erupted.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
When no new bolivar notes appeared to replace the old ones, riots and looting erupted in towns across Venezuela, whose economy was already in shambles.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Long queues outside bank branches, while in some areas supermarkets and shops were looted.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 掠夺物，战利品; （官吏的）赃物，非法收入; 抢劫; 外快
vt. & vi. 抢劫，掠夺; （官吏）贪污
时态：looted, looting, loots
分布：掠夺(44%)，赃物(30%)，洗劫(17%)，掠夺品(9%)
→来自梵语loptram,lotram,打劫，偷来的物品，来自reup,抓，抢，词源同rip,rob.后引申词义战利品。印欧语字母r在与梵语l发生了音变关系，如light对应梵语词rocate,照耀，照明。
verb intransitive or transitive
■(usually of large numbers of people during a violent event) to steal from shops and houses （通常指在暴力事件中集体）抢劫，洗劫
• During the riot shops were looted and cars damaged or set on fire. 在暴乱期间商店遭洗劫，汽车被砸坏或烧毁。
[lu:t] noun uncountable
■money and valuable objects that have been stolen, especially by an army from a defeated enemy （尤指军队的）战利品，掠夺品
n. 战利品；抢劫；掠夺品
 - prize, capture
vt. 抢劫，洗劫；强夺
 - rob of, ransack
vi. 洗劫，掠夺；抢劫
 - prey upon, rob of

Word: loathe
Front: loathe
[ləʊð] (托宝 12607/11256 -1)
Vocabulary: loathe
(once / 823 pages)
v
If you loathe someone or something, you hate them very much. You might not choose to eat raw carrots if you dislike them, but if you loathe them, you might have a hard time even having them on your plate.
This word suggests a strong feeling of disgust. Near synonyms are abhor and detest. The verb loathe descends from Middle English lothen, from Old English lāthian. The related adjective loathsome means "hateful or disgusting," and the adjective loath means "not willing to do something," as in "I'm loath to cheat on a test, but I don't see what choice I have."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
loath / loathe
Confusion between loath ("unwilling or reluctant") and loathe ("to hate") is a growing trend.
What do the following sentences have in common?
But Saudi Arabia isn't the only Muslim country that seems to loath Iran.
Broadcasters are loathe to relinquish control of lucrative cable package services to third party providers.
I'm loathe to put up another Netbook, so let's try this.
Deep Down inside Bud Grant loaths the state of affairs in Minny.
All of them use either loath or loathe incorrectly and all are from trusted publications. The error is a growing trend. Garner's Modern American Usage puts this error at stage 3: "commonplace even among many well-educated people but is still avoided in careful usage."
Loath means to be unwilling or reluctant about something:
For-profit education institutions have been loath to put out that kind of information.
Coalition upper house leader David Davis was loath to speculate on the final outcome in the 40-seat Legislative Council.
Loathe, on the other hand, means to strongly dislike someone or something or find it disgusting:
Love it or loathe it, there's no denying that the holiday season is upon us.
And if voters in general dislike Obamacare, Republican voters positively loathe it.
When it comes to loath and loathe, choose your words with care and avoid a common error.
WORD FAMILY
loathe: loathed, loather, loathes, loathing +/loather: loathers/ loathing: loathings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hopper’s background was in commercial illustration, an occupation that he loathed and that he successfully escaped.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
This is a term that I loathe,” she wrote in 2008’s “Wishful Drinking,” which she transformed into a one-woman show and an HBO documentary.
Salon(Dec 27, 2016)
Edward, who loathes gelatin, declined the pudding, but ate his whipped cream quickly with a spoon and retired to his room.
The New Yorker(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. 憎恨，厌恶（某人、某事物）; [口]极不喜欢（某事物）
时态：loathed, loathing, loathes
分布：厌恶(82%)，憎恶(18%)
→来自loath,厌恶的，-e,动词后缀，词源同bathe,breathe.
US [loʊð] verb transitive
■to hate someone or something 恨，憎恨；厌恶
• From an early age the brothers have loathed each other. 自小时候起，兄弟俩就一直相互厌恶。
• "Do you like fish?" "No, I loathe it." “你喜欢鱼吗？”“不，我讨厌鱼。”
• [+ -ing verb] I loathe doing housework. 我讨厌做家务。
vt. 讨厌，厌恶
 - hate, take a dislike to

Word: restrain
Front: restrain
[rɪˈstreɪn] (研四六托雅宝 6825/5566 -2)
Vocabulary: restrain
(once / 148 pages)
v
Restrain means to hold yourself back, which is exactly what you'd have to do if, after weeks of dieting, you found yourself face to face with a dessert case filled with pies, cakes, and cookies.
Restrain can also mean to restrict or hold back someone else, to prevent someone from doing what they're intending to do. Prison guards have to restrain a prisoner who is trying to attack one of his fellow inmates. That prisoner might even be put in handcuffs — a kind of restraint. You can restrain yourself, for example if you're watching a Broadway show and suddenly feel the urge to sing along. Your fellow audience members would be grateful for your restraint, especially if you've got a terrible voice.
WORD FAMILY
restrain: restrained, restrainer, restraining, restrains, restraint +/ restrained: restrainedly, unrestrained /restrainer: restrainers/restraining: self-restraining/ restraint: restraints, self-restraint, unrestraint/ unrestrained: unrestrainedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Apart from signing Norman, McCloughan was restrained in free agency.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
To restrain Burr, Hamilton wrote Morris, would be “to bind a Giant by a cobweb.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Bates said he mistook his handgun for a stun gun when he shot a restrained Harris during an illegal gun sales sting.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 抑制，压抑; 限定，限制; 制止; 监禁
时态：restrained, restraining, restrains
分布：抑制(88%)，阻止(9%)，束缚(2%)，剥夺(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-strain,拉，词源同 constrain,constrict.即拉回，引申词义限制，约束。
抑制,限制(re回+strain[stirain,striet,string=tighten,表示"拉紧"]
v.(from)抑制,制止Strain brain on the train is restrained.在列车上过度用脑受到约束.
【记】源于：restrict（v 限制；限定）
【反】impel（v 推动；激励）；release（vt 释放；解放）
verb transitive
■to control the actions or behaviour of someone by force, especially in order to stop them from doing something, or to limit the growth or force of something 阻止，制止；遏制
• When he started fighting, it took four police officers to restrain him. 他要是出手打人，要四个员警才能把他制服。
• [R] She was so angry that she could hardly restrain her self. 她气得几乎都控制不了自己了。
• You should try to restrain your ambitions and be more realistic. 你应该尽量控制自己的野心，更现实一些。
• Growth in car ownership could be restrained by increasing taxes. 或许可以透过提高税费来限制汽车保有量的增长。
bridle, check, refrain, curb, inhibit, restrain
这组词都有“阻止、抑制、制止”的意思，其区别是：
bridle: 指抑制住强烈的感情或欲望。
check: 多指阻止前进或继续发展。
refrain: 常指暂时对某种行动或冲动的抑制。
curb: 可指急剧或果断的制止，也可指用严格的方法加以控制。
inhibit: 主要指抑制愿望、情绪或念头，也指制止某物的蔓延。
restrain: 含义广，指用强力或权力去阻止或限制某人做某事。
limit, restrain, bind, confine
limit: （能力或数量上）有限的
restrain: 抑制的，遏制的，可指彻底阻止也可指将……纳入控制、约束之中，强迫意味，可表示自我抑制vt
bind: 有约束力的
confine: （空间上）受限的
constrain, refrain, restrain
constrain: v.强迫，力劝，是及物动词。
 • A law constrains the government from spending more money than it takes in.   法律限制政府开支大于收入。
refrain: v.抑制，禁止，强调抑制一种冲动，是正式用语，为不及物动词，后接介词from。
 • Students refrain from smoking in the classroom.   学生们克制住不在教师抽烟。
restrain: v.抑制，约束，指通过管束阻止某事发生，是及物动词，其习惯用法是restrain sb. (sth.) from doing。
 • She restrains her dog by walking him on a leash.   溜狗时，她牵着狗来限制它的活动。
grant, restrain, bind
grant: 由于慷慨、仁慈而给予某物，通常是应请求人或根据权力要求的人（通常指下级）以某一要求所给予的东西
restrain: 抑制的，遏制的，可指彻底阻止也可指将……纳入控制、约束之中，强迫意味，可表示自我抑制vt
bind: 有约束力的
vt. 抑制，控制；约束；制止
 - possess, regulate, contain, manage, bottle

Word: essence
Front: essence
[ˈesns] (研六托雅 3468/3536 -2)
Vocabulary: essence
(once / 83 pages)
1n 2n
Essence is whatever most sums up the heart and soul of something, its truest most indispensable qualities. The essence of Las Vegas is poker chips and dreams; the essence of Johnny Cash is black clothing and country music.
Essence can be a physical detail, or, just as commonly, the abstract idea or meaning of something. The essence of Lady Chatterly's Lover might be its revolutionary eroticism, or the essence of religion its devotion to God. Essence can also mean the concentrate obtained from a flower or plant for flavoring. If you've chewed strawberry-flavored bubblegum you're probably amazed at how it truly is the very essence of strawberries.
WORD FAMILY
essence: essences, essential +/ essential: essentiality, essentially, essentialness, essentials, inessential, nonessential, unessential/essentiality: essentialities/ inessential: inessentiality, inessentially, inessentials/nonessential: nonessentials/unessential: unessentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
When faced with adversity and disappointment, it is often comforting to look inward to the essence of being.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
The essence of cyberwarfare is precisely that it needs no diplomats.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Secretary Council resolution that in essence would call Israel’s settlements in disputed Palestinian territory as illegal.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 本质，实质; 精华，精髓; 香精
分布：本质(71%)，精髓(17%)，香精(7%)，要素(5%)
→来自es, 是，存在，词源同is ,am, entity.
n.本质,实质Health is the essence of happiness.健康是幸福的本质.
noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■the basic or most important idea or quality of something 本质；实质；要素
• The essence of his argument was that education should continue throughout life. 他的观点的要旨是教育应该持续终生。
• Yet change is the very essence of life. 然而变迁正是人生的本质。
in essence formal
■relating to the most important characteristics or ideas of something 本质上；实质上
• In essence, both sides agree on the issue. 从本质上说，双方在这个问题上的意见是一致的。
be of the essence formal
■to be the most important thing 极其重要；必不可少
• In any of these discussions, of course, honesty is of the essence. 当然，在探讨任何问题时都必须坦诚。
• Time is of the essence. 时间至关重要。
['es.ənts] noun
SMELL/TASTE 气味／味道
countable or uncountable
■a strong liquid, usually from a plant or flower, that is used to add a flavour or smell to something （通常取自植物或花的）香精，香料，精油
• vanilla essence 香草香精
• essence of violets 紫罗兰香精
n. 本质，实质；精华； [化工] 香精
 - substance, truth, principle, entity, texture

Word: cargo
Front: cargo
[ˈkɑ:gəʊ] (研四六托宝 4905/5662 -2)
Vocabulary: cargo
(once / 325 pages)
n
Cargo refers to goods carried by a large vehicle, like a plane, ship, train, or truck. See a giant truck on the highway piled high with boxes, lumber, or new cars? It's carrying cargo.
Cargo originates from the Latin word carricare which means "to load on a cart, or wagon." Cargo can be loaded on a cart, but it's usually loaded on something much bigger. On a ship, cargo is stacked up in huge, colorful metal containers. These containers can be full of all types of cargo, like food, furniture, or electronics. You'll rarely need the plural, but it's formed by adding an -s or more commonly, an -es (cargoes).
WORD FAMILY
cargo: cargoes, cargos, supercargo+/supercargo: supercargoes, supercargos
USAGE EXAMPLES
The statement says once at the gate, an employee of the airline’s ground handling vendor was found in the cargo area.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
SpaceX is tentatively aiming to resume cargo flights to the space station this month.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The corruption doesn’t stop once cargo leaves the port, according to truck drivers.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （船或飞机装载的）货物; 负荷，荷重
分布：货物(95%)，船货(5%)
→来自拉丁词carricare, 装载，词源同car, charge.
n.船货,货物The career carpenter put the cargo on the carbon carpet.职业木匠把货物放到碳质地毯上.
US ['kɑ:r.goʊ] (plural cargoes or cargos)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the goods carried by a ship, aircraft or other large vehicle （轮船、飞机等大型交通工具装载的）货物
• a cargo ship/plane 货船／货运飞机
• The ship was carrying a cargo of wool from England to France. 这艘船正将羊毛货品从英格兰运往法国。
burden, load, cargo
这组词都有“负担，负荷”的意思，其区别是：
burden: 指沉重、令人不快的负担；指精神负担时常有不堪忍受的意味。
load: 普通用词，含义广泛，指人、畜、车、船等负载的东西，指精神负担时，可与burden换用，但无感情色彩。
cargo: 指用轮船、车辆或飞机长距离运载的货物。
n. [贸易] 货物，船货
 - commodity, freight, merchandise

Word: shelve
Front: shelve
[ʃelv] (宝 15772/13808 -1)
Back: vt. 将（书等）放置在架子上; 将…搁在一边; 装搁架于; 罢免
vi. （陆地）逐渐倾斜
时态：shelved, shelving, shelves
分布：搁置(90%)，倾斜(7%)，放在架子上(3%)
→来自 shelf 的动词形式，比较 proof,prove.引申比喻义搁置，中止，停止。
【记】源于：shelf（n 架子）原指搁在架子上不理
verb
DELAY 延迟
transitive
■to not take action on something until a later time 延迟处理，搁置
• I've had to shelve my plans to buy a new car, because I can't afford it at the moment. 我不得不延缓买新车的计划，因为目前我还买不起。
[ʃelv] verb
SHELF 架
transitive
■to put something onto shelves, or to fix shelves somewhere 把…放在架子上；给…装上架子
[ʃelv] verb
SLOPE 斜坡
intransitive specialized
■When a surface such as the bottom of the sea shelves, it slopes down gradually. （海底等平面）逐渐倾斜
• The sea bed shelves gently for several hundred metres. 海床逐渐倾斜了好几百米。
vt. 搁置，将某事放到一旁不予考虑
 - table, leave in the air
vi. 倾斜
 - pitch, slope, lean

Word: organic
Front: organic
[ɔ:ˈgænɪk] (研四六托雅 3070/3457 -2)
Vocabulary: organic
(once / 243 pages)
1adj 2adjn
If you take up organic farming, be sure to use organic fertilizer, not some artificial chemical. Organic describes things that are natural or related to nature.
In common usage, organic is used to mean “healthful” or “close to nature.” It can also describe foods grown without artificial pesticides or fertilizers. In other uses, organic refers to living things or material that comes from living things. In a more medical sense, organic means “relating to the organs of the body,” and in a legal sense, organic describes something that is central to an organization or a government.
WORD FAMILY
organic: inorganic, organically, organicism, organics, organism +/inorganic: inorganically/micro-organism: micro-organisms/microorganism: microorganisms/ organ: organic, organification, organist, organs/organicism: organicistic/ organism: micro-organism, microorganism, organismal, organisms/organist: organists
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the Philippines, he worked in research, advocacy and policy legislation, which led to the development of sustainable organic agriculture to feed the poor.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A crucial element is that these brands commit to buying a certain amount of organic cotton from the farmers at the beginning of the season.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It contrasts line and color, as well as organic and geometric.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 有机（体）的; 有组织的，系统的; 器官的; 根本的
分布：有机的(40%)，器官的(21%)，有机物质(18%)，根本的(12%)，有组织的(6%)，接近自然的(3%)
→来自organ,运行，器官，组织机构。即有组织运行的，后用于指生物有机体，引申词义有机的，有机物的等。
a.器官的;有机的;有机体的Liver is an organic part of human body.肝脏是人体一个有机的组成部分.
US [ɔ:r-] adjective
NO CHEMICALS 无化学品
 ADVANCED
■not using artificial chemicals in the growing of plants and animals for food and other products 有机的，不使用化肥的
• organic food/fruit/farms/farmers 有机食品／有机水果／实行有机栽培的农场／实行有机栽培的农民
UK [ɔ:'gæn.ɪk] US [ɔ:r-] adjective
LIVING 活的
■being or coming from living plants and animals 生物的；有机物的
• A quarter of the contents of an average family's dustbin is organic matter. 一个普通家庭的垃圾桶里有1／4的东西是有机物质。
Opposite inorganic formal
■(of a disease or illness) producing a physical change in the structure of an organ or part of the body （疾病）器质性的，器官的，官能的
UK [ɔ:'gæn.ɪk] US [ɔ:r-] adjective
CARBON 含碳的 specialized
■(of a chemical substance) containing carbon （化学物质）有机的，含碳的
• Organic chemicals are used in the manufacture of plastics, fibres, solvents and paints. 有机化学物用于生产塑胶、纤维、溶剂和油漆。
adj. [生物] [有化] 有机的；组织的；器官的；根本的
 - fundamental, ultimate, radical, underlying

Word: assistant
Front: assistant
[əˈsɪstənt] (高研四六托雅 2706/2875 -K3)
Vocabulary: assistant
(once / 193 pages)
nadj
An assistant is someone that is there to help. If you work 80 hours a week, you might want to think about hiring a personal assistant to pick up your dry cleaning.
The word assistant typically refers to someone who offers assistance. However, in certain professional situations, assistant can mean on a level below, as in "the Assistant District Attorney reports to the District Attorney." Not surprisingly, an assistant provides assistance. However, unlike a slave or an indentured servant, an assistant is paid for his work.
WORD FAMILY
assistant: assistants+/ assist: assistance, assistant, assisted, assisting, assistive, assists/ assistance: assistances/assisted: unassisted
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It is in the national interest of the U.S. to maintain an open investment policy,” said Aimen Mir, Treasury’s deputy assistant secretary for investment security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Joseph is in his 12th year as an NFL assistant.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said Shanahan or any other assistant would be available “at the end of the week” to speak with another team.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 助手，助理; [化学]（染色的）助剂; 辅助物; 店员，伙计
adj. 助理的; 辅助的; 有帮助的; 副的
分布：辅助的(72%)，副的(28%)
助手,助理(assist+ant→帮助之人)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
助手(assist帮助)[-ant 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"…人"3.表名词"…剂"]
a.帮助的,辅助的n.助手,助教;辅助物On the Christmas the Christian's assistant fisted Pistol Piston and twisted his wrist.在圣诞节,基督徒的助手拳击了"手枪活塞"并扭了他的手腕.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who helps someone else to do a job 助手；帮手；助理
• an administrative/office assistant 行政／办公室助理
• an assistant editor/manager 助理编辑／经理
 IMPROVER UK
■someone who works in a shop, selling goods to customers and giving advice about the goods sold in the shop 店员；营业员；售货员
• a sales/shop assistant 售货员／店员
n. 助手， [管理] 助理，助教
 - friend, aid, mate, helper
adj. [纺] 辅助的， [管理] 助理的；有帮助的
 - helpful, useful, subsidiary, auxiliary, aided

Word: childhood
Front: childhood
[ˈtʃaɪldhʊd] (高研四 2107/2746 -3)
Back: n. 童年，儿童时代; 早期
分布：童年(96%)，幼年(4%)
童年[-hood表名词"时期,性质等"]
n.幼年,童年Her early childhood was very happy.她的童年生活的初期曾是很幸福的.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the time when someone is a child 童年；孩童时期，孩提时代
• She had an unhappy childhood. 她的童年很不幸。
• Childhood is not always a happy time. 童年并不总是快乐的时光。
Compare boyhood ; girlhood

Word: collaboration
Front: collaboration
[kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn] (六托雅 4176/4618 -2)
Vocabulary: collaboration
(once / 1729 pages)
n
When you join a group of friends to build a huge sandcastle on the beach, your impressive structure is the result of collaboration, or working together toward a common goal.
Working with another person — or a group of people — to make something together is collaboration. You can also describe the result of your work, like the elaborately decorated cake you made with your best friend, as a collaboration. During World War II, the word collaboration began being used to mean "working traitorously with an enemy," and became a very serious crime.
WORD FAMILY
collaboration: collaborationism, collaborations+/ collaborate: collaborated, collaborates, collaborating, collaboration, collaborative, collaborator/collaborationism: collaborationist/collaborationist: collaborationists/ collaborative: collaboratively/collaborator: collaborators
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story was produced in collaboration with the Trace as part of a partnership to report on exclusive new gun ownership data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But the communication and collaboration wasn’t there, leading to the poor record.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Several areas of the brain act in collaboration in order to receive, process, prioritise and implement real-time data perceived during driving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 合作，协作; 通敌，勾结
分布：合作(96%)，通敌(4%)
协作;合著(col+labor劳动+ation→共同劳动)[col-,cor在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"]
noun
WORKING WITH 合作
countable or uncountable
■when two or more people work together to create or achieve the same thing 合作；协作
• The two playwrights worked in close collaboration (with each other) on the script. 两位剧作家密切合作编写这个剧本。
• The new airport is a collaboration between two of the best architects in the country. 新机场是国内两位顶级建筑师通力合作的成果。
[kəˌlæb.ə'reɪ.ʃən] noun
HELPING AN ENEMY 通敌
uncountable disapproving
■when someone works with an enemy who has taken control of their country 勾结；通敌，叛国
• She was accused of collaboration. 她被指控与敌军勾结。
n. 合作；勾结；通敌
 - synergism, co-operation

Word: counsel
Front: counsel
[ˈkaʊnsl] (研六托雅 3418/6085 -3)
Vocabulary: counsel
(once / 115 pages)
nv
When you give counsel or counsel someone, you give advice. If your neighbor is suing you because your dog keeps eating his begonias, you might seek the counsel of a dog trainer or, if that doesn't work, a lawyer.
You can get professional counsel — from a minister or psychiatrist or someone else trained in counseling — or you can get counsel from anyone you trust. You can ask your stylish friend to counsel you on your hairstyle, or you could write to Dear Abby for counsel on your lovelife. Counsel is also what you call a lawyer who represents you in court. In your begonia-eating dog case, your lawyer would be counsel for the defense.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
council / counsel
A council is meeting for discussion or advice, but to counsel is a verb meaning to give advice. They sound exactly the same, but the language council met and decided to counsel you on how to keep them straight.
Council is a group of people who get together to figure something out, or or a group chosen to give advice, like a student council. Used as an adjective, council describes things related to a council, such as a council candidate or a council room, or a council member:
But the information was often incomplete or conflicting — and council members are now asking the agencies to respond to their queries in writing. (New York Times)
The council is trying to "contain" acts of armed resistance by military defectors and described them as "isolated incidents." (Business Week)
On the other hand, counsel is more slippery; it can act as a noun or a verb. As a noun, counsel is a synonym for advice, but it can also mean the act of giving that advice or refer to a person who gives legal advice. In fact, a lawyer who goes to trial for you is your counsel. That lawyer would counsel you. Here are some counsels in the wild:
He had argued that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. (Reuters)
"Don't go out in the storm tonight," counseled his wife. (Rossiter Johnson)
Before the 16th century, council and counsel were interchangeable, but by the 1500s, council's meaning became restricted to "a meeting" and counsel's "to give advice." The two should not be confused. Never! If you need a verb or a lawyer, use counsel because she'll say something helpful. If you are referring to a meeting or group, choose c for crowd and council.
WORD FAMILY
counsel: counseled, counseling, counselled, counselling, counsellor, counselor, counsels+/ counseling: counselings/counselling: counsellings/counsellor: counsellors, counsellorship/ counselor: counselors, counselorship
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bowman denies he provided ineffective counsel, and lower courts agreed with him.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Other readers proffered contrary counsel for the Trump era.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
She now counsels about 30 Afghans seeking help with mental health and domestic violence issues.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 协商，讨论; 建议; 策略; 法律顾问，辩护人
vt. 劝告，建议; 提供专业咨询
时态：counselled, counselling, counsels
分布：建议(57%)，劝告(37%)，提供建议(4%)，诉讼律师(2%)
→coun-,同con-,强调。-sel, 带来，召集，词源同consult.即召集开会，协商，劝告。
v./n.劝告,忠告n.法律顾问,辩护人His counsel is well-prepared.他的律师作了充分准备.
verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to give advice, especially on social or personal problems （尤指对社会或个人问题）建议，劝告，忠告
• The police have provided experts to counsel local people affected by the tragedy. 警方请来专家对受该惨案影响的当地居民提供咨询服务。
• My job involves counselling unemployed people on/about how to find work. 我的工作是向失业者提供就业咨询。
['kaʊnt.səl] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable formal
■advice 建议；劝告；忠告
• I should have listened to my father's wise counsel, and saved some money instead of spending it all. 我本该听从父亲的明智忠告，把钱省下一些而不是挥霍一空。
 ADVANCED countable legal
■one or more of the lawyers taking part in a law case 律师
• The judge addressed counsel. 法官向律师问了话。
• Counsel for the defence (= the lawyer giving advice to the accused person) argued convincingly that his client was not guilty. 被告律师为其当事人作了颇有说服力的无罪申辩。
['kaʊnt.səl] noun
keep your own counsel
■to not say what your opinions are 不透露自己的意见；不发表自己的观点
• I'd love to know what Anna thinks about things, but she always keeps her own counsel. 我想知道安娜对事情的看法，可她总不发表意见。
warn, caution, advise, admonish, counsel
这组词都有“劝告、忠告、警告”的意思，其区别是：
warn: 含义与caution相同，但语气较重，尤指重后果。
caution: 主要指针对有潜在危险而提出的警告，含小心从事的意味。
advise: 普通用词，泛指劝告，不涉及对方是否听从劝告。
admonish: 一般指年长者或领导对已犯错误的或有过失的人提出的忠告或警告以避免类似错误。
counsel: 正式用词，语气比advise强一些，侧重指对重要问题提出的劝告、建议或咨询。
coax, urge, persuade, induce, counsel, convince
这组词都有“劝说，劝导，劝诱”的意思，其区别是：
coax: 指用好话善意或耐心劝诱、哄骗某人做某事。
urge: 语气强，指不断地热情地规劝诱导。
persuade: 普通用词，指通过劝说、感情交流等而使对方做劝说者所希望的事。
induce: 指用讲道理来使某人做某事。
counsel: 较正式用词，指对一些较重大事情所提出的劝告。有时也用于非正式场合，但仍强调严肃的一面。
convince: 指凭行动、事实或言语使他人从思想感情上信服。
advocate, attorney, counsel, lawyer
这组词都有“律师”的意思，其区别是：
advocate: 专指以罗马法律的基本法制的一些国家的(如苏格兰等)和一些特别法庭的律师；也可指出庭辩护的律师。
attorney: 主要用于美国，指代理当事人处理遗嘱检验等法律事务的律师，有时可与lawyer通用，泛指辩护律师。
counsel: 指单独或集体为当事人提供咨询或出庭处理案件的法律顾问或律师。
lawyer: 普通用词，指精通法律规则并有权以法律代理人或顾问身份在法庭上执行法律或为委托人服务的人。
n. 法律顾问；忠告；商议；讨论；决策
 - advice, discussion
vt. 建议；劝告
 - agree to sb, make suggestions

Word: offend
Front: offend
[əˈfend] (研四六雅宝 5207/5542 -K2)
Vocabulary: offend
(once / 101 pages)
1v 2v
If you hurt someone's feelings, you offend that person. You might accidentally offend your friend when you joke about the worst restaurant in town, not realizing it's her favorite place to eat.
If you do something that makes another person resent you, you offend them. Your friends might not mind because you're so humble, but it could offend other classmates when the teachers always pick you for awards and honors. You also offend when you cause disgust or distaste. After your week of camping — and not showering — your smell will probably offend the nose of anyone who has to sit near you.
WORD FAMILY
offend: offended, offender, offending, offends, offensive +/counteroffensive: counteroffensives/ inoffensive: inoffensively/ offended: offendedly/ offender: offenders/offending: unoffending/ offensive: counteroffensive, inoffensive, offensively, offensiveness, offensives/unoffending: unoffendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The online reaction to the puzzle was swift, though it seemed more people were entertained than offended.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
“Trump letting this heretic pray in Jesus’s name should offend every Bible believing Christian.”
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
“I call it the tyranny of the offended,” she said.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 触怒; 得罪，冒犯; 使反感令人不适
vi. 犯规，触犯
时态：offended, offending, offends
分布：冒犯(80%)，违反(12%)，犯罪(7%)，令人不适(1%)
→of-,向前，朝向，-fend,攻击，词源同defend,manifest.引申词义进攻，冒犯。
冒犯,得罪(of一再+fend→一再打击[别人]→得罪)[fend,fens=strke,表示"打击"]
v.犯罪,冒犯,违反,得罪,使...不愉快The offensive offender defended himself with the fence.那个讨厌的触犯者用篱笆自卫.
verb
UPSET 冒犯
 IMPROVER transitive
■to make someone upset or angry 冒犯；触犯；得罪；惹恼
• [+ that] I think she was a bit offended that she hadn't been invited to the party. 没有邀请她参加聚会，我觉得她有点生气。
• He looked a bit offended when you called him middle-aged. 你称他为中年人时，他看上去有些不快。
• If the sight of a few dirty dishes offends you, then I think you've got problems! 如果看到几个脏碟子就让你不舒服，那么我想你有问题了！
[ə'fend] verb
COMMIT CRIME 犯罪
intransitive legal
■to commit a crime 犯罪，违法
• Obviously if a police officer offends it's a fairly serious matter. 显然，员警如果犯罪那可是件相当严重的事情。
[ə'fend] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  offend against sth formal
■to break, or to be in opposition to, a rule or principle or something that people consider to be correct 违反，触犯（规则）；违背（常理）
• Do you suppose it would be offending against good taste to wear a patterned tie with my striped shirt? 你觉得打一条有图案的领带来配我的条纹衬衫是否有些不伦不类？
offend, insult
这两个动词均含“得罪或激怒某人”之意。
offent: 普通用词，指一般地伤害他人感情，使其不愉快。
insult: 语气强，指肆无忌惮地侮辱，使其难堪或羞愧。
vt. 冒犯；使…不愉快
 - give offense, gross out
vi. 违反；进攻；引起不舒服
 - vary, be in breach of

Word: inmate
Front: inmate
[ˈɪnmeɪt] (4097/7246 -2)
Vocabulary: inmate
(once / 618 pages)
n
An inmate is a person who lives in a specific place, especially someone who's confined there, like a prisoner. You can call yourself an Inmate if you get sent to your room, but usually inmates are behind bars in "the big house."
You can talk about a hospital inmate or the inmates at a local boarding school, but it's most common to use inmate and prisoner interchangeably. Originally, in the 16th century, an inmate was "one allowed to live in a house rented by another" — a roommate who's not on the lease, in other words. This meaning comes from in and mate, "friend or companion." By the 1830s, inmate had come to mean "one confined to an institution."
WORD FAMILY
inmate: inmates
USAGE EXAMPLES
“They didn’t even say her name,” one inmate angrily says after overhearing the news conference.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
At the time of this weekend’s riot, the Anisio Jobim prison housed three times as many inmates as it was designed to hold, officials said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
There are 59 federal inmates facing such sentences, according to the Bureau of Prisons.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 同居者; 居民; （监狱里的）犯人
分布：犯人(67%)，同住者(25%)，居民(8%)
→in-,在内，在里，mate,伴侣。现主要用于指精神病友，狱友。
noun countable
■a person who is kept in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill （监狱中的）囚犯；（精神病院中的）病人
n. 居民；同住者
 - liver, resident, dweller, inhabitant

Word: favourable
Front: favourable
[ˈfeɪvərəbl] (四六 28013/4359 -2)
Back: adj. 顺利的，良好的; 有利的; 赞许的; 给人好印象的
分布：良好的(72%)，赞成的(16%)，有用的(12%)
US [-vɚ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■showing that you like or approve of someone or something 称赞的；赞同的
• We have had a favourable response to the plan so far. 到目前为止，关于此计划我们得到的回馈是正面的。
 ADVANCED
■making you support or approve of someone or something 赢得赞许的；讨人喜欢的
• She made a very favourable impression on us. 她给我们留下的印象非常好。
 ADVANCED
■giving you an advantage or more chance of success 有利的；有助益的
• favourable weather conditions 有利的天气条件
favourable, lucky, happy, fortunate
这组词都有“有利的，好运的，顺利的”的意思，其区别是：
favourable: 普通用词，指预示从良好的结果中能得到明显好处，有利于达到目的。
lucky: 多指偶然机遇中的有利或幸运情况。
happy: 侧重指不是通过某种机会，而是凭借鉴另和选择手段而得到利益与好处。有时也指偶然得到的好处，但强调的是有利的结果。
fortunate: 指目前已存在的成功或有利情况，或指因好运或机会带来的成功和喜悦。
adj. 有利的，顺利的；赞成的
 - beneficial, advantageous, smooth
n. 有利
 - adventage, profitableness

Word: spike
Front: spike
[spaɪk] (托宝 7383/7843 -2)
Back: n. 长钉; 细高跟; （防滑）鞋钉; 尖状物
vt. 加烈酒于; 以大钉钉牢; 用尖物刺伤; 打乱某人的计划
时态：spiked, spiking, spikes
分布：穗(55%)，峰值(16%)，长钉(12%)，钉鞋(6%)，尖状物(5%)，以大钉钉牢(2%)，穗状花(2%)，用尖物刺伤(1%)，使 ... 失效(1%)
→可能来自中古瑞典语 spijk,钉子，来自 Proto-Germanic*spikaz,钉子，来自 spei,尖刺，尖 头，词源同 spire,spoke,pin.词义麦穗来自该印欧词根衍生的拉丁语 spica,麦穗，穗状花序。
【记】源于：pike（n 矛；长枪）。Pike派克?西布伦?蒙哥马利是美国陆军军官和探险者。曾经征服阿肯色河到洛矶山的地区，在此过程中他使用了一支长矛，并征服了现在以他命名的派克峰。
noun countable
■a narrow thin shape with a sharp point at one end, or something, especially a piece of metal, with this shape 尖头，尖刺；（尤指金属的）尖状物
• There were large spikes on top of the railings to stop people climbing over them. 栏杆顶端装着粗大的尖钉，防止有人攀越。
• Some types of dinosaur had sharp spikes on their tails. 有些种类的恐龙尾部有锋利的尖突。
spikes
■a set of short pointed pieces of metal or plastic fixed to the bottom of shoes worn for particular sports, which stop the person wearing the shoes from sliding on the ground, or shoes with these pointed pieces （某些运动鞋上的）防滑鞋钉；钉鞋
[spaɪk] verb transitive
STOP 阻止 informal
■to decide not to publish an article in a newspaper 拒绝刊登；弃置（文章）不用
• The story was deemed too controversial and so they spiked it. 他们认为这篇报导争议太大而拒绝刊登。
[spaɪk] verb transitive
MAKE STRONGER 使更浓烈
■to make a drink stronger by adding alcohol, or to add flavour or interest to something 将烈酒掺入（饮料）；使增添风味（或趣味）
• She claimed that someone had spiked her drink with whisky. 她声称有人在她的饮料里加了威士卡。
• The pasta was served in a cream sauce spiked with black pepper. 义大利面配的是黑胡椒鲜奶油酱。
• His writing is spiked with humour. 他的文章中带有幽默诙谐的味道。
[spaɪk] verb transitive
HIT 击
■in the sport of volleyball , to hit the ball so that it goes almost straight down on the other side of the net （排球运动中）扣（球）； 杀（球）
[spaɪk] verb transitive
POINT 尖
■to push a sharp point into something or someone 用尖物刺入；刺穿
• She got badly spiked when one of the runners trod on her heel. 一名跑步选手踩在她脚后跟上，她被严重扎伤了。
[spaɪk] verb transitive
spike sb's guns
■to spoil someone's plans 打乱（某人）的计划
• We wanted to build an extra room onto the side of our house, but our neighbours spiked our guns. 我们想在房子旁加盖一个房间，但邻居们打乱了我们的计划。
n. 长钉， [铁路] 道钉；钉鞋；细高跟
 - crampoon
vt. 阻止；以大钉钉牢；用尖物刺穿
 - stem, block, dispute, prohibit, discourage

Word: profound
Front: profound
[prəˈfaʊnd] (研六托雅宝 3735/4372 -2)
Vocabulary: profound
(once / 155 pages)
adj
When you need a word that's deeper than "deep," consider profound.
Profundus meant literally "deep" in Latin, and profound had the same meaning when it entered English in the 14th century. But even then, it also meant "figuratively deep" — that is, very great or intense: "The new laws have had a profound impact." Of people, it means "very knowledgeable or insightful," but sometimes if a person tries to sound profound they're really just giving you superficial knowledge dressed up with big words.
WORD FAMILY
profound: profounder, profoundest, profoundly, profoundness, profundity +/profoundness: profoundnesses/ profundity: profundities
USAGE EXAMPLES
I’m hopeful that 2017 will see the flickering resurgence of outdoor civic spaces blossom into something more profound and lasting.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“They were in a very difficult and trouble-filled public school district,” Bown said, “And the effect on the family was very profound.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The liberal international order is facing a profound moment of crisis as the year begins.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 深厚的; 意义深远的; 严重的; 知识渊博的
n. 〈诗〉深海，大洋; 深渊; （灵魂）深处
级别：profounder, profoundest
分布：深奥的(33%)，渊博的(28%)，意义深远的(28%)，极度的(11%)
→来自拉丁语profundus,深的，无底的，来自pro-,向前，朝向，fundus,底部，词源同fundamental,bottom.引申词义深邃的，深远的等。拼写受found影响。
深刻的,深远的(pro前面+found→有基础在前面→有根基的,深刻的)[found,fund=base,表示"基础"]
a.深刻的,意义深远的;渊博的,造诣深的Abundance doesn't mean redundance. The hound found a profound book on the roundabout.充裕并不意味多余.猎犬在旋转木马上找到一本深奥的书.
【记】pro向前，found底部：深的
【反】shallow（adj 浅的；浅薄的）
adjective
EXTREME 极度的
■felt or experienced very strongly or in an extreme way 强烈的；深沉的；极度的
• His mother's death when he was aged six had a very profound effect on him. 他六岁时母亲的过世对他的影响很大。
• The invention of the contraceptive pill brought about profound changes in the lives of women. 避孕药的发明为女性的生活带来了重大变化。
• Those two lines of poetry express perfectly the profound sadness of loss. 那两行诗贴切表达了失去亲人的深切悲痛。
• My grandfather has a profound mistrust of anything new or foreign. 我祖父对任何新生或外来事物有一种根深柢固的不信任。
• There was a note of profound irritation in his voice. 他的语气中带有强烈恼怒。
[prə'faʊnd] adjective
SHOWING UNDERSTANDING 表示理解
■showing a clear and deep understanding of serious matters 造诣深的；思想深邃的
• profound truths/wisdom 深奥的真理／博大的智慧
• The review that I read said that it was 'a thoughtful and profound film'. 我看过的评论说它是一部“有创意、有深度的电影”。
• "Dying is easy - it's living that's the problem." "That was very profound of you, Steven." “死很容易——活下去才是难题。”“史蒂文，你的话真深奥！”
profound, deep
这组词都有“深的”的意思，其区别是：
profound: 语气较强，较为庄重，多指抽象的事物，多用于比喻。
deep: 普通用词，指由上到下，或由表及里的深度，可指具体或抽象事物。
adj. 深厚的；意义深远的；渊博的
 - encyclopedic, cyclopaedic

Word: accountability
Front: accountability
[əˌkaʊntə'bɪlətɪ] (宝 4799/5194)
Vocabulary: accountability
(once / 3744 pages)
n
If you take responsibility for your own actions, you show accountability. Stepping up and admitting it when you break something shows accountability.
Accountability is a noun that describes accepting responsibility, and it can be personal or very public. A government has accountability for decisions and laws affecting its citizens; an individual has accountability for acts and behaviors. Sometimes, though, taking accountability means admitting you made a mistake. Punishment may result, but accountability shows ownership and a willingness to admit mistakes.
WORD FAMILY
accountability: accountabilities+/ account: accountable, accountant, accounted, accounting, accounts/ accountable: accountability, accountably, unaccountable / accountant: accountancy, accountants, accountantship/ accounting: accountings/ unaccountable: unaccountablest, unaccountably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The goal should be accountability, not automatic opposition.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
This is where an accountability partner, someone who shares your resolution, is important.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They spend $3.5 million yearly but “do not provide oversight or accountability,” the report said.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 有责任，有义务，可说明性; 会计责任; 可计量性; 责任制
分布：有责任(80%)，有义务(20%)
【记】accountable（adj 应负责任的；有责任的）
ADJ-GRADED
有责任的；应作解释的
If you are accountable to someone for something that you do, you are responsible for it and must be prepared to justify your actions to that person.
例：Public officials can finally be held accountable for their actions...终于要对政府官员实行问责了。
例：The major service industries should be accountable to their customers.主要的服务行业应该对它们的顾客负责。
n. 有义务； [审计] 有责任；可说明性
 - duty bound

Word: glory
Front: glory
[ˈglɔ:ri] (高研四六 4113/3797 -2)
Vocabulary: glory
(once / 46 pages)
1nv 2n
Glory is brilliant, radiant beauty. You might admire a princess in all her glory, since she seems almost too gorgeous to be real.
Glory is also a term that is sometimes used in a religious way. It means the glow or light that appears around the head of a holy person or saint, like a halo. Another use of glory is a state of high honor gained from great achievements. If you have heard the expression "you're in your glory," it means that you are very happy and proud — you must have reached one of your big goals.
WORD FAMILY
glory: gloried, glories, glorify, glorious, glorying+/glorification: glorifications/ glorify: glorification, glorified, glorifies, glorifying/ glorious: gloriousest, gloriously, inglorious / inglorious: ingloriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lincoln once commented that there was no glory in the presidency, only “ashes and blood.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But he was also suspicious of his own urge to glory in that desecration.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Little Mix's album Glory Days ends the year as the number one album.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 光荣，荣誉; 壮观，壮丽; （对上帝的）赞颂; 非常美的事物
vi. 得意，自豪; 骄傲
时态：gloried, glorying, glories
分布：荣誉(44%)，光荣(34%)，自豪(10%)，壮丽(7%)，赞颂(5%)
→来自拉丁语gloria, 名声，颂扬。原指神或耶稣的荣光，对神的颂扬。词源不详，可能来自call, 呼喊，呼叫，对神的呼唤。
n.光荣,荣誉He is in his glory now.他现在正得意时.
US ['glɔ:r.i] noun
ADMIRATION/PRAISE 赞美
 ADVANCED uncountable
■praise and thanks, especially as given to God （尤指对上帝的）赞颂，赞美，感激
• Glory be to God! 荣耀属于上帝！
• He dedicated his poetry to the glory of God. 他把自己的诗作敬献给无上荣耀的上帝。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■great admiration, honour and praise which you earn by doing something successfully 光荣；荣耀
• He revelled in the glory of scoring three goals in the final 8 minutes. 比赛的最后八分钟，他连进三球，这种荣耀令他陶醉不已。
• This was her final professional match, and she wanted to end her career in a blaze of glory. 这是她最后一场职业比赛，她想给自己的运动生涯画上一个荣耀炫目的句号。
countable
■an important achievement which earns someone great admiration, honour and praise 给人荣耀的事；值得称赞的事；引以为豪的成就
• The reunion is an opportunity for the soldiers to remember their past glories. 这次重聚给了老兵们一个缅怀他们昔日赫赫战功的机会。
UK ['glɔ:.ri] US ['glɔ:r.i] noun
BEAUTY 美
countable or uncountable
■great beauty, or something splendid or extremely beautiful, which gives great pleasure 壮丽；辉煌；灿烂
• They want to restore the castle to its former glory. 他们想重现城堡昔日雄伟壮观的面貌。
• The garden in all its glory is now open to the public. 绚丽多姿的公园现已对公众开放。
UK ['glɔ:.ri] US ['glɔ:r.i] noun
bask / bathe in reflected glory
■to feel successful and admired for something, despite the fact that you did not achieve it yourself but were only connected to it in some way 因为别人的成就而沾光；分享别人的荣誉而沾光；分享别人的荣誉
• The government is bathing in the reflected glory of its victorious military forces. 军队的辉煌胜利给政府增光不少。
UK ['glɔ:.ri] US ['glɔ:r.i] noun
cover yourself in/with glory
■to be very successful and earn admiration 功成名就；取得很大成功；赢得赞赏
• He didn't exactly cover himself with glory in his last job. 他最后的一份工作并没有真正让他功成名就。
UK ['glɔ:.ri] US ['glɔ:r.i] noun
crowning glory
■the greatest or most beautiful thing 最好的事物；最为壮观的事物；最美丽的事物
• The ballroom is the crowning glory of the palace. 宫殿中最壮观的莫过于舞厅了。
• Her hair is her crowning glory. 她的头发最令她引以为豪。
UK ['glɔ:.ri] US ['glɔ:r.i] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  glory in sth
■to feel or show that you are very proud and happy about something 因…而自豪；为…而欣喜；因…而得意
• He is still glorying in the success of his first Hollywood film. 他仍然陶醉于他的第一部好莱坞电影所取得的成功。
• She glories in the fact that she's much better qualified than her sister. 她比她的妹妹优秀得多，因此甚为得意。
renown, honour, fame, glory, reputation
这组词都有“名声，名誉”的意思，其区别是：
renown: 指远近闻名的声誉。
honour: 侧重指因高尚的举止，忠心或诚实而受到公众钦佩和崇敬，得到好名声和荣誉。
fame: 普通用词，含义广，一般指好名声，可大可小，可远可近。
glory: 指因功绩卓著而获得的令人称颂的光荣或荣誉地位。
reputation: 通常指熟悉某人或某地的人对该人、该地的看法，可好可坏。
n. 光荣，荣誉；赞颂
 - honor, accolade
vi. 自豪，骄傲；狂喜
 - full of oneself, pride

Word: curious
Front: curious
[ˈkjʊəriəs] (高研四六托 3112/3304 -K3)
Vocabulary: curious
(once / 47 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you’re curious, you really want to know something — like the secret ingredient that makes these cookies so crunchy. You may wish you hadn’t been so curious when you find out it’s roasted crickets.
Curious describes someone who is eager to find out answers and to explore and learn. A curious student asks lots of questions. A curious little monkey, like the famous Curious George from the children’s book series, may be so curious to know how a clock works that he breaks it trying to get a closer look inside. Curious can also describe something unusual, like a house that is painted a curious shade of purple.
WORD FAMILY
curious: curiosity, curiouser, curiousest, curiously, curiousness, incurious, overcurious+/ curiosity: curiosities/ incurious: incuriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I was simply curious,” said Heike Winter after the concert.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Several curious children stopped by to see the instrument up close, and Vaughn was happy to oblige.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ditch your expectations before beginning the journey and keep an open and curious mind.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 好奇的; 好求知的; 奇妙的; 稀奇的
分布：好奇的(77%)，奇特的(23%)
→来自cure, 关心，关切。
好奇的(cur+ioys...的→关心的,好奇的)[cur=care,表示"关心"]
好奇的(cur关心+ious)[-ious表形容词"…的"]
a.好奇的,求知的,古怪的,爱挑剔的The furious obscure curer is curious to secure the curly-curved mercury curiosity.盛怒的不出名治疗者渴望弄到这种带卷曲曲线的水银珍品.
US ['kjʊr.i-] adjective
INTERESTED 感兴趣的
 ADVANCED
■interested in learning about people or things around you 好奇的；好打听的
• I was curious to know what would happen next. 我很好奇想知道接下来会发生甚么事。
• Babies are curious about everything around them. 婴儿对周围的一切都很好奇。
• "Why did you ask?" "I was just curious." “你为甚么要问？”“好奇而已。”
UK ['kjʊə.ri.əs] US ['kjʊr.i-] adjective
STRANGE 奇特的
■strange and unusual; peculiar 稀奇的，古怪的，不寻常的
• There was a curious -looking man standing outside. 外面站着个长相古怪的男人。
• A curious thing happened to me yesterday. 昨天我碰到件怪事。
• It's curious (that) Billy hasn't phoned when he promised he would. 比利说他会打电话来，可是还没打过来，真蹊跷。
eccentric, peculiar, strange, queer, curious, crazy, funny, odd, singular, quaint
这组词都有“奇怪的，奇异的，新奇的”的意思，其区别是：
eccentric: 指偏离常规的怪异或怪癖。
peculiar: 侧重令人奇怪的或独一无二的特性，也指性格特征方面显著的与众不同之处。
strange: 普通常用词，含义广泛，指陌生新奇、奇怪、奇怪或不自然的人或物。
queer: 指一种无法解释的怪诞，强调事物的奇特和不可思议。
curious: 通常指非常特别或能引起注意、研究或探索的奇特。
crazy: 多指与众不同的行为、外表或人与物本身，含荒唐可笑或神经不正常的意味。
funny: 较通俗用词，指奇怪得滑稽可笑或反常。
odd: 通常指不规律、偶尔出现的人或事物，往往令人困惑或奇怪。
singular: 通常指异常或奇特，暗含不同于一般。
quaint: 指古色古香，会人感到既奇怪又有趣。
adj. 好奇的，有求知欲的；古怪的；爱挑剔的
 - critical, odd

Word: lover
Front: lover
[ˈlʌvə(r)] (研四 2781/2765 -K3)
Back: n. 爱好者，嗜好者; 情人; 情妇，情夫; 情侣
分布：情人(82%)，爱好者(18%)
n.爱好者;(pl.)情侣He is her lover.他是她的情夫.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the person you are having a sexual relationship with, but are not married to 情人，恋人
• They were friends before they became lovers. 他们最初是朋友，后来成了情人。
• She had a string of lovers before her marriage finally broke up. 她离婚前有很多情人。
 ADVANCED
■someone with a strong liking for something 爱好者，喜好者
• an opera lover 歌剧爱好者
• nature lovers 热爱大自然的人
n. 爱人，恋人；爱好者
 - fan, hon

Word: pleasure
Front: pleasure
[ˈpleʒə(r)] (中高托雅 1882/1613 -K3)
Vocabulary: pleasure
(once / 42 pages)
1n 2n
Pleasure is a general term for good feelings. People get pleasure from eating, sleeping, watching TV, or anything else they enjoy.
Pleasure is the opposite of pain. Pain feels bad, but pleasure feels good. People talk about sexual pleasure, but that's just one kind. People get pleasure from delicious foods, great movies, beautiful music, and all sorts of other things. Something as small as a comfortable chair and something as big as your candidate being elected President can bring pleasure. If you had a good time hosting your friends for lunch, you can tell them "It was a pleasure."
WORD FAMILY
pleasure: pleasurable, pleasures+/ displease: displeased, displeases, displeasing, displeasure/displeased: displeasedly/displeasing: displeasingly/displeasure: displeasures/pleasance: pleasances/ pleasant: pleasance, pleasanter, pleasantest, pleasantly, pleasantness, unpleasant /pleasantness: pleasantnesses/ please: displease, pleasant, pleased, pleaseed, pleaser, pleases, pleasing, pleasure /pleased: pleaseder, pleasedly/pleaser: pleasers/pleasing: pleasinger, pleasingly, pleasingness, pleasings, unpleasing/ pleasurable: pleasurablest, pleasurably/ unpleasant: unpleasanter, unpleasantest, unpleasantly, unpleasantness/unpleasantness: unpleasantnesses/unpleasing: unpleasingly, unpleasingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
I’ll keep the details vague; anyone inclined to seek out this movie’s dread-soaked pleasures may as well take their poison straight.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
A word of warning: This is not exactly a pleasure cruise.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
I’ve smoked hastily, and other times slowly and with pleasure.
The New Yorker(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 愉快; 娱乐; 令人高兴的事
vt. 使高兴; 使满意
vi. 觉得高兴，享受; 寻欢作乐
分布：高兴(58%)，愉快(34%)，使高兴(4%)，享受快乐(3%)，快事(1%)
→来自please,请，使愉悦。
n.愉快,快乐;乐事,乐趣Please release that pleasant peasant teaser who brings us plenty of pleasure.请释放那个带给我们巨大快乐的友好的农民逗趣者.
US [-ɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■enjoyment, happiness or satisfaction, or something that gives this 愉快，欢乐；满意；欣慰；乐事
• His visits gave his grandparents such pleasure. 他来探望爷爷奶奶，这让他们非常开心。
• Why do so many boys take pleasure in torturing insects and small animals. 为甚么有这么多的男孩子喜欢以虐待昆虫和小动物为乐？
• [+ to infinitive] It was such a pleasure to meet you. 见到你很荣幸。
• He wrote an article on the pleasures and pains of camping. 他写了一篇关于露营甘苦的文章。
• Smoking is one of my few pleasures. 抽烟是我不多的乐趣之一。
UK ['pleʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable or uncountable
at His/Her Majesty's pleasure UK legal
■Someone who is put in prison at His/Her Majesty's pleasure is kept there until it is officially decided that it is safe to release them 留置；坐牢
• He was declared insane and ordered to be detained in a mental hospital at Her Majesty's pleasure. 他被指患精神病，被拘禁在一所精神医院。
UK ['pleʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable or uncountable
it's a pleasure (also it's my pleasure)
■a polite way of replying to someone who has thanked you 不客气
• "It was so kind of you to give us a lift." "Don't mention it - it was a pleasure." “你真是太好了，让我们搭便车。”“这没甚么，不用客气。”
UK ['pleʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable or uncountable
with pleasure formal
■ willingly 非常愿意
• "Would you mind holding the door open for me, please?" "Oh, with pleasure." “麻烦你帮我扶住门别让它关上好吗？”“哦，乐意之至。”
enjoyment, joy, pleasure, fun, rapture, dlight
这组词都有“愉快、快乐、高兴”的意思，其区别是：
enjoyment: 比pleasure, joy和delight的语气轻，但更着重行为或乐事的本身，而不是感情。
joy: 语气弱于rapture，强于pleasure，多指情感充溢，喜形于色的强烈的欢乐情绪。
pleasure: 最普通常用词，常指不表露出来的满意或喜悦情绪，也指强烈的愉快或兴奋感。
fun: 普通用词，指任何能给予喜悦的娱乐，或指娱乐本身。
rapture: 书面语用词，指极端的欣喜、大喜或狂喜。
dlight: 指强烈的、活泼的、显而易见的快乐和高兴。
n. 快乐；希望；娱乐；令人高兴的事
 - entertainment, wish, hope, joy, promise
vt. 使高兴；使满意
 - glad, satisfy
vi. 高兴；寻欢作乐
 - be pleased, rejoice

Word: furthermore
Front: furthermore
[ˌfɜ:ðəˈmɔ:(r)] (研四六 3213/2799 -2)
Vocabulary: furthermore
(once / 736 pages)
adv
Just when you think your friend has finished her long list of complaints, she begins a new sentence with, “Furthermore…” a word that signals she has even more to complain about.
Furthermore is a useful word when you have an additional point to make in an argument or explanation. It is often used at the beginning of a sentence and followed by a comma. You might tell your parents why you think you should go on a Hawaiian vacation and then add, “Furthermore, volcanic ash is excellent for the complexion.” For variety, you can also use words like moreover or additionally in the same way.
WORD FAMILY
furthermore
USAGE EXAMPLES
Furthermore, owners must test 10 percent of their elk post-slaughter, and all of the elk that die unexpectedly.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Furthermore, the analysis appears to be a re-release of an earlier report that was distributed confidentially in October, and contains no newer information.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Furthermore, patients in hospitals are treated by teams of physicians, not individual doctors, a very important point.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 此外; 而且; 与此同时; 再者
分布：而且(50%)，此外(50%)
ad.而且,此外He is lazy, and furthermore, he has no sense of responsibility.他很懒惰, 而且没有丝毫责任感.
UK ['---] US ['fɝ:.ðɚ.mɔ:r] adverb formal
■in addition; more importantly 此外；而且
• I suggest we use Barkers as our main suppliers - they're good and furthermore they're cheap. 我建议选巴克斯作为我们的主要供应商——因为他们的货品物美价廉。
UK [ˌfɜ:.ðə'mɔ:r] UK ['---] US ['fɝ:.ðɚ.mɔ:r] adverb formal
  Common Learner Errors  furthermore Remember that furthermore is written as one word: Don't write 'further more', write furthermore.
adv. 此外；而且
 - moreover, besides, again, also, additionally

Word: upheaval
Front: upheaval
[ʌpˈhi:vl] (托宝 9076/8515 -1)
Vocabulary: upheaval
(once / 2094 pages)
1n 2n
Upheaval means a violent or sudden change. You might talk about an upheaval in government following an election where many incumbents are replaced.
Upheaval is a geological term for the upward displacement of the earth's crust that has stretched to include a change in power or ideas. If you suddenly found out your favorite teacher was running a pyramid scheme and had escaped to a Caribbean island, you might experience an upheaval in your attitude toward teachers in general.
WORD FAMILY
upheaval: upheavals+/upheave: upheaval, upheaved, upheaves, upheaving, uphove
USAGE EXAMPLES
Today, the poem reads like an eerie anticipation of liberal incredulity at Brexit and Trump and the other recent upheavals.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
A deep look at the roots of our current global upheavals.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Something that was concrete in the midst of emotional upheaval.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 突变，剧变; [地]隆起; 举起，抬起
分布：剧变(59%)，动乱(40%)，向上的运动(1%)
→up, 向上，heave,举起。引申词义剧变，动乱。
隆起;动乱(up+heavel举起→举起来→动乱)[up=up,over表示"向上"]
【记】upheav＝upheave（v 举起，鼓起），al：举起
【参】heave（n /v 举起）
noun countable or uncountable
■(a) great change, especially causing or involving much difficulty, activity or trouble 激变；动荡；剧变
• Yesterday's coup brought further upheaval to a country already struggling with famine. 昨天的军事政变使这个正在饥荒中挣扎的国家更加动荡不安。
• It would cause a tremendous upheaval to install a different computer system. 安装一个不同的电脑系统会导致极大的混乱。
n. 剧变；隆起；举起
 - up with, lift

Word: descend
Front: descend
[dɪˈsend] (研四六托雅宝 4006/3971 -2)
Vocabulary: descend
(once / 82 pages)
v
In its simplest sense, descend means to go or move downward, but there are a couple of subtle variations on this theme. Yes, a bird can descend from the sky, but also, humans are descended from prehistoric ancestors.
If you've ever heard a pilot say "prepare for our descent", then you know that only one letter separates the noun descent from the verb descend. They both derive from the same Latin components de, meaning "down," and scandere, "to climb." Similarly, if someone condescends to you, they are said, derogatorily, to be coming down to your level. All Americans are descended from peoples from other continents, such as Europe, Africa, and Asia. We've all "come down" from our ancestors.
WORD FAMILY
descend: descendant, descended, descendent, descender, descending, descends+/ descendant: descendants/descended: undescended/descendent: descendents/descender: descenders/descending: descendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Just minutes into the cocktail reception, a few of Ms. Kerr’s best friends descended upon her.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Officials believe as many a million people will descend upon Times Square to bring in the New Year.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
And when one or more of us gets ill, it quickly descends into near-farcical scenes of horror.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: v. 下来，下降 ; 下斜; 降临; 突然造访
时态：descended, descending, descends
分布：下降(61%)，降临(15%)，遗传(9%)，突然袭击(7%)，传下来(5%)，突然拜访(3%)
→de-, 向下。-scend, 爬，上升，词源同ascend, scan.即爬下，下降。
下降;传下(de向下+scend→向下爬)[scend,scens,scent=climb,表示"爬,攀"]
v.下来,下降;遗传(指财产,气质,权利)He descended from a royal family.他出身贵族.
【记】de下，scend爬－向下爬－下降；参：ascend（v 上升）
verb
POSITION 位置
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive formal
■to go or come down 下降；走下；降下
• The path descended steeply into the valley. 这条路很陡，一直通到山谷。
• Jane descended the stairs. 简走下了楼梯。
intransitive literary
■If darkness or night descends, it becomes dark and day changes to night. （暮色）降临；（天幕）落下
[dɪ'send] verb
NEGATIVE MOOD 负面情绪
intransitive literary
■If a negative or bad feeling descends, it is felt everywhere in a place or by everyone at the same time （坏心情）遍布
• A feeling of despair descended (on us) as we realized that we were lost. 当我们发现自己迷了路的时候，一种绝望的情绪（在我们之间）弥漫开来。
intransitive literary
■If a condition, usually a negative condition, descends, it quickly develops in every part of a place 笼罩
• Silence descended on the room/ over the countryside. 寂静笼罩着房间／田野。
[dɪ'send] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  descend from sth
■to have developed from something that existed in the past 从…发展演变而来
• All living creatures are thought to descend from an organism that came into being three billion years ago. 据说所有生物都是从30亿年前出现的一种有机体演变而来的。
be descended from sb
■to be related to a particular person or group of people who lived in the past 从…繁衍而来；是…的后代
• Her father is descended from Greek royalty. 她的父亲是希腊皇室的后代。
• Humans are descended from (= developed from) ape-like creatures. 人类是从类人猿进化而来的。
[dɪ'send] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  descend into sth formal
■If a situation descends into a particular state, it becomes worse 陷入
• The demonstrations in the capital rapidly descended into anarchy. 首都的游行示威活动迅速陷入一种无政府状态。
[dɪ'send] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  descend on/upon sb/sth
■If a group of people descend on a place or person, they arrive, usually without warning or without being invited 突然造访，突然到达
• Sorry to descend on you like this, but we had no time to phone. 如此唐突造访非常抱歉，我们实在没来得及事先给你打电话。
• The police descended on the house in the early hours of the morning. 凌晨员警突然闯进那所房子。
[dɪ'send] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  descend to sth
■to behave badly in a way that other people would not expect you to 堕落成为，堕落到
• I never thought she would descend to stealing. 我从来没想到她会堕落到行窃的地步。
drop, fall, sink, descend
这组词都有“落下，下降”的意思，其区别是：
drop: 指物体从一定高度落下。
fall: 与drop同义，指突然或猛烈地降落，但fall也可指任何下落，同高度或形式无关。
sink: 指在空气或水中垂直下降、下沉。
descend: 通常指沿斜线或斜坡下降。
vi. 下降；下去；下来；遗传；屈尊
 - decline, go down

Word: specifically
Front: specifically
[spəˈsɪfɪkli] (六 1958/2285 -K3)
Vocabulary: specifically
(once / 826 pages)
adv
Specifically means particularly, or regarding one option out of several. You specifically requested that your birthday cake be chocolate with raspberry icing, so you were quite disappointed with the vanilla cake you were served instead.
The adverb specifically comes from the Latin specificus, and shares a root with special and species. If you specifically choose something, you have made a special choice about it. If you single something out specifically, it's particularly significant. A documentary about this history of childhood might have been a real eye-opener, specifically the part about how kids used to go to work at 12 or younger.
WORD FAMILY
specifically: nonspecifically+/ specific: intraspecific, nonspecific, specifically, specificity, specifics, unspecific/ specificity: specificities/unspecific: unspecifically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was very much high level and nothing in there was specifically descriptive of Russian activity.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
They also say it appears the suspect or suspects were specifically targeting the victim.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Her production company, which also includes ColorCreative.TV, offers opportunities specifically for women and minority writers.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 特有地，明确地; 按种别地; 按特性地
分布：明确地(41%)，特别地(33%)，具体地(26%)
→specific,明确的，具体的，-al,形容词后缀，-ly,副词后缀。
adverb
FOR ONE PURPOSE 特意
 IMPROVER
■for a particular reason, purpose, etc. 特意，专门地
• These jeans are designed specifically for women. 这些牛仔裤是专为女性设计的。
• [+ to infinitive] I bought it specifically to wear at the wedding. 我买这个是专为在婚礼上戴的。
• We are aiming our campaign specifically at young people. 我们的促销宣传是专门针对年轻人的。
[spə'sɪf.ɪ.kli] adverb
EXACTLY 确切地
■clearly, exactly or in detail 明确地；确切地；具体地
• I specifically asked you not to be late. 我明确地告诉过你不要迟到。
• The law specifically prohibits acts of this kind. 法律明令禁止此类行为。
• It specifically said/stated on the label that the jacket should be dry-cleaned only. 标签上明确标明这件夹克衫只能干洗。
reasonably, specifically
reasonably: 相当的，适度的
specifically: 明确的，特定的
adv. 特别地；明确地
 - particularly, extra, definitely, positively, explicitly

Word: doctrine
Front: doctrine
[ˈdɒktrɪn] (六托雅宝 3746/3606 -2)
Vocabulary: doctrine
(once / 107 pages)
n
Doctrine means a belief or set of beliefs. The idea that a man named Jesus was the son of God is part of the Christian doctrine.
The policy that President Monroe introduced in 1823, stating that the United States should only mess with European countries that set up new colonies in the Americas was the Monroe Doctrine, and it remained an important part of US foreign policy straight through World War I. Doctrine and doctor derive from the same Latin word, docere, which means "to teach": doctor means "teacher," and doctrina means "teaching, learning."
WORD FAMILY
doctrine: doctrinal, doctrines, indoctrinate +/doctrinal: doctrinally/ indoctrinate: indoctrinated, indoctrinates, indoctrinating, indoctrination / indoctrination: indoctrinations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Army personnel this week by the Army's Training and Doctrine Command.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
To what extent does he faithfully transmit Lutheran doctrine?
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Measurably more effective treatments alone sidelined Freudian doctrine.
New York Times(Mar 27, 2013)
Back: n. 教条，教义; 法律原则; 声明; 古语] 所教的东西，教育
分布：学说(35%)，教义(33%)，主义(32%)
→来自doctor, 教导，后主要指宗教教义，教条。
教义,教条(doctr+ine→教的东西→教条)[doc,doct=toteach,表示"教"]
教条,教义(doctr教导+ine)[-ine 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或女人"3.表名词"状态,药物等"]
n.教条,学说The doctor's doctrine undid one dollar and a dozen of collars.博士的学说毁掉了一美元和一打衣领.
US ['dɑ:k-] noun countable or uncountable
■a belief or set of beliefs, especially political or religious, taught and accepted by a particular group （尤指政治或宗教的）信条，教义，学说
• Christian doctrine 基督教教义
• The president said he would not go against sound military doctrine. 总统说他不会反对行之有效的军事学说。
n. 主义；学说；教义；信条
 - principle, theory, belief, teaching

Word: grass
Front: grass
[grɑ:s] (中高雅 2014/2003 -K3)
Back: n. 草，青草; 草地，草坪; 告密者; 〈俚〉龙须菜
vt. 用草覆盖; 使…长满草; 使…吃草
vi. 渐渐被草覆盖; 放牧
时态：grassed, grassing, grasses
分布：草(77%)，草地(22%)，告发(1%)
→来自ghre, 生长，变绿，词源同grow, green.
n.草,草地It was not the aluminum but the massive brass and bronze on the grass that embarrassed me.让我为难的不是铝而是草地上厚重的黄铜和青铜.
US [græs] noun
PLANT 植物
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a low green plant which grows naturally over a lot of the Earth's surface, having groups of very thin leaves which grow in large numbers very close together 草，青草
• a blade of grass 一片草叶
• cut the grass 割草
• a vase of dried flowers and grasses (= different types of grass) 插着干花草的花瓶
uncountable slang * cannabis
UK [grɑ:s] US [græs] noun
PERSON 人
countable UK slang
■a person, usually a criminal, who tells the police about other criminals' activities 告密者，通风报信者（通常指告发其同伙的罪犯）
⇒ See also supergrass
UK [grɑ:s] US [græs] noun
The grass is always greener on the other side (of the fence). saying
■something that you say which means that other people always seem to be in a better situation than you, although they may not be （总是觉得别人的处境好）邻家的草分外青；这山望着那山高
• I sometimes think I'd be happier teaching in Spain. Oh well, the grass is always greener on the other side! 我有时会觉得在西班牙教书会更开心。嗨，真是的，这山望着那山高啊。
UK [grɑ:s] US [græs] noun
put sb out to grass informal
■to make someone stop work permanently because they are too old （因为年老而）将（某人）免职，迫使（某人）退休
UK [grɑ:s] US [græs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  grass on sb UK slang
■If a person grasses on somebody else, they tell the police or someone in authority about something bad that that person has done 向警方告密；向警方告发（某人）
• Dan grassed on them to the local police. 丹向当地警方告发了他们。
UK [grɑ:s] US [græs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] grass sth over
■to grow grass on an area of land 在…上种草；使长满草
herb, grass, weed
这组词都有“草”的意思，其区别是：
herb: 指可供药用或生产食物调料用的草。
grass: 指一般的青草或牧草。
weed: 指混在作物中的杂草或园中的野草。
n. [植] 草；草地，草坪
 - lawn, herba
vt. 放牧；使……长满草；使……吃草
 - feed, range

Word: seldom
Front: seldom
[ˈseldəm] (中高研四六托 4878/4326 -2)
Vocabulary: seldom
(once / 151 pages)
adv
If you seldom see your grandmother because she lives far away, you might be grateful for the opportunity to visit her over the summer. Use the adjective seldom to refer to things that don't happen very often.
A near synonym is rarely. Seldom is a Middle English word, from Old English seldum, a spelling alteration of seldan "strange, rare." In Old English, the spelling seldum came about by analogy with forms such as Old English hwilum "formerly, at one time," from hwil "time, while."
WORD FAMILY
seldom: seldoms
USAGE EXAMPLES
We’re always hearing about “firestorms of protest,” but they seldom involve actual fire.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Klawans frequently held cash while the market was rising; the fund seldom lost money, but often lagged the market.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Nation states seldom openly claim credit for hacking.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 很少，罕见; 难得; 不大
分布：很少(56%)，难得(44%)
→来自古英语 seldum,改写自 seldan,少有，罕有，来自 Proto-Germanic*selda,罕有，反常，奇怪。
ad.很少,不常The cell seller seldom sees the bell belt melt.小单间的卖主很少见到铃铛带子融化.
adverb
■almost never 很少；几乎从来没有
• Now that we have a baby, we seldom get the chance to go to the cinema. 有了孩子以后，我们很少有机会看电影。
• formal Seldom do we receive any apology when mistakes are made. 出错的时候，我们很少收到道歉。
adv. 很少，不常
 - scarcely ever

Word: demonstrator
Front: demonstrator
[ˈdemənstreɪtə(r)] (8307/6740)
Vocabulary: demonstrator
(once / 2466 pages)
n
If you participate in a political protest, you are a demonstrator. Demonstrate means to show, and by dint of your presence, you are showing that you agree with the protest message.
Demonstrator can also mean someone who demonstrates how something works. Electrolux vacuums were sold by door-to-door salespeople who were also demonstrators––they put horrible messes down on the rug to demonstrate their vacuum's power.
WORD FAMILY
demonstrator: counterdemonstrator, demonstrators+/counterdemonstration: counterdemonstrations/counterdemonstrator: counterdemonstrators/ demonstrable: demonstrability, demonstrably/ demonstrate: demonstrable, demonstrated, demonstrates, demonstrating, demonstration, demonstrative, demonstrator /demonstrated: demonstratedly/ demonstration: counterdemonstration, demonstrations/ demonstrative: demonstratively, demonstrativeness, demonstratives, undemonstrative/undemonstrative: undemonstratively
USAGE EXAMPLES
By intervening, however, the central government would risk reigniting the passions that flared in 2014 when demonstrators paralysed business districts with sit-ins for several weeks.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Five demonstrators were arrested last week in the first protests since the federal government decided against the project.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
The silence of the march was punctuated by demonstrators who spoke each name aloud.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 游行示威者; 证明者，示范者; 实物说明者
分布：示威者(86%)，示范者(14%)
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
SHOWING 表示
■a person who explains how something works or how to do something 展示者，简报者，示范者
• There was a special stand in the shop where a demonstrator was showing how the food processor worked. 商店设立了一个专柜，由一个人在那里示范如何使用食品加工器。
UK ['dem.ən.streɪ.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
MARCH 行进
■a person who marches or stands with a group of people to show that they disagree with or support something or someone 示威者，游行者
• Police arrested several of the demonstrators. 员警逮捕了数名示威者。
n. 示威者；论证者；指示者；证明者
 - voucher, certifier

Word: punch
Front: punch
[pʌntʃ] (研四六托宝 4348/5322 -K3)
Vocabulary: punch
(once / 338 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
To punch is to hit hard with a closed fist. Boxers practice their sport when they punch a punching bag. Punch is also a party drink. But if you punch someone at the party, you won’t get any.
Most of us occasionally imagine what it would feel like to punch a bully. You also punch when you make round holes in paper (with a "hole punch"), and you "punch the clock," or "punch in" when you officially register that you've started working for the day. Punch is also a fruity, drink — this potable punch comes from Sanskrit for "five," for the five ingredients in a similar sweet drink. There are also five fingers in a fist. Hum.
WORD FAMILY
punch: punched, puncher, punches, punching+/puncher: punchers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite reeling from a collective gut punch, women who were opposed to President-elect Donald Trump channeled their sadness and rage into activism and organization.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
As the songwriters strummed guitars and punched lyrics into their phones, Pine’s children splashed in a swimming pool and a chef prepared brick-oven pizzas.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say one of the assailants punched the 51-year-old Trotwood man when he handed over his phone, causing him to fall to the ground.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 用拳猛击; 打孔; （用压穿器）穿孔，冲孔; 用肘推
n. 冲压机，冲床; 打洞器; 钻孔机; 剪票铗
vi. 用拳猛击
时态：punched, punching, punches
分布：殴打(26%)，打洞器(18%)，钻孔机(16%)，剪票(10%)，开洞(10%)，以拳重击(10%)，感染力(10%)
→来自拉丁语pungere,刺，击，来自pung,刺，击，打，词源同pungent,puncture,point.引申诸相关词义。punch 潘趣酒
打洞(punch→punct的变体)[point,punct=point,make sharp,表示"点,变尖"]
n.冲压机,冲床;穿孔机v.冲压,穿孔I bundled a bunch of branches and anchored it on the punching bench.我捆起一簇树枝,将它栓在冲压工作台上.
noun
HIT 打
 ADVANCED countable
■a forceful hit with a fist (= closed hand) 一拳，一击
• She gave him a punch UKon / USin the nose. 她朝着他的鼻子打了一拳。
[pʌntʃ] noun
EFFECT 影响
uncountable
■the power to be interesting and have a strong effect on people 感染力，活力
• I felt the performance/speech/presentation lacked punch. 我觉得那个表演／演讲／演出缺乏感染力。
[pʌntʃ] noun
DRINK 饮料
countable or uncountable
■a cold or hot drink made by mixing fruit juices, pieces of fruit and often wine or other alcoholic drinks 潘趣酒（一种果汁、水果与酒调成的冷饮或热饮）
[pʌntʃ] noun
TOOL 工具
countable
■a piece of equipment which cuts holes in a material by pushing a piece of metal through it 打孔器
• a ticket punch 剪票钳
• Have you seen the hole punch anywhere? 你看到打孔器在哪里了吗？
[pʌntʃ] verb transitive
HIT 打
 ADVANCED
■to hit someone or something with your fist (= closed hand) 用拳猛击
• He punched him in the stomach. 他朝他的肚子上猛击了一拳。
■mainly US
■to hit with your fingers the buttons on a telephone or the keys on a keyboard 按，敲击（按钮或键）
[pʌntʃ] verb transitive
USE TOOL 使用工具
■to make a hole in something with a special piece of equipment （用特制工具）在…上打孔，打（孔）
• I was just punching holes in some sheets of paper. 我刚才在几张纸上打孔。
• This belt's too big - I'll have to punch an extra hole in it. 这条皮带太长了——我得在上面再打一个洞。
[pʌntʃ] verb transitive
punch sb's lights out informal
■to hit someone repeatedly very hard 连续猛击（某人）
[pʌntʃ] verb transitive
punch above your weight mainly UK informal
■If a country or business punches above their weight, they become involved in, or succeed in, an activity which needs more power, money, etc. than they seem to have 能和高于自己重量级别的对手较量（如果一个国家或行业与高于其重量级别的对手较量，则其参与的活动，或在其中取得成功的活动所需的力量、金钱等，比其看来实际拥有的要多）
• Singapore punches above its weight in the world economy. 新加坡在世界经济中的地位堪比一些经济强国。
[pʌntʃ] verb transitive
punch the clock US
■to put a card into a special machine to record the times you arrive at and leave work 打卡上下班
• After 17 years of punching the clock, he just disappeared one morning and was never heard from again. 17年来他一直按部就班地打卡上下班，可是有天早晨他就那么失踪了，从此音信全无。
n. [机] 冲压机；打洞器； [计] 钻孔机
 - blanking press, drilling machine
vi. 用拳猛击
 - jab

Word: theft
Front: theft
[θeft] (高研六托雅 5367/3545 -2)
Vocabulary: theft
(once / 568 pages)
n
Theft is the act of stealing something. If you've ever taken your sister's sweater without asking her first, then she's right: that's an instance of theft!
The word theft refers to taking something from someone else without getting permission. Shoplifting is a form of theft, as is embezzling a million dollars from your business partner's Swiss bank account. In the United States, petty theft is the act of stealing anything worth less than $500, like someone's bike or a pack of gum. It's still a punishable crime, but you will get in much bigger trouble if you steal something more valuable, like a car.
WORD FAMILY
theft: thefts
USAGE EXAMPLES
His attorney argued there was insufficient evidence to convict Kelly on several charges, including theft and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The theft transformed the manuscript into an object of obsession, a kind of Maltese Falcon, for a coterie of Inquisition scholars and rare-book collectors.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Paul Schmidt, chairman of the Balboa Park Christmas Committee, and the restoration artist discovered the theft on Thursday.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 偷盗，偷窃; 被盗，失窃; 盗窃之物，赃物; 失窃案例
分布：偷窃(100%)
→来自 thief,小偷，-th,表状态名词，词源同 depth,缩写为 t.
n.偷窃(行为),偷窃罪The thief chief achieved the theft of a handkerchief for mischief.贼首领完成了偷手帕的恶作剧.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■(the act of) dishonestly taking something which belongs to someone else and keeping it 盗窃；偷窃，偷
• Unfortunately, we have had several thefts in the building recently. 很不幸，我们大厦最近发生了几宗盗窃案。
• Shoplifting is theft. 偷拿商店的商品是偷窃。
⇒ See also thief
n. [法] 盗窃；偷；赃物
 - ripoff, robbery

Word: tenure
Front: tenure
[ˈtenjə(r)] (宝 5004/7287 -1)
Vocabulary: tenure
(once / 1037 pages)
nv
Take the noun tenure for the period of time a person holds a position or office. Your tenure as a student ends when you graduate high school — unless, of course, you go on to college.
Tenure from the Latin tenere means "to hold" and refers to the period of time a person works at a particular job or in an office. A president might have to deal with a recession during his tenure in the White House. In university jargon, if you have tenure, you have a permanent teaching position or professorship. In this sense, tenure can also be used as a verb. You've got it made if you're tenured at age 29.
WORD FAMILY
tenure: tenured, tenures
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Niners became the first team in nearly four decades to follow coaches in successive seasons after only one-year tenures.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
During his tenure, Ashe earned national recognition for his innovative rehabilitation programs.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The art market boomed during the Reagan administration and through most of George W Bush’s tenure.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 占有（职位，不动产等）; 占有期; 终身职位
分布：任期(81%)，终身职位(11%)，保有(8%)
→ten-,持有，握住，-ure,名词后缀。
占有权;终身制(ten+ure→拿住状态→占有权)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
【记】ten拿，ure－拿住职位的期限－任期
UK [-jʊər] US [-jɚ] UK [-jʊr] formal
noun uncountable
■being the legal owner of land, a job or an official public position, or the period of time during which you own it 占有；使用权；使用期；任期；保有期
• During his tenure as dean, he had a real influence on the students. 他当教务长期间，对学生们影响很大。
■the right to remain permanently in a job 终身职位
• She is one of the few lecturers in this department who has tenure. 她是该系少数几个获得终身职位的讲师之一。
n. 任期；占有
 - occupation, having

Word: strait
Front: strait
[streɪt] (高六托雅宝 12059/8841 -1)
Vocabulary: strait
(once / 367 pages)
1nadj 2n
A strait is a narrow sea channel or a difficult situation — remember that both are difficult to navigate. If you're stranded on a strait off the Black Sea, you might also say that you're in dire straits.
The noun strait comes from the Latin word strictus, meaning "to bind or draw tight." Whether you're describing a narrow passage of water or a tricky situation, a strait will make you feel like you're in tight quarters. You might be familiar with the term "dire straits," which refers an urgent or drastic situation. If all the dorms are overbooked for the fall semester and the off-campus apartments are all rented, you might find yourself in dire straits.
WORD FAMILY
strait: straitest, straitly, straits
USAGE EXAMPLES
A blizzard warning is in effect into Saturday afternoon for Kotzebue and villages on St. Lawrence Island and along the Bering Strait.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Either way, Democrats are in dire straits, fighting a defensive battle against a newly invigorated Republican Party.
Slate(Dec 29, 2016)
The courting of Redd was the only direct skirmish between programs in similarly dire straits.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 海峡; （常用pl.）窘迫，困境; 危难
adj. 困难的，窘迫的; <古>狭窄的; 严格的
分布：海峡(80%)，困境(10%)，严格的(4%)，窘迫的(3%)，困难的(3%)
→来自古法语 estrait,狭窄的，收缩的，紧的，来自拉丁语 strictus,紧的，过去分词格于 stringere, 拉紧，绑紧，词源同 strain,strict.引申比喻义困难的，窘迫的等。strait 海峡
noun
WATER 水
countable usually plural
■a narrow area of sea which connects two larger areas of sea 海峡
• the Straits of Gibraltar 直布罗陀海峡
[streɪt] noun
DIFFICULTY 困境
straits [plural]
■a difficult and troubled situation, especially because of financial problems （尤指财务问题导致的）窘境，困境
• So many companies are in such dire/difficult straits that their prices have come right down. 许多公司财务状况极为窘迫，导致其股价直线下跌。
strait, channel
这组词都有“海峡”的意思，其区别是：
strait: 指短而窄的海峡。常用复数形式但作单数用。
channel: 指比strait长而宽的海峡。
adj. 狭窄的；苦恼的
 - narrow, confined
n. [海洋] 海峡；困境
 - difficulty, narrow, neck, corner, channel

Word: induce
Front: induce
[ɪnˈdju:s] (研六托雅宝 5257/3326 -2)
Vocabulary: induce
(once / 135 pages)
1v 2v
To induce is to move or lead someone to action. A promise of a lollipop can induce a toddler to do just about anything, even sit down and be polite to Aunt Edna. Older kids need something more substantial.
Some people believe that if you offer someone a large enough sum of money, you could induce them to do almost anything. But a movie heroine might say to the villain, "Nothing could induce me to marry you. Not all the money in the world. Not if you were the last man on Earth!" Induce also means to stimulate the occurrence of something, such as medications used to induce vomiting, or to induce a pregnant woman to go into labor.
WORD FAMILY
induce: induced, inducement, inducer, induces, inducing, inducive+/induced: self-induced/ inducement: inducements/inducer: inducers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The 42-year-old pizzeria owner strolled along Route 9 for 10 minutes on Labor Day, inducing hilarity and horror in pedestrians and motorists.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Christopher Tester, from Torquay, is in an induced coma on the Caribbean island after he was attacked at his parents' restaurant on Christmas Day night.
BBC(Dec 27, 2016)
Bart pulled through heart surgery, but he was placed in an induced coma and never woke up.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: vt. 引诱; 引起; [电]感应; 归纳
时态：induced, inducing, induces
分布：引起(71%)，引诱(18%)，促使(9%)，劝服(2%)
→in-,进入，使，-duc,引导，引领，词源同conduct,deduct.引申词义引导，引进，诱使。
劝诱,诱导(in进入+duce_引进去→诱导)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
v.引诱,劝使;引起,导致;感应It's deduced that the induced fluctuation does no good to the reproducing productivity.据推断,诱导波动对复制生产率没有好处.
US [-'du:s] formal
verb
PERSUADE 诱使
[T + obj + to infinitive]
■to persuade someone to do something 诱使；劝说
• They induced her to take the job by promising editorial freedom. 他们向她保证有编辑自由，以劝服她接受这项工作。
• Nothing could induce me (= I definitely cannot be persuaded) to climb a mountain/ride a bike. 没有甚么能诱使我去爬山／骑脚踏车的。
UK [ɪn'dju:s] US [-'du:s] formal
verb
CAUSE 导致
transitive
■to cause something to happen 导致
• Pills for seasickness often induce drowsiness. 晕船药经常会令人昏昏欲睡。
transitive
■to cause a pregnant woman to give birth to her baby earlier than she would naturally, or cause a baby to be born earlier than it would be naturally 给…催生；给…引产
• In this hospital, twins are often induced. 在这家医院生育双胞胎常常要催生的。
induce, deduce, reduce
这是一组形近易混词。
induce: v.引诱，劝；引起，导致。
 • We couldn't induce the old lady to travel by air.   我们无法劝说那位老太太坐飞机去。
deduce: v.推断，推理，演绎。
 • My friend becomes quiet when his girlfriend is angry with him; today he is quiet and so I deduce she is angry.   我的朋友在他的女朋友生他的气的时候就会变得沉默，今天他很沉默，所以我推断她生气了。
reduce: v.减轻，减小；降低。
 • He reduced his weight by 20 pounds by eating less and exercising.   他通过节食和运动，体重减轻了20磅。
tempt, induce
tempt: 诱使（做坏事），贬义
induce: 诱导，引导，中性词；
coax, urge, persuade, induce, counsel, convince
这组词都有“劝说，劝导，劝诱”的意思，其区别是：
coax: 指用好话善意或耐心劝诱、哄骗某人做某事。
urge: 语气强，指不断地热情地规劝诱导。
persuade: 普通用词，指通过劝说、感情交流等而使对方做劝说者所希望的事。
induce: 指用讲道理来使某人做某事。
counsel: 较正式用词，指对一些较重大事情所提出的劝告。有时也用于非正式场合，但仍强调严肃的一面。
convince: 指凭行动、事实或言语使他人从思想感情上信服。
vt. 诱导；引起；引诱；感应
 - attract, produce, cause, operate, occasion

Word: lobbyist
Front: lobbyist
['lɒbɪɪst] (5317/22289)
Vocabulary: lobbyist
(once / 2085 pages)
n
A lobbyist is someone hired by a business or a cause to persuade legislators to support that business or cause.
Lobbyists get paid to win favor from politicians. For example, oil companies send lobbyists to Washington to try to make life easier for oil companies. Sometimes they do it by making a great case for their cause, but often it involves fancy dinners and golf outings. If that sounds kind of shady, it is. But remember that women's rights groups and cancer research foundations have lobbyists, too — it's just one way to get your voice heard on the Hill.
WORD FAMILY
lobbyist: lobbyists+/ lobby: lobbied, lobbies, lobbying, lobbyism, lobbyist
USAGE EXAMPLES
North Dakota lawmakers not only will be dealing with fewer dollars, but fewer lobbyists, too.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Greitens also backs banning lobbyist gifts to elected officials, a top priority of House Speaker Todd Richardson that failed in the Senate in 2016.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“But I always miss the deadline,” said Ben Droz, a hemp lobbyist and event photographer in Washington, D.C., who also runs a hemp bolo-tie business.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 说客
分布：说客(80%)，活动议案通过者(20%)
US ['lɑ:.bi-] noun countable
■someone who tries to persuade a politician or official group to do something 说客，游说者
• Lobbyists for the tobacco industry have expressed concerns about the restriction of smoking in public places. 烟草业的游说者们对在公共场所限制吸烟表示关切。
n. 说客；活动议案通过者
 - proselytizer

Word: classical
Front: classical
[ˈklæsɪkl] (高研四六雅 3489/2562 -3)
Vocabulary: classical
(once / 428 pages)
1adj 2adj 3n
Has the building got columns in front of it? Check. Has the music got lots of strings and horns? Check. Chances are both are classical — representative of a past culture.
Often classical describes anything from ancient Greek or Roman culture, because, boy, those guys were good. Be careful when using classical and classic; they're not exactly the same. While something classical is usually a classic, it doesn't necessarily work the other way around. A classic is something exceptional that we tend to judge in a different time frame. A classic rock album? Definitely not made by the ancient Greeks or Romans. So far as we know.
WORD FAMILY
classical: classicalism, classically, classicals, neoclassical, nonclassical+/ classic: classical, classicise, classicism, classicize, classicly, classics, neoclassic/classicise: classicised, classicising/classicism: classicisms, classicist, classicistic, neoclassicism/classicist: classicists/classicize: classicized, classicizes, classicizing/neoclassicism: neoclassicist, neoclassicistic/neoclassicist: neoclassicists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Listening to classical music is a very rigorous task and requires a lot of focus.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
What about “classical crossover” — a genre that’s perched between classical and pop music, which some people say vulgarizes or dumbs down classical music?
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The front of the building, facing Blucher Street, is very "classical" in style, according to Mr Rowe.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 古典的，经典的; 传统的; 古典文学的; 第一流的
n. 古典音乐
分布：古典的(50%)，传统的(31%)，正统的(13%)，权威的(6%)
→来自classic,在词义和使用上其区别不断缩小或通用。
a.经典的,古典(文学)的From the classical class, the classmate with glasses knows the classification of classics.戴眼镜的同学从古典文学课上知道了古典名著的分类.
adjective
MUSIC 音乐
 ADVANCED
■describes music that is considered to be part of a long especially formal tradition and to be of lasting value 古典的
• Do you prefer classical music like Mozart and Mahler, or pop? 你喜欢莫劄特和马勒这样的古典音乐还是流行音乐？
['klæs.ɪ.kəl] adjective
TRADITIONAL 传统的
■traditional in style or form, or based on methods developed over a long period of time 古典（派）的；传统的
• Does she study classical ballet or modern ballet? 她学的是古典芭蕾还是现代芭蕾？
• He is one of our greatest classical actors. 他是最伟大的古典派演员之一。
■describes something that is attractive because it has a simple, traditional style 古典的；（式样）简洁典雅的
• I love the classical lines of his dress designs. 我喜欢他服装设计中简洁典雅的线条。
['klæs.ɪ.kəl] adjective
CULTURE 文化
■belonging to or relating to the culture of ancient Rome and Greece 和古希腊和古罗马文化相关的
• the classical world 古希腊和古罗马文化世界
• classical literature 古希腊和古罗马文学
⇒ See also neoclassical
classical, classic
classical: 古典的
classic: 第一流的；
adj. 古典的；经典的；传统的；第一流的
 - traditional, conventional, royal
n. 古典音乐
 - classic music

Word: brink
Front: brink
[brɪŋk] (托雅宝 7663/9615 -2)
Vocabulary: brink
(once / 755 pages)
n
The brink of something is the very edge of it. If you want to give your mom a good scare, stand on the brink of a steep cliff and slowly lean forward.
The noun brink describes the edge of a steep drop-off or slope, or the edge of a boundary marking where something begins, like the brink of a pond. Brink also describes the figurative edge or start of something. Nations on the brink of war are very close to mobilizing troops; if you are on the brink of losing your temper, you might try walking away or slowly counting to ten.
WORD FAMILY
brink: brinks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then the Brink’s robbery occurred, and there was no point in trying anymore.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
“The South Sudanese people are very strong, resilient people, but this is pushing them to the brink,” said McCray.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
But, in the months that followed, American officials inspected the dam and became concerned that it was on the brink of collapse.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. （悬崖峭壁的）边沿; （危险的）边沿; 边缘; 初始状态
分布：边缘(96%)，边沿(3%)，界限(1%)
→可能同break, 分开，切开。
【记】blink（v 眨眼）－在峭壁的边缘吓得直闭眼
noun only singular
 ADVANCED
■the point where a new or different situation is about to begin （事情发生的）边缘；始发点
• Extreme stress had driven him to the brink of a nervous breakdown. 极大的压力使他处于精神崩溃的边缘。
• Scientists are on the brink of (= extremely close to) a major new discovery. 科学家们就快有新的重大发现了。
■literary
■the edge of a cliff or other high area （峭壁、崖的）边缘
• She was standing right on the brink of the gorge. 她就站在峡谷的边缘。
n. （峭壁的） [地理] 边缘
 - margin, suburb, beaded edge

Word: decisive
Front: decisive
[dɪˈsaɪsɪv] (研六 6316/4970 -2)
Vocabulary: decisive
(once / 356 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you make decisions quickly, you are someone who is decisive. A decisive event can settle something, like a war.
People who are wishy-washy are the opposite of decisive: being decisive means you don't waffle or take forever to make up your mind, and then you stick by what you decided. People admire politicians, coaches, and friends who are decisive. In sports, if a home run won the game, that was the decisive run. When you reach a crisis point in life — when things are going to change one way or the other — you've reached a decisive moment.
WORD FAMILY
decisive: decisively, decisiveness, indecisive +/ decide: decided, decides, deciding, decision, decisive / decided: decidedly, undecided/ decision: decisions, indecision / indecision: indecisions/ indecisive: indecisively, indecisiveness/undecided: undecidedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was a decisive turn in their career.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“You were supposed to do maternity scenes or watercolours, but not something as tough and decisive as what you do,” Bechara says.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The Cyclones will be decisive underdogs, although they were within a missed 3 of beating No. 7 Gonzaga earlier this season.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 决定性的; 坚定的; 果断的，决断的
分布：决定性的(82%)，果断的(18%)
a.决定性的The decisive decimal point made the acid man decide to suicide.决定性的小数点使刻薄之人决定自杀.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■able to make decisions quickly and confidently, or showing this quality 果断的，干脆俐落的，明确的；有决断力的
• You need to be more decisive. 你要更果断一些。
• a decisive reply 干脆的答覆
Opposite indecisive strongly affecting how a situation will progress or end 决定性的，具有决定意义的
• These results could prove decisive in establishing the criminal's identity. 这些结果对确定罪犯的身份将具有决定性的作用。
• a decisive role 决定性的作用
• a decisive victory 决定性的胜利
adj. 决定性的；果断的，坚定的
 - crucial, critical, final, committed, confirmed

Word: protocol
Front: protocol
[ˈprəʊtəkɒl] (雅宝 4485/4615 -1)
Vocabulary: protocol
(once / 1392 pages)
1n 2n
Protocol is most often used when talking about the rules of government or official agencies. It is derived from the French and refers to the correct rules of etiquette for diplomats.
The term protocol is used in many areas besides diplomatic ones. School marching bands or college admissions offices follow protocols, and doctors use them to treat patients with specific conditions. In tech circles, a protocol is a set of standards that programmers follow so that their work can be decoded by other computers. The p in the http of a web address is short for protocol. Without this type of protocol, you would not be able to read this page.
WORD FAMILY
protocol: protocols
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was forced from the game by the NHL-mandated concussion protocol.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Tsarist Russia added “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion” and accused Jews of wanting to conquer the world.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Cleveland’s quarterback was cleared from concussion protocol on Thursday and will likely start Sunday at Pittsburgh in the season finale.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 礼仪; （外交条约的）草案; （数据传递的）协议; 科学实验报告（或计划）
vt. 把…写入议定书，在议定书中拟定（或颁布）
vi. 拟定议定书，拟定草案
分布：协议(95%)，草案(3%)，外交礼仪(1%)，科学实验报告(1%)
→proto-,原始的，最早的，-col,胶，词源同glue,collagen.即最早粘上去的，引申词义协议，草案，后引申词义官方文件，特别用于指政府外交部的官方文件，外交礼仪，后词义通俗化。
【记】pro前面，to头，col＝coll－前面的头要酷一点儿－礼节
【参】prototype（n 原型）
US ['proʊ.tˌə.kɑ:l] noun
RULES 规则
uncountable
■the system of rules and acceptable behaviour used at official ceremonies and occasions 礼仪，礼节
• a breach of Royal protocol 对皇家礼仪的违反
• diplomatic protocol 外交礼仪
UK ['prəʊ.tə.kɒl] US ['proʊ.tˌə.kɑ:l] noun
AGREEMENT 协议
countable
■a formal international agreement （正式的国际性）条约，公约，议定书
• The Geneva Protocol of 1925 prohibits the use of poisonous gases in war. 1925年通过的《日内瓦公约》禁止在战争中使用有毒气体。
UK ['prəʊ.tə.kɒl] US ['proʊ.tˌə.kɑ:l] noun
COMPUTING 电脑
countable specialized
■a computer language allowing computers that are connected to each other to communicate 规程，协定（电脑之间交换资讯的电脑语言）
n. 协议；草案；礼仪
 - agreement, ceremony, understanding, treaty, accord
vt. 拟定
 - study out
vi. 拟定
 - study out

Word: scot

Word: territorial
Vocabulary: territorial
(once / 641 pages)
adjn
If your dog barks whenever someone walks through your yard, it might be because she's territorial, or inclined to protect her territory from trespassers.
A person — or an animal — who guards or defends the area she considers to belong to her is territorial. You can also use the adjective to describe anything relating to the territory itself. For example, territorial boundaries are invisible lines that mark the division between one country, or territory, and another. The Latin root, territorium, "land around a town," comes from terra, "earth or land."
WORD FAMILY
territorial: nonterritorial, territorialise, territoriality, territorialize, territorially, territorials+/territorialise: territorialisation/territorialize: territorialization, territorialized, territorializing/ territory: territorial, territories
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said China in 2016 upheld its peaceful development while resolutely defending its territorial sovereignty and maritime rights.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
On this date in 1877, the 9th Territorial Legislature, the last one to meet in Tucson, convened.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
There was no territorial incursion, the ministry said.
Reuters(Dec 25, 2016)

Word: retort
Front: retort
[rɪˈtɔ:t] (研六托雅宝 13847/8199 -2)
Vocabulary: retort
(once / 292 pages)
1nv 2n
A retort is a short, clever response to someone's comment or question. If you want to keep the peace during dinner, you should probably bite your tongue instead of making sarcastic retorts to everything your little sister says.
Today retort is used as both a noun and a verb, and both come from 16th- and 17th-century sources meaning "to twist or turn back." To retort is to make a comeback, or a quick, witty answer or remark. It can be a form of payback when someone tries to insult or tease another person, and often, the perfect retort doesn't occur to you till later, when you think "Oh! I wish I had said that earlier!"
WORD FAMILY
retort: retorted, retorting, retorts
USAGE EXAMPLES
With an effort, I hold back an angry retort.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But there is a retort to the gloomy diagnosis that inequality will always be with us: it was not always so.
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
“Technically she’s jealous of her,” he retorts, quite accurately.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: vt. 反驳; 报复; 杀菌釜
vi. 回嘴; 反驳
n. 反驳，回嘴; 反驳的回答
时态：retorted, retorting, retorts
分布：反驳(70%)，反击(16%)，回嘴(8%)，顶嘴(6%)
→re-,相对，相反，-tort,弯，转，词源同 torture,turn.引申词义回应，反驳。
反驳;报复(re回+tort→返回来扭→反驳;报复)[tort=twist表示"扭曲"]
n./v.报复,反击,反驳The escort resorted to the orthodox paradox to retort his distortion.陪护者借助正统悖论反驳他的歪曲.
【记】re反，tort扭－反驳
【参】distort（v 歪曲）；tortuous（adj 曲折的；转弯抹角的）
US [-'tɔ:rt] verb transitive
■to answer someone quickly in an angry or funny way （愤怒或风趣地）反驳，回嘴
• [+ speech] "That doesn't concern you!" she retorted. “那不关你的事！”她反驳道。
UK [rɪ'tɔ:t] US [-'tɔ:rt] noun countable
■a quick answer that is angry or funny （愤怒或风趣的）反驳，回嘴
• "I'm going to tell him," said Max. "Just you try!" came the retort. “我要去告诉他，”马克斯说。“你倒试试！”有人回嘴道。
answer, reply, respond, retort, return
这些动词均有“回答”之意。
answer: 常用词，指用书面、口头或行动对他人的请求、询问、质问等作出回答或反应。
reply: 较正式用词，较少用于口语。侧重经过考虑的较正式答复。
respond: 正式用词，指即刻的，以口头或行动对外来的号召、请求或刺激等作出回答或响应。
retort: 指对不同意见、批评或控诉作出迅速、有力的回答，即“反驳”。
return: 正式用词，从本义“归来，回去”引申作“回答、答辨”讲时，含反驳或反唇相讥之意。
n. 反驳，顶嘴；曲颈瓶
 - contradiction, oppugnation
vt. 反驳，反击
 - refute, disprove
vi. 反驳，回嘴
 - talk back, answer sb. back

Word: concert
Front: concert
[ˈkɒnsət] (中高研四六托雅 2515/2941 -K3)
Vocabulary: concert
(once / 237 pages)
1n 2v
A concert is a performance by musicians or singers for an audience. If you're in the glee club, you know about singing in concerts, and maybe you've seen your favorite bands in concert, too.
A concert usually doesn't involve theatrical staging. You can have a concert version of an opera, but that means the singers stand there and sing without sets or props, and without much acting or moving around. Less commonly, concert is a verb (accent on the second syllable), meaning to agree with others on something. That meaning shows up in the phrase in concert — your objections will carry more weight if you act in concert with your neighbors.
WORD FAMILY
concert: concerted, concerting, concertise, concertize, concerts+/ concerted: concertedly, preconcerted/concertize: concertized, concertizing/preconcerted: preconcertedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Aleppo was never far from the minds of the band Musiqana and the crowd at its record release concert in Berlin.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On New Year's Eve he performed two concerts.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s an outdoor stage in the middle of a city; it’s one segment of a long show, not a concert production controlled by the star.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 音乐会; 一致，和谐
vt. 通过双方协议来计划或安排; 调整，解决
vi. 协调一致行动
分布：音乐会(91%)，一致(4%)，和谐(2%)，合作(1%)，协定(1%)，协同安排(1%)
→con-, 强调。-cert, 唱，词源同chant, cantor. 字母n被r化。即一起唱歌，音乐会。
n.音乐会,演奏会;一齐,一致The drug trafficker is concerned about the condition of the traditional concert.毒品贩子担心传统音乐会的状况.
US ['kɑ:n.sɚt] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a performance of music by one or more musicians or singers 音乐会
• a pop/classical concert 流行／古典音乐会
• a school concert 学校音乐会
UK ['kɒn.sət] US ['kɑ:n.sɚt] noun countable
in concert
■playing or singing with other musicians in a public performance （一同）演出
• She was appearing in concert at Carnegie Hall. 她参加了在卡内基音乐厅的演出。
formal
■together 共同，一起；一致
• If the member countries would act in concert, the problem might be solved more easily. 如果成员国行动一致，这个问题可能会更容易解决。
n. 音乐会；一致；和谐
 - accordance, unity, agreement, identity, keeping
vt. 使协调；协同安排
 - coordinate with, attune
vi. 协调；协力
 - cooperate, sort

Word: quantitative
Front: quantitative
[ˈkwɒntɪtətɪv] (研六托雅 7662/6277 -1)
Vocabulary: quantitative
(once / 3366 pages)
1adj 2adj
If your boss asks you to do a quantitative analysis of this month's ice cream sales, he's not asking you to talk about how pleasant the customer interactions were. He wants numbers: how many cones did you sell of each flavor?
If quantitative sounds like the word quantity to you, you're on the right track. Something that's quantitative is expressed in terms of quantity. When you're trying to figure out how well your new business is doing, there are all sorts of factors you need to think about, but only some of them can be measured in numbers. Those are quantitative. The other things, like say, how pleasant the room feels, would be qualitative, a word that's often paired with quantitative.
WORD FAMILY
quantitative: quantitatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
In its long battle against deflation, it pioneered “quantitative easing”—buying vast amounts of government bonds—which depresses longer-term rates and thus banks’ lending margins.
Economist(Dec 20, 2016)
Many expect more bond purchases, but there are nerves the ECB may also signal a move away from quantitative easing in the future.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 06, 2016)
That raises two major challenges, quantitative and qualitative.
Time(Dec 02, 2016)
Back: adj. 定量的; 数量（上）的
分布：定量的(67%)，数量的(33%)
→来自quantity,数量。引申词义定量的。
a.数量的,定量的
US ['kwɑ:n.tˌə.teɪ.tˌɪv] specialized
adjective
■relating to numbers or amounts 定量的
• quantitative analysis 定量分析
Compare qualitative
adj. [计量] 定量的；量的，数量的
 - mensurable

Word: resentment
Front: resentment
[rɪˈzentmənt] (六宝 5813/5323 -2)
Vocabulary: resentment
(once / 429 pages)
n
Resentment, or the strong and painful bitterness you feel when someone does something wrong to you, doesn’t have actual physical weight, but it feels very heavy and can last a long time. Forgiveness is one way to get rid of resentment.
Sometimes resentment lasts for years. It can be strong and hard to pull out, like an old, gnarled tree root. While resentment over being wronged can come from just one act against you, it also can get stronger over time, as in "your growing resentment might just come from the fact that the team captain always picks you last." It also comes from misunderstandings, like feeling resentment over a dirty look you thought was directed at you but really wasn't. It's usually best to root out resentment early.
WORD FAMILY
resentment: resentments+/ resent: resented, resentful, resenting, resentment, resents/ resentful: resentfully, unresentful/unresentful: unresentfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such a move is likely to fuel resentment in the territory of the party’s political control there.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Donald Trump’s appeal is not just about ‘anger’ and ‘resentment’
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
When combined, these sentiments yield a volatile brew of anger and resentment, which Trump, though a billionaire, understands and exploits.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 愤恨，不满
分布：怨恨(77%)，愤恨(23%)
→来自 resent,气愤，愤恨，-ment,名词后缀。
愤怒,怨恨(resent+ment)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
N-UNCOUNT
怨恨;愤慨;憎恨
Resentment is bitterness and anger that someone feels about something.
例：She expressed resentment at being interviewed by a social worker...她表达了对被一位社工采访的愤恨。
例：But the problems of inflation and unemployment still cause a lot of resentment.但是通货膨胀和失业问题仍然激起了很多人的怨恨。
resentment, fury, anger, indignation
这组词都有“愤怒、生气”的意思，其区别是：
resentment: n.愤恨，怨恨，不满，是正式用语，尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到伤害后而产生的愤慨。
 • There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyone's pay was lowered.   大家的工资降低后，办公室里怨声载道。
fury: n.暴怒，大怒，程度较anger要强。
anger: n.气愤，生气，是一般用语。
 • After their argument, he expressed his anger by punching the other man in the face.   争吵之后，他一拳打在那个人的脸上以发泄怒气。
indignation: n.义愤，尤其指出于道义上的激愤。
 • general indignation at the sudden steep rise in bus fares   公共汽车票价突然猛增激起的公愤
n. 愤恨，怨恨
 - spite, hatred

Word: restraint
Front: restraint
[rɪˈstreɪnt] (研四六托宝 5419/4343 -2)
Vocabulary: restraint
(once / 391 pages)
1n 2n
Restraint is the act of holding something back. For example, if you exercise restraint over your emotions, you won't burst out into tears in public.
As you may have guessed from its similar spelling, the word restraint comes from the verb restrain, which in turn comes from the Latin word restringere, meaning "draw back tightly, confine, check." When talking about an object, a restraint is a device used to maintain control of something. For example, if your leg is operated on, the doctors will use a restraint to hold it still.
WORD FAMILY
restraint: restraints, self-restraint, unrestraint+/ restrain: restrained, restrainer, restraining, restrains, restraint / restrained: restrainedly, unrestrained /restrainer: restrainers/restraining: self-restraining/ unrestrained: unrestrainedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Restraints disappear, and the field is open to the most expansive claims and the most implacable actors,” he writes.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Due to budgetary restraints, though, Walmart is no longer able to create those special positions.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
That will require restraint on the part of the government of President Bashar al-Assad, the Syrian opposition, the Iranians and the Russians.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 抑制，克制; 控制，限制; 拘束; 约束力
分布：克制(76%)，抑制(16%)，束缚(8%)
→来自 restrain,限制，约束，-t,过去分词格，此处形容词作名词。
抑制,限制[stirain,striet,string=tighten,表示"拉紧"]
n.抑制,制止She talked to me without restraint.她毫无拘束地跟我交谈.
【反】ebullience（n 沸腾；热情）；bridled（adj 顺从的）－without restraint（不受约束的）
noun
uncountable
■calm and controlled behaviour 克制；平心静气；冷静
• He showed admirable restraint, and refused to be provoked. 他表现出极大的克制，面对挑衅泰然处之。
• The security forces exercised (= used) great restraint by not responding to hostile attacks and threats. 面对充满敌意的攻击和威胁，安全部队没有进行还击，表现出极大的克制。
countable or uncountable
■something which limits the freedom of someone or something, or which prevents something from growing or increasing 阻止；抑制，遏制
• government spending restraints 对政府开支的限制
• Lack of space is the main restraint on the firm's expansion plans. 建筑空间的缺乏是阻碍这间公司实施其扩建计划的主要原因。
• During the recession, the government opted for a policy of pay/wage restraint rather than a reduction in public investment. 在经济衰退时期，政府选择的政策是限制工资增长，而不是削减公共投资。
keep/place sb under restraint
■to keep a violent person in a way that prevents them from moving freely 限制（某人）的人身自由；对（某人）进行管制
• The two prisoners were kept under restraint while they were transported between prisons. 在转监途中，两名犯人受到了人身限制。
confinement, confinement, concentrate, restraint, focus, limitation
这组词都有“限制，局限”的意思，其区别是：
confinement: n.限制，囚禁(于某地或某种境地)。
 • The prisoner was sentenced to three months' solitary confinement.   那犯人被判处单独监禁三个月。
confinement: limitation, restraint
concentrate: v.集中，集中精力(后接on，宾语可以是具体或抽象的东西)；浓缩，压缩。
 • During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the questions.   考试期间，同学们集中精力回答问题。
restraint: n.克制，抑制；约束措施。
 • Even though the mother was very angry, she acted with restraint and didn't yell at her child.   即使母亲很生气，她仍克制自己没有向孩子大吼。
focus: v.集中(于某事物)；将(注意力等)集中于……(后接on，宾语一般不是具体的东西)。
 • Please focus your minds on the following problem.   请集中考虑以下问题。
limitation: n.限制，局限；(能力的)缺点，弱点。
 • That employee has limitations on what work he can do.   那个雇员能做的工作有限。
n. [电子] [通信] 抑制，克制；约束
 - checking, control, suppression, inhibition, constraint

Word: strategist
Front: strategist
[ˈstrætədʒɪst] (6786/16456 -1)
Vocabulary: strategist
(once / 1563 pages)
n
That guy who's really good at making a detailed plan for winning at Monopoly? He's a strategist, or an expert at strategy, or planning.
The noun strategist is most commonly used to talk about military people who plan wars, but it's useful whenever you mention someone who is particularly good at making a plan in any kind of complex situation. A coach acts as a strategist when she makes a plan to help her team win the game. A busy mom could also be called a strategist when she has a system for getting a bunch of kids fed, clothed, and out the door to school on time.
WORD FAMILY
strategist: strategists+/ strategic: strategically/ strategy: strategic, strategical, strategies, strategist
USAGE EXAMPLES
The structure puts Priebus on the same level as Stephen K. Bannon, whom Trump named to be his senior counselor and chief strategist.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Just ask any Wall Street strategist about their year-end price targets.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Reid also hired a talented young strategist named Rebecca Lambe to manage the state’s political operations.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 战略家; 军事家
分布：战略家(75%)，军事家(25%)
→来自 strategy,战略，策略，-ist,人。
US ['stræ-] noun countable
■someone with a lot of skill and experience in planning, especially in military, political or business matters （尤指军事、政治或生意上）善于谋划的人，战略家，军师
• He's the president's chief political strategist. 他是总统主要的政治战略顾问。
n. 战略家；军事家
 - militarist

Word: crumble
Front: crumble
[ˈkrʌmbl] (托雅宝 7038/7539 -2)
Vocabulary: crumble
(once / 683 pages)
v
To crumble is to come apart into tiny pieces. If the doughnuts you bring to work crumble before you get there, you co-workers will have nothing but crumbs to snack on.
Baked goods seem to crumble easily, but other things tend to crumble too: old houses, over time; sand castles; fragile ruins; and art objects made from clay. Anything that falls apart, especially into small bits, can be said to crumble. The root of the word is the Old English gecrymman, "to break into crumbs," which in turn comes from cruma, "crumb or fragment."
WORD FAMILY
crumble: crumbled, crumbles, crumbling
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are no crumbling tiles or unlit corners.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Bible, its pages browned and frayed at their edges, seemed liable to crumble at the slightest touch.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
So he and Houmam Saad, his Syrian colleague, spent four days flying a drone with a robot camera over the crumbled arches and temples.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 把…弄成碎屑; 弄碎
vi. 破碎，破裂; 碎成粉末; 瓦解; 崩裂
n. 碎屑，面包屑; 已崩溃的东西; 瓦砾堆
时态：crumbled, crumbling, crumbles
分布：崩溃(68%)，弄碎(22%)，破灭(10%)
→来自crumb, 面包屑。-le, 表反复。
【反】friable（adj 易碎的；脆的）－not easily crumbled（不易破碎的）
verb
intransitive or transitive
■to break, or cause something to break, into small pieces （使）粉碎；（使）成碎屑
• She nervously crumbled the bread between her fingers. 她紧张地在指间捻着面包。
• The cliffs on which the houses are built are starting to crumble. 上面建有房屋的悬崖开始倾颓瓦解。
intransitive
■to become weaker in strength or influence （力量和影响力）减弱，崩溃，瓦解，败落
• Support for the government is crumbling. 对政府的支援日渐减少。
['krʌm.bl] noun countable or uncountable UK (US crisp)
■a sweet dish made from fruit covered in a mixture of flour, butter and sugar rubbed together into small pieces, which is baked and eaten hot 酥皮水果甜点心
• apple crumble 酥皮苹果甜点
vi. 崩溃；破碎，粉碎
 - fall apart at the seams, come apart
vt. 崩溃；弄碎，粉碎
 - fall apart at the seams, go to pieces